This Essay reexamines Thomas Hobbes's understanding of international order. Hobbes defended the establishment of an all-powerful sovereign as the solution to interpersonal conflict, and he advanced an analogy between persons and states. Extending this "domestic analogy," theorists following Hobbes have supposed that a global sovereign would prove the solution to interstate conflict. Yet Hobbes himself never proposed a global sovereign, which has led some scholars to diagnose an apparent inconsistency in his philosophy.
This Essay seeks to resolve that inconsistency, drawing on Hobbes's theory of the passions and his hope for radical political transformation. Hobbes believed that the solution to international disorder was not analogous but rather identical to the solution to domestic strife: both would be overcome through the establishment of a "well-ordered commonwealth." Hobbes argued that a state capable of securing peace within its borders was unlikely to make aggressive war outside them. The radical transformation he envisaged in domestic politics would thus in itself mitigate and perhaps even overcome international conflict.
This "realist-utopian" position aligns Hobbes more closely with later social-contract theorists, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and John Rawls. It also invites a reconsideration of the foundational principles of international law, with implications for contemporary problems from humanitarian intervention to economic integration. Hobbes's realist-utopianism provides a needed corrective not only to the narrowly defined realism that has long claimed his imprimatur, but also to realism's rivals, which unwittingly share its premises.


The industrys most complete, useful, and up-to-date guide to SQL Server 2014. Youll find start-to-finish coverage of SQL Servers core database server and management capabilities: all the real-world information, tips, guidelines, and examples youll need to install, monitor, maintain, and optimize themost complex database environments. The provided examples and sample code provide plenty of hands-on opportunities to learn more about SQL Server and create your own viable solutions. Four leading SQL Server experts present deep practical insights for administering SQL Server, analyzing and optimizing queries, implementing data warehouses, ensuring high availability, tuning performance, and much more. You will benefit from their behind-the-scenes look into SQL Server, showing what goes on behind the various wizards and GUI-based tools. Youll learn how to use the underlying SQL commands to fully unlock the power and capabilities of SQL Server. Writing for all intermediate-to-advanced-level SQL Server professionals, the authors draw on immense production experience with SQL Server. Throughout, they focus on successfully applying SQL Server 2014s most powerful capabilities and its newest tools and features. Detailed information on how to Understand SQL Server 2014s new features and each editions capabilities and licensing Install, upgrade to, and configure SQL Server 2014 for better performance and easier management Streamline and automate key administration tasks with Smart Admin Leverage powerful new backup/restore options: flexible backup to URL, Managed Backup to Windows Azure, and encrypted backups Strengthen security with new features for enforcing least privilege Improve performance with updateable columnstore indexes, Delayed Durability, and other enhancements Execute queries and business logic more efficiently with memoryoptimized tables, buffer pool extension, and natively-compiled stored procedures Control workloads and Disk I/O with the Resource Governor Deploy AlwaysOn Availability Groups and Failover Cluster Instances to achieve enterprise-class availability and disaster recovery Apply new Business Intelligence improvements in Master Data Services, data quality, and Parallel Data Warehouse


Preoperative quadriceps muscle strength (isometric peak torque) was expectedly lower on the total knee arthroplasty side in comparison with the unaffected contralateral side and it was further reduced after surgery. This reduction continued for up to 6 months postoperatively. After 6 months, muscle strengths exceeded preoperative values and continued to increase for the following 2 years. From 2 to 5 years postoperatively, there was a tendency for decline; however, the quadriceps muscle strength still exceeded preoperative values. On the nonoperative side, the increase in muscle strength was detected 1 year after surgery and it was still noticeable at 5 years. Contralateral side improvement can be explained by the increased mobility of the patients. Knee Society Scores and function scores were significantly increased at 3 months after surgery and were significantly greater than preoperative values 5 years after surgery. SF-12 (physical score) exceeded preoperative values at 3 months and this increase was observed continuously over the 5-year follow-up. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 26(4):211-215, 2017).


The question if listed real estate constitutes a viable proxy for direct real estate investment is long-standing and actively debated. A number of studies (predominantly in the US) have explored the investment attributes and dynamics of listed real estate relative to direct markets with varying results and interpretations. This study builds upon previous EPRA research including that of Sebastian and Schatz (2009) to expand the knowledge base applying a cross-jurisdictional methodology framework comprising France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, UK, Pan-Europe, Australia and the US to extenuate the nature and role of the different forms of real estate investment mediums within the confines of a multi-asset investment portfolio. Correlation analysis of total return performance indicates that listed real estate is closely aligned with direct real estate performance across the majority of jurisdictions albeit with varying degrees of lagged relationship premised on listed leading the direct market by anything up to one year depending upon jurisdiction. Whilst the analysis did not identify any Granger Causality relationships between listed and direct across the jurisdictions, co-integration analysis suggest trend reverting pricing behaviour in the long-run between both direct and listed real estate markets. Optimal portfolio analysis serves to further demonstrate the crucial role of real estate within a multi-asset investment portfolio from a diversification perspective and in terms of enhancing portfolio performance over longer term investment horizons across key international investment markets. In terms of total returns performance the listed real estate sector as expected exhibits higher levels of volatility relative to direct investment. Nonetheless the listed real estate does exhibit superior levels of annualised returns vis-a-vis direct investment in a number of key markets over the long term raising connotations about the weightings allocation and role of direct and listed real estate within the confines of a multi-asset investment portfolio. The construction of a blended real estate investment portfolio comprising direct and listed real estate serves to demonstrate that whilst the respective investment medium are inherently different, they exhibit not just compatibility but complementarity within the confines of an investment portfolio. Indeed in an investment environment governed by a renewed and insatiable appetite for transparency and liquidity listed real estate has the capacity to act as a 'liquidity buffer' for investors seeking real estate premised performance attributes.


High‐resolution large‐eddy simulations (LESs) are used to investigate the effect of turbulence as well as the interaction between atmosphere and soil on the life cycle of nocturnal radiation fog. The first part of the article focuses on the validation of the LES model system for simulating radiation fog against measurement data from the meteorological super‐site at Cabauw (Netherlands). As in former studies, differences found in the fog life cycle, depth, and liquid water content between LES and observations can be largely ascribed to the presence of local advection processes in the observational data and uncertainty in the measurement data used to initialize the model. Moreover it is found that the choice of the droplet number concentration within the cloud microphysical representation has a high impact on the liquid water content within the fog layer, but a rather small effect on its life cycle. In the second part of the article, a set of LES runs is analysed with idealized initial conditions in order to study the effect of turbulent mixing as well as the initial state of the soil on the development of radiation fog. As expected, the results show that turbulent mixing has a strong impact on the time of fog formation, which is complicated by the interaction with both radiative cooling and water vapour removal by dew deposition. Furthermore, it is found that the near‐surface soil temperature plays a key role for the exact time of fog formation, whereas near‐surface soil moisture is decisive for the lifting and dissipation time of the fog layer.


The main goal of this paper is to address an important question that arises from the interaction between increased participation in international trade, labor markets, and gender inequality; namely, the impact of trade liberalization on women's access to wage employment in the non-agricultural sector. We empirically address this question by performing fixedeffects and GMM estimations on panel data from a large group of developing economies, and tracing the impact of trade on women's access to wage employment. Overall, the empirical results indicate that trade has different effects on women's participation in wage employment and these effects appear to be nonlinear. Notably, the results seem to be consistent with the 'MENA gender-equality paradox'. We discuss the policy implications of the findings.


NavCog3 is a smartphone turn-by-turn navigation assistant system we developed specifically designed to enable independent navigation for people with visual impairments. Using off-the-shelf Bluetooth beacons installed in the surrounding environment and a commodity smartphone carried by the user, NavCog3 achieves unparalleled localization accuracy in real-world large-scale scenarios. By leveraging its accurate localization capabilities, NavCog3 guides the user through the environment and signals the presence of semantic features and points of interest in the vicinity (e.g., doorways, shops). To assess the capability of NavCog3 to promote independent mobility of individuals with visual impairments, we deployed and evaluated the system in two challenging real-world scenarios. The first scenario demonstrated the scalability of the system, which was permanently installed in a five-story shopping mall spanning three buildings and a public underground area. During the study, 10 participants traversed three fixed routes, and 43 participants traversed free-choice routes across the environment. The second scenario validated the system's usability in the wild in a hotel complex temporarily equipped with NavCog3 during a conference for individuals with visual impairments. In the hotel, almost 14.2h of system usage data were collected from 37 unique users who performed 280 travels across the environment, for a total of 30,200m traversed.


EFSA requested the PLH Panel to review the current state of the art of the biology and ecology of apple snails, reported in this opinion, and to perform an environmental risk assessment for validation of the Plant Health environment guidance document, which will be provided in a second opinion. The Panel presents in this opinion the current state of the art of the biology of apple snails, and develops and uses a population dynamics model to assess the potential establishment of apple snails in the EU. A thorough review of the literature on the biology of Pomacea canaliculata and P. maculata was performed to collect information and data on life history characteristics related to temperature, which was used in the population dynamics model. Although uncertainties on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Pomacea remain, it is now acknowledged that Pomacea insularum is a synonym of P. maculata and can be undoubtedly differentiated from P. canaliculata. Natural spread occurs via rivers and canals, in which the snails crawl, drift, float and raft. Flooding increases spread. In addition, attachment to animals (e.g. birds, cattle, horses, deer and aquatic invertebrates) results in spread. Human assistance results in spread through cultivation transport of rice seedlings, aquaculture, aquaria, boats, and agricultural field machinery. The potential distribution of P. canaliculata in Europe was obtained by calculating with the population dynamics model, the average snail abundance per year in each node of a grid of 0.25 × 0.25 degrees covering Europe, which resulted in the following conclusions: (1) the area of potential establishment comprises wetlands of southern Europe (i.e. Spain, southern France, most of Italy and Greece) and the Balkans up to the latitude of the Danube river, (2) the potential area of establishment includes the rice production areas in Europe. © European Food Safety Authority, 2013


The evaluation of a patient with chronic diarrhea can be quite frustrating, as it is expensive and involves multiple diagnostic studies. Moreover, identification of a drug as a cause of chronic diarrhea is a challenge in patients taking multiple medications. The disease may either be associated with intestinal mucosal changes, mimicking diseases such as celiac disease, or purely functional, with no histopathologic change. Drug-induced diarrhea may or may not be associated with malabsorption of nutrients, and a clinical improvement may occur within days of discontinuation of the drug, or may take longer when associated with mucosal injury. Diarrhea in diabetics, often attributed to poor management and lack of control, may be due to oral hypoglycaemic agents. Chemotherapy can result in diffuse or segmental colitis, whereas olmesartan and a few other medications infrequently induce a disease that mimics celiac disease, but is not associated with gluten intolerance. In short, increased awareness of a drug, as a cause for diarrhea and a clear understanding of the clinical manifestations will help clinicians to solve this challenging problem. This article aims to review drug-induced diarrhea to (a) understand known pathophysiological mechanisms; (b) assess the risk associated with frequently prescribed medications, and discuss the pathogenesis; and (c) provide easily retrievable data in tables to help identify known offending medication/s and a list of top 100 prescribed medications in the United States as a useful comprehensive reference.


Outside of bankruptcy, a board of directors' decision to take control rights away from existing shareholders and grant them to another is subject to heightened fiduciary duties. As the sale of control represents a kind of end game, shareholders have one last chance to realize the full value for their investment. In such a context, their interests warrant special protection.

A similar sale of control can happen in a chapter 11 procedure when a bankruptcy plan revamps the capital structure of the firm. In such a restructuring of the firm, control rights can be newly created, redefined and redistributed to corporate stakeholders. As bankruptcy always implicates many more stakeholders than only shareholders, a sale of control thus implicates a wider array of control rights owners than a normal control transaction. However, in a chapter 11 procedure fiduciary duties protecting interests of such owners of control rights do not arise and this creates the potential for agency misdeeds.

We discuss three recent chapter 11 or 15 cases in which the bankruptcy plans lead to a restructuring of the capital structures, redistributing control in the process. Our viewpoint is that in such complex restructuring processes, private benefits of control provide incentives to a select group of investors to twist the plan to their advantage. Our three cases show: 1) a lack of openness to other investors who are not part of the plan proposing classes; 2) that plans redistribute control via penny warrants, private placements, and other similar devices, shutting out other shareholders or diluting holdings significantly; and 3) a deal and fee structure that explicitly rewards specific groups and not others.

We conclude that in chapter 11 procedures, a redistribution of benefits is possible to an extent not possible under state corporate law. However, as we discuss only three exemplary cases, caution is warranted at the moment as we cannot provide a full empirical picture of private benefits in chapter 11 and chapter 15 procedures.


Abstract. The flux of CO2 from the soil to the atmosphere (soil respiration,
Rsoil) is a major component of the global carbon (C) cycle.
Methods to measure and model Rsoil, or partition it into
different components, often rely on the assumption that soil CO2
concentrations and fluxes are in steady state, implying that
Rsoil is equal to the rate at which CO2 is produced by soil
microbial and root respiration. Recent research, however, questions the
validity of this assumption. Thus, the aim of this work was two-fold: (1) to
describe a non-steady state (NSS) soil CO2 transport and production
model, DETECT, and (2) to use this model to evaluate the environmental
conditions under which Rsoil and CO2 production are likely
in NSS. The backbone of DETECT is a non-homogeneous, partial differential
equation (PDE) that describes production and transport of soil CO2,
which we solve numerically at fine spatial and temporal resolution (e.g.,
0.01 m increments down to 1 m, every 6 h). Production of soil CO2 is
simulated for every depth and time increment as the sum of root respiration
and microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. Both of these factors can
be driven by current and antecedent soil water content and temperature, which
can also vary by time and depth. We also analytically solved the ordinary
differential equation (ODE) corresponding to the steady-state (SS) solution
to the PDE model. We applied the DETECT NSS and SS models to the six-month
growing season period representative of a native grassland in Wyoming.
Simulation experiments were conducted with both model versions to evaluate
factors that could affect departure from SS, such as (1) varying soil
texture; (2) shifting the timing or frequency of precipitation; and (3) with
and without the environmental antecedent drivers. For a coarse-textured soil,
Rsoil from the SS model closely matched that of the NSS model.
However, in a fine-textured (clay) soil, growing season Rsoil was
∼ 3 % higher under the assumption of NSS (versus SS). These
differences were exaggerated in clay soil at daily time scales whereby
Rsoil under the SS assumption deviated from NSS by up to 35 % on average in the 10 days
following a major precipitation event. Incorporation of antecedent drivers
increased the magnitude of Rsoil by 15 to 37 % for coarse- and
fine-textured soils, respectively. However, the responses of
Rsoil to the timing of precipitation and antecedent drivers did
not differ between SS and NSS assumptions. In summary, the assumption of SS
conditions can be violated depending on soil type and soil moisture status,
as affected by precipitation inputs. The DETECT model provides a framework
for accommodating NSS conditions to better predict Rsoil and
associated soil carbon cycling processes.


Recently published silver plate from al-Sabah Collection, of unknown provenance, has been firmly attributed as Sasanian. In fact, technically, it is related to the Sasanian silverwork however aesthetic examination allows to raise the doubts whether it is genuine. The plate must be compared not only with central-Sasanian artworks but all ancient 'Oriental silver', including pieces attributed as Hephtalite or Sogdian. The design of the plate does not have any relation with any of the known examples of late antique oriental toreutics. Central scene of heroic combat with powerful beast or beasts has never been surrounded with the ring containing other hunting scenes is unknown as well. The disbalanced decorum is even more clear when we remind that the central scene shows hunting on foot and the marginal ones – mounted. The details of fixed aesthetic elements – position of personages, beasts, weapons do not belong to Sasanian canon. The unique nature of the plate might result from many factors but the combination of unknown provenance and lack of relation to legitimate Sasanian canon require utmost cautiousness towards the object.


The Sogang University biomedical assistive robot (SUBAR), which is an advanced version of the exoskeleton for patients and the old by Songang (EXPOS) is a wearable robot developed to assist physically impaired people. It provides a person with assistive forces controlled by human intentions. If a standard geared DC motor is applied, however, the control efforts will be used mainly to overcome the resistive forces caused by the friction, the damping, and the inertia in actuators. In this paper, such undesired properties are rejected by applying a flexible transmission. With the proposed method, it is intended that an actuator exhibits zero impedance without friction while generating the desired torques precisely. Since the actuation system of SUBAR has a large model variation due to human-robot interaction, a control algorithm for the flexible transmission is designed based on a robust control method. In this paper, the mechanical design of SUBAR, including the flexible transmission and its associated control algorithm, are presented. They are also verified by experiments.


The danger to personnel, equipment, and pillar structure created by the spalling of a coal rib can be minimized by installing rib bolts. To assure that a configured support system will maintain a coal rib, the U.S. Bureau of Mines developed a rib bolt system based on a nonpreventable failure concept. A statistical equation quantitatively related the amount of rib retained to the bolt spacing and the width of the spalled material. Laboratory test results show that the equation accurately predicts the amount of material retained and confirm the validity of the support concept. The examination of rib bolting at a coal mine experiencing rib sloughage provides evidence that the effectiveness of the support can be related to the failure pattern of the spalled material. An analysis of roof and roof support reaction to rib sloughage at the mine indicated that the rib sloughage had little effect on roof stability. Although supporting ribs might not affect roof stability, laboratory test results indicate that the material retained by the support can sustain a load up to 20 pct of the intact compressive strength of the material.


Rapid population growth in a country like India is threatening the environment through expansion and intensification of agriculture, uncontrolled growth of urbanization and industrialization, and destruction of natural habitats. The present paper is an attempt to study the population change and its impacts on land, forest and water and energy resources. Rapid population growth plays an important role in declining per capita agricultural land, forest and water resources. The analysis reveals that outcomes of high population growth rates are increasing population density and number of people below poverty line. Population pressure contributes to land degradation and soil erosion, thus affecting productive resource base of the economy. The increasing population numbers and growing affluence have resulted in rapid growth of energy production and consumption in India. The environmental effects like ground water and surface water contamination; air pollution and global warming are of growing concern owing to increasing consumption levels. The paper concludes with some policy reflections and emphasises the potential importance of natural resources.


In the familiar tale of mass migration to France from 1880 onward, we know very little about the hundreds of thousands of women who formed a critical part of those migration waves. This book argues that their relative absence in the historical record hints at a larger and more problematic oversight — the role of sex and gender in shaping the experiences of migrants to France before the Second World War. This compelling history of social citizenship demonstrates how, through the routine application of social policies, state and social actors worked separately toward a shared goal: repopulating France with immigrant families. Filled with voices gleaned from census reports, municipal statistics, naturalization dossiers, court cases, police files, and social worker registers, the book shows how France welcomed foreign-born men and women — mobilizing naturalization, family law, social policy, and welfare assistance to ensure they would procreate, bearing French-assimilated children. Immigrants often embraced these policies because they, too, stood to gain from pensions, family allowances, unemployment benefits, and French nationality. By striking this bargain, they were also guaranteed safety and stability on a tumultuous continent. The book concludes that, in return for generous social provisions and refuge in dark times, immigrants joined the French nation through marriage and reproduction, breadwinning and child-rearing — in short, through families and family-making — which made them more French than even formal citizenship status could.


PURPOSE
An earlier study showed that 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), formed as a result of increased lipid peroxidation in oxidative stress, causes loss of lens transparency. To determine how HNE is detoxified in ocular tissues, its metabolism in cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) as well as rat lens was investigated.

METHODS
Rat lens or HLECs were incubated with 30 nmol (5 x 10(5) cpm/ micromol) of HNE in 2 mL Krebs-Hansleit buffer for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. The medium, after ultrafiltration was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a C-18 reversed-phase column. The metabolites were separated by using a gradient consisting of solvent A (0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid) and solvent B (100% acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Fractions containing radioactivity were pooled and analyzed using electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) or gas chromatography-chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (GC/CI-MS).

RESULTS
On HPLC, the incubation media from cultured lens and HLECs separated into three major radioactive peaks. Peak I of the HLECs and lens treated with HNE was identified to be a mixture of glutathione (GS) conjugates of HNE and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-nonene (DHN). The identity of the conjugates was confirmed by ESI-MS. Based on the retention times, peaks II, and III were assigned to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (HNA) and unmetabolized HNE, respectively. The identities of HNA and HNE were confirmed by spiking the tissue extracts with synthetic metabolites and finally by GC/CI-MS. Sorbinil, an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor, attenuated GS-DHN levels and cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, decreased formation of HNA.

CONCLUSIONS
The results show that the major metabolic transformation of HNE in rat lens and HLECs involves conjugation with GS and oxidation to HNA. The GS-HNE conjugate is reduced to GS-DHN by AR. Thus, under normal physiological conditions, the lens has multiple routes to detoxify HNE. However, oxidative stress may overwhelm the metabolic capacity of the lens to detoxify HNE and lead to formation of cataract.


Abstract The process fault diagnosis problem is usually considered in classification framework. Although used widely in diagnostic applications, artificial neural networks and other nonlinear classifiers perform poorly under nonideal conditions encountered in practice, owing to the arbitrary placement of decision boundaries in empty regions of the input space and unbounded normal class region. This is particularly problematic where few and noisy data are available. In this paper, the use of one-class support vector machines for the diagnosis of process operations is proposed and their performance under practical conditions assessed. One-class classifiers are shown to be superior to and more robust than competing approaches previously proposed for diagnostic applications.


BACKGROUND
We conducted biomechanical evaluation of the anterior plating and posterior wiring techniques for cervical spine stabilization after a course of healing in sheep.

METHODS
Seventeen sheep were included, and six of which underwent sham operations (group A, n=6). The other eleven received complete C2-C3 destabilization, followed by intervertebral bone grafting and cervical stabilization either with anterior plating (group B, n=5) or posterior wiring (group C, n=6) techniques. These animals were killed 6 months later. Ligamentous spines (C1-C5) were subjected to the relevantly applied loads. The load-deformation data of the C2-C3 and C3-C4 functional units were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS
At the C2-C3 functional unit, group B had the least motion ranges in flexion, lateral bending, and rotation loads than did the other two groups. Significantly smaller motion ranges of lateral bending and rotation loads were found in group B than in group C (p<0.05). Compared with group A, group C had a decreased motion range in flexion load but showed increased motion range in rotation load. Consequently, group B had superior intervertebral fusion and less osteophyte than did group C. At the C3-C4 functional unit, group B showed significantly decreased motion ranges in extension and lateral bending loads (p<0.05), while group C did not.

CONCLUSION
The results indicated that the anterior plate-stabilized spines were more stable over time than did the posterior-wired spines. This biomechanical advantage eventually resulted in superior intervertebral fusion masses in the former, although it also induced a slightly decreased motion range at the contiguous functional unit. In exclusively posterior wired-spines, the weakness for opposing rotation loads might contribute to the formation of osteophytes at the fusion functional unit. These data point out that the mode and stability of implant fixation systems greatly influence the biomechanical redistribution and bone-adaptive remodeling process during healing, which are closely related to the bone graft maturation and osteophytic formations at the fusion level and the occurrence of stiffening problems at the contiguous levels.


Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract and their active metabolites possess a broad range of pharmacological activities. The current study aimed to explore the impact of The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing) on the physical, spectroscopic, and thermal properties of ashwagandha root extract using PXRD, PSD, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, TGA, and DSC analysis. Ashwagandha root extract was divided into two parts – one part was control without any and another part was treated with The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment remotely by eighteen renowned Biofield Energy Healers and defined as The Trivedi Effect® treated sample. The PXRD analysis exhibited that both the treated and control samples were amorphous in nature. The particle sizes at d10, d50, and d90 values of the treated sample were significantly decreased by 12.23%, 10.97%, and 1.25%, respectively with respect to the control sample. The surface area analysis revealed that the surface area of the treated sample was significantly increased by 14.29% as compared to the control sample. The FT-IR analysis indicated the alteration of the force constant for the functional groups of the treated sample in comparison to the control sample. The UV-vis analysis revealed that the wavelength for the maximum absorbance of the control and treated samples were at 205.8 and 206.0 nm, respectively. The TGA analysis revealed that the total weight loss was decreased by 0.70% in the treated sample as compared to the control sample. This indicated that the treated sample was thermally more stable as compared to the control sample. The DSC analysis indicated that the melting point of the treated sample (190.48°C) was decreased by 4.91% than the control sample (203.45°C). The latent heat of fusion of the treated (4.94 J/g) sample was significantly decreased by 42.96% compared with the control (8.66 J/g) sample. The current findings suggest that The Trivedi Effect® - Energy of Consciousness Healing Treatment (Biofield Energy Healing) might have the astounding capacity to enhance the solubility, absorption, dissolution, and finally, bioavailability of ashwagandha root extract in various form of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical formulation by modifying its particle size and surface area. Thus, the treated ashwagandha root extract might provide better therapeutic response against against inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, stress, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, sexual disorders, aging and other chronic infections.


In this paper I develop my account of moral particularism, focussing on the nature of thick moral concepts. My aim is to show how the particularist can consistently uphold an non-reductive cognitivist 'dual role' view of thick moral concepts, even though she holds that the qualities ascribed by such concepts can vary in their moral relevance – so that to judge that something is generous or an act of integrity need not entail that the object of evaluative appraisal is good to some extent. A novel particularist account of thick concepts is proposed, in response to recent work on variance holism. The particularist rejects the holist's attempt to preserve the idea that thick concepts are evaluative concepts by postulating a special semantic content, a contextually variable evaluative valence, as theoretically unmotivated and conceptually confused. Instead it is argued that the thick concepts have determinable evaluative content in situ only.


We present BGPStream, an open-source software framework for the analysis of both historical and real-time Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) measurement data. Although BGP is a crucial operational component of the Internet infrastructure, and is the subject of research in the areas of Internet performance, security, topology, protocols, economics, etc., there is no efficient way of processing large amounts of distributed and/or live BGP measurement data. BGPStream fills this gap, enabling efficient investigation of events, rapid prototyping, and building complex tools and large-scale monitoring applications (e.g., detection of connectivity disruptions or BGP hijacking attacks). We discuss the goals and architecture of BGPStream. We apply the components of the framework to different scenarios, and we describe the development and deployment of complex services for global Internet monitoring that we built on top of it.


This issue of the International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy stems from selected papers delivered at the 2013 and 2014 Critical Criminology conferences convened in, respectively, Adelaide (Flinders University) and Melbourne (Monash University). This was the final occasion when the Critical Criminology event would be held in successive years. In future, this conference will alternate with the Crime, Justice and Social Democracy Conference (hosted biennially by the Queensland University of Technology). As guest editors and the conferences' facilitators, we examined the abstracts across both events and listened to as many speakers as possible with the view to inviting submissions from a mix of Australian and international delegates, including a selection of postgraduate and early career researchers.The papers published in this issue provide solid evidence of not only the liveliness of critical criminological thought, but also its relevance to the twenty-first century problems besetting various governments and communities around the world.To find out more about this special edition, download the PDF file from this page.


In this paper, we propose a new paradigm for the task of entity-relation extraction. We cast the task as a multi-turn question answering problem, i.e., the extraction of entities and elations is transformed to the task of identifying answer spans from the context. This multi-turn QA formalization comes with several key advantages: firstly, the question query encodes important information for the entity/relation class we want to identify; secondly, QA provides a natural way of jointly modeling entity and relation; and thirdly, it allows us to exploit the well developed machine reading comprehension (MRC) models. Experiments on the ACE and the CoNLL04 corpora demonstrate that the proposed paradigm significantly outperforms previous best models. We are able to obtain the state-of-the-art results on all of the ACE04, ACE05 and CoNLL04 datasets, increasing the SOTA results on the three datasets to 49.6 (+1.2), 60.3 (+0.7) and 69.2 (+1.4), respectively. Additionally, we construct and will release a newly developed dataset RESUME, which requires multi-step reasoning to construct entity dependencies, as opposed to the single-step dependency extraction in the triplet exaction in previous datasets. The proposed multi-turn QA model also achieves the best performance on the RESUME dataset.


Background Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a rare, lethal disease generally seen in young male patients with inflammatory bowel disease. The study of biologic and immunomodulator naive patients in Crohn's disease (SONIC), advocates combining infliximab with an immunomodulator in moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. Unfortunately, combined immunosuppression increases risk for HSTCL. We herein review all cases of HSTCL reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in patients receiving TNF-&agr; inhibitors. Methods Individual reports from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database for lymphomas from the biological agents − infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, natalizumab, and etanercept were downloaded and analyzed with Microsoft Access. Full reports for all identified HSTCL cases were obtained from the FDA. Results Twenty-five cases of HSTCL were identified. Twenty-two (88%) patients had inflammatory bowel disease and three had rheumatoid arthritis. Four cases (16%) were in women and four patients were above 65 years of age. Twenty-four cases (96%) also received an immunomodulator (azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, or methotrexate). Two patients received adalimumab alone. Conclusion HSTCL is no longer restricted to the previously identified risk group of young male patients, but can also occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, females and older adults receiving TNF-&agr; inhibitors and immunomodulators. Improved disease outcomes using combination therapy should be tempered by the risk of developing HSTCL.


RIPARIAN BRUSH RABBIT HABITAT REQUIREMENTS IN CASWELL MEMORIAL STATE PARK by Clinton Robert Elsholz With the rapid growth of agricultural and urban development in California"s Central Valley in the 20 th and 21 st centuries, many habitats, including riparian forests, have been drastically altered. Along with these habitats, species that are dependent on them have also been fragmented and their long-term survival threatened. The riparian brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius) is one such species that has experienced profound population contraction over the past century. This research was conducted at Caswell Memorial State Park ("the Park"), located in Ripon, California, which is the largest remaining habitat fragment within the rabbit"s historical range. One objective of this research was to characterize the vegetation of the Park which can be used as a model of suitable rabbit habitat. The Park was also surveyed for rabbit presence using motion sensor cameras and track plates. The relationships between vegetation and rabbit presence were evaluated and, although not statistically significant, the rabbit sites generally lacked high canopy, while blackberry and sedge were present. Strikingly, rabbits were found only at four sites (n=125). Additionally, the two data collection methods used, motion sensor cameras and track plates, were evaluated on their effectiveness for detecting mammals within this habitat. This research showed that both methods were equally effective, although cameras proved to be superior for more practical reasons.


Since the development of Open Educational Resources (OERs), different models regarding the usage of these resources in education have appeared in the literature. Wiley's 4-Rs model is considered to be one of the leading models. Research based on Wiley's model shows that using materials without making changes is the most common use. Compared to the extensive literature regarding OER usage in education, the literature barely deals with OER usage by instructional designers or training managers in corporations. The purpose of this research is to examine the OER usage of these two stakeholders, distinguishing between Little and Big OER repositories, in which Little OER repositories such as YouTube and Wikipedia aren't necessarily designed to fulfill educational purposes. Findings show that these stakeholders almost use only Little repositories and that their usage level is higher than what is documented in the literature: they mostly Revise–modify the form of the resource, and Remix–combine different resources to create new ones. These differences can be explained by the fact that materials from Little OER repositories are raw materials, requiring further editing and adjustment. Significant differences between instructional designers' and training managers' usage of OERs were found regarding the Reuse level of resources from internal repositories and the Google Images repository, and the frequency of this Reuse.


Low voltage operation of digital circuits continues to be an attractive option for aggressive power reduction. As standard SRAM bitcells are limited to operation in the strong-inversion regimes due to process variations and local mismatch, the development of specially designed SRAMs for low voltage operation has become popular in recent years. In this paper, we present a novel 9T bitcell, implementing a Supply Feedback concept to internally weaken the pull-up current during write cycles and thus enable low-voltage write operations. As opposed to the majority of existing solutions, this is achieved without the need for additional peripheral circuits and techniques. The proposed bitcell is fully functional under global and local variations at voltages from 250 mV to 1.1 V. In addition, the proposed cell presents a low-leakage state reducing power up to 60%, as compared to an identically supplied 8T bitcell. An 8 kbit SF-SRAM array was implemented and fabricated in a low-power 40 nm process, showing full functionality and ultra-low power.


Blue swimming crab, Portunus segnis is a Lessepsian migrant into the Mediterranean and little is known about the biology of it in Iskenderun Bay , Northeastern Mediterranean, Turkey. In the present study the sex ratio, gonadal development stages, gonadosomatic index, size at first sexual maturity, and the fecundity of P. segnis were examined. The specimens of P. segnis were collected monthly from July 2014 to June 2015 (except February) with trawl net from the Yumurtalik Cove. The crabs were found throughout the year and were abundant between July to October (74%). Carapace width range of all samples was between 38.1-163.17 mm, and body weight ranged from 3.46-324.36 g. The population sex ratio was obtained Male:Female=0.7:1 which showed more abundant female population. Fifty percent of the female crabs attained sexual maturity when they reached the sized of 115-119.99 mm CW. The ovigerous female crabs ranging between 101.39- 154.03 mm CW can produced 139379 to 2745236 eggs. The mean fecundity of P. segnis was 1070425±580978 eggs with a mean carapace width of 130.04±12.77 mm. In Yumurtalik Cove, breeding season of P. segnis were observed throughout the year, except winter . Further studies are needed for assessing the reproductive biology of blue crabs in other locations of Turkey.


One of the few long instrumental records available for the Arctic is the Svalbard Airport composite series that hitherto began in 1911, with observations made on Spitsbergen, the largest island in the Svalbard Archipelago. This record has now been extended to 1898 with the inclusion of observations made by hunting and scientific expeditions. Temperature has been observed almost continuously in Svalbard since 1898, although at different sites. It has therefore been possible to create one composite series for Svalbard Airport covering the period 1898–2012, and this valuable new record is presented here. The series reveals large temperature variability on Spitsbergen, with the early 20th century warming as one striking feature: an abrupt change from the cold 1910s to the local maxima of the 1930s and 1950s. With the inclusion of the new data it is possible to show that the 1910s were colder than the years at the start of the series. From the 1960s, temperatures have increased, so the present temperature level is significantly higher than at any earlier period in the instrumental history. For the entire period, and for all seasons, there are positive, statistically significant trends. Regarding the annual mean, the total trend is 2.6°C/century, whereas the largest trend is in spring, at 3.9°C/century. In Europe, it is the Svalbard Archipelago that has experienced the greatest temperature increase during the latest three decades. The composite series may be downloaded from the home page of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and should be used with reference to the present article.


Molecular sieves type 13X was modified by treatment with saturated solution of urea or thiourea and adding of sodium silicate as binder to give homogeneous admixture in approximate weight percent, 20% urea or thiourea, 30% binder, and 50% MS13X. The samples were dried and shaped in cylindrical particles of about 5mm diameter and 4-8mm length. The FTIR studies show some interaction between the added urea and thiourea with the original substrates. These are mainly hydrogen band type interactions through –NH2 moiety with –OH group of framework oxygen in the substrate or with adsorbed water. The urea displayed more significant interaction with MS13X than thiourea. Molecular sieve 13X and its admixtures with urea and thiourea showed good ability to remove phenol from water. The urea modified sample, which has the largest surface area, was the best adsorbent for phenol followed by thiourea treated sample. Excellent degree of phenol removal, greater than 98% was achieved by using 0.2 l/h flow rate of 10ppm phenolic solution and 56cm bed length at 30C. The increasing of inlet phenol concentration in water affected largely the driving force and the rate of adsorption, resulted also in higher capacities. While the percentage removal of phenol was decreased by fixed other operating conditions.


Background: A new commercially available optical low coherence reflectometry device (Lenstar, Haag-Streit or Allegro Biograph, Wavelight) provides high-resolution non-contact measurements of ocular biometry. The study evaluates the validity and repeatability of these measurements compared with current clinical instrumentation. Method: Measurements were taken with the LenStar and IOLMaster on 112 patients aged 41–96 years listed for cataract surgery. A subgroup of 21 patients also had A-scan applanation ultrasonography (OcuScan) performed. Intersession repeatability of the LenStar measurements was assessed on 32 patients Results: LenStar measurements of white-to-white were similar to the IOLMaster (average difference 0.06 (SD 0.03) D; p = 0.305); corneal curvature measurements were similar to the IOLMaster (average difference −0.04 (0.20) D; p = 0.240); anterior chamber depth measurements were significantly longer than the IOLMaster (by 0.10 (0.40) mm) and ultrasound (by 0.32 (0.62) mm; p<0.001); crystalline lens thickness measurements were similar to ultrasound (difference 0.16 (0.83) mm, p = 0.382); axial length measurements were significantly longer than the IOLMaster (by 0.01 (0.02) mm) but shorter than ultrasound (by 0.14 (0.15) mm; p<0.001). The LensStar was unable to take measurements due to dense media opacities in a similar number of patients to the IOLMaster (9–10%). The LenStar biometric measurements were found to be highly repeatable (variability ⩽2% of average value). Conclusions: Although there were some statistical differences between ocular biometry measurements between the LenStar and current clinical instruments, they were not clinically significant. LenStar measurements were highly repeatable and the instrument easy to use.


Introduction Hearing loss is the most common congenital pathology at birth. Its prevalence increases during the infant period, especially in children at risk. The application of hearing screening in three stages with follow-up of children at risk of developing hearing loss allows to optimize the screening. Goals The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hearing loss in the neonatal population and identify newborns at risk and to investigate the best way to support infants with such disability from screening to rehabilitation. Materials and methods This prospective study was conducted over a period of 22 months from June 2011 to March 2013, using a systematic screening for deafness in a high-birth-level maternity unit. Results Over a period of 22 months, 17 912 live newborn were born in the maternity ward. The application of screening for deafness at birth allowed us to screen 15 382 newborns, with a coverage rate of 85.9%. We chose a three-stage screening protocol. In the first stage, 15 382 newborns were screened by means of analysis of distortion product of otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). The screening was negative (presence of DPOAE and absence of hearing loss) in 13 467 newborns, and it was positive (absence of DPOAE and a possibility of hearing loss) for 1915 newborns who were addressed to the second stage of the screening protocol for the analysis of DPOAE again after 1 month of birth. In this second stage of screening, 1516 infants were screened in the ENT Department and 399 infants were lost to follow-up. After the second stage of the screening, 76 infants were addressed to the third stage of the screening protocol, which is also called stage of diagnosis. In this last step, 14 children were lost to follow-up and 62 infants were tested for hearing threshold using analysis of auditory brainstem response. Finally, after verification of the results obtained in the third stage using behavioral audiometry and impedance, 49 children showed hearing loss with a hearing threshold greater than 30 dB. The prevalence of neonatal hearing loss in the maternity unit was 3.2%. There were 27 male and 22 female patients, of whom 29 had bilateral hearing loss and 20 children had unilateral hearing loss. In contrast, the study of the risk factors of hearing loss allowed us to identify those who are present among the detected newborns and to calculate the prevalence of hearing loss among newborns admitted in the neonatal ICU, which was 2.14%. The risk factors most associated with deafness are infections with cytomegalovirus and rubella, damage to the nervous system and craniofacial malformations. The rehabilitation of hearing is based on speech rehabilitation and the use a hearing aid, either conventional prosthesis or cochlear implant. Conclusion Newborn hearing screening using a three-stage protocol is possible. It allows to detect hearing loss earlier to initiate early hearing and language rehabilitation, the only way to guarantee alignment of children born with hearing impairment or with contracted hearing loss during the neonatal period with their peers with normal hearing.


Selective spectral line modulation (SLM) is a technique used in atomic spectrometry for recovering analyte signals in the presence of spectral interferences, such as overlapping lines from matrix concomitants and background features from the emission source. Application of SLM usually requires passing the analytical source emission through what is essentially a modulated atom reservoir. In previous work, this system was designed with the use of an array of optical choppers, mirrors, and lenses that directed the radiation through and around a standard atomic-absorption slot burner. In the present study, a sample-modulation device was used in place of this complex array. The device operates by pulsing sample aerosol into a flame, and therefore directly performs the function of a modulated atom reservoir. When used in the SLM experiment, this device considerably simplifies the experimental arrangement. Comparisons are made between the conventional optical arrangement and the sample-modulation device.


The present paper focuses on teaching the speech act of apologising based on previous research findings on the use, acquisition, and teaching of this particular speech act. The paper provides practical suggestions as to how pragmatic awareness can be raised by first presenting apology strategies and then showing how learners can be engaged in analysing their own performance, and comparing it with that of speakers of the target language. Suggestions will also be made about ways of providing learners with authentic input, a variety of pragmatic options and with ample opportunity to practice in various apology situations. Such training will allow learners to develop their own interlanguage through optimal convergence to target language norms rather than total convergence (Kasper, 1997).


ABSTRACT Tidal inlets penetrating narrow barriers and with or without tidal deltas typically have a central trough with terminal channel fans. The trough is centrally narrowly branched at each end with multiple, lesser, converging lateral channels. Deltaic sand, where present, tends to form peripheral shoals and shoals separating the two sets of channels. The trough is a narrow horizontal slot, ratio 1/24 to 1/75 in typical examples. Deep holes occur in axial and other narrows. Detailed studies by others show that the individual channels of an inlet can usually be identified as either entering or issuing channels, subject to being shifted by longshore currents as the tidal phases change. Without further direct current studies, the gross flow characteristics of the channel systems may be interpreted from the described conditions. In both flood and ebb (rising and falling) phases, the water level is higher on one side of the barrier than the other. For the high sheet of water to get through the inlet, it must drain centripetally into it along all unobstructed radii, a tidal drain. The wide distribution of the minor lateral channels gives them most of the drainage. The inlet flow issues with appreciable velocity, scouring the trough and hole and forming a local maximum of current energy in its flow direction. The trough typically has two major branches at each end separated by shoals but narrowly and sub-centrally confined. If unobstructed and unbranched, the issuing channel flares like a horizontal jet, which ideally flares at 20 degrees. Whether single or branched, the issuing current is a tidal jet. Thus, at the ends of the inlet both the flood and ebb tides are drains on the high side and jets on the low side of the barrier, in both cases being there local maxima of hydraulic energy. The mouths of shallow estuaries, but not those of deep straits, show the type of channel pattern characteristic of the tidal inlet.


Designing and implementing a sustainable energy sector will be a key element of defining and creating a sustainable society. In the electricity industry, the question of strategic planning for sustainability seems to conflict with the shorter time horizons associated with market forces as deregulation replaces vertical integration. In order to address such questions, a project called SESAMS (Strategic Electricity Sector Assessment Methodology under Sustainability) has been established to develop electricity sector planning methods related to sustainability. This effort is part of the Alliance for Global Sustainability (AGS) formed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (ETHZ and EPFL), and the University of Tokyo (UT). The initial phase of SESAMS in 1997 created a methodology integrating multi-scenario simulation, life-cycle analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. This 1998 case study has expanded the methodology to study the transitional effects of deregulation associated with the issues of stranded cost. This analysis has studied the inclusion of different classes of stranded assets, different recovery periods, and recovery of costs on a fixed vs. variable (per kWh) basis. On a societal basis, stranded costs are a zero-sum transfer payment, but the ownership patterns of stranded assets mean that compensation for stranded assets will produce relative winners and losers. These winners and losers shift according to the stranded cost and other options present in different scenarios. The results of the stranded cost analysis are integrated with updated multi-criteria trade-off analysis and life-cycle analysis results, based on expanded system boundaries.


Random Early Detection method (RED) uses a single linear drop function to calculate the probability of marking the packet ( pb) and uses the lower queue threshold ( QL), Higher queue threshold (QH), the maximum probability of dropping the packets at QH ( Maxdrop), the low-pass filter time constant (wQ ), and the Average size of the queue (Qavg) to adjust the queue performance. The two key components of the RED algorithm are the evaluation of the Qavg and the pb, that leads to the success of RED method. In this paper we are showing the effect of changing the low-pass filter time constant (wQ) in the dropping method of RED.


Valproate (0.5-5 mM) strongly inhibited urea synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes incubated with 10 mM-alanine and 3 mM-ornithine. Valproate at the same concentrations markedly decreased concentrations of N-acetylglutamate, an essential activator of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I (EC 220.127.116.11), in parallel with the inhibition of urea synthesis by valproate. This compound also lowered the cellular concentration of acetyl-CoA, a substrate of N-acetylglutamate synthase (EC 22.214.171.124); glutamate, aspartate and citrulline were similarly decreased. Valproate in a dose up to 2 mM did not significantly affect the cellular concentration of ATP and had no direct effect on N-acetylglutamate synthesis, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I and ornithine transcarbamoylase (EC 126.96.36.199) activities.


An algorithm for synthetic aperture processing derived using approximation theory is presented. Improvements offered by this approximation theoretic algorithm and the analytic relationships between the algorithm and other algorithms are described. The approximation theoretic approach is shown to provide a unified formalism for comparing and evaluating existing and proposed algorithms as well as a method for generalizing and improving them.


Surviving in the wild takes a great deal of strength. Often faced with frozen tundra, sweltering deserts, humid jungles, perilous mountains and fast-flowing rivers, Megan Hine is no stranger to perilous conditions. Whilst leading expeditions and bushcraft survival courses and in her work on television shows such as Bear Gryll's Mission Survive and Running Wild, she has explored the corners of the globe in pursuit of adventure. Faced with the toughest of conditions: bad weather; lack of food and being in the presence of predators, is the ultimate test of character and often the biggest challenge to overcome is in the head. In these situations, the human brain is simultaneously the greatest asset and biggest liability. Not everyone is suited to the great outdoors and when danger calls many aren't as well-equipped to survive, no amount of top of the range kit will save you if you don't have the right frame of mind. Here Megan Hine examines the human ability and instinct for survival, showing us how others have developed the attitudes and attributes to thrive in the most dangerous situations, and how those same attitudes and attributes help them confront problems and obstacles at work and at home. Being chased through the jungle by armed opium farm guards, abseiling past bears and lighting fires with tampons, Megan has seen and done it all. In Mind of a Survivor she takes you along for a series of life-and-death adventures and shows you what happens to people when they are pushed to their limits. Inspirational rather than instructional, Megan examines the human ability and instinct for survival sharing the life tools that she uses and showing how they can as easily be applied to more domestic everyday life - from careers to relationships, from overcoming adversity to decision making. Filled with her own experiences, Mind of a Survivor is packed full of adventure and can help people survive in any situation and cope with whatever life throws at them.


This book offers a nuanced discussion of the globalization of the English language and the widespread effects it has had on Shenyang, the capital and largest city of China's northeast Liaoning Province. Adopting an ethnographic and linguistic perspective, the book considers the personal connotations that English has for Chinese people, beyond its role in the education system. Through research on how English is spoken, taught, and studied in China, the book considers what the language itself means to Chinese speakers. How and why, the book asks, has English become so deeply fascinating in contemporary China, simultaneously existing as a source of desire and anxiety? The answer suggested is that English-speaking Chinese consider themselves distinctly separate from those who do not speak the language, the result of a cultural assumption that speaking English makes a person modern. Seeing language as a study that goes beyond the classroom, the book assesses the emerging viewpoint that, for many citizens, speaking English in China has become a cultural need—and, more immediately, a realization of one's future.


Background: Enormous effort is being put into the identification and characterization of symptoms that may be used as predictive and progression markers in Parkinson's disease (PD). An impressive number of PD patients and individuals at risk for or in the prodromal stage of PD are currently followed in longitudinal studies; however, there does not exist an overview on the kind of markers evaluated and the assessments used. Methods: Information on the design, sample size, evaluated markers and assessments of 21 studies of the Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research BioLoC-PD working group were collected by questionnaire. The studies were classified into at risk/prodromal or clinical PD cohorts. The assessments were grouped into quantitative assessments, investigator-rated assessments, investigator interviews, patient-rated questionnaires and caregiver-rated questionnaires. Results: Compilation of these data revealed an interesting consensus on evaluated markers, but there was an enormous variability of assessments. Furthermore, there is a remarkable similarity in the markers assessed and evaluation methods applied in the risk/prodromal and clinical PD cohorts. Conclusions: The inventory of the longitudinal cohorts that are part of the BioLoC-PD consortium reveals that there is a growing consensus on the markers that should be assessed in longitudinal cohort studies in PD. However, controversy still exists on the specific type of assessment. To allow comparison of data and common analyses it will be essential to harmonize scales and assessment outcomes.


This article outlines the stress-strain-coping-support (SSCS) model which underpins the whole programme of work described in this supplement. The need for such a model is explained: previous models of substance misuse and the family have attributed dysfunction or deficiency to families or family members. In contrast, the SSCS model assumes that having a close relative with a substance misuse problem constitutes a form of stressful life circumstances, often longstanding, which puts affected family members at risk of experiencing strain in the form of physical and/or psychological ill-health. Coping and social support are the two other central building blocks of the model. Affected family members are viewed as ordinary people faced with the task of coping with such stressful life circumstances. It is an assumption of the model that, difficult though the coping task is, family members need not be powerless in maintaining their own health and helping their relatives. Good quality social support, in the form of emotional support, good information and material help, is an invaluable resource for affected family members, supporting their coping efforts and contributing positively to their health. The 5-Step Method, to be described later in the supplement, is based on the SSCS model. It can be seen as a way of increasing the positive social support available from professional sources.


Microfabricated Lamellar grating interferometers (LGI) require fewer components compared to Michelson interferotemeters and offer compact and broadband Fourier transform spectrometers (FTS) with good spectral resolution, high speed and high efficiency. This study presents the fundamental equations that govern the performance and limitations of LGI based FTS systems. Simulations and experiments were conducted to demonstrate and explain the periodic nature of the interferogram envelope due to Talbot image formation. Simulations reveal that the grating period should be chosen large enough to avoid Talbot phase reversal at the expense of mixing of the diffraction orders at the detector. Optimal LGI grating period selection depends on a number of system parameters and requires compromises in spectral resolution and signal-to-bias ratio (SBR) of the interferogram within the spectral range of interest. New analytical equations are derived for spectral resolution and SBR of LGI based FTS systems.


Focusing on the complex constellation of the BeiDou satellite navigation positioning system in China, this article analyzes the relationship between zero baseline and ultrashort baseline according to the residual value of carrier observation, signal to noise ratios, and elevation angles of different constellation satellites. A stochastic model based on the distance between the satellite and Earth, signal-to-noise ratio and elevation angle was proposed, which applied to the baseline solution of the Beidou triple-frequency single epoch. Analysis of measured data shows that compared with the traditional sinusoidal trigonometric function model, although the proposed model has no obvious effect on improving the positioning accuracy, the success rate of the ambiguity resolution of 4.2m, 4.17km and 8.84km are effectively improved by 0.1%, 4.7% and 1.1%, which enhanced the stability of calculation results.


Abstract. Africa is the single largest continental source of biomass burning emissions. Here we conduct the first analysis of one full year of geostationary active fire detections and fire radiative power data recorded over Africa at 15-min temporal interval and a 3 km sub-satellite spatial resolution by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) imaging radiometer onboard the Meteosat-8 satellite. We use these data to provide new insights into the rates and totals of open biomass burning over Africa, particularly into the extremely strong seasonal and diurnal cycles that exist across the continent. We estimate peak daily biomass combustion totals to be 9 and 6 million tonnes of fuel per day in the northern and southern hemispheres respectively, and total fuel consumption between February 2004 and January 2005 is estimated to be at least 855 million tonnes. Analysis is carried out with regard to fire pixel temporal persistence, and we note that the majority of African fires are detected only once in consecutive 15 min imaging slots. An investigation of the variability of the diurnal fire cycle is carried out with respect to 20 different land cover types, and whilst differences are noted between land covers, the fire diurnal cycle characteristics for most land cover type are very similar in both African hemispheres. We compare the Fire Radiative Power (FRP) derived biomass combustion estimates to burned-areas, both at the scale of individual fires and over the entire continent at a 1-degree scale. Fuel consumption estimates are found to be less than 2 kg/m2 for all land cover types noted to be subject to significant fire activity, and for savanna grasslands where literature values are commonly reported the FRP-derived median fuel consumption estimate of 300 g/m2 is well within commonly quoted values. Meteosat-derived FRP data of the type presented here is now available freely to interested users continuously and in near real-time for Africa, Europe and parts of South America via the EUMETSAT (European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites) Land Surface Analysis Satellite Applications Facility (http://landsaf.meteo.pt/). Continuous generation of these products will allow the types of analysis presented in this paper to be improved and extended, and such multi-year records should allow relationships between climate, fire and fuel to be further examined.


Chris Hinton began his teaching career in London in the mid-1970s, before moving to an East Sussex comprehensive where he introduced the Schools History Project. Chris was Deputy Head at the time of the interview. Chris began writing teaching materials on a secondment for SHP in the late 1980s and later co-wrote text books for Key Stage 3 and A level. Chris discusses the way in which he introduced SHP into the East Sussex school and why it has been successful for students. He discusses the AEB 673 A level history course. He also talks about the way in which technology has changed his teaching and airs concerns about the pressures on history in schools as a result of league tables. Interviewed by Dr Nicola Sheldon


Deep neural networks can learn deep feature representation for hyperspectral image (HSI) interpretation and achieve high classification accuracy in different datasets. However, counterintuitively, the classification performance of deep learning models degrades as their depth increases. Therefore, we add identity mappings to convolutional neural networks for every two convolutional layers to build deep residual networks (ResNets). To study the influence of deep learning model size on HSI classification accuracy, this paper applied ResNets and CNNs with different depth and width using two challenging datasets. Moreover, we tested the effectiveness of batch normalization as a regularization method with different model settings. The experimental results demonstrate that ResNets mitigate the declining-accuracy effect and achieved promising classification performance with 10% and 5% training sample percentages for the University of Pavia and Indian Pines datasets, respectively. In addition, t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) provides a direct view of the extracted features through dimensionality reduction.


Situated between contemporary feminist theory/deconstructionist poetics, and Kabbalistic discourse, "Of Poetic Thinking: A 'Pataphysical Investigation of Cixous, Derrida and the Kabbalah" theorizes the aesthetics of, and contextualizes, two writing praxes concerned with interrogating a Eurocentric myth of Meaning, a regime of Truth, Authenticity and Representation; deconstructing an apparatus of Power and the gendered-political fallacy of genre purity. Focusing on the writing of Helene Cixous, Jacques Derrida and the major texts of Kabbalistic discourse, through a re-evaluation of ethnicity, gender, power and language, this thesis challenges ways meaning is produced. Though Kabbalistic discourse posits itself as a mystico-religious doctrine, and contemporary feminist deconstruction and post-structuralist philosophy aim to question Western metaphysics, notions of property and Being, through a re-politicization of socio-historic linguistic structures, this research reassesses the "mystical" or "metaphysical", not as an onto-theologically insulated discourse validated by transcendency, but as that without specific meaning and heterogenous to all hermeneutic totalization. Rather than engaging in a Derridean reading of Kabbalah, but through the linking of modalized presents, this thesis tracks ways in which seemingly "oppositionary" exegetical praxes restage cultural temporalities into the invention of tradition: how they question inheritance as that which is not natural, transparent or universal, but an intervening space, a space of syncretism, juxtaposition and integration; an irreducible legacy inscribed through cultural memory, iterability and palimpsestic processes of prosthetic supplementarity, and foreground how difference is performed at the liminal edge of identity. This analysis is significant in that, through re-staging two interpretive strategies, it problematizes the metaphysics of the "propre" of logocentrism, linguisticism, phonologism, the demystification or the de-sedimentation of the autonomic hegemony of language, and becomes a network of echoes, traces; displaced in a palimpsestic abscess, and, thus, argues how language becomes an agency of cultural construction.


In relation to the development of an Environment Outlook Report of the Lake Victoria basin, a stakeholder workshop on Lake Victoria was convened by the Pan African START Secretariat (PASS) in September 2004, through funding from UNEP-DEWA and START through the United States National Science Foundation / US Climate Change Science Program (USNSF/USCCSP). The stakeholder workshop brought together a team of experts from riparian countries of the lake basin region to discuss the issues and scope of the Lake Victoria Basin Environment Outlook Report, including reaching consensus on the structure of the Report, themes to be covered, emerging issues, outlook, experts to write various sections, content of the Report and policy options for action. The expert input was invaluable and sincere appreciation is extended to this group. The Report was collated by the Pan African START Secretariat (PASS) as an input into the Africa Environment Outlook (AEO) 2 and Global Environmental Outlook (GEO) 4 reports produced by UNEP Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA). This publication of technical papers on Lake Victoria, which have been written by some of the experts who were party to the Stakeholders Workshop in 2004, goes hand in hand with the Lake Victoria Environment Outlook Report 2006 as an information resource document. A whole array of issues are covered, including such aspects as: people and livelihoods, health and nutrition, water and land resources, land cover and land use change, freshwater pollution, aquatic biodiversity, energy and environment, natural disasters, fisheries, environmental assets, and legal and institutional frameworks in the lake basin. Each of the papers, while focussing on a particular aspect, tackle the relevant elements of these broad issues to varying degrees, offering, therefore, a richly spiced and integrated perspective of the environmental concerns within the lake basin.


Academic publishing is tightly connected to college and university faculty members' prospects for promotion, tenure, salary increases, and professional recognition, and is often regarded as an index of one's scholarly contribution to a given field (Blackburn and Lawrence 1995). This is problematic because, as many researchers have clearly documented, women publish less than men. Because female faculty produce fewer publications on average than their male counterparts, they also receive lower pay and are more likely to hold the ranks of assistant and associate professor (Blackburn and Lawrence 1995; Creamer 1998; Dinauer and Ondeck 1999; Roland and Fontanesi-Seime 1996; Schneider 1998). And, although gender differences in publishing have narrowed in most disciplines over the past two decades, in most cases, men still outpublish women by a ratio of two to one (Roland and Fontanesi-Seime 1996). Among the factors cited as being important to publishing regularly are ambition, reputation, merit, institutional support and resources, professional networks and collegial/mentoring relationships, research topic and methodology, and time.


This volume focuses on: the identification of indelible traces recorded on bones; on human actions associated with these marks; and finally on human behaviours that led to actions performed on bodies around the time of death. The research joins a long line of studies focused on cannibalism recognition, as one of the behaviours associated with death carried out by different social groups at all times and places. The methodology is based on the observation of a series of intentional manipulation traces left in bone's surfaces, and the examination of modifications caused by taphonomic agents or non-human factors that may interfere with right interpretation of the agent responsible for this behaviour. Complex funerary practices, violent deceases, human sacrifices, offerings of human remains or cannibalism are behaviours associated with death that leave a series of recognizable marks on bones. These marks are a result of the treatment to which human bodies were subjected around the time of death. This diversity of behaviour leads to a variety of body treatments, such as skinning, disarticulation, defleshing, cooking, etc, which, in turn, causes a multiplicity of visible bone changes allowing observation, recording, and systematization to researchers. This study entailed the re-examination of the human bones recovered at Malalmuerzo cave where traces of cannibalism were noticed on Neolithic samples.


Although satellite DNAs are well-explored components of heterochromatin and centromeres, little is known about emergence, dispersal and possible impact of comparably structured tandem repeats (TRs) on the genome-wide scale. Our bioinformatics analysis of assembled Tribolium castaneum genome disclosed significant contribution of TRs in euchromatic chromosomal arms and clear predominance of satellite DNA-typical 170 bp monomers in arrays of ≥5 repeats. By applying different experimental approaches, we revealed that the nine most prominent TR families Cast1–Cast9 extracted from the assembly comprise ∼4.3% of the entire genome and reside almost exclusively in euchromatic regions. Among them, seven families that build ∼3.9% of the genome are based on ∼170 and ∼340 bp long monomers. Results of phylogenetic analyses of 2500 monomers originating from these families show high-sequence dynamics, evident by extensive exchanges between arrays on non-homologous chromosomes. In addition, our analysis shows that concerted evolution acts more efficiently on longer than on shorter arrays. Efficient genome-wide distribution of nine TR families implies the role of transposition only in expansion of the most dispersed family, and involvement of other mechanisms is anticipated. Despite similarities in sequence features, FISH experiments indicate high-level compartmentalization of centromeric and euchromatic tandem repeats.


This paper studies whether small-scale businesses can learn and adopt protable practices of their successful peers. We identify such practices through a detailed business survey in urban Indonesia and disseminate the information to a randomly selected sample of small retailers through a professionally developed handbook. An orthogonal subgroup is provided additional support through business role models, and another through individualized business counseling. We find a significant increase in the adoption of profitable practices in all sub-groups of retailers. Moreover, while the handbook alone does not lead to significant performance gains, we find that supplementary role models and business counseling improve sales and profitability. The channels of impact differ, with role model recipients learning practices by observing while counseling recipients learning practices by doing. These findings show that business growth can be achieved through innovative and simple channels that are cost effective and scalable.


During the 2008 Olympics, the Chinese government made a significant effort to improve air quality in Beijing, including restrictions on traffic. Here we estimate the reductions in carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the control measures on Beijing transportation. Using MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) multispectral satellite observations of near‐surface CO along with WRF‐Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry) simulations for Beijing during August, 2007 and 2008, we estimate changes in CO due to meteorology and transportation sector emissions. Applying a reported CO/CO2 emission ratio for fossil fuels, we find the corresponding reduction in CO2, 60 ± 36 Gg[CO2]/day. As compared to emission scenarios being considered for the IPCC AR5 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 5th Assessment Report), this result suggests that urban traffic controls on the Beijing Olympics scale could play a significant role in meeting target reductions for global CO2 emissions.


The clock bias of cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) base transceiver station (BTS) sectors is characterized. The clock biases of individual sectors and the discrepancy between the clock biases of different sectors of the same BTS cell are studied. If not modeled and accounted for appropriately, this discrepancy could be harmful when cellular CDMA signals are exploited for navigation, introducing tens of meters of error in the position and tens of nanoseconds of error in the receiver's clock bias estimate. A model for the discrepancy is proposed and validated through extensive experiments at different locations and times. Finally, an empirical upper bound on the discrepancy between the sector clock biases is provided.


The weeks following the attacks of September 11, 2001, were traumatic for nearly every American, but for some, the answers they received from the media and the government to explain the horrific events was not satisfactory. Accusations of cover-ups, internal plots, and sabotage from within the ranks of the U.S. government were - and continue to be - not uncommon. But compelling evidence contrary to the accepted narrative has, for some sceptics, been lacking. This investigation into the events of that day reveals dark secrets about United States-sponsored terrorism. Taking highly complex technical and scientific information, and distilling it for the consumption of the lay person, this inquiry attempts to reveal the truth behind that infamous day.


Background: Many older adults suffer from chronic pain, a disease treated with opioids. Older adults are also highly susceptible to opioid ADEs. Research addressing older adults' selfmanagement of opioid ADEs is lacking. Objectives: This study compared the opioid ADE profile found by the present research to those previously reported in the literature for older adults. It also described how older adults respond to opioid ADEs and the resulting outcomes. Method: The study utilized a secondary analysis design to examine 15 opioid ADE cases from a pilot study that described older adults' responses to analgesic ADEs. Results: Neurological ADEs, including dizziness (34%) and headache (20%), and gastrointestinal ADEs, such as constipation (27%), upset stomach (27%), and nausea (20%), were common. Older adults identified opioid ADEs by failing to recognize the ADE (20%), another person identifying the ADE (20%), and recognizing the ADE within a few days of its occurrence (20%). Responses included contacting a physician (40%), stopping opioid use immediately (34%), taking another medication to treat constipation (20%), and continuing use despite the ADE (20%). Outcomes associated with responses included ADE resolution (54%), administration of another analgesic (20%), and ADE persistence (20%). Conclusions: The opioid ADE profile in older adults is similar to that of adults, but certain ADEs may be more common in older adults, including dizziness, upset stomach, and fatigue. Older adults may struggle to appropriately react to ADEs, resulting in poor chronic pain management. Future research should develop interventions to ensure older adults' safety in long-term opioid therapy.


SUMMARY Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a relatively new economic policy instrument, and the factors that drive and explain their environmental performance are poorly understood. Here a meta-analysis of causal relationships between the institutional design and environmental performance of 47 payments for watershed services (PWS) schemes worldwide showed a significant effect on environmental achievement of the terms and conditions of scheme participation, including the selection of service providers, community participation, the existence and monitoring of quantifiable objectives, and the number of intermediaries between service providers and buyers. Direct payments by downstream hydropower companies to upstream land owners for reduced sediment loads were identified as a successful PWS example. No other significant explanatory factors, such as specific type of watershed service, age or scale of implementation of the PWS scheme were detected. The results are highly dependent on the reliability of the input variables, in particular the measurement of the environmental performance variable. Despite efforts to find quantitative information on the environmental performance of existing PWS schemes, such empirical evidence is lacking in many of the schemes studied. International monitoring guidelines are needed to facilitate comparisons, identify success factors and support the future design of cost-effective PWS schemes.


A Fourier transform spectrometer with no mechanical moving parts is described. The interferogram is generated spatially by a triangle common-path interferometer and is detected by a self-scanning photodiode array. The spectrum is reconstructed by fast Fourier transform in a microcomputer system. Since no moving part is used and a common-path interferometer is employed for simple, stable, and easy alignment, this spectrometer may be built in a relatively small size and with moderate cost. The self-scanning photodiode array as a multichannel detector may lead this spectrometer to the application to time-resolved spectroscopy. The optical throughput is much larger than that of a multichannel dispersion-type spectrometer, because in the system neither a slit nor an aperture is necessary. The emission spectra of a low pressure mercury lamp and a LED are shown to demonstrate the system performance.


Aim. Determining the level of galectin-3, IL-6 in the blood serum of patients with rosacea and rosacea in combination with chronic opisthorchiasis. Subjects and methods. In the blood serum of 80 rosacea patients, 64 patients with rosacea, combined with chronic opisthorchiasis and 20 healthy donors were studied concentrations of galectin 3, IL-6 by ELISA. Results. The concentration of galectin 3, IL-6 was significantly elevated in patients with rosacea, rosacea, combined with chronic opisthorchiasis as compared with the healthy controls. The positive correlation between the severity of clinical manifestations of rosacea and the level of galectin 3 (r = 0,72), IL-6 (r = 0,64) in the two groups. Conclusion. The results indicate an imbalance content (galectin-3; IL-6) in serum of patients with rosacea, which can be seen as further evidence of the inferiority of the immune response in rosacea.


Background and PurPose: One of the most important issues in the modern age is hope for future and its reflection on individuals' daily lives. Generally, hopefulness, which is influenced by several factors, is an essential component in increasing the quality of life. Piety is one of the significant factors, which is closely associated with this concept. Regarding this, the present study aimed to investigate the role of piety in the hope for future. Materials and Methods: This survey was conducted on 380 citizens of Azarshahr with an age group of 20-60 years, who were selected using clustering sampling method. Results: The results of ANOVA demonstrated that there was a significant and positive relationship between the piety and hopefulness and its dimensions (P<0.05) (i.e., strategic thinking (P<0.05), reflection factor (P<0.05), which indicates that with the increase of piety among the subjects, hopefulness was increased as well. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between the variables. Conclusion: As the findings of the current study indicated, to increase people's hopefulness, it is essential to strengthen the religious beliefs in the process of socialization, fortify faith, and encourage people to participate in religious affairs at early age.


Why is it that we don't punish states anymore, or, at least, don't admit to doing so? The moral rhetoric of "crime" and "punishment" of states has been excised from mainstream international law, and replaced with an amoral rhetoric of "threat" and "prevention." Today, individuals alone are subject to international punishment, while states are subject only to preventive, regulatory or enforcement measures. Through a historical survey of the shift from punishment to prevention in various spheres of international law, I argue that the preference for prevention has been motivated by a strong preference for peace over justice as the ultimate goal of the international system. Driving this belief, I suggest, is an array of considerations, correlating punishment with humiliation and revenge, fearing the effects of collective punishment, doubting the operation of punishment in a decentralized structure built around the principle of sovereign equality, and bemoaning absence of an international institution to adjudicate the criminality of states. However, given existing practices under the paradigm of "prevention," none of these considerations seems to justify a correlation between peaceful coexistence and an aversion to punishment. Even further, the elimination of a punitive paradigm may implicate normative concerns, even accepting the preference for peace: in fact, a prevention-oriented framework may have its own distorted effects for international peace and security. Drawing on debates over preventive sanctions in U.S. domestic criminal law, I argue that even though prevention may sound like a less oppressive policy than punishment, it may in fact be far less constrained and more ruthless. At the same time, a preventive paradigm might be paralyzed from operating where there is a crime that does not immediately threaten other international actors. I demonstrate both possibilities using the contemporary debates over anticipatory self-defense and humanitarian intervention.


The new and impressively comprehensive "Brill Dictionary of Religion" addresses religion as an element of daily life and public discourse. Richly illustrated and with more than 500 entries, the dictionary is a multi-media reference source on the many and various forms of religious commitment. It is unusual in that it not only addresses the different theologies and doctrinal declarations of the official institutionalized religions but it also gives equal weight and consideration to a multiplicity of other religious phenomena. People perceive and express religious experiences in many different ways: through dance, sensuality, in relations between sexes and in compassion at death. Religions help determine how people form and perceive their identity as part of a social group. The diverse effects of religions can also be perceived in the environment, society and the public sphere. "The Brill Dictionary of Religion" helps map out and define the networks and connections created by various religions in contemporary societies, and provides models for understanding these complex phenomena.


Features•Summarizes state-of-the-art research on bioactive proteins and peptides•Presents data from recent human clinical trials•Considers the benefits of bioactive proteins in supporting healthy weight when managing illness that commonly cause pathologic weight loss •Supports findings with more than 2000 references and over 100 tables and figuresSummaryChronic illnesses, injury, or infections produce a decline in muscle mass leading to delayed recovery, more post-treatment complications, longer hospital stays, and higher mortality rates. Therefore, ensuring adequate lean body mass is of major concern in health care. Presenting data from human studies and trials, along with recent research findings, Bioactive Peptides: Applications for Improving Nutrition and Health summarizes the applications, and benefits of bioactive peptides used to mitigate major metabolic derangements that arise from chronic illnesses and result in unwanted weight loss. Reviews the Latest Theories Explaining Muscle Loss and Accretion During Illness & InfectionIn chapters one through five, the book presents the background science on the relationship between illness and muscle weight loss, highlighting bioactive peptides' ability to enhance the body's antioxidant status, antisepsis capacity, immune function, anti-inflammatory capacity, growth potential, and appetite. Chapters six through nine deal with the use of bioactive peptides to modify aspects of the host response to illness, including inflammation, antimicrobial activity, anabolic dysfunction, and anorexia. This state-of-the-art reference also includes case studies on aging, AIDS, COPD, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, kidney failure, and tuberculosis. It is a valuable resource for dieticians, doctors, nutritionists, and manufacturers of medical foods, tube feeds, supplements, and nutraceuticals.


Abstract The article aims to analyse the evolution of the EU data protection legislation against the rule of law standards related to quality of law, formal justice and protection of human rights, focusing on some recent controversial issues related to the application of EU data protection model to technological environment. The analysis looks into the concepts of data controller and data processor as they are essential for the allocation of responsibilities in the processing of personal data as well as for the identification of applicable legislation. Further it considers the right to be forgotten and the implementation of the balance test in cases when there are opposing rights and legitimate interests of the data subject and data controller. The analysis is made on the basis of the EU data protection legislation, that is currently in force, the Opinions of the Article 29 Working Party and the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), which provides guidance on the uniform interpretation of the data protection concepts at EU level. The article also takes in consideration the current reform in the field of data protection in the frames of which in 2016 the new General Data Protection Regulation has been adopted.


This essay situates undocumented migrants in the history of the American revolutionary period. The lawbreaking of both groups produced constructive legal and social change. For example, the masses of American revolutionaries and many of their leading men fought to rid the colonies of hereditary aristocracy. Colonists had come to cherish the proto-meritocracy that had bloomed on colonial shores and rankled at local evidence of aristocratic privilege, like the Crown's grant of landed estates to absentee English aristocrats.Today's equivalent hereditary aristocracy is the citizenry of wealthy democracies like the United States. Hereditary citizens use immigration restrictions to reserve the wealth and privilege of rich-world citizenship for themselves and invited guests. The undocumented peacefully challenge this status quo by migrating and remaining in the United States without permission, securing citizenship for their American-born children, and protesting that "no one is illegal." In these ways the undocumented seize some of the aristocratic privileges of American citizenship and fight for others. For this and other reasons, the undocumented are contemporary heirs to the revolutionary moment — the true tea partiers of the twenty-first century.


Next generation sequencing has enabled systematic discovery of mutational spectra in cancer samples. Here, we used whole genome sequencing to characterize somatic mutations and structural variation in a primary acral melanoma and its lymph node metastasis. Our data show that the somatic mutational rates in this acral melanoma sample pair were more comparable to the rates reported in cancer genomes not associated with mutagenic exposure than in the genome of a melanoma cell line or the transcriptome of melanoma short-term cultures. Despite the perception that acral skin is sun-protected, the dominant mutational signature in these samples is compatible with damage due to ultraviolet light exposure. A nonsense mutation in ERCC5 discovered in both the primary and metastatic tumors could also have contributed to the mutational signature through accumulation of unrepaired dipyrimidine lesions. However, evidence of transcription-coupled repair was suggested by the lower mutational rate in the transcribed regions and expressed genes. The primary and the metastasis are highly similar at the level of global gene copy number alterations, loss of heterozygosity and single nucleotide variation (SNV). Furthermore, the majority of the SNVs in the primary tumor were propagated in the metastasis and one nonsynonymous coding SNV and one splice site mutation appeared to arise de novo in the metastatic lesion.