In this paper we describe an application of Tem-porospatial Software Defined Networking (TS-SDN) to UAV networks. Airborne platforms (airplanes, balloons, airships) can be used to carry wireless communication nodes to provide direct-to-user as well as backhaul connections. Such networks also include ground nodes typically equipped with highly directional steerable transceivers. The physics of flight as well as state of the atmosphere lead to time-dynamic link metrics and availability. As nodes move around, the network topology and routing need to adjust to maintain connectivity. Further, mechanical aspects of the system, such as time required to mechanically steer antennas, makes the reactive repair approach more costly than in terrestrial applications. Instead, TS-SDN incorporates reasoning about physical evolution of the system to proactively adjust the network topology in anticipation of future changes. Using airborne networks under development at Google as an example, we discuss the benefits of the TS-SDN approach compared to reactive repair in terms of network availability. We also identify additional constraints one needs to account for when computing the network topology, such as noninterference with other stationary and moving sources. Existing SDN standards do not support scheduled updates necessary in a TS-SDN. We describe our extensions to control messages and software implementation used in field tests.


Abstract An intense neutron source capable of generating the characteristic flux of a fusion reactor (1-4 MW/m2) is an essential element for adequate reactor materials assessment. Based on recent experimental results involving the magneto-kinetic compression of the Field Reversed Configuration (FRC), it is believed that such a fusion based neutron source can be rapidly developed at low cost. The ability to provide a fusion plasma with the necessary radiation intensity is afforded by the considerable increase in fusion neutron yield that occurs concurrently with the large reduction in reacting plasma volume from the straightforward magnetic flux compression of an FRC plasmoid. Pulsed formation and flux compression of FRCs in a prototype device operating at 4 Hz would yield a neutron power fluence at the wall of 1 MW/m2 from a fusion plasma volume of a half liter. This is roughly a factor 106 smaller than a reactor-scale fusion plasma such as ITER, thereby dramatically reducing the cost and time for the evaluation of materials for fusion application. The required magnetic compression field and energy per pulse is less than 16 T and 100 kJ respectively.


In this chapter, we draw on a comparative international survey of management strategies and employment practices in U.S. and Indian customer contact call centers. We compare these practices across three types of centers: U.S. in-house, U.S. outsourced, and Indian outsourced- offshore operations. We consider two questions. First, how similar or different are call center management strategies and employment systems in each type of establishment? Second, what are the implications of variation in management practices for outcomes such as turnover, which is a major problem for service quality and productivity in the industry. We find that U.S in-house centers tend to adopt a more professional approach to service management, while U.S. outsourced centers adopt the most cost-driven approaches. Indian offshore operations represent a contradictory pattern of management practices, with the use of a highly educated workforce, but with highly standardized work processes that lead to under-utilization of human capital. Both U.S. and Indian subcontractors experience high turnover rates, compared to U.S. in-house locations, and these are explained by the high levels of scripting and standardized processes found in these worksites. We conclude with a discussion of policy implications.


This paper aims to contribute to a larger research agenda concerning the possibility of meaningful transatlantic dialogue about private-law reform. Both the European Union and the United States regulate private autonomy extensively. In spite of contextual similarities, there are several barriers making dialogue among legal scholars difficult. In particular, the conversation about social justice, an important element of private law reform within the European Union, is now quite marginal in American contract law scholarship. In U.S. legal academia, social justice is a matter for moral philosophers, development economists, and constitutionalists. Against this background, this paper takes a close look at a recent transatlantic exchange in matters of private law reform – a Chicago Law School conference on a proposed Common European Sales Law – and identifies a few counter-intuitive points of convergence between U.S. and European scholarship. Along the way, the paper also highlights structural and discursive incompatibilities, but concludes that the dialogue is, as a whole, valuable and should be kept alive. In designing a post-national architecture of autonomy, Europe may draw better lessons from U.S. regulatory experiences if it deconstructs, first, the wholesale pro-market rhetoric of otherwise relevant literature. When this is done, the payoffs of American commentaries become more appreciable. Taking the lead from some Chicagoan insights, this paper recommends customizing the empirical investigation of EU markets so as to factor socio-economic asymmetries into the equation of private law reform.


The ring complexes of the Nigeria–Niger Younger Granite province occur in three separate districts: Air, the Zinder–é area of S Niger Republic and the Jos Plateau area of Nigeria. Together these form a north-south zone 1300 km long, characterized petrographically by alkaline granites and associated volcanic rocks, and structurally by ring dykes, volcanic cauldrons and high level granite plutons. The three districts are separated by areas of younger sedimentary rocks. Between Air and the S Niger district are Cretaceous rocks, filling the saddle between the sedimentary basins of Iullemmeden and Chad. Between the S Niger and Nigerian districts is an embayment of the Chad basin containing deposits of Pliocene to Pleistocene age (Fig. 1). The Nigerian district is the best known (Jacobson et al. 1958; Buchanan et al., 1971). Many of the complexes contain rhyolites within areas of cauldron subsidence. Intrusions into and beneath these rhyolites are mainly granitic but include minor syenites and gabbros. The granites contain such mafic minerals as fayalite, sodic amphibole and pyroxene and biotite. By far the most abundant type is biotite granite, often with tin and niobium mineralization. A Jurassic age of about 160 m.y. has been established for the Nigerian Younger Granites (Jacobson et al., 1963). In the S Niger district (Karpoff 1948; Black 1963) most of the Younger Granite rocks are concentrated in the Mounio massif, which extends for over 100 km south from Gouré Rhyolites occur extensively, and the main intrusive rocks are peralkaline granites and syenites. Traces of cassiterite have


This easy to read textbook provides an introduction to computer architecture, while focusing on the essential aspects of hardware that programmers need to know. The topics are explained from a programmers point of view, and the text emphasizes consequences for programmers. Divided in five parts, the book covers the basics of digital logic, gates, and data paths, as well as the three primary aspects of architecture: processors, memories, and I/O systems. The book also covers advanced topics of parallelism, pipelining, power and energy, and performance. A hands-on lab is also included. The second edition contains three new chapters as well as changes and updates throughout.


Genetic variants that define two distinct haplotypes at the TMEM106B locus have been implicated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and in healthy brain ageing. In frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the high expressing TMEM106B risk haplotype was shown to increase susceptibility for FTD with TDP-43 inclusions (FTD-TDP) and to modify disease penetrance in progranulin mutation carriers (FTD-GRN). To elucidate the biological function of TMEM106B and determine whether lowering TMEM106B may be a viable therapeutic strategy, we performed brain transcriptomic analyses in 8-month-old animals from our recently developed Tmem106b-/- mouse model. We included 10 Tmem106b+/+ (wild-type), 10 Tmem106b+/- and 10 Tmem106-/- mice. The most differentially expressed genes (153 downregulated and 60 upregulated) were identified between Tmem106b-/- and wild-type animals, with an enrichment for genes implicated in myelination-related cellular processes including axon ensheathment and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Co-expression analysis also revealed that the most downregulated group of correlated genes was enriched for myelination-related processes. We further detected a significant loss of OLIG2-positive cells in the corpus callosum of Tmem106b-/- mice, which was present already in young animals (21 days) and persisted until old age (23 months), without worsening. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed a reduction of differentiated but not undifferentiated oligodendrocytes cellular markers. While no obvious changes in myelin were observed at the ultrastructure levels in unchallenged animals, treatment with cuprizone revealed that Tmem106b-/- mice are more susceptible to cuprizone-induced demyelination and have a reduced capacity to remyelinate, a finding which we were able to replicate in a newly generated Tmem106b CRISPR/cas9 knock-out mouse model. Finally, using a TMEM106B HeLa knock-out cell line and primary cultured oligodendrocytes, we determined that loss of TMEM106B leads to abnormalities in the distribution of lysosomes and PLP1. Together these findings reveal an important function for TMEM106B in myelination with possible consequences for therapeutic strategies aimed at lowering TMEM106B levels.


Urothelial tumors represent a spectrum of diseases with a range of prognoses. Once a diagnosis is established at any point on the urothelial tract, the patient remains at risk for developing a new lesion at a different or the same location, at a similar or more advanced stage. Continued monitoring for recurrence is an essential part of management, as most recurrences are superficial and can be managed by endoscopic means. Within each category of disease, more refined methods to determine prognosis and guide management, based on molecular staging, are under development. These methods are aimed at optimizing the individual patient's likelihood of cure and chance for organ preservation. For patients with more extensive disease, newer treatments typically involve combined-modality approaches using recently developed surgical procedures, or three-dimensional treatment planning for more precise delivery of radiation therapy. While these are not appropriate in all cases, they do offer the promise of an improved quality of life and prolonged survival. Finally, within the category of metastatic disease, a number of new agents have been identified that appear to be superior to those currently considered to be standard therapies. It is thought, therefore, that the treatment of urothelial tumors will evolve rapidly over the next few years, with improved outcomes for patients with all stages of disease.


There is accumulated evidence supporting the idea that motion-induced blindness (MIB) and binocular rivalry (BR) may be mediated by a common mechanism(s). To test this hypothesis, we examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of perceptual switches in MIB. It is well known that perceptual switches occur in a traveling-wave-like fashion during binocular rivalry, meaning that a suppressed stimulus during BR regains its dominance locally and progressively expands its dominance over space and time. If MIB and BR share a common mechanism, their spatiotemporal dynamics should resemble each other. In each trial, observers viewed a MIB display consisting of a rotating grid of black crosses on a grey background and a static, segmented, white arc presented in the periphery within protection zones. Observers pressed and held a key once the entire arc completely disappeared from awareness due to MIB. Target reappearance was induced by briefly flickering a portion of the end of the arc right after it completely disappeared. Observers released the response key when a segment of the arc reappeared at a designated location. The target reappearance location was systematically varied in distance from the flicker pulse along the arc across trials. We found that the reappearance of the arc reached locations further from the flicker pulse with greater latencies, resembling the traveling-wave-like propagation of dominance observed in BR. Participants indeed reported that reappearance of the targets appeared to propagate in a wave-like manner along the arcs. Our results indicate that the suppressed targets in MIB regain visual awareness in a wave-like fashion similar to BR. The consistent spatiotemporal dynamics between BR and MIB indicates that both visual phenomena may be mediated by a common mechanism(s). Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Rock avalanches are large-magnitude mass movements with high mobility and fluid-like runout; however, because of their scarcity, little information is typically available to describe the hazard posed by these events. Geologic records thus provide key data regarding rock avalanche size, timing, and dynamics. Here we present a detailed case history analysis of the Devils Castle rock avalanche located near the town of Alta in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. The deposit is ∼1.5 km in length with a Fahrboeschung angle of 14 degrees (height-to-length ratio = 0.25). Through topographic reconstruction, we calculated a deposit volume of 1.7 million m3 with a maximum thickness of 25 m and an average thickness of 7 m. Cosmogenic surface exposure dating of six deposit boulders indicates a failure age of 14.4 ± 1.0 ka. The Devils Castle headwall displays no obvious evidence indicating precise source location and geometry; therefore, we reconstructed two plausible source volumes and performed numerical runout simulations for each. Results agree well with mapped deposit boundaries for both source scenarios; however, the east source model better represents material and dynamic characteristics of the deposit observed in the field. While the region is seismically active, the Late Pleistocene age for the rock avalanche precludes ascribing direct correlation with any currently known surface-rupturing paleoearthquakes. We identified and describe five similar events in the region highlighting the extent of the potential hazard. Individual case history analyses such as this allow us to better understand the processes and controls of large-scale mass movements in the region.


The purposes of this paper are to measure self-regulation, to investigate whether self-regulation differs across different health related choices, to estimate its effect on health choices and to estimate the effect of self-regulation on health-demographic gradients. The theory and empirical approach to self-regulation employed in this paper relies on a broad literature which includes economics, psychology and experimental studies. In addition, a novel empirical approach is employed to create a single measure of self-regulation that can vary across domains. A single measure of self-regulation in place of a set of proxy variables allows for the study of how self-regulation is correlated across different health choices. The results show that there is a high correlation in self-regulation for smoking, drinking, drug use, crime and gambling, but that self-regulation for BMI (body mass index) and obesity are different than self-regulation for the other outcomes. The results show that self-regulation has a significant negative effect on all choices. The results also show that self-regulation generally reduces the effect of education on health but education retains a negative and significant relationship with all outcomes. The research presented in this paper also raises questions about the effect of omitted individual heterogeneity in measuring the effects of public policy.


Background and Aim: Pain-predominant-functional gastrointestinal disorders (PP-FGIDs) are common. The diagnosis is clinical and there are no biological markers to characterize these conditions. Despite limited evidence, investigations are commonly performed. The aim of the study was to investigate diagnostic practices, yield, and costs in children with PP-FGIDs. Patients and Methods: Charts of all of the children older than 4 years diagnosed as having abdominal pain were reviewed. Results and costs of diagnostic investigations were analyzed. Results: Of 243 children with abdominal pain, 122 (50.2%) had PP-FGIDs (79 girls, mean age 12.7 years). All of the children underwent diagnostic work-up. Complete blood cell count was done in 91.8% of patients. None had elevated white blood cells, platelets, and low albumin. Six had either elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C-reactive protein, but none had elevation of both; 4 of these 6 cases underwent endoscopies with normal results in 3 cases; Helicobacter pylori was found in 1 case. One child had elevated tissue transglutaminase 1 only antibodies with normal endoscopy. Amylase, lipase, direct bilirubin, stool cultures, and ova or parasites were always normal. One child had intermittent elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase. There were no significant abnormalities in urinalysis or electrolytes. Abdominal x-rays were done in 38.5%, showing only retained stools in 13% of these patients. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography scan were done in 23.7% and 9% of cases, respectively, but were of no clinical value; 33.6% patients had esophagogastroduodenoscopy (9.7% abnormal: Helicobacter pylori, chemical gastritis, esophagitis) and 17.2% had colonoscopy (9.5% abnormal: rare fork crypts, lymphoid hyperplasia). Total costs: $744,726. Average cost per patient: $6104.30. Conclusions: In children with PP-FGIDs, investigations are common, costs are substantial, and yield is minimal.


In this study, we investigate the role that some institutional features play in shaping the distribution of wages across a number of OECD countries. While considerable attention has been devoted in recent years to the evolution of earnings inequality and to the analysis of the competing explanations for the observed phenomena, also the existence (and persistence) of considerable structural differences - across countries - in the level of wage inequality and the incidence of low pay can shed some light on a different dimension of inequality patterns. In particular, we focus on three specific features: the effects of trade unions, the structure of collective bargaining and the existence of regulations on wages. By looking at the different moments of the distribution of earnings various dimensions of low pay have been analysed, namely the effects of the institutional setting on the mean, the dispersion and the (time) covariance of earnings. Consistent with previous work, our results suggest that institutions are a relevant factor in shaping the distribution of earnings and the incidence of low pay. We show that institutional settings differ substantially across countries and that institutional variety in the labour market is able to explain a great deal of the observed patterns in low pay across countries.


N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a frequently used "antioxidant" in vitro, but the concentrations applied rarely correlate with those encountered with oral dosing in vivo. Here, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antiplatelet properties of NAC at concentrations (10-100 μM) that are achievable in plasma with tolerable oral dosing. The impact of NAC pretreatment (2 hours) on aggregation of platelets from healthy volunteers in response to thrombin and adenosine diphosphate and on platelet-derived nitric oxide (NO) was examined. NAC was found to be a weak reducing agent and a poor antioxidant compared with glutathione (reduced form) (GSH). However, platelets treated with NAC showed enhanced antioxidant activity and depression of reactive oxygen species generation associated with increases in intraplatelet GSH levels. An approximately 2-fold increase in NO synthase-derived nitrite was observed with 10 μM NAC treatment, but the effect was not concentration dependent. Finally, NAC significantly reduced both thrombin-induced and adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation. NAC should be considered a weak antioxidant that requires prior conversion to GSH to convey antioxidant and antithrombotic benefit at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Our results suggest that NAC might be an effective antiplatelet agent in conditions where increased oxidative stress contributes to heightened risk of thrombosis but only if the intraplatelet machinery to convert it to GSH is functional.


Educational disadvantage is an essentially contested, political concept. At the same time there is a 'phoney consensus' surrounding the issue, i.e., policy debates on the topic often fail to reflect this contestation. This lack of awareness of the political context to the debate is evident in relation to the targets and measures set for addressing educational disadvantage. While Lynch has pointed out the political undertones of 'comparative' targets and measures, the conservative political position inherent in the 'outputs-led' model has not properly been explored. Indeed, the apparently technical and value-free nature of targets and measures has enabled this conservative political perspective to become embedded in public educational policy without debate.


Most no-flow underfill materials are based on epoxy/anhydride chemistry. Due to the sensitizing nature, the use of anhydride is limited and there is a need for a no-flow underfill using nonanhydride curing system. This paper presents the development of novel no-flow underfill materials-based on epoxy/phenolic resin system. Epoxy and phenolic resins of different structures are evaluated in terms of their curing behavior, thermo-mechanical properties, viscosity, adhesion toward passivation, moisture absorption and the reliability in flip-chip underfill package. The influence of chemical structure and the crosslinking density of the resin on the material properties is investigated. The assembly with nonanhydride underfill shows high reliability from the thermal shock test. Solder wetting test has confirmed the sufficient fluxing capability of phenolic resins. Results show that epoxy/phenolic system has great potential for an environmentally friendly and highly reliable no-flow underfill.


It may be tempting to brush zombies aside as irrelevant, pop cultural ephemera but zombies have followed vampires out, through film and into wider culture, as icon and metaphor. Zombie popular culture, in addition to movies, books, and video games includes individuals routinely donning complex homemade costumes to march in zombie walks and/or engage in role-playing games like Humans vs. Zombies (See companies like Zed events paintballing, or airsofting). There is even a mobile phone application circulating around college and university campuses, that purportedly helps new students get to know each other through role-playing a zombie-themed game of tag (other mobile phone applications include Zombie, Run! which is a combination of pedometer, GPS, scary soundtrack & zombie newscasts to make jogging fun). This is not to mention zombie related merchandise, (for example undead teds and living dead dolls ) zombie music, (for example, Rob Zombie, White Zombie & Zombina and the Skeletones) and zombie fan-sites (all things zombie and the Zombie Media Database ). The ways in which the cinematic spectatorship of the zombie has transformed, extending the spatial, experiential, interactive and phenomenological understanding of horror cinema within the digital context is an interesting one. In particular the relationship between bodies, spaces and technologies provides a philosophical interrogation of contemporary zombie experience. The performance-centric nature of this new zombie fandom can be seen as a new formulation of cinematic immersion and a new notion of interactive play. In this article I examine the ethnographic case study of combat-ops-UK's airsofting (paintball, without the paint) event - The Hungry Games - in which I performed zombification. I explore how such fan practices enhance the possibilities of cinematic fandom, interrogating the use of new media technologies in enhancing the pleasures (and terrors) that performing as a zombie or zombie-victim add to the cinematic experience. KEY WORDS Horror, Film, Movies, Zombies, Zombie, Dead, Corpse, Living, Walking, British


The key focus of this research is based in ecofeminism, the worldview that the oppression of women is connected to the oppression of nature. This research studies the National Park Service, through the Association of National Park Ranger's newsletter/magazine Ranger. The study attempts to answer the questions how do issues about gender equality emerge throughout the history of the National Park Service, as looking through the newsletter Ranger? How do ideas of femininity and masculinity emerge and are represented in Ranger throughout time? The study is significant in that it is representative of the NPS, and by revealing emerging ideas of women and comparing ideas of femininity and masculinity, this could break down stereotypes and norms of women and nature and persuade women to break down these gender norms, visit nature and/or get a profession in nature, such as in the NPS. The study used a content analysis as well as historical discourse when looking at Ranger. Informing the study is research done by Polly Kaufman in National Parks and the Woman's Voice: A History and Kathleen Denny in "Gender in Context, Content, and Approach: Comparing Gender Messages in Girl Scout and Boy Scout Handbooks." The research suggests that as gender equality movements progress in the '80s, the Ranger newsletter moves along with this. Even though the magazine strives to numerically represent women more as both rangers and writers (especially in the '90s), it is still apparent that there are issues in the NPS under the surface.


Double-Consciousness/Double Bind: Theoretical Issues in Twentieth Century Black Literature. Sandra Adell. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. This book commands the attention of all those interested in the intersection between African American literature and contemporary critical theory. Its significance lies in two different directions. First, it takes seriously the existence of a body of theoretical writing about literature by women and men of the African diaspora since Arma Julia Cooper's 1892 discussion of the reason why Uncle Tom's Cabin is so much greater than all other literary portrayals of African Americans in A Voice From the South. That is, Adell's account, unlike any other work I know by a theorist, takes seriously the work done by Cooper, Du Bois, Senghor, and Cesaire, as well as in more recent times Maya Angelou, Joanne Braxton, Filomina Steady, and Carole Boyce-Davis as work in theory, not merely occasional essays of no theoretical interest. It is clear that Adell admires greatly the work of black literary theorists in the past, not because she sees this work coming together in a single black tradition to which she will now contribute a culminating position, but rather because she takes seriously the work that previous thinkers have done in articulating the intersection between historical methods of reading works of literature and African diaspora literatures. Second, this is one of only two books yet published in African American literary studies from an accurately argued, orthodoxly deconstructionist critical position--the other being Ronald Judy's considerably less penetrable (Dis)forming the American Canon. (1) It is significant that both of these books extend great attention to positioning themselves against the well known work of Henry Louis Gates, which, though often referred to as "deconstructionist," has been eclectic and limited in its commitment to the implications of deconstructive thinking. And while other African Americanists have been broadly influenced by poststructuralist argument and terminology, only Adell and Judy have presented their work as suggesting the lost-term implications of deconstruction to African American literary studies. Adell is a committed deconstructionist reader who, arguing to African Americans from a particular philosophical perspective, addresses what she takes to be this perspective's implications for the future of black literary theory and black feminism. One of the key arguments Adell makes with regard to the history of black theoretical writing about literature is that "black literary criticism and theory, like literary criticism and theory in general, relies on the Western philosophical tradition" (3). She contends, citing a litany of famous and not so famous arguments, that the many critics who have accused each other of being too engaged with Western philosophy persistently suppress a simple fact: inasmuch as the notions of literature and criticism arise within the Euro-American academy, and indeed, inasmuch as the culture in which literature is part of the legacy of European intellectual domination, there is no way that literary theory could emerge from anything except some framework already present in Western thought. In this context she is insistent on tracing Du Bois' notion of "double consciousness" to its roots in Hegelian idealism, Senghor's "negritude" to a poor reading of Heideggerian authenticity, and the claims of the Black aesthetic in writers like Joyce Joyce or Norman Harris to an analysis of black culture rooted in Western anthropology and linguistics. Adell does not trace these positions to Western ideas in order to trump these previous writers with a now adequately anti-Eurocentric theory; rather, she does so because she would like to see an end to the finger-pointing so that future black theory can take what it needs from the West without embarrassment. Until this happens, theory that claims authentic blackness produces two problematic consequences: first, it always insists on an ideological program for further black writing; and second, it circumvents the critique of Western theory from the inside which is present in deconstruction. …


The service delivery of Assistive Technology for access to information and communications technology is frequently fragmented and inconsistent as evidenced by experience in the US and much of Europe (AAATE 2012). AT users can experience hiatuses in their access to appropriate assistive technologies as they transition from home to education, to employment and in the community. An AT Passport can provide a record of Assistive Technology requirement and use across the lifespan.


We consider the popular problem of sparse empirical risk minimization with linear predictors and a large number of both features and observations. With a convex-concave saddle point objective reformulation, we propose a Doubly Greedy PrimalDual Coordinate Descent algorithm that is able to exploit sparsity in both primal and dual variables. It enjoys a low cost per iteration and our theoretical analysis shows that it converges linearly with a good iteration complexity, provided that the set of primal variables is sparse. We then extend this algorithm further to leverage active sets. The resulting new algorithm is even faster, and experiments on large-scale Multi-class data sets show that our algorithm achieves up to 30 times speedup on several state-of-the-art optimization methods.


Abstract Adult comics are a new medium in the Arab world. This article is the first in-depth study of their emergence and role within Arab societies. Focused on Egypt, it shows how adult comics have boldly addressed political and social questions. Seeing them as part of a broader cultural efflorescence in Egypt, I argue that, against patriarchal authoritarianism, adult comics have expressed an alternative ideology of tolerance, civic rights and duties, individualism, creativity, and criticism of power. Specifically, they present a damning critique of Egypt's authoritarian order, as well as of the marginalization of women and broader gender dynamics in Egyptian society. Through frank humor, a playful style, and explicit graphics, they give voice to the concerns of young Egyptians. Connecting comics to other art forms such as music, graffiti, and political cartoons, I situate them within a critical cultural movement that came to the fore with the Egyptian uprising of 2011.


Continuous deployment speeds up the process of existing agile methods, such as Scrum, and Extreme Programming (XP) through the automatic deployment of software changes to end-users upon passing of automated tests. Continuous deployment has become an emerging software engineering process amongst numerous software companies, such as Facebook, Github, Netflix, and Rally Software. A systematic analysis of software practices used in continuous deployment can facilitate a better understanding of continuous deployment as a software engineering process. Such analysis can also help software practitioners in having a shared vocabulary of practices and in choosing the software practices that they can use to implement continuous deployment. The goal of this paper is to aid software practitioners in implementing continuous deployment through a systematic analysis of software practices that are used by software companies. We studied the continuous deployment practices of 19 software companies by performing a qualitative analysis of Internet artifacts and by conducting follow-up inquiries. In total, we found 11 software practices that are used by 19 software companies. We also found that in terms of use, eight of the 11 software practices are common across 14 software companies. We observe that continuous deployment necessitates the consistent use of sound software engineering practices such as automated testing, automated deployment, and code review.


In this paper, I examine the consequences, both positive and negative, of initiating and participating in gossip in work-related contexts. While a commonly held perspective is that gossip is harmful in that it hurts relational interactions by encouraging coalition-building and engendering divisiveness, an alternative hypothesis is that gossip's emotional attributes, can also help to foster stronger relationships and help individuals navigate complex environments. Specifically, I explore the influence of gossip at multiple levels of analysis: individual, dyadic and group. In Study 1, a laboratory experiment that looks at the short-term benefits of engaging in gossip (versus two control conditions, self-disclosure and task discussion), I find that individuals who engage in gossip experience higher positive emotions, energy and motivation but lower levels of state self-esteem. These gossiping dyads also experience dyadic benefits of relationship closeness and cooperation. Study 2 explored both the reputational and team-level outcomes of gossip. This study showed that team members who engaged in gossip were seen as being less trustworthy. Furthermore, gossip centrality had an inverted Ushaped curvilinear relationship with perceptions of competence. Study 2 showed that gossip about team members negatively influenced team outcomes such as psychological safety, cooperation and viability and increased team-level perceptions of politics while gossip about individuals outside the team has a positive effect on these outcomes, enhancing levels of team cooperation and decreasing perceptions of politics at the team-level. More detailed mediation analyses showed that team process variables, psychological safety and perceptions of politics measured halfway through the course of the team, mediated the negative relationship between intra-team gossip density and team cooperation and team viability measured at the end of the team's lifecycle. In terms of the relationship between extra-team gossip density and team cooperation, it was mediated by decreased team perceptions of politics. This research contributes to the emerging field of inquiry on gossip by providing a comprehensive model of the consequences of gossip at three different levels of analysis as well as a strong empirical test of the effect of gossip on organizationally-relevant outcomes. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Management First Advisor Sigal G. Barsade


BACKGROUND: Arthrosis is particularly prevalent in the knee. Infiltration treatment for gonarthrosis is among the most widely used techniques in orthopaedic practice. PURPOSE: To compare the clinical response of hyaluronic acid (HA) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment in 2 groups of patients affected by gonarthrosis. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A total of 120 patients affected by clinically and radiographically documented gonarthrosis were included in this study. The gonarthrosis was graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence radiographic classification scale. The 120 patients were randomized into 2 study groups in a 1:1 ratio: 60 patients received 4 intra-articular injections of PRP (specifically, autologous conditioned plasma [ACP], 5.5 mL), and 60 patients received 4 intra-articular injections of HA (20 mg/2 mL). An unblinded physician performed infiltration once a week for 4 weeks into the knee affected by clinically relevant gonarthrosis (in both groups). All patients were evaluated with the Western Ontario and McMaster (WOMAC) score before the infiltration and at 4, 12, and 24 weeks after the first injection. RESULTS: Treatment with a local injection of ACP had a significant effect shortly after the final infiltration and a continuously improving sustained effect up to 24 weeks (WOMAC score, 65.1 and 36.5 in the HA and ACP groups, respectively; P < .001), where the clinical outcomes were better compared with the results with HA. In the HA group, the worst results were obtained for grade III gonarthrosis, whereas the clinical results obtained in the ACP group did not show any statistically significant difference in terms of the grade of gonarthrosis. The mean WOMAC scores for grade III gonarthrosis were 74.85 in the HA group and 41.20 in the ACP group (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Treatment with ACP showed a significantly better clinical outcome than did treatment with HA, with sustained lower WOMAC scores. Treatment with HA did not seem to be effective in the patients with grade III gonarthrosis. Disclaimer: Austin Ortho+Biologics is not affiliated with the data, content, or conclusions of this article.


Curated by Stephen Gilchrist, Everywhen: The Eternal Present in Indigenous Art from Australia was held at Harvard Art Museums from February 5, 2016–September 18, 2016. The exhibition was a survey of contemporary Indigenous art from Australia, exploring the ways in which time is embedded within Indigenous artistic, social, historical, and philosophical life. The exhibition included more than seventy works drawn from public and private collections in Australia and the United States, and featured many works that have never been seen outside Australia. Everywhen is Gilchrist's second major exhibition in the United States, following Crossing Cultures: The Owen and Wagner Collection of Contemporary Aboriginal Australian Art at the Hood Museum of Art in 2012. Conducted on April 22, 2016, this conversation considers the position of Indigenous art in the museum, and the active ways in which curators and institutions can work to "indigenize" their institutions. Gilchrist discusses the evolution of Everywhen , along with the curatorial strategies employed to change the status of object-viewer relations in the exhibition. The transcription has been edited for clarity.


Residential water heating is a large source of energy use in California homes. This project took a life cycle approach to comparing tank and tankless water heaters in Northern and Southern California. Information about the life cycle phases was calculated using the European Union�s Methodology study for EcoDesign of Energy-using Products (MEEUP) and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory�s Life Cycle Inventory (NREL LCI) database. In a unit-to-unit comparison, it was found that tankless water heaters would lessen impacts of water heating by reducing annual energy use by 2800 MJ/year (16% compared to tank), and reducing global warming emissions by 175 kg CO2 eqv./year (18% reduction). Overall, the production and combustion of natural gas in the use phase had the largest impact. Total waste, VOCs, PAHs, particulate matter, and heavy-metals-to-air categories were also affected relatively strongly by manufacturing processes. It was estimated that tankless water heater users would have to use 10 more gallons of hot water a day (an increased usage of approximately 20%) to have the same impact as tank water heaters. The project results suggest that if a higher percentage of Californians used tankless water heaters, environmental impacts caused by water heating would be smaller.


OBJECTIVE
To summarize the 2018 Diabetes Canada clinical practice guidelines, focusing on high-priority recommendations for FPs managing people who live with type 2 diabetes.

QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
A prioritization process was conducted to focus the efforts of Diabetes Canada's guideline dissemination and implementation efforts. The resulting identified key messages for FPs to consider when managing patients with type 2 diabetes are described. Evidence supporting the guideline recommendations ranges from levels I to IV and grades A to D.

MAIN MESSAGE
Three key messages were identified from the 2018 guidelines as priorities for FPs: discussing opportunities to reduce the risk of diabetes complications, discussing opportunities to ensure safety and prevent hypoglycemia, and discussing progress on self-management goals and addressing barriers. A theme cutting across these key messages was the need to tailor discussions to the needs and preferences of each person. These important guideline recommendations are highlighted, along with information about relevant tools for implementing the recommendations in real-world practice.

CONCLUSION
High-quality diabetes care involves a series of periodic conversations about self-management and about pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments that fit with each patient's goals (ie, shared decision making). Incorporating these conversations into regular practice provides FPs with opportunities to maximize likely benefits of treatments and decrease the risk of harms, to support patients in initiating and sustaining desired lifestyle changes, and to help patients cope with the burdens of diabetes and comorbid conditions.


This chapter deals with the methods by which the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) encourage parties to settle their disputes at an early stage and, ultimately, without proceeding trial. It also looks at the methods of dispute resolution that may be available. The chapter includes a detailed look at the most common dispute resolution methods. Further, it covers the different types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR); the integration of ADR into the CPR; the philosophy of ADR; and a detailed look at mediation.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic bladder condition in which individuals are symptomatic of bladder or pelvic pain, urinary frequency, urgency and nocturia. For diagnosis, exclusion of other etiologies of these symptoms is necessary. Oral pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS) is a second line oral medication for the treatment of IC/BPS per AUA Guidelines). We have recently observed vision-threatening retinal changes in a group of patients receiving chronic therapy for IC/BPS with PPS. METHODS: Subjects were identified by query of a local electronic medical record system for patients seen at the Emory Eye Center with self-reported current or previous use of PPS and retinal degeneration. Medical records were reviewed for patient demographics, medication history, history of visual symptoms, clinical examination results, and retinal imaging from modalities including wide-field fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS: A total of 10 patients were identified, with a median age of 59 years (range 38-68), and median time since IC diagnosis of 19 years (range 4-40). The most commonly reported visual symptoms described were difficulty reading (7/10) and difficulty adapting to dim lighting (7/10). The median cumulative exposure to PPS was 2062 grams (range 325-2883.5), over a median duration of 186 months (range 27-240). Mean logMAR best corrected visual acuity in all eyes measured was 0.13 (Snellen equivalent 20/27). Dilated fundus examination revealed symmetric fairly pigmentary changes in the retina. Retinal imaging with FAF and OCT technologies further characterized these pigmentary lesions, demonstrating abnormalities primarily in the retinal pigment epithelium. Of note, 156 patients with a history of IC/BPS but without PPS exposure have undergone ophthalmic exam at our institution during the study period. On retrospective review of these medical records, none of them were diagnosed with this unique form of pigmentary maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a potentially avoidable retinal degeneration phenomenon associated with chronic PPS exposure. Structural changes occur at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium, manifesting as characteristic pigmentary changes. While it remains unclear whether drug cessation will alter the course of retinal disease, we encourage affected patients to discontinue use, and patients with suggestive visual symptoms to undergo a comprehensive ophthalmic examination with OCT and FAF imaging. Source of Funding: None


Retro marketing has become a staple in sport marketing practices. Teams and leagues are attempting to connect their fans to the past in a magnitude of ways. Despite the influx of retro marketing in sport, there has been no examination of it to date. This study examined the various usages of retro marketing in sport and through an inductive approach created a framework that categorized and broadly defined each usage. The five practical areas of retro marketing in sport were constructed: imagery, merchandising, venue, gameday promotions, and advertising. The authors shaped and framed retro marketing in sport through these five dimensions, as they encompassed the retro marketing practices examined and are often relied upon marketing elements. Further, the authors suggest multiple avenues for future research on this topic, including understanding a sport organization's usage of these practices and the impact they have on sport consumers.


Wireless Sensor Networks are becoming popular as a simple means of collecting data by public utilities, motor vehicle manufacturers and other organisations. Unfortunately the devices on such networks are often insecure by default, which presents problems in terms of the integrity of the data provided across those networks. This paper explores a range of attacks that were successful on a network consisting of nodes using the ZigBee protocol stack and proposes defences that can be put in place to circumvent these attacks thus leading to more secure systems and increasing user confidence.


Background: Premature infants contribute substantially to infant morbidity and mortality especially in low resource settings.  Information on herbal remedy use, previous preterm birth and low social-economic status and their association with incidence of preterm birth in Kenya is scanty. Objectives : To determine the use of herbal remedy use in pregnancy, previous preterm birth and low socio-economic status as risk factors for Preterm Birth in Kitui County among the immediate post-partum mothers. Methods: Unmatched case control study with a 1:4 ratio of cases to controls. The study was done in Kitui and Mwingi District Hospitals.  A total of 107 mothers with preterm birth (cases) and 453 mothers with term births (controls) were eligible and administered structured interviews. Results: Of the sample, 98% of cases resided in rural areas compared to 90% of controls.  The cases had a higher parity and were more likely to belong to the lowest three and four levels of socio-economic status. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, predictors of preterm birth were: preeclampsia (OR=9.06 [2.60-31.63], p=0.001), previous preterm, (OR=9.31 [2.82-30.68], p<0.001), low socioeconomic status (OR=1.51 [1.05-2.16], p=0.03), herbal use in first trimester for 2-5 days (OR=11.10 [4.34-28.41], p<0.001), herbal use in first trimester for 6-10 days (OR=44.87,[4.99-403.87] p=0.001), and herbal use in second trimester for 6-10 days (OR=16.43 [4.53-59.57], p<0.001). Use of prescribed folic acid in second trimester for more than 31 days was associated with lower risk of preterm birth (OR=0.20 [0.12-0.34], p<0.001). Conclusion: Herbal use in pregnancy regardless of gestation, previous preterm birth and low socio-economic status and are risk factors for preterm birth in Kitui County Kenya.  Interventions targeted to reduction of these risk factors will be an important additional prong in the reduction of preterm birth. Key words : Preterm birth, herbal remedy, risk factors


South Africa has had no formal subject known as Technology Education in its schools until the introduction of Curriculum 2005. The introduction of Curriculum 2005 meant that educators at schools were caught unprepared, as they had to teach a subject that most were not conversant with. The purpose of this study was to determine how successful the introduction of Technology Education (in Secondary Schools in the Free State Province urban areas) was, how the subject is being taught and what problems are experienced. Furthermore, the study aimed to investigate the perceptions of educators of Technology Education, their training to present the subject and whether schools are equipped and resourced to present the subject effectively. The approach was mainly qualitative and nonexperimental research was conducted. The population (schools) were selected by means of cluster sampling and the sample (Technology educators) by means of simple random sampling. Data were collected by means of questionnaires and structured interviews. From an international perspective the investigation revealed that the way in which Technology Education has been organised differs from country to country, but that they had similar experiences and problems when they introduced the subject for the first time. The investigation revealed that a low percentage of educators feel that the implementation of Technology Education was successful and that schools were ready for the implementation. Furthermore a need exists for specialised trained teachers, appropriate equipment and physical facilities to present Technology Education. The study further revealed that a high percentage of educators feel that the subject Technology Education does have a place in the Further Education and Training sector.


A fundamental competence of any mobile robot system is the ability to remain localized while operating in an environment. For unknown/partially known environments there is a need to combine localization with automatic mapping to facilitate the localization process. The process of Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is the topic of this thesis. SLAM is a topic that has been studied for more than 2 decades using a variety of different methodologies, yet it deployment has been hampered by problems in terms of computational complexity, consistent integration of partially observable features, divergence due to linearization of the process, introduction of topological constraints into the estimation process, and efficient handling of ambiguities in the data-association process. The present study is an attempt to address and overcome these limitations. Initially a new model for features, inspired by the SP-map model, is derived for consistent handling of a variety of sensor features such as point, lines and planes. The new feature model enable incremental initialization of the estimation process and efficient integration of sensory data for partially observable features. The new feature model at the same time allow for consistent handling of all features within a unied framework. To address the problems associated with data-association, computational complexity and topological constraints a graphical estimation method is de- rived. The estimation of features and pose is based on energy optimization. Through graph based optimization it is possible to design a feature model where the key non-linearities are identified and handled in a consistent man- ner so as to avoid earlier discovered divergence problems. At the same time any-time data-association can be handled in an efficient manner. Loop closing in the new representation is easily facilitated and the resulting maps show superior consistency even for large scale mapping problems. The developed methods have been empirically evaluated for SLAM using laser and video data. Experimental results are provided both for in-door and out-door environments. The methods presented in this study provide new solutions to the lin- earization problem, feature observability, any-time data association, and integration of topological constraints.


The Calta vertebrate locality has yielded a rich fauna which contains nine species of rodents and one lagomorph. Eight rodent species had been described in detail in a previous paper (Sen 1977). The present paper describes new material and provides some remarks on the systematic and phylogenetic relationships of these taxa in the light of recent knowledge on the systematics of related groups. Rodents are dominated in number of individuals by a gerbil Pseudomeriones tchaltaensis and a spalacid Pliospalax macoveii. This paper also describes the Calta lagomorph which is represented in the material by more than one hundred specimens. The Calta lagomorph belongs to a new taxon of Ochotonidae, Ochotonoma anatolica n.g. n.sp. Its affinities with other taxa, as well as the systematics of some genera and species of Ochotonidae are discussed. In addition, this note presents a historical review of research undertaken at Calta since its discovery in the 1950s.


Two new species of Gesneriaceae, Paraboea hekouensis Y.M. Shui & W.H. Chen and P. manhaoensis Y.M. Shui & W.H. Chen, are described and illustrated. The former species is similar to P. nutans in possessing a basal leaf rosette, centrally positioned styles and slightly twisted fruits, but differs from it by having a dense golden-brown and long pubescence on the abaxial surface of the leaves, smaller white flowers and two basal staminodes. The latter is similar to P. crassifolia in possessing basal obovate leaves, centrally positioned styles, and a thick matted indumentum on the lower surface of the leaves, but differs by its smaller white flowers, shorter corolla tubes and only slightly twisted fruits. The leaf surface characters and various types of indumentum of the above four species are also observed in detail and discussed. An identification key to the Chinese and Vietnamese species with a rosulate habit in Paraboea is provided.


Various forms of spreading activation has been used in a number
of web systems, not least in the PageRank algorithm. In our own
work we have been using this as a technique for managing context
over small and large ontologies, and both our own work and that
in LarKC suggests that spreading activation has the potential to
aid in reasoning over web-scale data sets including the growing
set of linked open data resources. Of particular importance is that
spreading activation can be applied locally to a dynamic selfselecting
working set of an (practically) unbound linked data
collection, as well as globally to the entire collection. However,
this potential does not come without problems, some concerning
the nature of the algorithm on any large data set, and some more
to do with the particular nature of linked open data.


A general numerical technique for analyzing diffraction gratings of arbitrary groove shape as electromagnetic boundary-value problems is suggested. The method yields the scattered far-field modal amplitude without the necessity of initially computing the induced surface currents, which makes this technique very simple and convenient for analyzing the performance of diffraction gratings under normal and anomalous conditions. Some available computed results for rectangular gratings for the E-polarized case are compared with similar results in the literature and the adequacy and accuracy of the technique are demonstrated.


Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy of covered stent implantation to the patients with coronary perforation occurred in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods From June 2004 to March 2011, a total of 8 cases received 8 covered stents implantation because of coronary perforation in our centre. Ellis grade III coronary perforation occurred in 7 patients, and Ellis grade I in 1 patient. The patients took clopidogrel 75 mg/d for 2 years, and 100 mg/d for lifetime. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were observed in the 8 patients through long-term follow-up. Results There were 5 males and 3 females in the 8 patients who aged 63–76 (mean 69.3 ± 4.7) years. Six patients had multi-vessel disease. The target vessels were left anterior descending artery (LAD) in 7 patients. Calcified lesions emerged in 3 patients and total occlusion lesions in 3 patients. In addition to 2 patients with balloon dilating after guidewire into the false lumen, the coronary artery perforation of the remaining six patients were associated with too high pressure of stent expansion or balloon dilating. Pericardial tamponade happened in 7 patients, and pericardial effusion of 100–470 ml was drained by pericardiocentesis. Implanted covered stents average diameter was 3.3 ± 0.3mm, and average length was 21.3 ± 4.1mm. All perforation of the patients were successfully closed, while no patients died in PCI. During follow-up of 0.6–67 months (mean 35.3 ± 25.1 months), 2 patients died. Nineteen days after PCI, one patient died of multiple organ failure due to lung infection. Thirteen months after PCI, another patient died of cardiac sudden death. One patient was hospitalised with angina pectoris after 53 months, and the symptoms was relieved. The imaging was not reviewed. After 6 months one patient received multi-slice CT examination, and no restenosis was found. He was currently asymptomatic. The remaining four patients were reviewed coronary angiography after 15–67 months. Only one patient showed LAD stent restenosis and received target vessel revascularization. The remaining 3 patients had no restenosis within the stent. During the entire follow-up, restenosis rate was 20% (1/5), mortality rate was 25% (2/8) and MACE rate was 50% (4/8). If follow-up after PCI was 12 months, MACE rate decreased to 25% (2/8). Conclusions Treatment of covered stent to coronary perforation can achieve good long-term efficacy. A two-year dual antiplatelet drugs can be effective in preventing covered stent thrombosis.


The history of kidney transplantation is thought to have originated at the early beginning of the previous century with several attempts of Xenografting, and experimental works on vascular sutures (Kuss & Bourget, 1992)1. But it really started more than 60 years ago with first attempts of deceased donor transplantation (DCD) and the first successful kidney transplantation of homozygote twins in Boston (Toledo-Pereyra et al, 2008)2. Belgian surgeons contributed to that field of medicine by performing in the early sixties the first ever organ procurement on a brain dead heart beating donor (DBD) (June 1963) (Squifflet, 2003)3. Later on, in the eighties, they published a first series of living unrelated donor (LURD) transplantations, as well as ABO-Incompatible living donor (ABO-Inc LD) transplantations. With the advent of Cyclosporine A, and later other calcineurin inhibitors such as Tacrolimus, with the advent of more potent immunosuppressive drugs (IS), the gap between the number of renal transplant candidates and the number of transplanted recipients was and is continuously increasing in Belgium and most countries. It opened the search for other sources of organs such as donors after cardiac death (DCD) defined with the Maastricht conference and the extended criteria donors (ECD) compared to standard criteria donors (SCD). In Belgium another source of DCD was identified after the promulgation in 2002 of a law on euthanasia. The Belgian example and all its historical measures could help others to fight against organ shortage and its consequences, organ trafficking, commercialization and tourism.


In a recent paper1, we have derived three main conclusions: i) that all Asian and Pacific populations share a single origin and expansion out of Africa, contradicting an earlier proposal of two independent waves; ii) that populations from South and Southeast Asia harbor a small proportion of ancestry from an unknown extinct hominin – different from the Neanderthal and the Denisovan – which is absent in Europeans; and, iii) that the characteristic distinctive phenotypes (including very short stature) of Andamanese do not reflect an ancient African origin, but have resulted from strong natural selection on genes related to human body size. Although the single wave out of Africa2 and single origin for Asian and Pacific populations have been confirmed3, the existence of admixture with an extinct hominin has been challenged by Skoglund et al.4, as they were unable to replicate our results in their data sets. While we had used a wide variety of statistical methods and data sets from diverse populations to draw our inference, Skoglund et al.4 have used only one method (D-stats5, for the whole genome, not specifically for the relevant genomic regions) and compared only with the Asians, not even with the Europeans. Skoglund et al.4 have alleged that our statistical treatment of the data was faulty and have pointed out some possible sources of error. We have reexamined our data focusing on possible sources of error flagged by Skoglund et al4. We have also performed new analyses. The reexamination and new analyses have bolstered our confidence that our earlier inferences were correct and have resulted in an improved model of introgression of modern humans with a hitherto unknown archaic ancestry. We also propose a possible reason for the inability of Skoglund et al.4 to validate our inference.


Objective: To determine the tooth brushing, tongue cleaning and snacking behaviour of dental technology and therapist students. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of students of Federal School of Dental Therapy and Technology Enugu, Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information on demography, frequency, duration and technique of tooth brushing and tongue cleaning as well as information on consumption of snacks. Results: A total of 242 students responded. Dental technology students made up 52.5% of the respondents and dental therapist in training made up 47.5%. Majority (63.2%) of the respondents considered the strength of tooth brush when purchasing a tooth brush and 78.9% use tooth brushes with medium strength. Seven-tenth (71.9%) of the respondents brush their teeth twice daily and 52.1% brush for 3–5 minutes. About one-third (30.2%) brush their teeth in front of a mirror. Chewing stick was used by 51.7% of respondents in addition to the use of tooth brush. Tongue cleaning was done by 94.2% with only 9.5% using a tongue cleaner. Only 20.2% reported regular snacks consumption. Nine-tenth (90.4%) of respondents were previously involved in educating others, apart from their colleagues, on tooth brushing. Conclusion: This survey revealed that most of the dental therapy and technology students had satisfactory tooth-brushing behaviour. The zeal to educate others about proper tooth brushing revealed in this study suggests that the students may be helpful in oral health promotion.


This article discusses mediatization in news journalism, which is characterized by the institution, in current times, of a new "place" for the media. From this standpoint, they are no longer regarded as mere media, but as structuring elements of a new communicational bios. In the course of society's transition from the media towards a mediatized society, news production practices become complex and process practices, as well as narrative and content distribution forms emerge, that are distinct from those seen until then. Television news broadcast emerges, therefore, in a new format, made up of the cluster of diverse media that refer to such programs, demanding new identification and recognition protocols. These changes will be examined as they relate to the news telecasts TV Folha, of TV Cultura, based on four movements resulting from the mediatization process in journalism: self-referentiality, co-referentiality, decentralization and dialogy.


The purpose with this study was to find out about the perception of a couple of individuals regarding the feature of gender in lifestyle magazines. This is a qualitative journalistic study with focus on gender, lifestyle magazines and reception. One of our main questions was to find out about our respondents opinion concerning the content through a gender perspective. We were also interested in their thoughts about their own consciousness and others regarding the representation of gender in lifestyle magazines and how they think that their interpretation of male and female features in lifestyle magazines may shape their lives. In our study we chose to interview eight (8) people. We had a qualitative approach and an open structure regarding the questions during the interviews. Almost all of them took place in Kalmar and a few of them on Skype. To get our respondents to understand our definition of lifestyle magazines we chose to provide them with six (6) articles from the swedish lifestyle magazines Solo and Cafe, three (3) from each. The results of the study show that our respondents over all seemed to be conscious readers according to themselves. At the same time they thought that other readers besides themselves did not question how gender were presented in the magazines and therefore contributed to the gender structure in society. According to our respondents one of the main reasons for applying both content and values of the magazines seems to be driven by the age of the reader. Something that we thought was quite interesting, especially considering that almost all of them brought up this subject. We are hoping this study will contribute to the research about gender and in particular regarding lifestyle magazines and to inspire others to take interest in further studies about gender.


Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by influenza viruses. Even though influenza can be acutely debilitating, it is a self-limiting illness in the general population. The number of influenza-related deaths varies considerably each year, and is influenced by the influenza virus and patients' age. Although the overall rate of illness is highest in children, rates of severe illness, including influenza-related complications and death, are usually highest in persons aged 65 years and older, children ≤ 2 years, women who are pregnant or postpartum (within two weeks of delivery), and in individuals of any age with an underlying medical condition.


This article began as a conference paper given at the University of Bergen in September 2008. The conference was entitled 'Electronic Literature in Europe' and was organised by Dr Scott Rettberg, Associate Professor in Literary, Linguistic, and Aesthetic Studies at Bergen. On the basis of the paper/presentation, I was invited by Prof. Raine Koskimaa and Dr Markku Eskilinen of Jyvaskyla University, Finland to submit an extended version to Cybertext Yearbook. According to Hans Kristian Rustad in Dichtung Digital 41,(2012) "... the Cybertext Yearbook series as a publication venue for critical writing should be highlighted here. The Yearbook .... has established its position in the field as a well cited peer-review journal." Similarly, Koskimaa and Eskilinen are two of the most respected scholars in the field of electronic literature. The paper was an early attempt to theorise digital text within the context of performance writing/studies and pragmatics, suggesting this as a fruitful alternative to the predominantly literary perspective of many who write about digital textuality. This investigation of performativity and digital text was central to my work as Principal Researcher within ELMCIP, (Electronic Literature as a Model of Creativity and Innovation in Practice). This was a three year, pan-European project funded by HERA (Humanities in the European Research Area). On the basis of the research I have been invited to present subsequent papers on this topic at the Universities of Bristol, Barcelona, Amsterdam, Paris 8 and Granada. I was also invited by Dr Andrew Michael Roberts, Professor of Poetry at Dundee, to join his research proposal on Interactivity and Performativity which was shortlisted for the AHRC Digital TransformationsLarge Grants Call.


We present Statesman, a network-state management service that allows multiple network management applications to operate independently, while maintaining network-wide safety and performance invariants. Network state captures various aspects of the network such as which links are alive and how switches are forwarding traffic. Statesman uses three views of the network state. In observed state, it maintains an up-to-date view of the actual network state. Applications read this state and propose state changes based on their individual goals. Using a model of dependencies among state variables, Statesman merges these proposed states into a target state that is guaranteed to maintain the safety and performance invariants. It then updates the network to the target state. Statesman has been deployed in ten Microsoft Azure datacenters for several months, and three distinct applications have been built on it. We use the experience from this deployment to demonstrate how Statesman enables each application to meet its goals, while maintaining network-wide invariants.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether inhaled nitric oxide (NO) prevents pulmonary hypertension and improves oxygenation after i.v. administration of a bolus of dexmedetomidine in anesthetized sheep.

ANIMALS
6 healthy adult sheep.

PROCEDURE
In a crossover study, sevoflurane-anesthetized sheep received dexmedetomidine (2 microg/kg, i.v.) without NO (DEX treatment) or with inhaled NO (DEX-NO treatment). Cardiopulmonary variables, including respiratory mechanics, were measured before and for 120 minutes after bolus injection of dexmedetomidine.

RESULTS
Dexmedetomidine induced a transient decrease in heart rate and cardiac output. A short-lived increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) was followed by a significant decrease in MAP and SVR for 90 minutes. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance increased transiently after dexmedetomidine injection. The Pao2 was significantly decreased 3 minutes after injection and reached a minimum of (mean +/- SEM) 13.3 +/- 78 kPa 10 minutes after injection. The decrease in Pao2 was accompanied by a sudden and prolonged decrease in dynamic compliance and a significant increase in airway resistance, shunt fraction, and alveolar dead space. Peak changes in MPAP did not differ between the 2 treatments. For the DEX-NO treatment, Pao2 was significantly lower and the shunt fraction significantly higher than for the DEX treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Inhalation of NO did not prevent increases in pulmonary arterial pressures induced by i.v. administration of dexmedetomidine. Preemptive inhalation of NO intensified oxygenation impairment, probably through increases in intrapulmonary shunting.


Uninsured depositors, whose deposits are not fully protected by federal deposit insurance, have an incentive to monitor banks' activities and impose additional funding costs on risky banks. This pricing is a form of market discipline, since the market penalizes banks for taking on greater risk. For banks that become troubled, market discipline can take a more severe form: Market participants may become unwilling to supply uninsured funds at any reasonable price. This study examines the effectiveness of depositor discipline at banks that failed in New England in the early 1990s. ; The empirical analysis examines whether failing banks in New England faced depositor discipline as they became troubled in the early 1990s, and whether these banks attempted to shield themselves from this discipline. Failing banks in New England experienced a 70 percent decline in their uninsured deposits in their final two years of operation. The author finds that despite the magnitude of the gap to fill, and despite the presence of close regulatory scrutiny, many failing banks increased their use of insured deposits enough to offset much of the shortfall created by the decline in uninsured deposits, diminishing the effectiveness of market discipline by depositors.


OBJECTIVES
To examine how family physicians in the United States and Canada evaluate their respective health-care systems.

METHODS
The study design was a cross-sectional survey of 300 randomly selected US family physicians and 300 Canadian family physicians. Outcome measures included: attitudes about professional satisfaction and views on health-care delivery and government involvement in health care.

RESULTS
Sixty-one percent of the US sample and 67% of the Canadian sample responded. After performing factor and discriminant analyses, we were able to identify nine characteristics differentiating the two groups of physicians. United States physicians were more likely to be older, male, working in rural areas, conservative in their political thinking, and satisfied with their ability to obtain diagnostic tests. United States physicians viewed the health-care system as being in need of fundamental changes, less likely to advocate a central role for government, and more likely to report that litigation concerns influence their clinical decisions.

CONCLUSIONS
This study documents differences between Canadian and US family physicians, and suggests that US family physicians might not easily accept a Canadian-style health-care system. Policy makers implementing health-care system changes should be cognizant of the attitudes of physicians that might determine their acceptance or rejection of such changes.


Although many authors have speculated about the possible correlates of flying dreams, empirical research in this area is scarce. In a long series of 6701 dreams, 1.72% (115 dreams) of them included unaided flying. These showed great variability in characteristics like body position while flying; the activities that triggered flying; the method of flying; presence of other flying persons and being seen by other dream characters. Dreams with normal flying were associated with the waking-life experience of flying, whereas non-lucid flying dreams were not. Being lucid in a dream affects the characteristics of flying dreams. Assuming continuity on an emotional level, large-scale diary studies are needed to investigate the relationship between the emotions of flying dreams and waking life experiences.


This major new "Radio 4" series charts the development of Western medicine and healing from the ancient Greeks to the pioneering organ transplant operations of the 20th Century and beyond. The "Making of Modern Medicine" covers over 2000 years of medical history and draws on a vast range of original sources from diaries, medical journals and stage satires to shed light on the experiences of physicians, surgeons, nurses and patients. From classical beliefs about illness that would dominate medical thinking for centuries, through to the rise of the great hospitals and the work of the Renaissance anatomists, this fascinating and entertaining series reveals how, in the early 19th Century, modern scientific medicine was born out of a medical 'Big Bang' erupting from the white heat of the French Revolution, which would lead to clinical medicine as we know it today. Written and presented by Andrew Cunningham, an authority on social and scientific medical history, it includes a wide variety of highly illustrative extracts read by acclaimed actors including Tamsin Greig, Annette Badland, David Rintoul and Peter Capaldi. Whether you're interested in what it was like to be ill in earlier times, the emergence of women in medicine, the advent of the stethoscope, or the development of antibiotic treatment, this series offers an entertaining and thought-provoking insight into these and many other medical issues.


In a nation-state, ethnonationalism and political nationalism equate with each other in both theory and practice. In a multinational state, the mutual antagonisms between the two forms of nationalism demonstrate. In multinational states such as Ghana where "politics of the belly" prevails, ethnonationalism is the political nationalism, and more the substance rather than style of politics. This is the paradox within the rationality of Ghanaian politics. Owing to the modernising and integrative factors associated with urbanisation, urbanites are notioned to be detribalised and more prone towards political nationalism than ethnonationalism. A survey on the political attitudes of supposedly detribalised Ghanaian urbanites would reveal that urbanites, although geographically detribalised, are not so attitudinally, and for most, association with their ethnonational roots grew stronger with length of urban experience, even if there is no proof of a direct relationship between the two, or between association with roots and ethnonationalism. Ethnonationalism results from "politics of the belly", and subsequently, the postcolonial nation-state project, which seeks to integrate a heterogeneity of ethnonational identities submerged under single statehood, becomes a chore as a result. The thesis argues that identity perceptions among Ghanaians, vis-a-vis fellow multinational citizens, are influenced by the immediate political history as well as distant myths of origin, and that, an accentuation of current enmities between various ethnonational groups enhances the invocation of myths of origin to explain the present. The anthropological proof that majority of Modern Ghana are traceable to Ancient Ghana, except Ewes and CTMs', offers an explanation to: (a) modem heightened animosities between Akans and Ewes, even though there is no evidence of enmity between the two groups in the distant history, and; (b) the perception by some, that Ewes are not "native" Ghanaians. The thesis highlights the overall effects of citizens' identity perceptions on political actions and trends in Ghana. The thesis contributes that, there is a wider, more inclusive Guan ancestry and perception for the majority of Ghanaians than any current, exclusive, "latter-day" Guan identity, and that, the adoption of the name "Ghana" for the postcolonial state has more to do with anthropology than political fantasy. Both the Ghana hypothesis and Guan controversy are thereby explained. The thesis also discusses past agitation by non-Ewe groups in the Volta Region of Ghana for a separate Region, as well as the case for pan-Eweist irredentism in the West African sub-region. The scope of the thesis is broad, encapsulating theorising on the doctrine of nationalism, and assessing the extent of its global applicability. The essential Eurocentricity of the doctrine is exposed, as well as its subsequent inapplicability to several pre-l 8th century nations in Africa, for example the Fanti and Ashanti. The thesis further contributes that Ghanaian spouses tended to conceal their political views from each other, the ratio weighing against the female gender. The research involved methodological innovation, utilising a computerised technique to circumvent the `culture of silence 'Z and potential negative response to postal questionnaire method. The innovative strategy ensured anonymity, confidentiality and express delivery, and has positive application for societies with limited freedom of political expression.


Abstract. The 2008 Antarctic ozone hole was one of the largest and most long-lived in recent years. Predictions of the ozone hole were made in near-real time (NRT) and hindcast mode with the Integrated Forecast System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The forecasts were carried out both with and without assimilation of satellite observations from multiple instruments to provide more realistic initial conditions. Three different chemistry schemes were applied for the description of stratospheric ozone chemistry: (i) a linearization of the ozone chemistry, (ii) the stratospheric chemical mechanism of the Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 3, (MOZART-3) and (iii) the relaxation to climatology as implemented in the Transport Model, version 5, (TM5). The IFS uses the latter two schemes by means of a two-way coupled system. Without assimilation, the forecasts showed model-specific shortcomings in predicting start time, extent and duration of the ozone hole. The assimilation of satellite observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), the Solar Backscattering Ultraviolet radiometer (SBUV-2) and the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CartograpHY (SCIAMACHY) led to a significant improvement of the forecasts when compared with total columns and vertical profiles from ozone sondes. The combined assimilation of observations from multiple instruments helped to overcome limitations of the ultraviolet (UV) sensors at low solar elevation over Antarctica. The assimilation of data from MLS was crucial to obtain a good agreement with the observed ozone profiles both in the polar stratosphere and troposphere. The ozone analyses by the three model configurations were very similar despite the different underlying chemistry schemes. Using ozone analyses as initial conditions had a very beneficial but variable effect on the predictability of the ozone hole over 15 days. The initialized forecasts with the MOZART-3 chemistry produced the best predictions of the increasing ozone hole whereas the linear scheme showed the best results during the ozonehole closure.


In order to accurately follow the growth of the vocal tract and the speech articulators and to infer their motor control and acoustic potentialities, it is essential to have anatomic and physiologic data throughout ontogenesis, from gestation to adulthood. The morphogenesis of the vocal tract, which involves the bony structures, their development, and cranio-facial growth during ontogenesis, is far from linear. The new data provided by genetics help interpreting the process of bony growth and thus of vocal tract reshaping from fetus to adult. To predict the consequences of vocal tract growth on the first speech productions (proto-vocalic and proto-consonantal articulations, babbling), anthropomorphic articulatory models are developed based on articulatory data. The articulatory models can generate realistic acoustic stimuli, which enable the testing of hypotheses about adult and newborn perceptuo-motor processes. These articulatory models can provide phylogenetical cues to the debate around the emergence of speech. The study of vocal tract growth therefore constitutes a key experimental paradigm for speech research.


Purpose of the article : The purpose of the paper which has come into being with the financial support of the Czech Science Foundation as an output of the grant project No. 402/09/P469 - Development and Competitiveness of the Czech Tax System in the Area of Taxation of Natural Persons Incomes is to present results of carried out comparison of the tax burden of a tax-payer who is gaining his money only from employment. Single and childless taxpayers with tax residency in the Czech Republic were chosen to represent this category of taxpayers.
 Methodology/methods: The comparison is realized by means of the "relative tax burden" indicator. This indicator was calculated as quotient of "a sum of income tax plus social and health insurance contributions paid by the employee" and "gross wage". The social and health insurance contributions were included with the aim to implicate the impact by the law stated obligatory payments on a disposable income of a taxpayer. The amounts were calculated for the year values. The lowest yearly amount under consideration was that corresponding to the minimal wage (CZK 96,000.00). The comparison is performed for the years 2007-2009 and presented above all in a form of relevant graphs and related commentaries.
 Scientific aim: The aim of the paper is to describe changes in relative tax burden (effective tax rate) in connection with the amendments of Act on Income Taxes with a view to incomes from employment. Findings The authors proved while using a simplified model that despite the existence of the flat tax rate for taxation of natural person incomes in taxable years 2008 and 2009, the relative tax burden of a tax-payer has a progressive character, however, only up to a certain level of total year gross wages. This level matches to the maximal base of assessment for social and health insurance. From this level of total year gross wages, which represents an inflection point, the relative tax burden has conversely a regressive character. The results of carried out analysis prove, among others, a fundamental impact of the new conception of partial tax base under Section 6 paragraph 13 of Act on Incomes Taxes and impacts of the maximal base of assessment for social and health insurance.
 Conclusions (limits, implications etc) : In general, one can observe that changes in the sphere of taxation of the incomes from employment which came into operation on 01 January 2008 brought tax savings to tax-payers. However, the amount of the tax savings is fundamentally determined by the amount of the total gross year wage. The highest tax saving, when compared the tax burden in the year 2008 with the tax burden in the year 2007, was gained by the tax-payers with above-average incomes. This conclusion was valid also in the year 2009. In connection with above mentioned, it is to stress that a decrease of a tax burden of a tax-payer is only one factor from plenty of those affecting the amount of disposable tax-payer income. Within the system views of the issue, there is a need to comprehend other aspects such as e. g. extension of a tax base, changes in social benefits, changes in other taxes and inflation.


Cultivation.- Advances in seaweed aquaculture among Pacific Island countries.- Experimental tank cultivation of Porphyra in Israel.- Rapid survey technique using socio-economic indicators to assess the suitability of Pacific Island rural communities for Kappaphycus seaweed farming development.- Artificial seed production and cultivation of the edible brown alga, Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C. Agardh: Developing a new species for seaweed cultivation in Korea.- Farming of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera in southern Chile for development of novel food products.- Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth of Gracilaria verrucosa and G. chorda, with the potential for mariculture in Korea.- Developmental studies in Porphyra vietnamensis: A high-temperature resistant species from the Indian Coast.- Spore adhesion and cell wall formation in Gelidium floridanum (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales).- Forecasting infections of the red rot disease on Porphyra yezoensis Ueda (Rhodophyta) cultivation farms.- Occurrence of Polysiphonia epiphytes in Kappaphycus farms at Calaguas Is., Camarines Norte, Phillippines.- Culture of Gigartina skottsbergii (Rhodophyta) in southern Chile. A pilot scale approach.- Can kelp extract (KELPAK(R)) be useful in seaweed mariculture?.- Harvesting.- A remote sensing approach to estimating harvestable kelp biomass.- The effects of harvesting of the South African kelp (Ecklonia maxima) on kelp population structure, growth rate and recruitment.- Harvesting of the kelp Ecklonia maxima in South Africa affects its three obligate, red algal epiphytes.- Changes in the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. plant morphology and biomass produced by cutter rake harvests in southern New Brunswick, Canada.- Hydrocolloids.- Carrageenans from cystocarpic and sterile plants of Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta) collected from the Russian Pacific coast.- A comparative study of specificity of fucoidanases from marine microorganisms and invertebrates.- Comparative characterization of laminarinases from the filamentous marine fungi Chaetomium indicum Corda and Trichoderma aureviride Rifai.- Biochemistry & Utilization.- Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of tropical Australian marine macroalgae.- Tissue nitrogen and phosphorus in seaweeds in a tropical eutrophic environment: What a long-term study tells us.- Element concentrations in some species of seaweeds from La Paz Bay and La Paz Lagoon, south-western Baja California, Mexico.- Formation of aldehyde flavor (n-hexanal, 3Z-nonenal and 2E-nonenal) in the brown alga, Laminaria angustata.- Antimicrobial browning-inhibitory effect of flavor compounds in seaweeds.- Effect of detachment on the palatability of two kelp species.- A comparison of various seaweed-based diets and formulated feed on growth rate of abalone in a land-based aquaculture system.- A simple 96-well microplate method for estimation of total polyphenol content in seaweeds.- Physiology.- Effects of UVB radiation on the initial stages of growth of Gigartina skottsbergii, Sarcothalia crispata and Mazzaella laminarioides (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta).- Photosynthesis and UV-B tolerance of the marine alga Fucus vesiculosus at different sea water salinities.- Effects of environmental factors and metal ions on growth of the red alga Gracilaria chorda Holmes (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta).- Genomics & Molecular Genetics.- A genomic and phylogenetic perspective on endosymbiosis and algal origin.- Isolation of pollutant (pine needle ash)-responding genes from tissues of the seaweed Ulva pertusa.- Isolation and identification of gametogenesis-related genes in Porphyra yezoensis (Rhodophyta) using subtracted cDNA libraries.- Kelp Ecology & Global Environmental Change.- Molecular systematics and phylogenetics of Gracilariacean species from the Mediterranean Sea.- Long term variability in the structure of kelp communities in northern Chile and the 1997-98 ENSO.- Recent fluctuations in distribution and biomass of cold and warm temperature species of Laminarialean algae at Cape Ohma, northern Honshu, Japan.- Ecology.- Introduced macroalgae - A growing concern.- Time-space characterization of commercial seaweed species from the Gulf of California using a geographical information system.- Phenology of Chondrus ocellatus in Cheongsapo near Busan, Korea.- Seasonality pattern of biomass accumulation in a drifting Furcellaria lumbricalis community in the waters of the West Estonian Archipelago, Baltic Sea.- Factors influencing the growth rates of three commercial eucheumoids at coastal sites in southern Kenya.- Reproduction strategies of Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyta) in Southern Chile: The importance of population dynamics.- Group recruitment and early survival of Mazzaella laminarioides.- Distribution and recent reduction of Gelidium beds in Toyama Bay, Japan.- Overgrazing of kelp beds along the coast of Norway.- Seasonal occurrences of epiphytic algae on the commercially cultivated red alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta).- The role of encrusting coralline algae in the diets of selected intertidal herbivores.- Phenology of Sargassum spp. in Tung Ping Chau Marine Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.- Biogeography of Alaskan seaweeds.- Systematics, Taxonomy & Phylogeny.- Systematics and genetic variation in commercial Kappaphycus and Eucheuma (Solieriaceae, Rhodophyta).- Phylogenetic diversity of New Zealand Gelidiales as revealed by rbcL sequence data.- Taxonomic considerations of a foliose Grateloupia species from the Straits of Messina.- Observations on flattened species of Gracilaria (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta) from Taiwan.- Phylogenetic re-evaluation of the Laurencia complex (Rhodophyta) with a description of L. succulenta sp. nov. from Korea.


Within the coastal super system there are the two main systems of the cliff and the foreshore and thirdly, but at a lower hierarchical level, the coastline system. The forms of and processes shaping each of these physical features are analysed quantitatively. Instrumented sites have been set up for the measurement of rates of erosion of the shore platform, of other foreshore features, and of the cliff foot over a longer period than has so far been possible.
A section of cliff has also been instrumented.

An original technique for the analysis of coastline morphology is described. Bays that are fundamentally arcuate, triangular, or rectangular are associated with different extranous factors, the first particularly with a bare cliff foot or a sand or pebble beach, the second with a boulder beach or geological heterogeneity and the
third with glacial deposits.

The c1iff consists of any combination of the elements termed the sandstone scarp, the bevel, and the marine-activated cliff. The bevel results from protection of the cliff foot by talus cones and boulder beaches. It is concluded that bevelled cliffs are in dynamic equilibrium
though relaxation time is long, leading to continuous changes in form. A cliff consisting of the marine-activated element only is probably a steady-state feature and is associated with a bare cliff foot or one which has a sand or pebble beach.

The shore platform may include any combination of two elements, the ramp and the plane, the former being steeper than 2.5 degrees and shaped by the corrasion of the overlying debris. The sub-horizonta1ity of the plane is a product of secondary erosive processes - mainly expansion and contraction of the shale due to wetting and drying
in tidal and intertidal periods.

The resistance of boulder beaches is increased if the boulders become imprisoned. Boulders partly embedded in the shore platform may remain perched when this feature is lowered. In the base of talus cones conglomerate can be formed in less than 200 years.

Therefore the nature of the cliff foot is the principal regulator in the coast su~rsystem but superficial deposits undergo erosion so this regulator and the supersystem continuously change. Measurements of erosion rates show that it is incorrect to hypothesise that some of the coastal landforms have been inherited from Pleistocene times.


Yanagita Kunio (1875-1962) was a public intellectual who played a pivotal role in shaping modern Japan's cultural identity. A self-taught folk scholar and elite bureaucrat, he promoted folk studies in Japan. So extensive was his role that he has been compared with the fabled Grimm Brothers of Germany and the great British folklorist James G. Frazer (1854-1941), author of The Golden Bough." This monograph is only the second book-length English-language examination of Yanagita, and it is the first analysis that moves beyond a biographical account of his pioneering work in folk studies.An eccentric but insightful critic of Japan's rush to modernize, Yanagita offers a compelling array of rebuttals to mainstream social and political trends in his carefully crafted writings. Through a close reading of Yanagita's interdisciplinary texts, which comment on a wide range of key cultural issues that characterized the first half of Japan's twentieth century, Melek Ortabasi seeks to reevaluate the historical significance of his work. Ortabasi's inquiry simultaneously exposes, discursively, some of the fundamental assumptions we embrace about modernity and national identity in Japan and elsewhere.


Vascular parkinsonism (VP) is characterized by predominantly lower body involvement with gait impairment and postural instability, often without tremor, and by relative levodopa unresponsiveness. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate multiple infarcts or ischemic changes in periventricular white matter. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACLA) are associated with hypercoagulable states and increased stroke risk. Review of our Movement Disorders Clinic records identified 44 individuals with a diagnosis of VP. ACLA have been obtained in 22 of these patients (mean age, 78.3 years; mean Mini‐Mental Status Exam score, 25.8). Gait disturbance was the initial clinical feature in 82% of the patients, and levodopa responsiveness was present in 18% of those treated. In 9 of the 22 (40.9%), ACLA immunoglobulin G was positive. No significant differences in clinical features or risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and clinical stroke) were evident between ACLA+ and ACLA− groups. Since the presence of ACLA in individuals with stroke is usually treated by full‐scale anticoagulation with warfarin, our findings raise the question whether such treatment should also be used in persons with VP who are ACLA positive. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society


The Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Karonga HDSS) in northern Malawi currently has a population of more than 35 000 individuals under continuous demographic surveillance since completion of a baseline census (2002-2004). The surveillance system collects data on vital events and migration for individuals and for households. It also provides data on cause-specific mortality obtained by verbal autopsy for all age groups, and estimates rates of disease for specific presentations via linkage to clinical facility data. The Karonga HDSS provides a structure for surveys of socio-economic status, HIV zero-prevalence and incidence, sexual behavior, fertility intentions and a sampling frame for other studies, as well as evaluating the impact of interventions, such as antiretroviral therapy and vaccination programs. Uniquely, it relies on a network of village informants to report vital events and household moves, and furthermore is linked to an archive of biological samples and data from population surveys and other studies dating back three decades.