The author addresses ways in which participants in the religion-and-science dialogues avoid ethically sensitive issues involving the scientifically developed subject of nonhuman animals. Using the concept of ethical anthropocentrism, he maintains that the contemporary dialogue is mired in a traditional set of concepts and myopic discourse. The present approach entails serious risks of weakening both religious life and scientific inquiry, including the foundation for an engagement between religion and science. Furthermore, the specific sciences dealing with nonhuman animals should be engaged fully for a number of reasons related to both religious and scientific goals. A further benefit of such an engagement would be promotion of an understanding of community more responsive to the non-anthropocentric ethics found so broadly in religious traditions outside the Abrahamic, and in subordinated portions of the Abrahamic traditions.


Digitization and the rise of Open Access publishing is an important recent development in academic communication. The current publishing system exhibits challenges with cost, where many universities are forced to cancel journal subscriptions for economic reasons, as well as access, as scholars and the public alike often lack access to research published in paywalled subscription journals. Open Access publishing solves the access problem, but not necessarily cost problems. Universities and researchers are currently in a challenging, interstitial stage of scholarly publishing. Subscription journals still dominate scholarly communication, yet a growing imperative to fund and support Open Access alternatives also exists. Stakeholders, including faculty, university administrators, publishers, scientific funding institutions and librarians and governments alike currently strategize and fight for their professional and economic interests in the broader publishing system. Four main trends are suggested that will characterize the future of scholarly publishing: 1) antagonism with scholarly associations; 2) changes and innovations to peer review; 3) Scientific/Intellectual Movements around Open Access 4) publishing and new professional niches in the publishing landscape. This article suggests potential trajectories and outcomes for these various conflicts over the costs and benefits of academic publishing.


Pipelines are essential for transporting energy resources over long distances. Pipeline projects cause many environmental, economic, and social problems. The construction of large-scale infrastructures such as natural gas/oil pipelines involves extensive disturbance for regional ecosystems. Therefore, it is very important to ensure bad effects of transmission pipeline routes considering environmental sensitivities. In order to do this, we used a geographical information system with multi-criteria decision-making techniques to create an environmental care model. In this study, we applied the order preference by similarity to ideal solution technique to integrate environmental sensitivity into the planning of a natural gas transmission pipeline project. For this purpose, route optimization was carried out for the ongoing operation of an existing 84.33 km natural gas transmission line. An environmentally sensitive optimum route was determined according to environmental impact assessment criteria. The experimental studies confirmed that our road is superior to the current road when compared with the 13 spatial criteria used for analysis. Our road has only seven stream passes while the current road has 20, our road has no quality soil pass on the other side while the current road has a 661-m quality soil pass, and our road is more cost-efficient at 77.89 km as opposed to the current road's 84.33 km. This paper declares that optimized and sophisticated GIS-multicriteria decision method tools/models solve natural gas transmission project routing problems in terms of environmental sensitivities and cost


The corrosion resistance of conventional (AA2024-T3, AA6082-T6 and AA7050-T7451) and the new generation (AA2050-T84, AA2098-T351, AA2198-T8, and AA2198-T851) precipitation-hardened alloys has been studied and compared using electrochemical and non-electrochemical approaches. The AA6082-T6 was the most resistant alloy followed by the new generation Al-Cu-Li alloys, except the AA2050-T84. All the alloys exhibited pseudo-passivity, except for the AA2024-T3 alloy which presented the highest number of pitting sites per cm 2 and also exhibited the most insidious form of corrosion amongst the alloys tested. However, the alloy with the highest corrosion depth was the AA2050-T84 alloy followed by the AA2024-T3 and AA7050-T7451 alloys. Intergranular corrosion was associated with rapid rates of penetration. In addition to the microstructural features of the alloys before corrosion, the modes of localized corrosion in the alloys were also influenced by evolving microstructural features (such as re-deposited Cu) during corrosion.


ABSTRACT Suicidal ideation/behaviour (SIB) and psychosis are highly associated phenomena. We propose that psychosis, for some, may be consequential to SIB. More specifically we hypothesise that psychosis may serve to externalise internally generated and self-directed threat among those experiencing SIB. Using prospective data from a Danish population cohort, we first sought to test the temporal occurrence of suicidal behaviour and psychotic disorder. Next, using cross-sectional epidemiological survey data (UK), we sought to demonstrate that psychotic experiences (PEs) were more commonly reported by those who experienced SIB and that the strength of the association varied according to (i) SIB recency and (ii) severity. Chi-square comparison tests on the Danish data revealed that suicidal behaviour was statistically more likely to precede (41.4%) rather than follow psychotic disorder (20.7%). Regression analyses of the UK data indicated that individuals who thought about suicide in their lifetime were up to eight times more likely to experience specific PEs while those who thought about and attempted suicide in their lifetime and in the year of assessment were up to 48 times more likely to experience PEs, compared to SIB free members of the population. The findings provide preliminary support for a novel suicidal drive hypothesis for psychosis.


For semantic query optimization one needs detailed knowledge about the contents of the database. Traditional techniques use static knowledge about all possible states of the database which is already given. New techniques use knowledge only about the current state of the database which can be found by methods of knowledge discovery in databases. Databases are often very large and permanently in use. Therefore, methods of knowledge discovery are only allowed to take a small amount of the capacity of the database system. So database access has to be reduced to a minimum during the process of discovery and obviously if the database changes during the process of maintenance of the discovered knowledge.

In this paper, the main effort has been put into minimizing the number of database accesses, w.r.t. discovery and maintenance. This is exemplified by the discovery of functional dependencies. We improve the inference of functional dependencies by using independencies and cardinality dependencies. First we give an axiomatization. Then we describe the three parts of our system: the initialization by cardinality dependencies, the exclusion of hypothetical dependencies by entailment, and the verification of hypothetical dependencies by SQL queries. Moreover, we investigate the complexity of each subsystem. In addition, we describe the maintenance of discovered dependencies and finally draw some conclusions.


In the majority of organs which possess a lumen an epithelium is interposed between the parenchyma of the organ and the luminal space. Usually this epithelium lies upon a well-defined layer of fine reticulum fibres which constitutes the basement membrane. The developing lung of the embryo rabbit is no exception to this general rule, at any rate until the 24th day of embryonic life, when the complicated branching lumen is everywhere lined by tall, columnar epithelium supported by a reticular basement membrane. But histological examination of the lung of the adult rabbit shows no sign of epithelium or basement membrane. Indeed, the surface structure of the alveoli of the adult mammalian lung is one of the oldest of the unsolved problems in histology. A detailed study by several methods of investigation of the stages intervening between the embryo and adult lung shows that the luminal epithelium ceases to be visible after the 26th day of the 32-day gestation period. Before the 26th day, the total volume of epithelium increases but is unaccompanied by any evidence of cell division. Cell rupture is therefore imminent, and its results become apparent between the 24th and 26th days when degenerate nuclei are extruded into the distal part of the respiratory lumen from ruptured cell envelopes. The healthy epithelium of the more proximal parts of the lumen persists as bronchiolar epithelium, in which quantitative evidence of normal cell division is found. These facts explain the difficulty in interpreting the picture of cell outlines which is seen when silver nitrate impregnates the cement lines between epithelial cells. In the earlier days of embryonic life the impregnated cell outlines reveal the regular meshwork characteristic of a complete epithelium. In the adult lung no such clear and regular picture is seen, and a close study of the intervening stages discloses that this irregularity of cell outlines starts at the 24th day and progresses with the degenerative changes in the epithelium and extrusion of nuclei. When the lung starts to breathe such traces of impregnated epithelium as were present at term finally disappear. In the adult rabbit, counts of nuclei in the alveolar septa show that there are not enough cells to do more than invest the capillary plexus and to provide nuclei for a few alveolar phagocytes. Moreover, a method of investigation whereby the structure of the alveolar septum may be dissociated fails to reveal any trace of lining epithelium. On histological grounds, therefore, the presence of an alveolar epithelium in the lung of the adult rabbit seems to be ruled out. Criticism can, however, be levelled against this conclusion on the grounds of lung growth. It has been said that the presence of alveolar epithelium is required to account for further subdivision of the lung lumen during both pre- and post-natal life. New evidence is given in the second part of this investigation which suggests that the complexity of subdivision of the lung lumen is determined by purely physical factors. It is shown that the inequality of growth rates of total lung volume and of volume of the interstitial tissues is the fundamental factor which determines the complexity of lung architecture. The latter is the result of subdivision of the lumen by a complicated system of septa. The greater the number of septa, the more complex is the subdivision and the higher is the pitch of differentiation. By measuring numbers of septa in terms of the internal surface area of the lumen, a method has been found for quantitative estimation of differentiation. A linear relation is found to exist between this estimate of differentiation on the one hand and the ratio of total lung volume to interstitial volume on the other. The values of this ratio increase throughout embryonic life. Growth of interstitial tissue does not therefore keep pace with growth of total lung volume. The deficit in terms of volume is made good by the increasing volume of the lumen, but there is another deficit. For if interstitial tissue does not grow as rapidly as lung volume, then elastic fibres may be expected not to grow as rapidly. If this is so (and it is the heart of the problem), they will stretch as the lung expands with growth, and the ratio of total lung volume to interstitial volume will be a measure of the stretch to which elastic fibres are subjected in the growing lung. A linear relation is found between this ratio and numbers of septa, each of which contains a bundle of elastic fibres in its free edge. It is this linear relation which suggests a causal relationship between tension and the structural complexity of lung architecture. Support for this view in lungs at term and during the early stages of post-natal life is given by the results of artificial distension. The plan of the 5-day lung, the complexity of whose structure is much greater than that at term, can be reproduced by artificial distension of the dead lung at term. Hence there can be no question of any vital processes of growth nor of epithelial activity. Distension alters the lung architecture by altering fibre tension, especially the tension of elastic fibres. In the living lung, it is very probable that active contraction of plain muscle in the mouths of alveolar ducts and their main subdivisions is also involved. The fact that the structural results of respiration and 5 days' growth in vivo can be so completely reproduced by artificial distension, as it were in vitro, is good reason to believe that subdivision of the respiratory lumen in both cases depends upon the same factor, the tension in elastic fibres.


CONTEXT
Exercise in the heat produces cellular conditions that may leave skeletal muscle susceptible to exercise-induced microdamage. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a clinical model of contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether thermoregulation during exercise heat stress adversely affects muscle injury and the accompanying DOMS.

DESIGN
Randomized group test-retest design.

SETTING
Laboratory.

PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
Ten healthy male volunteers were randomly assigned to either the euhydration/hyperthermic or dehydration/hyperthermic group.

INTERVENTION(S)
Participants were randomly assigned to treadmill walking in a hot, humid environmental chamber (40 degrees C and 75% relative humidity) with either oral rehydration (euhydration/hyperthermic) or fluid restriction (dehydration/hyperthermic). Immediately after heat exposure and while hyperthermic, participants performed an eccentrically biased downhill run to induce DOMS.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
We measured DOMS characteristics pre-exercise and at 0.5, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postexercise.

RESULTS
Treadmill exercise and exposure to the hot ambient environment elicited a 0.9% body mass loss for the euhydrated/ hyperthermic (mean rectal temperature after 60 minutes of heat-stress trial = 38.2 +/- 0.4 degrees C) and 3.3% body mass loss for the dehydrated/hyperthermic participants (mean rectal temperature after 60 minutes of heat-stress trial = 38.1 +/- 0.4 degrees C). Quadriceps perceived pain was significantly higher (F(5,40) = 18.717, P <or= .001) than baseline at 24 and 48 hours postexercise, following the classic pattern of DOMS. Overall lower extremity perceived pain was significantly higher for the dehydration/hyperthermia group than the euhydration/hyperthermia group (F(1,8) = 6.713, P = .032). Punctate tenderness of the vastus lateralis for the dehydration/hyperthermic group was 6.9% higher (F(5,40) = 4.462, P = .003) than for the euhydration/ hyperthermic group. No clinically important findings were revealed for passive range of motion for knee flexion. For both groups, quadriceps isometric strength (F(5,40) = 12.924, P <or= .001) was 17.5% and 20.0% lower at 0.5 hours postexercise than at 72 and 96 hours postexercise, respectively. Further, quadriceps isometric strength remained 10.5% reduced at 24 hours postexercise compared with 96 hours postexercise.

CONCLUSIONS
Skeletal muscle microdamage, indirectly evidenced by DOMS, was exacerbated in hyperthermic participants dehydrated by exercise in a hot ambient environment. Individuals performing novel exercise, particularly with a significant eccentric component, should use caution when training in a hot, humid environment and implement frequent rest and rehydration breaks.


In this paper, effects of frequency dispersive dielectric properties of a half-spherical breast phantom model on breast cancer tumor detection capability of the microwave radar-based imaging system, currently being developed at the Scientific and Technological Research CouncilBILGEM-UEKAE, are investigated by simulation studies. An ultra wideband (UWB) bow-tie antenna array surrounding the breast has been designed in the presence of the breast phantom. The designed antenna operates efficiently across the band from 1 GHz to 8 GHz and it's assumed to be immersed in a coupling medium to get a good impedance matching with the breast. Fidelity factor of the case with the dispersive breast phantom is found to be 4.14% less than the non-dispersive case, due to increasing pulse distortion in dispersive dielectric tissues. Images are formed by using delay-and-sum (DAS) algorithm for the detection of spherical tumor with 2 mm diameter. Imaging results of the case with the dispersive breast phantom present signal reduction of 0.628 dB in the tumor response level as well as faulty locating of the tumor in the image, as compared to the successful results of the non-dispersive case. A better imaging algorithm compensating the dispersive effects will be used in the future.


Over the last five years the CD-ROM has risen to become a prominent new-technology medium and consumer item. This paper documents and analyses the development of CD-ROM software by the international music industry and contextualises this development within a broader history of format successions. It discusses the influential XPLORA 1 disk assembled in collaboration with Peter Gabriel's Real World Company and the manner in which this CD-ROM set what has developed as a standard blueprint for the first wave of music CD-ROMs. The paper then provides a case study of the Australian music industry's exploratory use of the medium during 1994, and the relation of that exploration to national cultural policies. The study concludes by speculating as to the likely obsolescence of the CD-ROM form and its likely dis/re-placement by media such as the Internet


From the outset, historians of genocide have seen themselves as activists. Among historians of colonial societies that is what distinguishes them most in relation to indigenous peoples. An ethnographic sensibility should be visible in any such study, and the more so when a question of genocide is raised. After all, if we do not have a sense of difference between peoples we fail the test of genocide at the first hurdle. And if we do not have an ethnographic sensibility towards our own cultures (including academic cultures) we will fail to make the most of our role in affecting deeply ingrained kinds of historical consciousness. Examples from Australia make this painfully plain. Is there any chance of opening a bridge between the completely different worlds of those who profited from genocide and those who suffered for it? How can that cause be advanced inside and outside the academy? We are thriving as a sub-discipline, but where to from here? Liberating genocide into a wider discourse may be the way to connect the adventure of ethnographic history, the conceptual illumination of episodes, to the vast field of global relations the understanding of colonialism requires.


OBJECTIVES
Advanced salivary gland cancer is a rare disease that comprises different histopathological tumour types; correspondingly, data on palliative systemic treatment are scarce. Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (CAP) has been reported to induce a reasonable response rate, although fewer than 100 cases have been described. We conducted a retrospective review of advanced salivary gland cancer patients treated with CAP.

METHODOLOGY
Fifteen consecutive patients with recurrent, locally advanced, or metastatic progressive salivary gland cancer treated with CAP were identified over a five-year period. The mean age at start of treatment was 53.5 years, and the male/female ratio was 11/4. The most common histological subtypes were adenoid cystic carcinoma and adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS), with the parotid gland as the most frequently affected anatomical site.

RESULTS
A response rate of 60% was achieved, with one complete and eight partial responses and six stable diseases according to RECIST criteria. No patient progressed under treatment. An average of 5.4 treatment cycles were administered; median time to progression after ending CAP was 6.6 months, and median overall survival was 15.1 months. Patients with adenocarcinoma NOS appeared to benefit more than patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, but had a shorter time to progression. Except for neutropenia with neutropenic fever and alopecia, no NCI-CTC grade III or IV toxicity was observed.

CONCLUSION
This retrospective study confirms the clinically meaningful efficacy of CAP in advanced adenocarcinomas NOS of the salivary gland in routine practice, with acceptable safety levels.


The Metadata Provenance Task Group aims to define a data model that allows for making assertions about description sets. Creating a shared model of the data elements required to describe an aggregation of metadata statements allows to collectively import, access, use and publish facts about the quality, rights, timeliness, data source type, trust situation, etc. of the described statements. In this paper we outline the preliminary model created by the task group, together with first examples that demonstrate how the model is to be used.


The purpose of this study was to examine student use of conflict-handling styles in regard to four perceived instructor communicative characteristics: clarity, relevance, caring, and verbal aggressiveness. Participants were 286 undergraduate students who (a) completed a series of four instruments in reference to a course instructor and (b) indicated the likelihood of using each of the five conflict-handling styles with the same instructor if a conflict arose. The results indicated that students who perceive their instructors as engaging in clarity, relevance, and caring, but not verbal aggressiveness, are likely to use the collaborating and compromising conflict-handling styles with them. Moreover, it was found that students who perceive their instructors as engaging in verbal aggressiveness and, to a much lesser extent, relevance are likely to use the competing and, to a lesser extent, the accommodating and avoiding conflict-handling styles with them. Future research should consider examining the link between students' communicative characteristics and their conflict-handling styles. ********** When student-instructor conflict occurs in the college classroom, students often respond by using one of five conflict-handling styles: competing, accommodating, avoiding, compromising, and collaborating (Jamison & Thomas, 1974).These five styles differ in their amounts of assertiveness and cooperativeness (Thomas, 1976); consequently, the use of each style presents a unique way in which students handle a conflict situation (Jones, 1976; Kabanoff, 1987; Womack, 1988). Students who use the competing conflict-handling style (high assertiveness, low cooperativeness) pursue their own concerns, try to win their own position, and handle situations their own way. Students who use the accommodating conflict-handling (low assertiveness, high cooperativeness) neglect their own concerns by attempting to satisfy others and agreeing with others. Students who use the avoiding conflict-handing style (low assertiveness, low cooperativeness) avoid or delay conflict, do not address their concerns or the concerns of others, place the conflict aside, and fail to take a position. Students who use the compromising conflict-handling style (moderate assertiveness, moderate cooperativeness) negotiate and bargain with others as a way to satisfy the needs of both individuals. Students who use the collaborating conflict-handling style (high assertiveness, high cooperativeness) strive to resolve conflict and attempt to satisfy the needs of all the individuals involved in the conflict. Because researchers have not examined how students use conflict-handling styles in response to perceived instructor communicative characteristics, the purpose of this study was to examine student use of conflict-handling styles in regard to four perceived instructor communicative characteristics: clarity, relevance, caring, and verbal aggressiveness. Clarity is the process through which instructors stimulate the desired meaning of course content through the use of appropriately-structured verbal and nonverbal messages (Chesebro, 2003) and is achieved by structuring information; providing previews, reviews, and summaries; speaking fluently; and staying on task (Chesebro & McCroskey, 2000, 2001). Relevance consists of explicit instructor behaviors that indicate whether the instructional content satisfies students' personal goals, career goals, or personal needs (Keller, 1983) and can take the form of examples and illustrations, the integration of student experiences to demonstrate course concepts, and the inclusion of current events into course lecture and discussion (Frymier & Shulman, 1995). Caring involves the perception students hold about whether instructors are concerned with students' welfare (Teven & McCroskey, 1997) and consists of instructor empathy, understanding, and responsiveness (McCroskey, 1992). Verbal aggressiveness is a message behavior that attacks a person's self-concept in order to deliver psychological pain (Infante & Wigley, 1986) and can take the form of character and competence attacks, teasing, ridicule, threats, and swearing (Infante, 1987). …


A technique was developed to couple near-field evanescent waves into observable diffraction orders in the far-field region. This investigation was of two gratings that have a 1.0 microm grating period in glass and 1.1 microm in silicon and are individually subwavelength, but when coupled together yield an 11.0 microm effective grating period. This effective grating period is not subwavelength to a 1.550 microm infrared incident source and exhibits higher diffraction orders. Optimum evanescent wave coupling efficiency was simulated by varying the grating thickness and the grating separation between the subwavelength gratings. This proposed evanescent wave coupling concept is being investigated for use in a bulk silicon MEMS accelerometer.


A new non-dimensional performance parameter, exergy transfer units number, which is in conjunction with exergy transfer effectiveness, is proposed to evaluate exergy transfer performance of heat exchangers operating above/below the surrounding temperature. The analytical expressions of exergy transfer units number are derived, and the relationship between exergy transfer effectiveness and exergy/heat transfer units number is further established. The impacts of heat transfer units number, the ratio of heat capacity of cold fluids to that of hot fluids and flow patterns on exergy transfer units number, as well as the dependence of exergy transfer units number on exergy transfer effectiveness, are systematically discussed.


The research described herein includes synthesis, spectroscopy, and quantum chemical calculations with focus on the characteristic properties of compounds with bonds between carbon and the heavier Group 14 elements. The chapters based on the first four papers concern σ- and σ/π-conjugated compounds, although the focus of the first paper is on ring strain of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes with C, Si, Ge or Sn at the bridgeheads. The relationship between calculated homodesmotic ring strain energies and through-space distances between the bridgehead atoms was evaluated, and it was found that replacing one of the methylene bridges with phospha-methyl gave both low strain and short through-space distance. Two kinds of σ/π-interacting systems were analysed with the difference that the σ- and π-bonded segments were either allowed to rotate freely relative each other or frozen into a conformer with maximal σ/π-interaction. The freely rotating systems are star-shaped oligothiophenes linked by heavy alkane segments. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of hole reorganization energies support the measured hole mobilites. In summary, longer central oligosilane linkages, when compared to shorter, facilitate intermolecular hole-transfer between oligothiophene units. In 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes, the strength of the π- and pseudo-π interaction depends on the substituents at Si. Vapour phase UV absorption spectroscopy of 2,3,5,6-tetraethyl-1,1,4,4-tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene reveals a strong absorption at 273 nm (4.50 eV). Time-dependent DFT calculations further indicate that octastannylated 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-diene has is lowest excited state at 384 nm (3.23 eV). The electronic, geometric and optical properties of substituted 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes were compared with those of the correspondingly substituted siloles. It was found that the lowest excitations of siloles are less tunable than those of 1,4-disilacyclohexa-2,5-dienes. The final section concerns strongly reverse-polarised 2-amino-2-siloxysilenes formed thermally from carbamylpolysilanes, and their lack of reaction with alcohols. Instead, the carbamylsilane reacts with alcohols giving silyl ethers, leading to a new benign route for alcohol protection.


Background Neonates undergo many painful procedures during their neonatal intensive care stay. These may include tracheal intubation/ventilation, skin-breaking procedures, drainage/suctioning of body orifices or cavities. Inherent subjectivity and difficulties associated with neonatal pain assessment contribute to a wide variety of assessment tools and clinical practices. To date, these practices have been not studied on a large scale. Objective To determine current clinical practices for neonatal pain assessment in neonatal units across the United Kingdom (UK). Design/Methods As part of a European epidemiological observational study on bedside pain assessment practices data were collected for all neonates in participating NICUs until infants left the unit (discharge, death, transfer to another hospital) or for 28 days. Data collection occurred via an online database for 1 month at each NICU. All neonates up to a gestational age of 44 weeks were included. Results Between February 2013 to May 2013, 66 UK NICUs collected data on 2691 neonates. Of these, 713 received tracheal ventilation and 1978 had spontaneous breathing or non-invasive ventilation. The median (IQR) gestational age of ventilated neonates [32.1 (27.9–38.6)] was less than non-ventilated neonates [37.0 (34.1–39.7), p < 0.001]. Overall, 56.9% of ventilated neonates and 32.5% of non-ventilated neonates received bedside pain assessments (p < 0.001), with use of pain assessments ranging from 0–100% between units. Conclusions Over half (56.9%) of ventilated neonates and about one third (32.5%) of non-ventilated neonates had pain assessments performed in UK neonatal units. Wide variations in the methods used and rates of pain assessment exist among centres.


Abstract. Hoar crystals episodically cover the snow surface in Antarctica and affect the roughness and reflective properties of the air–snow interface. However, little is known about their evolution and the processes responsible for their development and disappearance despite a probable influence on the surface mass balance and energy budget. To investigate hoar evolution, we use continuous observations of the surface by in situ near-infrared photography and by passive microwave remote sensing at Dome C in Antarctica. From the photography data, we retrieved a daily indicator of the presence/absence of hoar crystals using a texture analysis algorithm. The analysis of this 2 yr long time series shows that Dome C surface is covered almost half of the time by hoar. The development of hoar crystals takes a few days and seems to occur whatever the meteorological conditions. In contrast, the disappearance of hoar is rapid (a few hours) and coincident with either strong winds or with moderate winds associated with a change in wind direction from southwest (the prevailing direction) to southeast. From the microwave satellite data, we computed the polarisation ratio (i.e. horizontal over vertical polarised brightness temperatures), an indicator known to be sensitive to hoar in Greenland. Photography data and microwave polarisation ratio are correlated, i.e. high values of polarisation ratio which theoretically correspond to low snow density values near the surface are associated with the presence of hoar crystals in the photography data. Satellite data over nearly ten years (2002–2011) confirm that a strong decrease of the polarisation ratio (i.e. signature of hoar disappearance) is associated with an increase of wind speed or a change in wind direction from the prevailing direction. The photography data provides, in addition, evidence of interactions between hoar and snowfall. Further adding the combined influence of wind speed and wind direction results in a complex picture of the snow–atmosphere interactions in Antarctica which deserves further quantification and modelling.


Abstract Lukkulaisvaaraite, Pd14Ag2Te9, is a new platinum-group mineral discovered in the Lukkulaisvaara intrusion, northern Russian Karelia, Russia. In polished section crystals are ~40 μm across, rimmed by tulameenite and accompanied to varying degrees by telargpalite and Bi-rich kotulskite. Lukkulaisvaaraite is brittle, has a metallic lustre and a grey streak. Values of VHN20 fall between 339 and 371 kg mm-2, with a mean value of 355 kg mm-2, corresponding to a Mohs hardness of ~4. In plane-polarized light, lukkulaisvaaraite is light grey with a brownish tinge, has strong bireflectance, light brownish-grey to greyish-brown pleochroism and distinct to strong anisotropy; it exhibits no internal reflections. Reflectance values of lukkulaisvaaraite in air (R1, R2, in %) are: 40.9, 48.3 at 470 nm, 47.6, 56.4 at 546 nm, 52.1, 61.0 at 589 nm and 57.5, 65.2 at 650 nm. Five electron microprobe analyses of natural lukkulaisvaaraite gave the average composition Pd 52.17, Ag 7.03 and Te 40.36, total 99.61 wt.%, corresponding to the empirical formula Pd14.05Ag1.88Te9.06 based on 25 atoms; the average of nine analyses on synthetic lukkulaisvaaraite is Pd 52.13, Ag 7.31 and Te 40.58, total 100.02 wt.%, corresponding to Pd13.99Ag1.93Te9.08. The mineral is tetragonal, space group I4/m, with a = 8.9599(6), c = 11.822(1) Å , V = 949.1(1) Å3 and Z = 2. The crystal structure was solved and refined from the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of synthetic Pd14Ag2Te9. Lukkulaisvaaraite has a unique structure type and shows similarities to that of sopcheite (Ag4Pd3Te4) and palladseite (Pd17Se15). The strongest lines in the powder XRD pattern of synthetic lukkulaisvaaraite [d(Å),I,hkl] are: 2.8323(58)(130,310), 2.8088(92),(213), 2.5542(66)(312), 2.4312(41)(321,231), 2.1367(57)(411,141), 2.1015(52)(233,323), 2.0449(100)(314), 2.0031(63)(420,240), 1.9700(30)(006), 1.4049(30)(246,426), 1.3187(36)(543,453). The mineral is named for the type locality, the Lukkulaisvaara intrusion in Russian Karelia.


Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides, E. multisetus) is a complex of 5 taxa whose systematic interrelationships are uncertain. Our objectives were to determine whether the 3 taxa studied here, Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides, E. elymoides ssp. brevifolius, and E. multisetus, can be distinguished by several ecological and physiological traits and whether geographical origin is correlated with these traits across accessions within taxa. A multivariate principal component analysis of materials collected in the 10 contiguous western states successfully distinguished taxa, but no pair of the 3 taxa appeared to be more ecologically similar than any other pair. Elymus elymoides ssp. elymoides, which prevails in the semi-arid cold desert, was shortest and exhibited the lowest total plant dry-matter, earliest phenology, and lowest seed mass. Elymus elymoides ssp. brevifolius, which prevails in the Rocky Mountains, exhibited slowest emergence, highest specific root length, lowest nitrate reductase activity, and lowest root-to-shoot ratio. Elymus multisetus, which is most common in areas with relatively warm springs, exhibited fastest emergence (particularly from deep seeding), greatest root length, and greatest root-to-shoot ratio. Elymus elymoides ssp. brevifolius accessions clustered into 3 groups: late-maturing high-seed mass accessions originating in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona (Group A), early-maturing low-seed mass accessions originating in Colorado and Utah (Group B), and intermediate-maturing low-seed mass accessions originating in the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho (Group C). The ecologically distinct subspecies and groups within ssp. brevifolius are indicative of the highly ecotypic nature of the squirreltails, suggesting that restoration practitioners should match site with genetically and ecologically appropriate plant material for these species.


Current First Amendment doctrine with respect to symbolic gestures - expressive conduct, sacred symbols, and expressive association - is mired in interpretive indifference and interpretive avoidance. Courts are reluctant to rigorously interpret the meaning of symbolic gestures. Sometimes this is due to indifference toward, or even hostility to, the nature of the gesture or the substance of its message. Judicial treatment of nude dancing and expressive protests manifests this sort of normative bias. Sometimes judicial reticence to engage symbolic meaning is due to more legitimate concerns regarding the indeterminacy of meaning and institutional competence. Judicial examination of sacred symbols like creches and menorahs falls into this category. The doctrines of indifference and avoidance have substantially marginalized symbolic gestures, robbing them of their expressive power and significance. This Article proposes an anthropo-semiotic model for the judicial treatment of symbolic gestures. It posits that judges might begin to escape indifference and avoidance by learning from anthropologists who have both experience with and useful insights with regard to the interpretation of enigmatic social and cultural gestures. With particular attention to the work of the anthropologist Clifford Geertz, the Article develops a four-part model for First Amendment symbolic gestures. In brief, the parts or elements of the model are: rigorous factfinding; thick description; emic perspective; and interpretation. The idea is not that courts literally do anthropology or become anthropologists, but rather that they develop a systematic method for dealing with the meaning of symbolic gestures in First Amendment cases. After developing the elements of the model, the Article considers how the model or approach might apply to a range of symbolic gestures, including cross burning, nude dancing, religious symbolism, and associational membership. The object is not to discover the one true meaning of any of these gestures, but rather to choose the most plausible meaning of a gesture from among the many competing available circulating meanings. It is hoped that specific and systematic attention to factfinding, description, perspective, and interpretation will elevate symbolic gestures in terms of their First Amendment status and, as importantly, allow courts to more objectively and legitimately confront symbolic meaning in various expressive contexts.


Security in public transport involves a high number of users and a wide variety of "stakeholders" and for this reason transport operators/agencies must adopt a comprehensive approach when designing systems and measures to ensure security in transport. Before tackling the operational aspects, this approach requires operators to have a thorough understanding of the "notion" that users have of security in order to take initiatives that are consistent with their needs. In this scenario, innovative communications systems and/or the innovative use of traditional IT systems seek to comply with ambitious objectives that have considerable operational implications: it is necessary to trace a clear profile of the concept of security according to the users, understand what are the real reasons for the fears that passengers have, understand what security measures would be most meaningful to the users, and to what extent they would be meaningful, and finally monitor the curve of social attention paid to security. In order to go beyond the conceptual dualism that exists between security in the technical sense of the term, and security as perceived by experts, one needs to step out of the shoes of the security manager and interpret reality with the eyes of the man-in-the-street that uses public transport. From this standpoint the service set up recently, which is dedicated to security and which enables anyone who is interested to report their opinions on line, is an effective instrument to collect messages from the users, analyse them and "see" security with the eyes of the users. This initiative offers major practical benefits: social involvement in security management, cooperation by the users, more "eyes" on watch throughout the territory. Thanks to the positive results obtained, as confirmed by the values processed by the monitoring bodies, on-line security will produce increasingly positive benefits for the community as far as the perception of security is concerned. For the covering abstract see ITRD E129315.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid webs are intraluminal shelf-like filling defects at the carotid bulb with recently recognized implications in patients with recurrent ischemic stroke. We sought to determine whether carotid webs are an under-recognized cause of "cryptogenic" ischemic stroke and to estimate their prevalence in the general population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of neck CTA studies in young patients with cryptogenic stroke over the past 6 years (n = 33) was performed to determine the prevalence of carotid webs compared with a control group of patients who received neck CTA studies for reasons other than ischemic stroke (n = 63). RESULTS: The prevalence of carotid webs in the cryptogenic stroke population was 21.2% (95% CI, 8.9%–38.9%). Patients with symptomatic carotid webs had a mean age of 38.9 years (range, 30–48 years) and were mostly African American (86%) and women (86%). In contrast, only 1.6% (95% CI, 0%–8.5%) of patients in the control group demonstrated a web. Our findings demonstrate a statistically significant association between carotid webs and ischemic stroke (OR = 16.7; 95% CI, 2.78–320.3; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS: Carotid webs exhibit a strong association with ischemic stroke, and their presence should be suspected in patients lacking other risk factors, particularly African American women.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find what role physiotherapists play in the care of the critically ill in Indian Intensive Care Units (ICU). Materials and Methods: Study Design and Setting: Exploratory cross-sectional survey Questionaires were sent to 260 ICUs in India. A stamped self-addressed envelope was enclosed with the questionnaire and a period of six weeks for completion were given in an attempt to ensure good response rates. If response was not obtained within six weeks, two subsequent reminders were sent to the hospitals with a further time gap of six weeks. Results: Eighty-nine completed questionnaires were received and analyzed, representing 35% of the questionnaires sent. The present study revealed that, 24% of ICUs had a resident physiotherapist available during the night and 79% of physiotherapists available on-call. In almost 90% of ICUs physiotherapists performed chest manipulations, mobilization, incentive spirometry and postural drainage. Correlation of physiotherapists' role between different states of India, were performed by Chi-square. Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare, within each of the five states for two types of postings in relation to the years of experience in ICU. Conclusion: All physiotherapists in ICU are routinely involved in chest physiotherapy and mobilization


This article aims to interrogate possible assessment problems arising from a community-based-research mode of research and consider some of the assessment approaches that generate scepticism among some examiners, and endorsement from others. The article explores specific challenges in supervising, accommodating and evaluating diverse candidates who pursue an action-led and community-based research approach rooted within the visual arts.
I contend that there is a specific challenge in the field of postgraduate supervision of engaging evaluation strategies. If students within higher education adopt a focus towards the development of social responsibility, this would imply that the general criteria for this manner of research would require deep revision in order to accommodate diverse and direct action-based community engagement. Research in this mode embraces a multi-disciplinary approach and is therefore complex. It needs to accommodate practice, action and experience, and not be limited to traditional discipline-specific methodologies.


We propose a new fiber-optic code division add-drop multiplexer (ADM) which not only possesses the inherent advantages of the fiber-optic code division multiple access (CDMA), but also is fully reconfigurable. Because incoherent optical signal processing is unipolar, the dropping process is accomplished by adding the inversion of the received code. The proposed ADM is applicable to both the bus and the ring topologies. The corresponding-system performance is calculated with the consideration of thermal noise, shot noise, and the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise of the optical amplifier. Many interesting and useful conclusions such as the suboptimum value of various system parameters are presented.


Tchaikovsky and his Sixth Symphony have two distinct functions in E.M. Forster's Maurice. The composer and composition serve as a strategy of disclosure for Clive Durham as he woos Maurice Hall, and may provide evidence of the ways that music, like literature, can take part in individual and social formations. ********** Alan Sinfield suggests that knowledge of Russian composer Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky's homosexuality serves "as a test of queer knowledge" in E.M. Forster's Maurice (145). Describing the four male characters in the novel, Sinfield declares that Risley, unlike the others, knows "how to be queer," for Risley presents "himself in Wildean manner," "likes Tchaikovsky and knows he was homosexual," and "terms the Pathetique symphony the 'Pathique'" (140). Arthur Martland explores the relationship between art and sexuality in Maurice, arguing that, "for Risley and Maurice, the knowledge of their shared sexuality with the composer provides a second road by which the work [the Pathetique] is known and appreciated" (139). Martland points out, too, how Risley's reference to the symphony as the "Pathique" is "clearly intentional" on Forster's part to serve as a means of disclosure, because "Pathique" or "pathic" refers to a "passive homosexual" and is defined "as a man or a boy upon whom sodomy is practised" (139). Other th an these insightful observations, however, little has been written about Forster's use of Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony--the Pathetique--in Maurice. Linda Hutcheon, Andrea Weatherhead, David Lean Higdon, W.J. Lucas, Tony Brown, and P.N. Furbank have documented Forster's interest in music in general and his admiration for Beethoven and Wagner in particular, but certainly no extended study exists regarding the relationship among Maurice, Tchaikovsky, and the Sixth. My intention in this essay is to provide an initial reading of that relationship. I argue that Tchaikovsky and the Sixth function in at least two distinct ways. First, they provide a strategy of disclosure for Clive Durham as he woos Maurice Hall; second they serve--by way of the Tchaikovsky biography that Maurice eventually reads--as evidence of the ways that music, like literature, can take part in both individual and social formations. Further, I suggest that Forster's treatments of Tchaikovsky and the Sixth differ in meaningful ways from his treat ments of composers and music in his other works--both fiction and non-fiction. In Maurice, Forster eventually abandons the aesthetic arguments about music's appeal and power to focus, instead, on music as a cultural product with social and political implications. Throughout his career, Forster acknowledges the potential of music's formal features as a means of suggesting the "rhythms" available to modernist literatures. "When the symphony is over" Forster says in Aspects of the Novel, "we feel that the notes and tunes composing it have been liberated, they have found in the rhythm of the whole their individual freedom" (169). He suggests this musical analogy for "a type of beauty which fiction might achieve in its own way. Expansion. That is the idea the novelist must cling to. Not completion. Not rounding off but opening out" (169). The use here of musical metaphor successfully underscores--while resisting an explanation of--Forster's notion of expansion. Music's power, as Catherine Clement says, to be "received" not only through the ear but also "through the whole expanse of skin, through the whole body" (255), is a power that philosophers and artists have long acknowledged. Forster says simply, "I love music" and he claims that "music is the deepest of the arts and deep beneath the arts" ("Raison d'Etre" 107). But he also acknowledges that love of music is not enough to express appreciation for music's value or its potential, and he says most of what has been written about music "has nothing to do with music" but merely "describes the state into which the hearer was thrown as he sat on his chair in the concert hail and the visual images which occurred to him in that sedentary position" (110). …


Tramelli considers three main areas of Giovanni Paolo Lomazzo's studies: color, perspective and anatomy, investigating the types of theoretical and practical knowledge on these subjects conveyed in the Trattato dell'Arte della Pittura and how the context of Milan at the end of the sixteenth century shaped the material gathered in Lomazzo's books.


This article relies on data from the 2005–09 World Values Survey to examine individual and cross-national variation in perception of the seriousness of global warming. The data show that a large majority of the public in all countries are concerned about the problem of global warming and that this assessment is part of a broader concern for global environmental issues. The widespread concern implies that global warming has the potential to generate mass political participation and demand for political action. Motivated by a value-based approach to the study of public opinion, the article shows that perception of the seriousness of the problem is positively correlated with high education, post-materialism, and a leftist position on the left–right scale. In addition, religious beliefs are important, suggesting that there is some diversity in the value basis for the issue and that it is not only linked to the 'new-politics' perspective. Variation across nations in wealth and CO2 emissions is not significantly related to the publics' assessments of the problem, and, somewhat counterintuitively, people from countries relatively more exposed to climate-related natural disasters are less concerned about global warming. We suggest possible explanations for the latter finding and discuss our results in relation to the broader literature on environmental change, insecurity, and the potential for conflict.


The main objectives of this study are to determine the growth performance
and carcass composition of growing lambs raised on sweet corn stover silage.
The sweet com stover can be considered to be a better quality animal feed as
indicated by its high crude protein content and its low neutral detergent fibre, acid
detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin as compared to other cereal crop straws.
The nutrient content of the sweet com stover could be maintained by ensiling. The
ensiling process takes four weeks and the silage can be stored for 16weeks without
any change to its nutritive value. When rice bran is added to the ensiling, the crude
protein and the potential degradability increase. However, addition of molasses
only increased potential degradability but decreased crude protein content.
The total intake of sweet com stover silage by growing lambs was 24.2 g dry
matter/kg body weight. The concentration of rumen ammonia was 229.2 mg Nil and
the total volatile fatty acids was 63.1 mM/i. With concentrate supplementation
(200 g/animal/day; 20 - 30% crude protein, fish or soybean meals as source of protein) on the sweet corn stover silage basal diet, the total dry matter intake
increased (29.0%), however, dry matter intake of sweet corn stover silage decreased
( 1 3 .6%). The concentrate supplementation also increased rumen ammonia (28. 1 %)
and total volatile fatty acids (5.5%).
Providing 100% of the sweet corn stover silage to the lambs was sufficient
for maintenance as well as for a little average daily gain (10.7 g/day) with a dressing
percentage of 42.5%, carcass fat of 3.3% and lean to bone ratio of 1.86:1.The
concentrate supplementation increased the average daily gain to 7l.6 g/day, the
dressing percentage to 47.7%, the carcass fat to 8.3% and the lean to bone ratio to
2.8: l .
Fish meal or soya bean meal as a source of protein supplementation had a
similar effect on the nutritive values, growth rate and carcass composition.


ABSTRACT Objective: Anticonvulsants are used in clinical practice for the treatment of PTSD. However, a systematic investigation of their effects in the treatment of PTSD is currently lacking from the literature. Our aim is to review and appraise the evidence for the use of the anticonvulsant valproate for the treatment of PTSD. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature where valproate was used for the treatment of PTSD. Studies of treatment of PTSD with valproate were located using a search protocol which was applied to the electronic databases CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PSYCHINFO. A search of the National PTSD Centre Pilots Database and of the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Register (CCDANCTR) were also conducted. Findings: We only found one single-blinded study, four open-label studies and three case reports. These data do not allow for robust conclusions because of the design of the studies which are of limited patient number and open to bias. However, the studies reported that valproate was generally effective for the treatment of symptoms of PTSD by reducing hyperarousal, improving irritability and anger outbursts and improving mood. Conclusions: The limited evidence base suggests that valproate can be effective as a monotherapy for the treatment of both PTSD and mood symptoms. A double blind controlled study should be the next step to robustly study the efficacy of valproate on the treatment of PTSD.


This paper argues that transparency-boosting measures specifically tailored to commodity and commodity derivatives markets are much needed. In particular, encouraging the creation of a clearing infrastructure for OTC commodity and commodity derivatives markets would be desirable. Moreover, EU regulators should consider setting up a new, more effective market abuse regime aimed at preventing manipulation in both the physical and financial commodities markets. Finally, in cooperation with the G20, EU authorities should consider the creation of an International Commodity Agency to increase transparency and restore confidence in international physical markets for commodities. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 briefly discusses the fundamentals of commodity spot and futures markets. Section 3 presents both physical commodity markets and commodity derivative markets in their usual breakdown categories: agriculture, metals and energy. Section 4 discusses the regulations in the EU and the US concerning commodity derivatives. Section 5 advances certain policy proposals and the last section draws the conclusions.


Granulites including a charnockite suite, mafic granulites, pelitic granulites, metanorite dykes and their retrograde varieties occur as discontinuous shear zone-bounded bodies within the Archaean basement comprising a granite gneiss–amphibolite–metasedimentary rock association in the central part of the Aravalli Mountains, northwest India. The entire suite, named the Sandmata Complex, preserves a complex history of tectonothermal evolution. Except for their strongly foliated margins, the granulite bodies are largely massive. Partial melting in the 'country rocks' led to the development of migmatite gneisses close to the contact of the granulite, a feature not as common in the rocks further away from the granulite contact. Geothermobarometry of massive granulites indicates Tmax>900°C and Pmax∼7.5 kbar. The retrograde granulites, which formed at lower amphibolite/upper greenschist-facies conditions, experienced channelized hydration reactions concomitant with shearing. These rocks locally appear as hornblende–biotite-bearing foliated granulite with or without Cpx or Opx. The rocks seem to have followed an inverse PTt path and have undergone an earlier phase of near-isobaric cooling. Our single zircon Pb–Pb ages indicate that the exhumation of granulites to the shallower amphibolite-facies levels with concomitant melting in the country rocks took place between 1690 Ma and 1621 Ma. Assuming that the granulite-facies metamorphism took place at around 1725 Ma, we relate the entire process of granulite metamorphism and exhumation covering an age range between 1725 and 1621 Ma to the rift basin opening stages of the Delhi Orogenic cycle that culminated at c. 1450 Ma.


Evidence suggests that women in academia are hindered by conscious and unconscious biases, and often feel excluded from formal and informal opportunities for research collaboration. In addition to ensuring fairness and helping to redress gender imbalance in the academic workforce, increasing women's access to collaboration could help scientific progress by drawing on more of the available human capital. Here, we test whether researchers tend to collaborate with same-gendered colleagues, using more stringent methods and a larger dataset than in past work. Our results reaffirm that researchers co-publish with colleagues of the same gender more often than expected by chance, and show that this 'gender homophily' is slightly stronger today than it was 10 years ago. Contrary to our expectations, we found no evidence that homophily is driven mostly by senior academics, and no evidence that homophily is stronger in fields where women are in the minority. Interestingly, journals with a high impact factor for their discipline tended to have comparatively low homophily, as predicted if mixed-gender teams produce better research. We discuss some potential causes of gender homophily in science.


The legal needs of the poor have long outstripped the resources available in the legal community to meet those needs. This does not in any way discount the substantial contribution of direct funding and services provided by individual lawyers. There are, however, other factors that shape the supply side of the marketplace for the delivery of legal services to persons of limited means and it is the supply side that interests us. The recent economic downturn provided law firms and legal service providers with the opportunity to examine the business models that support and provide mechanisms for the delivery of legal services through the pro bono contributions of individual lawyers. This article examines the challenges and opportunities experienced by the legal services provider community in a large metropolitan area during a period of economic downturn.


Educational Change: A Dialectical Becoming Seldom, if ever, does change occur without its prime movers which are turmoil and confusion, precursors of need fulfillment. Educational change, being no exception, has as its primary impetus some social, political, economic, or scientific need or dissatisfaction conflicting with the status quo. Part of the problem with educational change is due to what Erikson (1963), and Silberman (1970), referred to as mindlessness--the failure or refusal to think seriously about educational purpose. For Silberman, the resistance to change is not the monopoly of public education but is diffused throughout the entire society. In discussing the reluctance to question established practice, he quotes former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who points out: The problem of policy-making in our society confronts the difficulty that revolutionary changes have to be encompassed and dealt with by an increasingly rigid administrative structure . . . An increasing amount of energy has to be devoted to keeping the existing machine going, and in the nature of things there isn't enough time to inquire into the purpose of these activities. The temptation is great to define success by whether one fulfills certain programs, however accidentally these programs may have been arrived at. The question is whether it is possible in the modern bureaucratic state to develop a sense of long-range purpose and to inquire into the meaning of the activity. We propose first to use these insights as a beginning protocol for discussing educational change within a framework of a continuous transformation from self-examination to self-renewal, from purpose into means, and from means into the end itself; and second, we will suggest Hegel's dialectical process as an underlying principle of educational change. Discussion One common opinion that tends to appear in practically all philosophical discussions of educational change is that American educational processes and organizations have as an integral ethic the utilitarian ideal that the greatest good of the greatest number of people should govern the dialectical channels leading to heightened societal consequences. This "good" or consciousness is found pragmatically in that the truth and usefulness of innovations and reactions are discoverable in consequences. In a quest for a continuum of relevancy, American education has evolved dialectically along the lines of pragmatic utilitarianism which strives toward equilibrium in the midst of reactive expansion and revision. Using the "war" between the progressives and subject-matter specialists since the 50s, an admittedly telescopic yet microcosmic view of this Hegelian style of educational change can be established. In reaction to the threat of communism, the McCarthy era bred public criticism that America's schools were leftist. The insuing Sputnik flight spawned an avalanche of criticism against the public school system, a scapegoat for America's being second in the space race. The reactionary initiative or antithesis formulized in a more disciplinary approach deemphisizing numerous progressive tenents such as individuality while science and math scores were ridiculed. As the culmination of one of many unified ends of the subject-matter approach, Americans landed on the moon. The Vietnam War, the Civil Rights Movement, widespread drug abuse, Woodstock, delinquency, soaring crime rates, etc. in the late 60s and early 70s motivated even more criticism against the public schools. The antithesis proposed a sympathetic concern for the welfare of the young and for curricular relevancy centered in self-fulfillment, individual curiosity and talent, inter-disciplinary methodology, and problem-centered instruction. A growing number of critics such as Holt (1964), Kozol (1967), Herndon (1968), and Kohl (1969), even declared independence from the traditional educational system. …


This study examined the relationship among creativity, ADHD symptomatology, temperament, and psychosocial functioning by comparing four groups of children aged 10–12 years: (1) 29 ADHD children without creativity, (2) 16 highly creative children displaying ADHD symptomatology, (3) 18 highly creative children without ADHD symptomatology, and (4) 30 normal controls. Children completed the TTCT, Child Depression Inventory, Revised Child Manifest Anxiety Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Parents completed the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory, Family Environment Scale, and the parent version of the Kastan Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire. Parents completed the Conner's Rating Scales and Child Behavior Checklist, and teachers completed the Child Behaviour Checklist. Results showed that the presence of ADHD symptomatology in creative children was related to their temperamental characteristics, and parent reports of children's levels of anxiety and depression. However, family environment and mother's attributions did not appear to be related to the presence of ADHD symptomatology in creative children. These findings have implications for the development and management of creative children.


Willy Loman, the protagonist of "Death of a Salesman," has spent his life following the American way, living out his belief in salesmanship as a way to reinvent himself. But somehow the riches and respect he covets have eluded him. At age 63, he searches for the moment his life took a wrong turn, the moment of betrayal that undermined his relationship with his wife and destroyed his relationship with Biff, the son in whom he invested his faith. Willy lives in a fragile world of elaborate excuses and daydreams, conflating past and present in a desperate attempt to make sense of himself and of a world that once promised so much.


A growing body of evidence has implicated conspiracist ideation in the rejection of scientific propositions. Internet blogs in particular have become the staging ground for conspiracy theories that challenge the link between HIV and AIDS, the benefits of vaccinations, or the reality of climate change. A recent study involving visitors to climate blogs found that conspiracist ideation was associated with the rejection of climate science and other scientific propositions such as the link between lung cancer and smoking, and between HIV and AIDS. That article stimulated considerable discursive activity in the climate blogosphere—i.e., the numerous blogs dedicated to climate "skepticism"—that was critical of the study. The blogosphere discourse was ideally suited for analysis because its focus was clearly circumscribed, it had a well-defined onset, and it largely discontinued after several months. We identify and classify the hypotheses that questioned the validity of the paper's conclusions using well-established criteria for conspiracist ideation. In two behavioral studies involving naive participants we show that those criteria and classifications were reconstructed in a blind test. Our findings extend a growing body of literature that has examined the important, but not always constructive, role of the blogosphere in public and scientific discourse.


Rationale: Molecular imaging is useful for longitudinal assessment of engraftment. However, it is not known which factors, other than cell number, can influence the molecular imaging signal obtained from reporter genes. Objective: The effects of cell dissociation/suspension on cellular bioenergetics and the signal obtained by firefly luciferase and human sodium-iodide symporter labeling of cardiosphere-derived cells were investigated. Methods and Results: 18Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, ATP levels, 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake, and bioluminescence were measured in vitro in adherent and suspended cardiosphere-derived cells. In vivo dual-isotope single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging or bioluminescence imaging (BLI) was performed 1 hour and 24 hours after cardiosphere-derived cell transplantation. Single-photon emission computed tomography quantification was performed using a phantom for signal calibration. Cell loss between 1 hour and 24 hours after transplantation was quantified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ex vivo luciferase assay. Cell dissociation followed by suspension for 1 hour resulted in decreased glucose uptake, cellular ATP, 99mTc uptake, and BLI signal by 82%, 43%, 42%, and 44%, respectively, compared with adherent cells, in vitro. In vivo 99mTc uptake was significantly lower at 1 hour compared with 24 hours after cell transplantation in the noninfarct (P<0.001; n=3) and infarct (P<0.001; n=4) models, despite significant cell loss during this period. The in vivo BLI signal was significantly higher at 1 hour than at 24 hours (P<0.01), with the BLI signal being higher when cardiosphere-derived cells were suspended in glucose-containing medium compared with saline (PBS). Conclusions: Adhesion is an important determinant of cellular bioenergetics, 99mTc-pertechnetate uptake, and BLI signal. BLI and sodium-iodide symporter imaging may be useful for in vivo optimization of bioenergetics in transplanted cells.


In today's manufacturing industry, pressure for productivity, higher quality and cost saving is heavier than ever. Surviving in today's highly competitive world is not an easy task, contemporary technology updates and heavy investments are needed in state of the art machinery and modern cutting tool systems. If the machining resources are underutilized, feasible techniques are needed to utilize resources efficiently.
The new enhancements in the machine tools sector have enabled opportunities for rapid growth in production rate and high varieties in products in minimum time. But they also raised questions concerning sustainability of exiting manufacturing resources. Buying new machines and tooling lead to huge investments. However, buying new machines and tooling doesn't solve production profitability problems if they are underutilized. In order to find the answer for sustainability of existing manufacturing resources and enhancement of the machining efficiency, researchers are working on finding possible supplementary computer supports. In recent years, the indirect computer supported techniques such as sensor base monitoring and control and virtual machining process simulation have been greatly accepted for real-time decision making, sustainable development and efficient use of machining resources.
This thesis work is focused on the development of advanced techniques for monitoring, simulation and optimization of machining processes. The thesis presents the contributions to the development and application of decision support systems for three fundamental aspects of machining processes:
1) Chip form monitoring and process condition monitoring through sensor data clustering and classification.
2) Real time tool wear measurement through tool wear image processing.
3) Machining operation verification and optimization using machining process simulation.


High-pressure cutting fluid supply is widely used in rough turning of difficult-to-cut materials to ensure chip breaking. The acting force of the cutting fluid jet on the back of the chip causes chip breaking. The broken chips are accelerated by this force and can damage the workpiece surface on impact. Consequently, high-pressure cutting fluid supply is not suitable for finish turning mostly, especially for safety-critical parts in aero engines. In this study, a new approach to utilize the high-pressure cutting fluid supply for finish turning is presented. A valve unit is used to alternate the cutting fluid supply pressure in short time intervals. The generated pulsation allows to adjust the chip length. An adjusted chip length changes the center of gravity of the chips. Therefore the chips are accelerated to a much lower extent, which prevents surface damage. The force of the cutting fluid jet was investigated for different pressure levels and pulse frequencies. Machining experiments confirmed the working principles by showing a correlation between the pulse frequency and the resulting chip length.


The impact of the (Ba + Sr)/Ti (A/B) ratio on the microwave-tunable characteristics of diffuse phase transition (DPT) ferroelectric Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (0.6-BST) ceramics was investigated. The reduction in the lattice constant with increasing nonstoichiometry was attributed to introduced partial Schottky defects, i.e., [V″″Ti−2VO∙∙]×and [V″Ba,Sr−VO∙∙]×. The magnitude of the dielectric constant, e′, at room temperature in the absence of an applied electric field was governed by the shift in the dielectric maximum temperature, Tm, because Tm was close to room temperature for the 0.6-BST. The dielectric loss, tanδ, diminished as the e′ decreased for 0.98≤A/B≤1.05, while the tanδ was much higher for A/B=0.95 having the greatest A-site vacancy loading. The negatively charged V″Ba and V″Sr were mainly compensated by oxygen vacancies and likely partly compensated by holes, h•, which contributed to the electrical conduction. The tunability, T, at 100 MHz was almost constant at 20%–25% for A/B≥1.00 despite the reduction of the e′, whereas T decreased for A/B<1.00 to ca. 10% for A/B=0.95 having the greatest A-site vacancy loading. The results implied that the [V″″Ti−2VO∙∙]× for larger A/B values was more efficient in generating nucleation sites in the polar nanoregions (PNRs) than the [V″Ba,Sr−VO∙∙]× for smaller A/B values, thereby providing greater dipole polarization. Consequently, the figure of merit, FOM, reached its maximum of 250 at A/B=0.9875, which was ca. 155% higher than that of the stoichiometric BST.


The European Commission has published a Green Paper outlining possible measures to create a single market for capital in Europe. Our comments on the Commission's capital markets union project use the functional finance approach as a starting point. Policy decisions, according to the functional finance perspective, should be essentially neutral (agnostic) in terms of institutions (level playing field). Our main angle, from which we assess proposals for the capital markets union agenda, are information asymmetries and the agency problems (screening, monitoring) which arise as a result. Within this perspective, we make a number of more specific proposals.


Interspecies is an Arts Catalyst project, an exhibition curated by Rob Le Frenais and here at The A Foundation in London, it was host also to a three-day series of events and seminars. Radio Animal was there as an exhibit and functioned as a conduit for visitors' agonizings over the spaces they share with species other than their own.


Surgery is a challenging domain for motor skill acquisition. A critical contributing factor in this difficulty is that feedback is often delayed from performance and qualitative in nature. Collection of highdensity motion information may offer a solution. Metrics derived from this motion capture, in particular indices of movement smoothness, have been shown to correlate with task outcomes in multiple domains, including endovascular surgery. The open question is whether providing feedback based on these metrics can be used to accelerate learning. In pursuit of that goal, we examined the relationship between a motion metric that is computationally simple to compute—spectral arc length—and performance on a simple but challenging motor task, mirror tracing. We were able to replicate previous results showing that movement smoothness measures are linked to overall performance, and now have performance thresholds to use in subsequent work on using these metrics for training.


Abstract
Despite the privatization of its various components, the bidding process and the preparations for the Olympics are still initiated and tightly managed by central governments. Moreover, intentionally and unintentionally, governments use mega sports events such as the Olympics as a soft power medium in which to pursue their goals such as economic development and social integration and a lot of literature has already reviewed the economic and sociocultural impact of hosting the event. This chapter argues that the Olympics have been used as the medium to assist in the formation of legitimacy for a weakened authoritarian leader in the early phase of democratization in Korea. In addition, the chapter tries to explain how the bureaucracy contributed to the success of the national event and how it eventually impacted political modernization and the attitude of bureaucrats. To these ends, first, this chapter explores the influence of soft power on international competition by providing an empirical statistical analysis. Specifically, the chapter analyzes the process by which countries compete with one another for the privilege of hosting the Olympic Games as an important field of global interaction between political actors Further, the chapter discusses which components of soft power can affect international competition. To investigate the explanatory power and concrete applicability of soft power theory, the chapter looks at the influence of democratic and government dimensions of soft power on the selection of Olympic host cities and the role of bureaucracy during that process.


The language may be deceptively conciliatory but the meaning of the BDS message is of intransigence. The rhetoric of this movement conceals a programme of 'resistance', a call to destabilize the status quo through unremitting public agitation over a long period. It rejects the premises of the Oslo agreements including the possibility of a negotiated peace with Israel or any form of reconciliation, and its message combines anti-Semitism with anti-Zionism. The movement is all the more dangerous because under the guise of a quest for justice its advocates skilfully conceal the strategic objective of isolating and destroying the Jewish state and perhaps also Jews who individually and collectively identify with the State of Israel.


An Urban Geography of the Roman World, 100 B.C. to A.D. 300 Although there have been numerous studies of individual cities or groups of cities, there has never been a study of the urbanism of the Roman world as a whole, meaning that we have been poorly informed not only about the number of cities and how they were distributed and changed over time, but also about their sizes and populations, monumentality, and civic status. This thesis provides a new account of the urbanism of the Roman world between 100 B.C. and A.D. 300. To do so, it draws on a combination of textual sources and archaeological material to provide a new catalogue of cities, calculates new estimates of their areas and uses a range of population densities to estimate their populations, and brings together available information about their monumentality and civic status for the first time. This evidence demonstrates that, although there were relatively few cities, many had considerable sizes and populations, substantial amounts of monumentality, and held various kinds of civic status. This indicates that there was significant economic growth in this period, including both extensive and intensive economic growth, which resulted from an influx of wealth through conquest and the intrinsic changes that came with Roman rule (including the expansion of urbanism). This evidence also suggests that there was a system that was characterised by areas of intense urban demand, which were met through an efficient system for the extraction of necessity and luxury goods from immediate hinterlands and an effective system for bringing these items from further afield. The disruption of these links seems to have put this system under considerable strain towards the end of this period and may have been sufficient to cause its ultimate collapse. This appears to have been in marked contrast to the medieval and early modern periods, when urbanism was more able to respond to changes in supply and demand.


We examined life history variation in the lizard, Sceloporus undulatus, across its range. Data from published studies on 14 populations of S. undulatus were analyzed using factor analysis. Four factors were generated from the data. Factor 1 reflected the influence of body size on lizard life histories and explained 31% ofthe variance in S. undulatus life histories. Factor 2 represented the negative relationship of relative clutch mass and number of clutches per year and explained 17% of the variance. The third factor had strong positive loadings of egg mass, age at maturity, and adult survivorship, with a weaker negative loading of the number of eggs per year and explained just over 24% ofthe variance. The fourth and final factor consisted of strong loading on a single variable, survivorship to maturity, and explained nearly 12% of the variance. Factor 1 was negatively related to Factor 2, but positively related to Factors 3 and 4. Factor 2 was negatively correlated with Factor 4. Factor 2 scores were correlated with the latitude of the study populations; however, no other factor scores were related to latitude, longitude, or altitude of the study populations. Our results suggest that there is an underlying structure to the life histories of S. undulatus that may constrain or limit both local adaptations and proximate environmental effects.


This chapter aims to empirically investigate the connection between online political
expression (Gil de Zuniga et al. 2014) and offline political and civic engagement in the
context of the 2013 Czech Parliamentary elections. The theoretical context of the chapter is
informed by the debates surrounding the role of social network sites and other Web 2.0
applications in facilitating new forms of civic engagement and political participation, and
particularly by the concepts of "clicktivism" or "slacktivism" (e.g. Morozov 2009), claiming
that online activism is often not being followed or complemented by offline or forms of
participation, and that there is no link between digital engagement and citizens' real–life
actions. Driven by the main research question "How does social media use relate to election
turnout and other forms of offline political participation?", this study attempts to test this
thesis, using data from a representative survey of the Czech adult population, distributed
directly following the 2013 elections. The results suggest that the hypothesis about
"clicktivism" is all but unfounded in the context of the Czech social network users, as those
politically active online during the campaign are more likely to vote, and engage more often
in other traditional participatory activities as well. The analysis further explores the
relationship between participation and the use of social media, taking into account other
factors such as political interest and political efficacy, with the ambition to provide a more
detailed understanding of online political engagement and its determinants.


We consider torsional wave propagation in a pre-stressed annular cylinder. Hydrostatic pressure is applied to the inner and outer surfaces of an incompressible hyperelastic annular cylinder, of circular cross-section, whose constitutive behaviour is governed by a Mooney�€"Rivlin strain energy function. The pressure difference creates an inhomogeneous deformation field, which modifies the inner and outer radii of the annular cylinder.We wish to determine the effect that this pre-stress, and a given axial stretch, has on the propagation of small-amplitude torsional waves through the medium. We use the theory of small-on-large to deduce the linear wave equation that governs incremental torsional waves and then determine the dispersion relation for the pre-stressed annulus by using an approximation procedure (the Liouville�€"Green transformation). We show that this scheme compares well to numerical solutions except in regions very close to turning points (of the transformed ordinary differential equation). In particular, we find that the
inhomogeneous deformation makes the coefficients of the governing ordinary differential equation spatially dependent and affects the location of the roots of the dispersion relation.We observe that, if the pressure on the outer surface of the annular cylinder is greater (smaller) than that on the inner, then the cut-on frequencies are spaced further apart (closer) than they would be in the stress-free case. This result could potentially be used to tune the propagation characteristics of the cylinder over a range of frequencies.


What steps can and do local election officials take to prepare for and respond to natural disasters and emergencies that impede and disrupt the operation of scheduled elections? How efficacious are these actions and practices, and to what extent, if any, can these practices be generalized to the 3,000 + jurisdictions charged with conducting elections? In this article I address these questions by examining the conduct of the 2012 presidential election in the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy. I find several correctives for the disruptive effect of emergencies and natural disasters on voter participation including state laws that afford voters opportunities to ballot before Election Day and the number and staffing of polling places. These correctives provide clear guidance for the conduct of elections outside of natural disasters and emergencies.


We propose and implement a new method to estimate treatment effects in settings where individuals need to be in a certain state (e.g. unemployment) to be eligible for a treatment, treatments may commence at different points in time, and the outcome of interest is realized after the individual left the initial state. An example concerns the effect of training on earnings in subsequent employment. Any evaluation needs to take into account that some of those who are not trained at a certain time in unemployment will leave unemployment before training while others will be trained later. We are interested in effects of the treatment at a certain elapsed duration compared to "no treatment at any subsequent duration". We prove identification under unconfoundedness and propose inverse probability weighting estimators. A key feature is that weights given to outcome observations of non-treated depend on the remaining time in the initial state. We study earnings effects of WIA training in the US and long-run effects of a training program for unemployed workers in Sweden. Estimates are positive and sizeable, exceeding those obtained by using common static methods, and suggesting a reappraisal of training.


Deep geological repository involving a multi-barrier system constitutes one of the most promising options to isolate high-level radioactive waste from the human environment. In order to certify the efficiency of waste isolation, it is essential to understand the behaviour of the confining geomaterials under a variety of environmental conditions. The efficiency of Engineered Barrier Systems (EBS) is highly based on the complex behaviour of bentonite. To improve the understanding of the processes involved in the EBS, results from a near-to-real scale experiment, the FEBEX experiment, are studied by means of a thermohydro- mechanical (THM) finite element approach including a consistent thermo-plastic constitutive model for unsaturated soils. The model also features a coupled THM approach of the water retention curve. The extended literature available on the behaviour of the FEBEX bentonite is used to calibrate the parameters. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with sensor measurements and show the ability of the model to reproduce the main features of the mechanical behaviour of the system. The hydraulic and thermal response is also realistically described by the model. The link between the confined swelling behaviour as tested in laboratory and the results of the real-scale experiment is clearly established by this simulation.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To describe spirituality and meaning of illness in survivors of ovarian cancer.

DESIGN
Ethnographic study based on seven years of natural correspondence among survivors of ovarian cancer and a support newsletter.

SAMPLE
21,806 letters, cards, and e-mails received from survivors of ovarian cancer from 1994-2000.

METHODS
Analysis was based on the Quality of Life (QOL) Ovarian Cancer Instrument. Data were bracketed and assigned within a table according to QOL themes.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Spirituality, meaning, QOL, and cancer survivorship.

FINDINGS
Spirituality was relied on heavily as a coping mechanism, as well as a method of deriving meaning from the cancer experience. Data from survivors of ovarian cancer validated previously established meaning in cancer themes and identified eight new themes specific to meaning in ovarian cancer survivorship.

CONCLUSIONS
The nature of ovarian cancer implicates specific characteristics that alter the meaning of QOL and survivorship. Spirituality is an important component of QOL and contributes to the process of deriving meaning from the ovarian cancer experience.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Knowledge of the unique survivorship issues of patients with ovarian cancer can enable nurses to improve their care for these women.


Phylogenetic reconstruction aims at finding plausible hypotheses of the evolutionary history of genes or species based on genomic sequence information. The distinction of orthologous genes (genes that having a common ancestry and diverged after a speciation) is crucial and lies at the heart of many genomic studies. However, existing methods that rely only on 1:1 orthologs to infer species trees are strongly restricted to a small set of allowed genes that provide information about the species tree. The use of larger gene sets that consist in addition of non-orthologous genes (e.g. so-called paralogous or xenologous genes) considerably increases the information about the evolutionary history of the respective species. In this work, we introduce a novel method to compute species phylogenies based on sequence data including orthologs, paralogs or even xenologs.


MODUS is a platform for expanded fashion practice through Onomatopee Projects, initiated and led by Caroline Stevenson and Ruby Hoette in collaboration with Roland Brauchli.

modus:
a mode of procedure:
a way of doing something

Contemporary fashion culture is seeing creative practitioners actively seeking to challenge traditional practices and question the very definition of their discipline. While the mainstream fashion industry continues to uphold commercial boundaries, there are emergent practices that propose alternate value systems and thus different ways of thinking, doing and being fashion. These are expanded fashion practices: experimental methods, curiosity and criticality that have the ability to interrogate the social, cultural, political and environmental impacts of fashion and point to a future that transcends the current capitalist paradigm.

MODUS brings together and maps these diverse and rich practices, providing a platform to bridge the divide between theory and practice in fashion. It will facilitate conversations between the practitioners working in this expanded field and writers/theorists from a range of disciplines including sociology, cultural and critical theory, politics and economics to help formulate new perspectives on fashion.

MODUS will take various forms from publications to events and workshops – all with the aim to establish an international research network that represents and supports this community of expanded practice.


This paper aims to conduct a research on the state of the art of artificial intelligence techniques to investigate the relationships between cognitive actions addressed in steps of mathematical modeling and computational semiotics activities. It also briefly reviews the main techniques of artificial intelligence, with particular emphasis on intelligent systems techniques. Such analysis use semiotic concepts in order to identify the use of new techniques for modeling intelligent systems through the integrated use of mathematical and computational tools. At last, once understood that semiotics can bring contributions to the study of intelligent systems, a methodology for modeling computational semiotics based on the semiotic concepts formalization extracted from the semiotic theory of Charles Sanders Peirce is proposed.


Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and is the second leading cause of death in the United States. The most common causes of cancer death are cancers of the lung, prostate, and colorectum in men and the lung, breast, and colorectum in women. These 4 cancers ac- count for 45 percent of all cancer deaths, with one quarter due to lung cancer. It has previously been suggested that approximately 50 percent of all cancer patients receive radiation as a treatment. In Radio Therapy (RT), ionizing radiation (IR) is delivered to the tumor via an external beam. Exposure to IR causes damage to various cellular components, with the DNA being the most critical target, directly or indirectly via ionization of molecules within the cells, generating a cascade of free radicals. While effective at achieving tumor control, the surrounding normal tissues are also affected by the IR. As a result, the dose of radiation administered must be limited in order to keep normal tissue toxicities at a tolerable level. For This reason the use of radioenhancers has been investigated during the last decades as one of the possibility to be able to lower the general delivered radiation dose and, in particu- lar, gold nanoparticles (GNP) have been the main candidates for this purpose due to the fact that they are inert biocompatible materials and have very low toxicity. This thesis focuses on the demonstration of the radioenhancement capabilities of unfuctionalized GNP on Lewis lung (Lucinferase expressed) cells derived tumors. The work evolves from in vitro to in vivo experi- ments, however, as an alternative to the commonly used mouse model, new alternative model is presented : the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Being immunode cient, fecundated chicken eggs can host, on their CAM, any type of cells, resulting in an ideal environment for tumor growth due to the presence of a blood vessel network that can aliment the carcinoma. Several preliminary experiments were done in order to optimize the number of cells, the amount of gold nanoparticles and the radiation doses, using IVIS imaging as diagnostic tool to monitor tumor growth/reduction. To validate the results of the In Ovo experiments, similar experi- ments were performed with C657Bl/6 mice. This work is highly relevant as it veri es that the CAM is a robust and e cient model to obtain preliminary data on the synergistic e ect of gold nanoparticles and x-ray radiation. This particular research will translate to lower radiation doses required in the clinic, improving patient outcomes through less invasive treatment, faster recovery, and reduced damage to healthy tissue.


Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is typically characterized by the over‐expression of the tumour suppressor protein p53. Considerable evidence suggests that immune competence is important in the control of cutaneous SCC. We discuss the immunobiology of p53 and its relevance to cutaneous SCC, including the potential interaction with human papillomavirus.


We call many things sacred, from cows, churches and paintings to flags and burial grounds. Is it still meaningful to talk of things being sacred, or is the idea merely a relic of a bygone religious age? Does everything - and every life - have its price? Is Nothing Sacred? is a stimulating and wide-ranging debate about some of the major moral dilemmas facing us today, such as the value of human life, art, the environment, and personal freedom. Packed with clearly presented controversial issues, we are asked to decide whether we should revere life when someone chooses to die, preserve the giant California redwoods, cherish Vermeer's originals for their own sake, or curtail personal freedom for the greater good. Ronald Dworkin argues that the concept of the scared is essential to any human ethics, and Simon Blackburn explains why he thinks 'a humanist should not feel guilty at the emotions of awe and reverence that can be inspired by great religious works of art. Throughout, the idea of the sacred in a secular age is hotly debated amongst the authors and put to the test: should it be abandoned altogether, or does it still have something to teach us? Is Nothing Sacred? brings together outstanding philosophers and thinkers, including Suzanne Uniacke, Michael Clark, Alan Holland, Simon Blackburn, Richard Dawkins, Richard Norman, Alan Howarth, Nigel Warburton, Matthew Kieran and John Harris.