In order to clarify the characteristics of high-cycle fatigue of the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel, a high temperature rotary bending test was carried out. As a result, the fatigue strength of this alloy decreased monotonically at elevated temperatures. It decreased from 440 MPa at room temperature to about 350 MPa at 400°C. This decrease of the fatigue strength was attributed to the temperature dependence of the yielding strength of this alloy. The fatigue limit appeared near 107 cycles at 400°C, whereas it appeared around 106 cycles at room temperature. The most important result is that the fatigue limit disappeared up to 108 cycles at temperatures higher than 500°C. Thus, the number of cycles at which the fatigue limit appeared shifted to higher cycles with increasing the testing temperature. Clear striation was observed in the stable crack growth region on the fracture surface of all the specimen tested at room temperature, 400°C, 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C. Intergranular cracking, which have been observed in creep-fatigue tests, was not observed. Since the estimated operating temperature of FBR is 550°C, it is very important to consider this fatigue strength in the structural and reliability design of the modified 9Cr-1Mo steel.In this study, the change of crystallinity of this alloy under fatigue loading was also analyzed by applying an EBSD method. The image quality (IQ) value obtained from the analysis was used for the quantitative evaluation of the crystallinity in the area where an electron beam of 20 nm in diameter was irradiated. The quality of the atomic alignment was found to degrade under the cyclic loading, and a crack started to occur on the surface of the alloy when the quality of the atomic alignment decreased to a certain critical value.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


It has been almost 15 years since the publication of the landmark National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke tissue plasminogen activator (NINDS-tPA) trial. The findings of the NINDS-tPA trial soon led to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for IV alteplase (tPA) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) that transformed the way neurologists approach this devastating disease. Unfortunately, 15 years removed from the NINDS-tPA trial, IV tPA remains the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of AIS. Although no major clinical breakthrough has occurred in the AIS treatment front, newer trials have increased the spectrum of patients who can be treated, but failed to find better lytic drugs or ways to identify treatable patients using advanced imaging. Major advancements have transpired in the arena of stroke prevention, especially in endovascular therapy and management of atrial fibrillation (AF). This article aims to summarize 5 new topics in stroke treatment, prevention, and poststroke care that have or will soon affect clinical treatment of stroke patients, and to offer critiques and commentary on how the results of the trials presented can be applied to the care of individual stroke patients.


This case study is concerned with the perspectives of staff and governors in the secondary school where the researcher works as deputy head. The focus of the inquiry is school development planning and its relationship to wider strategic planning. The study further explores the School's culture and organisational structure in order to contextualise the findings and examine the School's capacity for change. The author considers the difficulties of conducting case study research in one's own place of work and utilises a range of research instruments to improve the validity of the research approach. These include questionnaires and interview schedules designed by the researcher, together with research resources designed for the Improving the Quality of Education for All (IQEA) school improvement project and the Improving School Effectiveness Project (ISEP). The study concludes that the School's development plan is generally considered to provide a sense of direction for the School but that there is little evidence of direct engagement with the plans produced. The senior team are perceived to provide purposeful leadership and the School's development structure, i.e. its capacity for improvement, is strong but there are concerns amongst many staff that decision-making is insufficiently collegiate. The author argues that this lack of involvement in key decision-making is the foundation for a model of strategy development that does not provide an authentic shared vision for the School as a whole. The School's aspirations to become a 'learning organisation' are compromised by a political structure that does not develop leadership density across the staff team. It is argued that the complexity and ambiguity of the School's culture, as reflected by the perspectives of its staff and governors, challenges the credentials of technicist models of strategic planning within this context. The result of an essentially top-down approach to strategy formation is a staff team who partially disengage themselves from strategic implementation, i.e. the school development planning process. From consideration of both the value and the constraints and limitations of this research study, the author concludes that there is a need for further case studies that explore the complexity and contradiction of the school setting and, in particular, action research studies that help the reader to understand the dynamic reality of school management from the perspectives of the practitioners themselves.


Model-based fault detection and diagnosis approaches based on statistical models for fault-free performance concurrently require a fault classifier database for diagnosis. On the other hand, a model with physical parameters would directly provide such diagnostic ability. In this paper, we propose a generic model development approach, called the characteristic parameter approach, which is suitable for large engineering systems that usually come equipped with numerous sensors. Such an approach is applied to large centrifugal chillers, which are generally the single most expensive piece of equipment in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems. The basis of the characteristic parameter approach is to quantify the performance of each and every primary component of the chiller (the electrical motor, the compressor, the condenser heat exchanger, the evaporator heat exchanger, and the expansion device) by one or two performance parameters, the variation in magnitude of which is indicative of the health of that component. A hybrid inverse model is set up based on the theoretical standard refrigeration cycle in conjunction with statistically identified component models that correct for non-standard behavior of the characteristic parameters of the particular chiller. Such an approach has the advantage of using few physically meaningful parameters (as against using the numerous sensor data directly), which simplifies the detection phase while directly providing the needed diagnostic ability. Another advantage to this generic approach is that the identification of the correction models is simple and robust, since it requires regression rather than calibration. The entire methodology has been illustrated with actual monitored data from two centrifugal chillers (one a laboratory chiller and the other a field operated chiller). The sensitivity of this approach to sensor noise has also been investigated.


This report presents all the results of the final degree project done during a stage within the service TE374 (Physical, Thermical Atmpsphere Re-entries Test and Analysis) at EADS ASTRIUM Space Transportation Aquitaine, an enterprise of the EADS group, european leader in aerospace industry. This training period had as main objective to achieve the procedure for an Acoustic Emission test in a cryogenic environment, and study and interpretation of Acoustic Emission captures. On one hand, an adhesive (CAF) procedure for cryogenic environment has been validated. To reach the objective different steps have been performed: At first place a repeatable test procedure has been searched. Secondly, a repeatable adhesive procedure for the Acoustic Emission captors has been defined. After, it has been tested in a traction test in a cryogenic environment, and a cause of the non satisfactory result, an alternative has been searched. A cianolyte adhesive has been chosen, compared with CAF and validated in cryogenic environment. An exploitation of the Acoustic Emission captures has also been performed. Different kinds of characteristic hits have been identified by the frequency composition of the wave. On the other hand, a deepening in the Acoustic Emission technique on composite materials has been done. The linear localisation of damage sources in a prototype qualification test has been performed with great results. The data has been also analysed and different families of hits have been identified as well. At last, the influence of two composites nature in the wave propagation has been investigated because it could add an extra attenuation in the AE signals. The results expose that the stacking sequence introduces a different radial propagation diagram, with maximums in fibre directions.


The goal of this research was to examine how project changes can be prevented, and how to reduce their negative impact. Theoretical research examined risk management, project control and change management. Based on the study a "Comprehensive Change Management Model" was developed and verified after conducting empirical research in Slovenian enterprises. The research confirmed that risk management identifies possible changes and reduces their impact; project control ensures the timely detection of changes and an efficient response, while formal change management ensures the effective implementation of changes. The combined functioning of all three areas ensures effective project execution.


Valenzuela City is one of the 16 cities that make up 'Metro Manila', or the National Capital Region. Of the 144 cities in the Philippines, Valenzuela City is the 13th most populous, with approximately 570,000 inhabitants.1 Located 14 km north of Manila, it is a highly urbanised and affluent industrial and residential suburb situated in a low-lying area and bordered by three interconnecting rivers: the Tullahan, the Polo and the Meycauayan. The confluence of these rivers makes Valenzuela vulnerable to flooding during high tides and also to flash floods, which occur regularly during the rainy season. During periods of heavy rainfall and high tides, stagnant water from floods can sometimes stay in the area for up to 4 weeks due to insufficient drainage, improper solid waste disposal and simply too much water. People are often stranded inside their homes with limited food and water supply, and are exposed to water-borne diseases such as dengue and leptospirosis, as well as coughs and colds. Businesses and entrepeneurs, such as street vendors, furniture makers, small-scale autorepair shops and fish-food processors must watch as the means of their livelihoods are submerged under water. Office workers can also suffer from a lack of income if they are unable to go to work due to flooding.


Top-down factors such as attention and expectation have been shown to modulate visual discrimination by improving the quality of sensory processing. However, few studies have investigated these factors within the same experiment to determine if they operate via similar or independent mechanisms (Kok et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2013). To address this question, subjects viewed a display containing flickering and randomly oriented lines, half of which were blue and half of which were red. On each trial, some percentage of the lines were rendered at the same orientation, either clockwise or counterclockwise relative to the vertical meridian. We manipulated attention (behavioral relevance) by cueing subjects to monitor either the red or blue lines (focused attention) or to monitor both (divided attention). Expectation of the target-defining orientation was also manipulated by varying the ratio between target orientations presented in a given block of trials. Finally, we examined interactions between the strength of sensory evidence and attention/expectation by manipulating the number of iso-oriented lines in the target display across two levels (low and high coherence). At high coherence levels, there is no main effect of attention or expectation on accuracy, but both factors lead to faster response times (RTs). In contrast, at low coherence levels, there is a robust effect of expectation on accuracy such that expected orientations are more likely to be correctly discriminated. However, this expectation effect is primarily observed in the divided-attention condition, suggesting that focused attention dampens the effects of expectation. In addition, at low coherence levels, there is a main effect of attention on RTs but little effect of expectation. Taken together, these results suggest that the effects of attention and expectation on behavioral performance during orientation discrimination are dissociable depending on the amount of relevant sensory information available in the display. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Abstract In a previous study, the thermomechanical fatigue resistance of four compacted graphite irons (CGIs) and one grey cast iron was investigated. The molybdenum content of the four CGIs varied between 0 and 1·01 wt-%. It was observed that during thermal cycling, the maximum value of the compressive stress continuously decreased while the value of the maximum tensile stress continuously increased. The continuous decrease in compressive stresses showed that stress relaxation occurs at elevated temperatures during thermal cycling. The goal of the present investigation was to investigate the phenomenon of stress relaxation at elevated temperatures. The tests were performed at 350 and 600°C respectively. The results of the stress relaxation tests performed at 600°C showed the same trend observed at thermomechanical fatigue testing. The tests showed that additions of molybdenum improved the fatigue resistance of CGI by lowering the stress relaxation rate.


Over the past decade, the rapidly decreasing cost of computer storage and the increasing prevalence of high-speed Internet connections have fundamentally altered the way in which scientific research is conducted. Led by scientists in disciplines such as genomics, the rapid sharing of data sets and cross-institutional collaboration promise to increase scientific efficiency and output dramatically. As a result, an increasing number of public "commons" of scientific data are being created: aggregations intended to be used and accessed by researchers worldwide. Yet, the sharing of scientific data presents legal, ethical and practical challenges that must be overcome before such science commons can be deployed and utilized to their greatest potential. These challenges include determining the appropriate level of intellectual property protection for data within the commons, balancing the publication priority interests of data generators and data users, ensuring a viable economic model for publishers and other intermediaries and achieving the public benefits sought by funding agencies.In this paper, I analyze scientific data sharing within the framework offered by organizational theory, expanding existing analytical approaches with a new tool termed "latency analysis." I place latency analysis within the larger Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, as well as more recent variations of that framework. Latency analysis exploits two key variables that characterize all information commons: the rate at which information enters the commons (its knowledge latency) and the rate at which the knowledge in the commons becomes be freely utilizable (its rights latency). With these two variables in mind, one proceeds to a three-step analytical methodology that consists of (1) determining the stakeholder communities relevant to the information commons, (2) determining the policy objectives that are relevant to each stakeholder group, and (3) mediating among the differing positions of the stakeholder groups through adjustments to the latency variables of the commons. I apply latency analysis to two well-known narratives of commons formation in the sciences: the field of genomics, which developed unique modes of rapid data sharing during the Human Genome Project and continues to influence data sharing practices in the biological sciences today; and the more generalized case of open access publishing requirements imposed on publishers by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and various research universities. In each of these cases, policy designers have used timing mechanisms to achieve policy outcomes. That is, by regulating the speed at which information is released into a commons, and then by imposing time-based restrictions on its use, policy designers have addressed the concerns of multiple stakeholders and established information commons that operate effectively and equitably. I conclude that the use of latency variables in commons policy design can, in general, reduce negotiation transaction costs, achieve efficient and equitable results for all stakeholders, and thereby facilitate the formation of socially-valuable commons of scientific information.


This thesis examines how New Labour policymakers and Black and Minority Ethnic (BME)-led race equality organisations articulated and connected themes of nation, multiculture and 'race' equality in policy discourse and discussions over the New Labour period. My study extends previous accounts of New Labour and multicultural discourses by incorporating the significant, but not always influential, role of BME civil society actors in
such policy discussions. My research draws on documents and archival material from and interviews with
policymakers and race equality actors. I analyse this data using a qualitative thematic approach to discern changing policy discourses and claims about the state of the multicultural nation and the place of race equality within it. In the study I suggest that, after a promising start, New Labour policymakers came to understand the relationship between nation, multiculture and race equality as a troubled and troubling one. At the same time, the three BME-led race equality organisations that I focus on in my research struggled to counter government discourses of parallel lives, community cohesion and Britishness that were detrimental to efforts to combat race inequality. Policy and policy discursive interventions of BME-led race equality organisations were thrown off course not only by New Labour but also by 'new ethnicities', and the idea of complex and diverse BMEness'. BME-led organisations have struggled to engage with this latter destabilisation, let alone develop a politics capable of overcoming such issues. I therefore end my thesis by suggesting that, if BME-led race equality organisations are to shape policy debates on race equality, there is much hard labour and re-thinking about BMEness and re-organising for them still to do.


It has been suggested by some that methane contamination of water wells is the main negative consequence of the development of natural gas resources. Concurrently, speculation in academic white papers and in the press that methane may be toxic has resulted in public concern. In northern Pennsylvania, methane being released from groundwater and entering homes (so-called stray gas) has become a focus of this concern. This phenomenon was widespread decades before shale gas development was initiated. This paper reviews the available literature on the safety and health hazards associated with natural gas. It concludes that the risks to homeowners are highest from flash fires occurring in methane oxygen gas clouds at relatively low methane concentrations collecting in poorly ventilated, confined areas of houses such as basements. Such risks can be mitigated effectively and in most cases at minimal cost. Methane can result in death from hypoxia (lack of oxygen) but only at methane levels in the air of more than 60%, which are unlikely to develop except under exceptional circumstances. There is no evidence that low to moderate levels of exposure to methane in air have any toxic effect on humans, and evidence for such effects at very high levels (already fatal because of hypoxia) is equivocal. It seems likely that methane at concentrations at least as high as 2.5% may well have positive health benefits for some diseases.


The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to investigate and identify prenatal predictors of perinatal outcomes of gastroschisis. Antenatal data included extra-abdomi-nal bowel dilatation (EABD) and intra-abdominal bowel dilatation (IABD). Perinatal data included gestational age, sex, and birth weight. Surgical data included presence of intestinal atresia, necrosis, perforation, strictures, and method of closure. Outcome data included duration of mechanical ventilation and total parenteral nutrition, pseudoobstruction, sepsis, reoperations, length of hospital stay, and mortality rates. Results were analyzed in 65 patients. EABD was documented in 55 patients with no significant difference between simple and complex gastroschisis group. In 27 patients (in 32% of simple and 73% of complex cases), IABD persisted until the last ultrasound scan. Simple gastroschisis group had a shorter hospital stay, shorter ventilation support duration, less bowel pseudoob- struction, less need for reoperation, and received less parenteral nutrition. The most frequent extraintestinal complication was sepsis. The only factor that has been shown to predict poorer outcomes of gastroschisis is the presence of complex gastroschisis. Current available evidence suggests that antenatal bowel dilatation is not associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome in infants with gastroschisis. Also, the absence of bowel dilatation cannot fully exclude complex


The article analyses various stages of the subsequent development of the international cooperation and of Ukrainian legislation aimed at facing the consequences of the explosion at Chernobyl nuclear power plant, on April 26, 1986. It is aimed to assess the impact of Chernobyl accident on law and policies in the field of environmental protection. The reaction to the Chernobyl accident gave in fact a boost to the evolution of international treaty law in various sectors (nuclear safety, emergency preparedness and response, environmental law) and, according to the Authors, contributed to the assertion in general international law of the right to environmental information.More than a thousand legal acts have been adopted in the Ukraine aimed at determining the safe management of the territories affected by Chernobyl accident. Notwithstanding the resulting nuclear contamination from Chernobyl accident still is a priority environmental problem. In this context, the Authors highlight the exceptional interest of the prospect opened by the Presidential Decrees of 2018 and 2019 on the rehabilitation of the territories affected by radioactive contamination. They represent a further important step towards the effective establishment of a biosphere reserve, in the perspective of the creation of a transboundary protected area with Belarus.


Accessible exploration of one of the most exciting areas of scientific inquiry - the nature of light. Following on from his bestseller, SCHRODINGER'S CAT, John Gribbin presents the recent dramatic improvements in experimental techniques that have enabled physicists to formulate and test new theories about the nature of light. He describes these theories not in terms of hard-to-imagine entities like spinning subnuclear particles, but in terms of the fate of two small cats, separated at a tender age and carried to opposite ends of the universe. In this way Gribbin introduces the reader to such new developments as quantum cryptography, through which unbreakable codes can be made, and goes on to possible future developments such as the idea that the 'entanglement' of quantum particles could be a way to build a STAR TREK style teleportation machine.


Abstract Astomum japonicum G. Roth is a cleistocarpous moss species but its taxonomic placement remains uncertain because the type material has not been re-examined since being described in 1911. We have examined type specimens and selected the specimen in PC as the lectotype. Based on a morphological study of the type material, we also propose the transfer of the species to the genus Weissia Hedw.: W. japonica (G. Roth) Y. Inoue & H. Tsubota comb. nov. Taxonomic notes on W. japonica and a key to the cleistocarpous species of Weissia in Japan are also provided.


Symbolic regression is aimed at discovering mathematical expressions, in symbolic form, that fit a given sample of data points. While genetic programming (GP) constitutes a powerful tool for solving this class of problems, its effectiveness is still severely limited when the data sample requires different expressions in different regions of the input space - i.e., when the approximating function should be discontinuous. In this paper we present a new GP-based approach for symbolic regression of discontinuous functions in multivariate data-sets. We identify the portions of the input space that require different approximating functions by means of a new algorithm that we call hyper-volume error separation (HVES). To this end we run a preliminary GP evolution and partition the input space based on the error exhibited by the best individual across the data-set. Then we partition the data-set based on the partition of the input space and use each such partition for driving an independent, preliminary GP evolution. The populations resulting from such preliminary evolutions are finally merged and evolved again. We compared our approach to the standard GP search and to a GP search for discontinuous functions in univariate data-sets. Our results show that coupling HVES with GP is an effective approach and provides significant accuracy improvements while requiring less computational resources.


Welding is a key process for heavy steel structures, but it is also a weak link in the structure since fatigue fractures in welds are a common cause of failure. This thesis proposes several changes in order to improve the fatigue properties in acost effective way, enabling reduced weight and reduced cost of welded structures. The main idea is to adapt the weld requirements and welding procedures to the load conditions of the weld. This approach ensures that the main focus in the welding process is the critical characteristics of the welds fatigue life properties. The fatigue life critical properties are most often related to the geometrical factors of the weld such as the radius at the weld toe or the penetration in the root. The thesis describes a holistic view of the subject and covers fatigue, weld quality, weld requirements and welding procedures. It becomes evident that the traditional way of working without a direct connection to fatigue is not the best. With an adaptation to the load conditions and fatigue, it is possible to enhance the fatigue life and reduce the welding cost. The main challenge is to connect the welding process, weld requirements and fatigue life properties. It is needed for an optimised welding process of heavy structures subjected to fatigue and toget a predictable fatigue life. Welds optimised for enhanced fatigue life properties are not necessary accepted according to the requirements in a current standard. Several welding procedures are proposed for improving the fatigue life properties of the weld, which indicate a high potential for enhanced fatigue lifeof fillet welds. The idea is to replace the "standard" fillet weld with three different weld types: (i) Welds with deep penetration, (ii) Welds with large weld toe radius and (iii) Welds produced with low cost. Together with customised requirements and reduced over-welding there is a vast potential for reduced weight, reduced cost and increased productivity.The main contribution of this thesis work is the cross-functional studies including design, analysis, production and quality control. This gives a framework for improvements supporting reduced cost and reduced weight of VIII welded structures without reducing the fatigue strength. Many shortcomings have been highlighted to change the welding from a state where welds are done in a way as they "always" have, by tradition, to a more contemporary situation where weld requirements and welding procedures are actively chosen to match the load conditions of the weld. This result in requirements and welding procedures which actually are connected to the fatigue properties as defined by the loading conditions, and where auditors with high probability can say that an accepted weld actually is better than a rejected weld.


The metabolic syndrome is a target for the dietary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The effect of adding red wine to the diet has not been fully investigated. This study examined whether a Mediterranean-type diet complemented with red wine and mild exercise had an impact on patients with the metabolic syndrome in the short term. Twelve patients with the metabolic syndrome consumed a Mediterranean-type diet for four weeks without and with red wine respectively and performed mild exercise. We implemented the diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome as formulated by the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) in 2001. The patients were also screened for multiple genetic markers implicated in cardiovascular disease. Weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference and blood pressure were measured, as well as various biochemical, haematological and inflammatory markers. There was a significant decrease in the body weight (p = 0.04) and an increase in ORAC value (p = 0.035) after the dietary intervention. A significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (p = 0.045) was observed. Red wine had no additional benefits. Although diet reduced weight and blood pressure, the lipoprotein and pro-coagulant profiles of patients with the metabolic syndrome were not affected in this study. These findings may be explained partly by the diverse genetic profile identified among the study participants, as 50% had mutations involved in lipid metabolism that may influence the response to dietary intervention and alcohol consumption.


Climate change is a global environmental phenomenon which many countries throughout the world have been trying to address. Climate change has affected almost all economies and societies as well as creating environmental problems worldwide. Over recent decades, numerous regions have suffered from dangerous disasters, such as heavy storms and floods, severe heatwaves and droughts, as well as adverse weather conditions which have caused loss and damage to both human life and property.

Vietnam, the focus of this research, is highly affected by climate change impacts and natural hazards, especially in coastal zones. In acknowledging climate change, the Vietnamese government has planned for and employed National Climate Change Adaptation Programs in order to adapt to its threats. However, these National programs seem to focus on finding solutions relating to infrastructure, livelihoods, migration and so on, while efforts to change individuals' behaviour towards the environment are not seriously considered. Education to improve the awareness and adaptive capacity of Vietnamese coastal community residents to address climate change has been identified as a priority which was unresolved in the study site.

This research aims to help bridge the gap by designing and implementing a climate change education program for a specific Vietnamese coastal community in order to enhance knowledge about and perceptions of climate change, and actions to adapt to it. To best achieve the main goal of the study, it was developed in three phases: a data gathering phase, an intervention phase, and finally an evaluation phase. Mixed methods were employed to address the research objectives, involving questionnaires, observations and interviews.

Preliminary results from a sample of 108 Vietnamese coastal participants and qualitative analyses of interviews and observations in Phase One revealed a low level of climate change knowledge, especially among school students and farmers. However, residents were very concerned about climate change and predicted with a high level of accuracy a range of negative future effects of climate change. They also agreed that a climate change education program is necessary for the Thinh Loc community.

Phase Two implemented a climate change education program to 98 participants. They were divided into three classes, comprising 58 school students, 10 teachers, 17 farmers, and 13 local government staff members. The educational intervention was designed from the results from the baseline data obtained in Phase One and using guidelines from climate change education programs found in the literature review. Constructivist teaching methods were applied to encourage students to actively engage in a variety of learning activities to build understanding, skills and the ability to critically analyse and discuss climate change knowledge, mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Phase Three involved a post-intervention evaluation phase that measured the effectiveness and impact of the intervention on the participants. Analysis of 88 survey recipients, interview transcripts, and field observations demonstrated changes in awareness, perception and attitudes towards climate change, as well as the application of strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change 6 months after the intervention. It was concluded that the climate change education program was effective in enhancing awareness and adaptive capacity to cope with climate change in this specific Vietnamese coastal community, with the potential to become a model that could be duplicated in other communities in Vietnamese coastal regions. Thereby, this research helps to contribute to developing climate change adaptation theory and practice.


For more than a decade, Europe has been the wireless continent; today, wireless has almost completely shifted to the U.S. and Asia. This shift has had a profound impact on the electronic, semiconductor, and design ecosystem: long-time leaders have disappeared, or have abandoned the wireless business/market. Europe needs to re-invent itself once again. Is there a future for electronics, and IC design and manufacturing in Europe? If so, what are the applications, and the technologies that will bring Europe back to the top of the world leadership? This panel session, moderated by EPFL Professor Giovanni De Micheli, will gather executives from the semiconductor, IP, and R&D sectors to discuss the prospects of our industry in Europe.


The n‐3 essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was added to the conventional antidepressant treatment of a treatment‐resistant severely depressed and suicidal male patient with a seven‐year history of unremitting depressive symptoms. The niacin skin flush test and cerebral magnetic resonance scanning were carried out at baseline and nine months later. The addition of ethyl‐EPA led to a dramatic and sustained clinical improvement in all the symptoms of depression, including a cessation of previously unremitting severe suicidal ideation, within one month. Symptoms of social phobia also improved dramatically. During the nine‐month period the volumetric niacin response increased by 30%, the relative concentration of cerebral phosphomonesters increased by 53%, and the ratio of cerebral phosphomonesters to phosphodiesters increased by 79%, indicating reduced neuronal phospholipid turnover. Registered difference images showed that the EPA treatment was accompanied by structural brain changes including, in particular, a reduction in the lateral ventricular volume.


Contemporary theory in philosophy, aesthetics and cognitive/social sciences stresses the embedment of cultural and historical conventions in art and technology. Computer imagery for aesthetic/artistic or technical/scientific purposes have these conventions embedded in them and consequently reflect larger models of humanly constructed cultural reality. Careful analyses of the form, content and practice of computer graphics are proposed to reveal views of reality embedded in technology and in models generated by the technology.


This paper presents and alternative perspective on the role of banks. We emphasize the ways in which banks act as social accountants and screening devices. In this view monetary disturbances have their effects through the disturbances which they induce in society's accounting system and in the mechanisms by which it is ascertained who is credit worthy. Because of asymmetric information, giving rise to credit rationing, interest rates do not play the simple allocative role ascribed by the conventional paradigm, and as a result the equilibrating forces provided by market mechanisms may be weak or virtually absent. The paper provides a critique of the transactions based approach to monetary theory, and sketches a general equilibrium formulation of the theory. The paper traces out some of the policy implications of the theory. We show that certain financial innovations, such as allowing for the more rapid recording of transactions, may actually be welfare reducing.


The road across northern Spain to Santiago de Compostela in the northwest was one of the three major Christian pilgrimage routes during the Middle Ages, leading pilgrims to the resting place of the Apostle St. James. Today, the system of trails and roads that made up the old pilgrimage route is the most popular long-distance trail in Europe, winding from the heights of the Pyrenees to the gently rolling fields and woods of Galicia. Hundreds of thousands of modern-day pilgrims, art lovers, historians, and adventurers retrace the road today, traveling through a stunningly varied landscape which contains some of the most extraordinary art and architecture in the western world. For any visitor, the Road to Santiago is a treasure trove of historical sites, rustic Spanish villages, churches and cathedrals, and religious art.To fully appreciate the riches of this unique route, look no further than "The Pilgrimage Road to Santiago," a fascinating step-by-step guide to the cultural history of the Road for pilgrims, hikers, and armchair travelers alike. Organized geographically, the book covers aspects of the terrain, places of interest, history, artistic monuments, and each town and village's historical relationship to the pilgrimage.The authors have led five student treks along the Road, studying the art, architecture, and cultural sites of the pilgrimage road from southern France to Compostela. Their lectures, based on twenty-five years of pilgrimage scholarship and fieldwork, were the starting point for this handbook.


Neoadjuvant therapy has been increasingly used to treat patients with potentially resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although the College of American Pathologists (CAP) grading scheme for tumor response in posttherapy specimens has been used, its clinical significance has not been validated. Previously, we proposed a 3-tier histologic tumor regression grading (HTRG) scheme (HTRG 0, no viable tumor; HTRG 1, <5% viable tumor cells; HTRG 2, ≥5% viable tumor cells) and showed that the 3-tier HTRG scheme correlated with prognosis. In this study, we sought to validate our proposed HTRG scheme in a new cohort of 167 consecutive PDAC patients who completed neoadjuvant therapy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. We found that patients with HTRG 0 or 1 were associated with a lower frequency of lymph node metastasis (P=0.004) and recurrence (P=0.01), lower ypT (P<0.001) and AJCC stage (P<0.001), longer disease-free survival (DFS, P=0.004) and overall survival (OS, P=0.02) than those with HTRG 2. However, there was no difference in either DFS or OS between the groups with CAP grade 2 and those with CAP grade 3 (P>0.05). In multivariate analysis, HTRG grade 0 or 1 was an independent prognostic factor for better DFS (P=0.03), but not OS. Therefore we validated the proposed HTRG scheme from our previous study. The proposed HTRG scheme is simple and easy to apply in practice by pathologists and might be used as a successful surrogate for longer DFS in patients with potentially resectable PDAC who completed neoadjuvant therapy and surgery.


The Agricultural Time Series-Cross Section (ATICS) dataset described in this Working Paper is based on the annual crop and livestock statistics collected by the United States Department of Agriculture. These statistics, scattered through a wide assortment of published and unpublished USDA bulletins and circulars, are extensive in their coverage of the agricultural sector, are highly disaggregated, and span a time period over one hundred years in length. Yet these rich sources have never been unified into a single compilation of data which is accessible, uniform, and machine readable. The ATICS dataset is an attempt to fill this gap.


Cricket song is a sound of the Australian bush. Even in cities, the rasping calls signify Australia's remarkable cricket biodiversity. Crickets are notable for a variety of reasons. When their population booms, some of these species become agricultural pests and destroy crop pastures. Some introduced species are of biosecurity concern. Other crickets are important food sources for native birds, reptiles and mammals, as well as domestic pets. Soon you might even put them in your cake or stir-fry, as there is a rapidly growing industry for cricket products for human consumption.
Featuring keys, distribution maps, illustrations and detailed colour photographs from CSIRO's Australian National Insect Collection, A Guide to Crickets of Australia allows readers to reliably identify all 92 described genera and many species from the Grylloidea (true crickets) and Gryllotalpoidea (mole crickets and ant crickets) superfamilies. Not included are the Raspy Crickets (Gryllacrididae), King Crickets (Anostostomatidae) or the so-called 'Pygmy Mole Crickets' (Caelifera), which despite their common names are not related to true crickets. Natural history enthusiasts and professionals will find this an essential guide.


The Software-defined network for End-to-end Networked Science at Exascale (SENSE) research project is building smart network services to accelerate scientific discovery in the era of 'big data' driven by Exascale, cloud computing, machine learning and AI. The project's architecture, models, and demonstrated prototype define the mechanisms needed to dynamically build end-to-end virtual guaranteed networks across administrative domains, with no manual intervention. In addition, a highly intuitive 'intent' based interface, as defined by the project, allows applications to express their high-level service requirements, and an intelligent, scalable model-based software orchestrator converts that intent into appropriate network services, configured across multiple types of devices. The significance of these capabilities is the ability for science applications to manage the network as a first-class schedulable resource akin to instruments, compute, and storage, to enable well defined and highly tuned complex workflows that require close coupling of resources spread across a vast geographic footprint such as those used in science domains like high-energy physics and basic energy sciences.


When spectral band models are applied to small-frequency intervals within a band, the parameter γ0/d may be derived for these intervals. For the case of an Elsasser band the quantity d is equal to the distance between adjacent lines. Since line positions are known for many molecular bands it is possible to derive d and hence γ0, the line width in each interval. It follows that by this method γ0 is derived from low-resolution transmittance measurements. The method is shown to be accurate within ±20% for the fundamental vibration band of CO and is then applied to the 4.5-μ band of N2O. In part of this band the value of γ0 is found to be 0.08 cm−1atm−1 at 300°K for nitrogen broadened N2O.


The overall aim of this study is to understand the impact of Swedish education policy-making on teacher education post-1945. The study explores the relationship between national structures and changes affecting teacher education, its relationship to research, and in particular, implications of policies for teacher educators at Umea University in northern Sweden. A combination of top-down and bottom-up research approaches was used and included analysis of policy documents, research literature and micro-level perspectives. This included interviews with 57 teacher educators and senior managers, who had been or remained responsible for teacher education programmes. The research draws on a variety of theoretical frameworks, which aid the exploration of the relationship between various parts of teacher education and higher education more generally. In so doing, relationships of power, discourse and gender are seen as particularly important, as are the sociological perspectives of Bourdieu, Bernstein, Foucault and Connell among others. Prosopography was used as a methodological approach, by which biographical details were collected and analysed in order to illuminate the social relations of the field of teacher education. The study showed that in Sweden, research for teacher education was a major issue in post-war education policy in connection to reforms of the school-system, and widening access to research. 'Practical Pedagogy' was specifically created as a sub-discipline of Pedagogik (Educational Studies), and established in the 1950s and 1960s at the new teacher colleges. The relationship between educational research and teacher education remained weak, however, and traditional research structures were largely maintained despite reform intentions. Also, reform of higher education and inclusion of teacher education in the university system in 1977 paradoxically meant that teacher education, given its new university status, lost its research subject and avenue into research. The weak relationship between research and teacher education was thereafter repeatedly taken up in state committees until the late 1990s. Simultaneously, from the early 1990s onwards, various discourses on the importance of professionalism in teacher education emerged. Internationally, from the 1990s the separation of structures for research and teacher education also became a topic of growing concern. In Sweden, the clear discrepancy between rhetoric and practice eventually resulted in a parliamentary decision in 2000 to create a nationally valid research structure for teacher education, which was to be implemented in 2001. Umea University was the first university in the country to establish a Faculty (Board) of Teacher Education, which enabled the introduction of new research structures and a cross-disciplinary research approach related to teacher education and teachers' work. The study suggests that discourses of research development (for vocational subject areas such as teacher education), and new classifications are likely to meet with resistance from a number of directions and established university hierarchies. However, it is argued that 'discursive breaks' can open up a questioning about the right to discourse and 'truth' about knowledge and research and the conditions whereby changes can be put into place. The study also suggests that men and women have different perceptions of research in teacher education; male staff tended to rely on practice-based experience, while female staff saw research as a means of expanding their knowledge base. The prosopography indicates that social class distinguishes the field of teacher education from other university disciplines, with its generally lower social backgrounds of students and proportionately more women as staff and students. Teacher education also has generally low status within the university, which is both the cause and consequence of reduced access to research development and funding. Finally the study shows that the struggles of teacher education over knowledge and power, constitute a multilayered process involving a variety of actors at different levels. In the case of Umea, this meant that teacher education was eventually able to claim the right to establish new and different research paradigms, for its own benefit.


Following the September 11 terrorist attacks in America and the occurrence of other
new and emerging threats to civil aviation, the international community has been
faced with the harsh reality in the field of aviation security, hence, several legal
attempts were made to address such aviation threats. Consequently, the International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in its 37th Diplomatic Conference of 2010 held
in Beijing, China, adopted two new international legal instruments namely;
Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil
Aviation (Beijing Convention of 2010) and Protocol Supplementary to the Convention
for Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (Beijing Protocol of 2010). This study
reviews the historical background to the development of international air law on
aviation security and further assesses and analyzes in detail the provisions of the
Beijing legal instruments in comparison with the previous treaties. Finally, the key
question of whether or not the new Beijing Convention and the Protocol are adequate
and effective in combating threats to aviation security is addressed through doctrinal
research. In this regard, information was collected from various primary and
secondary sources of law including books, articles, conventions, protocols, statutes
and internets. Further information was gathered from various aviation stakeholders
including aviation experts, security staff, lawyers, passengers, ground handlers, crews,
regulators, airline and airport operators. From the information collected, the study
comes up with conclusion, observations and recommendations which may be useful in
addressing new and emerging threats to aviation security.


Dryden's "Of the Pythagorean Philosophy" is commonly seen as the moral and aesthetic center of Fables. His translation of about half of Book 15 of Ovid's Metamorphoses is where critics go to attempt to decipher what Dryden was up to in the intricate arrangement of translations and original pieces that make up this massive collection. Drawing attention to the importance of the piece, Dryden himself calls the digression on the "Moral and Natural Philosophy of Pythagoras" the "most learned and beautiful Parts of the whole Metamorphoses" (Headnote, 7: 484). Most critics of "Of the Pythagorean Philosophy" focus on the idea of material impermanence in the poem and see that as the central note upon which Dryden is playing. Consequently, they see the arrangement of the multifarious works in Fables, the form of the collection, as a symbolic reflection of that content. As Dryden seems to be describing a universe, they say, that is broken up into matter ever in flux, so Dryden's collection is an incoherent series of tales, each of which speaks a truth that is quickly overturned by a new truth in another tale, leaving the collection with no discernable center, no solid meaning, except that it is about that lack of stable meaning. One of the proponents of this type of reading is Cedric Reverand, who claims the work is about the subversion of meaning itself. This is how he sums up his discussion about "Of the Pythagorean Philosophy" and "The Cock and the Fox": Both tales could be said to "cap" the entire collection; they repeat the pattern of doing and undoing, thereby confirming the basic strategy of Fables. But beyond that, they actually liberate us from irresolution, from unreconciled oppositions, in one case by freeing us into laughter at the whole process, and in the other by providing us with an enlarged understanding, grounded on ancient philosophy as well as on the new science, that perpetual flux, values knitting and unravelling, reforming and dissolving, are all part of a universe whose basic active principle is subversion. (184) (1) This reading of Fables fundamentally misunderstands the text's attitude towards materialism. While this perpetual flux in its ancient and, more importantly, modern guises of materialism is a central preoccupation in Fables, it is not so calmly celebrated by Dryden; rather, the flux of materialism, all its "jarring Atomes" ("A Song for St. Cecilia's Day, 1687" 3: line 4), is a persistent evil, and "heav'nly Harmony" always opposes it (3: 1),2 as here in Theseus's speech from "Palamon and Arcite": The Cause and Spring of Motion, from above Hung down on Earth the Golden Chain of Love: Great was th' Effect, and high was his Intent, When Peace among the jarring Seeds he sent. Fire, Flood, and Earth, and Air by this were bound, And Love, the common Link, the new Creation crown'd. The Chain still holds; for though the Forms decay, Eternal Matter never wears away [...]. (7: 3.1024-31) The duality here--the divine versus the material, the eternal versus the transient--is pivotal to all of Fables, no more so than to "Of the Pythagorean Philosophy." Yet in privileging the world of the transient, Reverand and those other critics ignore the point of the eternal in this translation of Ovid, that the "Chain still holds." It is as if they supplant Pythagoras, the figure associated with the religious underlying the material and renowned as the philosophic source for the concept of the soul so pivotal to Christianity, and replace him with an Epicurean or Lucretian version of himself. Pythagoras is not a symbol of science; he is a symbol of religion, more specifically of Catholicism's values of eternity against the forces of materialism and matter's evanescence. This stress on Pythagoras's religious symbolism also has implications for how to read Fables. While the form of Fables reflects, in miniature, the form of the cosmos described in "Of the Pythagorean Philosophy," that reflection does not constitute an equivalence between the collection and the decaying mess of matter that Lucretius and other materialists see the universe to be. …


Acrylamide in Food: Analysis, Content and Potential Health Effects provides the recent analytical methodologies for acrylamide detection, up-to-date information about its occurrence in various foods (such as bakery products, fried potato products, coffee, battered products, water, table olives etc.), and its interaction mechanisms and health effects. The book is designed for food scientists, technologists, toxicologists, and food industry workers, providing an invaluable industrial reference book that is also ideal for academic libraries that cover the domains of food production or food science. As the World Health Organization has declared that acrylamide represents a potential health risk, there has been, in recent years, an increase in material on the formation and presence of acrylamide in different foods. This book compiles and synthesizes that information in a single source, thus enabling those in one discipline to become familiar with the concepts and applications in other disciplines of food science. * Provides latest information on acrylamide in various foods (bakery products, fried potato products, coffee, battered products, water, table olives, etc.) * Explores acrylamide in the food chain in the context of harm, such as acrylamide and cancer, neuropathology of acrylamide, maternal acrylamide and effects on offspring and its toxic effects in tissues* Touches on a variety of subjects, including acrylamide, high heated foods, dietary acrylamide, acrylamide formation, N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA), acrylamide removal, L-asparaginase, and acrylamide determination* Presents recent analytical methodologies for acrylamide determination, including liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry


Abstract An overview is given of the relatively short history, important issues and primary challenges of research on permafrost in cold mountain regions. The systematic application of diverse approaches and technologies contributes to a rapidly growing knowledge base about the existence, characteristics and evolution in time of perennially frozen ground at high altitudes and on steep slopes. These approaches and technologies include (1) drilling, borehole measurement, geophysical sounding, photogrammetry, laser altimetry, GPS/SAR surveying, and miniature temperature data logging in remote areas that are often difficult to access, (2) laboratory investigations (e.g. rheology and stability of ice-rock mixtures), (3) analyses of digital terrain information, (4) numerical simulations (e.g. subsurface thermal conditions under complex topography) and (5) spatial models (e.g. distribution of permafrost where surface and microclimatic conditions are highly variable spatially). A sound knowledge base and improved understanding of governing processes are urgently needed to deal effectively with the consequences of climate change on the evolution of mountain landscapes and, especially, of steep mountain slope hazards as the stabilizing permafrost warms and degrades. Interactions between glaciers and permafrost in cold mountain regions have so far received comparatively little attention and need more systematic investigation.


This paper traces the historical roots of Chile's low tolerance for corruption and analyzes how the country has successfully remained free from significant corruption scandals despite the greater access to information and more demands for transparency that often result in uncovering corruption in areas that were previously inaccessible to the press and civil society. The economic transformations undertaken under military rule (1973-1990) and consolidated once democracy was restored in 1990 have created a stronger civil society, a freer press and have increased demands for transparency. There is growing information on corruption scandals as the number of social and political actors has increased and there is more competition for resources and markets. As power is more widely distributed, there is less opportunity for covert corrupt practices and more pressure to end former common corrupt practices. While opportunities for corrupt practices expand with economic growth— both in per capita and total national GDP—tolerance for corruption has remained low and a stronger civil society has raised probity standards in the public sector.


Tropane alkaloids, containing the 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring system, are widespread in Nature. This thesis describes the total synthesis of the tropane alkaloid ferrugine, isolated from the arboreal species Darlingiana ferruginea and attempted synthesis of ferruginine, isolated from the arboreal species D. darlingiana. Formation of a bridged 6-azabicyclic-[3.2.2]-ring system was achieved using a transannular photomediated cyclisation of a carbamoyl radical, generated from a carbamoyl diethyldithiocarbamate, onto an unactivated pendant alkene, followed by group transfer of the dithiocarbamate moiety. The carbamoyl radical cyclisation precursor was synthesised from a known seven-membered ring carboxylic acid. The diastereomeric dithiocarbamates converged to a single alkene upon thermal elimination. Addition of phenyllithium to the amide followed by base-mediated skeletal rearrangement resulted in the total synthesis of the natural product ferrugine, and using a similar strategy the core structure of ferruginine was secured. The stemona alkaloid stemofoline is characterised by a complex azatricyclic ring system unique to this class of natural products. Synthetic efforts have been made toward the synthesis of a cyclisation precursor required for the assembly of this azatricyclic framework, via a proposed tandem 7-endo-trig/5-exo-trig carbamoyl radical cyclisation. The synthesis commenced with the commercially available dimethyl 3,3-thiodipropanoate which was further elaborated and coupled with 5-hepten-2-one to provide an advanced intermediate enone. Addition of ammonia gave a pyrroline which was condensed with triphosgene followed by sodium diethyldithiocarbamate to produce a carbamoyl radical precursor. Unfortunately, efforts towards oxidation and elimination of the sulfide to obtain an α,β-unsaturated ketone proved ineffective. Attempted carbamoyl radical cyclisation-dithiocarbamate group transfer onto enones and nitriles are also presented.


A pH-responsive membrane based on polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) block copolymer was developed on a model glass microchip as a promising controlled polymer delivery system. The PS-b-P4VP copolymer assembles into spherical and/or worm-like micelles with styrene block cores and pyridine coronas in selective solvents. The self-assembled worm-like morphology exhibited pH-responsive behaviour due to the protonation of the P4VP block at low pH and it's deprotonation at high pH and thus constituting a switchable "off/on" system. Doxorubicin (Dox) was used as cargo to test the PS-b-P4VP membrane. Luminescence experiments indicated that the membrane was able to store Dox molecules within its micellar structure at neutral pH and then release them as soon as the pH was raised to 8.0. The performance of the cast membrane was predictable and most importantly reproducible. The physiochemical and biological properties were also investigated carefully in terms of morphology, cell viability and cell uptake.


Abstract
 In this paper, the authors present modern microscopical studies for 28 type specimens of Russula species described by C.H. Peck, thereby completing the revision of all 44 Russula taxa described by this author and for which type specimens were available. Our results suggest that with eventual exception of R. granulata var. lepiotoides (a likely synonym of the type variety) and R. magnifica (a likely synonym of R. polyphylla), all other Russulas described by Peck correspond to well-defined North American taxa. Having been described more than one century ago, Peck's names represent the majority of the earliest described North American Russula species and our type revisions are therefore important both for nomenclatural aspects, as well as typification and identification purposes. All studied taxa are illustrated in detail and accompanied by notes including a short recapitulation of previous type revisions, as well as our own re-evalutation of their systematic position as a result of this study.


This book teaches the basics of fixed-income securities in a way that, unlike competitive texts, requires a minimum of prerequisites. While other books focus heavily on institutional details of the bond market, all of which could easily be learned "on the job," Jarrow is more concerned with presenting a coherent theoretical framework for understanding all basic models. His unified approach-the Heath Jarrow Morton model-under which all other models are presented as special cases, enhances understanding while avoiding repetition. The author's pricing model is widely used in today's securities industry. In this revised edition, the author has added new chapters to enrich coverage, and has modified the order of chapters slightly to smooth the progression of material from simple to complex. Online material will be available with the text, replacing the diskette included in the first edition; lecture notes for instructors will be available on PowerPoint slides. MathWorks has provided a free online, limited version of the MATLAB's financial derivatives toolbox, with which users of the book can apply the theory presented in each chapter.


Moral injury (MI) is a syndrome thought to be separate from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet having some overlap. To determine the overlap, we examined the relationship between MI and the four DSM-5 PTSD symptom clusters (B, C, D, E) in US veterans and active duty military (ADM). The 45-item Moral Injury Symptom Scale (MISS-M) was administered to 591 veterans and ADM who had served in a combat theater and had PTSD symptoms. PTSD symptoms were measured with the PTSD Symptom Checklist-5, which assesses the four PTSD symptom clusters. Total MISS-M scores were more strongly associated with PTSD symptom cluster D (negative cognitions and emotions) in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Findings for a 10-item version of the MISS-M (MISS-M-SF) closely followed those of the MISS-M. Although the overlap between MI and PTSD occurs to some extent across all PTSD symptoms clusters, the largest overlap tends to be with the negative cognitions and emotions cluster.


Abstract The effect of sample orientation on the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium plate with a transverse split basal texture was investigated at room temperature (RT) using plane strain compression (PSC). A large variation in flow stress of up to (EBSD) and calculating Schmid factors for all important slip and twinning modes. Importantly, the Schmid factors were calculated for all orientations in Euler space because there are significant variations over all orientations for the PSC stress state, unlike uniaxial compression or tension. The Schmid factor analysis and twin data for the wide variety of orientations tested enabled the conclusion to be drawn reliably that higher flow stresses were primarily due to an unfavourable orientation for prism- slip. A greater proportion of to twinning was also a major factor in the higher flow stresses. Increased strain hardening was observed in the sample orientation that showed a dramatic texture change to a more difficult orientation for further deformation as a result of dominant twinning. This indicated that reorientation hardening was the responsible mechanism. The effect of sample orientation on the mechanical properties of commercially pure (CP) titanium plate with a transverse split basal texture was investigated at room temperature (RT) using plane strain compression (PSC). A large variation in flow stress of up to ~ 60 pct was found for samples of different orientations. The major sources of this variation were revealed by measuring area fractions for individual twin modes using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and calculating Schmid factors for all important slip and twinning modes. Importantly, the Schmid factors were calculated for all orientations in Euler space because there are significant variations over all orientations for the PSC stress state, unlike uniaxial compression or tension. The Schmid factor analysis and twin data for the wide variety of orientations tested enabled the conclusion to be drawn reliably that higher flow stresses were primarily due to an unfavourable orientation for prism- a h i slip. A greater proportion of 11 (cid:1) 22 (cid:1) (cid:2) to 10 (cid:1) 12 (cid:1) (cid:2) twinning was also a major factor in the higher flow stresses. Increased strain hardening was observed in the sample orientation that showed a dramatic texture change to a more difficult orientation for further deformation as a result of dominant 10 (cid:1) 12 (cid:1) (cid:2) twinning. This indicated that reorientation hardening was the responsible mechanism.


Thomas Stamford Raffles (1781-1826) was the charismatic and persuasive founder of Singapore and Governor of Java. An English adventurer, disobedient employee of the East India Company, utopian imperialist, linguist, zoologist and civil servant, he carved an extraordinary (though brief) life for himself in South East Asia. The tropical, disease-ridden settings of his story are as dramatic as his own trajectory - an obscure young man with no advantages other than talent and obsessive drive, who changed history by establishing - without authority - on the wretchedly unpromising island of Singapore a settlement which has become a world city. After a turbulent time in the East Indies, Raffles returned to the UK and turned to his other great interests - botany and zoology. He founded London Zoo in 1826, the year of his death. Raffles remains a controversial figure, and in the first biography for over forty years, Victoria Glendinning charts his prodigious rise within the social and historical contexts of his world. His domestic and personal life was vivid and shot through with tragedy. His own end was sad, but his fame immortal.


BACKGROUND
The association between coeliac disease (CD) and dental enamel defects (DED) is well known.

AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DED in children with CD and to specifically find the association of DED and gluten exposure period, CD clinical forms, HLA class II haplotype.

DESIGN
This study was designed as a matched case-control study: 250 children were enrolled (125 coeliac children - 79 female and 46 male, 7.2 +/- 2.8 years and 125 healthy children). Data about age at CD diagnosis, CD clinical form, and HLA haplotype were recorded.

RESULTS
Dental enamel defects were detected in 58 coeliac subjects (46.4%) against seven (5.6%) controls (P < 0.005). We found an association between DED and gluten exposure period, as among CD subjects the mean age at CD diagnosis was significantly (P = 0.0004) higher in the group with DED (3.41 +/- 1.27) than without DED (1.26 +/- 0.7). DED resulted more frequent (100%) in atypical and silent CD forms than in the typical one (30.93%). The presence of HLA DR 52-53 and DQ7antigens significantly increased the risk of DED (P = 0.0017) in coeliac children.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results confirmed a possible correlation between HLA antigens and DED.


Background: The effectiveness of physician involvement during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has been shown in adults but remains unknown in pediatric patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between physician involvement during pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and patient outcomes. Methods: Using a Japanese nationwide database, we identified pediatric patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest from January 2005 to September 2017. We used a generalized linear model to compare outcomes between patients with and without physician involvement during pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was neurologically favourable survival after 1 month. Secondary outcomes were the return of spontaneous circulation and 1-month survival. Results: In total, 24,684 patients were included in this study. In the adjusted analyses, a 'physician-present' group showed a lower 1-month neurologically favourable survival rate compared with a 'physician-absent' group (difference, -0.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.7–-0.2; P = 0.02). The physician-present group had a higher rate of return of spontaneous circulation than the physician-absent group (difference, 1.4%; 95% CI 0.2–2.5; P = 0.02), but no difference in 1-month survival was observed between the groups (difference, -0.9%; 95% CI -2.0–0.2; P = 0.09). Conclusions: Physician involvement during pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was associated with lower 1-month neurologically favourable survival rates, although it was associated with a better return of spontaneous circulation than that in the physician-absent group.


Moldavites are natural glasses formed by distal ejection of meteorite-impact melts; they occur in several shapes ( e.g ., teardrops, lenticular, dumbbells, spheres) and all contain pores in different sizes. The aim of this study is to describe the distribution of pores in the interior of the scanned objects. The X-ray micro-tomography (μ-XRCT) measurements were utilized to create three-dimensional semi-transparent images of tektites in order to receive information about their porosity. Optimal data interpretation requires the use of proper software programs. For the visualization of the μ-XRCT-data, VG Studio Max 2.0 (Volume Graphics) and ImageJ were utilized. Four tektite samples from the Central European strewn field with different shapes were scanned. The μ-XRCT data depict relations between the distribution of the detected pores and the shape of the tektites. Total volumes, total porosity, number of pores, and pore sizes throughout the tektite samples vary. The evaluated porosity volume of the Bohemian moldavites ranges between 0.024 and 0.085 vol.%. The smallest detected pore has a volume of 0.0003 mm 3 , whereas the biggest has a volume of 0.35 mm 3 .


Models for the growth of bubbles are reviewed. A model of the growth of bubbles during proving of bread dough is then presented, based on diffusive mass transfer of carbon dioxide gas into a population of bubbles. The model incorporates the rate of gas production by yeast and the bubble size distribution, and is solved to simulate the dynamic growth of these bubbles. The effects of the number and size of bubbles and the proving temperature and yeast concentration on the growth of the dough piece are simulated. A greater number of bubbles in the dough, which would be achieved by mixing at higher pressures, results in an initially more rapid transfer of gas into the bubbles. Consequently there is a slower increase in carbon dioxide concentration in the liquid dough phase, such that later during proving the rate of bubble growth slows. Increasing yeast level increases the rate of gas production and hence the growth of the dough piece. Increasing temperature similarly increases the rate of growth of bubbles, partly due to the increased rate of gas production, but also as a result of the decreased gas solubility at higher temperatures.


People often learn from others' demonstrations, and classic inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) algorithms have brought us closer to realizing this capacity in machines. In contrast, teaching by demonstration has been less well studied computationally. Here, we develop a novel Bayesian model for teaching by demonstration. Stark differences arise when demonstrators are intentionally teaching a task versus simply performing a task. In two experiments, we show that human participants systematically modify their teaching behavior consistent with the predictions of our model. Further, we show that even standard IRL algorithms benefit when learning from behaviors that are intentionally pedagogical. We conclude by discussing IRL algorithms that can take advantage of intentional pedagogy.


Background COL5A1 encodes the à1 chain of type V collagen, a minor fibrillar collagen that regulates fibrillogenesis within non-cartilaginous connective tissues. A variant within the COL5A1 3'-untranslated region (UTR) is associated with Achilles tendinopathy (AT), Anterior cruciate ligament ruptures in females, flexibility and endurance running performance. Objective To provide functional evidence for these genetic associations, the aim of this study was to identify common variants of the COL5A1 3′-UTR from patients with chronic AT and asymptomatic controls. Functional differences between the different variants were tested using reporter gene constructs. Methods The entire COL5A1 3′-UTR from four AT patients and three controls were cloned, from genomic DNA using nested PCR, within the pGL3-Promoter vector, substituting the poly (A) signal of the firefly-luciferase reporter gene. The constructs were transiently co-transfected with an internal control HT1080 cells. The normalised results were expressed as relative luciferase activity. Results Inter-individual variation was demonstrated with a 2.6-fold difference (p<0.001) in the highest activity for an AT patient (110.5±11.6%) and the lowest activity for an asymptomatic subject (42.8±8.6%). In addition, an overall significantly higher activity (87.5±14.3% vs 67.6±20.0%, p<0.001) was observed for the clones from the AT patients. Two major forms of the COL5A1 3′-UTR were identified when all the cloned 3′-UTRs were sequenced. One form (WT-allele) was predominantly identified in the controls, while the second form (TEN-allele) was predominately identified in AT subjects. The luciferase activity of the WT-allele was also significantly lower than the TEN-allele (68.3±24.9% vs 86.0±18.5%, p=0.007). Conclusion Two major COL5A1 3′-UTR alleles were identified; one from the AT patients and the other from the asymptomatic controls. There was an overall increase in mRNA stability for the TEN-allele. These results demonstrate that the COL5A1 3′-UTR may play an important regulatory role which could results is susceptibility to musculoskeletal soft tissue injures and other phenotypes.


A critical problem in the field of post hoc explainability is the lack of a common foundational goal among methods. For example, some methods are motivated by function approximation, some by game theoretic notions, and some by obtaining clean visualizations. This fragmentation of goals causes not only an inconsistent conceptual understanding of explanations but also the practical challenge of not knowing which method to use when. In this work, we begin to address these challenges by unifying eight popular post hoc explanation methods (LIME, C-LIME, KernelSHAP, Occlusion, Vanilla Gradients, Gradients x Input, SmoothGrad, and Integrated Gradients). We show that these methods all perform local function approximation of the black-box model, differing only in the neighbourhood and loss function used to perform the approximation. This unification enables us to (1) state a no free lunch theorem for explanation methods, demonstrating that no method can perform optimally across all neighbourhoods, and (2) provide a guiding principle to choose among methods based on faithfulness to the black-box model. We empirically validate these theoretical results using various real-world datasets, model classes, and prediction tasks. By bringing diverse explanation methods into a common framework, this work (1) advances the conceptual understanding of these methods, revealing their shared local function approximation objective, properties, and relation to one another, and (2) guides the use of these methods in practice, providing a principled approach to choose among methods and paving the way for the creation of new ones.


When ungroovy scientists did groovy science: how non-activist scientists and engineers adapted their work to a rapidly changing social and political landscape. In The Squares, Cyrus Mody shows how, between the late 1960s and the early 1980s, some scientists and engineers who did not consider themselves activists, New Leftists, or members of the counterculture accommodated their work to the rapidly changing social and political landscape of the time. These "square scientists," Mody shows, began to do many of the things that the counterculture urged: turn away from military-industrial funding, become more interdisciplinary, and focus their research on solving problems of civil society. During the period Mody calls "the long 1970s," ungroovy scientists were doing groovy science.
 Mody offers a series of case studies of some of these collective efforts by non-activist scientists to use their technical knowledge for the good of society. He considers the region around Santa Barbara and the interplay of public universities, think tanks, established firms, new companies, philanthropies, and social movement organizations. He looks at Stanford University's transition from Cold War science to commercialized technoscience; NASA's search for a post-Apollo mission; the unsuccessful foray into solar energy by Nobel laureate Jack Kilby; the "civilianization" of the US semiconductor industry; and systems engineer Arthur D. Hall's ill-fated promotion of automated agriculture.


Anaesthesiologists are reputedly the most complained about single speciality to the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HSPCA). The majority of complaints include unhappiness with either the consent process itself or involve the amount that the patient was charged and how the patient felt that there was inadequate disclosure during the consent process on the financial aspects pertaining to the procedure. The question is asked if anaesthesiologists are over-represented, and if so, are there potentially any reasons why anaesthesiologists as a group are more vulnerable to criticism? The South African Society of Anaesthesiologists and the Medical Protection Society are working on ways of diminishing the risk of complaints to the HSPCA about anaesthesiologists. However, in doing so, it is important to reflect upon the factors which may play a role.


AFX, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors, is inhibited by growth factor signaling through the activation of protein kinase B (PKB), which phosphorylates AFX leading to its redistribution from nucleus to cytosol. In cells treated with insulin, activated PKB was identified in the nucleus. AFX became phosphorylated (AFX-P) in response to insulin, even when nuclear export was inhibited pharmacologically with leptomycin B, suggesting that PKB in the nucleus is responsible for AFX phosphorylation. However, inhibition of nuclear export suppressed inhibition of AFX-activated reporter gene expression in response to insulin, suggesting that the redistribution of AFX, not phosphorylation per se, is responsible for regulation of AFX activity. AFX and AFX-P interacted with the nuclear export receptor Crm1 and were shuttled out of the nucleus. However, phosphorylation of AFX decreases nuclear import. The authors suggest that growth factor signaling leads to nuclear phosphorylation of AFX, which allows nuclear export but prevents import, possibly because of the interaction of AFX-P with cytosolic 14-3-3 proteins. A. M. Brownawell, G. J. P. L. Kops, I. G. Macara, B. M. T. Burgering, Inhibition of nuclear import by protein kinase B (Akt) regulates the subcellular distribution and activity of the forkhead transcription factor AFX. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21, 3534-3546 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Nonparametric measures of correlations of DNA fragment lengths within and between variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci are proposed to test the hypothesis of random association of allele sizes at VNTR loci. Transformations of these nonparametric correlation measures are suggested to detect deviations of their null expectations caused by population subdivision and errors of measurement of VNTR fragment lengths. Analytic and permutation-based computer simulation studies are performed to show that under the hypothesis of independence of allele sizes the transformed correlation measures are normally distributed, irrespective of the VNTR fragment size distribution in the population even when the number of individuals samples is as low as 100. Power calculations are performed to establish that the current population data on six VNTR loci in the US Hispanic sample are in accordance with the hypothesis of random association of allele sizes within and between loci. Implications of these results in the context of forensic use of DNA typing are also discussed.


Learning from indirect supervision signals is important in real-world AI applications when, often, gold labels are missing or too costly. In this paper, we develop a unified theoretical framework for multi-class classification when the supervision is provided by a variable that contains nonzero mutual information with the gold label. The nature of this problem is determined by (i) the transition probability from the gold labels to the indirect supervision variables and (ii) the learner's prior knowledge about the transition. Our framework relaxes assumptions made in the literature, and supports learning with unknown, non-invertible and instance-dependent transitions. Our theory introduces a novel concept called \emph{separation}, which characterizes the learnability and generalization bounds. We also demonstrate the application of our framework via concrete novel results in a variety of learning scenarios such as learning with superset annotations and joint supervision signals.


The paper presents the metamorphic trajectory recorded by metapelitic migmatites of the upper part of the Hercynian lower continental crust of the Serre (southern Calabria, Italy). The relict minerals, reaction textures and phase equilibria define a clockwise P–T path. The prograde metamorphism from temperature of about 500°C and pressure of 4–5 kbar to T<700°C and P∼8 kbar stabilized the assemblage Grt+Ky+Bt+Ms(Si/11ox=3.26–3.29) in the uppermost metapelites of the profile. Progressive heating led to H2O-fluxed and dehydration melting first of Ms, then of Bt at T<700°C in the stability field of sillimanite. This process was followed by nearly isothermal decompression producing additional melt with a transition from Grt to a Grt+Crd stability field. Further decompression caused the formation of Crd-corona around garnet. Nearly isobaric cooling led to rehydration and retrogression across the stability field of andalusite up to the stability field of kyanite. The lowermost metapelites of the studied profile have lost most of the memory of the prograde P–T path; they record decompression and cooling. High-temperature mylonites occur in which boudinage, elongation and pull-aparts characterize the porphyroclasts. The pull-aparts in the high-T mylonites are filled with low-P minerals (Crd+Spl). The Hercynian metamorphic trajectory and the microtextures are consistent with crustal thickening and subsequent extensional regime. During extension, an important tectonic denudation probably caused the isothermal decompression. Extension also occurred in post-Hercynian times as documented by pull-aparts in sillimanite porphyroclasts filled with chloritoid within a low-grade mylonite.


Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) induces acute changes in the cerebral microcirculation. Recent findings ex vivo suggest neurovascular coupling (NVC), the process that increases cerebral blood flow upon neuronal activity, is also impaired after SAH. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether this occurs also in vivo. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to either sham surgery or SAH by filament perforation. Twenty-four hours later NVC was tested by forepaw stimulation and CO2 reactivity by inhalation of 10% CO2. Vessel diameter was assessed in vivo by two-photon microscopy. NVC was also investigated ex vivo using brain slices. Cerebral arterioles of sham-operated mice dilated to 130% of baseline upon CO2 inhalation or forepaw stimulation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) increased. Following SAH, however, CO2 reactivity was completely lost and the majority of cerebral arterioles showed paradoxical constriction in vivo and ex vivo resulting in a reduced CBF response. As previous results showed intact NVC 3 h after SAH, the current findings indicate that impairment of NVC after cerebral hemorrhage occurs secondarily and is progressive. Since neuronal activity-induced vasoconstriction (inverse NVC) is likely to further aggravate SAH-induced cerebral ischemia and subsequent brain damage, inverse NVC may represent a novel therapeutic target after SAH.


A key question has been underexplored in the literature on conscientious objection: if a physician is required to perform 'medical activities,' what is a medical activity? This paper explores the question by employing a teleological evaluation of medicine and examining the analogy of military conscripts, commonly cited in the conscientious objection debate. It argues that physicians (and other healthcare professionals) can only be expected to perform and support medical acts – acts directed towards their patients' health. That is, physicians cannot be forced to provide or support services that are not medical in nature, even if such activities support other socially desirable pursuits. This does not necessarily mean that medical professionals cannot or should not provide non-medical services, but only that they are under no obligation to provide them.


In this thesis I will revisit debates concerning the use of natural scientific methods in the discipline of psychology. I take the position that natural scientific methods are inappropriate for investigating human experience. My central aim is to unravel the dilemma embedded in psychological practice. Psychologists specifically investigate people but, by using methods based on natural science, they are forced to admit that meaningful human experience is either irrelevant or inaccessible to their investigations of human behaviour.
Initially, I take up ethnomethodologically informed discursive psychology (EM-informed DP) as an alternative to, and a viable replacement of, the natural scientific methods in the discipline of psychology. EM-informed DP proceeds from Harold Garfinkel's appropriation of Edmund Husserl's critique that natural scientific investigations have lost their life-world foundation. Garfinkel reads Husserl as issuing a practical instruction to go out and investigate lived practices, without any specialised theoretical framework. In doing so, one area that we can investigate, according to Garfinkel, is the lived practices of natural scientists and how they collaboratively produce their research findings. Hence, I proceed by empirically describing how clinical psychologists, as trained natural scientists, interpret people's everyday experience in and through their actual practices.
Following three investigations of clinical psychological interactions, based on three different interpretations of Garfinkel's ethnomethodological (EM) program, I demonstrate that, despite claims to the contrary, EM in fact presupposes the same ground as natural science. EM-informed researchers mistakenly conflate the natural scientific attitude with the theoretical attitude and, hence, seek to eliminate both in their attempts to clarify the lived practices of natural scientists or everyday people. By contrast, for phenomenologists, the theoretical attitude and the natural scientific attitude are distinct, but interrelated, attitudes that we can take towards the life-world. According to phenomenologists, the life-world is the starting point of any investigation, including all psychological investigations. However, if we forget that our investigations are theoretical, we perpetuate the same problem associated with the natural scientific method; leading us to replace the meaningful human world in which we live, the life-world, with the sterile Objective world constructed by the natural scientific observer. As I will suggest, within the discipline of psychology, the substitution of one empirical method for another still leaves us without the world we live in. The challenge in psychology is to reinstate the importance of the theoretical attitude and the life-world.
Through a series of unsuccessful attempts to replace natural scientific methods with an alternative empirical method in the discipline of psychology, I propose that the problem with the natural scientific method is much larger than I originally presupposed. The natural scientific interpretation of human experience is the sedimented interpretation of the life-world in our current historical situation. We cannot simply replace the natural scientific method because, currently, there is no viable alternative. Instead, in order to reinstate the importance of meaningful lived experience, we need to understand the natural scientific attitude in terms of its historical development and grounding assumptions, by engaging with the life-world through the theoretical attitude.


This thesis uses a critical feminist lens to examine the role of gender in shaping animal rights (AR) activism in North America. It draws on the content of eight semi-structured interviews conducted with AR activists who live in a mid-sized Canadian city. I argue that North American AR activism is a feminized space within the public sphere, by virtue of the emotional labour of care that characterizes it. This community of mostly white, female AR activists reflects a dominant patriarchal hierarchy of legitimate knowledges. Insofar as we are a society constrained by gender, the women use strategies of activism that draw on their bodies and emotions which, within the gendered constraints of society, are acceptably female forms of knowledge and expression. They experience corporeal effects, observable in high rates of burnout and PTSD among activists, and through exclusions of bodies through the practices of veganism and nude activism.


Lycaste bruncana from Costa Rica is described and illustrated. This species is sister to L. tricolor, its closest relative, from which is easily distinguished by the lip shape, with a narrow isthmus and spathulate midlobe, the lanate to lanulose infrastigmatic surface, the pollinarium with a longer stipe, the subrectangular pollinia and the tomentose anther cap. However, among Costa Rican species of Lycaste, the most remarkable character of L. bruncana is the twisted column, which may be indicative of a reproductive barrier. Information related to biogeography, distribution, morphology, molecular data and pollination is provided and discussed.


Fabry's disease is a rare X-linked lisosomal storage disorder of glycosphingolipid (GL) metabolism, caused by a deficiency of a-galactosidase A activity. The progressive accumulation of GL in tissues results in the clinical manifestations of the disease, that are more evident in hemizygous males, and include angiokeratomas, acroparesthesia, cornea verticillata, cardiac and kidney involvement, cerebrovascular manifestations. A family with Fabry's disease including 2 female patients and 3 male patients is reported. The patients were submitted to complete medical history, ophthalmological examination and alpha-galactosidase activity test. Cornea verticillata was a constant finding in all patients. This demonstrates the important role of the ophtalmological examination for the diagnosis of Fabry's disease since the eye findings are so characteristic of the disease.


Abstract. Application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) in construction industry has been applied for many years back. This because BIM can provide a better advantage in construction industry in term of controlling and managing construction project during their life cycle. The advantages that can be provide by BIM is focusing on the indoor planning tasks. But, when the construction project involves, besides indoor planning, outdoor planning also is important part that need to be look up. To cover the outdoor planning in construction project, Geographic Information System (GIS) need to be applied. GIS can overcome this problem because GIS mainly for outdoor planning by using their spatial analysis. GIS can offer a high degree of geospatial information and can provide the detailed geometrical and semantic information of building to assisted across improve automation. Towards produce the improved preparation in construction project, BIM and GIS should be integrated. To integrate both domains, the data interoperability between them need to be investigate because they used different data standard. This study focusses on solving the data interoperability through the data integration between BIM and GIS to solve the problem of data mismatch and data missing during data translation process. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) was used as a data standard to perform the data integration between BIM and GIS. The outcomes from this study show that when the data interoperability applied between BIM and GIS, the problem above can be solved, and the data dimension and their coordinate system also can be control.


There's no question about it…Sales force turnover can be disastrous to the financial health of an organization, whatever its size, whatever its products or services. With a salesperson's exit often costing at least 150% of that employee's annual compensation, a high rate of turnover can translate into millions of dollars lost each year. The Zero-Turnover Sales Force exposes the outdated Old School management practices that perpetuate this costly but avoidable problem. This eye-opening book examines the real reasons for high turnover, explains how it can be avoided, and gives readers specific strategies for maximizing the effectiveness of their sales force. The book demonstrates how to combat "the 12 Assassins of Sales Force Stability," such as cold calling, straight commission sales compensation, weak recruiting, unfocused training, fuzzy goals, and unrealistic expectations. Sparkling with fresh thinking on hiring smarter, appreciating the values of younger salespeople, retaining top sellers, eliminating wasteful cold calling, and conducting sales meetings that work, The Zero-Turnover Sales Force is a powerful must-read for any corporate executive, sales manager, or salesperson who aspires to management.


The Archean-Proterozoic transition is characterized by the widespread deposition of organic-rich shale, sedimentary iron formation, glacial diamictite, and marine carbonates recording profound carbon isotope anomalies, but notably lacks bedded evaporites. All deposits refl ect environmental changes in oceanic and atmospheric redox states, in part associated with Earth's earliest ice ages. Time-series data for multiple sulfur isotopes from carbonateassociated sulfate as well as sulfi des in sediments of the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa, capture the concomitant buildup of sulfate in the ocean and the loss of atmospheric massindependent sulfur isotope fractionation. In phase with sulfur is the earliest recorded positive carbon isotope anomaly, convincingly linking these environmental perturbations to the Great Oxidation Event (ca. 2.3 Ga).