I. INTRODUCTION Although the goal of promoting competition has been a foremost public policy concern for decades, the means through which that goal is best achieved has continued to remain elusive. Certainly the explicit objective of the antitrust laws is to thwart the efforts of those who would stifle competition through actions directed at eliminating business rivals. And though less explicit, promoting competition is also the goal of the intellectual property laws and the purpose behind patent monopolies. Because both the antitrust and the intellectual property law1 aim in their own ways to preserve a competitive economic environment, the course to steer when the two doctrines come into conflict logically presents a challenge for the courts. Notably, patent law has lost out in several recent cases, perhaps because the pro-competitive effect of patent laws is less direct and thus easily overshadowed by the immediate mission of the antitrust laws to foster competition. This Article discusses how courts have addressed so-called "duty-to-deal" antitrust claims involving intellectual property, and what they should do in those circumstances to ensure appropriate deference to the competition goals of intellectual property doctrine. Part II discusses duty-to-deal principles in the general case, where intellectual property rights are not at issue, noting that hard and fast rules have yet to emerge.2 Part III discusses the approaches courts have taken in the intellectual property context and contends that, although many courts have conducted their analyses with a view to the objectives of patent law, at least two have not, with potentially detrimental consequences for the preservation of patent rights.3 Part IV discusses two recent cases involving significant antitrust and intellectual property issues-In re Intel Corp.4 and United States v. Microsoft.5 Each of the cases highlights a different facet that courts must consider as they confront an increasing number of cases with intellectual property and antitrust implications. The Article concludes by suggesting that any doctrine endeavoring to navigate the waters of intellectual property/antitrust cases must devote considerable attention to patent law and its objectives.6 When that attention is given, there are only a few circumstances (involving intellectual property rights) in which a duty to deal should be imposed. II. REFUSALS TO DEAL When determining how to treat unilateral refusals to deal in licensing intellectual property, a central issue is whether "a unilateral refusal to license a patent should be treated like any other refusal to deal by a monopolist, where the patent has afforded its holder monopoly power over an economic market."7 This query rests on the presupposition that there are some clear principles guiding courts as they analyze "any other refusal to deal." As the following discussion demonstrates, that presupposition is dubious. As a general proposition, Section 2 of the Sherman Act permits one firm unilaterally to refuse to conduct business with another firm, even if such a refusal perpetuates monopoly power for the refusing firm.8 In United States v. Colgate,9 the Supreme Court declined to endorse the creation of a duty to deal merely to thwart possession of monopoly power, reasoning that the Act did not modify the firm's right "freely to exercise [its] own independent discretion as to parties with whom [it] will deal."10 The Court also observed, however, that a refusal to deal would run afoul of Section 2 when a monopolist had exhibited an intent to establish or to maintain a monopoly.11 The Supreme Court's post-Colgate decisions applying refusal-to-deal analysis provide the point of departure for the development of modern duty-to-deal exceptions.12 Seventy-two years ago, in Eastman Kodak Co. v. Southern Photo Materials Co.,13 the Court affirmed the jury's verdict of monopolization in a case in which Kodak refused to sell wholesale products to a retailer, whose business Kodak had unsuccessfully sought to acquire. …


Tribalism is an axiomatic characteristic of sport consumerism yet there does not appear to have been any attempt in contemporary sport marketing research to measure this phenomenon. This thesis develops measures of tribalism, team brand loyalty, team brand value and personal/group identity in English and Australian professional rugby league and rugby union fans. These measures (constructs) have not been developed previously in regard to these sports. Combinations of qualitative and quantitative research techniques were used in this thesis research (i.e. a multi-method approach). The primary research method involved the development and delivery of a comprehensive online survey that was distributed via selected club (N = 7) web sites to a total of 2,214 self-proclaimed fans of either an English or Australian professional rugby league or rugby union team. A total of 1,649 (74.5%) respondents completed the survey exclusion question. These survey responses were then used to develop and test measures of identified constructs using a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) programme. Using the two-step approach to SEM, measurement models and their associated observed indicator variables were initially developed for each construct with acceptable model fit indices (χ², CFI, GFI and RMSEA) for each model. Determination of validity and reliability for each of the scales used to measure the constructs was established prior to examining a final structural model. Acceptable model fits for each construct indicated that the sets of items (indicators) were unidimenisonal. These construct measures were then used as inputs for a structural model based analysis – step-two of the SEM process, which involved the development and assessment of the structural model that specified the interrelationships between the constructs. An acceptable structural model was found and the relationships between the various constructs were identified. A series of concurrent tests on pairs of fan responses (multiple group analysis) from English and Australian rugby league and rugby union fans was then used to test if the indicator loadings (indicator items loading on to a construct) were essentially the same for both sets of data. This similarity was found to exist for tribalism, team brand loyalty and social-identity, which were all invariant (p > 0.05 i.e. no difference between groups) for English rugby league compared with English rugby union, Australian rugby league compared with Australian rugby union and combined rugby union compared with combined rugby league fan groups. However, the self-identity construct was found to be only partially invariant for English rugby league compared with English rugby union fans and not invariant (p < 0.05 i.e. different between groups) for Australian rugby league compared with Australian rugby union and combined rugby union compared with combined rugby league groups of fans. The brand value measurement model (construct) was found to be not invariant for all groups of fans. Because the brand value construct was not…


BACKGROUND
Atypical antipsychotics are widely used in clinical practice for several psychiatric disorders. Between 1994 and 1999, 26 cases of manic and hypomanic syndromes were reported with olanzapine and risperidone and were described in a previous review article.

METHOD
An updated MEDLINE search (1999-2003) using the terms atypical antipsychotics, amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, flupenthixol, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine, hypomania, and mania showed that 34 new cases of induced hypomanic or manic syndromes have been published, not only with olanzapine (N = 5) and risperidone (N = 6), but also with quetiapine (N = 5) and ziprasidone (N = 11) treatment. Six cases have been reported with flupenthixol and 1 with amisulpride, two antipsychotics considered as "partial" atypicals.

RESULTS
A critical analysis of these case reports revealed that the effects on mood were insufficiently documented in some of the reports but that for 20 of them, evidence is highly suggestive of a causative role of atypical antipsychotics in the induction of manic/hypomanic symptomatology.

CONCLUSION
This updated review continues and extends the results of the initial review and suggests that atypical antipsychotics have some intriguing effects on mood. Such effects have never been reported with conventional antipsychotics. The mechanisms involved in this phenomenon of mood switch remain to be elucidated.


The authors view the problems of developing countries and create innovational organizational and managerial mechanism of clustering, aimed at solving these problems and adapted for provision of sustainable regional development in view of clustering. As a result of the research, the authors come to the conclusion that realization of potential of clustering in the increase of competitiveness of regional economy can be achieved by means of formation of complex mechanism of management of regional socio-economic development. That's why, in order to receive maximum profit from clustering, innovational organizational & managerial mechanism of realization of cluster initiatives in business should be based on formation of regional innovational clusters as a part of complex mechanism of management of regional development. The mechanism that is offered in the article aims at solving the problems of developing countries in the sphere of clustering by means of coordination of actions of regional authorities and members of cluster entities. Cooperation and interaction of members of cluster entity and regional authorities are oriented at the increase of efficiency of cluster functioning and achievement of goals of regional development in economic, social, and ecological spheres.


Dupuit-Ghyben-Herzberg analysis follows from combination of the continuity equation and Darcy's Law with the Ghyben-Herzberg Principle and the Dupuit assumptions of horizontal flow. The analysis is used to derive the position of the water table and salt-water interface in island lenses in terms of island geometry, distribution of hydraulic conductivity (K), and distribution of recharge (R). For small islands and cases for which the salt-water head is zero, application of Dupuit-Ghyben-Herzberg analysis gives good results because the low R/K ratios of natural lenses assure that height/width ratios of natural lenses are extremely low, 1:30 to 1:100.

In earlier publications, the Dupuit-Ghyben-Herzberg differential equation has been integrated with the boundary condition that the water table and interface meet at sea level at the shoreline (that is, no outflow face). The dimensions of an outflow face, however, are known from results of potential-theory analysis. Integration of the Dupuit- Ghyben-Herzberg equation with a boundary condition consistent with the potential-theory outflow face (a) places the interface indistinguishably close to its position given by potential theory and (b) allows calculation of Ghyben-Herzberg ratios (interface depth to water-table elevation), which in this case, depart from their usual value of 40 because equipotentials are curved close to the outflow face. For natural-sized lenses, however, such analysis is necessary only within a narrow strip within 1% to 5% of the island width of the shoreline. Outside this strip, the regular analysis that ignores the presence of the outflow face positions the interface indistinguishably close to that of the potential-theory solution.

Analytical solutions are developed for a number of infinite-strip islands. It is shown by analysis of the homogeneous, rectangular-island case that an island can be considered an infinite strip (to 0.1% accuracy) if its length/width ratio is larger than 4.4. Asymmetric lenses occur if the island is composed of strips of different K or different R, with the greater asymmetry occurring with differences in K. A high-K basement compresses the "root" of the lens and thereby decreases the water table in the island. A lens perched on impermeable basement has a higher water table than would otherwise occur in the island, but the volume of the lens is less.


This study aims to present evidence of censorship during World War II by the Independent State of Croatia of one of its public health officials, Dr. Stanko Sielski who was a physician trained in epidemiology and public health. During World War II, he directed the Institute for Combating Endemic Syphilis in the Bosnian town Banja Luka. The staff under his direction consisted solely of Jewish physicians. We analyzed two groups of envelopes either sent by or to Dr. Stanko Sielski during the War and found evidence of censorship only in communications with a Jewish physician dated towards the end of the War. Dr. Stanko Sielski would be posthumously recognized for his efforts to shield his Jewish colleagues.

CONCLUSION
The newly available, but still limited data, which we present indicates efforts to censor Dr. Stanko Sielski's postal communications towards the War's end. The censors targeted specifically Dr. Stanko Sielski's correspondences with the Jewish physicians he was protecting. This material highlights the many challenges his public health service experienced during the time of armed conflict.


The Java EE 7 Tutorial: Volume 2, Fifth Edition, is a task-oriented, example-driven guide to developing enterprise applications for the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition 7 (Java EE 7). Written by members of the Java EE documentation team at Oracle, this book provides new and intermediate Java programmers with a deep understanding of the platform. This guide includes descriptions of platform features and provides instructions for using the latest versions of NetBeans IDE and GlassFish Server Open Source Edition. The book introduces Enterprise JavaBeans components, the Java Persistence API, the Java Message Service (JMS) API, Java EE security, transactions, resource adapters, Java EE Interceptors, Batch Applications for the Java Platform, and Concurrency Utilities for Java EE. The book culminates with three case studies that illustrate the use of multiple Java EE 7 APIs.


Anyone considering a data governance program within their organization will find an invaluable step-by-step methodology using IBM tools and best practices in this structured how-to. While many in the IT industry hold separate definitions in their minds, this authoritative manual defines data governance as the discipline of treating data as an enterprise asset. The intricate process of data governance involves the exercise of decision rights to optimize, secure, and leverage data. Providing a rigorous explanation of the 14 steps and almost 100 substeps to enact unified data governance, this extensive handbook also shows that the core issues to be tackled are not about technology but rather about people and process.


The researcher's personal conviction that major problems in the teaching of mathematics are inherited from elementary levels inspired the investigation of the contribution of practical work in the teaching of fraction division in grade seven. The all encompassing approach of the study dictated the involvement of teachers and learners as participants. Teachers' perceptions of practical work and their classroom practices were investigated to confirm or refute existing assumptions and literature claims. Questionnaires in which teachers expressed their views on practical work and fraction teaching were administered to teachers. Lessons on the division of fractions were observed to determine teachers' practices in relation to the researcher's assumptions and claims by literature. Data yielded by these research instruments confirmed or refuted assumptions and literature claims. Learners underwent an experiment and their views were sought to establish the value of practical work in the teaching of fractions and fraction division. Instruments used for the experiment were the pre-test, post-test and worksheets. Data from these instruments gave an indication of the value of practical work in enhancing learners' understanding of fraction division. Learners' responses to interview questions further elucidated and confirmed the valuable role played by practical work in learners ' understanding of fraction division. Learners' responses also provided deeper insight into facets of learners ' cognitive development as they engaged with different aspects of practical work in the division of fractions . Besides confirmation and refutation of some established assumptions and literature claims, previously unknown realities about aspects of practical work and fraction division also emerged from findings. This wealth of the data carried crucial implications for teacher training, the teaching of fractions and fraction division, and further research. A look at these implications hopes to contribute to the enhancement and improvement of the teaching of fractions and fraction division. Teacher training institutions, designers of INSET programmes, policy makers and teachers should all benefit from findings of this study.


Cyberspace was once thought to be the modern equivalent of the Western Frontier, a place, where land was free for the taking, where explorers could roam, and communities could form with their own rules. It was an endless expanse of space: open, free, replete with possibility. This is true no longer. This Article argues that we are enclosing cyberspace, and imposing private property conceptions upon it. As a result, we are creating a digital anti-commons where sub-optimal uses of Internet resources is going to be the norm. Part I shows why initial discussions of cyberspace as place have mistaken the idea of how we think about cyberspace, with the normative question of how we should regulate cyberspace. It suggests that we can bracket the normative question, and still answer the descriptive question of whether we think of cyberspace as a place. Part II then examines the lessons of recent cognitive science, and demonstrates the importance of physical metaphors within our cognitive system. It then examines the evidence of our use of a physical metaphor, "cyberspace as place", in understanding online communication environments. Part III focuses on the unacknowledged, and unrecognized, influence that this metaphor has had on the development of the legal framework for the Internet. It examines tortious, criminal, and constitutional law responses to cyberspace, and concludes that the metaphor of "cyberspace as place" exercises a strong, and unrecognized, influence on the regulatory regimes of cyberspace. Part IV details the implications of this observation and shows why they are extremely troubling. The conception of "cyberspace as place" leads to the implication that there is property online, and that this property should be privately owned, parceled out, and exploited. Though private ownership of resources of itself is not problematic, it can lead to the opposite of the tragedy of the commons: the tragedy of the anti-commons. Anti-commons property occurs when multiple parties have an effective right to preclude others from using a given resource, and as a result no-one has an effective right of use. Part IV argues that this is precisely where the "cyberspace as place" metaphor leads. We are moving to a digital anti-commons, where no-one will be allowed to access competitors' cyberspace "assets" without some licensing, or other transactionally-expensive (or impossible), permission mechanism. The Article shows how the "cyberspace as place" metaphor leads to undesirable private control of the previously commons-like Internet, and the emergence of the digital anti-commons. As we all come to stake out our little claim in cyberspace, then the commons which is cyberspace is being destroyed.


Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the plasma profile of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), as well to analyze the relationship of Omega 6/Omega 3 ratio with anthropo-metric parameters and insulin resistance markers. Material and methods: Plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured using a high-throughput LC-MS AB Sciex4600 in 202 children (127 obese and 75 non-obese), age and sex-matched. Lipid and glucose profiles were assessed with current laboratory methods, while insulin resistance and beta-cell function were evaluated using HOMA-IR and HOMA-β respectively. Results: In obese children, AA and AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio were significantly higher regardless of age and gender. In the lowest quartile of DHA, there was a clear trend for insulin resistance, with plasma insulin level, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-β significantly higher compared to the highest quartile of DHA. After adjustment for age and gender DHA remains a negative predictive factor for insulin resistance. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a marker of visceral obesity was higher in children with a higher AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio. Conclusions: In obese children, the AA is higher in concordance with insulin resistance. Additionally, children with a higher AA/(DHA+EPA) ratio have greater BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and WHtR, important indicators of central adiposity, and cardio-metabolic disorders. LC/MS is a versatile tool for Omega ratio assessment, especially in children where the sample size is a limiting factor for metabolic and nutrition evaluation.


Captive breeding and release programs, widely used to supplement populations of declining species, minimize juvenile mortality to achieve rapid population growth. However, raising animals in benign environments may promote traits that are adaptive in captivity but maladaptive in nature. In chinook salmon, hatchery rearing relaxes natural selection favoring large eggs, allowing fecundity selection to drive exceptionally rapid evolution of small eggs. Trends toward small eggs are also evident in natural populations heavily supplemented by hatcheries, but not in minimally supplemented populations. Unintentional selection in captivity can lead to rapid changes in critical life-history traits that may reduce the success of supplementation or reintroduction programs.


The crocodile lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 - a true living fossil - is the only known living representative of the family Shinisauridae. Its current distribution range is restricted to small and isolated relict populations in South China and Northeast Vietnam. The species is strongly associated to freshwater streams within remote and intact evergreen broadleaf forests and exhibits rare reproduction strategies (e.g., ovoviviparity, multipaternity). Its unique biology and outstanding appearance makes S. crocodilurus an increasingly desired target species in the international pet trade, which - in concert with multiple further anthropogenic pressures - brought the species at the brink of extinction. While detrimental population declines of S. crocodilurus have been recorded in China, respective information on its population status, threats and ecology remained poorly known in Vietnam. The present thesis provides a combination of several ecological, systematic, molecular and forensic methods in order to identify the autecology and conservation status of S. crocodilurus in Vietnam and to test the utility of different methods as potential novel tools for conservation implications.
Based on annual population monitoring of S. crocodilurus we found, that wild populations are dramatically small, in continuous decline and we even observed several local extirpations in Vietnam within recent years. Poaching as well as ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation were identified as major causes. We further provided new and essential basic knowledge on the ecological adaptation of Vietnamese S. crocodilurus, emphasizing its strong ecological specialization. In order to predict the overall distribution of suitable habitats and potential further occurrences of S. crocodilurus, we applied species distribution models (SDMs). Following the resulting predictions, we discovered a new S. crocodilurus population, affirming the practical utility of such theoretical models. In this context, we also predicted an almost entire loss of suitable habitats by 2080 as consequence of global climate change. To substantiate these prognoses with actual data on temperature selection, we developed a backpack system with thermo data loggers for S. crocodilurus, which - being the first of its kind in lizards - proved to be applicable in the field. First data indicated the species small realized thermal niche and selection of cool temperatures, suggesting its vulnerability to climate change.
Since we identified illegal trade as critical and acute threat to S. crocodilurus - and mechanisms to detect the potential illegal source of traded specimens are generally lacking - we tested the applicability of isotopic markers to distinguish captive bred from wild caught specimens. This approach was herein trialed for the first time in lizards and revealed promising results, namely a clear separation of the investigated groups. Thus, this novel method might develop as a future tool in wildlife forensics.
A herein applied integrative approach revealed distinct differences in ecological adaptation, morphology and genetics between Chinese and Vietnamese crocodile lizard populations, resulting in the taxonomic separation into at least two subspecies, concordant with the split into two conservation units. This taxonomic split emphasized the immediate need of enforced in situ and ex situ conservation measures and the establishment of separated conservation breeding programs to retain the genetic integrity of each taxon. Such a conservation breeding program was initiated in the Me Linh Station for Biodiversity, Vinh Phuc, Vietnam - based on the herein conducted ecological and microhabitat analyses - in order to establish a stable reserve population with the goal of a future restocking program. In this context, we identified priority areas for conservation and provided recommendations for the establishment of new reserves and the maintenance of forest corridors, connecting existing reserves with S. crocodilurus populations, in order to inform authorities and policy makers. In summary, this thesis clearly demonstrated the suitability of a various spectrum of novel forensic and ecologic tools and highlights the effectiveness of a multidisciplinary strategy in species conservation, exemplary on the crocodile lizard. Furthermore, it also emphasizes the necessity of ground research, population monitoring and assessment of habitat requirements to provide a solid base for advanced techniques, to amend legislations, to protect habitats and - together with the expertise from zoological gardens - to develop and manage ex situ conservation programs.


The shifting environment of Indigenous community-based research demands reflexivity because the negotiation and maintenance of relationships are central (Findlay, Ray, & Basualdo, 2014). This paper expands on the importance of social relationships in the Nehinuw (Cree) worldview by reflecting on an ongoing research partnership among a team of Indigenous and Settler researchers from three universities and one Indigenous community agency. The Nehinuw relationships of weechihitowin (supporting and helping each other), weechiyauguneetowin (partnership, collaborative or shared action), otootemitowin (respectful openness and acceptance of others), and weechiseechigemitowin (alliances for common action) (L. Goulet & K. Goulet, 2014) form the theoretical framework for analyzing the challenges and successes that have sustained this collaboration for almost 10 years. This article will enhance understanding of Indigenous community-based research to promote an epistemological shift toward Indigenous modes of inquiry.


Struther Arnott worked tirelessly as a researcher, teacher, leader and maker and implementer of policy in universities in Britain and the USA, always carrying his colleagues along with him through his infectious energy and breadth of academic enthusiasms and values. His outlook was shaped by the stimulus of a broad Scottish education that launched wide interests inside and outside science, including the history and literature of classical civilizations. His early research, with John Monteath Robertson FRS, was into structure determination by X-ray diffraction methods for single crystals, at a time when the full power of computers was just becoming realized for solution of the phase problem. With tenacity and originality, he then extended these approaches to materials that were to a greater or lesser extent disordered and even more difficult to solve because their diffraction patterns were poorer in information content. He brought many problems to definitive and detailed conclusion in a field that had been notable for solutions that were partial or vague, especially with oriented fibres of DNA and RNA but also various polysaccharides and synthetic polymers. His first approach was to use molecular model building in combination with difference Fourier analysis. This was followed later, and to even greater effect, by a computer refinement method that he developed himself and called linkedatom least-squares refinement. This has now been adopted as the standard approach by most serious centres of fibre diffraction analysis throughout the world. After the 10 years in which he consolidated his initial reputation at the Medical Research Council Biophysics Unit at King's College, London, in association with Maurice Wilkins FRS, he moved to Purdue University in the USA, first as Professor of Biology then becoming successively Head of the Department of Biological Sciences and Vice-President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School. As well as continuing his research, he contributed to the transformation of biological sciences at that university and to the development of the university's general management. He finally returned to his roots in Scotland as Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the University of St Andrews, to draw on his now formidable experience of international scholarship and institutional management, to reshape the patterns of academic life and mission to sit more happily and successfully within an environment that had become beset with conflict and change. He achieved this without disturbance to the harmony and wisdom embodied in the venerable traditions of that ancient Scottish yet cosmopolitan university.


Stability of motor performance is important for voluntary movement control, but it should not be maximized to the exclusion of all else. To transition to a new task, the current task must be destabilized. When expecting to switch tasks, people are known to reduce their stability prior to initiating the change. Here, we determine if the observed stability modulation is influenced by the expectation of future movement, is a relic of the movements performed in the recent past, or is a consequence of both those processes. Furthermore, this work explores the relation between stability modulation observed in isometric finger force production tasks to cognitive flexibility and clinical measures of manual dexterity. Stability modulation can be viewed as a motor response to the recognition of altered environmental demands or internally generated desires to change body movements or postures. Therefore, it is hypothesized that cognitive flexibility – the efficacy of cognitive processing – will relate to stability modulation. Finally, it is hypothesized that the motor adjustments in response to changing task/environment demands will correlate with clinical tests of manual dexterity that involve placing pegs into holes.Twenty-two young-adult participants (age 21.05 +/- 0.44 years) completed tasks in the three domains. The Grooved Pegboard and NIH 9-Hole tests of manual dexterity measured their manual function by time to complete the tests. Cognitive flexibility was measured by a task-switching task which required adjusting to a changing set of rules, and the reaction time and accuracy costs of task-switching were recorded. Lastly, participants' stability of performance in an isometric finger-pressing task was assessed using the uncontrolled manifold analysis and root-mean-square error (RMSE) in the performance. Participants produced pressing forces with four fingers to match a single total force targets presented as feedback on a computer screen. In the 'Steady' task, target remained motionless. In the 'Future Effects' task, the target remained motionless for several seconds and then began moving. The 'Past Effects' task comprised of a dynamic initial portion followed by a stationary target. Lastly, the 'Combined' task had a constant force section flanked on either side by epochs of target movement. The RMSE results confirmed the existence of stability modulation and established that this is driven by the expectation of future movement, and not by the history of previous movements. The Steady and Past Effects tasks exhibited higher stability than the Future Effects and Combined tasks. The stability estimates obtained from the uncontrolled manifold analysis showed similar trends. Cognitive flexibility (quantified as global accuracy cost) correlated with stability modulation indicating that individuals who show greater cognitive flexibility tend to demonstrate greater stability modulation. However, an association between stability modulation and clinical pegboard tests of manual function were not observed. This may possibly be due to the homogeneity of the test sample, or because the finger-force-production task and pegboard task measure disparate aspects of manual function.


Wildfires can directly impact municipal water supplies by increasing a watersheds susceptibility to erosion, and thereby potentially increasing the transport of sediment and organic matter into water impoundments during rainfall runoff. The hydrologic characteristics of watersheds are altered by the combustion of the vegetation and the ground cover (such as leaves, needles and small branches), which protect the soil from raindrop impact. In addition, the wildfire can chemically and physically alter the soils to make them more resistant to wetting. In May 1996, a 4,820 hectares tire burned most of the Buffalo Creek and Spring Creek watersheds in the Front Range just southwest of Denver, Colorado. Downstream from the watersheds is Strontia Springs Reservoir, which supplies more than 75% of the municipal water for the cities of Denver and Aurora, Colorado. Two months after the fire a 13 cm/hour rainstorm caused severe flooding, erosion, and transport of sediment from the burnt area. The input of sediment and burnt trees caused loss of storage capacity increases in dissolved manganese, and a general deterioration of water quality in Strontia Springs Reservoir.


This is the first monograph on the work of the Dutch conceptual artist, ecologist and writer-publisher, also published in German. The purpose of the monograph is to map the coherence of every aspect of de Vries' projects and activities, and to demonstrate the philosophical basis of an art that has ecological, political and metaphysical implications.

The prologue defines the artistic project of de Vries as pre-eminently concerned with the central problematic of human being within the natural world, and distinguishes it in critical terms from those of other artists who work with and in relation to nature. The first section of the book chronologically traces de Vries' background as botanical scientist, and his development as a conceptual artist working with abstract mathematical issues of randomness and objectivity.

The following sections', necessarily inter-related, arrangement is determined by de Vries' modus operandi, and its connections with specific places and projects. 'at eschenau' deals with his life and work at his home in Northern Bavaria, close to the Steigerwald forest he describes as 'his studio'. It describes and analyses the works made there: of found natural objects; earth rubbings; the cultivation, as a work of art, of his 'meadow', etc. It further discusses his philosophy and aesthetic in relation to historical precedents (Durer, the Limbourg brothers, Thoreau, the poetics of Rilke etc.). 'journeys and projects' is concerned with the philosophical, historical and political discoveries of de Vries as traveller, photographer, publisher, creator of 'the earth museum', and as compiler of natural relations, his encyclopaedic treatment of 'mind-moving' plants and their derivatives. The final section describes and analyses his various interventions in the alpine country around Digne in Haute Provence, discussing his work there in relation to earlier methodologies of botany and geology, and to the seminal philosophical differences between Descartes and Gassendi.


Drug nanocarriers have gained a considerable attention in the development of cancer disease treatment. The nanoscale size and the capability of poorly water-soluble drug encapsulation, make nanoparticles a promising material for anti-cancer therapy. Drug encapsulation provides several advantages: the protection of the molecule against biological conditions and the possibility to deliver the therapeutic agent in the target region, limiting the side effects and enhancing the specificity and the efficiency of the treatment. Particle size, surface characteristics and drug release profile are fundamental aspects when designing an effective nanocarrier, as they define the drug delivery system performance. Therefore, the importance to control these features represents an issue of primary concern. Microfluidic devices are becoming a powerful tool in preparing drug nanocarriers, thanks to their capacity to formulate nanomaterials with controlled size distribution, low polydispersity index, and high batch-to-batch reproducibility. Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is one of the most successfully developed biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, and shows great potential as principal component of polymeric drug delivery systems for parenteral route of administration. In addition, it can be conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), giving rise to a block copolymer able to self-assemble into nanoscaled spheres. PEG corona, arranged on their surface, provides stealthness and allows eluding the immune system. According to the classical nucleation theory, nanoprecipitation is regulated by the mixing of solvent and antisolvent phases, and the particle size depends on the mixing times. Thus, microfluidic devices allow the control of this crucial parameter through the manipulation of the two phases flow rates. We focus on the use of microfluidic device-assisted nanoprecipitation method in a stabilizer-free process, which further simplifies post-processing steps and prevents side cytotoxic effects often caused by the presence of surfactant residuals. In the present work, we formulate PEG-PLGA nanoparticles using two different microfluidic devices and via bulk nanoprecipitation, as reference. While we observe the impossibility to tune the nanoparticle size through the manual process, we demonstrate that, optimizing the formulation parameters, the microfluidic approach allows obtaining a library of nanoparticles, owing a size range from 40 nm to 120 nm. Size distribution and polydispersity of the fabricated nanoparticles are characterized by means of dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, model (drug/dye) molecules are encapsulated into the nanoparticles, and the encapsulation efficiency is quantitatively assessed by spectrophotometry. We demonstrate that the efficiency of encapsulation does not depend either on the nanoprecipitation technique or on the particle size, but only on the hydrophobicity of the molecule. Eventually, we conduct biological evaluations in order to ascertain that PEG-PLGA nanocarriers do not induce haemolysis, as they are meant to be injected into the blood stream. Further in vitro studies are carried out on MCF-7 adenocarcinoma breast cells for both plain and drug carrying particles; preliminary studies prove that the nanocarriers do not induce cell toxicity, however encapsulated doxorubicin decreases cells viability, confirming the suitability of the nanoparticles for anticancer applications.


Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the pre-operative Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) and post-operative medical utilization and quality for patients who underwent a total hip replacement (THR). Methods: The claimed data from the National Health Insurance for patients who underwent elective primary THR in 2000 was used in this study. The correlation between CCI and the parameters including length of stay, medical fee rate of mortality, and readmission within thirty days and one year were analyzed after adjustment of patients' characters (age, gender, major diagnosis), characters of hospitals (area, owner and size), times of in hospital rehabilitations and complications. Result: The THR patients with a present pre-operative CCI score of more than 2 had a higher medical fee (NT $14,900 versus NT $12,500), thirty-day mortality (2.8% versus 0.4%), thirty-day readmission rate (31.4% versus 7.2%), one-year mortality (15.3% versus 1.8%), one-year readmission rate (147.5% versus 40.0%) and longer length of stay (11.9 days versus 9.4 days) than those with a zero score. After adjustment of the confounding factors, the pre-operative CCI score was still significantly positively related to the above parameters. Even the CCI score within one year was also positively related to the above parameters. The present score CCI was more efficient than the CCI score within one year for the response to the medical utilization and quality. Conclusion: The CCI score was highly correlated with the utilization of medical care during hospitalization and medical quality after discharge. The present CCI was more efficient than the CCI within one year, except for in respect to the one-year readmission rate. The CCI score could be used for the correction of severity of THR patients. NHI could use CCI to evaluate the rationality of reimbursements. The CCI score could also be applied to the hospital for prediction of the prognosis of THR.


In this paper we analyzed the behaviour of family owners in the relationship with non-family managers, focusing on the CEO replacement decision. We compared family and non- family controlled companies and explored the differences among family firms with respect to relevant governance attributes. We perform our analysis on data drawn from a panel of Italian listed companies over a 10 year period. Our results suggest that family owners are special category of major shareholders with respect to (1) the definition of goals that the CEO must pursue and (2) the characteristics of the monitoring process.


Wearable technology enables a range of exciting new applications in health, commerce, and beyond. For many important applications, wearables must have battery life measured in weeks or months, not hours and days as in most current devices. Our vision of wearable platforms aims for long battery life but with the flexibility and security to support multiple applications. To achieve long battery life with a workload comprising apps from multiple developers, these platforms must have robust mechanisms for app isolation and developer tools for optimizing resource usage. We introduce the Amulet Platform for constrained wearable devices, which includes an ultra-low-power hardware architecture and a companion software framework, including a highly efficient event-driven programming model, low-power operating system, and developer tools for profiling ultra-low-power applications at compile time. We present the design and evaluation of our prototype Amulet hardware and software, and show how the framework enables developers to write energy-efficient applications. Our prototype has battery lifetime lasting weeks or even months, depending on the application, and our interactive resource-profiling tool predicts battery lifetime within 6-10% of the measured lifetime.


This paper investigates the local labor supply effects of changes to the minimum wage by examining the response of low-skilled immigrants' location decisions. Canonical models emphasize the importance of labor mobility when evaluating the employment effects of the minimum wage; yet few studies address this outcome directly. Low-skilled immigrant populations shift toward labor markets with stagnant minimum wages, and this result is robust to a number of alternative interpretations. This mobility provides behavior-based evidence in favor of a non-trivial disemployment effect of the minimum wage. Further, it reduces the estimated demand elasticity using teens; employment losses among native teens are substantially larger in states that have historically attracted few immigrant residents.


Spectrum monitoring and interference detection are crucial for the satellite service performance and the revenue of SatCom operators. Interference is one of the major causes of service degradation and deficient operational efficiency. Moreover, the satellite spectrum is becoming more crowded, as more satellites are being launched for different applications. This increases the risk of interference, which causes anomalies in the received signal, and mandates the adoption of techniques that can enable the automatic and real-time detection of such anomalies as a first step towards interference mitigation and suppression. In this paper, we present a Machine Learning (ML)-based approach able to guarantee a real-time and automatic detection of both short-term and long-term interference in the spectrum of the received signal at the base station. The proposed approach can localize the interference both in time and in frequency and is universally applicable across a discrete set of different signal spectra. We present experimental results obtained by applying our method to real spectrum data from the Swedish Space Corporation. We also compare our ML-based approach to a model-based approach applied to the same spectrum data and used as a realistic baseline. Experimental results show that our method is a more reliable interference detector.


We study the emergence of discontinuous shear thickening (DST) in cornstarch by combining macroscopic rheometry with local magnetic resonance imaging measurements. We bring evidence that macroscopic DST is observed only when the flow separates into a low-density flowing and a high-density jammed region. In the shear-thickened steady state, the local rheology in the flowing region is not DST but, strikingly, is often shear thinning. Our data thus show that the stress jump measured during DST, in cornstarch, does not capture a secondary, high-viscosity branch of the local steady rheology but results from the existence of a shear jamming limit at volume fractions quite significantly below random close packing.


Ice clouds play a significant role in energy budget of the earth-atmosphere system, and they also participate in global hydrological cycle. Thick ice clouds which are associated with precipitation transfer energy and water between the atmosphere and the earth. The net effects of ice clouds on the earth-atmosphere system highly depend on their microphysical properties. However, the complex and variable structure of ice clouds makes it difficult to capture them well in models. The oversimplified microphysical properties of ice clouds in retrievals introduce significant uncertainties in weather and climate studies.

The knowledge on the orientation of ice particles is very limited. The orientation of frozen hydrometeors which induces polarization signatures determines the magnitude of polarized signals. In order to investigate the potential polarized signatures induced by the oriented frozen hydrometeors, ground-based polarization observations have been performed at "Umweltforschungsstation Schneefernerhaus" (UFS) on Mount Zugspitze (German Alps) at 2650 m above sea level. In this study, the polarization observations carried out by a ground-based dual polarized microwave radiometer (DPR) at 150 GHz are investigated together with auxiliary instruments deployed at UFS, i.e., a second microwave radiometer (HATPRO) and a K-band micro rain radar (MRR). HATPRO measures liquid water path (LWP) and integrated water vapor (IWV) during snowfall, and MRR operating at 24.1 GHz provides indirect snow water path (SWP) information.

Based on the observations, the analysis of a single snow case and one-year snowfall data show that the brightness temperature (TB) differences between the vertical and horizontal polarizations reach up to −10 K at an elevation angle of 34.8^o during snowfall. The polarized signals during snowfall can be explained well by the occurrence of oriented snow particles. The analysis of the synergic observations shows the effects of snowfall parameters on polarization differences (PDs) observed with DPR at 150 GHz. The dependencies of the measured PD and TB on MRR integrated radar reflectivity and independently derived LWP are discussed. It shows that the high SWP indicated by high values of MRR integrated reflectivity enhances both TB and PD due to the scattering effects of snow particles. Meanwhile, TBs are found to be enhanced during snowfall when supercooled liquid water is present, while PD resulting from oriented snow particles is damped by the increase of LWP. The polarization observations support the potential role of polarization measurements in improving retrievals of snowfall microphysical parameters.

To evaluate the effects of SWP and LWP on PD and TB, radiative transfer (RT) simulations assuming horizontally aligned snow oblates using a polarized RT model have been performed. PD and TB observations can be captured well by the RT model with given reasonable assumptions on the microphysical parameters of oriented snow oblates. Additionally, the uncertainties of PD and TB caused by snow microphysical properties are fully examined in the RT simulations. The "damping (enhancing)" effects of supercooled liquid water on PD (TB) are further interpreted by a simple physical model where the height of cloud liquid varies with respect to the dichroic snow layer. From the ground-based observations, it is found that PD resulting from oriented snow particles is absorbed by supercooled liquid below snow layers. When supercooled liquid water is located above snow layers, PD is damped since it is compensated by the emission of supercooled liquid water penetrating the snow layer. TB is generally enhanced by the presence of LWP: the warmer the supercooled liquid water, the larger the TB.

The polarization observations promote the design of new instruments further. Under an assumption that ice particles are oriented, RT simulations are performed for the space-borne satellite FengYun-4 (FY-4) channels to examine polarization information content for ice cloud characterization. The results show that polarization can be beneficial for ice cloud retrievals and additional information can be provided by polarized signals to quantify ice cloud parameters, especially at high frequency channels. Therefore, the present work strongly suggests the deployment of microwave polarization channels for ice cloud observations.


Online newspaper repositories of two leading Norwegian and Russian daily newspapers ( Aftenposten and Rossiyskaya gazeta ) offer different media frames of the Arctic group of islands known as Svalbard. The article first outlines the historical and geopolitical background. Then it presents findings from a content analysis of the two dailies. Findings confirm that Norway and Russia since the 1920s until recently have nurtured contending media frames of the archipelago which reflect different historical and geopolitical perceptions. Although Norway and Russia enjoy good bilateral relations, some tension lingers on regarding Svalbard. This might play a role as the Arctic littoral states try to harmonize their interests regarding continental shelves and circumpolar seaways under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).


This paper takes on a contrarian view of Banville and Landry's (1989) landmark article "Can the Field of MIS Be Disciplined?" Notwithstanding its valuable contribution to the discussion concerning the progress of the IS field and its considerable influence on IS research, the article's interpretations of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions and proposed model for the IS field have not been critically analyzed. Inspired by Richard Whitley's (1984) The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences, the landmark article argues that Kuhn's model for scientific progress is vague, rigid, totalitarian, monistic and therefore unsuitable for a multidisciplinary field like IS. A critical analysis of the article's claims and arguments finds several uses of rhetorical devices in their interpretation of Kuhn's model which prevent the IS community from taking advantage of the paradigm concept and engaging its multidisciplinary roots. Practical implications for a more disciplinary IS future are proposed.


This paper explores differences in the frequency with which students from different schools reach high levels of math achievement. Data from the American Mathematics Competitions is used to produce counts of high-scoring students from more than two thousand public, coeducational, non-magnet, non-charter U.S. high schools. High-achieving students are found to be very far from evenly distributed. There are strong demographic predictors of high achievement. There are also large differences among seemingly similar schools. The unobserved heterogeneity across schools includes a thick tail of schools that produce many more high-achieving students than the average school. Gender-related differences and other breakdowns are also discussed.


Poetry was once defined by Robert Frost as "what gets lost in translation." This is an apt definition since poetry, with its subtle nuances, its cadences and skillfully constructed, body, is not translatable. This is one reason why critics often differ in their opinions about the "meaning" of given poems. Furthermore, a good poem can lend itself to several equally valid interpretations. This ambiguity is a result of the very nature of the poem and of its medium: words. Words are charged with meanings and connotations, several of which can be acceptable within a specific context.


Dual class shares have been used by Canadian corporations to access public capital markets for the past sixty years. The debates surrounding the regulation of dual class shares have been reenergized. The authors of this article argue that only by looking to the legitimating role of nationalist policy, legislation and discourse in the historical development of dual class share structures can we derive context to the current debates surrounding the regulation of dual class shares and obtain a fuller understanding of the contemporary issues they present. Based on an analysis of the use of dual class shares as a financing technique over the past six decades, the central claim made in this article is that the legitimating function of nationalist policies, legislation and discourse provides the most compelling explanation for the persistence of dual class shares in Canada. The authors argue that reliance on policy, legislation and discourse that addressed concerns regarding foreign ownership and domination of Canadian business best accounts for the proliferation of dual class share structures in the 1970s, and their continued use in the current context. Their analysis also explores various theme that have operated alongside or in opposition to nationalist policies, legislation and discourse: the concentration of ownership of Canadian business, the roles of multiple regulators in securities and corporate law, convergence between shareholders and other stakeholders, and rising shareholder activism.


Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/humtrafcon6 Part of the Criminology Commons, Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, Health Policy Commons, Human Geography Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Place and Environment Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social Welfare Commons, Social Work Commons, and the Women Commons


Nature has developed methods for controlling the movements of organisms with many degrees of freedom which differ strongly from existing approaches for balance control in humanoid robots: Biological organisms employ kinematic synergies that simultaneously engage many joints, and which are apparently designed in such a way that their superposition is approximately linear. We show in this article that this control strategy can in principle also be applied to balance control of humanoid robots. In contrast to existing approaches, this control strategy reduces the need to carry out complex computations in real time (replacing the iterated solution of quadratic optimization problems by a simple linear controller), and it does not require knowledge of a dynamic model of the robot. Therefore it can handle unforeseen changes in the dynamics of the robot that may arise for example from wind or other external forces. We demonstrate the feasibility of this novel approach to humanoid balance control through simulations of the humanoid robot HOAP-2 for tasks that require balance control under disturbances by unknown external forces.


The theory of nonlinear filtering concerns the optimal estimation of a Markov signal in noisy observations. Such estimates necessarily depend on the model that is chosen for the signal and observations processes. This thesis studies the sensitivity of the filter to the choice of underlying model over long periods of time, within the framework of continuous time filtering with white noise type observations.

The first topic of this thesis is the asymptotic stability of the filter, which is studied using the theory of conditional diffusions. This leads to improvements on pathwise stability bounds, and to new insight into existing stability results in a fully probabilistic setting. Furthermore, I develop in detail the theory of conditional diffusions for finite-state Markov signals and clarify the duality between estimation and stochastic control in this context.

The second topic of this thesis is the sensitivity of the nonlinear filter to the model parameters of the signal and observations processes. This section concentrates on the finite state case, where the corresponding model parameters are the jump rates of the signal, the observation function, and the initial measure. The main result is that the expected difference between the filters with the true and modified model parameters is bounded uniformly on the infinite time interval, provided that the signal process satisfies a mixing property. The proof uses properties of the stochastic flow generated by the filter on the simplex, as well as the Malliavin calculus and anticipative stochastic calculus.

The third and final topic of this thesis is the asymptotic stability of quantum filters. I begin by developing quantum filtering theory using reference probability methods. The stability of the resulting filters is not easily studied using the preceding methods, as smoothing violates the nondemolition requirement. Fortunately, progress can be made by randomizing the initial state of the filter. Using this technique, I prove that the filtered estimate of the measurement observable is stable regardless of the underlying model, provided that the initial states are absolutely continuous in a suitable sense.


The stem cell-like seam cells of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, represent a tractable and powerful model for studying stem cell biology. rnt-1, the worm homologue of the mammalian RUNX family of transcription factors, together with the CBFβ homologue bro-1, is essential for the proliferation of the seam cells. RUNX genes and CBFβ are important regulators of stem cell development in mammals, and are associated with a variety of cancers. The worm seam cell model offers an opportunity to examine how these genes function in stem cell biology. The aim of this work was to shed light on the genetic network in which bro-1 and rnt-1 function, and to reveal the identity of regulators of these genes as well the downstream targets of the bro-1/rnt-1 pathway. Here, a number of genes that interact with bro-1 and rnt-1 have been identified. ELT-1, a GATA transcription factor, is shown to be a direct regulator of bro-1. Findings which show that the MEIS gene unc-62 acts upstream of bro-1/rnt-1 and regulates the symmetry of seam cell divisions are also presented. The seam cell marker, scm::gfp, is widely used in studies of the seam cells; here the results of an investigation into its identity and functional links are described. In addition, the mechanism underlying spatial regulation of rnt-1 was examined; this led to the discovery of distinct tissue-specific enhancer modules within an intron of this gene. Finally, interactions between pal-1 and bro-1/rnt-1 are reported and described. Together, these findings provide a framework for furthering our understanding of the mechanisms and genes associated with the functioning of bro-1 and rnt-1 in the worm.


Starting by some examples of "the image of science" conveyed in society by for example media, educational institutions as well as by scientists themselves, this presentation will discuss a research and intervention project that introduced critical feminist perspectives on science education to pre-service teachers in two Swedish universities. In the project we have followed a cohort of approximately 120 pre-school and primary school pre-service teachers through their first year of science courses. As an integral part of these science courses our intervention has introduced critical perspectives on gender and science as related to the culture of science and a feminist critique of the sciences. In doing so, the project aimed to provide the pre-service teachers with tools for articulating and reflecting on their thoughts about science, gender and teaching. The empirical material consists of students' written tasks, audio-recorded group discussions and interviews. The presentation will outline the intervention as such, but also present results from some of the current strands of analysis. In one such analytical strand we seek to understand the pre-service teachers' meeting with the intervention through conceptualizing their educational experience as shaped by a participation in multiple 'cultures'. In another analytical strand the focus is implications of gender (un)awareness for the teaching of science and an additional strand has the focus how a sense of place, including affective dimensions, is reflected in the student teachers' science learning narratives.


This paper applies Algorithmic Information Theory to simple examples of replication processes to illustrate how replicating structures can generate and maintain order in a non equilibrium system. Variation in replicating structures enhances the system's ability to maintain homeostasis in a changing environment by allowing it to evolve to a more restricted region of its state space. Stability is further enhanced when replicating systems develop dependencies, by sharing information or resources. Such systems co-evolve, becoming more independent of the external environment. Nested systems have a hierarchy of dependency but have low algorithmic entropy as they are in principle simpler to describe algorithmically. Nesting of replicating systems offsets the need for increased variety by allowing the structures to increase in organizational complexity with little increase in algorithmic entropy. Chaitin's d-diameter complexity provides a measure of the level of order in nested replicating systems.


Optical far-field microscopy such as confocal fluorescence microscopy is a very popular technique for investigating the living cell. Unfortunately, its spatial resolution is limited to around 200 nm, impeding the imaging of small molecular assemblies. Recent decades have seen the development of optical nanoscopy, optical far-field microscopy with a spatial resolution down to molecular scales. STED microscopy was the first of such nanoscopy techniques. Despite the fact, that it in principle only requires the addition of a strong STED laser to a conventional microscope, STED nanoscopy was for a long time considered as a very complex technique, impossible to be applicable as a turn-key technique in everyday biological research. However, recent years has seen important improvements of the STED nanoscopy approach which have significantly simplified the setup. These developments mainly followed from optimization of fluorescent labels, laser technology and optical simplifications. As a result, STED microscopy setups have got more compact and have been realized on commercial instruments, allowing access to lessexperienced users in open imaging facilities. Here, we give a brief overview of the recent improvements in STED microscopy that made these important developments possible.


The Cal Poly DC House Project is a large scale multi-student project that involves the detailed design and eventual construction of a DC powered house that will be usable in many rural parts of the world. The large scope of such a project makes it necessary to perform studies before it is designed and constructed so that any errors or problems can be recognized early on and addressed. This thesis entails a study on DC power Distribution used for the DC house. The needs for a rural DC home were identified and loads were selected. All of the system devices then modeled in the simulink software. This includes the creation and characterization of complex devices such as DC-DC converters. Once the simulation model was completed, several steady state variables including wire size, bus voltage, and circuiting configurations were tested to create an accurate power profile of the DC system. The resulting data successfully and accurately modeled the performance of the system under many different conditions. The working model was also used to perform a design case study of several potential and realistic load configurations that could be used in rural areas.


Using colloid techniques domain structure has been studied in several overlay components used in contemporary bubble devices. In isolated elements the demagnetized state is generally simple, containing a small number of domains. The influence of anisotropy on domain structure is demonstrated. Elements initially respond to applied fields by reversible domain boundary movement but in each case it has been found that partial saturation and hysteresis occur once the applied field exceeds a critical value, H(_s). This causes the formation of remanent states with 'magnetization buckling' similar to that found in larger samples of thin-film permalloy. The relationship between and element geometry and thickness and the formation of buckled states by a rotating field were investigated. Such states may adversely affect the operation of a bubble device. The approach to partial saturation in a simple bar has been modelled on the basis of a curved domain wall and approximate values for the saturation field calculated. The external field profile of the bar has also been obtained. Domain structure in various connected chevron columns (bubble detectors) was also studied. In contrast to isolated elements the initial 'zero-field' state in these components is generally one of saturation. This state can be broken by components of applied field parallel or perpendicular to the column and again magnetization buckling is involved. Magnetoresistance changes related to the buckled state were measured and found to be consistent with the colloid observations. These observations can be used to explain the characteristic magnetoresistance signal of a chevron column in a rotating field.


Governments need to be accountable and transparent for their public spending decisions in order to prevent losses through fraud and corruption as well as to build healthy and sustainable economies. Open data act as a major instrument in this respect by enabling public administrations, service providers, data journalists, transparency activists, and regular citizens to identify fraud or uncompetitive markets through connecting related, heterogeneous, and originally unconnected data sources. To this end, in this article, we present our experience in the case of Slovenia, where we successfully applied a number of anomaly detection techniques over a set of open disparate data sets integrated into a Knowledge Graph, including procurement, company, and spending data, through a linked data-based platform called TheyBuyForYou. We then report a set of guidelines for publishing high quality procurement data for better procurement analytics, since our experience has shown us that there are significant shortcomings in the quality of data being published. This article contributes to enhanced policy making by guiding public administrations at local, regional, and national levels on how to improve the way they publish and use procurement-related data; developing technologies and solutions that buyers in the public and private sectors can use and adapt to become more transparent, make markets more competitive, and reduce waste and fraud; and providing a Knowledge Graph, which is a data resource that is designed to facilitate integration across multiple data silos by showing how it adds context and domain knowledge to machine-learning-based procurement analytics.


Petrographical microtextural analysis and conventional core-plug analysis of samples from a depositional sandstone and a sandstone sill are used to compare with similar data derived from micro-CT (MCT) analysis of the same samples. A remarkable richness of information derived from the MCT data identifies isotropic granular and pore fabrics at the micrometre-scale in the sandstone sill that contrast markedly with the laminated fabric in the depositional sandstone. In the sandstone sill, porosity and permeability are more homogenous than in the depositional sandstone, in which lamination creates approaching two-orders of magnitude difference in permeability and enhances horizontal permeability relative to vertical permeability. In the sill, lower pore- and throat-shape factors and larger pore coordinate numbers are present than in the depositional sandstone. Preservation of the isotropic pore and grain structure in the sandstone sill is indicative of significant fluidized flow normal to the fracture margin during emplacement.


Hardware errors are on the rise with reducing feature sizes, however tolerating them in hardware is expensive. Researchers have explored software-based techniques for building error resilient applications. Many of these techniques leverage application-specific resilience characteristics to keep overheads low. Understanding application-specific resilience characteristics requires software fault-injection mechanisms that are both accurate and capable of operating at a high-level of abstraction to allow developers to reason about error resilience. In this paper, we quantify the accuracy of high-level software fault injection mechanisms vis-à-vis those that operate at the assembly or machine code levels. To represent high-level injection mechanisms, we built a fault injector tool based on the LLVM compiler, called LLFI. LLFI performs fault injection at the LLVM intermediate code level of the application, which is close to the source code. We quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of LLFI with respect to assembly level fault injection, and understand the reasons for the differences.


Our experiments in TRECVID 2008 include participation in the high-level feature extraction, automatic search, video summarization, and video copy detection tasks, using a common system framework. In the high-level feature extraction task, we extended our last year's experiments, which were based on SOM-based semantic concept modeling followed by a post-processing stage utilizing the concepts' temporal and inter-concept co-occurrences. We also studied the effects of a more comprehensive feature selection and the inclusion of audio features and face detection. We submitted the following six runs: • A_PicSOM_1_6: Visual features, baseline feature selection • A_PicSOM_2_2: Visual features, baseline feature selection, temporal context • A_PicSOM_3_5: Visual features, extended feature selection • A_PicSOM_4_4: All features, extended feature selection • A_PicSOM_5_3: All features, extended feature selection, PRF • A_PicSOM_6_1: All features, extended feature selection, temporal context The results show that a more comprehensive feature selection can be useful, and that the temporal and inter-concept co-occurrence analysis has the potential to improve the performance if good concept-wise post-processors can be chosen. The use of audio features and face detection resulted in minor improvements. In the search task, we again concentrated on the fully-automatic runs. We combined ASR/MT text search and concept-based retrieval. If none of the concept models could be matched with the query, we used content-based retrieval based on the video and image examples instead. We also experimented with topic-wise feature selection and the addition of face detection and motion-based features. We submitted the following six fully-automatic runs: • F_A_1_PicSOM_1_6: Required text search baseline • F_A_1_PicSOM_2_5: Alternative visual baseline, only examples • F_A_1_PicSOM_3_4: Alternative visual baseline, examples or concepts • F_A_2_PicSOM_4_3: Text search + visual examples or concepts • F_A_2_PicSOM_5_2: Text search + visual examples or concepts with feature selection • F_A_2_PicSOM_6_1: Text search + visual examples or concepts with feature selection + additional features The results show that the combination of concept-based retrieval and text search performed better than any of the single modalities in the baseline runs. Concept-based feature selection and additional features, however, degraded the average results. In BBC rushes summarization, we submitted one run which extended our last year's approach consisting of initial shot boundary detection followed by shot content analysis and similarity assessment and pruning. We included new detectors for frames containing clapper boards, three different motion detectors, and a speech detector. The results of our summarization run are quite close to the median in the fraction of ground-truth inclusions found and in redundancy, with somewhat shorter average duration than the median. Our run's performance was above the median on the amount of junk present and on tempo/rhythm. For video copy detection, we submitted some preliminary experiments based on our algorithm for shot similarity determination in video summarization. We used only the video modality.


We study price-setting behavior in German firm-level survey data to infer the relative importance of supply and demand during the Covid-19 pandemic. Supply and demand forces coexist, but demand shortages dominate in the short run. A reported negative impact of Covid-19 on current business is associated with a rise in the probability to decrease prices up to eleven percentage points. These results imply a role for aggregate demand stabilization policy to buffer the economic consequences of Covid-19 while containing the pandemic.


An LTCC test panel including various mm-wave test circuits has been designed and manufactured using a recently developed screen printing process (Thales Microelectronics) having a highly optimised resolution, here evaluated using a minimum microstrip line width/gap of 2 mil (50.8 ¿m). In this paper we report on a 60 GHz microstrip coupled lines bandpass filter manufactured on a 3.7 mil (94.0 ¿m) thick Ferro A6S substrate using a minimum line gap of 2 mil. The electromagnetic effects caused by the top conductor recess were taken into account using direct full-wave simulations (Ansoft HFSS) but also by a circuit simulation methodology based on the use of effective relative permittivity and substrate height parameters [1]. Preliminary measurement results show a 3 dB bandwidth of approximately 5 GHz, a passband insertion loss of 4 dB and a center frequency slightly above the simulated value. This bandpass filter could e.g. serve as an image rejection filter together with the 60 GHz WLAN chipset [2] where it would demonstrate a 55 GHz image suppression of approximately 20 dB.


Three dimensional (3D) laser scanning is an important documentation technique for cultural heritage. This technology has been adopted from the engineering and aeronautical industry and is an invaluable tool for the documentation of objects within museum collections (La Pensee, 2008). The datasets created via close range laser scanning are extremely accurate and the created 3D dataset allows for a more detailed analysis in comparison to other documentation technologies such as photography. The dataset can be used for a range of different applications including: documentation; archiving; surface monitoring; replication; gallery interactives; educational sessions; conservation and visualization. However, the novel nature of a 3D dataset is presenting a rather unique challenge with respect to its sharing and dissemination. This is in part due to the need for specialised 3D software and a supported graphics card to display high resolution 3D models. This can be detrimental to one of the main goals of cultural institutions, which is to share knowledge and enable activities such as research, education and entertainment. This has limited the presentation of 3D models of cultural heritage objects to mainly either images or videos. Yet with recent developments in computer graphics, increased internet speed and emerging technologies such as Adobe's Stage 3D (Adobe, 2013) and WebGL (Khronos, 2013), it is now possible to share a dataset directly within a webpage. This allows website visitors to interact with the 3D dataset allowing them to explore every angle of the object, gaining an insight into its shape and nature. This can be very important considering that it is difficult to offer the same level of understanding of the object through the use of traditional mediums such as photographs and videos. Yet this presents a range of problems: this is a very novel experience and very few people have engaged with 3D objects outside of 3D software packages or games. This paper presents results of research that aims to provide a methodology for museums and cultural institutions for prototyping a 3D viewer within a webpage, thereby not only allowing institutions to promote their collections via the internet but also providing a tool for users to engage in a meaningful way with cultural heritage datasets. The design process encompasses evaluation as the central part of the design methodology; focusing on how slight changes to navigation, object engagement and aesthetic appearance can influence the user's experience. The prototype used in this paper, was created using WebGL with the Three.Js (Three.JS, 2013) library and datasets were loaded as the OpenCTM (Geelnard, 2010) file format. The overall design is centred on creating an easy-tolearn interface allowing non-skilled users to interact with the datasets, and also providing tools allowing skilled users to discover more about the cultural heritage object. User testing was carried out, allowing users to interact with 3D datasets within the interactive viewer. The results are analysed and the insights learned are discussed in relation to an interface designed to interact with 3D content. The results will lead to the design of interfaces for interacting with 3D objects, which allow for both skilled and non skilled users to engage with 3D cultural heritage objects in a meaningful way.


The Kutai basin, East Kalimantan, is one of several large extensional basins formed in the Middle to Late Eocene. Formed above an orogenic complex of Late Cretaceous/Early Tertiary age, basement fabrics oriented NW–SE and NE–SW strongly influenced basin extension and inversion. Remote sensing data and fieldwork show basement fabric on the margins and Tertiary cover are dominated by NE–SW, NW–SE and NNE–SSW-trending structures. Similarly, on a larger scale, NW–SE narrow linear gravity lows cut NNE–SSW highs on the gravity data within the basin. Reconstruction of the basin architecture shows NNE–SSW basin-bounding faults overlapping in a right stepping en-echelon manner. These overlaps (relay ramps) were breached by faults oriented NE–SW through reactivation of the basement fabric. Opposing antithetic and synthetic half-grabens were linked by highly oblique NW-SE transfer faults. Inversion utilized extensional faults as reverse faults; however, NW–SE-oriented structures were reactivated as zones of lateral offset along the fold-thrust belt, whilst fault kinks oriented NE–SW were reactivated as oblique-slip reverse faults. The Kutai Basin provides an example of the controls that basement heterogeneities play on both extension and inversion.


Marine protected areas (MPAs) are one of several tools used to meet management objectives for the marine environment. These objectives reflect political and societal views, and increasingly reconcile fishery and conservation concerns, a consequence of common high-level drivers, such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development. The contribution of MPAs to meeting objectives should be assessed in conjunction with other tools, taking account of the management systems of which they are part. Many of the same factors determine the success of MPAs and other management tools, such as quality of governance and the social and economic situation of people using marine goods and services. Diverse legislation governs MPA designation. Designation could be simplified by prearranged and prenegotiated agreements among all relevant authorities. Agreements could specify how to make trade-offs among objectives, interpret scientific advice, ensure effective engagement among authorities and stakeholders, deal with appeals, and support progressive improvement. The jurisdiction and competence of fishery management authorities mean that they are well placed to contribute to the design, designation, and enforcement of MPAs. Their strengths include well-established procedures for accessing scientific advice, the capacity to work across multiple jurisdictions, experience with MPA management, and access to vessels and personnel for enforcement.


Project I: Chd7 Deficiency does not affect N1-driven T-ALL Induction and Maintenance nor impair Hematopoiesis Notch1 has been shown to be a key driver in pediatric T-cell acute lymphobastic leukemia (T-ALL). Previous work in the lab identified the chromatin-remodeling enzyme Chd7 to be highly over-expressed in aggressive versus pre-malignant disease. The aim of this project was to study if Chd7 is required during T-ALL initiation and disease maintenance as well as to characterize its role in the hematopoietic system under physiological and stress conditions. Therefore, Chd7 cKO animals were crossed with the MxCre deleter to ablate Chd7 specifically in BM progenitors. Chd7 deficiency did not induce any overt phenotype in the hematopoietic system, when studied under "steady" state or stress conditions. In addition, Chd7 proved to be dispensable in the initiation and maintenance of murine and human Notch1-driven T-ALL. Therefore, we can rule out a role of Chd7 during late-stage leukemogenesis in Notch1-induced murine and human T-ALL. Project II: Serca2, a putative drug target to fight Notch1-driven T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and its role in Hematopoiesis The Notch signalling pathway represents a bona fide drug target. We and Roti et al. performed a chemical compound screen and identified Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) as potent Notch inhibitor. Biological target of this compound is the Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum ATPase2 (Serca2) that is involved in calcium homeostasis within the cell. Recently, it was shown that Serca2 regulates Notch1 (N1) receptor maturation and inhibition of Serca ATPases, using thapsigargin, blocks T-ALL progression in xenografts (Roti et al., 2013). The putative global effects of Serca2 inhibition on hematopoiesis have, however, not been addressed in this study. Aim of this study was to characterize the function of Serca2 in the hematopoietic system. Therefore, we crossed Serca2 cKO with MxCre to ablate Serca2 function in BM progenitors. Serca2 haploinsufficiency did not lead to any overt phenotype under physiological or competitive conditions. In contrast, Serca2I"MxCre chimeras showed (i) impaired long-term reconstitution capacity upon transplantation, (ii) a severe reduction of total BM, splenic and thymic cellularity and (iii) an enrichment of KLS cells, the cell pool that contains HSCs. Mature lineages were highly apoptotic, while KLS were not majorly affected by apoptosis, resided predominantly in G0 phase of the cell cycle, exhibited slower cycling kinetics and were functionally impaired as they formed less and smaller colony forming units in vitro. Deregulated calcium levels can lead to an accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER. In order to resolve ER stress, the cell activates the unfolded protein response (UPR). In case of unresolved ER stress, however, the cell undergoes apoptosis. We demonstrate that mature hematopoietic lineages up-regulate UPR-associated and pro-apoptotic genes, while KLS cells, in contrast, show unperturbed expression of these genes. In addition, we performed in vitro experiments, inhibiting Serca function in Lin- BM cells via thapsigargin (TH) treatment. TH induced severe apoptosis in the overall cell population, while KLS accumulated and were blocked in the G0 phase, closely mimicking Serca2 LOF in vivo. We therefore question the therapeutic approach of targeting Serca2 in N1-driven T-ALL due to severe side effects induced by Serca2 inactivation in the BM.


Recent and historical data sets from different regions of the Arctic Ocean are analysed using velocity profiles from 127 eXpendable Current Profiler (XCP) deployments from the time period 1993 to 2010. The data sets are processed identically. The shear profiles of horizontal velocity are used to infer vertical mixing. Using the fine-scale parameterization which relate internal wave energy to energy dissipation rate, the diapycnal eddy diffusivity is inferred. An improved version of the fine-scale parameterization which includes corrections for the shear-strain ratio and variation in latitude is also employed. Joint microstructure measurements made it possible to compare the XCP derived eddy diffusivity with direct observations to test the applicability of the parameterization. It is concluded that the skill of the XCP derived eddy diffusivity in the Arctic Ocean is within a factor of 5-6. Using XCP deployments done at the same time and same location the accuracy of the eddy diffusivity calculation is estimated to be within one order of magnitude. The eddy diffusivity values are compared in relation to topographic variations and temporal variability. For the deeper layers of the ocean, the eddy diffusivity values averaged for slope and ridge areas are comparable, and a factor of two higher than those for the abyss. The analysis on the temporal variability was inconclusive due to relatively poor quality data set from 1993.


From the Proceedings of the 2004 Meetings of the Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science - April 12, 2004, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona


The loss of productive land is often one of the key drivers of human mobility. Land degradation might lead to increases in migration because of the need to diversify incomes, but it can also cause reduced mobility by eroding the financial or physical assets and capital required to finance migration. When on-site adaptation is either impossible or undesirable, migration allows people to modify their exposure to climate and environmental stressors. On one hand, temporary and circular labour migration, internal and international remittances, and family relocation are among the most common strategies used throughout history, and increasingly so in the past decades, to cope with harsh climatic variations, increasingly hostile natural environments, and natural disasters. On the other hand, land abandonment and out-migration can lead to further isolation and marginalization of both vulnerable rural populations (increasing their vulnerability if migration occurs in unplanned ways) and migrants who relocate toward areas of high environmental risk, such as resource-scarce or urban areas within insecure expanding cities. Based on existing evidence on the West Africa region, the research in this paper aims at gaining a better understanding of how land degradation interacts with drivers of migration by analysing the factors determining vulnerability at individual, household, and community levels, as well as those factors affecting capacities—whether inherent or acquired—and strategies that contribute to building resilience.


The Pattern Matching problem with Swaps consists in finding all occurrences of a pattern P in a text T , when disjoint local swaps in the pattern are allowed. In the Approximate Pattern Matching problem with Swaps one seeks to compute, for every text location with a swapped match of P , the number of swaps necessary to obtain a match at the location. In this paper, we present new efficient algorithms for the Approximate Swap Matching problem. In particular, we first present a O(nm2) algorithm, where m is the length of the pattern and n is the length of the text, which is a variation of the Backward-Cross-Sampling algorithm, a recent solution to the swap matching problem. Subsequently, we propose an efficient implementation of our algorithm, based on the bit-parallelism technique. The latter solution achieves a O(mn)-time and O(σ)-space complexity, where σ is the dimension of the alphabet. From an extensive comparison with some of the most recent and effective algorithms for the approximate swap matching problem, it turns out that our algorithms are very flexible and achieve very good results in practice.


Short-run maximization of firm profits provides the sole justification for transfers at marginal cost. This conclusion is based, however, on a theory of the firm that ignores precisely those information and agency costs that make transfer pricing necessary. An alternative approach is to replicate free market forces within the firm, allowing buying and selling divisions complete freedom to negotiate prices. We refer to this as "laissez-faire" transfer pricing. While short-run profits are suboptimized, this approach provides superior measures of divisional performance, reduces many of the agency costs associated with marginal cost pricing, and is more likely to lead to the maximization of long-run firm profits. In this paper, a neoclassical model of the firm is used to compare firm and divisional profits under both marginal-cost and laissez- faire transfer pricing. The differences in the level and allocation of these profits under the two systems quantifies the tradeoff between profit losses due to sub-optimization costs and improved performance measurement associated with deviating from the marginal cost rule. Our results indicate that transferring above marginal cost will significantly reduce total firm profits only when there are few outside customers for the transferred product. However, these results also indicate that when there are few outside customers, transfers at marginal cost will seriously distort divisional profit allocations. As a result, the firm faces a serious dilemma. It can maximize short-run profits, seriously distort divisional profit measurement and incentives, and, consequently, increase the probability that long-run profits will fall. Alternatively, it can sacrifice some short-term profits, obtain superior measures of divisional contributions to firm profits, and improve the chances of maximizing shareholder wealth in the long-term.


The relationship between annual variation in area burned and seasonal temperatures and precipitation was investigated for the major climate divisions in California. Historical analyses showed marked differences in fires on montane and foothill landscapes. Based on roughly a century of data, there are five important lessons on fire–climate relationships in California: (1) seasonal variations in temperature appear to have had minimal influence on area burned in the lower elevation, mostly non-forested, landscapes; (2) temperature has been a significant factor in controlling fire activity in higher elevation montane forests, but this varied greatly with season – winter and autumn temperatures showed no significant effect, whereas spring and summer temperatures were important determinants of area burned; (3) current season precipitation has been a strong controller of fire activity in forests, with drier years resulting in greater area burned on most United States Forest Service (USFS) lands in the state, but the effect of current-year precipitation was decidedly less on lower elevation California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection lands; (4) in largely grass-dominated foothills and valleys the magnitude of prior-year rainfall was positively tied to area burned in the following year, and we hypothesise that this is tied to greater fuel volume in the year following high rainfall. In the southern part of the state this effect has become stronger in recent decades and this likely is due to accelerated type conversion from shrubland to grassland in the latter part of the 20th century; (5) the strongest fire–climate models were on USFS lands in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, and these explained 42–52% of the variation in area burned; however, the models changed over time, with winter and spring precipitation being the primary drivers in the first half of the 20th century, but replaced by spring and summer temperatures after 1960.


The Steps of Slovenian Organisations on the Way to Business Excellence This research was carried out among the winners of the Slovenian business excellence prize (PRSPO), finalists and those who received special diplomas as a recognition level reached by applicants in implementing the business excellence model. Based on the findings of the research, we defined eight steps that organizations can consider as a guide on the path towards excellence. The purpose of the study was to examine how the previous winners of the PRSPO began their journey towards excellence, which were the key factors, what problems they encountered and how they managed to win the diploma or award. The analysis of the survey showed that the ISO 9001 standard is considered a first step towards the Slovenian business excellence award - in fact, it is a prerequisite for further improvements in the organization. The second step involves top management commitment and support for the introduction of excellence into business processes. The top management, in cooperation with all the employees, defines the areas for improvement and also confirms the method of implementation, both conceptually and financially. It is also necessary to take environmental aspects into consideration, which is provided by a third step along with the introduction of the ISO 14001. Once an organization defines the processes, it begins to introduce the business excellence model in the fourth step and carries out the self-assessment process. The key opportunities for improvement identified by the self-assessment process are further introduced in the business. In doing so, the organization can use various quality management approaches (the fifth step) and the first application for the PRSPO. In the sixth step, the organization encourages its employees to follow continuous education and innovation and, in the seventh step, participates again in the competition for the Slovenian business excellence award. As the required business excellence level is achieved, the organization receives the award for business excellence (PRSPO).


PURPOSE: To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating the effectiveness of depression treatment on mental and physical health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of cardiac patients. METHODS: Studies were identified using medical, health, psychiatry, psychology, and social sciences databases. Inclusion criteria were (1) 1 or more control conditions, (2) random assignment to condition after admission for myocardial infarction (MI)/acute coronary syndrome, after recording positive results on a depression screener, (3) documentation of depression symptoms at baseline, (4) depression management as a component of the rehabilitation/intervention, (5) validated measure of HRQOL as an outcome, at minimum 6-month followup. For meta-analysis, mental and physical HRQOL were the end points studied, using standardized mean differences for continuous outcome measures, with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was explored by calculating I2 statistic. RESULTS: Five randomized controlled trials included in the analysis represented 2105 participants (1058 intervention vs 1047 comparator). Compared with a comparator group at 6 months, a test for overall effect demonstrated statistically significant improvements in mental HRQOL in favor of the intervention (standardized mean differences = −0.29 [−0.38 to −0.20], [P < .00001]; I2 = 0%). Depression treatment had a modest yet significant impact on physical HRQOL (standardized mean differences = −0.14 [−0.24 to −0.04] [P = .009]; I2 = 15%). CONCLUSION: While the impact of post-MI depression interventions on physical HRQOL is modest, treatment can improve mental HRQOL in a significant way. Future research is required to develop and evaluate a program that can achieve vital improvements in overall HRQOL, and potentially cardiovascular outcomes, of cardiac patients.