Warkentin, T. D., Vandenberg, A., Tar'an, B., Banniza, S., Arganosa, G., Barlow, B., Ife, S., Horner, J., de Silva, D., Thompson, M., Parada, M., Wagenhoffer, S. and Prado, T. 2014. CDC Greenwater green field pea. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1551–1553. CDC Greenwater, a green cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2014 by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, for distribution to Select seed growers in Saskatchewan and Alberta through the Variety Release Committee of the Saskatchewan Pulse Growers. CDC Greenwater has good lodging resistance, powdery mildew resistance, medium-sized seeds with round shape, good cotyledon bleaching resistance, and good yielding ability. CDC Greenwater is adapted to the field-pea- growing regions of western Canada.


A number of bacterial pathogens require the ZnuABC Zinc (Zn2+) transporter and/or a second Zn2+ transport system to overcome Zn2+ sequestration by mammalian hosts. Previously we have shown that in addition to ZnuABC, Yersinia pestis possesses a second Zn2+ transporter that involves components of the yersiniabactin (Ybt), siderophore-dependent iron transport system. Synthesis of the Ybt siderophore and YbtX, a member of the major facilitator superfamily, are both critical components of the second Zn2+ transport system. Here we demonstrate that a ybtX znu double mutant is essentially avirulent in mouse models of bubonic and pneumonic plague while a ybtX mutant retains high virulence in both plague models. While sequestration of host Zn is a key nutritional immunity factor, excess Zn appears to have a significant antimicrobial role in controlling intracellular bacterial survival. Here, we demonstrate that ZntA, a Zn2+ exporter, plays a role in resistance to Zn toxicity in vitro, but that a zntA zur double mutant retains high virulence in both pneumonic and bubonic plague models and survival in macrophages. We also confirm that Ybt does not directly bind Zn2+in vitro under the conditions tested. However, we detect a significant increase in Zn2+-binding ability of filtered supernatants from a Ybt+ strain compared to those from a strain unable to produce the siderophore, supporting our previously published data that Ybt biosynthetic genes are involved in the production of a secreted Zn-binding molecule (zincophore). Our data suggest that Ybt or a modified Ybt participate in or promote Zn-binding activity in culture supernatants and is involved in Zn acquisition in Y. pestis.


During the past 3 decades, there has been a growing body of research literature focused on the counseling process with Asian Americans. One segment of this literature is based on studies that have used audiovisual analogue designs in which Asian American participants are exposed to written transcripts, audio recordings, or audiovisual recordings of mock counseling sessions and asked to rate the qualities of the counselor and the session. The results showed that Asian Americans favor a logical, rational, directive, and culturally attentive counseling style over a reflective, affective, nondirective, and less culturally attentive one (Atkinson, Maruyama, & Matsui, 1978; Gim, Atkinson, & Kim, 1991), especially if the counselor is described as an Asian American (Atkinson & Matsushita, 1991). The results also suggested that Asian Americans prefer counselors who use the consultant helping role when the presenting problem has an external etiology (e.g., racism) and the role of the facilitator of indigenous support systems when the problem has an internal etiology (e.g., depression; Atkinson, Kim, & Caldwell, 1998). Although these studies provide useful information, an important limitation is the possible lack of external validity of the results as related to the actual client population because the participants were not actual clients seeking services at a counseling agency. In other words, when using audiovisual analogue designs, the experimenter must rely on the ability of the participants to approximate the role of client based on their exposure to the written, audio, or visual stimuli. To the extent that the participants are not able to identify with the client, the client role, or both, generalizability of the findings is threatened (Pope-Davis, Liu, Toporek, & Brittan-Powell, 2001). In more recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies that have been based on actual counseling sessions with volunteer clients. To a large extent, this effort has been in response to authors, such as Pope-Davis et al. (2001), who reviewed the extant empirical literature on multicultural counseling and recommended the following: Research on clients' experiences in counseling should try to replicate real counseling. The need for realistic stimuli and relationship is necessary ... Previous research has relied heavily on the use of "potential clients" who may or may not have had therapy experiences. One can easily see that the actual experience versus the imagined experience may produce different results. (p. 132) One such study was by Kim, Li, and Liang (2002), who found that Asian American volunteer clients who were working with European American female counselors perceived a stronger working alliance when the counselors provided immediate resolution to the problem than when the counselors attempted to explore the deep causes of the problem. Kim et al. (2003) found that when European American female counselors self-disclosed to clients about strategies that they had used in the past to resolve the kinds of problems reported by the clients, Asian American clients perceived this type of disclosure to be helpful, especially when the disclosures were moderately intimate. In support of the findings from the audiovisual analogue study by Atkinson et al. (1978) that was previously mentioned, Li and Kim (2004) found that Asian American clients rated counselors more favorably when they used a directive style than when they used a nondirective style. Furthermore, Kim, Ng, and Ahn (2005) showed that Asian American clients gave higher ratings to counselors who shared their worldview than to counselors who did not share their worldview. Typically, the type of research design based on actual counseling sessions involves training graduate student counselors to implement different conditions, based on the variable of interest, and then examining the effects of these conditions with a sample of volunteer clients who are offered some incentive (e. …


Cascading bandits is a natural and popular model that frames the task of learning to rank from Bernoulli click feedback in a bandit setting. For the case of unstructured rewards, we prove matching upper and lower bounds for the problem-independent (i.e., gap-free) regret, both of which strictly improve the best known. A key observation is that the hard instances of this problem are those with small mean rewards, i.e., the small click-through rates that are most relevant in practice. Based on this, and the fact that small mean implies small variance for Bernoullis, our key technical result shows that variance-aware confidence sets derived from the Bernstein and Chernoff bounds lead to optimal algorithms (up to log terms), whereas Hoeffding-based algorithms suffer order-wise suboptimal regret. This sharply contrasts with the standard (non-cascading) bandit setting, where the variance-aware algorithms only improve constants. In light of this and as an additional contribution, we propose a variance-aware algorithm for the structured case of linear rewards and show its regret strictly improves the state-of-the-art.


Many models of early cortical processing have shown how local learning rules can produce efficient, sparse-distributed codes in which nodes have responses that are statistically independent and low probability. However, it is not known how to develop a useful hierarchical representa.tion, containing sparse-distributed codes at each level of the hierarchy, that incorporates predictive feedback from the environment. We take a step in that direction by proposing a biologically plausible neural network model that develops receptive fields, and learns to make class predictions, with or without the help of environmental feedback. The model is a new type of predictive adaptive resonance theory network called Receptive Field ARTMAP, or RAM. RAM self organizes internal category nodes that are tuned to activity distributions in topographic input maps. Each receptive fteld is composed of multiple weight fields that are adapted via local, on-line learning, to form smooth receptive ftelds that reflect; the statistics of the activity distributions in the input maps. When RAM generates incorrect predictions, its vigilance is raised, amplifying subtractive inhibition and sharpening receptive fields until the error is corrected. Evaluation on several classification benchmarks shows that RAM outperforms a related (but neurally implausible) model called Gaussian AHTMAP, as well as several standard neural network and statistical classifters. A topographic version of RAM is proposed, which is capable of self organizing hierarchical representations. Topographic RAM is a model for receptive field development at any level of the cortical hierarchy, and provides explanations for a variety of perceptual learning data.


This paper describes a novel method to produce poly(lactic acid) (PLA) stereocomplex (SC) crystallites directly from high molecular weight PLLA by incorporation of small quantities of choline dihydrogen phosphate ([Ch][DHP]), at room temperature. Combined results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirm the formation of the PLA SC crystals. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates a modification of the short range structural environment of choline in the blend with PLA in good agreement with the major long-range structural changes suggested by XRD, both suggesting a direct role of the choline in the PLA stereocomplexation. The electrical conductivity of these membranes measured using impedance spectroscopy is in the 6 × 10−7–4 × 10−6 S cm−1 range, which increases with increasing choline content and with increasing relative humidity (RH). The dependence on RH is weaker than for pure PLA, thus suggesting that the SC enhances the hydrophobic character of PLA, in agreement with contact angle measurements. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) reveal a new phase with piezoelectric properties at the microsphere interfaces, with d33 corresponding to ∼60% of d33 of a periodically poled lithium niobate reference, which is directly related to the formation of SC crystalline domains. This first report of intrinsic piezoelectricity in PLA stereocomplexes opens the possibility for the development of new types of bio-based piezoactive polymers.


A cationic hydrogel synthesized from (3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride as poly[(3-acrylamidopropyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] [p(APTMACl)] was put into contact with the chloride salts of metals such as CoCl2, NiCl2, and CuCl2 in ethanol. The metal-loaded p(APTMACl) hydrogels were used as catalyst systems in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and ammonia borane. The activation energy values for the hydrolysis reaction were calculated for all of the catalyst systems and were found to be 53.43 and 26.74 kJ/mol for p(APTMACl)–[CoCl4]2− and p(APTMACl)–[NiCl4]2−, respectively. These activation parameters were better than values reported in the literature for the ionic liquid metal complexes of smaller molecules used for the same purpose. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40183.


Mobile networks are the largest contributor to the carbon footprint of the telecom sector and their contribution is expected to rapidly increase in the future due to the foreseen traffic growth. Therefore, there is an increasing urgency in the definition of green mobile network deployment strategies. This paper proposes a four-step design and power assessment methodology for mobile networks, taking into consideration both radio and transport segments. A number of mobile network deployment architectures for urban residential areas based on different radio (i.e., macro base station, distributed indoor radio, femto cell) and transport (i.e., microwave, copper, optical fiber) technologies are proposed and evaluated to identify the most energy efficient solution. The results show that with low traffic the conventional macro base station deployment with microwave based backhaul is the best option. However, with higher traffic values heterogeneous networks with macro base stations and indoor small cells are more energy efficient. The best small cell solution highly depends on the transport network architecture. In particular, our results show that a femto cell based deployment with optical fiber backhaul is the most energy efficient, even if a distributed indoor radio architecture (DRA) deployment with fiber fronthaul is also a competitive approach.


The first issue this essay examines is the articulation of the cinema of the body, the feminine gestus, and the 'political cinema', which begins with the philosophical shout, 'Give me a body, then!' and ends with the 'Third World Cinema' as a cinema of memory. How is this Deleuzian concept in tension with the one proposed here of 'missing body'? The second issue concerns the importance of the body for theory and practice within feminist film theory and queer theory. The question of the body is introduced in-between these two lines in the context of a series of Latin American documentaries. The final problem is then how to see and show a body that is missing, like an outside of the body image, and of a certain regime of the visible and the audible that tends to be fixed in topics by the production of technologies of (post)memory.


After World War II, Japan reinvented itself as a shipbuilding powerhouse and began its rapid ascent in the global economy. Its expansion strategy integrated raw material procurement, the redesign of global transportation infrastructure, and domestic industrialization. In this authoritative and engaging study, Stephen G. Bunker and Paul S. Ciccantell identify the key factors in Japan's economic growth and the effects this growth had on the reorganization of significant sectors of the global economy. Bunker and Ciccantell discuss what drove Japan's economic expansion, how Japan globalized the work economy to support it, and why this spectacular growth came to a dramatic halt in the 1990s. Drawing on studies of ore mining, steel making, corporate sector reorganization, and port/rail development, they provide valuable insight into technical processes as well as specific patterns of corporate investment. East Asia and the Global Economy introduces a theory of "new historical materialism" that explains the success of Japan and other world industrial powers. Here, the authors assert that the pattern of Japan's ascent is essential for understanding China's recent path of economic growth and dominance and anticipating what the future may hold.


Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Conductive Knitted Fabrics
Electromagnetic waves are known to have harmful effects on human health. The aim of this project is to investigate the application of knitted textile materials for the purpose of protection against electromagnetic waves and the effect of raw material, yarn and fabric parameters on electromagnetic shielding properties extensively. To obtain conductive textile surfaces, copper and silver filaments were used with cotton by using an apparatus on ring spinning machine.By using conductive yarns single jersey, rib, and futter (2 threads) knitted fabrics were produced. Cotton fabrics were also produced for comparison.


The Marxist, "historical materialist" concept of social development could neither explain nor reliably predict the course of world social development in the stormy twentieth century. If we take Russia as an example, it was specifically political factors that were decisive in the breakup of the economic structure and in the regression of production. The logic of the process was obviously the opposite of the historical materialist process. The character of development was dictated by centuries-old sociocultural tendencies that cyclically reproduced in Russia the situation of "catchup development," Nor does the historical materialist approach make it possible to analyze the reasons for the current decline in production. In fact, they lie outside economics: the Soviet state's long-term policy was responsible for unprecedented militarization and enormous structural defects in the national economy. In a word, social development is a much more complex, multifactorial process that precludes a monistic explanation from the positions of historical materialism.


This paper presents a prototype runtime system that serves as the backend of a source-to-source OpenMP compiler and enables the execution of OpenMP Fortran programs on SMPs, though hardware shared memory, and clusters of shared-memory multiprocessors, either through the hybrid (MPI+OpenMP) programming model or directly on top of Software Distributed Shared Memory (SDSM). Fork-Join multilevel parallelism is supported without modifications to the OpenMP model, since its "shared by default" philosophy has been adopted for the generated by the OpenMP compiler code. Specifically, the user-level thread stacks and the Fortran common blocks are allocated explicitly, though transparently to the programmer, in shared virtual memory. The internal runtime system operations are based on the combination of explicit communication and hardware shared-memory. The runtime system extends the Single Program Multiple Data (SPMD) execution model of existing SDSM libraries in a modular way, allowing their integration in our OpenMP execution environment. We report experimental results of OpenMP programs on both architectural platforms and two different operating systems.


Carbon (CD4) and nitrogen (N2) have been seeded in ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) with a tungsten wall and have both led to a 20–30% confinement improvement. The reference plasma is a standard target plasma with Ip /BT  =  1 MA/2.5 T, total input power Ptot ~ 12 MW and normalized pressure of βN ~ 1.8. Carbon and nitrogen are almost perfectly exchangeable for the core, pedestal and divertor plasma in this experiment where impurity concentrations of C and N of 2% are achieved and Zeff only mildly increases from ~1.3 to ~1.7. As the radiation potentials of C and N are similar and peak well below 100 eV, both impurities act as divertor radiators and radiate well outside the pedestal region. The outer divertor is purposely kept in an attached state when C and N are seeded to avoid confinement degradation by detachment. As reported in earlier publications for nitrogen, carbon is also seen to reduce the high field side high density (the so-called HFSHD) in the scrape off layer above the inner divertor strike point by about 50%. This is accompanied by a confinement improvement for both low (δ ~ 0.25) and high (δ ~ 0.4) triangularity configurations for both seeding gases, due to an increase of pedestal temperature and stiff core temperature profiles. The electron density profiles show no apparent change due to the seeding. As an orthogonal effect, increasing the triangularity leads to an additionally increased pedestal density, independent of the impurity seeding. This experiment further closes the gap in understanding the confinement differences observed in carbon and metal wall devices; the absence of carbon can be substituted by nitrogen which leads to a similar confinement benefit. So far, no definite physics explanation for the confinement enhancement has been obtained, but the experimental observations in this paper provide input for further model development.


This document defines new Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCPv4
and DHCPv6) options to enable a mobile node to discover Access Network
Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) entities in an IP network.
ANDSF is being developed in the Third Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) and provides inter-system mobility policies and access-network-
specific information to the mobile nodes (MNs). [STANDARDS-TRACK]


The Strahler number of a rooted tree is the largest height of a perfect binary tree that is its minor. The Strahler number of a parity game is proposed to be defined as the smallest Strahler number of the tree of any of its attractor decompositions. It is proved that parity games can be solved in quasi-linear space and in time that is polynomial in the number of vertices~$n$ and linear in $({d}/{2k})^k$, where $d$ is the number of priorities and $k$ is the Strahler number. This complexity is quasi-polynomial because the Strahler number is at most logarithmic in the number of vertices. The proof is based on a new construction of small Strahler-universal trees.
It is shown that the Strahler number of a parity game is a robust parameter: it coincides with its alternative version based on trees of progress measures and with the register number defined by Lehtinen~(2018). It follows that parity games can be solved in quasi-linear space and in time that is polynomial in the number of vertices and linear in $({d}/{2k})^k$, where $k$ is the register number. This significantly improves the running times and space achieved for parity games of bounded register number by Lehtinen (2018) and by Parys (2020).
The running time of the algorithm based on small Strahler-universal trees yields a novel trade-off $k \cdot \lg(d/k) = O(\log n)$ between the two natural parameters that measure the structural complexity of a parity game, which allows solving parity games in polynomial time. This includes as special cases the asymptotic settings of those parameters covered by the results of Calude, Jain Khoussainov, Li, and Stephan (2017), of Jurdzinski and Lazic (2017), and of Lehtinen (2018), and it significantly extends the range of such settings, for example to $d = 2^{O\left(\sqrt{\lg n}\right)}$ and $k = O\!\left(\sqrt{\lg n}\right)$.


Ontologies are becoming increasingly important in the biomedical domain since they enable knowledge sharing in a formal, homogeneous and unambiguous way. Furthermore, biological discoveries are being reported at an extremely rapid rate. This new information is found in
diverse resources that encompass a broad array of journal articles and public databases associated with different sub-disciplines within biology and medicine in different languages.
However, finding relevant multilingual biological dedicated ontology to the digestive system ontology among a large collection of information is recognized as a critical knowledge gap in science. Consequently, this research argues the real need to highlight the area of ontology in a
sense of searching in bio-lingual, representing concepts and inter-concept relationships.
English-Arabic human digestive system ontology (DISUS) and its methodology were created to demonstrate the above notion.
The approach adopted for this research involved creating a new integrated reengineered methodology for a novel first attempt multilingual (English-Arabic) bio-ontology for the
purpose of information retrieval and knowledge discovery. The targeted DISUS ontology is to represent digestive system knowledge and to ease knowledge sharing among the end users in the biology and medicine context .The integrated generic methodology is constitutes of four
phases the planning phase which shed light on the scope and purpose of the domain and the functioning of knowledge acquisition, the conceptualisation phase organizes unstructured knowledge to structured. The ontology construction which involves the integration and merging among the core and sub-ontologies. The evaluation phase which finalizes the whole work and this is executed by domain experts.
Evaluation of multilingual DISUS carried out through qualitative and quantitative approaches with biological and medical experts, validation was utilized through information retrieval technique and has revealed the effectiveness and robustness of using DISUS ontology as a
way for concept mapping between Arabic-English ontologies terms for bilingual searches.


Since past few decades different types of cellular networks were launched and went successful on the radio links such as WiMAX, that became very popular because of its high data rate (70Mbps) and support for providing wireless internet services over 50km distance. The UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology in the evolution of 3G cellular services. LTE runs on an evolution of the existing UMTS infrastructure already used by over 80 percent of mobile subscribers globally. We have very limited resources in cellular technologies and it is important to utilize them with high efficiency. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) & Orthogonal Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) are major part of LTE. OFDMA was well utilized for achieving high spectral efficiency in communication system. SC-FDMA is introduced recently and it became handy candidate for uplink multiple access scheme in LTE system that is a project of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The Multiple Access Scheme in Advanced Mobile radio system has to meet the challenging requirements for example high throughput, good robustness, efficient Bit Error Rate (BER), high spectral efficiency, low delays, low computational complexity, low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), low error probability etc. Error probability is playing vital role in channel estimation and there are many ways to do channel estimation, like Wiener Channel Estimation, Bayesian Demodulation etc. In our thesis, we investigate the performance of SC-FDMA and OFDMA of LTE physical layer by considering different modulation schemes (BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM) on the basis of PAPR, BER, power spectral density (PSD) and error probability by simulating the model of SC-FDMA & OFDMA. We use Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and introduce frequency selective (multipath) fading in the channel by using Rayleigh Fading model to evaluate the performance in presence of noise and fading. A set of conclusions is derived from our results describing the effect of higher order modulation schemes on BER and error probability for both OFDMA and SC-FDMA. The power spectral densities of both the multiple access techniques (OFDMA and SC-FDMA) are calculated and result shows that the OFDMA has high power spectral density. The considered modulation schemes also have a significant impact on the PAPR of both OFDMA and SC-FDMA such that the higher order modulations increase PAPR in SC-FDMA and decrease PAPR in OFDMA. However, the overall value of PAPR is minimum in SC-FDMA for all modulation schemes. The PSD calculation results also support the remarks given on PAPR.


Bioanalysis of stereoisomers represents a great challenge, as chromatographic separation is not feasible using conventional reversed or normal-phase chromatography. Supercritical fluid chromatography in combination with chiral stationary phases has proven to be a great tool for chiral resolution, alleviating some of the challenges associated with bioanalysis of stereoisomers. This technical note describes an alternative to the traditional SFC instrument configuration without the use of a back pressure regulator (BPR) and makeup pump; thereby simplifying its usage and improving the robustness and quality of measurements. This alternative configuration has been successfully employed in our laboratory for multiple chiral applications; in particular for the separation of cis/trans geometric stereoisomers. Four case studies are presented – one of which was validated demonstrating the robustness of the technology for bioanalytical applications.


1.We studied the effect of size-selective predation on the outcome of competition between two differently sized prey species in a homogenous environment. 2. Using a physiologically structured population model, we calculated equilibrium food concentrations for a range of predation scenarios defined by varying maximum predation intensity and size-selectivity, the latter being characterized by the neutral selection length (NSL), where negative selection of small prey size-classes turns into positive selection of larger prey. We parameterized the model according to the well-studied example of fish predation on two differently sized cladoceran species, Daphnia pulicaria and Daphnia galeata. 3.Although the larger D. pulicaria was principally the better competitor for food, competitive superiority shifted to the smaller D. galeata under certain predation scenarios. The lowest predation intensity needed to induce a shift from D. pulicaria to D. galeata was found at NSL values in between the sizes at maturity of both species. 4.Analysing the per capita mortality rates as a result of the underlying parameters of the mortality model, NSL and maximum predation intensity, revealed that the tolerable mortality rate of daphnids decreased as NSL increases towards values close to the size at maturity. This effect was most pronounced in D. pulicaria, thus explaining a higher vulnerability of the larger species to size-selective predation. 5.A reduction of the size at maturity in the smaller species (D. galeata) as a phenotypic response to the presence of fish resulted not only in an increased capability to withstand predation, but also in competitive dominance shifts over the larger D. pulicaria at lower predation intensities and a much wider range of NSL as a trait-mediated indirect effect. 6.Overall, our results demonstrate that shifts in dominance of differently sized herbivores under size-selective predation regimes may be facilitated by the demonstrated alteration in competitive capacities and thus might not be exclusively caused by direct predation effects.


The deep-water flatfish Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum) is common along the West Greenland coast. In the northwestern fjords, Greenland halibut is an important socio-economic resource for the Greenland community, but due to the deep and partly ice-covered environment, very little is known about its behavior and habitat characteristics. We tagged adult Greenland halibut in the waters off Ilulissat with electronic data storage tags that collected information on depth, temperature, and time. Although clear differences between individuals in migration and vertical behavior were present, we discovered a consistent seasonal migration from the relatively shallow-water Disko Bay area into the deep waters of the Ilulissat Icefjord, where the fish resided in the winter months before returning to Disko Bay. Vertical activity was pronounced at both locations, with fish covering vertical distances of up to 100 m within 15 min. During the winter months, the fish experienced temperatures between ca. 0 and 4°C, with most experiencing temperatures of 2 to 3°C. Irrespective of year and quarter of the year, the fish experienced warmer water and a broader range of temperatures when resident in Disko Bay (mean range 2.6°C) than when resident in the ice fjord (mean range 1.4°C). Using the tagged halibut as a 'live tool,' we show that parts of the ice fjord are hundreds of meters deeper than pre- viously thought. We also document the first seawater temperature measurements made beneath the Jakobshavn Isbrae outlet glacier, revealing a positive relationship between depth and temper- ature for the upper 600 m and a between-year variation in temperatures beneath the ice sheet in 2001, 2002, and 2003.


The cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex was examined in the brains of six patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and in 16 controls. All six brains of schizophrenic patients showed abnormalities of the rostral and intermediate portions of the entorhinal cortex. The abnormalities included aberrant invaginations of the surface, disruption of cortical layers, heterotopic displacement of neurons, and paucity of neurons in superficial layers. These changes suggest disturbed development. Because the entorhinal cortex is pivotal for neural systems that mediate corticohippocampal interactions, early disruption of its structure could lead to important neuropsychological changes during development and in adult life and could contribute to the symptomatology of schizophrenia.


Exposing unmasked US Army recruits to elevated levels of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS tear gas) during Mask Confidence Training (MCT) increases the risk of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) diagnosis in the period following CS exposure when compared to the period before exposure. All Army Activities Message (ALARACT) 051/2013 was implemented in March 2013 to reduce CS exposure concentrations during MCT and associated ARI rates. This observational, prospective cohort studied CS exposures and associated ARI health outcomes after implementation of ALARACT 051/2013 in 5 298 recruits attending US Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). These data indicate a 10-fold reduction (p<0.001) in CS exposure concentrations; recruit exposures ranged from 0.26 - 2.78 mg/m 3 (ඃ烜=1.04 mg/m 3 ) and chamber operator exposures from 0.05 - 2.22 mg/m 3 (ඃ烜=1.05 mg/m 3 ). The overall risk of ARI diagnosis following CS exposure also decreased when compared to period before exposure (RR=1.79, 95%CI=1.29, 2.47) resulting in 26.85% (95%CI=-0.17, 0.54) intervention effectiveness. Post-chamber ARI rates were dependent upon CS exposure concentration (p=0.02), and pre/post-chamber ARI rate ratios were significantly elevated at all concentration categories higher than the Threshold Limit Value Ceiling (TLV-C) (0.39 mg/m 3 ). Results support previous research suggesting risk of ARI


This article presents an inductive power link for a cortical implant. The link includes a Class-E power amplifier, an inductive link, a matching network, and a rectifier. The coils of the inductive link are designed and optimized for a distance of 10mm (scalp thickness). The power amplifier is designed in order to allow closed loop power control by controlling the supply voltage. A new packaging topology is proposed in order to position the implant in the skull, without occupying much area, but still obtaining short distance between the remote powering coils. The package is fabricated using biocompatible materials such as PDMS and Parylene-C, and it includes the secondary coil, the matching network, and the rectifier. The power efficiency of the link is characterized for a wide range of load power (1–20mW) and found to be 8.1% for nominal load of 10mW. The matching network improves the power efficiency on the whole range, compared to the link without the matching network.


This paper presents a case study on security and privacy implications on the design of a mobile application in digital health, the DeStress Assistant (DeSA) app, which utilizes sensing technologies and capabilities of the Internet of Things (IoT). An analysis of the applicable legislative framework is provided and selected challenges encountered during the app design are discussed, which are related with the practical implications of provisions of the international and national legislation for software applications in general as well as medical devices and handling of sensitive data in particular. We provide insights into design choices, including different possible scenarios for classification of a mobile app as a medical device and the pertaining legal risks the app developer is faced with as a consequence of possible legal obligations, and different possibilities of specifying the intended use. Also, we propose two designs of a mechanism that enables secure sharing of the patient's health-related observations from the DeSA app with a medical professional within a treatment context. The first mechanism provides secure submission of health-related observations into a hospital information system, whereas the second mechanism enables secure short-term sharing of observations without storage.


Summary Background The visuospatial deficit is recognized as typical for dyslexia only in some definitions. However problems with visuospatial orientation may manifest themselves as difficulties with letter identification or the memorizing and recalling of sign sequences, something frequently experienced by dyslexics. Material/Methods The experimental group consisted of 62 children with developmental dyslexia. The control group consisted of 67 pupils with no diagnosed deficits, matched to the clinical group in terms of age. We used the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), the Spatial Span subtest from the Wechsler Memory Scale – third edition (WMS – III), the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test in order to analyze visuospatial functioning. Results The results show that dyslexics experienced problems with visuospatial functioning, however only while performing difficult tasks. Significant group differences were found for the Clock Drawing Test, Spatial Span – Backward and the precision of figure coping in the Rey-Osterrieth Test. In addition, the results of dyslexic boys were lower than those obtained by all other groups. Conclusions Our findings provide support for the hypothesis concerning visual deficit as characteristic for dyslexia.


Sea-level rise (SLR) will greatly alter littoral ecosystems, causing habitat change and loss for coastal species. Habitat loss is widely used as a measurement of the risk of extinction, but because many coastal species are migratory, the impact of habitat loss will depend not only on its extent, but also on where it occurs. Here, we develop a novel graph-theoretic approach to measure the vulnerability of a migratory network to the impact of habitat loss from SLR based on population flow through the network. We show that reductions in population flow far exceed the proportion of habitat lost for 10 long-distance migrant shorebirds using the East Asian–Australasian Flyway. We estimate that SLR will inundate 23–40% of intertidal habitat area along their migration routes, but cause a reduction in population flow of up to 72 per cent across the taxa. This magnifying effect was particularly strong for taxa whose migration routes contain bottlenecks—sites through which a large fraction of the population travels. We develop the bottleneck index, a new network metric that positively correlates with the predicted impacts of habitat loss on overall population flow. Our results indicate that migratory species are at greater risk than previously realized.


Research has shown the amounts of English Language Learners (ELLS) with disabilities are on the rise in the United States. Parallel to the rise of ELLs with disabilities, are the struggles these types of students endure in the classroom. This study investigated the use of specific Kagan cooperative learning structures in the classroom with ELLs with disabilities and if students' engagement, motivation, and other positive outcomes were affected by these strategies. This study also investigated teacher perspectives in regards to Kagan cooperative learning strategies. Further, a case study was conducted evaluating the use of Kagan cooperative learning structures in the classroom, when implemented by two special education teachers. Overall, findings distinguished that when specific Kagan strategies were implemented in a classroom with ELLs with disabilities, these students experienced increased motivation, engagement, self-esteem, confidence, and peer-acceptance. Findings also determined the teacher perspectives were conclusive with previous literature and were affirmative. Implications for further research are discussed in regards to Kagan cooperative learning strategies use in the classroom.


Prison officer-prisoner relationships are at the heart of prison life. This thesis seeks to understand what, from the perspective of the prison officer, is an effective officer-prisoner relationship. Secondly it asks how a prison that overtly places the prison officer-prisoner relationship as the central mechanism through which organisational and operational policies are understood and implemented might differ from a more traditional way of managing the prison.
Effective staff-inmate relationships enable staff to maintain a peaceful prison environment in which staff and inmates are able to meet their needs. They are characterised by mutual respect, trust, humanity, good communication and a clear understanding of the correctional officer role. Effective relationships are important because they contribute to a safe prison environment and greater inmate compliance. They are also necessary before officers can work with inmates to address their problems and reasons why they are in prison.
The basis for effective relationships seems to lie in the prison officers' attitudes and beliefs about inmates. The prison officers interviewed in this study view the inmates as autonomous human beings who have individual differences and who are entitled to humane treatment. They hold values about relationships that include notions such as respect, honesty, empathy, compassion, humanity, fairness and a belief that inmates can change. Importantly the officers are able to balance the security and welfare dimensions of their role.
A prison that places the prison officer-prisoner relationship at the centre of prison management would respond to prisoner misconduct and disorder by first examining the status of prison officer-prisoner relationships and monitoring efforts to improve their effectiveness. It would endeavour to broaden the prison's imaginative circumference to incorporate a rich correctional landscape that extends beyond simply warehousing criminals, to encompass a role that is concerned with the human rights and dignity of the prisoner, a belief in their capacity to grow and a desire to play an active part in this process.


Fishermen are often regarded as the epitome of Western Individualism. Popular culture is replete with references to the romantic and rugged imagery of the fisher poised, bearded and weather-worn, battling the winds and storms of the open seas. Were it only so. As Binkley effectively points out in her pair of monographs, Voices from Off Shore and Risks, Dangers, and Rewards, the world of the commercial fisher is neither romantic nor necessarily desirable. It is, in fact, one of the most dangerous, uncomfortable and difficult vocations one can take up.These books are the product of a research program, initiated in 1989, which examined the working conditions of deepsea fishers in Nova Scotia. The books cover the same material but in importantly different ways. Voices is a carefully selected sample of stories about fishing told by fisherfolk themselves. The storytellers include the Old Salt, the deckhand, the wife, the landsman, the casualty and the Skipper. In an analytic sense, Risks is by far the more detailed text. Here, Binkley methodically takes us through her theoretical concerns, the details of the fishing process, the bureaucratic counting of injury, fishers' job satisfaction and the possibility of improving working conditions. Read as a set, the two works complement each other in the respective prioritizing of emic and etic viewpoints.The personal stories in Voices helps us in understanding the ways in which fishers perceive danger. For example, early on in her research, Binkley found that when asked if they had ever had a serious accident at sea, the fishers invariably answered, "no." For the outside observer, their visible physical dismemberment and injuries rendered their response incomprehensible. But, when we listen to their own stories of fishing and making a living we realize why: "It's only serious if it makes you stop fishing" (Binkley, 1994: 107, 221).Numbers and categories of accidents take on a living tone in the voices of men like "Ned Adams," an icer on a deep-sea dragger. Mr. Adams lives the experience which we see "objectively" laid out in tables and graphs: "When you're down in the hold, you gotta shovel all the fish up into the pen. If the boat rolls, all that comes down on you. You shovel up the ice and the fish slides down on you. Eighteen hours in the hold shovelling ice is bad enough without that" (ibid.: 108). The meticulous listing and discussion of causalities and types of injuries (see esp. Binkley, 1995: 106-127) is shocking in and of itself. Listening to "Ned Adams" and the other fishers tell their own stories should make even the most unconcerned reader squirm.In a field in which women have traditionally received short shrift (for an important exception see Davis and Nadel-Klien, 1988, To Work and to Weep, St. John's, NF: ISER). Binkley's discussion of women's experiences (1994: 70-95, 215- 218; 1995: 49-65) is refreshing. In "The Wife's Tale," themes of loneliness and worry underwrite "Joan Elliot's concerns for her husband's health and her family. …


This paper is a study in the 'philosophy of semiotics'. It is centred on a critical approach to the Peircean sign conception, which underlies biosemiotics and the global perspective on signs. The present discussion tackles questions of ontological and epistemological interest, which it does by taking a distinctly semiological point of reference. The semiology which the present critique draws inspiration from is Roy Harris' integrationism, an approach to human communication which rejects Saussurean semiology – the common target of Peircean semiotics. Integrationism explains signs in relation to human activities. It shares with biosemiotics a view of reality as speciesspecific, but takes a skeptical position towards the investigation of non-human signs on the grounds that it implies a metalanguage impervious to the radical indeterminacy of the sign. Integrationists take this indeterminacy as the starting point for their reflections on human communication.


The Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is a classical method for classification and dimension reduction jointly. A major limitation of the conventional LDA is a so-called singularity issue. Many LDA variants, especially two-stage methods such as PCA+LDA and LDA/QR, were proposed to solve this issue. In the two-stage methods, an intermediate stage for dimension reduction is developed before the actual LDA method works. These two-stage methods are scalable because they are an approximate alternative of the LDA method. However, there is no theoretical analysis on how well they approximate the conventional LDA problem. In this paper we present theoretical analysis on the approximation error of a two-stage algorithm. Accordingly, we develop a new two-stage algorithm. Furthermore, we resort to a random projection approach, making our algorithm scalable. We also provide an implemention on distributed system to handle large scale problems. Our algorithm takes LDA/QR as its special case, and out-performs PCA+LDA while having a similar scalability. We also generalize our algorithm to kernel discriminant analysis, a nonlinear version of the classical LDA. Extensive experiments show that our algorithms outperform PCA+LDA and have a similar scalability with it.


The research was carried out with the aim of: (1) knowing the thematic learning process (2) knowing the type of assessment used by the teacher in tenmatic learning. This type of research is evaluation research with a formative approach from Scriven. Evaluation is carried out in the ongoing thematic learning process. The location of this research is at Kaliagung Public Elementary School, Sentolo Kulonprogo. The respondents included were teachers and elementary students, with the number of respondents 3 teachers and 50 students. Data collection techniques in this study use instruments in the form of questionnaires with sumative rating scale models that modify the Likert and Interiew scales. Data analysis techniques are quantitative descriptive, with the help of an excel program. The results of the analysis are presented in the histogram to illustrate the achievement of the learning process and assessment conducted by the teacher. The results of this study are: (1) it is known that the achievement of the thematic learning process which is divided into 3 preliminary sections is categorized quite good, the learning model used is in good category and learning activities outside the classroom are in the good category. (2) assessment of learning conducted by the teacher is in the Good category. Overall evaluation results show that the thematic learning done by the teacher is good. Suggestions are given to teachers in terms of education or preparation in teaching which needs to be improved. Keywords: evaluation, thematic learning, formative


This paper analyses the impact of trade openness on inflation in a strategic framework characterized by monopolistic production in the domestic sector and unionized labour markets. By stressing the interplay between internal and external sources of economic distortion, we show that the economy's inflationary bias reduces up to a critical level of trade openness. Beyond this threshold, wage setters may be induced to behave more aggressively in open economies, leading to higher equilibrium inflation. Based on a regression analysis that investigates the combined effect of labour market institutions and openness on inflation across nineteen OECD economies, we show that inflation is negatively related to openness when wage bargaining is decentralized, while there is virtually no link between openness and inflation at higher levels of wage centralization.


The dust emission from unpaved roads, if not controlled, can cause enormous problems. Though a few real-world measurements of road dust have been done by automated samplers in Sweden, measurement by BSNE (Big Spring Number Eight) and the estimation of total dust generation from vehicle driving is rare. This study measured and analyzed dust emission by BSNE at two unpaved roads in Lulea, Sweden, at the driving speed of 20, 30, 40, and 50 km/h at different heights. Even though US EPA excluded vehicle speed as a parameter in estimating dust emission factors for unpaved roads, this study confirmed a strong dependence of dust emission on vehicle speed. This is in agreement with several recent studies which concluded dust emission increases with driving speed exponentially or linearly, however the power law is the best description for the data from this study. The comparison with estimated dust emission by US EPA's equation showed the equation underestimates the dust emission more than 50 percent when vehicle speed and silt content is higher than 25.40km/h and 2.17 percent respectively. Earlier researchers have reported increased dust emission with increasing silt content and this is confirmed by this study.


During a three years investigation in the Research & Development Department of a multinational corporation in Bangalore, I investigated the interplay between processes of knowledge and technology transfer, massive investments in infrastructures, and the modified political and social equilibrium in the receiving local context. The patterns of global expansion drawn by the US-based corporation in India retrace the trajectories of British colonial power. The corporation is described as an actor capable of shaping not only the economic present scenario, but also triggering processes of historical identification and claim. The corporation major transformative actions affect the imaginaries of work, increase salaries and productivity, produce provisional empowerment of local workforce; but they also bring about diffused social resistance and indirectly foster strategies of appropriation. Two examples of "appropriated technology" are described: sustainable and low cost products, designed by the Indian researches in the Bangalore R&D to meet the needs of rural areas and disadvantaged villages, represent the material translation of a local demands into the corporate terms of technology. At the same time, they are presented by the corporation in its world wide campaigns as innovations developed to respond to green requirements and new environmental standards. This ambiguity and intentional misunderstanding constitutes the fabric of the ongoing complex relations between the corporation and the "emerging" contexts of its expansion.


This study focused on assessing the spatial and temporal variation of pollutant load at six sites along the Tamla Nala, a natural water channel which drains into the River Damodar. Before the discharge point into the river the values of pH (10.23), total suspended solids (745.25 ± 48.98 mg/l), chloride (1218.51 ± 228.86 mg/l), cyanide (0.876 ± 0.348 mg/l), COD (316.8 ± 34.02 mg/l), oil and grease (14.35 ± 1.37 mg/l), total iron (3.62 ± 0.69 mg/l), lead (0.475 ± 0.092 mg/l) and mercury (0.061 ± 0.01 mg/l) exceeded the discharge norms for inland surface waters applicable in India. Factor analysis was found instrumental in delineating the sources of the pollutants and the nature of pollution at the various sites. Calculation of different pollution indices like contamination index (Cd), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) and total pollutant enrichment index (TPEI) at different sites showed that their values increased downstream. The values of Cd increased from 0 at Site 1 to 21.27 at Site 6, that of HEI from 0.25 to 12.25 and that of TEF from 1 to 13259.35. Therefore Site 1, was identified as unpolluted, while the sites near heavy industries were classified as highly polluted.


206 words) Conversion of forestry to agricultural land use is a major change associated with loss of vegetation in the Lake Victoria basin. This study aimed at determining the trend and extent of land use changes, their drivers and the local people's perception of the effects of land use change on Ssese islands. Change analysis using vegetation cover map 1960, Landsat TM 2001 and Aster 2006 satellite images demonstrated the drastic change in land use associated with the introduction of oil palm plantation occurred between 2001 and 2006. In the period 1960 – 2001, agriculture increased by 473 hectares at the expense of grasslands and forest while a drastic increase by 5223 hectares in agriculture occurred in the period 2001 – 2006. Much as agricultural expansion is known as major driver of deforestation, it is observed that government policy to alleviate poverty through the modernization of agriculture, proved to be the mega driver of land use change in Ssese Islands. Contrary to government policy to alleviate poverty, the local people had a negative view about the oil palm establishment in Ssese islands in preference to the ecological and socio-economic values they attach to the forest.


The aerial parts of plants are coated with an epicuticular wax layer, which is important as a first line of defense against external influences. In Arabidopsis, the ECERIFERUM (CER) genes effect different steps of the wax biosynthesis pathway. In this article, we describe the isolation of the CER1 gene, which encodes a novel protein involved in the conversion of long chain aldehydes to alkanes, a key step in was biosynthesis. CER1 was cloned after gene tagging with the heterologous maize transposable element system Enhancer-Inhibitor, also known as Suppressor-mutator. cer1 mutants display glossy green stems and fruits and are conditionally male sterile. The similarity of the CER1 protein with a group of integral membrane enzymes, which process highly hydrophobic molecules, points to a function of the CER1 protein as a decarbonylase.


Irrigation infrastructure is a central component of agriculture in southern Alberta. It is often associated with ecosystem services (ES) that may enhance people's well-being. However, population growth, increasing economic activity and climate change may threaten aquatic ecosystem health in Alberta's waterways and consequently the provision of ES. In order to meet ecosystem needs and maintain the provision of ES, new policies and regulations are initiated to formulate a sustainable water allocation and reallocation system in Alberta. It is, therefore, critical to understand what types of ES benefits and economic values are provided by water bodies faced with competing demands from various sectors. This paper describes the recreational activities associated with an irrigation reservoir, Chestermere Lake and estimates its recreational value in monetary terms. A mixed method is used by combining a qualitative description based on observations and interviews with stakeholders with a quantitative analysis using geographic information system (GIS) analysis and the travel cost method. The findings reveal a substantial economic value of the reservoir in addition to the variety of recreational ES benefits offered by the reservoir. The findings of this research provide valuable information for decisions makers who aim to design water management policies and make water management decisions to balance the needs of water for ecosystem health, extractive use and recreation.


Aims and objectives: 1) To study possible etiological factors of abruptio placentae 2) To analyse maternal outcome in the form of maternal morbidity and mortality 3) To study perinatal outcome in the form of mortality and morbidity 4) To discuss possible preventive measures and future management option. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted from June 2016 to May 2017 at Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, BJ Medical college Ahmedabad. Total of 100 diagnosed cases of abruptio placentae were included in the study after obtaining informed consent. Results: In the present study incidence of abruptio placentae is higher in the age group of 21-30 year that were 66% and more in primi patient. As PIH was most common risk factor of the abruptio placentae accounting for 48%, most of the patients (89%) were anaemic at the time of admission and majority of them required blood transfusion. On account of complication like PPH (11%) and DIC (16%), AKI (6%) patients needed to be transfused PCV/FFP/PRC/Cryoprecipitates. About 5% of cases required ICU monitoring. Four maternal mortalities (4%) occurred, perinatal mortality was 72%. Such a high rate was due to IUD which had more occurred in cases of abruptio placentae leads to poor prognosis as there is late presentation of the patient to the hospital, during which time the disease progress to an advanced stage. Conclusion: Abruptio placentae do stand out as a serious condition with manifestation of significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. These complications can be reduced by provision of antenatal care to every woman at their doorsteps and with improvement in medical facilities, early diagnosis, availability of blood transfusion, good anaesthesia, proper management of shock and other complication of pregnancy along with liberalization of caesarean section, the rate of maternal morbidity and mortality is gradually on the decline.


Introduction: Reducing inequalities in health is a public health imperative. In the UK and internationally policies are being implemented to try to reduce health inequalities, with limited success. This thesis examines the effect of socio-economic status (SES) on clinical outcomes, healthcare use and employment opportunities in people with cystic fibrosis (CF). Poorer socio-economic circumstances have been linked with worse outcomes in cystic fibrosis. Because CF is genetically determined, this offers an opportunity to investigate the impact of SES on health and social outcomes, in a chronic condition without a socio-economic gradient in incidence. This provides a useful case for understanding how health inequalities are generated, in order to develop more effective interventions, for people with CF and more generally.

Methods: I analyse, for the first time, the national CF registers from the UK and Denmark, using longitudinal modeling techniques. Mixed-effects models are used to assess the association between measures of SES and longitudinal outcomes, adjusting for clinically important covariates. Study 1 explores longitudinal weight, height, BMI, %FEV1, risk of Pseudomonas colonisation, and the use of major CF treatment modalities, and their association with small-area deprivation (8055 people with 49,337 observations between 1996 and 2010). Study 2 explores longitudinal employment status in adults with CF in the UK, and its association with small-area deprivation, disease severity, and time in hospital. Study 3 presents a novel longitudinal analysis of the Danish CF registry (70,448 %FEV1 measures on 479 patients seen monthly between 1969 and 2010), to understand the way %FEV1 changes over time.

Results: Compared with the least deprived areas in the UK, children with CF from the most deprived areas weighed less, were shorter, had a lower body-mass index, were more likely to have chronic P. aeruginosa infection, and have a lower %FEV1. These inequalities were apparent very early in life and did not widen thereafter. On a population level, after adjustment for disease severity, children in the most deprived quintile were more likely to receive intravenous antibiotics and nutritional treatments compared with individuals in the least deprived quintile. Patients from the most disadvantaged areas were less likely to receive DNase or inhaled antibiotic treatment. In adults deprivation, disease severity, and time in hospital all influence employment chances in CF. Furthermore, deprivation amplifies the harmful effects of disease severity on employment: the employment chances of people with CF with poor lung function from disadvantaged areas are damaged to a greater extent than for their counterparts living in the least disadvantaged circumstances. The Danish analysis quantifies the short-term variability in %FEV1 (SD 6.3%) and shows that lung function measures are correlated for over 15 years.

Conclusions: In the UK, children with CF from more disadvantaged areas have worse growth and lung function compared with children from more affluent areas, but these inequalities do not widen with advancing age. Policies to reduce inequalities should thus focus on the early years. Clinicians consider deprivation status, as well as disease status, when making decisions about treatments, and this might mitigate some effects of social disadvantage. The differential social consequence of having CF in terms of employment is likely to be an important pathway for the amplification of health inequalities.


In this comprehensive new study, we evaluate all substantive decisions rendered by any court in every patent case filed in 2008 and 2009 — decisions made between 2009 and 2013. We assess the outcome of litigation by technology and industry. We relate the outcomes of those cases to a host of variables, including variables related to the parties, the patents, and the courts in which those cases were litigated. We find dramatic differences in the outcomes of patent litigation by both technology and industry. For example, owners of patents in the pharmaceutical industry fare much better in dispositive litigation rulings than do owners of patents in the computer & electronics industry, and chemistry patents have much greater success in litigation than their software or biotech counterparts. Our results provide an important window into both patent litigation and the industry-specific battles over patent reform. And they suggest that the traditional narrative of industry-specific patent disputes, which pits the IT industries against the life sciences, is incomplete.


Introduction The present era is called the "Information era." Information has become the most important element for progress in society. To thrive in this modern era, one needs a variety of information, no matter how well versed one is in a field or profession. Psacharopoulous (1982) discusses the necessity of information in the present age. We can reorganize the educational system and redefine scientific research only with the help of information. Information plays a significant role in our professional and personal lives. People need information to work properly in their fields. Questions that provoked this study include: * what constitutes a need for information? * what people think at that particular time? * what actions people take? and * what problems are faced while seeking information? Zhang (1998) stresses that a thorough understanding of user information needs and informationseeking behavior is fundamental to the provision of successful information services. Wilson (1994) points out that the scope of information-seeking behavior research is vast and many new concepts and methods are being developed with the help of this research. It is clear that the study of human information-seeking behavior is now a well-defined area of research. According to Devadason and Lingman (1997), the understanding of information needs and information-seeking behavior of various professional groups is essential as it helps in the planning, implementation, and operation of information system, and services in work settings. White (1975) states that if academic librarians are to realistically serve academic researchers, they must recognize the changing needs and variations in information gathering and provide services that would be most useful. The study of information needs and gathering behavior dates back to 1948 when Bernal and others presented a paper on scientific information at the 1948 Royal Society conference (Bernal, 1960). During the past 30 years or so, a considerable body of literature has been produced dealing with information needs and information-seeking behavior of both individuals and groups in a variety of contexts (Anwar, Al-Ansari, and Abdullah, 2004). It is estimated that the number of publications on information-seeking behavior were more than ten thousand in the 1990s alone (Case, 2002). Many studies have been conducted to investigate the information-seeking behavior of library users based on their subject interest, occupation, information environment, and geographical location. Information needs and information-seeking behavior of academics have also been a popular area of research for the information scientists for decades (Majid and Kassim, 2000). Many authors have pointed out that the studies on information-seeking behavior and needs of social scientists are fewer than those involving the natural sciences, and the studies of humanists' information needs are fewer still (Line, 1969; Hopkins, 1989; Blazek, 1994; Challener, 1999). In Pakistan , a number of studies on reading habits of different professional groups have been carried out by various individuals, associations, and institutions which partly indicate their information needs. Anwar (2007) reviewed different research studies on information needs and information-seeking behavior of different groups of people in Pakistan. He mentioned fifteen unpublished studies conducted on the subject so far. Shahzad (2007) conducted a survey to find out the information-seeking behavior of faculty members of Government College University, Lahore. He acquired the data from all three faculties, i.e., science and technology, social sciences and humanities. Anjum (1978) studied the information needs of humanities teachers at the University of the Punjab. Knowledge of the information needs and information-seeking behavior of users is vital for developing library collections, upgrading facilities, and improving services to effectively meet the information needs of users. …


Few issues created greater consensus among Civil War-era northerners than the belief that the secessionists had committed treason. But as William A. Blair shows in this engaging history, the way politicians, soldiers, and civilians dealt with disloyalty varied widely. Citizens often moved more swiftly than federal agents in punishing traitors in their midst, forcing the government to rethink legal practices and definitions. In reconciling the northern contempt for treachery with a demonstrable record of judicial leniency toward the South, Blair illuminates the other ways that northerners punished perceived traitors, including confiscating slaves, arresting newspaper editors for expressions of free speech, and limiting voting. Ultimately, punishment for treason extended well beyond wartime and into the framework of Reconstruction policies, including the construction of the Fourteenth Amendment. Establishing how treason was defined not just by the Lincoln administration, Congress, and the courts but also by the general public, Blair reveals the surprising implications for North and South alike.


Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a disease that is caused by mutations within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The most common mutation, DeltaF508, accounts for 70% of all CF alleles and results in a protein that is defective in folding and trafficking to the cell surface. However, DeltaF508-CFTR is functional when properly localized. We report that a single, noncytotoxic dose of the anthracycline doxorubicin (Dox, 0.25 microM) significantly increased total cellular CFTR protein expression, cell surface CFTR protein expression, and CFTR-associated chloride secretion in cultured T84 epithelial cells. Dox treatment also increased DeltaF508-CFTR cell surface expression and DeltaF508-CFTR-associated chloride secretion in stably transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. These results suggest that anthracycline analogs may be useful for the clinical treatment of CF.


Visual concept detection is one of the most important tasks in image and video indexing. This paper describes our system in the Image CLEF@ICPR Visual Concept Detection Task which ranked {\it first} for large-scale visual concept detection tasks in terms of Equal Error Rate (EER) and Area under Curve (AUC) and ranked {\it third} in terms of hierarchical measure. The presented approach involves state-of-the-art local descriptor computation, vector quantisation via clustering, structured scene or object representation via localised histograms of vector codes, similarity measure for kernel construction and classifier learning. The main novelty is the classifier-level and kernel-level fusion using Kernel Discriminant Analysis with RBF/Power Chi-Squared kernels obtained from various image descriptors. For 32 out of 53 individual concepts, we obtain the best performance of all 12 submissions to this task.


We provide the first review of phylogenetic transitions in parental care and live bearing for a wide variety of vertebrates. This includes new analyses of both numbers of transitions and transition probabilities. These reveal numerous transitions by shorebirds and anurans toward uniparental care by either sex. Whereas most or all of the shorebird transitions were from biparental care, nearly all of the anuran transitions have been from no care, reflecting the prevalence of each form of care in basal lineages in each group. Teleost (bony) fishes are similar to anurans in displaying numerous transitions toward uniparental contributions by each sex. Whereas cichlid fishes have often evolved from biparental care to female care, other teleosts have usually switched from no care to male care. Taxa that have evolved exclusive male care without courtship-role reversal are characterized by male territoriality and low costs of care per brood. Males may therefore benefit from care through female preference of parental ability in these species. Primates show a high frequency of transitions from female care to biparental care, reflecting the prevalence of female care in basal lineages. In the numerous taxa that display live bearing by females, including teleosts, elasmobranchs, squamate reptiles and invertebrates, we find that live bearing has always evolved from a lack of care. Although the transition counts and probabilities will undoubtedly be refined as phylogenetic information and methodologies improve, the overall biases in these taxa should help to place adaptive hypotheses for the evolution of care into a stronger setting for understanding directions of change.


Although child abuse by parents is an extremely infrequent occurrence in Sri Lanka, the present attitude that parents have a lesser civil duty to the child than does the general public should be seriously reviewed not only in Sri Lanka but also in other countries throughout the world. Children are often considered as quasi-persons whose wishes and rights depend upon the parents in particular and society in general. However, there is strong concern throughout the world for the prevailing status of the child. The child in Sri Lanka is unique in terms of children's rights in that he is not only protected by legislation but also enjoys the protection of his parents for a considerable period.


This year, the NBER Macroeconomics Annual celebrates its thirtieth volume. The first two papers examine China's macroeconomic development. "Trends and Cycles in China's Macroeconomy" by Chun Chang, Kaiji Chen, Daniel F. Waggoner, and Tao Zha outlines the key characteristics of growth and business cycles in China. "Demystifying the Chinese Housing Boom" by Hanming Fang, Quanlin Gu, Wei Xiong, and Li-An Zhou constructs a new house price index, showing that Chinese house prices have grown by ten percent per year over the past decade. The third paper, "External and Public Debt Crises" by Cristina Arellano, Andrew Atkeson, and Mark Wright, asks why there appear to be large differences across countries and subnational jurisdictions in the effect of rising public debts on economic outcomes. The fourth, "Networks and the Macroeconomy: An Empirical Exploration" by Daron Acemoglu, Ufuk Akcigit, and William Kerr, explains how the network structure of the US economy propagates the effect of gross output productivity shocks across upstream and downstream sectors. The fifth and sixth papers investigate the usefulness of surveys of household's beliefs for understanding economic phenomena. "Expectations and Investment," by Nicola Gennaioli, Yueran Ma, and Andrei Shleifer, demonstrates that a chief financial officer's expectations of a firm's future earnings growth is related to both the planned and actual future investment of that firm. "Declining Desire to Work and Downward Trends in Unemployment and Participation" by Regis Barnichon and Andrew Figura shows that an increasing number of prime-age Americans who are not in the labor force report no desire to work and that this decline accelerated during the second half of the 1990s.


Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important European vaccine-preventable pathogen. Discrimination of vaccine-induced antibodies from those elicited by infection is important. We studied anti-TBEV IgM/IgG responses, including avidity and neutralisation, by multiplex serology in 50 TBEV patients and 50 TBEV vaccinees. Infection induced antibodies reactive to both whole virus (WV) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) in 48 clinical cases, whereas 47 TBEV vaccinees had WV, but not NS1 antibodies, enabling efficient discrimination of infection/vaccination.


The renewed interest in the concept of the psychological contract has come to the fore in attempts to describe, understand and predict the consequences of changes occurring in the employment relationship. Recognizing that the employment relationship includes two parties to the exchange process, we set out to examine the content and state of the psychological contract from both the employee and employer perspective. The two perspectives permit an examination of the mutuality of obligations, which has not received much empirical attention to date. The research methodology consists of two surveys conducted in a large local authority directly responsible and accountable for a range of public services including education, environmental health and social care to the local population. The key findings suggest that the majority of employees have experienced contract breach. This view is also supported by managers, as representatives of the employer, who further indicate that the organization, given its external pressures, is not fulfilling its obligations to employees to the extent that it could. Overall, the results indicate that employees are redressing the balance in the relationship through reducing their commitment and their willingness to engage in organizational citizenship behaviour when they perceive their employer as not having fulfilled its part in the exchange process.


The ambiguous restraint for iterative assignment (ARIA) approach for NMR structure calculation is evaluated for symmetric homodimeric proteins by assessing the effect of several data analysis and assignment methods on the structure quality. In particular, we study the effects of network anchoring and spin‐diffusion correction. The spin‐diffusion correction improves the protein structure quality systematically, whereas network anchoring enhances the assignment efficiency by speeding up the convergence and coping with highly ambiguous data. For some homodimeric folds, network anchoring has been proved essential for unraveling both chain and proton assignment ambiguities. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the reliability, validity and responsiveness of 3 different short versions of the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest: S-BESTest, Brief-BESTest and Mini-BESTest) in patients with subacute stroke.

DESIGN
A prospective cohort study.

PARTICIPANTS
Patients with subacute stroke.

METHODS
Patients were assessed using the full BESTest. Scores of 3 short-form BESTests were later extracted. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (n = 12) were gathered from 5 raters. Concurrent validity was assessed with the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Floor/ceiling effect, internal responsiveness and external responsiveness with the BBS (n = 70) were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks post-rehabilitation.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
All short-form BESTests demonstrated excellent intra-rater and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.95-0.99) and excellent concurrent validity (r = 0.93-0.96). Unlike the Brief-BESTest and Mini-BESTest, the S-BESTest and BESTest had no significant floor/ceiling effects (< 20%). The standardized response mean (SRM) of all 4 BESTest versions were large, ranging between 1.19 and 1.57, indicating sufficient internal responsiveness. The area under the curve (AUC) of the S-BESTest and BESTest were significantly higher than the Brief-BESTest and Mini-BESTest, reflecting better accuracy of the S-BESTest and BESTest in identifying patients with subacute stroke who had balance improvement using the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of 6 and 16 points, respectively. These findings suggest that the S-BESTest is a short-form BESTest that is appropriate for assessing balance impairments in patients with subacute stroke.


In cancer, mitochondrial dysfunction, through mutations, deletions, and changes in copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), contributes to the malignant transformation and progress of tumors. Here, we report the first large-scale survey of mtDNA copy number variation across 21 distinct solid tumor types, examining over 13,000 tissue samples profiled with next-generation sequencing methods. We find a tendency for cancers, especially of the bladder and kidney, to be significantly depleted of mtDNA, relative to matched normal tissue. We show that mtDNA copy number is correlated to the expression of mitochondrially-localized metabolic pathways, suggesting that mtDNA copy number variation reflect gross changes in mitochondrial metabolic activity. Finally, we identify a subset of tumor-type-specific somatic alterations, including IDH1 and NF1 mutations in gliomas, whose incidence is strongly correlated to mtDNA copy number. Our findings suggest that modulation of mtDNA copy number may play a role in the pathology of cancer.


WiMAX is introduced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) which is standard designated 802.16d-2004 (used in fixed wireless applications) and 802.16e-2005 (mobile wireless) to provide a worldwide interoperability for microwave access. At present, telecommunication industries are highly concerned with the wireless transmission of data which can use various transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links. It contains full mobile internet access. Various applications have already been applied so far using WiMAX, as alternative to 3G mobile systems in developing countries, Wireless Digital Subscriber Line (WDSL), Wireless Local Loop (WLL). IEEE 802.16e-2005 has been developed for mobile wireless communication which is based on OFDM technology and this enables going towards the 4G mobile in the future. In this thesis work, we built a simulation model based on 802.16e OFDM-PHY baseband and demonstrated in different simulation scenarios with different modulation techniques such as BPSK, QPSK and QAM (Both 16 and 64) to find out the best performance of physical layer for WiMAX Mobile. All the necessary conditions were implemented in the simulation according to the 802.16e OFDMA-PHY specification. The noise channel AWGN, Rayleigh fading, SUI, data randomization techniques, FFT and IFFT, and Adaptive modulation is used for the whole simulation procedure. The performance has been concluded based on BER, SNR and Pe output through MATLAB Simulation.


The origin of turtles and their unusual body plan has fascinated scientists for the last two centuries. Over the course of the last decades, a broad sample of molecular analyses have favored a sister group relationship of turtles with archosaurs, but recent studies reveal that this signal may be the result of systematic biases affecting molecular approaches, in particular sampling, non-randomly distributed rate heterogeneity among taxa, and the use of concatenated data sets. Morphological studies, by contrast, disfavor archosaurian relationships for turtles, but the proposed alternative topologies are poorly supported as well. The recently revived paleontological hypothesis that the Middle Permian Eunotosaurus africanus is an intermediate stem turtle is now robustly supported by numerous characters that were previously thought to be unique to turtles and that are now shown to have originated over the course of tens of millions of years unrelated to the origin of the turtle shell. Although E. africanus does not solve the placement of turtles within Amniota, it successfully extends the stem lineage of turtles to the Permian and helps resolve some questions associated with the origin of turtles, in particular the non-composite origin of the shell, the slow origin of the shell, and the terrestrial setting for the origin of turtles.


Objective: This thesis was designed to explore the application of Delphi method in the design of hospital pharmacy administration evaluation index system, and to establish a scientific method of the evaluation index system for hospital pharmacy administration quality.
Method: The Delphi method was taken to summarize the opinions as the reference to solicit expert opinions by correspondence, and finally a relatively consistent opinion would be obtained.
Results: Through two rounds of consultations, the drug management evaluation index system was divided into 2 levels of index, and the first level consists of 3 indexes, respectively including the drug quality assurance system, the rational drug use evaluation system and the pharmaceutical service implementation system; whereas the second level were composed of several indexes under the first level.
Conclusions: The Delphi method is a systematic, comprehensive, reliable and objective method, which can be applied to design the hospital pharmacy administration evaluation index system.


This paper describes an experimental study of the centre of mass diffusion of linear hydrocarbon or deuterocarbon molecules, of the type (CH2)N or (CD2)N, through bulk polyethylene. N was varied between about 15 and 1500. The diffusion coefficient D was measured as a function of temperature, matrix morphology and diflfusant chain length, both in semi-crystalline and molten polyethylene. The technique used involved labelling the diflfusants so that they absorbed radiation in the infrared spectrum in a region relatively free of absorption by the matrix. Infrared microdensitometry was used to measure diffusion broadening of a known diffusant concentration distribution, and hence to evaluate D. The method avoids problems presented by interfacial resistance and surface migration effects and can also account for the effect of diffusant polydispersity. The diffusion was found to be Fickian and essentially independent of concentration, for the diflfusants used, up to 2%. The data indicate that the morphology of the disordered interlamellar region can have an appreciable effect on the mobility of long-chain diffusants. They also suggest that the activation energy for diffusion in the melt becomes independent of diflfusant length beyond a certain lower limit. The results provide support for de Gennes's (1971) model of snake-like motion (reptation) for polymeric diflfusants in an entangled polymer melt, and suggest that such motion persists down to a diflfusant size of some 30-(CH2)-backbone units.


Interactions between rocks and reactive fluids produce a plethora of patterns, often visible to the naked eye, both at the Earth's surface and at depth. Patterns arise from the coupling between chemical reactions, transport and sometimes, mechanical processes in systems where fluids and solids are at least initially sufficiently far from thermodynamic equilibrium for non-linear processes to operate. Surprisingly often, similar patterns are formed at different scales under very different conditions in systems with different chemical compositions. For example, many of the patterns formed by growth and dissolution processes mediated by reactive fluids at or near the Earth's surface can also be seen in ice. This independence of details, or universality , has inspired us to organise this issue in a way that might appear to be unusual in a geochemistry context, by emphasising the similarities and differences in shapes rather than compositions.

After introducing the principles of pattern formation and reviewing the reaction path approach to reactive transport modelling, which requires a full and explicit account of homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions, we begin a pattern focused discourse with a discussion of simple, surface normal growth. From the spheroidal shapes that result from surface normal growth, we continue toward the branched and dendritic patterns arising from growth in a diffusive field. Then, the symmetry breaking effects of fluid flow, demonstrated by growth and dissolution processes on free surfaces, are introduced.

The effects of confinement in subsurface environments add another level of complexity because growth is often tightly coupled to dissolution under these conditions and volume changing reactions generate local stresses. Consequently, reactive transport in porous and/or fractured rocks is, in general, coupled with mechanical processes. To avoid the additional challenges of time dependent deformation processes such as creep, only elastic deformation and fracturing are discussed, with a focus on fracturing because many of the most spectacular patterns observed in reactive fluid-rock systems are strongly influenced by fracturing. Deformation that is slowly driven by stresses that are continuously generated by heterogeneous reactions between rocks and fluids often leads to hierarchical fracturing, which divides rock or mineral volumes into successively smaller pieces by smaller and smaller fractures. Hierarchical fracturing occurs during both serpentinisation and spheroidal weathering and it provides first order controls on the evolution of reactive surfaces area and thus overall reaction rates. Then, we explicitly describe how stresses are generated by growth in pores and again point to the lessons that can be learnt by comparing fluid rock systems to the chemically simpler situation represented by the growth of ice in soils or rocks and the similarities between them. The potential implications of reaction driven fracturing for in situ carbon sequestration are also emphasised.

Finally, we discuss the significance of the scaling behaviour of patterns and, in particular, the connections between patterns and processes.

> Water is fluid, soft and yielding.
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> But water will wear away rock, which is rigid and cannot yield.
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> As a rule, whatever is fluid, soft and yielding,
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> will overcome whatever is rigid and hard.
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> This is another paradox: what is soft is strong.
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> Lao-Tzu (600 B.C.)


BACKGROUND
Circulating mRNA is a less invasive and more easily accessed source of samples for biomedical research and clinical applications. However, it is of poor quality. We explored and compared the ability of two high-throughput platforms for the profiling of circulating mRNA regarding their ability to retrieve useful information out of this type of samples.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Circulating mRNAs from three non-small cell lung cancer patients and three healthy controls were analyzed by the cDNA-mediated annealing, selection, extension, and ligation (DASL) assay and high-throughput RNA sequencing (RSEQ). Twelve genes were selected for further confirmation by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

RESULTS
The overall expression profiles derived from the two platforms showed modest-to-moderate correlation. Genes with higher expression levels had higher cross-platform concordance than those of medium- and low-expression levels. In addition, the pathway signatures identified by gene set enrichment analysis from both platforms were in agreement. The RT-q PCR results for the selected genes correlated well with that of RSEQ.

CONCLUSION
Genes with higher expression levels have cross-platform concordance and can be potential biomarkers. Furthermore, RSEQ is a better tool for profiling circulating mRNAs.


The longstanding marital presumption of paternity, under which a husband is presumed to be the legal father of any child born to or conceived by his wife during the marriage, has reached a critical juncture. Pursuant to the Supreme Court's mandate that states provide marriage to same-sex couples on the same terms accorded to different-sex couples, states will need to either expand the marital presumption so that it encompasses both the different- and same-sex spouses of individuals who give birth or abolish the presumption entirely. It is unlikely that many states will choose the latter option. The marital presumption has, since the nation's inception, played a core role in parentage law, and it remains the most common way of establishing an individual as a child's second legal parent. As a result, it is probable that in the near future there will be a number of states that seek to extend their marital presumptions to same-sex spouses. In doing so, these states will need to grapple with how rebuttal of the marital presumption, which has traditionally focused on the lack of genetic connection between the spouse of the individual who gave birth and the child, will now be structured given that in most cases involving same-sex couples the spouse will not be genetically connected to the child. In reconceptualizing and restructuring their marital presumptions, states will be forced to reevaluate both what considerations are most important in identifying the individuals entitled to recognition as a child's legal parents and what primary objectives a marital presumption should seek to promote. The decisions that states make in this process are of great importance and will likely play a significant role in the modern development of the law governing the establishment of parentage. After identifying the various objectives that states may seek to further through a modern marital presumption, this Article sets forth a comprehensive analysis of the approaches that states can take to restructuring their marital presumptions in order to effectively promote such objectives.


Since the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, counting and mapping have come to dominate international debates around biodiversity protection. With the emergence of the Ecosystem Services concept, these counting and mapping efforts are increasingly imbued with an economic logic that argues that to save biodiversity, its goods and services must be given monetary value. This article offers a critical engagement with the Ecosystem Services discourse and the way it translates the diversity of nature into a single measure—a "currency"—to be included in systems of exchange. We argue that this conception of biodiversity is too narrow and potentially detrimental because it reduces biodiversity to a series of quantifiable fragmented parts that become liable to counting, mapping, and utilitarian use, and because it reduces social–natural relations to market transactions. Subsequently, we outline possibilities for conceiving and living with biodiversity that go beyond relations of counting, mapping, and commodification. It is important that biodiversity knowledge organizations, such as the recently sanctioned Intergovernmental science‐policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), take these into account. Conserving a diversity of life requires acknowledging a diversity of values, knowledge and framings of biodiversity, and fostering a diversity of social–natural relations.


Timed-release encryption allows senders to send a message to a receiver which cannot decrypt until a server releases a time bound key at the release time. The release time usually supposed to be known to the receiver, the ciphertext therefore cannot be decrypted if the release time is lost. We solve this problem in this paper by having a master time bound key which can replace the time bound key of any release time. We first present security models of the timed-release encryption with master time bound key. We present a provably secure construction based on the Weil pairing. We also propose the parameters for our construction by security levels. At the end, we implement our construction and show its performance by using the parameters that we proposed.


Radiation therapy enhances nanotherapeutic drug delivery in a tumor-associated macrophage–dependent fashion. Culling cancer by vacating the vasculature Although it is important for blood vessels to maintain barrier function under most conditions, in cancer therapy, vascular permeability enhances drug delivery to tumors. Miller et al. used intravital microscopy and computational modeling to show that a single, low dose of radiation therapy could induce transient, dynamic, and localized vascular "bursting"—increased permeability, coinciding with extravasation of fluid, cells, and nanoparticles from blood vessels in tumors. Along with vascular bursting, radiation enlarged blood vessel volume and the number of tumor-associated macrophages in mouse xenografts and patient tumor biopsies. These tumor-associated macrophages took up drug-laden nanoparticles, inducing greater drug delivery to tumors. This study demonstrates an alternative strategy for improving targeted nanotherapy delivery by modifying the local tumor microenvironment rather than the nanoparticle itself. Efficient delivery of therapeutic nanoparticles (TNPs) to tumors is critical in improving efficacy, yet strategies that universally maximize tumoral targeting by TNP modification have been difficult to achieve in the clinic. Instead of focusing on TNP optimization, we show that the tumor microenvironment itself can be therapeutically primed to facilitate accumulation of multiple clinically relevant TNPs. Building on the recent finding that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) can serve as nanoparticle drug depots, we demonstrate that local tumor irradiation substantially increases TAM relative to tumor cells and, thus, TNP delivery. High-resolution intravital imaging reveals that after radiation, TAM primarily accumulate adjacent to microvasculature, elicit dynamic bursts of extravasation, and subsequently enhance drug uptake in neighboring tumor cells. TAM depletion eliminates otherwise beneficial radiation effects on TNP accumulation and efficacy, and controls with unencapsulated drug show that radiation effects are more pronounced with TNPs. Priming with combined radiation and cyclophosphamide enhances vascular bursting and tumoral TNP concentration, in some cases leading to a sixfold increase of TNP accumulation in the tumor, reaching 6% of the injected dose per gram of tissue. Radiation therapy alters tumors for enhanced TNP delivery in a TAM-dependent fashion, and these observations have implications for the design of next-generation tumor-targeted nanomaterials and clinical trials for adjuvant strategies.


The Constitution that Kenyans adopted in September 2010 represents an important step in the process of national reconciliation and an important attempt to make Kenya's public sector more efficient and more accountable through devolution. The new Constitution assigns a prominent role in the public sector to county-level governments, as it transfers detailed functional responsibilities to the county level and provides that at least 15 percent of national revenues are to be shared with county governments. This IDG Policy Brief discusses whether the implementation of the Constitution will bring about a sea-change in intergovernmental fiscal relations and public empowerment in Kenya, or whether the changes in Kenya's intergovernmental structure in practice will represent a smaller and more incremental step towards a more decentralized governance structure.