Femtosecond pulses are launched into a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The input and output spectra were measured using a monochromator and streak camera. The spectrum of the output from a 50 cm PCF pumped at 794 nm for different pump powers features asymmetric side lobes due to intrapulse Raman scattering. Similar measurements on a 100 cm PCF pumped at 795 nm highlight the appearance of blueshifted peaks as a result of energy transfer of solitons to dispersive waves. Broadening in the spectrum is observed and attributed to Raman-scattering-induced soliton self-frequency shift. Spectrograms of both input and output pulses into a 50 cm PCF are captured using a streak camera. The spectrum reveals that individual modes observed on the spectrogram are actually a decomposition of the input pulse.


This research was developed with the purpose of better know some anatomoradiographic aspects of the apendicular skeleton of one of biggest wild brazilian rodents, the agouti. Six animals were used for radiographic and three for anatomic analysis. The pectoral girdle consists of two scapulae and two clavicles. The humerus possesses evident greater tubercle, radial and olecranus graves perforated and a non-developed deltoid tuberosity. The radio tuberosities are little evident and it is not fused to the ulna, which is proportional to it. The intermedioradial, ulnar, accessory and falciform form the proximal and the I, II, III and IV carpal bones the distal row of carpus. There are five metacarpi and five fingers in the forelimb and every one presents a proximal, median and distal phalanxes. The pelvis is narrow, lengthened and with a rounded and deep acetabulum. The femoral greater trochanter is makeable. The tibia and fibula are not fused and the later is similar in length to the former. The talus, calcaneus, medial tibial tarsal and central form the proximal row and the tarsometatarsal I, and the II, III and IV tarsal bones form the distal row of tarsus. There are three fingers in the hindlimb and the tarsometatarsal II, III and IV, with three phalanxes each, and a small tarsometatarsal V.


This paper was studied to investigate whether superimposed electromagnetic fields could control flickering light perceptions caused by the activity of a stimulated retina. To show the capabilities of electromagnetic control, we designed two coil systems, and investigated the magnetic flux distributions of superimposed extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields from the coils. Furthermore, we examined the superimposed effect for the modification of perception, and discovered that the ELF costimuli can control retinal sensitivities partially for perception. When the ELF field frequencies were varied in the range of 10-50 Hz, threshold variations for the perception were observed as the effect of the costimuli to the temporal side at 40 Hz and to the eyeball side at 20 Hz. These results show a definite advantage by employing the superimposed ELF fields on the two previously mentioned locations with a close examination of the properties of the flicker sensations.


This Article centers on understanding the current state of end of life decision-making in America and how Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) techniques can help to improve it. In this Article, which was awarded a 2003 Center for Public Resources (CPR) Award of Excellence, I aim to make three contributions: First, using the recent well-publicized case of Terry Schiavo in Florida I examine evidence of the failures of the judicial system in dealing with end of life treatment disputes. After reviewing the major decisions at the federal and state levels, I show that what underlies this failure is a binary assumption that courts must either fully adjudicate end of life decision-making disputes or leave it entirely in the hands of private decision-makers. I trace this assumption to concerns over the institutional legitimacy of the judicial branch in extremely personal decisions like the cessation of treatment. With this diagnosis in hand, I develop a case for ADR as an intermediate path in dealing with these disputes. I review the benefits of ADR in this context (speed, reducing undue influence of physicians, enabling patients to take a more active role, offer of better emotional resolution, etc) and overcome certain threshold objections to implementing ADR in this context: primarily concerns over due process protection, the role of courts for norm-articulation in a public rights model, and the underlying assumption that there is no room for compromise in these disputes. Finally, I turn from theory to practice and describe in detail the design for an end of life treatment ADR system to be implemented in hospitals. I develop a five step model which includes consultation and development of ADR guidelines, negotiation training for doctors and other health professionals, the selection and training of bioethical mediators and the involvement of a hospital's Ethics Committee in the process, as well as the barriers to implementation.


Our core hypothesis is that the emergence of human language arose very rapidly from the linking of two pre-adapted systems found elsewhere in the animal world—an expression system, found, for example, in birdsong, and a lexical system, suggestively found in non-human primate calls (Miyagawa et al., 2013, 2014). We challenge the view that language has undergone a series of gradual changes—or a single preliminary protolinguistic stage—before achieving its full character. We argue that a full-fledged combinatorial operation Merge triggered the integration of these two pre-adapted systems, giving rise to a fully developed language. This goes against the gradualist view that there existed a structureless, protolinguistic stage, in which a rudimentary proto-Merge operation generated internally flat words. It is argued that compounds in present-day language are a fossilized form of this prior stage, a point which we will question.


Abstract. Studies have analysed the quality of volunteered geographic information (VGI) datasets, assessing the positional accuracy of features and the completeness of specific attributes. While it has been shown that VGI can, in some context, reach a high positional accuracy, these works have also highlighted a large spatial heterogeneity in positional accuracy, completeness but also with regards to the semantics of the objects. Such high semantic heterogeneity of VGI datasets becomes a significant obstacle to a number of possible uses that could be made of the data. This paper proposes an approach for both improving the semantic quality and reducing the semantic heterogeneity of VGI dat asets. The improvement of the semantic quality is achieved by automatically suggesting attributes to contributors during the editing process. The reduction of semantic heterogeneity is achieved by automatically notifying contributors when two attributes are too similar or too dissimilar. The approach was implemented into a plugin for OpenStreetMap and different examples illustrate how this plugin can be used to improve the quality of VGI data.


Habitat destruction and fragmentation are among the major causes of amphibian decline. We investigated to what extent geographic distance and barriers affect the genetic composition of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus in Flanders (North Belgium), causing inbreeding or loss of genetic diversity. Data from seven microsatellite loci and 170 individuals from seven meta-populations up to 180km apart revealed heterozygosities of 0.53 to 0.67 within populations and moderate levels of genetic divergence between populations (F(ST) values from 0.074 to 0.141, harmonic means of D(est) between 0.070 and 0.189). In all Flemish meta-populations, more than 90% of the individuals from a given geographic region were assigned to the same genetic cluster indicating little genetic exchange, even in De Panne where the two populations Oosthoek and Westhoek are only a few kilometres apart. Such sub-structuring on a micro-scale has also been described in other amphibians. Unique alleles in most populations further support the probability that genetic drift has already led to some isolation. With the exception of the Oosthoek population, however, we found no significant evidence for bottlenecks. Connectivity within pool clusters seems essential to the maintenance of genetic diversity in crested newts as is indicated by our findings from Tommelen, the population with the largest number of pools in close proximity, which also shows the highest levels of heterozygosity (H(e) and H(o)) and the second highest number and richness of alleles.
In conclusion, our study indicates that dispersal and migration rates between the Flemish populations of Triturus cristatus are limited at the geographic scale studied here but that habitat fragmentation has not yet led to a significant loss of genetic diversity of the studied Flemish populations, possibly because crested newts are relatively long-lived, fragmentation of their habitat is relatively recent in Flanders, and most investigated pools are still connected at the local scale.


Objectives: Low-birth-weight (LBW) infants (<2500 g) have an increased risk of iron deficiency (ID) during their first 6 months of life. The optimal dose and duration of iron supplementation to LBW infants are, however, unknown. The objective of the present study was to investigate the long-term effect on iron status and growth in marginally LBW (2000–2500 g) infants, of iron supplements given until 6 months of life. Methods: In a randomized controlled trial, 285 healthy marginally LBW infants received 0, 1, or 2 mg · kg−1 · day−1 of iron supplements from 6 weeks to 6 months of age. At 12 months and 3.5 years of life we measured length, weight, head circumference, and indicators of iron status (hemoglobin, ferritin, mean corpuscular volume, and transferrin saturation) and assessed the prevalence of iron depletion, functional ID, and ID anemia. Results: At 12 months of age, there was a significant difference in ferritin between the groups (P = 0.006). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of iron depletion (23.7%, 10.6%, and 6.8%, respectively, in the placebo, 1-mg, and 2-mg groups, P = 0.009) and similar nonsignificant trends for functional ID and ID anemia. At 3.5 years of life there were no significant differences in iron status and the mean prevalence of iron depletion was 3.2%. Anthropometric data were not affected by the intervention. Conclusions: Iron supplements with 2 mg · kg−1 · day−1 until 6 months of life effectively reduces the risk of ID during the first 12 months of life and is an effective intervention for preventing early ID in marginally LBW infants.


Flame lamination is a highly economical and widespread process in the textile industry for the production of textile composites consisting of e.g. textile webs, artificial leather or foils with a foam layer in between. Main application fields for these structures are upholstery materials for the automobile industry (e.g. for car seats, door panels, roof liners), medical technology sector, furniture industry or insulation materials. The foam webs (primary made of polyurethane) are treated with an open flame coming from a gas burner and afterwards connected to the other layers. The resulting thin, sticky layer of the foam is used for bonding with a wide range of materials. The laminates provide a simultaneously achieved cushion effect. The advantages of the flame lamination are that no solvents or glues are needed and hence no outgassing of the materials will take place during their usage, the process is technically easy to control and allows very high production speeds compared to other technologies, e.g. hotmelt process. During the flaming of the foams, exhaust gases are formed, which need to be removed by suctioning. The composition of the exhaust gases is extremely diverse. Nitriles, ethers, diisocyanates, aldehydes, halogenated hydrocarbons (CFCs), amines, chlorinated phosphoric acid esters and benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane can be present. However, special attention is given to the highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN, blue acid) which is released during the processing of polyurethane foams. This makes a treatment of the exhaust air necessary. Released cyanides are highly toxic, soluble in water and classified as highly water-endangering substances. Toxicity is based on the blockade of tissue respiration in living beings by inhibition of enzymes. In order to protect nature and the environment, to safeguard viable working, residential and recreational areas, minimizing or avoiding such harmful biocidal emissions is required. Currently various methods are known for cleaning exhaust air containing cyanide: Thermal treatment Oxidation in the low temperature plasma Catalytic detoxification using Cu-doped activated carbon Absorption of HCN in the basic medium (for example, in sodium hydroxide solution) and subsequent chemical detoxification via oxidation (with hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide) Biological elimination According to STFI´s own research, technical solutions for exhaust air purification have so far been installed at four of Germany's approximately 13 production sites with flame lamination. Thereof 2 are based on the biological process, one is performed chemically and one with the low temperature plasma technology. The high requirements for a technical exhaust air purification process are regarded as essential reasons for the low implementation of exhaust air cleaning measures for flame lamination. STFI has developed a biological exhaust air purification process for treating cyanide-containing emissions from the process of flame lamination as a cost-effective and resource-saving alternative to chemical / physical methods. The establishment of a biological exhaust air purification process in the textile industry as an energy-efficient cleaning technology represents an innovation. The advantages of the biological elimination method compared to the other processes are: No use of hazardous substances such as acids, alkalis, oxidation or reducing agents Exhaust air purification is performed at ambient temperatures; additional power supply is only needed for sprinkling and, if necessary, frost protection heating a sustainable and energy efficient process Real (biological) degradation of the problematic emission of hydrogen cyanide (no transformation into other problematic substances or transfer of the problem into waste water) Plant engineering is robust against dusts and accompanying emissions; dusts are separated by the waste gas scrubbing and can be disposed together with the resulting excess biomass Potential degradation of (previously) unknown non-target substances possible Low maintenance (1-2 plant maintenance per year at 24/7 operation) The results obtained by STFI provide a scientific step towards the development of textile technology, machine and application technology as well as biotechnology and process engineering.


When coming to school for the first time, children might face a number of adjustment problems. The study presents the results of a project which used digital storytelling for helping first-grade primary school students during this transitional period. It was examined whether, through the development of the digital stories, students could understand how the school functions and whether this process helped them to change their attitudes and behaviors, thus achieving a smoother adaptation to the school environment. Students' active participation and behavioral modeling to enhance positive behaviors provided the theoretical basis. Due to the students' young age, their teachers functioned as their "hands", executing their instructions when developing the stories. At the same time, however, they indirectly guided them to certain key-points that had to be highlighted, without openly lecturing them. Observations and interviews with the classes' teachers and with the students that presented significant adaptation problems were used for data collection purposes. The results are considered satisfactory. Adaptation issues ceased to pose a significant problem and the overall classes' climate was improved. Finally, due to the project's short duration, it can be applied relatively easily, without altering the school's timetable.


Fulminant haemorrhage in cervical cancer leads to severe anaemia and haemodynamic instability. Palliative management includes vaginal packing as temporary measure, radiotherapy and other invasive surgical procedures. High dose emergency chemotherapy is not commonly implemented particularly when complicated with anaemia and renal impairment. We discuss three case series on the usefulness of high dose chemotherapy to combat bleeding from cervical cancer as an emergency treatment. The first case was clinically staged as operable 2A disease with severe anaemia due to bleeding from the tumour mass. The haemoglobin was corrected by blood transfusion while the bleeding was being arrested by high dose chemotherapy. The second case was inoperable with invasion to the bladder mucosa. She had frank haematuria and bleeding from the tumour with severe anaemia. A course of chemotherapy and blood transfusion controlled the bleeding and anaemia was corrected. The third case presented late with obstructive uropathy and anaemia. She required dialysis, blood transfusion and high dose emergency chemotherapy to stop the bleeding before undergoing urinary diversion after an unsuccessful ureteric stenting. High dose chemotherapy consisting cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin and mitomycin-C has a clinical value in arresting fulminant haemorrhage in cervical cancer.


While economic theory suggests substitutability between labor and capital, little evidence exists regarding the causal effect of labor supply on inventing labor-saving technologies. We analyze the impact of exogenous changes in regional labor supply on automation innovation by exploiting an immigrant placement policy in Germany during the 1990s and 2000s. Difference-in-differences estimates indicate that one additional worker per 1,000 manual and unskilled workers reduces automation innovation by 0.05 patents. The effect is most pronounced two years after immigration and confined to industries containing many low-skilled workers. Labor market tightness and external demand are plausible mechanisms for the labor-innovation nexus.


Reengineering is the hot business concept that has excited the imaginations of managers and leaders everywhere. They envision an organization turned inside out and upside down, with the entire structure reshuffled into a perfectly functioning unit. This book shows how to turn the vision into a reality. The book provides a blueprint for successful reengineering, including how to: obtain employee buy-in and assemble an outstanding team; select the best reengineering methodology; use the five-stage, 54-step "rapid reengineering" action plan; target the areas of best opportunity for process redesigning; and keep the effort on track and see it through to completion.


The action of fluoride (F) and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA) administered separately and together on oxidative stress parameters and on F excretion in rats was studied over a period of six weeks. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into five equal groups of six each: (I) controls receiving tap water; (II) controls receiving intragastrically 1 mL of tap water (once a day); (III) animals receiving 25 mg F/L in their drinking water; (IV) animals receiving 35 mg ASA/kg bw/ day; (V) animals receiving 25 mg F/L in drinking water and 35 mg ASA/kg bw/day. In rats treated only with fluoride the F excretion in urine significantly increased in an exposure time-dependent manner and decreased both in rats treated with ASA and co-exposed to ASA and F. In animals treated with ASA alone, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased in brain, liver and blood, whereas the activity of catalase (CAT) decreased in liver and erythrocytes, but increased in liver. In rats exposed to F alone the concentration of GSH and the activities of GPx and CAT decreased, whereas the concentration of TBARS significantly increased in liver, brain, kidney and blood. In rats co-exposed to F and ASA, the concentrations of GSH and TBARS and the activities of GPx and CAT (except in liver) were higher than in animals receiving only F.


ABSTRACT Youngia thunbergiana is documented for North America from Alabama, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. Lloyd Shinners in 1964 reported this species for the District of Columbia and North Carolina, a fact apparently overlooked by subsequent investigators. When recognized, this taxon was generally treated as Youngia japonica subsp. elstonii, based on specimens from Hawaii, in accordance with the monograph of Youngia by Babcock and Stebbins (1937). Subsequently, when not accorded taxonomic recognition, it has been regarded as a synonym of the Y. japonica polymorphic complex. Shinners presented evidence for recognition at specific rank and, as such, asserted that Y. thunbergiana is its correct name. The present research is in agreement with his findings of Shinners. Youngia pseudosenecio is another name subsequently proposed within the Y. japonica complex that has been synonymized with Y. japonica subsp. elstonii. Nuclear ITS sequence data lend support to Y. pseudosenecio and Y. thunbergiana being the same species and that this entity represents a lineage distinct from Y. japonica.


Current treatment guidelines recommend once-daily, low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; aspirin) for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. However, the anti-thrombotic benefits of traditional ASA formulations may not extend over a 24-h period, especially in patients at high risk for a recurrent cardiovascular event. A next-generation, extended-release ASA formulation (ER-ASA) has been developed to provide 24-h anti-thrombotic coverage with once-daily dosing. The pharmacokinetics of ER-ASA indicates slower absorption and prolonged ASA release versus immediate-release ASA, with a favorable safety profile. ER-ASA minimizes systemic ASA absorption and provides sustained antiplatelet effects over a 24-h period.


The paper questions why agricultural trade compromise between the USA and EC is so difficult, whether a compensatory scheme be found that is both politically feasible and resource saving, and whether liberalizing policies by selected OECD countries will ease a trade compromise. These questions are addressed in a political economy context since, if the influence of special interests is ignored, trade compromises that both save resources and are politically feasible are unlikely to be searched for or found. The analysis entails the estimation of political preference weights, game theory, and a partial equilibrium world trade model based on 1988 data. The general answers are: the most influential special-interest groups face economic losses that, when coupled with their influence, tend to prevent a broad-based trade compromise given the current set of policy instruments; partial trade liberalization can occur if instruments are decoupled from production incentives, but free trade does not result; and partial liberalization by the rest of the OECD greatly increases the feasibility for the USA and EC to compromise. These results illustrate that interdependence in world trade has reached the point where bilateral action alone is unlikely to lead to real liberalization.


Labour law as an academic sub-discipline has been changing in response to developments in the labour market and work relationships. Especially in Australia, labour law scholarship has increasingly adopted a perspective of law as socially constitutive regulation. This approach draws on the multidisciplinary field of 'new' regulation studies. The adoption of a regulatory approach to law represents a significant departure in legal scholarship, since the idea of regulation requires consideration of the social environment and impact of law, and these dimensions have not been a particular concern of traditional legal research.This paper examines new regulation theory and its application to the field of labour law. While some aspects of regulation studies have been adopted in recent Australian labour law scholarship, the wider potential involved in a regulation perspective, in particular a pluralist approach to regulation which sees law as embedded within and imbued by social institutions, has not yet been realised. The paper explores how such a regulatory approach to labour law can be expanded by a focus on the regulation of employment relations within employing organisations.


Using a CDC light-trap, the specific fauna composition of mosquitoes Culicidae was determined at places with primary vegetation of lowlands near swampy areas along the Southern coast of S. Paulo State, Brazil. As a result, about 64 species or groups were found. Among the more frequent ones, Culex (Mel.) sacchettae (71.6%), Anopheles (Ker.) cruzii (10.5%), Phoniomiya spp. (8.2%) and Culex (Mel.) taeniopus (2.9%) were outstanding. Also by the use of this method of capture, with fowls and rodents as animal bait, in vespertine dusk and night periods, the Cx. sacchettae showed a clear dominance, which was the opposite of what occured at the same places, using human bait, when An. cruzii was the predominant species. Ranging from 1.7 to 6.2, the diversity estimated for inland, edge forest, open field and residential areas showed a relatively rich fauna of Culicidae. Despite the marked presence of Culex (Cux.) quinquefasciatus in domiciliary area, the high frequence of Cx. sacchettae was rather unexpected. Moreover, the proportional presence of An. cruzii, both on the ground and in forest canopy suggests the mobility of this anophelinae inside the wood, while its activity in extraforest environments has revealed itself to be very restricted. In this particular case, Cx. sacchettae has shown itself as the most ubiquitons and frequently occurring species throughout the year, although its higher density peaks occur in summer and autumn.


SUMMARY Dry forests today are managed following the standards of scientific forestry imported in the tropics in the XIXth century by the colonial empires. The model proved efficient to control deforestation and regulate production but its evolution even after decolonization increased the segmentation between forests and agriculture and the lack of consideration for local knowledge by the forest administration. The process of decentralization of forest management that disseminated in the 1990s aimed at bringing back local communities within the formal management of forests. However the results of this process, often restricted to a simple transfer of tools and techniques, have fallen below expectations. If discourses shifted towards a better recognition of local needs, knowledge and constraints, the day-to-day implementation of participatory forest management in the dry lands remains fraught with administrative inefficiencies and a mistrust of local communities. Sustainable management of dry forests is yet to be invented.


Consumer policies provided the Soviet system with new sources of legitimacy. The article explores the rising field of Soviet consumer rights in the context of the prospering of Soviet television since the late 50s. It focuses the communication between the regime and people writing letters to Soviet television's editorial offices in order to defend their rights as material and media consumers. Television brought about the new figure of the Soviet media consumer within political communication. It opened up a "third space" (Homi K. Bhabha) allowing for negotiations on the Soviet unwritten social contract comprising certain strategies of communication, consumption and working regimes. Writing consumers applied a variety of strategies demonstrating the rapid and at the same time sustainable trajectory consumer issues took with the rise of Soviet television. It was not least the television and the shifting boundaries of public and private practices it entailed that massively contributed to the differentiation of Soviet lifestyles and individuality.  In English, extended summary in Russian .


The lower critical mass boundaries (CM) for various atmospheric gas species on terrestrial planets are estimated. The CM is different for different gas molecules. Except for He, the observed atmospheric compositions of the terrestrial planets are consistent with these estimates. The lower CM boundary for gaseous H2O is calculated as 8.06 × 1026 g, which is significantly greater than the Martian mass (6.419 × 1026 g). Thus, Mars is not capable of retaining H2O in its atmosphere. If the speculated ocean on Mars and the claimed H2O ice in the Martian soil are true, both the ocean and ice had to be derived earlier from H2O degassed from the Martian interior after the surface temperature cooled much below 100°C. These watery bodies cannot be sustained for long durations because evaporation and sublimation would turn them into gaseous H2O, which would be lost to outer-space. It is concluded that H2O in/on Mars is inherent and that the primordial planetesimals that formed Mars must have contained appreciable amounts of hydrous minerals, if the oceans and/or H2O ice on Mars are true.


Phenotypic variation provides the framework for natural selection to work upon, enabling adaptive evolution. One of the most discernible manifestations of phenotypic variability is colour variation. When this variation is discrete, genetically based colour pattern morphs occur simultaneously within a population. Why and how colour polymorphisms are maintained is an evolutionary puzzle. Several evolutionary drivers have been hypothesized as influencing clinal patterns of morph frequency, with spatial variation in climate and predation being considered especially important. Despite this, no study has examined both of their roles simultaneously. The aims of this study were to: (a) examine the covariation of physiology, environmental variables and colouration at a local scale; and (b) determine if these factors and their interplay explain broad clinal variation in morph frequency. We used the lizard Liopholis whitii as a model system, as this species displays a discrete, heritable polymorphism for colour pattern (plain-backed, patterned morphs) whose morph frequency varies latitudinally. We measured reflectance, field activity temperatures and microhabitat structure to test for differences in crypsis, thermal biology and microhabitat selection of patterned and plain-backed morphs within a single population where colour morphs occur sympatrically. We then used data from the literature to perform a broad-scale analysis to identify whether these factors also explained the latitudinal variation of morph frequency in this species. At the local scale, plain-backed morphs were found to be less cryptic than patterned morphs while no other differences were detected in terms of thermal biology, dorsal reflectance and microhabitat use. At a broader scale, predation was the most influential factor mediating morph frequency across latitudes. However, the observed pattern of morph frequency is opposite to what the modelling results suggest in that the incidence of the least cryptic morph is highest where predation pressure is most severe. Clinal variation in the level of background matching between morphs or the potential reproductive advantage by the plain-backed morph may, instead, be driving the observed morph frequency. Together, these results provide key insights into the evolution of local adaptation as well as the ecological forces involved in driving the dynamics of colour polymorphism.


This thesis investigates the morphology-phonology interface in Malay. The work is largely a corpus-based reanalysis of prefixation and reduplication. Based on two large different written corpora of Standard Malay (henceforth SM), the analysis permits us to make reliable and robust generalizations about how the language actually works. The data reveal that the language has a distinct co-existing phonological system. I will show that these co-existent grammars can be handled with Optimality Theory (henceforth OT), specifically in co-phonologies. The reanalysis of prefixation places Malay in a wider context and examines, cross-linguistically, issues related to voicing and nasality. It is shown that nasal substitution, which is regularly used to eliminate nasal and voiceless obstruent clusters, fails to occur in some prefixed words. In the analysis, I propose that nonnative words are not subject to the same phonological requirements as those imposed on native words. The constraint rankings must therefore be different from those found in native words which result in the blocking of nasal substitution at prefix-root junctures. The application of nasal substitution at prefix-prefix junctures is mainly determined by morphological factors rather than phonetic factors, due to a morphology-phonology interface constraint, i. e. EDGE-INTEGRITY. The investigation of reduplication deals with total, partial and affixal reduplication. A recent theory of prosodic morphology - namely the Morpheme-Based Template or MBT (Downing 2006), motivated within OT (Prince & Smolensky 1993) - is applied to organize the morphological and prosodic factors that condition the size of prosodic morphemes (ibid. : 1). In the analysis, I propose that total and affixal reduplication are best treated as compounding, rather than affixation, due to the disyllabic minimality condition. Considering the Perak dialect, light and heavy reduplication have been captured by associating each morphological construction with a different co-phonology. This study also examines dialectal variation, comparing SM with three nonstandard dialects with respect to prefixation. The analysis discovers some significant facts about the language. Since both voiceless/voiced obstruents undergo nasal substitution, the *NC constraint has been replaced by a CRISP-EDGE[sigma] constraint. Nasal deletion and nasalisation are also the strategies used to eliminate nasal and voiceless obstruent clusters. The different strategies applied can be satisfactorily explained in OT with its variable constraint rankings.


Diversions of water from irrigated agriculture are occurring in the western United States to address increasing municipal and industrial demands. Deficit irrigation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) could be a source of water without complete dry-up of irrigated fields. Water saving potential from alfalfa is high because it is a high water-use crop produced on 12% of the irrigated land in the United States. The objectives of this paper are to review alfalfa plant-water relations in the Great Plains and Inter-mountain West, to understand potential water savings through deficit irrigation, and to indentify management practices that maximize water-use efficiency (WUE). Alfalfa biomass yield exhibits a linear relationship to evapotranspiration (ET) with the slope of a regionally aggregated water production function of 0.16 Mg ha -1 cm -1 . Relative ET declines 30% faster than relative biomass yield under deficit irrigation or dryland management. Because early season harvests have greater WUE, combining full irrigation in spring with no irrigation during less efficient water-use growth periods may be more effective in saving water than season-long deficit irrigation. Management practices that can influence WUE under deficit irrigation include stand age, growth stage at harvest, and alfalfa variety. A potential complication with controlled deficit irrigation of alfalfa is an uncertain contribution to ET from a water table. As alfalfa roots develop over time, a significant percentage of total ET can come from water tables shallower than 200 cm and the percentage increases as availability of water from precipitation or irrigation declines.


THE EFFECTS OF SELENIUM ON ESTROGEN-REGULATED GENE EXPRESSION IN LNCAP PROSTATE CANCER CELLS Tory L. Parker Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Master of Science Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths. Supplementation with Se has reduced the incidence of prostate cancer and Se status is inversely correlated with prostate cancer risk. One molecular mechanism by which high Se concentrations may affect cancer risk is by catalyzing disulfide bond formation or otherwise complexing with reactive sulfhydryl groups in cellular proteins. The estrogen receptor (ER) contains cysteines in zinc (Zn) fingers that are susceptible to oxidation and internal disulfide formation, which can prevent DNA binding. We examined ER binding to its DNA response element and gene expression levels for estrogen-regulated genes in human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) treated with control (50 nM) or high (5 μM) concentrations of Se. High Se treatment resulted in a non-significant 16 % decrease in ER binding to the estrogen response element (ERE), and no significant changes were found in expression levels of estrogen-regulated genes for either run-on nuclear transcripts or total mRNA. The well documented reaction of Se with reactive sulfhydryl groups, if it occurs in the ER in vivo, has a minimal effect on the binding of ER to DNA and its regulation of gene expression.


Social capital indicative of community interaction and support is intrinsically linked to mental health. Increasing online presence is now the norm. Whilst social capital and its impact on social networks has been examined, its underlying connection to emotional response such as mood, has not been investigated. This paper studies this phenomena, revisiting the concept of "online social capital" in social media communities using measurable aspects of social participation and social support. We establish the link between online capital derived from social media and mood, demonstrating results for different cohorts of social capital and social connectivity. We use novel Bayesian nonparametric factor analysis to extract the shared and individual factors in mood transition across groups of users of different levels of connectivity, quantifying patterns and degree of mood transitions. Using more than 1.6 million users from Live Journal, we show quantitatively that groups with lower social capital have fewer positive moods and more negative moods, than groups with higher social capital. We show similar effects in mood transitions. We establish a framework of how social media can be used as a barometer for mood. The significance lies in the importance of online social capital to mental well-being in overall. In establishing the link between mood and social capital in online communities, this work may suggest the foundation of new systems to monitor online mental well-being.


SUMMARY: The present study describes the anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) fishery, the fleet involved in its exploitation, and the basic biological parameters, to provide more accurate information on the exploitation rate of the North Western Mediterranean stocks. We have compiled studies that deal with its assessment and have compared results from different methodologies. Anchovy biomass has been estimated by acoustics and egg production methods, both being direct methods but with a lack of fisheries information that integrates the exploitation variable on the anchovy resource (fishing mortality). We have analyzed the landings of six major ports in the NW Mediterranean Sea (Castello, Barcelona, Port de la Selva, Sete, Savona and Sestri-Levante) obtained length frequencies and applied a Length Cohort Analysis so that preliminary results are given in order to state the exploitation rate. Results show no growth overexploitation but in order to prevent recruitment overfishing, seasonal closures during autumm and winter would be advisable. These would take into account the first maturity size that appears larger than catch's mean sizes in order to ensure at least one spawning season for most of the individuals.


There has long been debate about the origin of long, linear, isolated shallow marine sandstones. In the 1980s these were routinely interpreted as wave- or tide-modulated shelf sandstones. With the advent of sequence stratigraphy, many of these sandstones were reinterpreted as top-truncated forced-regressive to lowstand delta or shoreface, inviting the question regarding whether the concept of a shelf sandstones remain a viable depositional model. More recent syntheses demonstrate that shelf sands tend to be derived by reworking of underlying sediment through transgressive erosion and show varying levels of detachment and reworking into discrete ridges and bars by wave and tidal processes as they become more evolved.
 The Late Cretaceous Tocito Sandstone in the Western Interior Seaway, which overlies the regressive Gallup Formation, is a candidate for a transgressive shelf sandstone. In this study, we present detailed facies analysis, based on sedimentological sections measured from well-exposed outcrops of the Tocito Sandstone and its related stratigraphic units in northwest New Mexico, USA. With high-resolution sequence stratigraphic control, facies analysis, detrital-zircon anatomy, and petrographic analysis are integrated to investigate the sequence stratigraphic evolution and depositional processes of the Tocito Sandstone. Detrital zircons indicate that the Tocito, Torrivio, and Gallup deposits are derived from different source areas, and therefore imply separate sequence stratigraphic origins. The Tocito Sandstone is interpreted to have been deposited as shelf sand ridges in retrogradational estuarine to drowned-barrier-system environments with tidal and wave influence, characterized by intense bioturbation. The Tocito was deposited in an overall transgressive systems tract and sourced from reworking of the underlying Torrivio and Gallup units through processes of transgressive erosion.


This PhD Thesis, entitled "Structural Systematics of Halogenated Benzamides", describes the synthesis, characterisation and analysis of a series of 3×3 isomer grids.
A range of bromo- and iodo- substituted compounds based on both the benzamide and carboxamide backbones were synthesised and fully characterised by 1H NMR, ATR-IR and X-ray crystallography. The goal of this work was to explore the effect of different functional groups and their position on small drug-like molecules and analyse the trends noted in the compounds, including the formation of an imide moiety, following placement of the pyridine nitrogen and bromine moiety in close proximity in the ortho- position.
Further work was carried out on the benzamide backbone, with two isomer grids synthesised in which the positions of both a difluoro- and methyl moiety were varied and trends in 1H NMR, 19F NMR and solid state structure were analysed and rationalised. This data allowed us to observe how the addition and position of various functional groups drive or inhibit the formation of mixed amide/imide (foldamer) structures.
A number of modifications to the benzamide backbone were carried out, with a carbamate based alternative being the primary backbone investigated. The reactions, combined with the previous data gathered from the isomer grid analysis, allowed us to rationalise an approach using the most suitable compounds from our earlier work to synthesise larger conformationally constrained foldamers. Using this information, compounds with a mixed imide/amide backbone were synthesised and a number of interesting variations on the basic 2:1 fluoroaminopyridine: pyridinedicarbonyl structural motif found in the earlier isomer grids, were found. Compounds containing 3:2 and 4:3 ratios were synthesised and characterised fully.


"What might a twenty-first century Speakers' Corner look like and how should the design process ensure that local people can contribute?"

The paper considers this question through describing a three year collaboration between MA Creative Practice for Narrative Environments (MACPfNE) at CSM, and the Speakers' Corner Trust (SCT). SCT is a charity promoting public debate and active citizenship to revitalise civil society in the UK. It pursues its aims by forming local Committees which 'own' and steer the establishment of Speakers' Corners as platforms for public engagement. MACPfNE is an innovative course that encourages multidisciplinary collaboration and the use of narrative as a tool to develop user focused environments.

Working closely with SCT, MACPfNE staff and students developed a methodology whereby communities co-create their own physical manifestation of Speakers' Corner to suit needs and environment. The methodology and its theoretical foundation were developed through a series of live projects, including: a generic mobile Speakers' Corner prototype, tested at the Global Forum for Freedom of Expression in Oslo; the co-design with local school children, followed by implementation of London's second Speakers' Corner in a community park in North London; and a pilot project to co-design Speakers' Corner in every school playground.


We observed guiding, collimating, focusing, and splitting of a continuous, low-velocity rubidium atomic beam with a blue-detuned dark-hollow laser beam. The low-velocity atomic beam was produced in a magneto-optical trap and was loaded into the dark center of the hollow beam. By overlapping the dark-hollow beam with the atomic beam, the rubidium atoms could be collimated or focused. When the dark-hollow beam intercepted the atomic beam at an angle, two spatially separated rubidium atomic beams were produced, one of which was extracted and guided by the dark-hollow beam.


The Workforce Scheduling and Routing Problem (WSRP) is concerned with planning visits of qualified workers to different locations to perform a set of tasks, while satisfying each task time-window plus additional requirements such as customer/workers preferences. This type of mobile workforce scheduling problem arises in many real-world operational scenarios. We investigate a set of genetic operators including problem-specific and well-known generic operators used in related problems. The aim is to conduct an in-depth analysis on their performance on this very constrained scheduling problem. In particular, we want to identify genetic operators that could help to minimise the violation of customer/workers preferences. We also develop two cost-based genetic operators tailored to the WSRP. A Steady State Genetic Algorithm (SSGA) is used in the study and experiments are conducted on a set of problem instances from a real-world Home Health Care scenario (HHC). The experimental analysis allows us to better understand how we can more effectively employ genetic operators to tackle WSRPs.


The U.S. national debt now exceeds 100 percent of gross domestic product. Given that a significant amount of this debt is the result of governmental efforts to mitigate the effects of the financial crisis, the recession, and the anemic recovery, it is tempting to think that the debt problem is a recent phenomenon. This article shows that the United States was on a collision course with a major debt problem for nearly four decades before the financial crisis. In particular, the debt problem began around 1970 when the government decided to significantly increase spending without a corresponding increase in revenue. The analysis suggests that the debt problem cannot be permanently resolved without creating a mechanism to prevent the government from running persistent deficits in the future.


The relative ability of various materials used for domestic and/or food-service sinks and countertops to be sanitized was determined. Both smooth (unused) and abraded surfaces were tested by exposure to 200 mg of quaternary ammonium compound per liter or 200 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter. Surface materials tested included mechanically polished (type 304, #4 finish) and electropolished stainless steel, polycarbonate, and mineral resin. Surfaces were prepared for testing by allowing attachment of a Staphylococcus aureus culture for 4 h to achieve an initial attached population of 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/cm2. The test procedure involved immersion of the surface in sanitizer solution followed by wiping with a sanitizer-saturated cloth. Residual staphylococci were detected by overlaying agar directly on the treated surface. Results indicated that the stainless steels and the smooth polycarbonate, which had 0.5 log CFU/cm2 or fewer of residual staphylococci, were more readily sanitized by quaternary ammonium compound than were either the mineral resin surfaces, which had nearly 2.0 log CFU/cm2 of residual staphylococci, or the abraded polycarbonate which had nearly 1.0 log CFU/cm2 of residual staphylococci. Chlorine was most effective on the mechanically polished stainless steel, the unabraded electropolished stainless steel, and the polycarbonate surfaces, reducing cell populations to less than 1.0 log CFU/cm2. Chlorine was less effective on abraded electropolished stainless steel and mineral resin surfaces, where populations remained greater than 1.0 log CFU/cm2. Sanitation with quaternary ammonium compound or chlorine reduced S. aureus populations more than 1,000-fold on all surfaces except unabraded mineral resin.


This paper uses individual-level data from both the 2003-2011 American Time Use Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Survey and state-level unemployment rates to examine the effects of the Great Recession on teenagers' activities. I present results by gender and gender by race/ethnicity. Over the period, I find changes in sexual activity for males associated with changes in time spent with parents; but results vary significantly by race. In addition, Hispanic males gained weight during the recession, due perhaps to a decrease in time spent playing sports. Hispanic females, on the other hand, made greater educational investments while spending less time working. All females significantly decreased TV viewing during the Great Recession. However, there were signs that female teenagers were stressed as they slept less and were more likely to smoke regularly.


Explicit deposit insurance (DI) is widely held to be a crucial element of modern financial safety nets. For this reason, establishing a DI system is frequently recommended by outside experts to countries undergoing reform. Predictably, DI systems have proliferated in the developing world. The number of countries offering explicit deposit guarantees rose from twenty in 1980 to eighty-seven by the end of 2003. This book challenges the wisdom of encouraging countries to adopt DI without first repairing observable weaknesses in their institutional environment. The evidence and analysis presented confirm that many countries would do well to delay the installation of a DI system. Analysis shows that many existing DI systems are not adequately designed to control possible DI-induced risk taking by financial institutions, and the book provides advice on principles of good design for those countries in the process of adopting or reforming their DI systems. Empirical evidence on the efficiency of real-world DI systems has been scarce, and analysis has focused on the experience of developed countries. The contributors to this book draw on an original cross-country dataset on DI systems and design features to examine the impact of DI on banking behavior and assess the policy complications that emerge in developing countries. Chapters covers decisions about DI adoption, design, and pricing, and review individual country experiences with DI--including issues raised by the EU's DI directive, banking reform in Russia, and policy efforts to protect depositors in China. Recent bank runs on loss-making banks in Germany and the United Kingdom have pushed the issues of DI systems back to the center of debates on regulatory policy in both developing and industrialized countries. The guiding principles identified in this book can contribute powerfully to that debate.


Labour markets in North America and Europe have changed tremendously in the face of increased globalisation and technical progress, raising important challenges for policy makers concerned with equality of opportunity. This book examines the influence of both changes in income inequality and of social policies on the degree to which economic advantage is passed on between parents and children in the rich countries. Standard theoretical models of generational dynamics are extended to examine generational income and earnings mobility over time and across space. Over twenty contributors from North America and Europe offer comparable estimates of the degree of mobility, changes in mobility, and the impact of government policy. In so doing, they strengthen the analytical tool kit used in the study of generational mobility, and offer insights for research and directions in dealing with equality of opportunity and child poverty.


In this paper, we propose a concept for the real-time target tracking of vibrating objects to extract vibration image regions using digital filters at all the pixels in an image, assuming that periodic changes in image intensities exist at pixels around vibrating objects. By combining vibration-based processing with color extraction as a masking process, our algorithm can prevent the latency effect on a digital filter, which may degrade its tracking performance. Digital filters at a pixel level are implemented on a 1000-fps vision system that can measure vibration distribution over a wide range of frequencies. On our target tracking system, we can track a vibrating object at the center of the camera view by controlling a 2-DOF (Degree Of Freedom) active vision system with vibration-based image features. We have verified its effectiveness by presenting several experimental results using objects vibrating at high frequencies, which cannot be observed with the naked eye.


Maintaining efficient semantic representations of the environment is a major challenge both for humans and for machines. While human languages represent useful solutions to this problem, it is not yet clear what computational principle could give rise to similar solutions in machines. In this work we propose an answer to this open question. We suggest that languages compress percepts into words by optimizing the Information Bottleneck (IB) tradeoff between the complexity and accuracy of their lexicons. We present empirical evidence that this principle may give rise to human-like semantic representations, by exploring how human languages categorize colors. We show that color naming systems across languages are near-optimal in the IB sense, and that these natural systems are similar to artificial IB color naming systems with a single tradeoff parameter controlling the cross-language variability. In addition, the IB systems evolve through a sequence of structural phase transitions, demonstrating a possible adaptation process. This work thus identifies a computational principle that characterizes human semantic systems, and that could usefully inform semantic representations in machines.


Just as "spin" has taken over politics in America, so too has it come to define the long bull market on Wall Street. The booming trade in stocks, which has become a national obsession, has produced an insatiable demand for financial intelligence--and plenty of new, highly paid players eager to supply it. On television and the Internet, commentators and analysts are not merely reporting the news, they are making news in ways that provide huge windfalls for some investors and crushing losses for others. And they often traffic in rumor, speculation, and misinformation that hit the market at warp speed. Howard Kurtz, widely recognized as America's best media reporter, and the man who revealed the inner workings of the Clinton administration's press operation in the national bestseller "Spin Cycle," here turns his skeptical eye on the business-media revolution that has transformed the American economy. He uncovers the backstage pressures at television shows like CNBC's "Squawk Box" and CNN's "Moneyline; "at old-media bastions like "The Wall Street Journal" and "Business Week," which are racing to keep up with the twenty-four-hour news cycle; and at Internet start-ups like "TheStreet.com" and "JagNotes," real-time operations in the very arena where fortunes are made and lost with stunning swiftness. Bombarded by all this white noise, who among the fortune tellers can investors really trust? Kurtz provides an indispensable guide with this eye-opening account of an unseen world, based on eighteen months of shadowing the most influential, colorful, and egotistical people in business and journalism. Among the people we meet in its pages are: Ron Insana, Maria Bartiromo,David Faber, Lou Dobbs, and the other famous faces of cable TV The manic king-of-all-media Jim Cramer, who juggles four different identities--Wall Street trader, television commentator, columnist, and Internet entrepreneur --with wildly varying degrees of success Shoe-leather reporters Steve Lipin, Chris Byron, and Gene Marcial, whose exclusives drive up stocks or quickly deflate them Superstar analysts Ralph Acampora, Abby Joseph Cohen, and Henry Blodget, whose predictions make the Dow and Nasdaq gyrate Internet CEOs Kim Polese and Kevin O'Connor, who struggle to ride the media tiger while promoting their high-flying companies No one has ever reported from inside the Wall Street media machine or laid bare the bitter feuds, cozy friendships, and whispered leaks that move the markets. Kurtz exposes the disturbing conflicts of interest among the brokerage analysts and fund managers whose words can boost or bash stocks --thanks to scoop-hungry journalists who rarely question whether these gurus are right or wrong. And he chronicles the journalistic hype that helped propel Net stocks into the stratosphere until they began plummeting back to earth. In a time of head-spinning volatility, "The Fortune Tellers" is essential reading for all of us who gamble our savings in today's overheated stock market.


Although the water supply and sanitation sector of the state of Karnataka in India has made significant progress in terms of area coverage and, to some extent, meeting consumption targets, two tasks, i.e. fulfilling the unmet backlog demand and meeting the water needs of future population, continue to remain as its major challenges. Based on an analysis of the data and information pertaining to the sector during 1999–2001, this paper aims to assess the financial capacity and reform commitment of the state to meet these sectoral challenges successfully. Towards this end, this paper (a) describes the current status and recent performance of the sector, (b) reviews the financial health of the sector including an estimation of the magnitude of budgetary subsidy, (c) discusses the causes for and consequences of subsidy growth; (d) identifies the issues and strategies for sectoral reforms including an evaluation of some recent reform initiatives and (e) concludes by highlighting the major implications for sectoral policy in the state in particular and India and other developing countries in general.


The aim of this work is to introduce a prototype for monitoring tremor diseases using computer vision techniques. While vision has been previously used for this purpose, the system we are introducing differs intrinsically from other traditional systems. The essential difference is characterized by the placement of the camera on the user's body rather than in front of it, and thus reversing the whole process of motion estimation. This is called active motion tracking. Active vision is simpler in setup and achieves more accurate results compared to traditional arrangements, which we refer to as "passive" here. One main advantage of active tracking is its ability to detect even tiny motions using its simple setup, and that makes it very suitable for monitoring tremor disorders.


Members of the social web are increasingly banding together and using web 2.0 technologies to actively participate in their own healthcare ('health 2.0'). This article gives an overview of how 'crowdpower' is impacting the field of healthcare, above and beyond merely offering emotional or informational support. It describes how the face of healthcare research is changing due to the technology-mediated collaboration between companies and ordinary patients, and how disease may be prevented with the help of the social web. Issues of health literacy and the role computer gamers are playing in the quest for new therapies are also discussed.


Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Scientist: Women and Science TodayThe types of questions that have been asked in the titles of articles on the subject of science in women's studies literature, a subject that has become known as "The Science Question in Feminism"(1) articulate the existence of a division between science and feminism. Science has not succumbed to the gender debates and critiques of objectivity that have been taking place in and transforming the humanities for two or three decades now. Social critics of science, including feminist critics, do not have to be advocates of social revolution(2) to argue that the reason for this is that the agenda of science is profoundly affected by the dominant social relations of society. It was the political left of the late 1960s and early 1970s, though, which saw that the needs of science and capitalism had become so allied that science had become directly concerned with domination. Feminists have further claimed in the last decade that the agenda of science is infused with racism, sexism and androcentrism.Little consideration is given to the cultural gap which divides science and the humanities and leaves most scientists more likely to be influenced by utilitarianism than postmodernism. Londa Sehiebinger's question "The Mind Has No Sex?" in the title of her book on women in the origins of modern science(3) suggests that, for women, participation in science is associated with a certain denial of gender. Is this a scientific work hazard that women are learning to deal with? Feminists know the political costs of tinkering with reality and are learning how to avoid being placed on the edge of time,(4) under a bell jar,(5) in the ruins of Isis(6) and, given the climate of some feminist debate on science, how to avoid science as an unsuitable job for a woman.(7) One of the most "unsuitable" jobs for a woman would have to be Newton's chair of Mathematics held by Stephen W. Hawking according to whom:The laws of science that govern the behaviour of matter under all normal situations are unchanged under the combination of the two operations C and P on their own. [C means changing particles for antiparticles, P means taking the mirror image, so left and right are interchanged.] In other words, life would be just the same for the inhabitants of another planet who were both mirror images of us and who were made of antimatter, rather than matter.(8)Yet the lives of men and women, boys and girls are different.In the British Medical Journal of 5 March 1994, Caroline White, a freelance journalist, reviewing a government report on science ("The Rising Tide, a Report on Women in Science, Engineering and Technology") quoted from it that: "In 1992 more than 23,000 boys but under 7000 girls took physics A level."(9) The report found that there are not enough women scientists in Britain. The same finding was reported by feminist physicist turned physicist feminist, Alison Kelly, in Britain in 1974.(10) Kathy Overfield, one of the editors of the Brighton Women and Science Group's Alice Through the Microscope,(11) diagnosed the problem as being that the scientific ethic is the male ethic when, in 1979, the organising collective for a women's summer school could not find any feminist scientists or technologists to participate. Why did the women in science question change to being the science question in feminism? Do feminists have any answers to the questions that dominate women's studies literature on science, which can perhaps be summarised as two questions -- Is science anti-feminist? and Is feminism anti-science?Inventing Women: Science, Technology and Gender, which was intended by the editors to be a women's studies text that would introduce students to feminist debates about science, consists of commissioned articles as well as previously published work dating back to 1985. As such, it is comprehensive in its cover of feminist critiques of science, and the radical feminist anti-science views associated with Mary Daly's Gyn/Ecology(12) and Susan Griffin's Women and Nature,(13) are included in relation to ecofeminism. …


This thesis examines how ideals of trusteeship influenced British administration of the Palestine mandate. The Covenant of the League of Nations described the mandate system as a 'sacred trust of civilisation'; because of this, the powers who held mandates were obligated to govern the territories they occupied during the First World War with the long-term aim of establishing them as independent members of the international community. British fulfilment of that trust drew on wider influences that had informed its rule elsewhere in the colonial empire; notions of liberalism, utilitarianism, and rationalism, core elements in a British philosophy of colonial rule, profoundly shaped British governance in Palestine. In utilising a model of trusteeship to explore the Palestine mandate, this study also explores how colonial policy-making was shaped by Orientalist representations. Cultural preconceptions enabled the basic premise of trusteeship by providing a binary image of 'backward', inferior subject populations in need of assistance and of progressive, superior Western powers capable of delivering the required 'tutelage'. The influence of trusteeship and Orientalism in Palestine is examined in five key administrative areas: self-government, immigration, land, education, and law and order. Under trusteeship, various forms of local and communal self-government were advanced to provide administrative experience and create a foundation for eventual participation in national self-government; reform ofland tenure and the facilitation of Jewish immigration were intended to promote economic growth and increase prosperity amongst all sections of the population; the government school system was expanded to encourage basic levels of mass literacy and develop vocational knowledge of modern agricultural techniques; and the mandatory administration sought to create local, self-sufficient civilian forces to uphold public security. Such policies allowed British officials to justify their presence in Palestine through discourses of 'progress' and 'improvement', which were required irrespective of any British commitments made to support Zionism.


This paper shows that the standard Calvo model clearly fails to account for the distribution of price durations found in micro data. We propose a novel price setting model that fully captures heterogeneity in individual pricing behavior. Specifically, we assume that there is a continuum of firms that set prices according to a Calvo mechanism, each of them with a possibly different price adjustment parameter. The model is estimated by maximum likelihood and closely matches individual consumer and producer price data. Incorporating estimated price setting rules into a standard DSGE model shows that fully accounting for pricing heterogeneity is crucial to understanding inflation and output dynamics. The standard calibration that assumes within sector homogeneity, as in Carvalho (2006), is at odds with micro data evidence and leads to a substantial distortion of estimates of the real impact of monetary policy.


An autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness locus, DFNB10, was previously localized to a 12-cM region near the telomere of chromosome 21 (21q22.3). This locus was discovered in a large, consanguineous Palestinian family. We have identified and ordered a total of 50 polymorphic microsatellite markers in 21q22.3, comprising 16 published and 34 new markers, precisely mapped and ordered on BAC/cosmid contigs. Using these microsatellite markers, the locus for DFNB10 has been refined to an area of less than 1 Mb between markers 1016E7.CA60 and 1151C12.GT45. Six previously published cDNAs were mapped to this critical region, and their genomic structures were determined to facilitate mutation analysis in DFNB10. All six genes in this region (in order from centromere to telomere: White/ABCG1, TFF3, TFF2, TFF1, PDE9A, and NDUVF3) have been screened and eliminated as candidates for DFNB10. The new microsatellite markers and single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in this study should enable the refined mapping of other genetic diseases that map to 21q22.3. In addition, the critical region for DFNB10 has been reduced to a size amenable to an intensive positional cloning effort.


Robust overfitting widely exists in adversarial training of deep networks. The exact underlying reasons for this are still not completely understood. Here, we explore the causes of robust overfitting by comparing the data distribution of \emph{non-overfit} (weak adversary) and \emph{overfitted} (strong adversary) adversarial training, and observe that the distribution of the adversarial data generated by weak adversary mainly contain small-loss data. However, the adversarial data generated by strong adversary is more diversely distributed on the large-loss data and the small-loss data. Given these observations, we further designed data ablation adversarial training and identify that some small-loss data which are not worthy of the adversary strength cause robust overfitting in the strong adversary mode. To relieve this issue, we propose \emph{minimum loss constrained adversarial training} (MLCAT): in a minibatch, we learn large-loss data as usual, and adopt additional measures to increase the loss of the small-loss data. Technically, MLCAT hinders data fitting when they become easy to learn to prevent robust overfitting; philosophically, MLCAT reflects the spirit of turning waste into treasure and making the best use of each adversarial data; algorithmically, we designed two realizations of MLCAT, and extensive experiments demonstrate that MLCAT can eliminate robust overfitting and further boost adversarial robustness.


The following topics are dealt with: Contains various advertisements, welcome messages, committee or program information, and other miscellaneous conference information. This may in some cases also include the table of contents, copyright statements, title-page or half title-pages, blank pages, venue maps or other general information relating to the conference that was part of the original conference proceedings.


Background: Anticipating falls in the Emergency Department is a very challenging task as it's often the most unpredictable setting. Fall risk assessment tools used in inpatient units do not adequately capture the risk factors present in patients presenting to the Emergency Department. The MORSE scale is implemented only at a latter phase of patient admission to the inpatient unit. The purpose of this study is to develop and implement a simple, fast and effective tool to identify the risk of fall at the triage. Methods: We designed a tool to identify patients at risk of fall. We planned to randomly assign 200 patients equally in to the test and control arm. We created the Fall Risk Assessment Tool specifically for the use in the Emergency Department. The study was conducted at Hamad General Hospital, Emergency Department triage area. If a patient was identified as at risk for fall, a Fall risk sticker was pasted on top of the ED paper to indicate the risk. Any patient identified as at risk was re-evaluated throughout their stay in the Emergency Department. Results: Hundred patients identified as at risk for fall at the initial triage were re-evaluated for fall risk using standard MORSE scale. Reassessment showed 67% of the cases identified at the initial triage come under high risk category using Morse scale, 31% had moderate risk and only 2% had low risk. There were no reported cases of fall. Hundred patients, excluded as low risk for fall at the initial triage were re-evaluated for risk for fall using the standard Morse Scale. Reassessment showed 98% of the excluded patient's came in the low risk category and 2% had moderate risk as per the MORSE scale. Conclusion: Our tool was as safe as and effective in predicting falls as the MORSE Scale.


While there has already been significant research in support of openness and programmability in networks, this paper argues that there remains a need for generic support for the integrated development, deployment and management of programmable networking software. We further argue that this support should explicitly address the management of run-time reconfiguration of systems, and should be independent of any particular programming paradigm (e.g. active networking or open signaling), programming language, or hardware/ operating system platform. In line with these aims, we outline an approach to the structuring of programmable networking software in terms of a ubiquitously applied software component model that can accommodate all levels of a programmable networking system from low-level system support, to in-band packet handling, to active networking execution environments to signaling and coordination.


This paper draws on the work of E. P. Thompson to understand anticapitalist resistance in northern California in the 1960s and 1970s. Through an analysis of the back-to-the-land movement in a region I call "Claytown," I show how the making of a rural moral economy was in part enabled by the presence of a nascent marijuana industry. However, whereas a relatively small-scale marijuana industry helped forge anticapitalist resistance in the 1960s and 1970s, this industry has become a form through which values of capitalist political economy are being instantiated and reasserted. I situate my ethnographic analysis within a broader historical and legal framework to show how a contemporary moral economy is made and increasingly unmade in the context of late capitalism.


After a spinal cord injury (SCI), only half of affected individuals regain voluntary control of leg movements below the level of the lesion. Anatomical, electrophysiological and imaging data revealed that even the most severe forms of SCI usually spare a small bridge of tissue in the surrounding of the lesion cavity. These bridges contain residual fibers from brain projections that maintain a physical connection with the lumbar spinal cord, where the circuits coordinating leg movements reside. However, without therapeutic interventions, these spared fibers will fail to conduct nervous information from brain centers to the spinal circuits below injury, leading to permanent paralysis. It is accepted that spontaneous regeneration of lesioned fibers is limited in the adult nervous system, but hope for motor recovery lies in the capacity of the spared neural motor network to readapt and find compensational routes. In the past, a neuroprosthetic rehabilitation strategy combining electrochemical neuromodulation of the spinal cord during robot-assisted overground locomotion was developed for rats to restore volitional control of the paralyzed legs. Such rehabilitation platforms was developed for rats, enabling large-scale studies prior to pre-clinical trials in non-human primates. However, most innovative tools for the manipulation of specific populations of neurons are currently designed for mice, and these techniques are essential to establish causality between the anatomical reorganization and the observed functional recovery. In the first part of this thesis, we developed a robotic interface with end-effector modules that can be rapidly exchanged between experiments with rats or mice. The functionalities of the robot are tailored to the size and weight of the animal, to the personalized need of assistance and to the type of performed task. Using this platform, the next part of the thesis uncovers the mechanisms enabling motor recovery after a clinically relevant injury model – a severe spinal cord contusion. Such injury leads to permanent leg motor deficits with very little spontaneous recovery. Similar to humans, the modelled contusion injury induce highly variable white matter damage with undefined neural pathway sparing. For the first time, we show that the rehabilitation strategy enabled rats to regain supraspinal control of leg movements that persisted without any neuromodulation even during unpracticed motor tasks. We then investigated the reorganization of the spared circuitry that mediated this functional recovery after contusion. Despite interruption of direct corticospinal projections, we showed that the motor cortex regained adaptive control over the paralyzed legs during neuromodulation of lumbar circuits. We found that the cortical command was relayed through spared glutamatergic projection neurons in the reticular formation. Indeed, due to the distributed spatial topography of reticulospinal projections, the contusion systematically spares a subset of these projections. Extensive training promoted plasticity of the identified cortico-reticulo-spinal pathway mediating a motor cortex dependent recovery of voluntary leg movements. As the anatomy and function of reticulospinal pathways are well-conserved across mammals, this pathway may be recruited by similar therapeutic interventions to improve recovery in humans.


The description of Africa as a continent in perpetual crisis, ubiquitous in the popular media and in policy and development circles, is at once obvious and obfuscating. This collection by leading ethnographers moves beyond the rhetoric of African crisis to theorize people's everyday practices under volatile conditions not of their own making. From Ghanaian hiplife music to the U.S. diversity lottery in Togo, from politicos in Cote d'Ivoire to squatters in South Africa, the essays in Hard Work, Hard Times uncover the imaginative ways in which African subjects make and remake themselves and their worlds, and thus make do, get by, get over, and sometimes thrive.


Udry (1996) uses household survey data and …nds that the allocation of resources within households is Pareto ine¢ cient, contradicting the main assumption of most collective models of intrahousehold bargaining. He …nds that among plots planted with the same crop in the same year, within a given household, those controlled by women produce lower yields than the men's plots. This paper challenges that …nding. Using an alternative nationally representative dataset, I …nd that only households in regions geographically proximate to those studied by Udry exhibit Pareto ine¢ cient intrahousehold allocations, while the rest of the country reveals no evidence of Pareto ine¢ ciencies. Households in regions experiencing negative rainfall shocks are on average less likely to exhibit Pareto ine¢ cient intrahousehold allocations, and these negative rainfall shocks are correlated with increases in labor resources allocated to the wife's plots, further con…rming that in bad years, households try to avoid losses from Pareto ine¢ ciency.


Background—Ascending aortic dilation is important in bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease, with increased risk of aortic dissection. We used cardiovascular MR to understand the pathophysiology better by examining the links between 3-dimensional flow abnormalities, aortic function, and aortic dilation. Methods and Results—A total of 142 subjects underwent cardiovascular MR (mean age, 40 years; 95 with BAV, 47 healthy volunteers). Patients with BAV had predominantly abnormal right-handed helical flow in the ascending aorta, larger ascending aortas (18.3±3.3 versus 15.2±2.2 mm/m2; P<0.001), and higher rotational (helical) flow (31.7±15.8 versus 2.9±3.9 mm2/s; P<0.001), systolic flow angle (23.1°±12.5° versus 7.0°±4.6°; P<0.001), and systolic wall shear stress (0.85±0.28 versus 0.59±0.17 N/m2; P<0.001) compared with healthy volunteers. BAV with right-handed flow and right-non coronary cusp fusion (n=31) showed more severe flow abnormalities (rotational flow, 38.5±16.5 versus 27.8±12.4 mm2/s; P<0.001; systolic flow angle, 29.4°±10.9° versus 19.4°±11.4°; P<0.001; in-plane wall shear stress, 0.64±0.23 versus 0.47±0.22 N/m2; P<0.001) and larger aortas (19.5±3.4 versus 17.5±3.1 mm/m2; P<0.05) than right–left cusp fusion (n=55). Patients with BAV with normal flow patterns had similar aortic dimensions and wall shear stress to healthy volunteers and younger patients with BAV showed abnormal flow patterns but no aortic dilation, both further supporting the importance of flow pattern in the pathogenesis of aortic dilation. Aortic function measures (distensibility, aortic strain, and pulse wave velocity) were similar across all groups. Conclusions—Flow abnormalities may be a major contributor to aortic dilation in BAV. Fusion type affects the severity of flow abnormalities and may allow better risk prediction and selection of patients for earlier surgical intervention.


President George W. Bush's Iraq surge decision in late 2006 is an interesting case for civil-military relations theory, in particular, the debate between professional supremacists and civilian supremacists over how much to defer to the military on decisions during war. The professional supremacists argue that the primary problem for civil-military relations during war is ensuring the military an adequate voice and keeping civilians from micromanaging and mismanaging matters. Civilian supremacists, in contrast, argue that the primary problem is ensuring that well-informed civilian strategic guidance is authoritatively directing key decisions, even when the military disagrees with that direction. A close reading of the available evidenceboth in published accounts and in new, not-for-attribution interviews with the key playersshows that the surge decision vindicates neither camp. If President Bush had followed the professional supremacists, there would have been no surge because his key military commanders were recommending against that option. If Bush had followed the civilian supremacists to the letter, however, there might have been a revolt of the generals, causing the domestic political props under the surge to collapse. Instead, Bush's hybrid approach worked better than either ideal type would have.


Enrichment cultures are investigated for the bioremediation potential of tetrachloroethene (PCE). This process is based on anaerobic respiration in which chlorinated compounds are used as electron acceptors (organohalide respiration, OHR). The key enzyme in OHR is the reductive dehalogenase (RdhA). SL2, a culture dechlorinating PCE to harmless ethene, was shown to have a small number of OHR bacteria, mainly Sulfurospirillum spp. and Dehalococcoides spp. (1). Aim: We aim at a better understanding of the functional diversity of rdhA genes in the SL2 culture and their dynamic during PCE degradation. Methods: By applying different frequencies of culture transfer, 3 sub-cultures were obtained from the SL2 enrichment showing different degradation patterns. The degradation profile was followed by gas chromatography and chloride titration. DNA and RNA were also extracted, PCR and qPCR was performed for the detection of rdhA genes belonging to Sulfurospirillum. Besides, a T-RFLP method was developed to amplify all identified rdhA genes and distinguish them using a capillary sequencer. Results: An initial SL2 sub-culture fed on PCE (designated SL2-PCEb) and containing different Sulfurospirillum spp. produced cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE) as end-product and showed a clear degradation pattern in two steps. From SL2-PCEb, 2 other sub-cultures were obtained, designated SL2-PCEc and SL2-TCE, by feeding them with PCE and trichloroethene (TCE), respectively. While the former only dechlorinated to TCE, the latter has kept the potential to dechlorinate PCE to cis-DCE. Three rdhA genes were identified in SL2 sub-cultures, two of them similar to pceA of S. multivorans (Smu-pceA) and S. halorespirans (Sha-pceA), and a third one (Sul-rdhA2) sharing 62% identity with the other two. The dedicated T-RFLP analysis of the three sub-cultures showed the interplay of all three rdhA genes, and allowed identifying which reductive dehalogenase was involved in each dechlorination step. Conclusions: An apparent functional redundancy in the reductive dehalogenase genes was observed in SL2 sub-cultures, however specific dechlorination activities could be associated with Smu-pceA and Sha-pceA, clearly showing that despite a strong sequence similarity those two reductive dehalogenases have different substrate specificities. So far no activity could be identified for Sul-rdhA2. Reference: (1) Maillard et al., Biodegradation, 2011, 22:949.


The objective of this study was to evaluate milk yield and composition, dry matter intake, and stocking rate in pastures with tanzania grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Estrela-Africana), and marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu). The grasses were managed in a rotational grazing system with Holstein x Zebu crossbreed cows, with a 30-day resting period and three days of paddock occupation. The pastures were fertilized with 1,000 kg/ha/year using the 20:05:20 (NPK) formula, split in three applications during the rainy season. It was used a complete random block experimental design with three factors being studied and two replications. In the experiment, four cows/paddock were used and, when it was necessary, regulator animals were added in order to obtain a supply of 7% body weight green forage dry matter. The animals were individually fed concentrate at 2 kg/day during the experimental period. Milk yield did not differ among the three grasses, with values of 9.1; 9.1; and 8.7 kg/cow/day for pastures with tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. Similarly, grass did not affect milk chemical composition. Stocking rate was similar among the three grasses, with values of 4.6; 4.5 and 5.0 UA/ha for tanzania grass, star grass and marandu grass, respectively. The highest dry matter intake was observed for tanzania grass with 2.6% of the body weight while stargrass (2.3%) and marandu grass (2.4%) did not differ among each other. The highest dry matter intake on tanzania grass pasture was not reflected on milk yield per animal. Milk yield and composition and stocking rate are similar among the evaluated grasses.


Significance This paper introduces the concept of skin-associated lifestyle chemistries found on personal belongings as a form of trace evidence. We propose a mass spectrometry-based approach to illuminate chemical traces recovered from personal objects. Using a chemical composite recovered from a swab of a phone, as a representative personal belonging, we can provide insights into personal lifestyle profile by predicting the kind of beauty product the individual uses, the food he/she eats, the medications he/she takes, or the places he/she has been. Therefore, the chemical interpretation of traces recovered from objects found on a crime scene can help a criminal investigator to learn about the lifestyle of the individual who used or touched these objects. Imagine a scenario where personal belongings such as pens, keys, phones, or handbags are found at an investigative site. It is often valuable to the investigative team that is trying to trace back the belongings to an individual to understand their personal habits, even when DNA evidence is also available. Here, we develop an approach to translate chemistries recovered from personal objects such as phones into a lifestyle sketch of the owner, using mass spectrometry and informatics approaches. Our results show that phones' chemistries reflect a personalized lifestyle profile. The collective repertoire of molecules found on these objects provides a sketch of the lifestyle of an individual by highlighting the type of hygiene/beauty products the person uses, diet, medical status, and even the location where this person may have been. These findings introduce an additional form of trace evidence from skin-associated lifestyle chemicals found on personal belongings. Such information could help a criminal investigator narrowing down the owner of an object found at a crime scene, such as a suspect or missing person.


Until the 1960s, Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were practically the only institutions of higher learning open to Blacks in the US. Using nationally representative data files from 1970s and 1990s college attendees, we find that in the 1970s HBCU matriculation was associated with higher wages and an increased probability of graduation, relative to attending a Traditionally White Institution (TWI). By the 1990s, however, there is a wage penalty, resulting in a 20% decline in the relative wages of HBCU graduates between the two decades. We also analyze the College and Beyond's 1976 and 1989 samples of matriculates which allows us to focus on two of the most elite HBCUs. Between the 1970s and 1990s, HBCU students report statistically significant declines in the proportion that would choose the same college again, preparation for getting along with other racial groups, and development of leadership skills, relative to black students in TWIs. On the positive side, HBCU attendees became relatively more likely to be engaged in social, political, and philanthropic activities. The data provide modest support for the possibility that HBCUs' relative decline in wages is partially due to improvements in TWIs' effectiveness at educating blacks. The data contradict a number of other intuitive explanations, including relative decline in pre-college credentials (e.g., SAT scores) of students attending HBCUs and expenditures per student at HBCUs.


Abstract Compact directional couplers-polarimeters were developed for the circular corrugated waveguide transmission lines of the joint IFP-ENEA Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating experiment at 140 GHz, 2 MW on the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade in Frascati. A linear array of cutoff holes was drilled in the mirrors of the quasi-optical miter bends. The radiated pattern preserves the symmetry and polarization of the waveguide mode in the plane of the array. The direction of propagation is preserved too. Two pairs of standard gain horns with detectors are placed in the plane of the array along the propagation axes of incident and reflected radiation to detect both linear components. The whole assembly is enclosed in a shielded anechoic box of suitable geometry.


The occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella isolates obtained from persons in community and hospital-based studies of diarrhea and matched controls in northeastern Brazil were studied. The isolation rate of Shigella spp. from patients with diarrhea during 1988 to 1993 varied from 4.5% (26 of 575) for the urban community of Gonçalves Dias to 6.7% (12 of 179) and 5.9% (7 of 119) for Hospital Infantil and Hospital Universitário, respectively. Of the 55 Shigella isolates (45 from patients with diarrhea, 8 from controls, and 2 undetermined) 73% (40 of 55) were Shigella flexneri, 16% (9 of 55) were S. sonnei, 7% (4 of 55) were S. boydii, and 4% (2 of 55) were S. dysenteriae. Of 39 S. flexneri strains, over half were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or both. Over 64% were resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Overall, 82% of all S. flexneri isolates were resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents tested. As elsewhere, in the northeast of Brazil, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are no longer reliable for treatment of S. flexneri infection. Most Shigella strains were resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents. Nalidixic acid was still useful for treatment of infections due to S. flexneri.


[1] Among the largest uncertainties in quantifying the radiative impacts of clouds are those that arise from the inherent difficulty in precisely specifying the vertical distribution of cloud optical properties using passive satellite measurements. Motivated by the need to address this problem, CloudSat was launched in April 2006 carrying into orbit the first millimeter wavelength cloud radar to be flown in space. Retrieved profiles of liquid and ice cloud microphysical properties from this Cloud Profiling Radar form the basis of the CloudSat's fluxes and heating rates algorithm, 2B-FLXHR, a standard product that provides high vertical resolution profiles of radiative fluxes and atmospheric heating rates on the global scale. This paper describes the physical basis of the 2B-FLXHR algorithm and documents the first year of 2B-FLXHR data in the context of assessing the radiative impact of clouds on global and regional scales. The analysis confirms that cloud contributions to atmospheric radiative heating are small on the global scale because of a cancelation of the much larger regional heating from high clouds in the tropics and cooling from low clouds at higher latitudes. Preliminary efforts to assess the accuracy of the 2B-FLXHR product using coincident CERES data demonstrate that outgoing longwave fluxes are better represented than those in the shortwave but both exhibit good agreement with CERES on scales longer than 5 days and larger than 5°. Colocated CALIPSO observations of clouds that are undetected by CloudSat further indicate that while thin cirrus can introduce modest uncertainty in the products, low clouds that are obscured by ground clutter represent a far more important source of error in the current 2B-FLXHR product that must be addressed in subsequent versions of the algorithm.


It is now widely accepted that English contract law does not deal equally well across the whole range of agreements that are made. The model which fits best to English contract law is one in which the parties move immediately from no contract to completed contract. There is great difficulty with situations where the parties spend a long time in an area where there are obligations and understandings but not yet a fully completed contract. This article considers an important development that attempts to deal with this difficulty. That is the increasing use by contracting parties of what may be called umbrella agreements.


Recent scholarly writing has located performance analysis firmly within the coaching process. Although the what of performance analysis regarding system design and reliability has been well documented, the how and the why or use of video-based performance analysis within the coaching process remains less understood. Therefore, this thesis sought to develop an empirically-based understanding of some of the realities of the use of video based performance analysis feedback within the coaching process. Within a broad ethnographic framework, this thesis followed three key phases of data collection and analysis. Within phase one, a grounded theory methodology, was used to explore the what and why of the delivery of video-based performance analysis in elite youth soccer. Data were collected from interviews with 14 England youth soccer coaches. Through an iterative process of constant comparison, categories regarding Contextual Factors, Delivery Approach and Targeted Outcomes were highlighted.
Within phase two, coach-athletes interactions were examined in situ over the course of a 10-month English Premier League Academy season to explore the how of the delivery of video-based feedback. Data were analysed using the techniques and procedures of conversation analysis combined with a social power analysis drawing upon the work of Bertram H. Raven. Analysis of the interactions revealed that the coach attempted to exercise control over the sequential organisation of the session, via asymmetrical turn-taking allocations, an unequal opportunity to talk, control over the topic of discussion within the interactions, and the use of questioning to select speakers to take turns to talk.
Within phase three, a narrative ethnographic approach was utilised to examine the how and why of the in situ narrative construction of professional knowledge and coaching identity within video-based feedback sessions. Data were collected during the same 10 months of ethnographic filed work, as presented in phase two, with a Premier League Academy Head Coach. Additionally, in-depth interviews stimulated by video-based reflection were used to explore the participant coach s early interactional practices and subsequent changes in practice in the following four years. Data analysis was conducted using theoretical concepts of identity from the work of Anselm Strauss and revealed a number of features of the development and transformation of identity of the participant coach. Here, a reflective examination of authoritarian interactional practices and the consequences of those practices were critically considered against the creation of a positive self narrative in the development of the participant coach s professional knowledge.
The empirical findings of the present thesis have highlighted some the what, why and how of the use of video-based performance analysis within the coaching process. This work has furthered understanding regarding the pedagogical practices which impact upon the delivery of video-based performance analysis feedback. In addition to broadening sports coaching s theoretical and methodological repertoire, the applied value of this work is grounded in the need for coaching practitioners to become more critically reflective about the use of video-based performance analysis within the coaching process, and the impact of their interactional practices upon the coach-athlete relationship.