The classical reasons for publishing include benefit for the community and humanity, new knowledge, integration or packaging of knowledge for distribution, benefit for yourself in terms of recognition and merit, learning, self-esteem and confidence, and must keep my job (short-term vs. long term). Some of the questions that I will attempt to discuss and resolve in this special session are the following: How do I determine where I should publish? How do I develop a plan to publish? How do I prepare a manuscript to a journal or a conference? How do I write different genres of research articles and what are their differences? What are the criteria that determine the survival of the manuscript in the review cycle and how can I improve my chances of increasing the likelihood of being successful? What are the rules that determine authorship and what are the ethical principles of publishing? How do I improve my writing skills? How do I manage and develop my publication portfolio over time? I will send considerable time discussing how to evaluate your sources and discuss implementation of strategies based on themes of Audience (i.e., who are the intended readers and what is the publication's purpose? There is a difference between a magazine and/or trade journals written for the general public and a journal written for professors and experts in the field; Relevance (i.e., Does this article relate to your topic? What connection can be made between the information that is presented and your thesis? Checking for relevance by reviewing the Abstract or Summary of the article before downloading the entire article); and Perspective (i.e., Biased sources can be helpful in creating and developing an argument, but make sure you find sources to help you understand the other side as well; extremely biased sources will often misrepresent information and that can be ineffective to use in your research.


Rapid in situ measurements of some components of fluorescent spectra are now possible with submersible multi‐wavelength fluorometers, which implies that phytoplankton composition can be measured, at least implicitly, at a spatial resolution that allows many scales of patches to be resolved. We present a method for identifying the location of patches of distinct fluorescent groupings of phytoplankton by using principal component analysis (PCA) to process in situ spectral data. The processing method potentially allows retention of more information from the raw data than existing methods because it depends on fewer assumptions. Furthermore, it can be applied without the need for site‐specific calibration of the fluorometer. A series of idealized spectral data sets were used to explain the conceptual basis of the approach; the method was then applied to field spectral data sampled in Lake Victoria, Kenya. The results demonstrate that the main features of large sample sets of multi‐component spectral data can be summarized in a single graph that reveals the number of spectrally distinct groups of phytoplankton at the site, and allows information about the spatial structure of those different phytoplankton groups to be derived from subsequent analysis. In this way, fluorescent spectral data collected at high spatial resolution can be used to identify the locations of patches and facilitate targeted water sample collection from those locations to investigate the species diversity and distribution at a study site.


Horizontal transfer is a complex phenomenon usually used as explanation of phylogenetic inconsistence which can not be interpreted in terms of vertical evolution. Most examples of horizontal transfer of eukaryotic genes involve transposable elements. An intriguing feature of horizontal transfer is that its frequency differs among transposable elements' classes. Although horizontal transfer is well known for DNA transposons and LTR retrotransposons, majority of previously described cases of horizontal transfer for non-LTR retrotransposons were dismissed based on the analysis of non-LTR retrotransposon sequence change rates. Nevertheless, recent findings suggest that non-LTR retrotransposons can be horizontally transmitted. Thus, one cannot completely exclude the possibility of horizontal transfer for this group of transposable elements. We review the occurrence of horizontal transfer of non-LTR retrotransposons and examine the criteria used to infer such transfers.


Long queries frequently contain many extraneous terms that hinder retrieval of relevant documents. We present techniques to reduce long queries to more effective shorter ones that lack those extraneous terms. Our work is motivated by the observation that perfectly reducing long TREC description queries can lead to an average improvement of 30% in mean average precision. Our approach involves transforming the reduction problem into a problem of learning to rank all sub-sets of the original query (sub-queries) based on their predicted quality, and selecting the top sub-query. We use various measures of query quality described in the literature as features to represent sub-queries, and train a classifier. Replacing the original long query with the top-ranked sub-query chosen by the ranker results in a statistically significant average improvement of 8% on our test sets. Analysis of the results shows that query reduction is well-suited for moderately-performing long queries, and a small set of query quality predictors are well-suited for the task of ranking sub-queries.


This document provides a review of previous IAB statements on Internet
transparency, as well a discussion of new transparency issues. Far
from having lessened in relevance, technical implications of
intentionally or inadvertently impeding network transparency play a
critical role in the Internet's ability to support innovation and
global communication. This document provides some specific
illustrations of those potential impacts. This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


Purpose

Adequate reliable property market data are critical to the production of professional and ethical valuations as well as better real estate transaction decision-making. However, the availability of reliable property market information represents a major barrier to improving valuation practices in Ghana and it is regarded as a key challenge. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the sources and reliability of property market information for valuation practice in Ghana. The aim is to provide input into initiatives to address the availability of reliable property market data challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed methods research approach is used. The study, thus, relies on a combination of a systematic identification and review of literature, a stakeholder workshop and a questionnaire survey of real estate valuers in Accra, Ghana's capital city to obtain requisite data to address the aim.

Findings

The study identifies seven property market data sources used by valuers to obtain market data for valuation practice. These are: valuers own database; public institutions; professional colleagues; property owners; estate developers; estate agents; and the media. However, access to property market information for valuations is a challenge although valuers would like to use reliable market data for their valuations. This is due to incomplete and scattered nature of data often borne out of administrative lapses; non-disclosure of details of property transactions due to confidentiality arrangements and the quest to evade taxes; data integrity concerns; and lack of requisite training and experience especially for estate agents to collect and manage market data. Although professional colleagues is the most used market data source, valuers own databases, was regarded as the most reliable source compared to the media, which was considered as the least reliable source.

Research limitations/implications

Findings from the study imply a need for the development of a systematic approach to property market data collection and management. This will require practitioners to demonstrate care, consciousness and a set of data collection skills suggesting a need for valuers and estate agents to undergo regular relevant training to develop and enhance their knowledge, skills and capabilities. The establishment of a property market databank to help in the provision of reliable market data along with a suitable market data collection template to ensure effective and efficient data collection are considered essential steps.

Originality/value

The study makes a significant contribution to the extant knowledge by providing empirical evidence on the frequency of use and the reliability of the various sources of market data. It also provides useful insights for regulators such as the Ghana Institution of Surveyors (GhIS), the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and other stakeholders such as the Commonwealth Association of Surveying and Land Economy (CASLE) and the Government to improve the provision of reliable property market information towards developing valuation practice not only in Ghana, but across the Sub-Saharan Africa Region. Also, based on these findings, the study proposes a new property market data collection template and guidelines towards improving the collection of effective property market data. Upon refinement, these could aid valuation practitioners to collect reliable property market data to improve valuation practice.


Basal growth hormone (GH) levels are higher in female than male primates, and estradiol (E) treatment of gonadectomized primates increases serum GH. To determine if the effect of E is mediated at the level of the somatotroph, we verified the effect of E-treatment on serum GH in spayed macaques, and then examined the effect of E on GH secretion in serum-free monkey pituitary cultures. Daily blood samples were obtained from cynomolgus macaques which were spayed upon detection of menstruation and immediately implanted with either empty (n = 5) or E-filled (n = 5) 2-cm silastic capsules. The average level of GH was significantly higher (P less than 0.003) in the E-treated group than in the control group (6.4 +/- 0.7 vs. 3.7 +/- 0.6 ng/ml). Pituitaries from rhesus monkeys were dispersed and cultured in 48-well plates on extracellular matrix in DME/F12 with insulin, transferrin, selenium. Using pituitary cells from a long-term spayed female, two plates were established with and without phenol red. Each plate was treated with E in a dose-related manner (0.001-10 nM) from days 0-18 (4 wells per dose). There was a significant dose-related increase in medium prolactin (PRL) in both plates, but E had no effect on GH. Therefore, the effect of E on GH in spayed monkeys cannot be accounted for by a direct action on somatotrophs. Additional phenol red-free pituitary cultures were established from four juvenile males, one adult male, two juvenile females, and two adult females and treated with E in a dose-related fashion for 28 days. Neither the adult male, the adult female, nor the juvenile female cultures exhibited an increase in GH with E treatment. Only the four juvenile male pituitary cultures showed a variable increase in GH with maximal responses ranging from 5 to 40% over control. This data suggested that the juvenile male pituitary contained an E-sensitive GH-secreting cell population which is not present in the other pituitary cultures. PRL and GH double-immunocytochemical staining of pituitary cultures from an adult female and a juvenile male revealed a significant population of rounded and possibly double-labeled cells in the juvenile male culture which were infrequently seen in the adult female culture. Speculatively, this population could represent mammosomatotroph stem cells that corelease GH and PRL upon stimulation.


From user-generated images of streets to professional architectural renderings, and from digital maps and drone footages to representations of invisible digital ecologies, this collection of essays analyses the emergent practices of visualizing the street. Today, advancements in digital technologies of the image have given rise to the production and dissemination of imagery of streets and urban realities in multiple forms. The ubiquitous presence of digital visualizations has in turn created new forms of urban practice and modes of spatial encounter. Everyone who carries a smartphone not only plays an increasingly significant role in the production, editing and circulation of images of the street, but also relies on those images to experience urban worlds and to navigate in them. Such entangled forms of image-making and image-sharing have constructed new imaginaries of the street and have had a significant impact on the ways in which contemporary and future streets are understood, imagined, documented, navigated, mediated and visualized. Visualizing the Street investigates the social and cultural significance of these new developments at the intersection of visual culture and urban space. The interdisciplinary essays provide new concepts, theories and research methods that combine close analyses of street images and imaginaries with the study of the practices of their production and circulation. The book covers a wide range of visible and invisible geographies – From Hong Kong's streets to Rio's favelas, from Sydney's suburbs to London's street markets, and from Damascus' war-torn streets to Istanbul's sidewalks – and engages with multiple ways in which visualizations of the street function to document street protests and urban change, to build imaginaries of urban communities and alternate worlds, and to help navigate streetscapes.


Ocean acidification lowers the saturation state of calcium carbonate, decreasing net calcification and compromising the skeletons of organisms such as corals, molluscs and algae. These calcified structures can protect organisms from predation and improve access to light, nutrients and dispersive currents. While some species (such as urchins, corals and mussels) survive with decreased calcification, they can suffer from inferior mechanical performance. Here, we used cantilever beam theory to test the hypothesis that decreased calcification would impair the mechanical performance of the green alga Acetabularia acetabulum along a CO2 gradient created by volcanic seeps off Vulcano, Italy. Calcification and mechanical properties declined as calcium carbonate saturation fell; algae at 2283 µatm CO2 were 32% less calcified, 40% less stiff and 40% droopier. Moreover, calcification was not a linear proxy for mechanical performance; stem stiffness decreased exponentially with reduced calcification. Although calcifying organisms can tolerate high CO2 conditions, even subtle changes in calcification can cause dramatic changes in skeletal performance, which may in turn affect key biotic and abiotic interactions.


This paper is focused on understanding the fundamental mechanisms of focused ion beam guided anodization and the unique capabilities of generating new patterns based on such an understanding. By designing proper interpore distance, pore arrangement, and pore shape during focused ion beam patterning, nonspherical pore shape and nonhexagonal patterns can be obtained by further anodization. The electrical field and the mechanical stress field around each focused ion beam patterned concave dictate the pore formation and growth. The oxide barrier layer thickness and shape around the focused ion beam guided pores affect new pore formation and the meshing of different size pores.


Against the background of an ever-growing body of literature that documents educational differentials in different forms of political participation, scholars have started to study whether education itself becomes the object of intergroup behavior. Informed by social identity theory and self-categorization theory, we examine whether making educational categories and the associated status differences salient affects people's prospective political participation. Two large survey experiments carried out in samples from Flanders (Belgium; N = 1,097) and the United States ( N = 629) were used to assess categorization effects of education on people's willingness to participate in deliberative political-participation initiatives. In general, our results indicated that rendering educational categories salient increased educational differentials in prospective political participation in a way that is disadvantageous to the less educated. We elaborate on the implications of our findings.


Purpose – This paper aims to investigate the effect of flexible working conditions on work-family conflict in European countries. Flexible work has increasingly been used by employers to adapt to the demands of economic competition, often at the expense of employee's demands. Yet, at the same time, flexible work can provide a means to better combine work and family obligations. The paper seeks to explore which of these effects dominates for different types of flexible employment, paying specific attention to gender-specific effects. Design/methodology/approach – For the cross-national analysis of work-life-conflict, the authors employ the latest wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) from 2010, featuring a module on "Family, work and well-being". Binomial logistic regression is used to identify determinants of work-life-conflict both on the micro- and the macro-level. In addition to looking at flexible work forms as a phenomenon per se, specific attention is given to the experience of different types of employment flexibilization throughout the financial crisis. Findings – For both genders, irregularity and unpredictability of working hours negatively impact on work-life conflict beyond the mere amount of working hours. Yet, higher autonomy in choosing one's work time is used very differently: While women tend to use their control over working hours to achieve a better work-life-balance, men tend to use these arrangements to increase their work commitment, thereby enhancing their perceived work-family conflict. The authors argue that this gender-specific use of flexible work arrangements might still reflect the traditional gender roles and gender-segregated labour market structures. Adding to previous literature, the authors furthermore demonstrate that gender-specific differences are also apparent in the effects of the most recent economic crisis.


Most generalization bounds in learning theory are based on some measure of the complexity of the hypothesis class used, independently of any algorithm. In contrast, the notion of algorithmic stability can be used to derive tight generalization bounds that are tailored to specific learning algorithms by exploiting their particular properties. However, as in much of learning theory, existing stability analyses and bounds apply only in the scenario where the samples are independently and identically distributed. In many machine learning applications, however, this assumption does not hold. The observations received by the learning algorithm often have some inherent temporal dependence.
This paper studies the scenario where the observations are drawn from a stationary phi-mixing or beta-mixing sequence, a widely adopted assumption in the study of non-i.i.d. processes that implies a dependence between observations weakening over time. We prove novel and distinct stability-based generalization bounds for stationary phi-mixing and beta-mixing sequences. These bounds strictly generalize the bounds given in the i.i.d. case and apply to all stable learning algorithms, thereby extending the use of stability-bounds to non-i.i.d. scenarios.
We also illustrate the application of our phi-mixing generalization bounds to general classes of learning algorithms, including Support Vector Regression, Kernel Ridge Regression, and Support Vector Machines, and many other kernel regularization-based and relative entropy-based regularization algorithms. These novel bounds can thus be viewed as the first theoretical basis for the use of these algorithms in non-i.i.d. scenarios.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an acute onset pneumonia caused by a novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in the Wuhan City of China in December 2019 and evolved into a global pandemic. To date, there are no proven drugs or vaccines against this virus. Hence, the situation demands an urgent need to explore all potential therapeutic strategies that can be made available to prevent the disease progression and improve patient outcomes. In absence of clinically proven treatment guidelines, several repurposed drugs and investigational agents are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for their probable benefits in the treatment of COVID-19. These include antivirals (remdesivir, lopinavir/ritonavir, umifenovir, and favipiravir), interferon, antimalarials (chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine), antiparasitic drugs (ivermectin and nitazoxanide), biologics (monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonist), cellular therapies (mesenchymal stem cells and natural killer cells), convalescent plasma, and cytokine adsorber. Though several observational studies have claimed many of these agents to be effective based on their in vitro activities and extrapolated evidence from SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) epidemics, the currently available data remains inconclusive because of ill-defined patient selection criteria, small sample size, lack of concurrent controls, and use of intermediary outcomes instead of patient-relevant outcomes. Moreover, there is a need to clearly define the patient populations who warrant therapy and also the timing of initiation of treatment. Understanding the disease pathology responsible for the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is imperative to identify the potential targets for drug development. This review explains the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and summarizes the potential treatment candidates, which can provide guidance in developing effective therapeutic strategies.


English General Further Education (FE) colleges have experienced many changes in recent decades including declining government funding and successive governments' reforms. The 2011 Education Act, the publication of the Foundation Code of Governance and the New Challenges New Chances policy reform programme introduced the opportunity for new freedoms in governance as well as increased focus on accountability. Using a multi-theoretical lens, this thesis aims to investigate the accountability of, and extent of disclosure made by, FE colleges in their annual reports for the period 2011-2013 following these reforms. In particular, the study aims to identify the extent of disclosure during the period and whether any observable patterns and trends emerge. In addition, it investigates what factors explain the variation in both general disclosure and disclosure about governance.

A self-constructed disclosure index of 143 items grouped into 24 categories was created and used to conduct content analysis of the narrative sections of annual reports, to measure the extent of disclosure for a sample of 101 colleges. The final sample size was arrived at following a Freedom of Information (FOI) request. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses proposed to explore the association between disclosure scores (total and governance) for 2013 and factors that could influenced is close for example, size, number of board meetings and use of co-opted members.

A major initial finding is that many FE colleges were not making their annual reports accessible on their website and some did not provide them even after a FOI request, indicating a lack of accountability. The results also suggest variability in the extent of disclosure. However, no observable patterns or trends emerged over the three year period, suggesting no apparent impact on disclosure due to changes and reforms.

The findings of the statistical analysis identified only one factor; co-opted members, as having a positive and statistically significant association with both the total and governance index scores. Size, leverage, auditors, number of governors, number of governor and audit committee meetings, HE provision and corporate governance code adopted were shown to have no significant effect on disclosure.

The study contributes to the limited literature on accountability and disclosure in the education sector. It is the first such study in the FE sector, previous studies having focused on higher education. The findings suggest, inter alia, that the requirement in the 2017-18 college account guidance that FE colleges publish their full annual report on their websites by 31 January 2019 is a useful one. Future research could check whether this is taking place and, with this study as a benchmark, track whether FE colleges' disclosure changes over time.


Species within the toxic marine diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia coexist in coastal and estuarine waters globally and are difficult to distinguish by microscopy. Here, we describe a sensitive, high throughput PCR-based Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) approach to determine the relative abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species within natural communities over space and time. The method was quantitatively validated using simplified mixtures of DNA or ITS1 standards from isolates of P. pungens, P. multiseries, and P. delicatissima. Relative abundance calculations based on ARISA profiles from these mixtures reflected input ratios, with minor deviations resulting from intraspecific variability. ARISA was used to identify and quantify at least eight species within Puget Sound and the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington, USA: P. americana, P. australis/P. seriata, P. cuspidata, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. fryxelliana, P. multiseries, and P. pungens; genotypes corresponding to P. pungens var. pungens and P. pungens var. cingulata were identified by environmental sequencing. The different species were significantly correlated with physical (temperature, salinity), biological (chlorophyll a fluorescence, oxygen), and/or chemical (ammonium, nutrient ratios) factors. The ability to determine shifts in the relative abundance of Pseudo-nitzschia species over spatial and temporal scales relevant to dispersion and selection facilitates dissection of the varied mechanisms driving vertical and horizontal species distribution patterns in hydrographically complex systems.


The GEO 600 gravitational wave detector uses advanced technologies including signal recycling and monolithic fused-silica suspensions to achieve a sensitivity close to the kilometre scale LIGO and VIRGO detectors. As soon as the design sensitivity of GEO 600 is reached, the detector will be operated as part of the worldwide network to acquire data of scientific interest. The limited infrastructure at the GEO site does not allow for a major upgrade of the detector. Hence the GEO collaboration decided to improve the sensitivity of the GEO detector by small sequential upgrades some of which will be tested in prototypes first. The development, test and installation of these upgrades are named 'The GEO-HF Project.' This paper describes the upgrades considered in the GEO-HF project as well as their scientific reasons. We will describe the changes in the GEO 600 infrastructure and the prototype work that is planned to support these upgrades. Finally, we will point to some laboratory research that identifies new technologies or optical configurations that might undergo a transition into detector subsystems within the GEO-HF project.


Changes in the modern workplace, brought about by technology and management innovations and by increased global competition, raise many concerns about the adequacy of workforce skills. In the US and elsewhere, these concerns have led to new ideas about skills, in particular the need for 'generic skills' like problem solving, teamwork, and communications. Many employers and policymakers in the US believe that these skills are necessary for work across most jobs and support school reforms to teach them. This article presents empirical evidence from a study in technical work which challenges conventional wisdom about skills and skill requirements and has broad implications for school reform.


A brief review of the literature on this subject is given. By means of "training table" experiments in which use was made of the Latin square system in order to allow of rapid statistical analysis of the results obtained, it was shown that: (1) The honeybee prefers dilute sodium chloride and ammonium chloride solutions to distilled water. (2) It does not prefer concentrations of these salts higher than N /20 solutions and solutions of various other salts to distilled water. (3) The honeybee appears unable to distinguish between N /160 sodium chloride or N /160 ammonium chloride and distilled water. (4) The honeybee is probably largely attracted to such sources of drinking water as rain water from gutters choked with decaying organic matter, sewage effluent, etc.: by a water perception sense coupled with an olfactory appreciation of various volatile substances contained in these sources of water. (5) The volatile substances present in the distillates from the various naturally occuring solutions examined could be absorbed on to animal charcoal to a large extent, in which case the resulting supernatant fluid was found to have lost its great attraction for the honeybee and was no longer clearly distinguished from distilled water. (6) The salts contained in these sources of drinking water do not appear to play an important part in attracting the bee thither. (7) It was found possible to express the preference shown by the honeybee for various solutions by means of numerical factors based on distilled water having an arbitrary factor of 10. Forty different solutions have been arranged in order of preference by this means.


In bacteria, most genes are encoded on the leading strand, co-orienting the movement of the replication machinery with RNA polymerases. This co-orientation bias reduces the frequency of highly detrimental head-on collisions between the two machineries. This and other work set up the expectation that over evolutionary time, head-on alleles are selected against, maximizing genome co-orientation. Our findings challenge this model. Using the well-established GC skew method, we reveal the evolutionary inversion record of all chromosomally encoded genes in multiple divergent bacterial pathogens. We find that a surprisingly large number of co-oriented genes have inverted to, and are retained in the head-on orientation. Furthermore, we find that these head-on genes, (including key antibiotic resistance and virulence genes) have higher rates of nonsynonymous mutations and are more frequently under positive selection (dN/dS>1). Based on these results, we propose that bacteria increase their evolvability through gene inversion and promotion of head-on replication-transcription collisions.


During the period of 1991-2013, the Lithuanian Baltic seaside suffered very intensive, often unsustainable processes of privatisation and urbanisation. These processes took place in the resort of Palanga and other areas such as Giruliai, Melnragė, Karklė, Sventoji, etc. The result contributed to the loss of recreational potential there. During the spontaneous formation of the Lithuanian maritime metropolis, the state of the quality of environment and landscape resulted in the loss of sustainability. Consequently, brand new seaside territorial problems emerged. The following methods were used: system analysis, comparative analysis, visual inspection of the recreational green spaces and environmental assessment studies of the structures, including the methods of spatial structure analysis of recreational landscapes. The study is based on the results 2001-2013 in Lithuania. According to the solutions of the general plan of the territory of Lithuania, the seaside territory is attributed to high to very high potential recreational areas of national importance. The general plan of the territory of the Republic of Lithuania provides the guidelines for the development of recreational seaside region. Thus, the medium and high quality infrastructure for accommondation and base of recreational services must be created. Long-time environmental monitoring leads to the conclusion that in recent years, instead of improving, the environmental quality of many Lithuanian seaside areas have lost the important qualitative components, resulting in the deteriorated quality of public spaces, and the increased urban and architectural chaos. In this study, the authors examine the impact of changes on the quality of the recreational territorial system on the recreational potential of areas. The study provides particular suggestions on how to improve the quality of the recreational environment using the design and installation tools. This paper presents suggestions for the implementation of measures for planning public spaces and recreational areas of coastal settlements, and improving the recreational potential of the areas. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.8.3.7498


This article examines the fortunes of the recently created Five Star Movement, a party that at its first general election in February 2013 became the most voted for party in Italy. It explains the success of this new party through citizens' demands, patterns of party competition and institutional rules. Building on the interplay between popular demands and party supply, the study examines the overall political stance of this party and how it fits the policy priorities of citizens. By comparing it with other parties, the article investigates how the Five Star Movement distinguished itself from its competitors. Finally, the article examines how the electoral system has limited its emergence.


The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of an orange Malawian local maize variety MW5021 by comparing with a hybrid variety DKC-9089 for nutritional quality and processing properties such as proximate and mineral composition as well as pasting and thermal properties of the flour, and resistance against Prostephanus truncatus infestation during storage of the grain. Maize plants sampled for the experiments were cultivated under three different fertilizer applications, namely 0, 92 and 184 kg-N/ha, considering the chemical fertilizer input among Malawian smallholder farmers. Even without fertilizer input, significantly higher contents of crude protein, Mg, P, Ca, Fe and Zn were observed in MW5021, as compared with DKC-9089. Among pasting properties, setback of the flour slurry from MW5021 was significantly lower than DKC-9089 for all fertilizer treatments. Two-way ANOVA indicated that MW5021 had significantly lower number of grains damaged by P. truncatus than DKC-9089, throughout 12 weeks of storage experiment at 28±2°C. Thus, this study revealed that the Malawian orange local variety MW5021 retained by the smallholder farmers has considerably higher nutritional quality and P. truncatus resistance as well as lower retrogradation hardening after cooking the flour, than the hybrid maize DKC-9089.

 Key words: Maize, Mineral composition, pasting properties, postharvest losses, Prostephanus truncatus, Malawi.


In this paper, we propose a path-computation algorithm for a dynamic virtual network topology (VNT) configuration. We focus on a multi-layer network formed by a connection-oriented Ethernet over a wavelength-switched optical network under the framework of a unified generalized multi-protocol label-switching control plane. The algorithm chooses the route depending on the current state of the network resources, favoring the usage of virtual and forwarding adjacency (FA) traffic engineering (TE) links over a new lambda switching capability (LSC) label-switched path (LSP) establishment. The performance evaluation of the proposed algorithm is conducted through simulations according to three different operational scenarios for the VNT configuration: dynamic, in which all LSC LSPs are established and released dynamically, semi-dynamic, in which a set of FA LSC LSPs is pre-established and advertised by a routing protocol as FA TE links, and virtual, in which a set of FA TE links is pre-defined, but not established. Two different topologies are used: NSFNET and Pan-European. It is shown that the proposed algorithm significantly reduces the connection-blocking probability compared to the algorithms found in the literature, providing an efficient collaboration between the switching layers involved.


Abstract Functional, constructional, and preservational criteria led to a reinterpretation of seemingly complex trace fossils and the majority of assumed metazoan body fossils from Vendian lagerstatten. In the new scenario, Ediacaran biota were dominated by procaryote biomats and giant protozoa (Xenophyophoria and Vendobionta), which developed a great variety of shapes and lifestyles in the climatically controlled "golden age" that followed the Marinoan snowball earth. Contemporary metazoans (sponges; polyps; soft-bodied mollusks; possible echinoderms; worm-like burrowers) were adapted to this non-uniformitarian environment, but they remained scarce and relatively small. Some phyla (arthropods, brachiopods) appear to have still been absent. Our study also accentuates the Cambrian Explosion, which put an end to the peaceful "Garden of Ediacara". Not only did the former rulers become extinct or restricted to less favorable environments, but the radiation of metazoan phyla was also accompanied by an ecological revolution that established a new and more dangerous world, which persists to the present day.


Results are reported from a search for non-standard-model Higgs boson decays to pairs of new light bosons, each of which decays into the μ + μ − final state. The new bosons may be produced either promptly or via a decay chain. The data set corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5 . 3 fb − 1 of proton–proton collisions at √ s = 7 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC in 2011. Such Higgs boson decays are predicted in several scenarios of new physics, including supersymmetric models with extended Higgs sectors or hidden valleys. Thus, the results of the search are relevant for establishing whether the new particle observed in Higgs boson searches at the LHC has the properties expected for a standard model Higgs boson. No excess of events is observed with respect to the yields expected from standard model processes. A model-independent upper limit of 0 . 86 ± 0 . 06 fb on the product of the cross section times branching fraction times acceptance is obtained. The results, which are applicable to a broad spectrum of new physics scenarios, are compared with the predictions of two benchmark models as functions of a Higgs boson mass larger than 86 GeV / c 2 and of a new light boson mass within the range 0.25–3.55 GeV / c 2 .


Wilms' tumor is an embryonal tumor which is derived from metanephric metanephric blastema. The occurrence of both sporadic and hereditary forms, along with various congenital abnormalities of Wilms' tumor suggest that the tumors develop when a predisposing germ line mutation is accompanied by a second mutation. The existence of both gross chromosomal abnormalities has led to the genetic characterization of a number of loci involved in the development of Wilms' tumor. A tumor suppressor gene for Wilms' tumor, WT1, has been isolated from the 11p13 region. The product of this gene is a transcription factor with four zinc fingers. Because of expression of WT1 is limited to the developing glomeruli of the kidneys and the genital ridge, it is thought to have a functional role in renal and gonadal organogesis. Thus dysfunction of WT1 causes loss of normal regulation of proliferation and leads to tumor formation and occurrence of Wilms' tumor anomaly complexes. The role of the imprinting genes, H19 and IGF2 in oncogenesis of Wilms' tumors are also discussed.


A novel technique for sawteeth control in tokamak plasmas using ion-cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) has been developed in the JET-ILW tokamak. Unlike previous ICRH methods, that explored the destabilization of the internal kink mode when the radio-frequency (RF) wave absorption was placed near the q  =  1 surface, the technique presented here consists of stabilizing the sawteeth as fast as possible by applying the ICRH power centrally and subsequently induce a sawtooth crash by switching it off at the appropriate instant. The validation of this method in JET-ILW L-mode discharges, including preliminary tests in H-mode plasmas, is presented.


Abstract : The problem of efficient multirobot coordination has risen to the forefront of robotics research in recent years. Interest in this problem is motivated by the wide range of application domains demanding multirobot solutions. In general, multirobot coordination strategies assume either a centralized approach where a single robot/agent plans for the group, or a distributed approach, where each robot is responsible for its own planning. Inherent to many centralized approaches are difficulties such as intractable solutions for large groups, sluggish response to changes in the local environment, heavy communication requirements, and brittle systems with single points of failure. The key advantage of centralized approaches is that they can produce globally optimal plans. While most distributed approaches can overcome the obstacles inherent to centralized approaches, they can only produce suboptimal plans. This work explores the development of a market-based architecture that will be inherently distributed, but will also opportunistically form centralized sub-groups to improve efficiency, and thus approach optimality. Robots will be self-interested agents, with the primary goal of maximizing individual profits. The revenue/cost models and rules of engagement will be designed so that maximizing individual profit has the benevolent effect of moving the team toward the globally optimal solution. This architecture will inherit the flexibility of market-based approaches in allowing cooperation and competition to emerge opportunistically. The outlined approach will address the multirobot control problem for autonomous robotic colonies carrying out complex tasks in dynamic environments where it is highly desirable to optimize to whatever extent possible. Future work will develop the core components of a market-based multirobot control-architecture, investigate the use of a negotiation protocol for task distribution, design and implement resource and role management schemes, and a


This study evaluated Earth Observing 1 (EO-1) Hyperion reflectance time series at established calibration sites to assess the instrument stability and suitability for monitoring vegetation functional parameters. Our analysis using three pseudo-invariant calibration sites in North America indicated that the reflectance time series are devoid of apparent spectral trends and their stability consistently is within 2.5-5 percent throughout most of the spectral range spanning the 12+ year data record. Using three vegetated sites instrumented with eddy covariance towers, the Hyperion reflectance time series were evaluated for their ability to determine important variables of ecosystem function. A number of narrowband and derivative vegetation indices (VI) closely described the seasonal profiles in vegetation function and ecosystem carbon exchange (e.g., net and gross ecosystem productivity) in three very different ecosystems, including a hardwood forest and tallgrass prairie in North America, and a Miombo woodland in Africa. Our results demonstrate the potential for scaling the carbon flux tower measurements to local and regional landscape levels. The VIs with stronger relationships to the CO2 parameters were derived using continuous reflectance spectra and included wavelengths associated with chlorophyll content and/or chlorophyll fluorescence. Since these indices cannot be calculated from broadband multispectral instrument data, the opportunity to exploit these spectrometer-based VIs in the future will depend on the launch of satellites such as EnMAP and HyspIRI. This study highlights the practical utility of space-borne spectrometers for characterization of the spectral stability and uniformity of the calibration sites in support of sensor cross-comparisons, and demonstrates the potential of narrowband VIs to track and spatially extend ecosystem functional status as well as carbon processes measured at flux towers.


A drug that binds to the androgen receptor acts by disrupting its activity in the cell nucleus. Men with advanced prostate cancer are often treated with antiandrogens—drugs that inhibit the activity of male hormones, such as testosterone, that help drive tumor growth. Many of these drugs act by functionally disrupting the androgen receptor (AR), a transcriptional regulatorof cell proliferation, but tumors eventually become resistant to the drugs by expressing higher levels of the AR. Tran et al. have developed a "second-generation" antiandrogen, a thiohydantoin called MDV3100, which binds the AR with high affinity. MDV3100 retains its anticancer activity in cell culture and in mouse models, even when AR levels are elevated. The drug appears to act both by inhibiting translocation of the AR into the nucleus and by reducing its transcriptional activity. MDV3100 is being tested in patients with advanced prostate cancer, the first group of which have shown a decline in blood levels of a marker of cancer growth, prostate-specific antigen. C. Tran, S. Ouk, N. J. Clegg, Y. Chen, P. A. Watson, V. Arora, J. Wongvipat, P. M. Smith-Jones, D. Yoo, A. Kwon, T. Wasielewska, D. Welsbie, C. D. Chen, C. S. Higano, T. M. Beer, D. T. Hung, H. I. Scher, M. E. Jung, C. L. Sawyers, Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science 324, 787–790 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Given a graph $F$, let $I(F)$ be the class of graphs containing $F$ as an induced subgraph. Let $W[F]$ denote the minimum $k$ such that $I(F)$ is definable in $k$-variable first-order logic. The recognition problem of $I(F)$, known as Induced Subgraph Isomorphism (for the pattern graph $F$), is solvable in time $O(n^{W[F]})$. Motivated by this fact, we are interested in determining or estimating the value of $W[F]$. Using Olariu's characterization of paw-free graphs, we show that $I(K_3+e)$ is definable by a first-order sentence of quantifier depth 3, where $K_3+e$ denotes the paw graph. This provides an example of a graph $F$ with $W[F]$ strictly less than the number of vertices in $F$. On the other hand, we prove that $W[F]=4$ for all $F$ on 4 vertices except the paw graph and its complement. If $F$ is a graph on $t$ vertices, we prove a general lower bound $W[F]>(1/2-o(1))t$, where the function in the little-o notation approaches 0 as $t$ inreases. This bound holds true even for a related parameter $W^*[F]\le W[F]$, which is defined as the minimum $k$ such that $I(F)$ is definable in the infinitary logic $L^k_{\infty\omega}$. We show that $W^*[F]$ can be strictly less than $W[F]$. Specifically, $W^*[P_4]=3$ for $P_4$ being the path graph on 4 vertices.
Using the lower bound for $W[F]$, we also obtain a succintness result for existential monadic second-order logic: A usage of just one monadic quantifier sometimes reduces the first-order quantifier depth at a super-recursive rate.


Introduction: Osteoporosis has become a topic of pediatric interest because bone mineral density (BMD) in adults is dependent on the peak bone-mass achieved during childhood and adolescence. Various factors affect the accretion of bone mass, among them are calcium consumption, especially through dairy products, and physical activities. Objective: To evaluate the daily consumption of calcium from dairy products, assess the nutritional state, and describe risk factors related to osteoporosis in adolescent girls ages 15 to 18 at a public high school in Asuncion, Paraguay. Materials and Methods: Observational and descriptive design with a cross-sectional analytical component. A total of 100 adolescent girls were included and their nutritional status evaluated according to body mass index (BMI), stature-for-age (CDC, 2000), mid-upper arm circumference, and triceps skinfold. Consumption of dairy products was evaluated through a nutritional survey taken during October 2006. Risk factors were described by means of a self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire. Statistics: Parametric and non-parametric measures of central tendency, such as the Chi squared and Fisher Exact Test were used. Significan ce was considered to be p<0.05. The SPSS 9.0, Excel 5.0, and Statistica 4.5 programs were used. Results: Only 7% of the adolescents in the study consumed the 4 portions of dairy products recommended for their age group. The average consumption of calcium from dairy products was 492 mg/day. We found a prevalence of being overweight of 8%, and of obesity of 5%. Some 9% of the adolescents were of short stature. Conclusions: The majority of adolescents do not consume the recommended amount of calcium.


The Barnum Museum is a combination waxworks, masked ball, and circus sideshow masquerading as a collection of stories. Within its pages, note such exhibits as: a study of the strategies used by the participants in the game of Clue; a dilettante who constructs an imaginary woman, and loses her to an imaginary man; and a legendary magician so skilled at sleight-of-hand that he is pursued by police for the crime of erasing the line between the real and the conjured. Ingeniously written, each exhibit in The Barnum Museum--including the story upon which the movie The Illusionist was based--will compel you to continue reading, luring you to the next. Originally published by Poseidon Press in 1990, Dalkey Archive Press in 2007, now available again.


The subject of this book is theatre directing in four internationally famous instances. The four directors-Konstantin Stanislavsky, Bertolt Brecht, Elia Kazan, and Peter Brook - all were monarchs of the profession in their time. Without their work, theatre in the twentieth century - so often called "the century of the director" - would have a radically different shape and meaning. The four men are also among the dozen or so modern directors whose theatrical achievements have become culture phenomena. In histories, theories, hagiographies, and polemics, these directors are conferred classic stature, as are the four plays on which they worked. Chekhov's The Seagull, Brecht's Mother Courage and Her Children, and Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire have long been recognized, in the theatre and in the study, as masterpieces. They are anthologized, quoted, taught, parodied, read, and produced constantly and globally. The culturally conservative might question the presence of MaratiSade in such august company, but Peter Weiss's play stands every chance of figuring in Western repertories, classroom study, and theatrical histories until well into the twenty-first century. In their quite different ways, these are all classics of that Western drama which is part of our immediate heritage.


Since the early 60's, before, during and post- conflict, many people and small groups from diverse social, cultural, religious and secular backgrounds have worked to promote a more fair and reconciled society here, one which nourishes new strength and restores a vigor to new, more open relationships, structures and institutions. Restorative Justice in Northern Ireland, as a concept and as a way of working, contributed to the wider inclusion of a wider range of citizens and identities in the Peace Process in NI than could have been previously imagined. The formal development of RJ as a community led approach within NI from 1994 on has been an, eventually, creative tension between how new community based initiatives and traditional state practices and institutions have navigated one another and negotiated a new, more restorative platform, to the benefit of all.The gift of a wider informed citizen and community base that is more open to restorative practices has had political significance and contributed directly to groups who have been previously marginalised and 'beyond the pale' coming into, and infusing, the process. These developments have been essential to securing an agreed, locally devolved, policing and criminal justice system, as one of the last jig-saw pieces in the 1998 political agreement.And yet, in a society where our common history has often, with some notable exceptions, been to be ambivalent about violence and participate, too readily, in silent or direct support for those willing to be violent to 'different others', we cannot too quickly present ourselves and this society as being 'restorative models par excellence'. The fourth paragraph of the 1998 Belfast Agreement is a continuing challenge to all parties.4. We reaffirm our total and absolute commitment to exclusively democratic and peaceful means of resolving differences on political issues, and our opposition to any use or threat of force by others for any political purpose, whether in regard to this agreement or otherwise.In essence, when there is a restorative encounter, the participants experience something of what it means to be in a new, more open experience of community, a place where each is, in a sense, responsible for the safety and security of the other and not just themselves. Such an experience is a fundamental building block this society needs, emerging from conflict. Those people who facilitate and participate in such quality experiences, when they occur, become potential carriers of new models on which a more restorative society culture can be promoted and built. This applies whether they have been involved in: conferences associated with the juvenile justice system, in family group conferences, in restorative school cultures, in residential care, in prison; in mediations associated with civil society groups, in the often painful meetings of victims and survivors of the conflict, in meetings between those who were previously opposed, in new community / police partnerships or in innovative, more inclusive, youth work practices, to name only some. If we are to move on beyond conflict, and address our inability to deal with our common violent and excluding past, such experiences need multiplied.If Restorative Practices are promoted, and eventually embedded, in diverse relational and structural practices associated with public, private and civil society organisations within the society we will become a more healed and cohesive society. It is important that this practice is promoted through policies and the practical actions of people within: civic, trade union, women's groups, men's groups and sporting groups; the cultures of faith, business, educational and welfare organisations; the practices of local councils, housing and health authorities serving the needs of citizens; and the curricula, practices and relational atmospheres of our special, primary, secondary, further and higher educational communities.Everywhere the sometimes-restrictive interpretations of restorative justice by professionals and their agency cultures can work against a wider civic embrace of the restorative concept. We need a societal space where citizens are more empowered in restorative ideas and practices as pupils, students, parents, residents and where agencies engage more restoratively with civil society, the business community, trade unions and public agencies. Restorative Practices are practices that have a meaning and significance outside the CJ system in terms of healing relationships and nurturing new life and possibilities in existing, and new, structures and institutions. Becoming a more restorative society?Some challenges now are that the umbrella terms of 'community' or 'communities' often used in public policy, as well as in service delivery by public and community agencies, can be too quickly equated with the historically competing identity communities here. As such, they may dilute movements to develop a 'shared society', a more inclusive future society of diverse citizens.


This dataset represents an update to U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 597. Locations and attributes of wind turbines in Colorado, 2009 (available at http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/597/). This updated Colorado wind turbine Data Series provides geospatial data (fig. 1) for all 1,204 wind turbines established within the State of Colorado as of September 2011, an increase of 297 wind turbines from 2009. Attributes specific to each turbine include: turbine location, manufacturer and model, rotor diameter, hub height, rotor height, potential megawatt output, land ownership, county, and development status of the wind turbine. Wind energy facility data for each turbine include: facility name, facility power capacity, number of turbines associated with each facility to date, facility developer, facility ownership, and year the facility went online. The locations of turbines are derived from 1-meter true-color aerial photographs produced by the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP); the photographs have a positional accuracy of about ±5 meters. Locations of turbines constructed during or prior to August 2009 are based on August 2009 NAIP imagery and turbine locations constructed after August 2009 were based on September 2011 NAIP imagery. The location of turbines under construction during September 2011 likely will be less accurate than the location of existing turbines. This data series contributes to an Online Interactive Energy Atlas developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (http://my.usgs.gov/eerma/). The Energy Atlas synthesizes data on existing and potential energy development in Colorado and New Mexico and includes additional natural resource data layers. This information may be used by decisionmakers to evaluate and compare the potential benefits and tradeoffs associated with different energy development strategies or scenarios. Interactive maps, downloadable data layers, comprehensive metadata, and decisionsupport tools also are included in the Energy Atlas. The format of the Energy Atlas is designed to facilitate the integration of information about energy with key terrestrial and aquatic resources for evaluating resource values and minimizing risks from energy development.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the airport mobile marketing and what elements have had a positive or negative influence in cross-selling via an airport app.  Design/methodology : For this analysis, a survey was conducted to users that use the Schiphol Amsterdam Airport app. A total of 103 questionnaires were analyzed using structural equation modeling.  Findings: This study found that security/control factor supplied by the mobile marketing tool to passengers at the airport, it has been demonstrated that it favours an increase in cross-selling. in addition, if an airport is perceived to have a good brand image, it will have a positive effect in cross-selling.  Originality/value : This paper is the first research that examines the impact of mobile marketing in airports. Smelling multiple products and services to the same client before, during, and post consumption  is a marketing technique that intends to (1) satisfy a client's need and (2) increase a company's profit by using cross-selling and other complementary services. Airline companies are experts in carrying out this activity, and airports have found that mobile applications are the perfect tool to increase their commercial profits. Offering complementary products and services is a very lucrative business, and a mobile device or smartphone are -- and will become -- the ideal medium to meet users' demands as well as to improve the passenger experience.  Keywords: mobile marketing, cross-selling, information, security-control, image-perception, satisfaction, WOM


This paper looks at non-numerical quantifiers (NNQs), such as a lot of, loads of . The set of quantifiers to be discussed is first identified in relation to their description in major English grammars. Issues of variable noun complementation and verb agreement with the NNQ are identified as being of interest, along with the choice of quantifier and its collocations in different regions (Australian, New Zealand and British English) and registers. Corpus findings for a lot/lots of are compared with other NNQs where the quantifying noun can be singular or plural (ONNQs). An additional set of NNQs was investigated for regional variance. The findings are compared particularly with those for British English, and the status of particular NNQs as vague quantifiers and the process of delexicalization/ degrammaticization is discussed.


What explains the success of repeat entrepreneurs? A team of researchers from the Australian Graduate School of Entrepreneurship (AGSE) and the Institute of HeartMath (IHM) have been investigating the proposition that nonlocal intuition accounts for the repeat entrepreneur's extraordinary ability to locate future business opportunities. Nonlocal intuition is the perception of energetically encoded information about a future event by the body's psychophysiological systems, which informs entrepreneurial decision and action; this information is not based on reason or memories of prior experience (McCraty et al., 2004a). This paper reports the results of a study testing the measurement efficacy of improvements to an experimental protocol used in a pilot study reported at last year's AGSE. The new study was conducted on a sample of non-entrepreneurs who have been practicing emotional management and coherence building techniques to increase intuition. The study employed both cognitive and electrophysiological measures (skin conductance response and heart rhythm patterns) in an 8 session repeated measures design. In addition to investigating the stability of intuitive ability over time, we also compared data from last year's pilot study of repeat entrepreneurs to examine the degree to which the intuitive ability is comparable to the sample of non-entrepreneurs. The results are quite promising, as the evidence shows that the experimental protocol appears to function as a valid and reliable instrument for measuring nonlocal intuition in both entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. While preliminary, results from an aggregate analysis of the nonentrepreneurs show a consistent pattern of physiological detection of a nonlocal intuitive effect that is evident across the repeated sessions of the experiment. There is strong evidence, especially in the separation of the heart rhythm win/loss curves, of detection of a nonlocal intuitive pre-stimulus effect some 12-14 seconds before the betting outcome was presented to the participants. The results from the comparison of entrepreneurs with non-entrepreneurs showed similar evidence of the detection of a nonlocal intuitive effect in the recordings of heart rhythm patterns. While these are preliminary results, they are consistent with the findings of previous studies.


One of the continuing challenges in the hotel industry is developing effective compensation policies that motivate frontline employees. Unfortunately, the areas of compensation and pay fairness are underresearched, and what research does exist often provides methodological and theoretical precision without necessarily lending itself to practical insight. The study presented here uses a longitudinal design to examine the effects of pay fairness on employees' work effort and performance. Data for this study were collected from 270 employees and their supervisors in seven hotels in China. In practical terms, the results indicate that a fairly straightforward model connects perceptions of pay fairness with work effort and job performance. In theoretical terms, this study further validates the second-order factor structure of pay fairness dimensions (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational). Stated more technically, despite the construct validity associated with a multidimensional structure of fairness, a more parsimonious model using an overall fairness representation predicts work effort and job performance better than the more detailed model that involves four distinct but interrelated fairness measurements. The chief implication is that although actual pay levels are important to perceptions of compensation fairness, hotel employees also take into account the compensation procedures, the nature of their interactions with management, and the extent to which managers and the company are forthcoming about compensation practices. Thus, money alone is not the only motivating factor for hotel employees but management treatment is also a large element of employees' view of fairness.


Phosphorus (P) has been linked to eutrophication in surface waters because it is a limiting nutrient for algal growth, and recent studies have shown that P transport through subsurface flow is of growing concern. In this study we amended dairy and poultry manures with lanthanum (La) and ytterbium (Yb) chlorides to assess the efficacy of using rare earth element (REE) chloride amendments in reducing P leaching through intact soil columns and to determine the major pathways of applied P leaching. Significant reductions in dissolved P (DP; 56% to 64%), particulate P (PP; 22% to 36%), and total P (TP; 41% to 51%) in leachate were seen when dairy manure was amended with REE-chlorides, but no significant reductions in these P fractions were seen in amended poultry litter. Differences in P leaching losses between the two REE-amended manures were likely due to better mixing and dissolution of the REE-chlorides and better precipitation of an insoluble particulate REE-phosphate salt in the liquid manures prior to being applied. Very little vertical transport of REEs was observed in soil leachate over repeated events. Elevated concentrations of REEs along soil macropores at depths greater than 15 cm (5.9 in) suggest the importance of this pathway. However, due to the extremely low concentrations of REEs found at depth and the much higher values of soil P, the ability to "label" the manures with REEs to track P through macropores in the soil was only suggestive and by no means conclusive. Results point to the efficacy of REE-chlorides in lowering P solubility in liquid manures but limited potential in tracking subsurface transport pathways of applied manure P in soils.


Led by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC), the Chinese government has adopted a residual income (RI) index since 2010 when assessing the performance of the 129 state owned enterprises (SOEs) under direct administration of Central Government, known as central SOEs, after a three-year trial. This study explored how actors interact during the new index adoption process. The actors include SASAC as an agent of state interests and the scheme promoter, and the management of SOEs at both group and business unit level. The project aims to: establish the evolution of performance measures in Chinese central SOEs and explore the motives behind explore the effects of RI adoption on strategic, managerial and operational decision making at both group and business unit level analyse the relationships and the interactions between actors during RI implementation. A case study approach is used to interview key officials in charge of performance evaluation, the chief financial officers (CFOs) and the business unit managers of four case companies.


Objective. Ultrafast ultrasound (UUS) imaging has been used to detect intramuscular mechanical dynamics associated with single motor units (MUs). Detecting MUs from ultrasound sequences requires decomposing a velocity field into components, each consisting of an image and a signal. These components can be associated with putative MU activity or spurious movements (noise). The differentiation between putative MUs and noise has been accomplished by comparing the signals with MU firings obtained from needle electromyography (EMG). Here, we examined whether the repeatability of the images over brief time intervals can serve as a criterion for distinguishing putative MUs from noise in low-force isometric contractions. Approach. UUS images and high-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) were recorded simultaneously from 99 MUs in the biceps brachii of five healthy subjects. The MUs identified through HDsEMG decomposition were used as a reference to assess the outcomes of the ultrasound-based components. For each contraction, velocity sequences from the same eight-second ultrasound recording were separated into consecutive two-second epochs and decomposed. To evaluate the repeatability of components' images across epochs, we calculated the Jaccard similarity coefficient (JSC). JSC compares the similarity between two images providing values between 0 and 1. Finally, the association between the components and the MUs from HDsEMG was assessed. Main results. All the MU-matched components had JSC > 0.38, indicating they were repeatable and accounted for about one-third of the HDsEMG-detected MUs (1.8 ± 1.6 matches over 4.9 ± 1.8 MUs). The repeatable components (JSC > 0.38) represented 14% of the total components (6.5 ± 3.3 components). These findings align with our hypothesis that intra-sequence repeatability can differentiate putative MUs from noise and can be used for data reduction. Significance. This study provides the foundation for developing stand-alone methods to identify MU in UUS sequences and towards real-time imaging of MUs. These methods are relevant for studying muscle neuromechanics and designing novel neural interfaces.


In 1991, Anton Shammas wrote of a Palestinian immigrant who had come to the United States, secretly carrying with him plants, seeds, and seven birds native to the West Bank: "Maybe that's why Abu-Khalil can feel at home in California, surrounded by the artifacts of his lost Palestine. This country is big; it has enough room not only for the newcomers but also for their portable homelands. Among other achievements, Amerka [sic] has made homesickness obsolete" (300). Shammas suggested that as a result of America's space and immigrants' ability to import the things of home to the United States, there need be no more pain at parting, no more longing for a lost home. Is this true? If one can have in America the food, the clothes, the newspapers (if not always the birds and the plants) of one's native land, does distance no longer matter? Has homesickness become an outdated and unnecessary emotion? The answer is complex. As cross-country and international travel has become faster, more comfortable, and more affordable, leaving home has come to be seen as a less consequential act, because it appears easier to return. The same transportation technologies that make it possible for people to leave and return home also make it possible to transport some of the tastes and sounds of home to a new location. Modern, global consumer society holds out the promise that returning home is easy, and that reconstructing home in a new locale is even easier. While the home one has left may be far away, the consumer economy provides the illusion that it is relatively close at hand. In such a context, homesickness may seem to some to be an emotional artifact of the past, inappropriate in a contemporary society that takes for granted the necessity of mobility. Those who suffer from homesickness, however, know all too clearly that even with such conveniences, distances between an old home and a new one are sometimes great, and often unbridgeable. This article examines the history of homesickness and how consumer society has reshaped the emotion. The commercialization of travel has allowed for easier migration, which often has resulted in homesickness. On the other hand, the market economy gradually has been able to offer to immigrants a wide array of familiar consumer goods from the places they have left. These may provide some comfort to migrants that earlier generations could not find. Imported goods priced for the masses became widely available in the late nineteenth century, and for that reason, this article will trace the way that immigrants to the United States at the turn of the century used consumerism to reproduce in the new world some elements of their old lives. In doing so, they assuaged, but did not eliminate, their homesickness. A Brief History of Homesickness Homesickness was first recognized as a widespread problem by Johannes Hofer in 1688. A Swiss scholar, Hofer wrote a dissertation on the pain he witnessed among young people far from home and the physical symptoms they seemed to endure. To describe their condition he coined the word "nostalgia", combining the Greek word for pain, algia, with nostos, which means 'return home' (Hofer 381). Hofer's new diagnosis became popular in Europe in the eighteenth century, especially among doctors working with young soldiers. Physicians elaborated on his description of the disease, and added a host of new symptoms that they had observed. Many of them believed the disease could be fatal, if left untreated (Starobinski 81-103). While at first the condition seemed to strike only populations in Continental Europe, by the 1750s, the word "homesickness" had entered the English language (Oxford English Dictionary 330), and by the late eighteenth century, it had been carried across the Atlantic. British colonists in North America used it to describe their own emotions. By the nineteenth century, the idea that homesickness was a dangerous disease also had spread to America. …


In the design of incentive compatible mechanisms, a common approach is to enforce incentive compatibility as constraints in programs that optimize over feasible mechanisms. Such constraints are often imposed on sparsified representations of the type spaces, such as their discretizations or samples, in order for the program to be manageable. In this work, we explore limitations of this approach, by studying whether all dominant strategy incentive compatible mechanisms on a set T of discrete types can be extended to the convex hull of T.Dobzinski, Fu and Kleinberg (2015) answered the question affirmatively for all settings where types are single dimensional. It is not difficult to show that the same holds when the set of feasible outcomes is downward closed. In this work we show that the question has a negative answer for certain non-downward-closed settings with multi-dimensional types. This result should call for caution in the use of the said approach to enforcing incentive compatibility beyond single-dimensional preferences and downward closed feasible outcomes.


The Danish national reports on land-use change and forestry has so far only considered C sequestration in existing forests and in afforestation areas on former arable land. The standing stock of wood in existing forests was 55.2 millions cubic m in 1990, and the annual net increment for 1990-1999 (wood increment minus harvested wood) was around 600,000 cubic m equivalent to 916 Gg CO2 per year. It is the strategy of the Danish Government to double the forested area over the next 80-100 years by encouraging afforestation of arable land. Afforestation activities started in 1990, and C sequestration in new forests increased from 4 Gg CO2 in 1991 to 57 Gg CO2 in 1998. Wood volumes were converted to Gg C by using conversion factors slightly modified from the 1996 revised IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel of Climatic Change) Guidelines. The presentation will focus on the methods behind these estimates and give examples of current studies and research needs from a Danish point of view.


The development of consultation-liaison psychiatry in Portuguese general hospitals raises the need for specific training to be included in the preparation of psychiatric trainees. In order to contribute to a better quality of liaison psychiatric training we propose guidelines for this training period. We describe the aims of a training period, the core curriculum, the structure of this training and provide a bibliography. We also propose a systematic evaluation profile for psychiatric trainees and supervisor.


This volume 3, number 2 gathers a set of articles based on the most outstanding research on accessibility and disability issues that was presented in the International Conference on NeuroRehabilitation 2012 (ICNR). The articles' research present in this number is centred on the analysis and/or rehabilitation of body impairment most due to brain injury and neurological disorders.  JACCES thanks the collaboration of the ICNR members and the research authors and reviewers that have collaborated in making possible that issue.


[1] Between June 2003 and September 2005, 20 broadband, three-component seismometers were deployed along the MacKenzie-Liard Highway in Canada's Northwest Territories as part of the joint Lithoprobe-IRIS Canada Northwest Experiment (CANOE). These stations traverse a paleo-Proterozoic suture and subduction zone that has been previously documented to mantle depths using seismic reflection profiling. Teleseismic receiver functions computed from ∼250 earthquakes clearly reveal the response of the ancient subduction zone. On the radial component, the suture is evident as a direct conversion from the Moho, the depth of which increases from ∼30 km to ∼50 km over a horizontal distance of ∼70 km before its signature disappears. The structure is still better defined on the transverse component where the Moho appears as the upper boundary of a 10 km thick layer of anisotropy that can be traced from 30 km to at least 90 km depth. The seismic response of this layer is characterized by a frequency dependence that can be modeled by upper and lower boundaries that are discontinuous in material properties and their gradients, respectively. Anisotropy can be characterized by a ±5% variation in shear velocity and hexagonal symmetry with a fast axis that plunges at an oblique angle to the subduction plane. The identification of this structure provides an unambiguous connection between fossil subduction and fine-scale, anisotropic mantle layering. Previous documentation of similar layering below the adjacent Slave province and from a range of Precambrian terranes across the globe provides strong support for the thesis that early cratonic blocks were stabilized through processes of shallow subduction.


Abstract The strong resilience of the mineral zircon and its ability to host a wealth of isotopic information make it the best deep-time archive of Earth's continental crust. Zircon is found in most felsic igneous rocks, can be precisely dated and can fingerprint magmatic sources; thus, it has been widely used to document the formation and evolution of continental crust, from pluton- to global-scale. Here, we present a review of major contributions that zircon studies have made in terms of understanding key questions involving the formation of the continents. These include the conditions of continent formation on early Earth, the onset of plate tectonics and subduction, the rate of crustal growth through time and the governing balance of continental addition v. continental loss, and the role of preservation bias in the zircon record. Supplementary material: A compilation used in this study of previously published detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotope data are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18791


The present generation and the coming generations have to solve three grave problems, namely, population, poverty and pollution if they have to survive.  We will focus ourselves on pollution for now. The environmental problems in India are growing rapidly. The increasing economic development and a rapidly growing population that has taken the country from 300 million people in 1947 to more than one billion people today is putting a strain on the environment, infrastructure, and the country's natural resources.  Industrial pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and land degradation are all worsening problems for our country. Overexploitation of the country's resources, be it land or water and the industrialization process has resulted environmental degradation of resources.  Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems that is facing humanity and other life forms on our planet today. It is no longer a new or surprising fact that mankind has actually brought the Earth to the brink of disaster. Man's suicidal actions will soon turn this wonderful planet into a lifeless and hostile planet. The ill-effects of ever-growing population and urbanization have already been seen, felt and realized to some extent in different circles.  Today, the air we breathe, the water we drink and the land on which we grow our food, have been poisoned. Numerous problems like ozone layer depletion, greenhouse effect, global climatic changes, depletion of ground water levels, drinking water crises, etc. are all plaguing the Earth today in the twenty-first century and posing serious threats to the survival as well as the very existence of the human race on this  Earth. Industrialization and urbanisation have resulted in a profound deterioration of India's living quality. Out of the 3 million premature deaths that occur in the world each year due to pollution, the highest number are assessed to occur in India. According to the World Health Organization, the country of India is one of the top ten polluted countries in the world. According to another study, while India's Gross Domestic Product has increased 2.5 times over the past two decades, while the pollution has quadrupled in the same period. Through the paper we will be throwing light on various forms of pollution prevalent in India and their effect on the common man of the country. And the measures that can be used to curb the pollution and minimize the effect of pollution on the people. Mahatma Gandhi had said that nature has enough to satisfy everyone's need but has not enough to satisfy man's greed. Sadly our ever-expanding greed has put us in such precarious situation that we face today. Keywords: Pollution, Law, Environment, People, Legal Perspective


Abstract This article examines the subsistence practices among the Muduga and Kurumba of Attappady in Kerala paying close attention to the socio-ecological basis of their economic activities. This facilitates an understanding of the close relationship between the distribution of natural and cultural communities, and the way in which the society is organized to reach a successful accommodation of a specific set of environmental needs. The data presented relate to wild and domesticated food products and the kin and social systems employed for obtaining them. I conclude that, although hunting and gathering alone could provide a subsistence, in a modern situation, dependence on agriculture is necessary for a 'better' and 'successful' economic system. Introduction Recently, several articles have appeared which consider that, for hunter-gatherers, subsistence based on foraging alone is impossible for survival in tropical rain forests (Headland 1987; Headland and Reid 1989; Headland and Bailey 1991; Bailey et al. 1989; Bailey and Headland 1991). However, there are also "strong evidences that people can live by foraging alone in ....rain forest and have done so in the past" (Endicott and Bellwood 1991:15; see also Brosius 1991; Bahuchet et al. 1991; Dwyer and Minnegal 1991; Stearman 1991). At the same time, it is an established fact that the cultural environments of tropical South Asian foragers - their intimate and long-term interaction with the neighboring agricultural groups - have greatly shaped their socio-economic systems (e.g., Bose 1956; Gardner 1966, 1985, 1991, 1993; Deetz 1968; Fox 1969; Morris 1977, 1982a, 1982b; Peterson 1978; Bird-David 1988, 1990; Tharakan 2003). Though engaged in hunting and gathering, these foragers combine and navigate between hunting and gathering, shifting cultivation, trade and occasional wage labor - depending on conditions and available resources - ecological parameters, technology, and relations with neighbors (cf. Tharakan 2003:323; see also Lee and De Vore 1968; Denbow 1984; Myers 1988; Lee 1992; Bird-David 1988, 1992; Guddemi 1992). The purpose of this article is to attempt to understand the human ecology of the Muduga and Kurumba of South India, and examine the extent to which hunting and gathering is accompanied by other modes of subsistence and why. The Muduga and Kurumba are non-intensive agriculturalists who both hunted and gathered in rain forests while frequently interacting with outsiders. Through data on the subsistence pattern and organization of the Mudaga and Kurumba, this article describes the ways in which people are adapted to their natural (tropical)1 environment and attempts to point out that their contemporary subsistence practices need to be viewed as part of a wider social system of trade, interaction and exchange, and in the context of a changing ecological system resulting from climatic changes, deforestation and restrictions imposed by forest officials, and local socio-economic interaction. Accepting the ecological constraints experienced by rain forest foragers, the paper shows that a mixed procurement system is a possible solution to the problem. Methods This study is based on an independent field investigation among the Muduga and Kurumba of Attappady employing mainly methods of participant observation and unstructured interviews. The data were collected in the context of a larger study on the social organization of Muduga and Kurumba. Out of the 21 Muduga hamlets, Veettiyoor, Anakkal, Thaze-Abbanoor and Mele-Abbanoor, and among the 14 Kurumba hamlets, Thadikundu, Anavai and Thaze-Thodukki were selected and household-survey was conducted for about 150 households. The villages were selected by a random sample so as to constitute 15% (around 700 members) of the total population of Muduga and Kurumba estimated to be about 4500. Data were collected in two different field trips on the sample population. The first study was conducted between March 1995 and June 1995. …


Foreman established the genus Polyentactinia from three species. Since then, 26 additional Polyentactinia species have been described. Together, their biostratigraphic range is Late Cambrian to Early Permian. Such a long range for one genus is unlikely. Further, the species were assigned to Polyentactinia because of their shell wall's angular meshwork, disregarding other characteristics. From re-examination of the type species, P. craticulata, we find that, unlike the genus and type species diagnoses, it has a thin one-layered shell wall of fine spongy meshwork with a latticed base, an internal spicule with seven rays extending to main spines, and one short ray directed toward the single large pylome. Such specimens may belong to the Pylentonemidae. Recently three genera, including two Cretaceous genera, have been assigned to the Polyentactiniidae, but they share no characteristics with Polyentactinia that would tie them to the Polyentactiniidae, regardless of how diverse and unrelatedly heterogeneous the species in Polyentactinia. Therefore, the family Polyentactiniidae may no longer be a valid taxon. Except for the type species, among 29 Polyentactinia species, other researchers have reorganized five species; we reassign 24 species in this paper. Among them, six species share characteristics with a previously unreported species from the Ohio Shale fauna. For those, we establish the genus Costaentactinia and, for the unreported species, C. foremanae. We also establish Retentactinia spongiosa n. sp. that is closely related to one of the three species on which Foreman based her genus.


Abstract This article examines the role played by the European Commission in negotiations between the European Economic Community and Israel concerning a trade agreement. It demonstrates that the Commission's attitude to such an agreement was far more positive than that of the six member states. The Commission's leadership pushed the Israelis into pursuing an association agreement, and when this was revealed to be impossible, it took a leading role in concluding a more limited trade agreement. The Commission's proposal formed the basis for the final agreement, which took shape in 1964. The article attempts to discern the motives behind the Commission's behaviour; its central claim is that the Commission's leadership viewed negotiations with Israel and the conclusion of an agreement as a means to achieve their ideological and institutional goals.


Lorrie Moore is the author of three novels and five collections of stories. Moore has been recognized for her work with the Irish Times International Fiction Prize and a Lannan Foundation fellowship, as well as the PEN/Malamud Award and the Rea Award for her achievement in the short story. Her most recent novel, A Gate at the Stairs, was shortlisted for the 2010 Orange Prize and the PEN/Faulkner. Her most recent collection, Bark, was shortlisted for the Story Prize, the Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, and the Premio Gregor von Rezzori prize. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2001 and to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2005. Booth's Eliza Tudor interviewed Moore when she visited campus in the fall of 2010, just after the release of A Gate at the Stairs. Cover Page Footnote "From an Unpublished Interview with Lorrie Moore" was originally published at Booth. This article is available in Booth: http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/booth/vol8/iss9/2


The objective of this study was to investigate the physiology and productivity in Escherichia colicultures with emphasis on the temperature-limited fed-batch (TLFB) culture. The TLFB techniquecontrols the oxygen consumption rate of the growing culture by a gradually declining temperaturefrom 37-35 °C down to 20-18 °C. The temperature regulated the DOT around a set-point (30 % airsat.), and all nutrients were in excess. Glucose was fed into the culture continuously, however, highacetate formation was avoided by keeping the glucose at a low, yet excessive, concentration. Thebiomass productivity was approximately the same in TLFB as in glucose-limited fed-batch (GLFB)cultures, since the specific growth rate and the oxygen consumption rate are limited by the oxygentransfer capacity of the reactor in both techniques.High concentrations of endotoxins were found in the medium of E. coli fed-batch cultures at lowspecific growth rates (below 0.1 h-1) and severe glucose limitation. In this thesis the TLFB techniquewas found to suppress the endotoxin release even at low specific growth rates. The repressed release of endotoxins in TLFB cultures was due to the high availability of glucose and not to the low growthrate or the lower temperature. The conclusion was drawn from comparing with the GLFB technique performed at 20 °C, which resulted in high endotoxin release.Extensive release of endotoxin, accompanied with high concentrations of soluble proteins was foundin a TLFB culture exposed to a higher energy dissipation rate, 16 kW m-3, instead of 2 kW m-3, due toa higher stirrer speed (1000 instead of 500 rpm). The hypothesis that this is a result of mechanicalstress is discussed in context with the common view that cells like E. coli, which are smaller than the Kolmogoroff's microscale of turbulence, should not be influenced by the turbulence.TLFB cultured cells exhibited more stable cytoplasmic membranes when treated with osmotic shockas compared to the GLFB cultured cells. The concentrations of DNA and soluble proteins in the periplasmic extracts from the TLFB cultured cells were lower than from GLFB cultured cells. Inaddition, the specific productivity of periplasmic β-lactamase was higher in the TLFB cultures,suggesting that this technique could be an alternative for protein production. The solubility of apartially aggregated recombinant protein increased in the TLFB compared to the GLFB cultures.However some time after induction, in spite of the gradually declining temperature, the solublefraction decreased.For obtaining better understanding of the performance of the process and for identifying criticalparameters, a mathematical model was developed based on the growth, energy and overflowmetabolism at non-limiting nutrient conditions. The temperature-dependent maximum specific glucoseand oxygen uptake rates were determined in pH-auxostat cultures for temperatures ranging from 18 to37 °C. A dynamic simulation model of the TLFB technique was developed and the results were compared to experimental data. The simulation program was also used for sensitivity analysis of some physiological and process parameters to study the impact on biomass concentration and temperatureprofiles. An effect on the biomass concentration profile but not on the temperature profile wasobserved when changing the oxygen transfer coefficient. If the maximum specific glucose uptake ratewas altered, or if the glucose concentration was permitted to assume other values, the temperatureprofile but not the biomass concentration profile was influenced. Cell death affected both the biomassconcentration profile and the temperature profile.


We present the synthesis of a new high Curie temperature (Tc ∼ 145 K) organic-based magnet with composition V[ETCEC]1.3·0.3 CH2Cl2 formed by the reaction of ethyl tricyanoethylenecarboxylate (ETCEC) with V(CO)6 in CH2Cl2. Analysis of the IR spectrum indicates that all nitrile and carbonyl oxygen are coordinated to V(II) sites. Temperature-, field-, and frequency-dependent measurements of the magnetization reveal complex magnetic behavior with a magnetic transition into a more disordered state. Application of the random anisotropy model (RMA) shows that this disordered state is different from the correlated spin glass (CSG) phase observed in analogous organic-based magnets V[MeTCEC]x and V[TCNE]x synthesized in CH2Cl2. This suggests that V[ETCEC]x is less disordered than its analogues, which can be attributed to the slower reaction rate. This result provides a new partner to MeTCEC and TCNE based materials for the exploration of all-organic magnetic heterostructures.


This research aimed to develop new fire retardant rubber formulations, by surveying the existing knowledge base for fire retardant approaches for polyisoprene rubber, characterising unmodified compounds, formulating and studying fire retarded compounds for use within suspension and anti-vibration mounting systems. Materials have been prepared on a bench scale and evaluated for physical properties. Thermal decomposition has been studied using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) in both air and nitrogen. Burning behaviour has been studied using a horizontal burning rate method, Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and the cone calorimeter.
Basic rubber mixtures were prepared to investigate the interactions between the polymer and additives, under TGA conditions. Zinc oxide was found to have little effect on the polymer decomposition, while silica reduced thermal stability. When decomposed in air, increasing levels of carbon black reduce the rate of mass loss in the polymer. Comparing formulations with different cross-linking types, sulphur without cross-linking increases the heat release in a cone calorimeter; but when low levels of sulphur form efficient cross-links, heat release is suppressed, as also occurs with organic peroxide cross-linking.
The effect of carbon black on burning behaviour was compared with inorganic fillers. Within the cone calorimeter, material containing carbon black formed a char-like residue which provides some reduction in the rate heat release, and did not contribute to the fuel load. The use of inorganic fillers yielded more rapid burning behaviour. Any level of carbon black addition gives a reduction in the rates of heat, smoke, CO, and CO2 release, confirming that carbon black had a stabilising effect.
Intumescent formulations were prepared using ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol and melamine, and separately using expandable graphite (EG). Within the cone calorimeter both systems yielded a significant reduction in the first peak of heat release rate, but a much higher second peak than for the unmodified compound. This second peak value is associated with the significant levels of intumescence observed. The use of EG gave a greater level of fire retardance compared to the APP formulation.
Hydrated fillers, and blends thereof, were investigated; an equal blend of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) was found to yield the lowest peak release rate on the cone calorimeter. Hydrated fillers were investigated with synergists proposed in the literature. Little benefit was noted for these additives when used as partial replacements for the filler.