The United States faces an important strategic question in northwest Africa: what level of activity by al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) would constitute a sufficient threat to U.S. national security interests to warrant a more aggressive political, intelligence, military, and law enforcement response? AQIM already poses the greatest immediate threat of transnational terrorism in the region, and its operational range and sophistication continue to expand. (1) Since 2007, the group has professed its loyalty to Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda's senior leadership and claimed responsibility for dozens of attacks in the subregion. These attacks have included the use of suicide bombers, improvised explosive devices, kidnapping operations, and assassinations. AQIM's targets include African civilians, government officials, and security services; United Nations (UN) diplomats and Western embassies; and tourists, aid workers, and private sector contractors. As a result, combating AQIM is the focus of substantial foreign security assistance provided by Western countries, including the United States and France, to their partner nations in the Maghreb and Sahel. In 2005, the United States created the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP) to coordinate activities by the Department of State, Department of Defense (DOD), and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) to combat terrorism in the region. (2) Now including 10 African countries, (3) TSCTP operates with a combined annual interagency budget of approximately $120 million. (4) However, the extent of the threat posed by AQIM and the appropriate U.S. response remain hotly debated in both academic and policy circles. These debates question the seriousness of the threat posed by a relatively small group of hundreds of militants operating in mountainous and arid areas of Africa, their level of ideological commitment versus their criminal and financial motivations, and even the potential complicity of regional security services in supporting AQIM. (5) The United States needs to understand the nature of the threat that AQIM poses today as well as current trends highlighting the future capabilities and intentions of the group. Only with these assessments in place can U.S. policymakers make appropriate decisions on questions about counterterrorism in northwest Africa that are hotly but inconclusively debated. Overview of AQIM Emanating from Algeria's decade-long conflict with Islamists in the 1990s, AQIM is the only significant militia force remaining from that struggle. Led by Abdulmalik Drukdal, it was created when the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) pledged allegiance to al Qaeda's senior leadership in January 2007. (6) While the GSPC was seen as a national insurgency on the verge of collapse because of continued Algerian security operations, AQIM quickly proved that it was not a spent force. In December 2007, the group conducted simultaneous bombings in Algiers of the UN office complex and the Constitutional Court--a symbol of AQIM's new dual agenda of attacking both Algerian national and global jihadi targets. AQIM aspires to become a transnational movement across the Maghreb and Sahel areas, encompassing the militants and communities that were loyal to earlier generations of Islamist militant groups in the region, including the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG), Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Tunisian Islamic Front (TIF), Mauritanian Group for Preaching and Jihad (GMPJ), and others. These groups were effectively suppressed by North African governments, but the drivers of extremism in the region, including poverty, political marginalization, and social alienation, have never been fully addressed. (7) Based in the mountains of Boumerdes in Algeria's Tizi Ouzou region, (8) AQIM is a highly structured organization. Despite significant Algerian military pressure, the group coordinates its activities through a centralized shura council, including emirs responsible for matters related to military affairs, religious propagation, finance, and communications/ propaganda. …


Vascular lesions (VLs) of the breast present a diagnostic challenge on breast core biopsy (BCBx). We report on 27 VLs presenting on BCBx. The mean patient age was 60 years, and mean size was 7.5 mm (range, 1.6 to 16 mm). Presentation included palpable mass in 6 (22%), incidental in 6 (22%), and an imaging abnormality in 15 (56%) cases. Imaging impression included hematoma (24%), lymph node (10%), fat necrosis (10%), tortuous vessel (5%), and not provided in 52%. The lesions were classified on the basis of BCBx or BCBx and excision (available in 16 pts) as follows: 1 low-grade angiosarcoma, 8 angiolipomas, 6 capillary hemangiomas, 4 cavernous hemangiomas, 2 hemangiomas (not otherwise specified), 1 papillary endothelial hyperplasia, and 5 perilobular hemangiomas. The angiosarcoma was 9 mm, detected incidentally by magnetic resonance imaging, and showed dissection of stromal collagen, infiltration of glands, high cellularity, moderate cytologic atypia, scant mitotic activity, and Ki-67 reactivity of 10%. Among the 26 benign VLs, worrisome histologic features were noted in 14 on BCBx, including anastomosing vascular channels in 9, moderate cytologic atypia in 4, high cellularity in 2, Ki-67>10% in 2, mitotic activity in 1, and infiltration of glands in 1. Of the 12 VLs without worrisome features, the lesion extended to edge of core in 8, precluding complete evaluation. BCBx of VLs presents diagnostic challenges due to overlapping clinicopathologic and radiologic features with low-grade angiosarcoma. If completeness of removal is documented on BCBx, and cytoarchitectural changes are not worrisome, follow-up could be considered rather than excision. However, only 4 of these cases fulfilled those criteria.


Urban green areas, an important layer of urban nature, provide various environmental qualities as well as a number of social opportunities and aesthetic richness. They fulfil a number of functions in an urban context as a comprehensive tool for the long term protection of environmental sustainability through improving the quality of life. Hence, their successful conservation is crucial to achieving a sustainable level of urban development. Atatürk Forest Farm (AFF), one of the biggest urban green areas of Ankara and the first urban farm of Turkey, was founded in 1937 for urban agricultural encouragement. AFF, as the private farm of Kemal Atatürk – the founder of the Turkish Republic, is also used as a laboratory to carry out experiments combining modern farming methods with industrial production. Indeed, AFF can be explained as an innovative green infrastructure for Ankara, the capital of Turkey. However, the speed of urbanization as well as current policies creates severe strains on AFF. Connected to these, the sustainable future of AFF is threatened by various construction activities, land privatizations, ownership divisions, etc. At this point, by highlighting the benefits and challenges of urban green spaces, this paper explains the critical discussion of urbanization on greeneries with the help of the AFF case. The study will explore the importance of AFF with its planning history and location. It further investigates urban policies and of this unique green space of Ankara. Connected to the information gathered, the paper ends with a summary on urban green areas.


The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County is reconnecting to the city around it and in the process discovering a vital role for itself in the life of the city and its future. This article's authors both work for the museum. Lila Higgins describes a Los Angeles teeming with nature, often hidden in plain sight. Emily Hartop describes the museum's ongoing citizen science project BioSCAN, which is collecting insect specimens around the city on an unprecedented scale to understand not just the full array of insect species living in the city but using geographic variations and changes over time to paint a more complete picture of the city's ecologies.


Abstract Over the past four decades, the number of inorganic oxide and oxy-salt phases containing stoichiometric quantities of hexavalent uranium has increased exponentially from a few dozen to well over 700, and these structures have become well-known for their remarkable compositional diversity and topological variability. Considering the entirety of these compounds ( i . e ., crystal structures, conditions of synthesis, and geological occurrences) offers significant insight into the behavior of uranium in the solid state and in the nascent (typically aqueous) fluids. The structure hierarchy approach adopted here aims specifically to facilitate the recognition of useful patterns in the crystal-chemical behavior of hexavalent uranium (U 6+ ). This work represents the third attempt at a structure hierarchy of U 6+ compounds, with the first two being those of Burns et al . (1996) and Burns (2005), which considered 180 and 368 structures, respectively. The current work is expanded to include the structures of 727 known, well-refined synthetic compounds (610) and minerals (117) that contain stoichiometric quantities of U 6+ . As in the previous works, structures are systematically ordered on the basis of topological similarity, as defined predominantly by the polymerization of high-valence cations. The updated breakdown is as follows: (1) isolated polyhedra (24 compounds/0 minerals); (2) finite clusters (70 compounds/10 minerals); (3) infinite chains (94 compounds/15 minerals); (4) infinite sheets (353 compounds/79 minerals); and (5) frameworks (186 compounds/13 minerals). Within each of these major categories, structures are sub-divided on the basis of increasing connectivity of uranium (nearly always uranyl) polyhedra. In addition to elucidating common trends in U 6+ crystal chemistry, this structure hierarchy will serve as a comprehensive introduction for those not yet fluent in the domain of uranium mineralogy and inorganic, synthetic uranium chemistry.


Two experiments examined the role of valuing the welfare of a person in need as an antecedent of empathic concern. Specifically, these experiments explored the relation of such valuing to a well-known antecedent--perspective taking. In Experiment 1, both perspective taking and valuing were manipulated, and each independently increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping behavior. In Experiment 2, only valuing was manipulated. Manipulated valuing increased measured perspective taking and, in part as a result, increased empathic concern, which, in turn, increased helping. Valuing appears to be an important, largely overlooked, situational antecedent of feeling empathy for a person in need.


Abstract This article aims to rethink the operation of norms in international policy diffusion. Norms do not simply standardize state behaviors, as is conventionally argued; norms also draw on and set up hierarchical social orders among states. Through a conceptual rethinking we gain a better understanding of where—among which states—new policies may first emerge: social hierarchies create incentives for new policies to develop at the margins of international society so that policies may diffuse "from below." We also get a better grasp of how policy advocates frame the appropriateness or benefits of a new state practice: they must frame policy demands in terms of the international standing and rank of the targeted state. This article's empirical aspiration is to use these insights to help account for the international policy diffusion of legal sex quotas, a policy to increase the level of female legislators that developed first among "developing" states rather than among the so-called core of international society. By pointing to the link between norms and social hierarchy, the article helps account for policy diffusion "from below."


The main objective of the present work is to elaborate on a new eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent designated for aquatic micropollutants removal. However, the synthesis of the Ethylenediamine Crosslinked 2D-Cellulose green adsorbent was carried out successfully, by partial grafting of benzyl entities onto hydroxyl groups of HEC, and crosslinking with ethylenediamine ED. Further, the new ethylenediamine crosslinked 2D-Cellulose was used as a biosorbent for nanoencapsulation removal of copper and lead heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. The proposal chemical structures of unmodified and modified materials were confirmed using FTIR, XRD, TGA, and SEM–EDX analysis. Furthermore, many parameters of the optimization for Pb (II) and Cu (II) in terms of removal efficiency including pH, adsorbent amount, and contact time were optimized by response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design. Based on the desirability optimization with three factors, the maximal removal was 99.52% and 97.5% for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively and was obtained at pH = 5.94, 22.2 mg as the optimal adsorbent amount, and 21.53 min as contact time.


ABSTRACT Mindfulness as focused attention and awareness with acceptance is increasingly being promoted and used as a professional development tool for educators to improve their own as well as students' well-being, stress, and learning climate. Twenty-six K-12 Hawaii teachers and counselors participated in a three-day mindfulness training course as part of a professional development opportunity. Phenomenological, content analyses of educators' reflections on personal practices revealed feelings of stress associated with classroom/student management and lack of self-care. Reflections also revealed mindfulness practices helping them to become more aware of their unskillful emotional and mental habit patterns, and how to manage stress. Their reflections on implementing three simple mindfulness lesson plans with students revealed favorable perceptions of mindfulness to improve the lives of their students, the ease as well as challenges of incorporating the practices into the classroom, and the enthusiastic adoption and uptake by the students. Research and policy recommendations as well as implications are discussed, particularly as it relates to current challenges and criticisms of secular mindfulness in education.


I examine the validity of the arguments for regulating Google search and find that they are insufficient and that regulation would likely be counterproductive. Google search does not fit the traditional frameworks for justifying regulatory control, namely, the public utility concept, common carrier concept, and essential facilities doctrine. For example, Google's search is not monopolistic in nature, does not preclude rivals from competing against Google, does not rely upon grant of a franchise as does a utility, and does not take control of rivals' content or service. Furthermore, the advocates for regulation fail to give adequate weight to the changes that constantly occur in the search business, the ways that rivals benefit from Google's investments, the negative impacts of forcing Google to reveal its search algorithms, and regulation's stifling effect on innovation.


Dentistry has a long history of dealing with one form of family violence, child maltreatment. However, a recent national survey shows that dentists are not living up to their legal and ethical obligations to report suspected child victims. Dentistry needs to be equally concerned with adult victims of family violence--the victims of spousal abuse and elder abuse and neglect. Successful child abuse prevention programs need to expand to cover all of family violence. All health care professionals need education and awareness training to help develop the necessary attitudes to deal with all victims of family violence.


A two-step synthesis of epoxidation and carbonation afforded a hetero-functional AB monomer with cyclic carbonate and methyl ester (CC-ME) using plant oil-based methyl 9-decenoate and CO2. A unprecedented one-pot synthetic platform of CC-ME with 1,12-diaminododecane and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)-based polyether diamine allowed synthesis of both nonsegmented poly(amide-hydroxyurethane) (PA12HU) and segmented PA12HU-PTMOs with varying polyether contents. 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed complete conversion of cyclic carbonates and methyl esters to hydroxyurethanes and amides, respectively. Thermal analysis revealed distinctive thermal stability and transitions of PA12HU and PA12HU-PTMOs compared to their precursors and model oligomers. PA12HU and PA12HU-PTMOs were melt compression molded into semicrystalline, free-standing films, except for PA12HU-PTMO100 with 100% polyether diamine. PA12HU-PTMO100 was a viscous liquid with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of −64 °C and zero-shear melt viscosity of 449 Pa s. PA12HU formed a semicrystalline, rigid film with Tg of 11 °C. Polyether incorporation afforded creasable PA12HU-PTMO films with broad glass transitions near −50 °C. Thermal and thermomechanical analysis revealed significant phase-mixing of the hard and soft segments from annealed PA12HU-PTMO films. Polyether soft segments mixed with the amorphous hard segments, forming a miscible soft phase; crystallizable hard segments with ordered hydrogen bonding formed a hard phase. Surface morphological analysis of each PA12HU-PTMO film displayed ribbon-like, hard domains with composition-dependent aspect ratios. PA12HU-PTMOs exhibited higher moisture uptake than traditional thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) due to resultant hydroxyls. Variable temperature FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that ordered hydrogen bonding in the crystalline domains was disrupted or dissociated as the crystallites melted. Although tensile strength of segmented PA12HU-PTMOs proved lower than traditional polyurethanes due to phase-mixing, these compositions represent the first examples of film-forming, linear isocyanate-free polyurethanes with mechanical integrity and processability.


India has developed to a water stressed scenario in the last decades and is on its way to a water scarce scenario in near future. Climate Change affects the quantity and quality of available water sources for various usages. Water Supply, Agriculture and Ecosystems have to face new challenges. Vulnerable communities have to adapt to the changing circumstances to cope with the situation. With Integrated Water Resource Management (IWMR) the various sectors of public and private water users can work out sustainable approaches to foster development and prosperity while taking into account the changing circumstances. Especially small rural communities with their livelihoods directly dependent on local natural resources are in urgent need to implement IWRM strategies in order to address climate changes. The presented case study has worked out an integrated approach to address the needs of the various community groups consisting of farmers, fishermen and daily labourers. The self-governing local bodies together with self-help groups, NGOs and representatives from the various economic stakeholders have developed several up gradation measures for their water resources and the water supply system addressing projected climate change impacts. Changing water demand and ecological impacts have been taken into account. Catchment protection and pollution prevention measures have been worked out for the river basin, which is the source for the water supply scheme. In cooperation with state departments and district authorities a long term solution for a safe and sustainable water supply is being elaborated for meeting the demands and necessities of all stakeholders in the river basin.


Ultra-wideband (UWB) communication is envisaged to be deployed in indoor environments, where the noise distribution is decidedly non-Gaussian. A critical challenge for impulse radio UWB is the synchronization of nanosecond-long pulses. In this paper, we propose two acquisition schemes which are robust to uncertainties in the noise distribution and which operate directly on samples taken at symbol-rate. The only channel state information that the algorithms need can be obtained by estimation of an aggregate channel gain, avoiding channel-related complications. Following Huber's M-estimates for the Gaussian mixture noise model, the proposed robust acquisition systems outperform their traditional counterparts designed according to the Gaussian noise assumption. Necessary modifications for operation under multiple access interference are also introduced. Theoretical and simulation-based performance evaluations that reflect the asymptotic variance, normalized mean-square error and the bit error rates demonstrate the gains offered by the robust procedures.


Objective: This study aimed to compare two methods of controlled hypotension using labetalol and remifentanil in terms of capability to create controlled hypotension and to investigate the obtained complications, and satisfaction rate of surgeon and patient during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods: In this prospective clinical trial, 62 patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery in Al-Zahra and Ayatollah Kashani Hospitals of Isfahan were divided into two groups: in the first group, 20 mg bolus dose of labetalol and then infusion of it, at a rate of 0.5–2.0 mg/min and in the second group, remifentanil with dose of 0.5–1 μg/kg started and then 0.25–0.5 μg/kg/min were prescribed. Hemodynamic parameters during anesthesia and recovery time, surgeon and patient satisfaction, and recovery time were measured and recorded. Findings: Hemodynamics variable were comparable between two groups at different times of the study. The mean of bleeding and the frequency of side effects were higher in labetalol group (P = 0.033 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The median of surgeon satisfaction score in remifentanil group was statistically higher in labetalol group (P < 0.0001). Recovery time, fluid requirement, and pain score in labetalol group reported significantly more than remifentanil group. Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale status at time points in the postanesthetic care unit showed differences between groups. Conclusion: With infusion of labetalol and remifentanil after a bolus dose we can induce effective controlled hypotension under general anesthesia. Remifentanil is a short-acting narcotic drug; then, patient satisfaction was better and recovery time was shorter. From the economic aspect, labetalol prefers to remifentanil.


Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs have become the anti-poverty program of choice in many developing countries. Numerous evaluations, often based on rigorous experimental designs, leave little doubt that such programs can increase enrollment and grades attained--in the short term. But evidence is notably lacking on whether these short-term gains translate into longer-term educational benefits needed to fully justify these programs. This paper uses the randomized phase-in of the RPS CCT program in Nicaragua to estimate the long-term effects on educational attainment and learning for boys, measured 10 years after the start of the program. We focus on a cohort of boys aged 9?12 years at the start of the program in 2000 who, due to the program?s eligibility criteria and prior school dropout patterns, were likely to have benefitted more in the group of localities that were randomly selected to receive the program first. We find that the short-term program effect of a half grade increase in schooling for boys was sustained after the end of the program and into early adulthood. In addition, results indicate significant and substantial gains in both math and language achievement scores, an approximately one-quarter standard deviation increase in learning outcomes for the now young men. Hence in Nicaragua, schooling and achievement gains coincided, implying important long term returns to CCT programs.


Whichever political party prevails in November 2012, it is likely that the next Congress will, of necessity, address issues of the federal deficit, entitlements, and tax policy -- specifically, proposals to modify or reduce existing tax preferences for health and retirement benefits. In that context, EBRI's 70th policy forum focused on a range of topics, from tax policy and design incentives, to international trends and current drawdown rates, and how they might influence, and be impacted by, future events. This paper recaps the presentations and panel discussions at that event. Among the key points made at the policy forum:As important as retirement and health benefits are to Americans' short- and long-term economic security, the sheer size of their tax preferences makes them vulnerable in the battles over deficit reduction and tax reform. Private-sector health benefits alone rank as the largest single "tax expenditure" in the federal budget.Retirement benefits are a tax deferral rather than an exclusion from income -- meaning the federal government will eventually recoup the forgone revenue. This distinguishes retirement plan deferrals from other tax exclusions.Because the tax expenditure on 401(k)-type plans is a deferral, rather than an exclusion, reducing the tax expenditure in the current period also reduces the positive stream of revenue in the future.The biggest difference between tax-expenditure estimates and revenue estimates for scoring tax reform is that the latter incorporates taxpayer behavior; tax expenditure estimates do not.Ten percent or fewer of those ages 55-60 are making withdrawals from their IRA, compared with 80 percent of those 71 and older.On a historical basis, depending on the period measured, pre-retiree balances in defined contribution retirement plans double about every eight to nine years.Employer match levels seemed to have a bigger impact on older workers, but automatic enrollment seems much more significant in terms of getting younger employees to participate in retirement plans.Common challenges for underfunded retirement systems worldwide include the need to increase the state pension age and/or "normal" retirement age for full benefits; to promote higher labor-force participation at older ages; to encourage or require higher levels of private saving; to increase retirement coverage of employees and/or the self-employed; and to reduce savings "leakage" prior to retirement.


Microalgae are capable of accumulating high levels of lipids and starch as carbon storage compounds. Investigation into the metabolic activities involved in the synthesis of these compounds has escalated since these compounds can be used as precursors for food and fuel. Here, we detail the results of a comprehensive analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using high or low inorganic carbon concentrations and speciation between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate, and the effects these have on inducing lipid and starch accumulation during nitrogen depletion. High concentrations of CO2 (5%; v/v) produced the highest amount of biofuel precursors, transesterified to fatty acid methyl esters, but exhibited rapid accumulation and degradation characteristics. Low CO2 (0.04%; v/v) caused carbon limitation and minimized triacylglycerol (TAG) and starch accumulation. High bicarbonate caused a cessation of cell cycling and accumulation of both TAG and starch that was more stable than the other experimental conditions. Starch accumulated prior to TAG and then degraded as maximum TAG was reached. This suggests carbon reallocation from starch‐based to TAG‐based carbon storage. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 87–96. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


For centuries, cocoa has been recognized as a rich source of
dietary antioxidants, especially polyphenols. It is known not only for its good flavour but also for its health benefits. Cocoa has ndrawn increased attention because of its antioxidant properties and marked effects in the prevention of various oxidative stressassociated diseases. In the last few years, research and development on polyphenols and extracts from cocoa and cocoa-derived
products, such as cocoa powder, cocoa liquor and chocolates,
has become a major area of health and medical related research. The recommended human diet contains a significant amount of polyphenols, as they are assumed to be 'antioxidants' that scavenge excessive harmful free radicals arising from normal metabolic processes. In vitro as well as in vivo data indicate that polyphenols present in Malaysian cocoa may have antioxidant capacity, antidiabetes and anti-inflammatory properties and also promote an anti-obesity phenotype. Over the last 2-3 years, there have been exciting new developments which have shone more light on the in
vivo mechanisms behind the health benefits of Malaysian cocoa. Our studies showed that cocoa polyphenols not only function as antioxidants but also as non-antioxidants. Several molecular targets (e.g., nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-kB), activated protein-I (AP-I) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs)) have been recently identified and may partly explain the potential benefits of cocoa in relation to combating
obesity-associated diseases. Cocoa polyphenols have been reported to regulate lipid metabolism by inducing metabolic gene expression and activating transcription factors that regulate the expression of numerous genes, many of which play an important role in energy metabolism. Further studies have been performed to investigate the protective effects of cocoa polyphenols against metabolic diseases which include acting as an antioxidant or suppressing transcription factors that antagonize lipid accumulation. Recent evidence
suggests that polyphenols also have indirect antioxidant effects through the induction of endogenous protective enzymes. Evidence of potential benefits through polyphenolic-mediated regulation of cellular processes such as inflammation is also increasing, and these signalling effects may occur at concentrations which are much
lower than those required for effective radical scavenging. Thus, polyphenol-rich cocoa products may potentially diminish obesitymediated metabolic diseases by multiple mechanisms, thereby attenuating chronic inflammation. Our findings from in-vitro and in-vivo studies on the health benefits of Malaysian cocoa-derived products, suggest that the intake of cocoa polyphenols could lead to reduced disease risk. Moreover, the consumption of a balanced diet
that includes a variety of polyphenol-rich food sources is important for the promotion of health.


To enable continued development and facilitate the adoption of new internal combustion engine technologies, the accuracy and repeatability of measurement methods used for verification need to be improved upon. A variety of methods are available for the measurement of fuel consumption based on the volumetric or gravimetric principle or by equating carbon in the fuel to carbon in the exhaust flow. Measurements of fuel consumption from five different experimental campaigns with varying engine set-ups are presented, highlighting discrepancies between gravimetric fuel balance and exhaust feed gas carbon balance. Differences were larger for cold-start tests and if all correction factors are neglected offsets can reach 7 per cent. The carbon balance and gravimetric methods have been considered independently to identify sources of inaccuracy and improvements have been suggested in the form of correction factors. The carbon balance estimate is dependent on a number of separate measurements, all taken at different conditions. To account for these, two correction factors were compared, the first proposed by the British Standards Institution and the second derived from the experimental conditions of each of the measurements. The gravimetric measurement was affected by changes in fuel temperature within the fuelling circuit and a corrective method was proposed based on the change in fuel density. When correction factors were applied to each of the measurement techniques for the five experimental campaigns, discrepancies were less than 1 per cent, which, in most cases, was small enough for there to be no statistically significant difference between measurements. In addition, in some cases the scatter of results was reduced, contributing to improved test-to-test repeatability. The improved performance when using correction factors was explained by including known disturbances, such as fuel temperature and ambient humidity, as inputs to the measurement system.


The first part of the article discusses the difficulties encountered in the development of mathematical models for the study of steep-fronted translation waves in power canals. The assumptions behind St. Venant's equations are briefly reviewed. The non-linear nature of these equations is brought out and also the consequences which this entails, in particular, the fact that after a certain time there can be no continuity in their solution. The steepening of the wave invalidates the flow theory which ignores vertical acceleration. The use of the method of characteristics to compute the moving hydraulic jump is rejected after a discussion of the difficulties involved in its application to practical cases. Finite difference methods can however be used for this type of computation. The section of the Oraison canal represented by the scale and mathematical models contains several transitions, including sills, a lateral spillweir, a flow divider and a syphon. Although it was possible to express the roughness of the running sections of the canal in the mathematical model with the aid of known Strickler coefficients, adjustments had to be made for the individual head losses at the transitions. As the sketches in part III show, a schematic method was devised using a generalised head loss term. Thus, for example, the separate head losses at the flow divider, the canal fork and the syphon, were replaced by a single head loss applied to the syphon. The adjustment consisted in reproducing the natural water surface under steady flow conditions. Table 2 compares the natural flow profiles with those obtained from the computer and scale models under steady flow conditions. The adjustment of the two models can be assessed from these results. With the mathematical model thus adjusted, 4 earlier scale model tests on translation waves were put through the computer. Table 3 gives the test conditions. The results obtained on both models in each test, at various points in the canal, are given in figures 5-8. Lastly, a prototype test, carried out on 15th September 1964 in the first reach of the Oraison canal, was reproduced on each model. Figure 9 compares the computed levels with those recorded on the prototype and the scale model. The comparison is satisfactory on both models, except during a short period just after turbine shutdown at about 10 a.m. This is due to the fact that neither model was designed to allow for the effect of the Oraison power station tailrace tunnel. The conclusion is that the computer model results are quite comparable with those yielded by a distorted scale model. The use of mathematical models in preference to distorted scale models would seem to be technically justified in all cases where it is not overruled by economic or other considerations.


Disposal options for muddy dredged material, especially if lightly contaminated, is an issue facing many countries, particularly if environmental protection and adherence to the Protocols of the London Dumping Convention is a regulatory requirement. For the case of the oceanic islands of New Zealand, disposal of muddy dredged material has become an issue for the prime city of Auckland. Accordingly, it has been necessary to investigate a suitable marine disposal site outside of the territorial seas in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Ideal properties for such a disposal site include a near flat surface on the continental shelf, with sediments of similar textural characteristics to the material being disposed, a site of non-critical benthic ecology, water depths sufficient to enable the disposal site to be monitored (as required under the London Dumping Convention), a site experiencing low shelf currents, not affected by significant wave agitation, and a site not of cultural significance. The approach for site establishment and gaining consent for disposal activities is reviewed. Preliminary investigations supporting a proposed site on the continental shelf in the EEZ are presented.


In ventilation ducts the turbulent flow profile is commonly disturbed or not fully developed, and these conditions are likely to influence particle deposition to duct surfaces. Particle deposition rates at eight S-connectors, in two 90° duct bends and in two ducts where the turbulent flow profile was not fully developed were measured in a laboratory duct system with both bare steel and internally insulated ducts with hydraulic diameters of 15.2 cm. In the bare-steel duct system, experiments with nominal particle diameters of 1, 3, 5, 9, and 16 μm were conducted at each of three nominal air speeds: 2.2, 5.3, and 9.0 m/s. In the insulated duct system, deposition of particles with nominal diameters of 1, 3, 5, 8, and 13 μm was measured at nominal air speeds of 2.2, 5.3 and 8.8 m/s. Fluorescent techniques were used to measure directly the deposition velocities of monodisperse fluorescent particles to duct surfaces. Deposition at S-connectors, in bends, and in straight ducts with developing turbulence was often greater than deposition in straight ducts with fully developed turbulence for equal particle sizes, air speeds, and duct surface orientations. Deposition rates at all locations were found to increase with an increase in particle size or air speed. High deposition rates at S-connectors resulted from impaction, and these rates were nearly independent of the orientation of the S-connector. Deposition rates in the two 90° bends differed by more than an order of magnitude in some cases, probably because of the difference in turbulence conditions at the bend inlets. In straight sections of bare steel ducts where the turbulent flow profile was developing, the deposition enhancement relative to fully developed turbulence generally increased with air speed and decreased with downstream distance from the duct inlet. This enhancement was greater at the duct ceiling and wall than at the duct floor. In insulated ducts, deposition enhancement was less pronounced overall than in bare steel ducts. Trends that were observed in bare steel ducts were present, but weaker, in insulated ducts.


A math-aware, full-text indexing based search engine that
enables users to search for mathematical formulae inside
documents. Search engine is unique because it is able to index
and search structural information like representation of
mathematical formulae. There is no other software or IR system
that is able to store three billions of formulae in its index
and search it with response time below a second. MIaS processes
documents containing mathematical notation in MathML format.
The system is built as an extension to any full-text indexing
engine and has been verifiend on state-of-the-art Lucene core.
It is scalable - it was verified to index almost whole
arxiv.org (about 500,000 papers) having more than 160,000,000
formulae. Software is being used in EuDML (eudml.org) and other
digital libraries. For more details see papers in peer reviewed
conferences: [1] Sojka, Petr; Liska, Martin. In Matthew R. B.
Hardy, Frank Wm. Tompa. Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium
on Document Engineering. Mountain View, CA, USA : ACM, 2011.
pp.57--60. [2] Sojka, Petr; Liska, Martin. In J.H.Davenport,
W.M. Farmer, J.Urban, F. Rabe. Intelligent Computer Mathematics
LNCS 6824. Springer, 2011, pp.228--243.


The Peshmerga are the official military of the autonomous region of Kurdistan, Iraq. There remains a high level of variability across Peshmerga units in medical equipment and training. Presumably, Peshmerga soldiers are dying from preventable causes of death due to combat-related injuries, just as US troops did before the introduction of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) training and supplies. This report outlines the efforts of a small US-based collective to provide TCCC training at the TCCC for all combatants skill level to Peshmerga forces and develop members of the Peshmerga as trainers.


Statistical complexity measures (SCM) are the composition of two ingredients: (i) entropies and (ii) distances in probability-space. In consequence, SCMs provide a simultaneous quantification of the randomness and the correlational structures present in the system under study. We address in this review important topics underlying the SCM structure, viz., (a) a good choice of probability metric space and (b) how to assess the best distance-choice, which in this context is called a "disequilibrium" and is denoted with the letter Q. Q, indeed the crucial SCM ingredient, is cast in terms of an associated distance D. Since out input data consists of time-series, we also discuss the best way of extracting from the time series a probability distribution P. As an illustration, we show just how these issues affect the description of the classical limit of quantum mechanics.


This study examines how political news was concealed, manipulated and distorted during the tumultuous later years of James I's reign. It investigates how the flow of information was managed and suppressed at the centre, as well as how James I attempted to mislead a variety of audiences about his policies and intentions. It also examines the reception and unintended consequences of his behavior, and explores the political significance of the mis- and dis-information that circulated in court and country. It thereby contributes to a wider range of historical debates that reach across the politics and political culture of the reign and beyond, advancing new arguments about censorship, counsel and the formation of policy; propaganda and royal image-making; political rumours and the relationship between elite and popular politics, as well as shedding new light on the nature and success of James I's style of rule.


The neglect of library history is taken for granted, even if it is undeserved, and even if proposals have been regularly advanced for improving its status. One of the most prevalent salvos proposed focuses on interdisciplinarity and publishing outside the field of librarianship . Few if any writers have addressed the problem of how the novice professor with a genuine research interest in library history can meet the requirements of tenure by pursuing a low-status specialty, endure the rigors and expense of historical research, and gain the respect of peers, while at the same time promoting the value of the subject outside the field. This article suggests that in order to survive as library historians and library educators, some of the conventional wisdom surrounding tenure tactics may need to be disregarded or modified.


Keyword queries on databases provide easy access to data, but often suffer from low ranking quality, i.e., low precision and/or recall, as shown in recent benchmarks. It would be useful to identify queries that are likely to have low ranking quality to improve the user satisfaction. For instance, the system may suggest to the user alternative queries for such hard queries. In this paper, we analyze the characteristics of hard queries and propose a novel framework to measure the degree of difficulty for a keyword query over a database, considering both the structure and the content of the database and the query results. We evaluate our query difficulty prediction model against one effectiveness benchmarks for popular keyword search ranking methods. Our empirical results show that our model predicts the hard queries with high accuracy. Further, we present a suite of optimizations to minimize the incurred time overhead. We also provide mapping methodology for hotels and restaurants which will be used for getting directions with the help of Google Maps.


Hilbert's fourth problem asks for the construction and the study of metrics on subsets of projective space for which the projective line segments are geodesics. Several solutions of the problem were given so far, depending on more precise interpretations of this problem, with various additional conditions satisfied. The most interesting solutions are probably those inspired from an integral formula that was first introduced in this theory by Herbert Busemann. Besides that, Busemann and his school made a thorough investigation of metrics defined on subsets of projective space for which the projective lines are geodesics and they obtained several results, characterizing several classes of such metrics. We review some of the developments and important results related to Hilbert's problem, especially those that arose from Busemann's work, mentioning recent results and connections with several branches of mathematics, including Riemannian geometry, the foundations of mathematics, the calculus of variations, metric geometry and Finsler geometry.


The process of adopting an official orthography for the Portuguese language was completed very late in history, only in the twentieth century, and it was independently triggered by the Brazilian Letters Academy (in 1907) and the Portuguese sciences academy (in 1911). The diplomatic negotiations between the nations involved were countless ones along the following decades, and also included, in due time, other former Portuguese colonies. Since 2006, all countries are gradually ratifying a unified orthography decided in 1990, but the process is much debated in the public space. The root of the disagreement has to do with the fact that both the Portuguese and the Brazilian sets of graphematic norms, although aiming at phonological segments, include transcription rules for variant matter: different phonetic realizations that are triggered by phonological processes.


BACKGROUND
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality around the world. However, the majority of cancers occur as a result of modifiable risk factors; hence public awareness of cancer risk factors is crucial to reduce the incidence. The objective of this study was to identify the level of public awareness of cancer risk factors among the adult Omani population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A community based survey using the Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) questionnaire was conducted in three areas of Oman to measure public awareness of cancer risk factors. Omani adults aged 18 years and above were invited to participate in the study. SPPSS (ver.20) was used to analyse the data.

RESULTS
A total of 384 participated from 500 invited individuals (response rate =77%). The majority of respondents agreed that smoking cigarettes (320, 83.3%), passive smoking (279, 72.7%) and excessive drinking of alcohol (265, 69%) are risks factors for cancer. However, fewer respondents agreed that eating less fruit and vegetables (83, 21.6%), eating more red or processed meat (116, 30.2%), being overweight (BMI>25) (123, 32%), doing less physical exercise (119, 31%), being over 70 years old (72, 18.8%), having a close relative with cancer (134, 34.9%), infection with human papilloma virus (HPV) (117, 30.5%) and getting frequent sunburn during childhood (149, 38.8%) are risk factors for cancer. A significant association was found between participant responses and their educational level. The higher the educational level, the more likely that respondents identified cancer risk factors including smoking (p<0.0005), passive smoking (p= 0.007), excessive drinking of alcohol (p<0.0005), eating less fruit and vegetables (p= 0.001) and infection with HPV (p<0.0005).

CONCLUSIONS
The majority of respondents in this study in Oman were not aware of the common risk factors for cancer. It may be possible to reduce the incidence of cancers in Oman by developing strategies to educate the public about these risk factors.


Deformable Part Models (DPMs) as introduced by Felzenszwalb et al. have shown remarkably good results for category-level object detection. In this paper, we explore whether they are also well suited for the related problem of category-level object pose estimation. To this end, we extend the original DPM so as to improve its accuracy in object category pose estimation and design novel and more effective learning strategies. We benchmark the methods using various publicly available data sets. Provided that the training data is sufficiently balanced and clean, our method outperforms the state-of-the-art.


Analysis of Tourism Sector Development of Mojokerto Regency will discuss about the tourism sector infrastructure and potencies at Mojokerto Regency. The research aimed at knowing the tourism sector condition at Mojokerto Regency and knowing the tourism potencies at Mojokerto regency. The research is descriptive and qualitative research that is to understand the phenomenon and situation that occurred. The data collection of the research by using documentation and observation. The data analysis by using SWOT analysis. During the last five years, the tourism sector at Mojokerto regency experienced the tourist increase. Where the tourist increase of 11.45% per year. The Mojokerto Regency has 7 tourism objects where the Warm Water Park and Trowulan Tourism has the largest tourist that is 162.021 and 231.138 tourists respectively in 2007. From the research, it can be concluded that the tourism infrastructure at Mojokerto regency is good enough, but it need some improvement for sub district that does not have good facilities such as hotels and restaurants. While based on SWOT analysis, the two tourism places of Warm Water Park of Pacet and Trowulan Tourism, it is gotten some factors based on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, thread. So it is obtained results that in developing tourism object at Mojokerto regency beside considering the tourist wants also should consider the environmental preservation so the ecosystem destruction will not occurred. Keyword : sektor pariwisata


Background & Objective: Nowadays, female infertility and abortion is considered one of the most important issues in the medical world. Due to high consumption of chamomile as a medicinal herb, this study aimed to investigate the effects of chamomile consumption on abortion, estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH hormones and ovarian follicles in adult female rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 80 adult female rats were divided to 2 categories in 5 groups of 8 pregnant and non-pregnant rats, including control groups, sham group and groups receiving intraperitoneal doses of 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg chamomile hydro-alcoholic extract. At the end of the day 16 of pregnancy, aborted fetuses in pregnant groups were counted, and in day 21, the number of follicles and corpora-lutea in non-pregnant groups was obtained by separating ovaries, and sexual hormone levels were measured after phlebotomizing the samples. The results were analyzed by SPSS software (Ver.18) using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Significant difference of data was set at p≤0.05. Results: The results of this study showed that chamomile caused a significant increase in the number of aborted fetuses and follicle atresia and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in serum level of estrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH hormones as well as the number of pre-antral follicle, antral follicles, graph and corpora-lutea. Conclusion: The results showed chamomile extract decreased LH and FSH, thereby decreasing ovarian follicles, sexual hormones and aborted fetuses.


Multiple experiments (17O NMR, 1H NMR, and EPR) have been performed in the past to understand the microscopic parameters that control the magnetic relaxation rate enhancement induced by paramagnetic molecules on neighboring water protons, the so-called relaxivity. The generally accepted theories of the electron spin relaxation of S = 7/2 ions such as Gd3+ (Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan or simplified Hudson-Lewis) are unsatisfactory for a simultaneous analysis. Recently, an improved theory, where the electron spin relaxation is due to the combination of a static (thus explicitly linked to the molecular structure) and a dynamic zero field splitting, has been developed and tested on experimental EPR data. The model has also been extended beyond the electronic Redfield limit using Monte Carlo simulations. Using the aqua ion [Gd(H2O)8]3+ as a test case, we present here the first simultaneous analysis of 17O NMR, 1H NMR, and EPR relaxation data using this rigorous approach of the electron spin relaxation. We discuss the physical meaning of the calculated parameters. The consequences on future experiments are also considered, especially regarding the analysis of nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles in the study of Gd3+ complexes.


Positional information has been suggested to play a central role in pattern formation during development. The strong version of positional information states that there is a cell parameter, positional value, which is related to position as in a coordinate system and which determines cell differentiation. A weaker version merely emphasises position as a key determinant in cell development and differentiation. There is evidence for boundaries and orthogonal axes playing an important role in positional systems. A positional signal is distinguished from an inductive interaction because the former specifies multiple states, confers polarity, and can act over a long range. A gradient in a diffusible morphogen is just one way of specifying position. There is now good evidence in several systems for substances which may be the morphogen for positional signalling. The product of the bicoid gene in early Drosophila development is the best prospect. Retinoic acid is unique in its ability to alter positional value and may also be a morphogen. The best evidence for positional value, a concept fundamental to positional information, remains a biological assay based on grafting. The idea of positional value uncouples differentiation and position, and allows considerable freedom for patterning. It is not clear whether positional value or differentiation involves a combinatorial mechanism. Interpretation of positional information remains a central problem. There is good evidence that cells can respond differentially to less than a two-fold change in concentration of a chemical signal. It may be that interpretation involves listing the sites at which a particular class of cell differentiation will occur. The problem is made less severe when blocks of cells are specified together as in mechanisms based on an isomorphic prepattern. Isomorphic prepatterns could establish repeated structures which are equivalent and which are then made non-equivalent by positional information. This would enable local differences to develop. The combination of these two mechanisms may be wide-spread. There is evidence that positional signals within a single animal and in related animals are conserved. It is not clear just how wide this conservation is, but it is at phylotypic stages, rather than in eggs, that similarity might be expected. It is nevertheless impressive that the polar coordinate model can be applied to regulation in systems as diverse as insects, vertebrates and protozoa. The molecular basis of positional signalling is just becoming accessible; the molecular basis of positional value is still awaited. A brief personal history of positional information is provided in an appendix.


The significant challenge of achieving safe, reliable and continuous service delivery has been a focus of the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector in recent years, with less attention given to other important sustainability considerations such as environmental sustainability. The agenda set by the sustainable development goals prompts a wider lens, bringing water resource management and ecosystem conservation together with water and sanitation access targets in one integrated goal. As we grapple with our approach to this new agenda, it is timely to reflect on how we, as a sector, engage with environmental sustainability. This paper reviews recent literature at the intersection of WASH and environmental sustainability to identify current themes and future directions. Analysis of academic and non-academic sources was undertaken and then situated with reference to the planetary boundaries framework as a useful lens to ground the socio-ecological systems and processes upon which environmental sustainability depends. Findings point to both opportunities and gaps within current sector thinking, which can drive leadership from knowledge and research institutions towards better integration of access and environmental sustainability imperatives.


The cattle-tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the worst pests of domestic livestock due to damages caused to the health. Artificial infestation is still needed in many scientific papers, and, depending on the quantity of infesting larvae and the cattle susceptibility, it can be fatal due to the deleterious effects that this parasite causes to the cattle health. The food intake greatly decreases during massive larval infestations. The objective of this work was to study the impact of an artificial infestation on feed intake and animal body condition. Four susceptible cattle (Holstein Black and White) were infested with 10,000 larvae and 20,000 larvae infested six resistant cattle (Nellore). Animals were an average of 7 months-old. Two weeks before the infestation and during the parasitic life cycle (three weeks after the infestation), each animal was placed in individual pens with water and food ad libitum. It was offered 2 kg of commercial concentrate (minimum 16% crude protein, CP) and 5 kg of Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton (13.19% CP) a day. The refusal was weighed for 3 consecutive days at the time of: one week before infestation, and one, two and three weeks post-infestation in order to calculate food intake average before and during the life cycle of the parasite. Animals were assessed for body condition (1 - skinny to 5 - obese) weekly. The experimental design was a non-probability sample restricted to 10 animals. Food intake data was analyzed using general linear models (SPSS ® statistical package -version 12.0) with breed and day as independent variable. Both effects were significant (P<0.01). Food intake (FI) increased in both breeds, higher in Holstein (5.962 ± 0.154 kg food day -1 versus 5.392 ± 0.126 kg food day -1 , for Nellore). The regression of body condition score (BC) was calculated as a function of FI. The body condition from animals of both breeds increased as the food intake was enlarged over the three weeks of parasitic cycle (BC = 3.104 + 0.154 FI – 1.083 Breed, R 2 = 0.675). Therefore, it was concluded that artificial infestations with 10,000 larvae in susceptible cattle and 20,000 in resistant cattle did not harmed food intake or body condition. So, we can recommend this amount of larvae for resistant and susceptible cattle in experiments which require tick's artificial infestation.


Abstract. We present results from the CREosote ATmosphere Interactions through Volatile Emissions (CREATIVE 2009) field study in southern Arizona aimed at quantifying emission rates of VOCs from creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) during the summer 2009 monsoon season. This species was chosen because of its vast distribution in North and South American deserts and because its resins have been reported to contain a rich set of volatile organic compounds (VOC). While a variety of ecosystems have been investigated for VOC emissions, deserts remain essentially unstudied, partially because of their low biomass densities and water limitations. However, during the North American monsoon, a pronounced increase in rainfall from an extremely dry June ( 80 mm) occurs over large areas of the Sonoran desert in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. We observed a strong diurnal pattern of branch emissions and ambient concentrations of an extensive suite of VOCs with maxima in early afternoon. These include VOCs typically observed in forest sites (oxygenated VOCs and volatile isoprenoids) as well as a large number of other compounds, some of which have not been previously described from any plant including 1-chloro-2-methoxy-benzene and isobutyronitrile. Although generally considered to be derived from anthropogenic sources, we observed emissions of aromatic compounds including benzene, and a broad range of phenolics. Dimethyl sulfide emissions from creosotebush were higher than reported from any previously studied plant suggesting that terrestrial ecosystems should be reconsidered as an important source of this climatically important gas. We also present direct, primary emission measurements of isoprene and its apparent oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and 3-methyl furan (the later three compounds are typically assumed to form from secondary reactions within the atmosphere), as well as a group of compounds considered to be fatty acid oxidation products. These results suggest that one important function of some VOCs in creosotebush is as an antioxidant. We also find that emissions of nitriles from creosotebush could represent a significant but previously unaccounted nitrogen loss from this arid ecosystem. Our results demonstrate the richness of creosotebush volatile emissions and highlight the need for further research into their atmospheric and ecological impacts.


I show that a consequence of Correspondence Theory in Optimality Theory is that, for processes such as cluster reduction, if MAX outranks UNIFORMITY, candidates displaying coalescence are preferred to those displaying true deletion. It is thus incumbent on the analyst to identify the constraints that select appropriate coalescence candidates, even for apparent deletion cases. I show how Lamontagne and Rice's (1995) account of the D-effect in Navajo must be modified to ensure the correct outcome in a language where both coalescence and apparent deletion are repairs to cluster constraint violations. If, for other reasons, it is necessary that UNIFORMITY outrank MAX, the admission of MAX(Feature) constraints becomes unavoidable. An analysis of certain cluster reduction phenomena in Ibiza Catalan shows how complex coda constraints, perceptual markedness constraints for clusters, Paradigm Uniformity, and featural faithfulness interact to derive a pattern of contextual variation. The paper includes a review of Correspondence Theory focusing on its effects in cluster reduction.


The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of non-financial incentives on teacher performance in rural primary schools in Kisarawe District. The study involved a sample of 72 respondents selected using purposive and random sampling techniques. Data collection instruments were interviews, questionnaires and documentary review. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were used. Data presentation was done in a narrative form with direct quotations from the voices of the respondents. The findings revealed that medical services, presentable houses, transport, electricity, sufficient teaching and learning materials, availability of clean safe water, recreation and market places were mentioned to be the main motivators for teachers. However, the provisions were not adequate and some of them were not available. This was due to lack of a clear incentive policy on teachers both at District and National levels. The study revealed that there was a positive relationship between the provision of non-financial incentives and teacher performance. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the Government and the Council should formulate a clear policy on teacher motivation including; provision of cooking utensils, beds and mattresses for newly appointed teachers, frequent visits and meetings with fellow teachers to discuss challenges they face. There was also a need to allocate adequate financial resources at Council and community levels in order to increase teachers' access to soft loans. It was also recommended that a study on similar research area to be done to involve both public and private primary schools especially for comparative purposes.


Objective: To understand the correlates of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the American public and the reasons why individuals intend to refuse a COVID-19 vaccine.

Rationale: Recent polls suggest that a significant share of the American public is reluctant to receive an impending COVID-19 vaccine. However, far less is known about which Americans are most likely to refuse the vaccine and their reasons for reluctance. Understanding these issues is critical to developing effective health communications to improve COVID-19 vaccination and end the pandemic.

Method: We rely on a demographically representative survey of 5,009 American adults collected from May 28-June 8, 2020. We analyze the influence of demographic factors, political ideology, and COVID-19 experiences on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.

Results: 31.1% of Americans do not intend to pursue getting vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available. The likelihood of refusal is higher for Blacks, women, and conservatives. People who are more concerned about COVID-19 were less likely to refuse the vaccine. Positive views of vaccination in general (vaccines are safe, effective, and important) were also negatively associated with vaccine refusal intention. The two most cited reasons for refusal are concerns about vaccine safety, and effectiveness. Reasons for reluctance vary across sub-populations. Women were most likely to be hesitant based on concerns about safety and efficacy. Blacks were more likely to be hesitant than Whites because of concerns about safety and efficacy, because they lack needed financial resources or health insurance, and because already had COVID-19.

Conclusion: Large proportions of the American public do not intend to pursue a vaccine against COVID-19 once it becomes available, reducing its potential impact. Blacks are particularly likely to be hesitant, exacerbating existing disparities in COVID-19 outcomes.


This study was undertaken to analyze the influence of hegemony on the creation of cultural identity—specifically the cultural identity of Morgan City, Louisiana— through the annual performance of the Louisiana Shrimp and Petroleum Festival of that city. The information utilized in this study was assembled from a variety of sources: newspaper reporting from 1935 to 1999, chronicling the Festival and related subjects; works of several theorists in the area of ritual and performance studies; works that examine the concept of hegemony, principally from a Marxian perspective; anthropological studies of Gulf Coast commercial fishing cultures; reports by official State of Louisiana agencies, particularly in the area of petroleum production; histories of Morgan City and St. Mary Parish, Louisiana; numerous and varied works related to the area of Black history in Louisiana; and studies on ecotourism and the heritage industry. The principal conclusion derived from this study is that Morgan City has experienced several shifts in economic hegemony, all of which have been reflected through changes within the form and practice of the annual Festival. Firstly, the seafood production industry under the guidance of ownership interests, was able to establish a powerful economic hegemony that manipulated the Festival into a representation of local cultural identity that had the ability to attract outside celebratory interest as well as national advertising—both of which were used in the promotion of Morgan City products. When the seafood industry suffered a severe economic downturn, the petrochemical industry entered the area and set up an immeasurably more powerful iii economic force. Over time the Festival became dominated by destructive participation of transient oil workers; thus severely altering the perception of civic identity to both established local residents and outsiders as well. Local established residents contested for, and won back, control of the Festival and its symbols in an attempt to restore traditional values of civility to the community. To sum, economic hegemony is not necessarily cultural hegemony. In the absence of economic hegemonic leadership, civic resistance may appropriate the traditions, symbols, and prestige of ritual, thus forging a communally desired cultural identity.


Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 exerts multiple biological effects on kidney and ureter development. To examine the role of BMP4 in glomerular morphogenesis, we generated transgenic mice with altered BMP4 function in podocytes by conferring tissue-specificity with the nephrin (Nphs1) promoter. At birth, Tg(Nphs1-Nog) mice, which had loss of BMP4 function in podocytes, were found to have glomerular microaneurysms, collapsed glomerular capillary tufts, enlarged Bowman's capsules, and fewer normal proximal tubules. Conversely, Tg(Nphs1-Bmp4) mice, which had increased BMP4 function in podocytes, demonstrated defects in glomerular capillary formation, but podocytes were not appreciably affected. The Tg(Nphs1-Nog) and Tg(Nphs1-Bmp4) mice shared morphological characteristics with the previously reported podocyte-specific Vegf-A over-expressing and knockout mice, respectively. Consistent with the morphological similarity, in situ hybridization revealed an intense signal for podocyte expression of Vegf in Tg(Nphs1-Nog) mice, whereas the signal was markedly suppressed in Tg(Nphs1-Bmp4) mice. However, in vitro studies with metanephroi failed to demonstrate a direct interaction between BMP4 or Noggin and VEGF in podocytes. Instead, immunostaining showed that phosphorylated Smads, the mediators of BMP signaling, are present in endothelial and/or mesangial cells, but not in podocytes, within the developing glomeruli. Therefore, this study suggests that podocyte-derived BMP plays an important role in glomerular capillary formation, perhaps by acting on non-podocyte glomerular cells in a paracrine fashion.


From the Mississippi west to the Pacific, from border to border north and south, here is the first thorough overview of novelists, historians, and artists of the modern American West. Examining a full century of cultural-intellectual forces at work, a leading authority on the twentieth-century West brings his formidable talents to bear in this pioneering study. Richard W. Etulain divides his book into three major sections. He begins with the period from the 1890s to the 1920s, when artists and authors were inventing an idealized frontier--especially one depicting initial contacts and conflicts with new landscapes and new peoples. The second section covers the regionalists, who focused on regional (mostly geographical) characteristics that shaped distinctively "western" traits of character and institutions. The book concludes with a discussion of the postregional West from World War II to the ?90s, a period when novelists, historians, and artists stressed ethnicity, gender, and a new environmentalism as powerful forces in the formation of modern western society and culture. Etulain casts a wide net in his new study. He discusses novelists from Jack London to John Steinbeck and on to Joan Didion. He covers historians from Frederick Jackson Turner to Earl Pomeroy and Patricia Nelson Limerick, and artists from Frederic Remington and Charles Russell to Georgia O?Keeffe and R. C. Gorman. The author places emphasis on women painters and authors such as Mary Hallock Foote, Mary Austin, Willa Cather, and Judith Baca. He also stresses important works of ethnic writers including Leslie Marmon Silko, Rudolfo Anaya, and Amy Tan. An intriguing survey of tendencies and trends and a well-defined profile of influences and outgrowths, this book will be valuable to students and scholars of western culture and history, American studies, and related disciplines. General readers will appreciate the book's balanced structure and spirited writing style. All readers, whatever their level of interest, will discover the major cultural inventions of the American West over the past one hundred years.


Distribution smart grid is very important part of the smart grid. Utilities use Distribution Management System (DMS) as supervisory control layer at the power system control centers. State Estimation (SE) and Volt-Var Control (VVC) are the prime applications of the DMS. In the modern DMS, SE is required for extensive monitoring and control of the entire distribution network. In the presence of Distributed Generators (DGs) such as solar, wind, micro turbines, fuel cells etc. to maintain voltage level in the prescribed limits and control of bidirectional flow of reactive power with minimized distribution power losses is a great challenge. Previously proposed methods to optimize SE and VVC presume that objective function equations are continuous and differentiable. However, the practical equipment installed in the distribution network i.e. on load tap changer transformers, DGs, voltage regulators etc. have nonlinear characteristics which result in nonlinear objective functions of SE and VVC. Moreover, the objective functions are discontinuous due to discontinuous tap changing of transformers. Therefore, the conventional methods cannot be applied to nonlinear optimization problems. To solve the nonlinear optimization problems, recently proposed heuristic algorithms are very effective. In this paper, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm has been implemented to optimize SE and VVC applications.


Local variations in filler particle concentration and/or shape and orientation in static filler/polymer composites are modelled as distributions of percolation thresholds. The concentration variations can be due to insufficient mixing, formation of semicrystalline voids during cooling from the melt, shrinkage during polymer curing, flow during physical compression or the like. Irregular filler shapes, especially elongated shapes, reduce the percolation threshold; thus, natural variations in the shapes and orientations of filler particle aggregates lead to locally varying percolation thresholds. A distribution of percolation thresholds leads to an apparent average percolation threshold based on the conductivity below the mean percolation threshold. For filler concentrations above the apparent percolation threshold, the dielectric constant continues to increase before reaching a lowered peak value at the mean percolation threshold and then decreasing. This can explain some 'anomalous' published experimental results concerning the dielectric constant just above the percolation threshold. In the frequency plane, the percolation threshold distribution can lead to a slight reduction of the apparent critical exponents x and y of the frequency dependencies of the conductivity and relative dielectric constant, respectively. Our experimental results on ethylene butylacrylate copolymer/carbon black composites support the theory.


Background: Type 2 diabetes, accounting for 90% of diabetes cases, is often diagnosed several years after its onset, once the complications are already present, resulting in considerable economic loss. Early and effective detection should avoid or delay the consequences it may have. Aims: This study aims to optimize diabetes screening in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, among the active population on the labor market. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a participatory survey, which included workers between the ages of 18 and 65, who have never been diagnosed with diabetes. Employees responded to the FINDRISC questionnaire and had a measurement of capillary blood glucose and an glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) assay. The aim was to establish the level of predictability and reliability of the FINDRISC questionnaire and the correlation with capillary blood glucose and HbA1c. Results: The univariable model of the FINDRISC score (threshold >= 10) seems to be the most suitable for the detection of dysglycemia in an occupational medicine setting. Conclusions: Employees with a FINDRISC score <10 will be re-evaluated at the next periodical examination, those with a FINDRISC score> = 10 and a low-risk job position will be referred for follow-up to their family physicians; in addition, for those with FINDRISC score> = 10 and a high-risk job position an HbA1c assay will be performed at the occupational medicine clinic. *Correspondence to: M. Macovei, Service de Santé au Travail Multisectoriel, 32 rue Glesener, L-1630 Luxembourg, Tel: +352 40 09 42 1226; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Benjamin Chee Chee lived with anger and frustration for more than thirty years before he took his own life. An Ojibway artist who killed himself just as he was beginning to gain international recognition, Chee Chee is one of the thousands of aboriginal peoples in Canada who have committed suicide. Noted suicidologist and former RCMP officer Alvin Evans explores Chee Chee's wild, reckless, creative life to reveal how the clash between Native and White society has affected the suicide rate of young Native men and women, now among the highest in the world. Using his in-depth understanding of Native self-destructive behaviour and information from interviews with Chee Chee's mother, close friends, and fellow artists, Evans shows that understanding Benjamin's suicide requires moving beyond psychological analysis to include the damage that contact with White society has caused to Native culture, heritage, status, and meaning of life. Evans argues that White society needs to understand these dynamics to be involved in the healing process of Aboriginal peoples in Canada - or to at least avoid hindering their recovery.


Objective. To evaluate factors related to the development and persistence of adolescent sleep problems. Methods. In this longitudinal, population-based study, the Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey was administered by telephone to 7960 adolescents (3921 girls and 4039 boys) 12 to 18 years old in 1989 and at follow-up in 1993. Sleep problems at both time points were assessed using a single item on the Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey. Those who responded that they "often or sometimes" had trouble going to sleep or staying asleep during the past 12 months were categorized as reporting sleep problems, whereas those who responded "often" were categorized as having frequent sleep problems. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to identify baseline characteristics predictive of the development and persistence of sleep problems or frequent sleep problems, respectively, from baseline to follow-up. Results. Of the 4866 adolescents without sleep problems at baseline, 28% developed sleep problems by 1993, and 9% developed frequent sleep problems. Of the 3094 adolescents who reported sleep problems at baseline, 52% reported sleep problems in 1993, and 21% reported frequent sleep problems. Female sex and notable depressive symptoms were associated with the development and persistence of sleep problems and frequent sleep problems at follow-up. Cigarette smoking status showed a dose–response relationship with development of sleep problems and frequent sleep problems, and with persistence of frequent sleep problems at follow-up. Conclusion. The reduction of depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking among adolescents are important factors to consider in prevention and treatment efforts focused on adolescent sleep problems.


e829 Correspondence to The Editors, 560 Harrison Avenue, Suite 502, Boston, MA 02118,. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com The following articles are being highlighted as part of Circulation's Topic Review series. This series will summarize the most important manuscripts, as selected by the editors, published in Circulation and the Circulation subspecialty journals. The studies included in this article represent the most read manuscripts published on the topic of cardiovascular quality and outcomes within the last year. (Circulation. 2013;127:e829-e836.) Circulation Editors' Picks Most Read Articles in Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes


Ancient Innovations Pressure flaking is a method of forming points, grooves, and notches on stone tools in which a tool is pressed up against another stone, instead of striking it. It has been thought to be a fairly recent innovation, arising in the Upper Paleolithic 20,000 or so years ago. Mourre et al. (p. 659), show that tools from Blombos Cave, dating to about 75,000 years ago, have grooves and patterns resembling production by heat treatment followed by pressure flaking. Replication experiments were performed using similar source material followed by microscopic study of the tools. Despite the evidence for an early innovation, it seems that pressure flaking was not used widely elsewhere until much later; thus, such early innovations may have been sporadic ephemeral. Tools dating to ~75,000 years ago show evidence of pressure flaking, long before the technique became widespread. Pressure flaking has been considered to be an Upper Paleolithic innovation dating to ~20,000 years ago (20 ka). Replication experiments show that pressure flaking best explains the morphology of lithic artifacts recovered from the ~75-ka Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. The technique was used during the final shaping of Still Bay bifacial points made on heat‐treated silcrete. Application of this innovative technique allowed for a high degree of control during the detachment of individual flakes, resulting in thinner, narrower, and sharper tips on bifacial points. This technology may have been first invented and used sporadically in Africa before its later widespread adoption.


I. THE ENCOUNTER. A. An Abundant Nature and Promises of Wealth. B. Beautiful Lands and Innocent Natives. C. The Marvels of the Aztec Capital. D. Visual Depiction of the Indians. E. A Negative Impact of Conquest on Indian Society. F. Indian Lamentations. The Fall of Tenochtitlan. The Imprisonment of Cuauhtemoc. Flowers and Songs of Sorrow. G. Murals Depicting Cuauhtemoc. H. The King and the Indian. I. An Indian Assessment of Europe. J. "To Columbus". K. In the Ancient Land of the Aztecs, the Hurrah for Columbus Is Muted. L. Cultural Symbiosis. The Stone and the Cross. II. PATTERNS FOR WEALTH. A. An Example of a Colonial Land Grant. B. Establishing the Basis for the Encomienda System. C. A Grant of Encomienda. D. A Petition to the King to Grant Permanent Encomiendas. E. Slave Labor on a Brazilian Plantation. F. Forced Labor Recruitment. G. A Comfortable Life. H. Sugar Plantation in Brazil at the End of the Colonial Period. III. PATTERNS FOR POWER. A. Bolivar's Political Prescriptions. The Congress of Angostura, 1819. The Constitution for Bolivia, 1826. B. Political Advice from a Father to His Son. C. The Caudillo in Spanish America. D. The Brazilian Constitutions of 1824: Contractual, Genetic, and Patriarchal. E. The Brazilian Emperor's Perception of His Own Role. Poem: "If I am Pious, Clement, Just...". Advice to my Daughter and Heir. F. The Brazilian Monarchy and the Empowerment of ?Youth and a Woman. IV. MODERNITY VIES WITH TRADITION. A. Latin American Society in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. The City and the Countryside: Civilization versus Barbarism. Social Life in Brazil in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. B. The Export Economy. A Sugar Plantation in Cuba. Rising Coffee Exports and Falling Food Surpluses in Brazil, 1850-1860. C. Ordinary People Face Economic Challenges. The Dispossessed in Rural Mexico. The Indians Lose Their Land a. The Mexican Constitution of 1857 b. Legal Protection Ends for the Lands of the Indians of Colombia. Land Monopoly in Pernambuco, Brazil. The Standard of Living of Workers in Northeastern Brazil. A Description of the Indians of Andean Columbia. The Limits of Education. V. LATIN AMERICANS DEFINE THEMSELVES. A. An Early Effort to Define Latin America. B. Salvation through Originality. C. Ariel: The Spiritual Nature of the Latin Americans. D. The African Contribution to Brazilian Civilization. E. Combining European and Local Values into a National Culture. F. La Raza Cosmica: A New Race and a New Ideal. G. Liberating the Spirit of the Artist. My Life and Art. New World, New Race, and New Art. In Defense of National Dance. H. Reinterpreting the Indian Past. I. Masquerading Reality. VI. THE QUEST FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. A. The Historical Causes of Underdevelopment. B. The Web of Exploitation: State and Peasants in Latin America. C. Dependency Theory. D. The Need for Structural Changes. E. An Early Statement of Economic Nationalism. F. Goals for Development. The Problem. The Solution. G. Nationalism and Development. H. Artistic and Literary Reactions to Progress. Art as Historical Document. An Appeal to Some Learned Doctors. "Rosaura". VII. THE REVOLUTIONARY OPTION. A. A Theory of the Natural History of Revolution. B. The Visual Presentation of Popular Protest. C. Land and Revolution. The Plan of Ayala. Agrarian Reform Begins. D. Is the Mexican Revolution Dead? Mexico's Historical Crisis. The Revolution is Dead. E. The Cuban Revolution. Program Manifesto of the 26th of July Movement. The Causes of the Cuban Revolution. Agrarian Reform. Women in the Cuban Revolution. The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of the Cuban Revolution. F. The Nicaraguan Revolution. Sandino to Sandinistas: Historical Revolutionary Continuity. The Historic Program of the FSLN. The Minister of Agriculture Discusses Agrarian Reform. A Peasant Discusses Agrarian Reform. Elections Derailed the Revolution: What Happened? The Initial Record of the UNO Government. G. Women at War. VIII. A LINGERING LEGACY. A. Failure to Resolve the Agrarian Issue. B. The End to Food Self-Sufficiency in Mexico. C. Hunger in Honduras. D. The Burden of the Brazilian Child. E. "It Can Hurt Plenty". F. "The Glass of Milk". G. A Major Transformation: Rural to Urban. H. The Challenge to Democracy. I. Misguided Development. J. Making Our Own History. K. New Leadership: Fear and Hope. Haiti: Turning in to Another Cuba? Haiti: A Plea for Grassroots Development.


We consider a large neutral molecule with total nuclear charge $Z$ in a model with self-generated classical magnetic field and where the kinetic energy of the electrons is treated relativistically. To ensure stability, we assume that $Z \alpha < 2/\pi$, where $\alpha$ denotes the fine structure constant. We are interested in the ground state energy in the simultaneous limit $Z \rightarrow \infty$, $\alpha \rightarrow 0$ such that $\kappa=Z \alpha$ is fixed. The leading term in the energy asymptotics is independent of $\kappa$, it is given by the Thomas-Fermi energy of order $Z^{7/3}$ and it is unchanged by including the self-generated magnetic field. We prove the first correction term to this energy, the so-called Scott correction of the form $S(\alpha Z) Z^2$. The current paper extends the result of \cite{SSS} on the Scott correction for relativistic molecules to include a self-generated magnetic field. Furthermore, we show that the corresponding Scott correction function $S$, first identified in \cite{SSS}, is unchanged by including a magnetic field. We also prove new Lieb-Thirring inequalities for the relativistic kinetic energy with magnetic fields.


This article tracks contests of representation among the Palestinian Authority (PA), the U.S. news media, and the Palestinian public regarding the funeral of PA President Yasser Arafat and subsequent presidential elections. It is popularly assumed that governments primarily represent by gathering people and implementing actions in their names, whereas media represent by depicting the world. Latour has called for "object-oriented democracies" that reintegrate gathering and depiction in ways that eschew formal structures of political legitimation, which have so often been abused. This enables recognition of emergently democratic forms. However, even in these provisional assemblies, established institutions of legitimating representation, like states and elite media institutions, continue to exert authority. This demands an ethnographic examination of connections among the state, the press, and the public. Palestinian officials and the public alike identify the U.S. media as influential conduits to powerful outsiders. Thus, Palestinian officials may use the Western press as an executive force, to encourage Palestinians to perform nationhood in an orderly manner. Palestinians may determine that neither the U.S. media nor the PA adequately represent them, and thus carry out political actions according to local political traditions. U.S. media depicted popular forms of gathering in the street at Arafat's funeral as chaotic, whereas they depicted voting, about which some Palestinians had important reservations, as a progressive form of gathering. As officials and journalists do their representational work, the ostensible subjects of representation, the public, often undertake their own projects of gathering and depicting, but these are reincorporated into—and transformed by—authorized representational institutions.


This article is meant to give you a basic understanding of mechanical timepieces—not just what they are, but how they are different from one another and why that difference is significant. Watches themselves do not need an introduction; they are ubiquitous and have withstood the peaks and troughs of social inequality and have persisted as a commonality between the rich, the poor and the middleclass since the beginning of their mass production in the 19th century. I focus here on the history of watches within the United States because, ultimately, this is a discussion of their legal protection under United States intellectual property law and not a full history lesson on horology. If you would like to establish a foundation of knowledge for the intellectual property which this article discusses, I suggest first reading of the achievements of individuals such as Christiaan Huygens, Peter Henlein, Patek Philippe and Louis Cartier. This article will focus on two areas of intellectual property, patents and trademarks, and their application to mechanical timepieces.


The classical central scratch method has been used to successfully induce a wound environment however this model has been criticized. This study aimed to compare the cellular responses of normal fibroblast cells with those of wounded, diabetic wounded, acidic and hypoxic cells to determine if the latter two models are more effective in inducing an injured environment than the central scratch method. The cellular responses that were evaluated included; cell morphology, viability, proliferation, cytotoxicity and DNA damage. The results from this study showed that the biochemical tests were sensitive enough to distinguish changes between normal and wounded, diabetic wounded, acidic and hypoxic cells. Wounded cells showed a decrease in ATP viability, increase in caspase 3/7 activity, increase in proliferation and increase in cytotoxicity and DNA damage when compared to normal cells. This study confirmed that although a central scratch method only wounds 5 - 10% of the surface cells it was sufficient to successfully induce a wound environment in vitro . The results suggest that the in vitro models may not only be used to study wound healing but also cellular responses related to other pathological conditions such as heart attack, stroke, diabetes and biological or biochemical changes in response to treatment such as laser therapy otherwise known as phototherapy.


We examine the association between board independence and the characteristics of non-GAAP earnings. Our results suggest that companies with less independent boards are more likely to opportunistically exclude recurring items from non-GAAP earnings. Specifically, we find that exclusions from non-GAAP earnings have a greater association with future GAAP earnings and operating earnings when boards contain proportionally fewer independent directors. Consistent with the association between board independence and the permanence of non-GAAP exclusions reflecting opportunism rather than the economics of the firm, we find that the association declines following Regulation G and that managers appear to use exclusions to meet earnings targets prior to selling their shares more often in firms with fewer independent board members. Overall, our results suggest that board independence is positively associated with the quality of non-GAAP earnings.


A fundamental feature of everyday music perception is sensitivity to familiar tonal structures such as musical keys. Many studies have suggested that a tonal context can enhance the perception and representation of pitch. Most of these studies have measured response time, which may reflect expectancy as opposed to perceptual accuracy. We instead used a performance-based measure, comparing participants' ability to discriminate between a "small, in-tune" interval and a "large, mistuned" interval in conditions that involved familiar tonal relations (diatonic, or major, scale notes), unfamiliar tonal relations (whole-tone or mistuned-diatonic scale notes), repetition of a single pitch, or no tonal context. The context was established with a brief sequence of tones in Experiment 1 (melodic context), and a cadence-like two-chord progression in Experiment 2 (harmonic context). In both experiments, performance significantly differed across the context conditions, with a diatonic context providing a significant advantage over no context; however, no correlation with years of musical training was observed. The diatonic tonal context also provided an advantage over the whole-tone scale context condition in Experiment 1 (melodic context), and over the mistuned scale or repetition context conditions in Experiment 2 (harmonic context). However, the relatively small benefit to performance suggests that the main advantage of tonal context may be priming of expected stimuli, rather than enhanced accuracy of pitch interval representation.


Over the past couple of years, the growing debate around automated facial recognition has reached a boiling point. As developers have continued to swiftly expand the scope of these kinds of technologies into an almost unbounded range of applications, an increasingly strident chorus of critical voices has sounded concerns about the injurious effects of the proliferation of such systems. Opponents argue that the irresponsible design and use of facial detection and recognition technologies (FDRTs) threatens to violate civil liberties, infringe on basic human rights and further entrench structural racism and systemic marginalisation. They also caution that the gradual creep of face surveillance infrastructures into every domain of lived experience may eventually eradicate the modern democratic forms of life that have long provided cherished means to individual flourishing, social solidarity and human self-creation. Defenders, by contrast, emphasise the gains in public safety, security and efficiency that digitally streamlined capacities for facial identification, identity verification and trait characterisation may bring. In this explainer, I focus on one central aspect of this debate: the role that dynamics of bias and discrimination play in the development and deployment of FDRTs. I examine how historical patterns of discrimination have made inroads into the design and implementation of FDRTs from their very earliest moments. And, I explain the ways in which the use of biased FDRTs can lead distributional and recognitional injustices. The explainer concludes with an exploration of broader ethical questions around the potential proliferation of pervasive face-based surveillance infrastructures and makes some recommendations for cultivating more responsible approaches to the development and governance of these technologies.


The purpose of this study is to understand the
interactions of tropical cyclones with ocean eddies. In particular
we examine the influence of a cold-core eddy on the cold wake
formed during the passage of Typhoon Fanapi (2010). The
three-dimensional version of the numerical Price-Weller-Pinkel
(PWP) vertical mixing model has previously been used to simulate
and study the cold wakes of Atlantic hurricanes. The model has not
been used in comparison with observations of typhoons in the
Western Pacific Ocean. In 2010 several typhoons were studied during
the Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) field
campaign and Fanapi was particularly well observed. We use these
observations and the 3DPWP to understand the ocean cold wake
generated by Fanapi. The cold wake of Fanapi was advected by a
cyclonic eddy that was south of the typhoon track. The 3DPWP model
outputs with and without an eddy are compared with observations
made during the field campaign. These observations are compared to
model outputs with eddies in a series of positions right and left
of the storm track in order to study effects of mesoscale eddies on
ocean vertical mixing in the cold wake of typhoons.


Arizona's art history is emblematic of the story of the modern West, and few periods in that history were more significant than the era of the New Deal. From Dorothea Lange and Ansel Adams to painters and muralists including Native American Gerald Nailor, the artists working in Arizona under New Deal programs were a notable group whose art served a distinctly public purpose. Their photography, paintings, and sculptures remain significant exemplars of federal art patronage and offer telling lessons positioned at the intersection of community history and culture. Art is a powerful instrument of historical record and cultural construction, and many of the issues captured by the Farm Security Administration photographers remain significant issues today: migratory labor, the economic volatility of the mining industry, tourism, and water usage. Art tells important stories, too, including the work of Japanese American photographer Toyo Miyatake in Arizona's internment camps, murals by Native American artist Gerald Nailor for the Navajo Nation Council Chamber in Window Rock, and African American themes at Fort Huachuca. Illustrated with 100 black-andwhite photographs and covering a wide range of both media and themes, this fascinating and accessible volume reclaims a richly textured story of Arizona history with potent lessons for today.