This paper is a comparative study of game-theoretic solution concepts in strictly competitive multiagent scenarios, as commonly encountered in the context of parlor games, competitive economic situations, and some social choice settings. We model these scenarios as ranking games in which every outcome is a ranking of the players, with higher ranks being preferred over lower ones. Rather than confining our attention to one particular solution concept, we give matching upper and lower bounds for various comparative ratios of solution concepts within ranking games. The solution concepts we consider in this context are security level strategies (maximin), Nash equilibrium, and correlated equilibrium. Additionally, we also examine quasistrict equilibrium, an equilibrium refinement proposed by Harsanyi, which remedies some apparent shortcomings of Nash equilibrium when applied to ranking games. In particular, we compute the price of cautiousness, i.e., the worst-possible loss an agent may incur by playing maximin instead of the worst (quasi-strict) Nash equilibrium, the mediation value, i.e., the ratio between the social welfare obtained in the best correlated equilibrium and the best Nash equilibrium, and the enforcement value, i.e., the ratio between the highest obtainable social welfare and that of the best correlated equilibrium.


Self compacting concrete is often defined as a composite that possesses not only a very high workability, which results in a not necessary compaction, but also that resists segregation and maintains stable composition throughout transport and placing.
However, two of the inner properties of SCC, fluidity and stability, seem, in a primary analysis, to be opposed. That research has tried to investigate how these two properties interact. More particularly, what is the influence of the flow of concrete on its stability. However, this potential instability caused by flow could transcend further than the fresh state, affecting also the hardened properties.

An initial experimental part had the aim to study the loss of uniformity caused by flow by means of the segregation experiment. Three mixes were studied, representing each mix one of the three groups: a self compacting concrete, a self compacting concrete with the aggregate grading modified for a potential higher segregation and, finally, a steel fibre reinforced self compacting concrete (SFRSCC). Almost identical results were assessed for the three mixes: the coarse aggregate distribution was constant along the length of the mould. In the case of the SFRSCC, also the fibre volume fraction exhibited a uniform distribution. Therefore, no segregation was observed for the three mixes studied, neither when the mix flowed into a 1,2 m long mould, nor when a longer mould of 2,96 m was used.

The second part dealt with the distribution and orientation of fibres within SFRSCC elements. A uniform distribution of fibres is of crucial interest to guaranty the uniform response of the element and the absence of weaker sections that could cause structural problems. The results showed that no differences of the fibre orientation and distribution along the beam were caused by flow. Only a general tendency to distribute more fibres on the bottom part and to align in a planar orientation was observed.

The final experimental part studied the potential influence of flow on the mechanical properties, more particularly, on the residual flexural strength of SFRSCC elements. The tested specimen, consisting of a 2,96 m long beam casted from one end, was sawn into three parts, so that three specimens composed of concrete with potentially different flow effects according to its proximity to the casting point were obtained. The mechanical properties of these specimens were studied through bending tests. After testing the thirds, the lack of differences on the flexural tensile strength between the third closer and the third further to the casting point proved that no influence of the flow of concrete was found in that mechanical property.

The consideration of all the results obtained during the experimental research points in the direction that concrete had the enough stability during flow to exhibit uniform mechanical properties in the hardened state, unaffected by flow.


Substitution policies are strategies sometimes chosen in Sub-Saharan Africa for curtailing the shortage of health professionals especially caused by the outflow of medical personnel. The aim of our contribution is to propose a way to assess the merits and drawbacks of substitution policies by developing a simple growth model of healthcare productivity with medical brain drain. Within this framework, we use a medical care production function of the CES type which aggregates low and high specialized health workers. We then run simulations which compare scenarios with and without substitution strategies by using data from the Ghana's medical sector.


Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gregarious larval endoparasitoid from China that is being released in the United States as a biocontrol agent of the emerald ash borer ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an exotic beetle responsible for widespread ash mortality. The developmental time of immature stages, adult longevity, reproductive age, oviposition rate, and realized fecundity were determined in the laboratory under normal rearing conditions (25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 10% RH, and L:D 16:8 hr photoperiod). It takes approximately four weeks to complete a single generation (from egg to adult) under normal rearing conditions. While male wasps lived for a median of 5 weeks, females lived significantly longer with a median survival time of 6 weeks and a maximum survival time of 9 weeks. Newly emerged females appeared to be as capable of producing progeny as older females, indicating that T. planipennisi may be synovigenic. The average number of progeny per reproductive female remained relatively constant through the first 6 weeks of the trial with each reproductively active female producing 23-26 progeny each week. Lifetime realized fecundity of the adults averaged 57 progeny per reproductively active female with a female-tomale sex ratio of approximately 3:1; the maximum number of progeny produced by a single female was 108. These results suggest that T. planipennisi may have several generations in the mid-Atlantic and Midwestern regions of United States, where normal growing seasons (with average temperature >25 °C) are normally four to five months (May-Sep). Because of the gregarious nature, long life span and oviposition period of adults, T. planipennisi is likely to have multiple overlapping generations and has the potential to be an effective biocontrol agent against EAB.


In the era of evidence-based policy and practice, the importance of using research for decision-making in health systems has been increasingly recognized (W1). Numerous strategies to take research knowledge into action and policy (i.e. "knowledge translation") are sought (W2). These strategies are of particular importance for developing countries, where health research can bring tangible benefits to the health status of their people. Researchers, practitioners and policy-makers in developing countries are faced with situations very different from those encountered by practitioners in industrialized countries. The so-called 10/90 gap includes lack of access to information and lack of investment in research. The concept of evidence-based decision-making has contributed to gains, but it has also decontextualized knowledge: often we need answers to our local problems, and the existing evidence established at the global level may not be exactly what is needed to solve them. It is essential, therefore, for developing countries to conduct research on their own problems and to be able to make use of the global knowledge in the local context. This in turn necessitates the publication of their own biomedical journals. Journals--either traditional paper ones or in electronic form--are one of the major media for dissemination of information. Editors need specific skills to acknowledge their readers' needs, be familiar with publication practices, and exercise editorship. Many editors of biomedical journals published in developing countries, however, do not have any formal training for their craft and may do their job out of interest or simply because they have been assigned to the position. Almost all of them find their way through trial and error among the various pushes and pulls to which their information products are subjected. To help editors in need of a forum or network for exchange of ideas, several associations have been established. They have all provided valuable services in educating medical journal editors, but none was solely directed to the problems facing editors of small journals, which are completely different from those dealt with by editors of mainstream journals (3). While the mainstream journals primarily have problems with authorship vs contributorship, conflict of interests, or ethical issues in conducting research and publication, editors of small medical journals have more fundamental problems including lack of an infrastructure for running a journal, insufficient funding, lack of expertise in desktop publishing, low visibility, and problems with absorbing high-quality research articles. Editors in developing countries reasonably require their own specific training courses and associations responsible for catering to their different needs. In 2003, a group of editors of biomedical journals published in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region met at a conference held in Cairo, Egypt, to assess the status of medical research and journals in the region (3). One outcome was the recognition that editors working in other countries in the region, regardless of the social, cultural, political and economic status of their countries, face similar problems--to which they once had to find solutions through trial and error. …


Actuarial risk assessments might be unduly perceived as a neutral way to counteract implicit bias and increase the fairness of decisions made at almost every juncture of the criminal justice system, from pretrial release to sentencing, parole and probation. In recent times these assessments have come under increased scrutiny, as critics claim that the statistical techniques underlying them might reproduce existing patterns of discrimination and historical biases that are reflected in the data. Much of this debate is centered around competing notions of fairness and predictive accuracy, resting on the contested use of variables that act as "proxies" for characteristics legally protected against discrimination, such as race and gender. We argue that a core ethical debate surrounding the use of regression in risk assessments is not simply one of bias or accuracy. Rather, it's one of purpose. If machine learning is operationalized merely in the service of predicting individual future crime, then it becomes difficult to break cycles of criminalization that are driven by the iatrogenic effects of the criminal justice system itself. We posit that machine learning should not be used for prediction, but rather to surface covariates that are fed into a causal model for understanding the social, structural and psychological drivers of crime. We propose an alternative application of machine learning and causal inference away from predicting risk scores to risk mitigation.


Since the creation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the regulation of the Domain Name System (DNS) has become a central topic in Internet law and policy discussions. ICANN's critics argue that ICANN uses its technical control over the DNS as undue leverage for policy and legal control over the DNS itself and over activities that depend on the DNS. Such problems are not unique to the DNS. Rather, the DNS discussions are an example of the more abstract governance problems that occur in a set of technologies known as "namespaces." A namespace is a collection of all names in a particular system. Namespaces are ubiquitous. They can be found both in real space and cyberspace. Namespaces analyzed in this Article include the DNS, IP addresses, ENUM, Microsoft Passport, peer-to-peer systems, TCP port numbers, public key infrastructures as well as digital rights management and instant messaging systems. This Article also shows that many of its findings can also be applied to namespaces outside of cyberspace - such as bibliographic classification schemes, P.O. boxes, Social Security numbers, as well as the names of DNA sequences, diseases, and chemical compounds. Namespaces are an overlooked facet of governance both in real space and cyberspace. This Article develops a general theory of the governance of namespaces. Designing namespaces and exercising control over them is not a mere technical matter. Rather, the technical control over a namespace creates levers for the intrusion of politics, policy, and regulation. In particular, the technical control may lead to speech, access, privacy, copyright, trademark, liability, conflict resolution, competition, innovation, and market structure regulation. The Article provides several dimensions along which namespaces can be analyzed. From a legal and policy perspective, it matters, for example, whether a namespace is centralized or decentralized, whether the namespace is controlled by a public or private entity, and the degree to which the internal structure is adaptive. These and other dimensions influence how namespaces protect social values and how they allocate knowledge, control, and responsibility. This Article will also demonstrate that the "end-to-end argument" was implemented on the Internet by a particular design of a specific namespace. The taxonomic structure developed in this Article can be useful to legal and policy debates about the implications of various namespaces. It may also be helpful to designers of namespaces who consider the legal and policy consequences of their actions.


Your bookkeeping workflow will be smoother and faster with QuickBooks 2011 -- but only if you spend more time using the program than figuring out how it works. This Missing Manual puts you in control: You'll not only find out how and when to use specific features, you'll also get basic accounting advice to help you through the learning process. Set up QuickBooks. Arrange files and preferences to suit your company. Manage your business. Track inventory, control spending, run payroll, and handle income. Follow the money. Examine everything from customer invoices to year-end tasks. Find key info quickly. Take advantage of QuickBooks reports, Company Snapshot, and search tools. Streamline your workflow. Set up the Home page and Online Banking Center to meet your needs. Build and monitor budgets. Learn how to keep your company financially fit. Share your financial data. Work with your accountant more efficiently.


Migrant Revolutions: Haitian Literature, Globalization, and US Imperialism. By Valerie Kaussen. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008. ISBN 978-07391-1636-4. 245 pp. $75.00 cloth. The central chapter of Valerie Kaussen's book deals with the engaged, militant writings of the Marxist political activists Jacques Roumain and Jacques-Stephen Alexis, published in the middle decades of the twentieth century. This exceptionally fertile period in Haitian literature was marked by a modernist fidelity to the country's inaugural emancipatory project, an effort to renew or at least re-write the revolutionary prise de conscience in a context shaped by newly transnational forms of neo-colonial oppression and anti-colonial resistance. Kaussen makes a thoroughly compelling case for the enduring political and literary significance of novels like Roumain's Gouverneurs de la rosee (1944) and Alexis's Compere General Soleil (1955), broadly along the lines defended, around the same time, in C.L.R. James's landmark study, The Black Jacobins (1938). The rest of Kaussen's book is organized by her determination to extend a similar interpretation of Haitian literature both back in time to the indigenisme of the 1920s, and forward to the more recent "postmodern" fictions of Marie Chauvet and Edwidge Danticat. There is a great deal to be said in favor of this interpretation, starting with its point of departure. The whole of Kaussen's book privileges the practical and theoretical primacy of the Haitian Revolution as a fundamental and thoroughly contemporary event of modern political history. From the beginning, her book stands as a rebuke to the jaded, cynical tone of much recent work in literary (and political) theory, informed by the presumed futility of any revolutionary or "utopian" project. Kaussen recognizes, in effect, as some recent historians of the French Revolution have also done, that the most pressing question to ask of the Haitian Revolution is not how to understand its peculiar and limited historical moment so much as to ask how best to continue or "universalize" it. Today no less than during these revolutions themselves, the key dividing line is between those who seek to end the revolution and those who seek to extend it. Kaussen has chosen the revolutionary and anti-imperialist camp, and she makes no bones about it. Every chapter of Migrant Revolutions is marked by a keen and sympathetic appreciation of the myriad difficulties faced by peasant farmers, migrant workers, political activists, and transcultural exiles struggling to improve the conditions of life on the margins of Empire, on the assumption that modern Haitian literature as a whole "is best understood within this tradition of transnational resistance to capitalism, US colonialism, and racism." Kaussen's insistence that the Haitian Revolution should be understood as central to our global modernity (rather than as a dated and peripheral struggle between European modernity and a "primitive" outpost of Africa) serves as the organizing principle for her historical contextualization of twentieth-century Haitian literature. Informed by a coherent set of theoretical points of reference ranging from Emmanuel Wallerstein to Anibal Quijano, Migrant Revolutions offers some of the most effective syntheses of historical and literary analysis I have ever read. Along with recent work by international scholars like Nick Nesbitt, Sibylle Fischer, and Charles Forsdick, to cite a few names from a much longer list, its publication provides further evidence of a marked and welcome historicalpolitical turn in the field still known as "postcolonial literary studies." Kaussen's first two chapters are exemplary here. After providing a detailed reconstruction of the situation that confronted Haitian farmers and workers after the U.S. invasion in 1915 and the development of new U.S.-owned plantations in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, her first chapter offers a reading of 1920s indigeniste writing as a "hybrid urban literature that sought to identify emergent forms of resistance in the mass migrations" provoked by these events. …


We elaborate on boundary conditions for Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory in the case of external currents. We implement a self-consistent theory within the finite element method (FEM) and present numerical results for a two-dimensional rectangular geometry. We emphasize that our approach can in principle also be used for general geometries in three-dimensional superconductors.


Soil, through its various functions, plays a vital role in the Earth's ecosystems and provides multiple ecosystem services to humanity. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are simple to complex knowledge rules that relate available soil information to soil properties and variables that are needed to parameterize soil processes. In this paper, we review the existing PTFs and document the new generation of PTFs developed in the different disciplines of Earth system science. To meet the methodological challenges for a successful application in Earth system modeling, we emphasize that PTF development has to go hand in hand with suitable extrapolation and upscaling techniques such that the PTFs correctly represent the spatial heterogeneity of soils. PTFs should encompass the variability of the estimated soil property or process, in such a way that the estimation of parameters allows for validation and can also confidently provide for extrapolation and upscaling purposes capturing the spatial variation in soils. Most actively pursued recent developments are related to parameterizations of solute transport, heat exchange, soil respiration, and organic carbon content, root density, and vegetation water uptake. Further challenges are to be addressed in parameterization of soil erosivity and land use change impacts at multiple scales. We argue that a comprehensive set of PTFs can be applied throughout a wide range of disciplines of Earth system science, with emphasis on land surface models. Novel sensing techniques provide a true breakthrough for this, yet further improvements are necessary for methods to deal with uncertainty and to validate applications at global scale.


It is about midnight as you're writing up notes for the patient you'd just seen in A&E. You were hoping to get an easy and relaxed night shift this sunday evening, but the reality of filling in for your sick colleagues, in the already understaffed department, quickly verified your plans.
As you finish drafting the plan for the patient, a woman rushes through the door of the resus room and cries off the top of her lungs:
"Help! My husband has had a heart attack on the parking! I think he's dead!" she exclaims and approaches you, desperate for anyone with a vague resemblance of a doctor.
Armed with your knowledge of resuscitation, you call the arrest team and plough forward to the hospital parking lot, where you find a 58-year-old man who is pulseless and unresponsive. You are happy to see that the daughter had already begun the CPR and you quickly diagnose the ventricular fibrillation rhythm.
He is promptly intubated and defibrillated, with a return of spontaneous circulation in 10 minutes. Happy with this, you complete the workup and notice that he is moving his limbs and localizes to pain. The team is ready to send him off for the PCI. After the procedure, his sedation is withdrawn to reassess his neurological status.
You stand at the bedside and observe with mounting fear as his arms and legs are completely unresponsive to any noxious stimuli. You ask yourself this crucial question: "What do I do now?"


The amount and morphology of the graphite phase largely controls the resulting properties of cast iron. For instance, in flake graphite cast irons the mechanical properties are low while the thermal conductivity is high. This is in contrast with spheroidal graphite cast irons where the mechanical properties are high and the thermal conductivity is low. These differences are due to the different graphite morphologies and must be accounted for in the design work and material selection of cast iron components. In this work the influence of the graphite phase on the elastic and plastic deformation behaviour of cast irons has been studied. The material grades studied originate from castings for marine diesel engine piston rings with different chemical analyses. Two groups of pearlitic cast iron materials were studied; one with differences in graphite morphology and one with grey irons that differed in graphite content. For these different material grades the mechanical properties were correlated to microstructural parameters. In addition to standard uniaxial tensile tests, acoustic emission measurements were used for the study of deformation. When studying the modulus of elasticity of the cast iron it was found that the modulus of elasticity of the inherent graphite phase depends on the roundness of the graphite particles and is due to the strong anisotropy of the graphite phase. A linear correlation between nodularity and the modulus of elasticity of the graphite phase was derived. This correlation made it possible to account for the anisotropy of the graphite phase in the model used. By applying the linear function when modelling the effective modulus of elasticity, a high accuracy between experimental and theoretical values was achieved. Another factor affecting the elastic response when subjecting a cast iron component to tensile load was found to be the plastic deformation that actually occurs at very low strains for all of the studied cast iron grades. It was observed that the plastic deformation in the low strain elastic region, quantified by using acoustic emission measurements, increased linearly with decreasing modulus of elasticity. These measurements showed that the amount of plastic deformation in the elastic region was largely controlled by the graphite morphology. It was concluded that as the roundness of the graphite particles increases, the plastic deformation activity in the elastic region decreases. The plastic deformation activity continued linearly into the pronounced plastic region of the tensile tests. A decrease in roundness or increase in graphite fraction resulted in an increase of the amount of plastic deformation and the strain hardening exponent. A dependence between strength coefficient and graphite fraction was observed. Models for the flow curves for pearlitic cast irons were developed and shown to accurately reproduce the observed experimental curves. The surveys performed and conclusions from this thesis will be helpful in the design of new cast iron materials.


The evidence, that the implementation of quality assurance systems in neurologic and trauma rehabilitation is able to improve patients´ functional health status is low. Indicators for outcome measurement should be assessed- not only for quality assurance reasons. Neurologic rehabilitation aims at improving the functional health status of patients as well as reintegrating patients in social participation. Therefore a variety of instruments for assessing functional health outcomes, activity and participation of patients have been developed and validated. The comprehensive and multi-dimensional assessment of patients´ health status is the basis of allocation decisions, standardised planning in rehabilitation as well as coming up to the patients´ and the health care providers´ expectations. The selection of appropriate measuring instruments makes significant contributions to improved patient care and its treatment outcomes.
The first part of this project aims at identifying instruments for classifying disease severity in patients with neurologic or trauma rehabilitation and assessing them according to test quality criteria. As an example, chose two specific diagnostic groups (stroke and traumatic brain injury)
We identified 2527 publications by systematic literature search and hand search. 167 full text articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in further analyses.
In stroke patients, specific instruments for classifying the severity of the disease show better test quality than generic instruments. We recommend the National Institut of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Frenchay Activities Index (FAI), the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL) according to test quality criteria. In patients with traumatic brain injury specific instruments do not necessarily perform better than generic instruments. We recommend the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ).
Instrument selection is not only dependant of test quality (and feasibility and acceptability issues), but also of the purpose the measurements should serve in the system. Generic instruments can be used across different diseases, while additionally other criteria have to be assessed disease specific (modular composition of generic and disease specific instruments).
For a choice of measurement instruments in neurological and trauma rehabilitation in Austria, aims of measurements have to be defined. It has to be clarified, whether and in which way measurements for quality assurance and outcome evaluation will be implemented and if it will be connected to reimbursement.


The grounding line is a key element of coastal outlet glaciers, acting on their dynamics. Accurately knowing its position is fundamental for both modelling the glacier dynamics and establishing a benchmark for later change detection. Here we map the grounding line of the Astrolabe Glacier in East Antarctica (66°41' S, 140°05' E), using both hydrostatic and tidal methods. The first method is based on new surface and ice thickness data from which the line of buoyant floatation is found. The second method uses kinematic GPS measurements of the tidal response of the ice surface. By detecting the transitions where the ice starts to move vertically in response to the tidal forcing we determine control points for the grounding line position along GPS profiles. Employing a two-dimensional elastic plate model, we compute the rigid short-term behaviour of the ice plate and estimate the correction required to compare the kinematic GPS control points with the previously determined line of floatation. These two approaches show consistency and lead us to propose a grounding line for the Astrolabe Glacier that significantly deviates from the lines obtained so far from satellite imagery.


Abstract This article begins from the premise that the margins can shine light on the center, and uses the experience of Jews (thought of as marginal in the Islamic world) in Moroccan courts (similarly thought of as marginal in Islamic history) to tell a new story about orality and writing in Islamic law. Using archival evidence from nineteenth-century Morocco, I argue that, contrary to the prevailing historiography, written evidence was central to procedure in Moroccan shari'a courts. Records of nineteenth-century lawsuits between Jews and Muslims show that not only were notarized documents regularly submitted in court, but they could outweigh oral testimony, traditionally thought of as the gold standard of evidence in Islam. The evidentiary practices of Moroccan shari'a courts are supported by the jurisprudential literature of the Mālikī school of Sunni Islam, the only one prevalent in Morocco. These findings have particular relevance for the experience of non-Muslims in Islamic legal institutions. Scholars have generally assumed that Jews and Christians faced serious restrictions in their ability to present evidence in shari'a courts, since they could not testify orally against Muslims. However, in Morocco Jews had equal access to notarized documents, and thus stood on a playing field that, theoretically at least, was level with their Muslim neighbors. More broadly, I explore ways in which old assumptions about the relationship of the written to the oral continue to pervade our understanding of Islamic law, and call for an approach that breaks down the dichotomy between writing and orality.


This paper studies three important issues of Indian agricultural sector, namely, the determinants of the agricultural wages in India, the extent to which gender inequality is present in it, and the variations in this inequality within various population hierarchies of Indian villages. The paper employs robust regression technique to deal with the presence of outliers and heteroskedasticity. Results suggest that there are four major factors that determine the agricultural wages, namely, non-farm wage factors, accessibility factors, production factors, and individual factors. Gender wage disparity is to an extent of 23% against women in comparison to the men. Furthermore, village growth is detrimental to the agricultural wages in comparison to non-farm wages and female agricultural wages are more disadvantaged with growing dynamics of villages.


How satisfied are professors at liberal arts colleges? What are the principal factors that contribute to their satisfaction or dissatisfaction? By listening to the voices of experienced professors, we can gain important insights into their motivations for staying in the profession, as well as their attitudes towards scholarship, service, and other factors that uniquely define their work. Such information could help trustees and administrators--and professors themselves--increase faculty satisfaction and effectiveness, with positive outcomes for the education of students. This information could also be of use to prospective faculty members considering teaching at a liberal arts college, enabling them to more realistically prepare for the rewards and challenges of such an institution. Austin (2002) reminds us that "one of the long-lasting contributions of most current faculty members lies in preparing highly capable, innovative new colleagues for the challenges they will face" (p. 118). The purpose of the present study was to examine the level, sources, and nature of satisfaction among experienced professors at a moderate-sized, west coast liberal arts college that has a strong emphasis on teaching. In designing the study, the researchers built on earlier research they had conducted with experienced elementary and high school teachers (Brunetti, 2001; Marston, Brunetti, & Courtney, 2005; Marston, Courtney, & Brunetti, 2006). They sought answers to the following research questions: 1. To what extent are experienced college professors satisfied with their work? 2. What are the primary areas of satisfaction that motivate professors to remain in their positions? 3. What role does scholarship play in the lives of professors? 4. How important is it for professors to provide service to their institution? Theoretical Framework Job Satisfaction Among College Professors Numerous studies have examined job satisfaction among college and university faculty (August & Waltman, 2004; Hagedorn, 1996, 2000; Hagedorn & Sax, 2004; Johnsrud & Rosser, 2002; Olsen, 1993; Olsen, Maple, & Stage, 1995; Reybold, 2005; Rosser, 2004, 2005; Smart, 1990). Rosser (2005) identifies four significant areas in the literature on faculty satisfaction: rewards and salary, work and career satisfaction, relationships with students, colleagues and administrators, and benefits and job security. Faculty satisfaction has also been shown to have an impact on the turnover of faculty members (Johnsrud & Rosser, 2002; Rosser, 2004; Smart, 1990). Smart (1990) focused on faculty intentions to leave their current institution. He proposed and tested a model that examined three areas of satisfaction: organizational, salary, and career. He found that higher levels of satisfaction with both organizational and career measures reduce faculty intentions to leave their current institutions, while salary satisfaction is significant only for nontenured faculty. Emphasizing the complexity of faculty satisfaction, Hagedorn (2000) proposed a conceptual framework for studying the phenomenon based on "two types of constructs that interact and affect job satisfaction--triggers and mediators." She defined a trigger as "a significant life event that may be either related or unrelated to the job" (e.g., change in life stage, change in personal circumstances [such as a death in the family], change in rank or tenure) and a mediator as "a variable or situation that influences (moderates) the relationships between other variables or situations producing an interaction effect" (e.g., motivators, demographics [such as gender, ethnicity, discipline], environmental conditions). Pollicino (1996) found that faculty satisfaction varied significantly in degree and nature based on the kind of collegiate institution (from two-year college to research university). Ambrose, Huston, and Norman (2005) offered "A Qualitative Method for Assessing Faculty Satisfaction" based on semistructured interviews rather than surveys. …


CNNs and computational models of biological vision share some fundamental principles, which opened new avenues of research. However, fruitful cross-field research is hampered by conventional CNN architectures being based on spatially and depthwise discrete representations, which cannot accommodate certain aspects of biological complexity such as continuously varying receptive field sizes and dynamics of neuronal responses. Here we propose deep continuous networks (DCNs), which combine spatially continuous filters, with the continuous depth framework of neural ODEs. This allows us to learn the spatial support of the filters during training, as well as model the continuous evolution of feature maps, linking DCNs closely to biological models. We show that DCNs are versatile and highly applicable to standard image classification and reconstruction problems, where they improve parameter and data efficiency, and allow for meta-parametrization. We illustrate the biological plau-sibility of the scale distributions learned by DCNs and explore their performance in a neuroscientifi-cally inspired pattern completion task. Finally, we investigate an efficient implementation of DCNs by changing input contrast.


Optical trapping is a non-invasive biophysical tool which has been widely applied to study physiological and biomechanical properties of cells. Using laser 'tweezers' in combination with custom-designed computer tracking algorithms, the swimming speeds and the relative swimming forces of individual sperm can be measured in real time. This combination of physical and engineering tools has been used to examine the evolutionary effect of sperm competition in primates. The results demonstrate a correlation between mating type and sperm motility: sperm from polygamous (multi-partner) primate species swim faster and with greater force than sperm from polygynous (single partner) primate species. In addition, sperm swimming force linearly increases with swimming speed for each species, yet the regression relating the two parameters is species specific. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using these tools to study rapidly moving (μm s−1) biological cells.


Objective: To determine the messenger RNA and protein expression, as well as distribution of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) in the endocervix compared with the endometrium. Setting: Volunteers in an academic research environment Materials and methods: Twelve volunteer patients undergoing total hysterectomy for benign indications. Patients did not receive any hormonal or GnRH analogues treatment prior to surgery. Hysterectomy samples were collected from volunteers. Tissues (endometrium and endocervix) were collected. Samples were transferred immediately to the research area and analyzed using Western blotting, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunohistochemistry. Main Outcome Measures: Protein and mRNA expression of ER-�, ER-�, PR-A, and PR-B in endocervix compared with endometrium. Results: In both Western blot and RT-PCR, we detected ER- �, PR-A, and PR-B mRNA and proteins in every sample. The ratio between PR-A and PR-B was about 2:1 in both the endometrium and endocervix regardless of menstrual cycle phase. In immunohistochemistry, these three receptors were detected in the lining and glandular epithelium, and to a lesser degree in the stromal layer. Estrogen receptor- � was minimally expressed in the glandular epithelium in immunohistochemistry sections with identical distribution of these receptors in the endocervix and endometrium. Conclusions: Further research is needed to elucidate the differential response of endocervix to steroid hormones.


Concerning service quality has been raising since its distinguished contribution on the competitive advantages for various business fields, including healthcare service. In addition, providing an excellent service quality in healthcare has been proved to be important for the health quality of the patient itself. In regards to increase the service quality in healthcare service, many service quality management tools have been used in several previous studies; Fuzzy SERVQUAL, Kano Model, AHP and QFD. This study was conducted to assess the service quality of hospitals in West Lombok, Indonesia using the combination of 4 tools mentioned above. The service quality was measured according to patient satisfaction using the 22-item questionnaire of SERVQUAL. Data regarding the technical requirement and managerial perspective also gathered through the interview among hospital managements. The result on this assessment indicates that the patients are still dissatisfied with the hospital services. The improvement on these service items was involved Kano model to prioritise service attributes, AHP model to gain priority from managerial perspective and QFD framework to construct the technical requirement and its relationship with the service improvement. The result shows that to improve the service quality of hospitals in West Lombok, there are 17 technical requirements needed, grouped into six categories: Devices, Hospital facilities, Communication system, Standard and documentations, Events and agendas, and Human resource. In this study, besides assessing the service quality of healthcare organization, the performance of each quality management tools also observed. Fuzzy SERVQUAL really helps with the subjectivity, while Kano model has the most important advantage of discovering the hidden important service attributes and QFD provides a clear framework to consider every detail on the improvement until the planning phase. Unfortunately, AHP model didn't show its best performance as this study were limited to the time constraint in executing the survey.


1. Introduction As part of its colonial heritage, South Africa has had a history of linguistic hegemony. Originally, while it was a colony administered by the Dutch East India Company (1652-1795), Dutch was the only official language of the Cape of Good Hope. After 1806 and 1814, when South Africa had became a British Colony, English at first co-existed with Dutch, but as early as 1822 English became the dominant official language for all higher functions (state, courts, schools). In 1925, Afrikaans replaced Dutch as the second official language of the Union of South Africa. Since 1948, Afrikaans was the language of the ruling National Party and as such it played a powerful role in the political arena, in the military and police force, in the media, in the public and educational sectors. This was the status quo until 1994. South Africa was regarded as a "bilingual country" despite the fact that both English and Afrikaans were the mother tongues of minority groups. It was only with the Language Policy of the African National Congress (ANC) that the real issue of South Africa's multilingualism was addressed, and the new government of South Africa has since then made attempts to find ways how to implement this policy. While Afrikaans was an official language, entrenched in the government and enjoying legal protection, the indigenous languages of the country posed no threat, they could largely be ignored. The emphasis was on the competition with English. In the new dispensation, however, Afrikaans not only has lost its protected position, it also has to face one of the most striking characteristics of the South African population: its linguistic diversity. The position of Afrikaans in this typically African linguistic pluralism is a radically new one in that it involves a repositioning of language and cultural identity of its speakers and the future of the language which might be in the balance. The continent of Africa is three times the size of Europe (30 million [km.sup.2]) but it has only half as many inhabitants as Europe has. Its approx. 550 million people speak more than 800 distinct languages (Myers-Scotton 1995: 10); a less conservative estimate puts the number on well over 1000 languages. Where Europe has on average 8 million speakers per language, Africa averages 250 000 speakers per language (Knappert 1990). Linguistic pluralism is therefore a characteristic feature of the whole of Africa. Seen against this background it is not surprising that linguistic pluralism is also a specific feature of South Africa. 2. A sociolinguistic profile of South Africa 2.1. Linguistic diversity According to the 1991 census figures and more recent updates, South Africa has close on 40 million speakers who belong to more than 28 linguistic groups (Schuring 1993; Webb 1995: 15). The national linguistic composition now consists of eleven official languages (since 1994) as well as the European immigrant and the Oriental languages (Van der Merwe 1994: 1). All the official languages have a recognised spelling and writing tradition; there are, however, at least another 18 spoken African languages, not counting dialectal differences. The 12 indigenous Bantu languages (mainly Nguni and Sotho languages) are spoken by 74% of the population, i.e. 27,8 million speakers of whom 8,5 million have Zulu as their home language, 6,6 million speak Xhosa, and 3,7 million Sesotho, to mention only the major groupings. The former official languages -- English and Afrikaans -- are spoken by 9,2 million people. Numerically, Afrikaans ranks third in the list of first languages with 5,8 million speakers, while English ranks fifth with 3,5 million mother tongue speakers. 2.3. Major trends in the dynamics of linguistic diversity Due to the rapid population growth during the past forty years -- an increase from 14 million in 1951 to approx. 40 million in 1995 -- all the major languages have increased numberwise (Schuring 1993). …


Social prescribing involves referring people, mainly from primary care settings, to non-clinical community services, such as exercise classes and welfare advice, with the aim of improving mental, physical and social wellbeing. These activities are typically provided by the voluntary and community sector. Social prescribing has been increasingly adopted across high-income countries including the UK, United States of America, Canada and Finland. The UK's Department of Health first introduced the term 'social prescribing' in 2006 to promote good health and independence, especially for people with long-term conditions. Over a decade later, in 2019, NHS England committed to funding social prescribing through link workers. Link workers receive referrals, mainly from general practitioners, and are attached to primary care networks with populations of 30–50,000 people. Here, we examine the impact of different social prescribing schemes in England, from a population health perspective, that focus on individuals, communities or a combination of both. We examine the opportunities to maximise social prescribing's impact on population health, in the era of COVID19, by realigning social prescribing to a household model that reflects principles of universality, comprehensiveness and integration.


Gorgonians are one of the most characteristic groups in Caribbean coral reef communities. In this study, we measured in situ rates of grazing on pico‐, nano‐, and microplankton, zooxanthellae release, and respiration for the ubiquitous symbiotic gorgonian coral Plexaura flexuosa. Zooplankton capture by P. flexuosa and Pseudoplexaura porosa was quantified by examination of stomach contents. In nature, both species captured zooplankton prey ranging from 100 to 700 µm, at a grazing rate of 0.09 and 0.23 prey polyp−1 d−1, respectively. Because of the greater mean size of the prey and the higher mean prey capture per polyp, P. porosa obtained 3.4 × l0−5 mg C polyp−1 d−1 from zooplankton, about four times the grazing rate of P. flexuosa. On average, P. flexuosa captured 7.2 ± 1.9 microorganisms polyp−1 d−1 including ciliates, dinoflagellates, and diatoms, but they did not appear to graze significantly on organisms <5 µm (heterotrophic bacteria, Prochlorococcus sp., Synechococcus sp., or picoeukaryotes). Zooplankton and microbial prey accounted for only 0.4% of respiratory requirements in P. flexuosa, but they contributed 17% of nitrogen required annually for new production (growth and reproduction). Although the contribution of microbial prey to gorgonian energetics was low, dense gorgonian populations found on many Caribbean reefs may be important grazers of plankton communities.


Graph-structured data arise in wide applications, such as computer vision, bioinformatics, and social networks. Quantifying similarities among graphs is a fundamental problem. In this paper, we develop a framework for computing graph kernels, based on return probabilities of random walks. The advantages of our proposed kernels are that they can effectively exploit various node attributes, while being scalable to large datasets. We conduct extensive graph classification experiments to evaluate our graph kernels. The experimental results show that our graph kernels significantly outperform other state-of-the-art approaches in both accuracy and computational efficiency.


The main scientific aim of our work was the realization of theoretical research on the problem of energy radiation of axially-symmetric forced vibrations of a circular plate. This research focussed on the determination of frequency characteristics of relative acoustic power. A thin plate, fixed on the rim in a rigid and flat acoustic baffle, radiating into a lossless and homogeneous fluid medium was considered. Dynamic interactions between the acoustic wave radiated by the plate and the form of the radiations as well as losses in the plate were neglected. The active acoustic power of radiation was expressed with a single integral within finite limits and with elementary form in special cases, i.e., for high-frequency wave radiation and when the plate's thickness is sufficiently small in relation to its diameter. The results of calculations are also presented in graphical form.


Recent literary studies and related disciplines have given much attention to phenomena that seem to occupy more or less permanently eccentric positions in our experience.Gustavo Perez Firmat examines three of these marginal or liminal phenomena--paying particular attention to the distinction between center and periphery--as they appear in Hispanic literature. Carnival (the traditional festival in which normal behavior is overturned), choteo (an insulting form of humor), and disease are three liminal entities discussed. Less an attempt to frame a general theory of such liminalities than an effort to demonstrate the interpretive power of the liminality concept, this work challenges conventional boundaries of critical sense and offers new insights into a variety of questions, among them the notion of convertability in psychoanalysis and the relation of New World culture to its European forebears.


ABSTRACT Although attachment theory claims that early attachment representations reflecting the quality of the child's "lived experiences" are maintained across developmental transitions, evidence that has emerged over the last decade suggests that the association between early relationship quality and adolescents' attachment representations is fairly modest in magnitude. We used aspects of parenting beyond sensitivity over childhood and adolescence and early security to predict adolescents' scripted attachment representations. At age 18 years, 673 participants from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development completed the Attachment Script Assessment from which we derived an assessment of secure base script knowledge. Measures of secure base support from childhood through age 15 years (e.g., parental monitoring of child activity, father presence in the home) were selected as predictors and accounted for an additional 8% of the variance in secure base script knowledge scores above and beyond direct observations of sensitivity and early attachment status alone, suggesting that adolescents' scripted attachment representations reflect multiple domains of parenting. Cognitive and demographic variables also significantly increased predicted variance in secure base script knowledge by 2% each.


Ke yW ords electricity costs, life-cycle methods, subsidies, externalities, energy markets, energy efficiency, carbon taxes ■ Abstract We review the economics of electricity generated, or conserved, from ad iverse range of fossil-fuel, nuclear, and renewable energy sources and energy effi- ciency options. At the same time, we survey the methods used to compute the costs of generated and delivered electricity and power, including bus bar costs; wholesale and retail marketplace costs; life-cycle accounting systems; premiums associated with political, social, and environmental risks; costs that reflect explicit and implicit sub- sidies; costs inclusive of externalities calculated by a variety of means; and net costs, including a range of proposed and potential environmental tax regimes. These diverse and at times conflicting analytic methods reflect a wide range of assumptions and bi- ases in how the inputs for energy generation as well as how the subsidies and social and environmental costs are computed or, is often the case, neglected. This review and tutorial provides side-by-side comparisons of these methods, international cost com- parisons, as well as analysis of the magnitude and effects of a range of technological, market-based, and subsidy-driven costs on the final price of electricity. Comparabil- ity of costs between supply and conservation technologies and methods in the energy sector has consistently been a problem, and the diversity of energy cost accounting schemes provides significant opportunity for very different arguments to be made for specific technologies, regulatory and market regimes, and a wide range of social and environmental taxes. We provide a review of the tools and a commentary on how these methods are used to determine the cost of energy services. The conclusion contains an analysis of how these methods of energy valuation are similar, how they differ, as well as an analysis of the explicit and implicit assumptions that underlie each approach.


The purpose of this article is to highlight the integration of electronic books besides paper books into literature curriculum in English as a Foreign Language Context (EFL). It aims at providing ideas and strategies to be integrated within the digitised version of a literary work and to question their effectiveness on learners' understanding, engagement and involvement in the learning process. To address this issue, a customised digitised play was implemented with a group of forty undergraduates reading for a BA of English. At the end of the play study, Students' questionnaire was collected and its analysis revealed a positive feedback. Participants expressed their satisfaction towards this technology and expressed their willingness to see this pedagogy generalised to the study of all literary works. Therefore, integrating customised digital books in literature curriculum is recommended as a facilitating and motivational pedagogy in an EFL context. However, technical difficulties were met and a need for continuous technical support proved to be obligatory in case of generalisation and application of this method to all compulsory literary works.


Despite limited tools, Leonardo da Vinci displayed ingenious problemsolving. The authors examine a combination of Leonardo's thought and physical experiments regarding the acceleration of falling objects. Leonardo recorded that if a water-pouring vase moves transversally (sideways), mimicking the trajectory of a vertically falling object, it generates a right (as in orthogonal) triangle with equal leg length, composed of falling material lining up diagonally (forming the hypotenuse) and the vase trajectory forming one of the legs. On the hypotenuse, Leonardo wrote "Equatione di Moti," or equalization of motions, noting the equivalence of the two orthogonal motions, one effected by gravity and the other prescribed by the experimenter. The authors present an analytical solution using Newtonian mechanics to confirm Leonardo's "Equivalence principle."


SUMMARY: Construction companies are experiencing an increasing use of IT in different disciplines. Previous studies reported problems of insufficient bandwidth, lack of training, and the unavailability of expert users in construction companies in Malaysia. Furthermore, the existing infrastructure of IT is deficient and the number of trained workers is inadequate. Additionally, the full potential of the Internet has not been utilized by Malaysian construction companies; however, 50% of them make a decision to implement IT without a feasibility study. Consequently, there is a need for more focus on the benefits of IT in the construction industry. The objective of this study is to identify the benefits of IT that have been achieved by construction companies of Malaysia. To achieve study objectives, data was collected using a questionnaire survey. The study focused on 3,705 Grade Seven G7 construction companies. About 805 questionnaires were sent and about 103 of the questionnaires were completed and returned. This study categorized IT benefits in 12 clusters then came up with three main benefits as a result of the questionnaire survey. The study findings showed that while construction company managers realized that IT usage improved management but did not see an increase in flexibility due to IT usage. Additionally, the construction companies did not see increased profits due to IT usage. However, the overall findings showed that construction companies were aware of the benefits of IT usage but were still in the preliminary stage of IT use. Future studies may examine the realized IT benefits in other fields of construction industry and in other regions as well.


This paper describes the process and findings of a multinational study of the characteristics of sail training for young people. The study used a structured qualitative method and involved 'indigenous practitioner‐researchers' who collected the majority of the data. Our findings show that participation provides an opportunity for learning in the practical and cognitive domains in relation to skills and knowledge, and in the affective domain in relation to social confidence. The data collected provide evidence that sail training has positive benefits in terms of participants' social confidence and their self‐perceptions of capacity to work collaboratively with others. It is argued that while sail training experiences are generally positive and beneficial, some appear to be more effective than others in developing social confidence. We also show that it is not principally the seamanship dimension of the experience, but the combination of a structured purposeful programme with the unique character of the seafaring environment that provides the basis for that learning. The more effective experiences in this respect appear to be those where there is a greater emphasis on specific programme activity. Sail training should therefore be understood not solely as adventurous recreation but as a powerful educative experience.


Stalking has been linked to intimate partner violence (IPV) in a number of ways, with some researchers suggesting stalking is part of the cycle of abuse. However, the extent of the association and potential reasons behind the connection are still unknown. The main aim of this thesis is to explore potential explanations for the association between stalking and IPV. Following an introduction in Chapter One, Chapter Two comprises of an empirical research study that examined whether IPV offenders perceive stalking differently to non-IPV offenders and non-offenders. It was hypothesised that IPV offenders may be more likely to engage in stalking due to limited understanding of the behaviours and how serious and harmful they can be. Although the results provided further evidence for the association between IPV and stalking due to the prevalence of stalking within the IPV sample, the primary hypothesis was not supported. This suggests alternative factors may contribute to the connection. Therefore, Chapters Three and Four explore the characteristics of former intimate and non-intimate stalkers. Specifically, Chapter Three comprises of a systematic review exploring the individual and relationship characteristics associated with unwanted pursuit and stalking following the termination of intimate relationships, while Chapter Four presents a case study of a non-intimate stalker. The characteristics identified throughout these studies are compared to the existing literature relating to risk factors for IPV throughout the general discussion of this thesis (Chapter Six), with a number of similarities emerging. Researchers have theorised that attachment may contribute to the connection between stalking and IPV. Therefore, an appraisal of a popular attachment measure utilised within the case study in Chapter Four is presented in Chapter Five. Finally, Chapter Six draws all of the information in the thesis together, providing an overall discussion of the associations between IPV and stalking, outlining implications for practice and providing suggestions for future research.


In this article, the effects of curriculum reform in Preparatorias Federales por Cooperacion, driven by the Direccion General del Bachillerato, are analyzed. It´s purpose is to reveal how the curriculum competencies, in order to connect school with labor market in the context of globalization and the knowledge society, are inconsistent with the ideal of educated citizens committed to society. The curriculum, as a social construction, represents the ideals of the human beings and society in a certain historical moment. In the case of Ciudad Juarez, the graduate profile seeks to link the Toyotist manufacturing model with the maquiladora industry which demands workers adaptable, flexible and capable to solve problems. The attempt to link the school with the work sphere is a mirage, because the economic crisis, technological development and labor flexibility causes unemployment and precarious working conditions. Another effect of the curriculum is to update teachers in constructivist didactics and certification in competencies, which reduces their teaching autonomy. In addition, teachers will be excluded from the definition of curricular graduate profiles, plans and programs of study, making them a simple executor of external goals. The livelihoods of this analysis are literature and government documents review, additionally of my participation in the task force for the curriculum reform in 2002 and meetings with managers and officials.


Occasionally, one comes upon a work of criticism that is so rich, so learned, so eloquent, and so astute in its analysis that one cannot help frantically underlining and filling the margins with orthographic outbursts of "yes!" Even more seldom are found books where such affirmative scrawlings intermingle with loud exclamatory scribbles of disagreement. The latter describes my own reading of Ranen Omer-Sherman's critical study of Diaspora and Zionism in the writings of Emma Lazarus (1849-1887), Marie Syrkin (1899-1989), Charles Reznikoff (1894-1976), and Philip Roth (1933-), a book which brings critical attention to a number of significant and underacknowledged writers, which is a model of interdisciplinary analysis and interpretive acumen, but which, for this avowedly Zionist reader, evinces a disturbing ideological bias. Omer-Sherman wrote this book with a number of goals. In choosing to write about four Jewish American writers only one of whom is a mainstream popular figure (Roth), he acted on a desire to create "a counter-paradigm of the Jewish American canon" over and against such canon-forming works as Ruth Wisse's The Modern Jewish Canon (2000). To this task of reading these four writers, Omer-Sherman brings to bear an impressive variety of theoretical and methodological tools, combining history, literary interpretation, and cultural studies, as part of a "goal to bring the products of Jewish American literary creativity into a...broad multicultural perspective," as exemplified by the socio-political writing of Daniel and Jonathan Boyarin. Which brings us to the third goal of Omer-Sherman's book, which is to promote -- a la the Boyarins, and via the poetry of Charles Reznikoff -- a view of Jewish Diaspora not as forced Exile but as cultural practice, and as the primary source of Jewish ethics and identity.(1) With respect to the first goal, Omer-Sherman consistently delivers thoughtful and illuminating readings of the writers he's chosen to study. His readings of Emma Lazarus' work are a case in point. Over the past decade or so, under the auspices of feminist and Jewish American literary studies, there has been renewed interest in Emma Lazarus, but Omer-Sherman's combined analysis of Lazarus' poetry and polemical prose adds a great deal to the discussion. Whereas most critics attribute Lazarus' later Jewish poetry to her contact with Russian immigrants and her rising awareness of pogrom atrocities, Omer-Sherman also considers the importance of Lazarus' disappointment in not having any of her work included in Ralph Waldo Emerson's anthology of American poetry (Parnasus, 1874). According to Omer-Sherman's notes, this was Lazarus' wake-up call that a Sephardic Jewess could not easily enter into the canon and a major impetus in her tam toward matters Jewish and Zionist. Despite her embrace of Jewish causes, as Omer-Sherman argues, Lazarus's lyrics and polemical writings interiorized some of the antisemitic notions that she set out to decry in many of her essays and poems. Omer-Sherman's next chapter on the poetry and polemical prose of Marie Syrkin treads new ground, in bringing well-deserved attention to Syrkin as both Zionist activist and polemicist and poet. According to Omer-Sherman, in marked contrast to Lazarus' work, which oscillates between the poles of Zionism and Americanism, Syrkin's writing consistently condemns European Diaspora as violent and dangerous and the American Diaspora as "uniquely vacuous." As Omer-Sherman argues, Syrkin's staunchly Zionist writing refuses to validate "the open-ended flux of reality" in the Diaspora. Throughout this study, Omer-Sherman pits Syrkin's post-Holocaust Zionist distrust of Diaspora against her husband [!] Charles Reznikoff's "liberal, anti-essentialist notion of Jewishness." In setting up this radical dichotomy between Reznikoff and Syrkin, he sets up a Zionist straw-woman, reducing Zionism to a unitary early 20(th) century Labor Zionist ideology that makes no accommodations with the Diaspora, that remains impervious to the potentially beneficial aspects with the culture hutz la-Arets (outside Israel), that is characterized by "manifest" social and ethical "failure. …


Commitment to an information systems (IS) development project is widely believed to affect the eventual success of the system. Problems arising from low commitment have also been described. However, there has been little research on the factors that influence the level of commitment to an IS project. This paper provides some initial insights into the determinants of commitment based on a longitudinal study of an IS project that was stopped and then restarted on several occasions over a 17-year period (1975-1992). The paper draws four types of determinants -- project, psychological, social, and structural -- from the organization behavior literature and uses them to explain six decisions that were made during the 17-year period. A comparison of these six decisions suggests that project determinants play a central role during the initial commitment decision, but the other determinants assume greater importance in later stages. Moreover, it seems that in this case study, project and psychological determinants affected the decision to increase commitment, whereas social and structural determinants influenced the decision to withdraw commitment to the project. Some implications for practice and future research are examined.


Abstract The Large Helical Device (LHD) has been equipped with movable- and fixed-type material probe systems. Characterization studies of surface modifications on plasma-facing components (PFCs) have been actively progressing by using these probes. After exposure of the PFCs to the plasma, various kinds of surface analysis were conducted. The first walls and divertor tiles of LHD are made of stainless steel and isotropic graphite (IG-430U, Toyo Tanso Co., Ltd.), respectively. They are frequently exposed not only to high-power pulsed main discharges but also to wall-conditioning processes such as glow discharge cleaning (GDC). Thus, the surfaces of the PFCs are drastically changed due to sputtering erosion, impurity deposition, and melting damage. Graphite divertor tiles are eroded primarily during the main discharges; the eroded carbon migrates and deposits on the first-wall surfaces, particularly near the divertor array. First walls are eroded mainly during GDC, which significantly changes the condition of the PFCs. During the main discharges, the majority of incidence particles to the first wall are energetic neutrals (CX neutrals) generated by charge-exchange collisions. Studies of the material damage caused by CX neutrals also have been done. In this paper, the characteristics of surface modifications of PFCs by means of material probe experiments and subsequent surface analysis are summarized.


"Ruhlen is a leader in the new attempt to unify the theory of language development and diffusion.""--Library Journal" "A powerful statement...also a wonderfully clear exposition of linguistic thinking about prehistory."--"Anthropological Science" One of the world's foremost language researchers takes readers step-by-step through the hotly contested evidence that all modern languages derive from one "mother tongue" once spoken by primitive humans in Africa. With "The Origin of Language," Merritt Ruhlen makes this fascinating science accessible to readers with no linguistic background. MERRITT RUHLEN, PhD (Palo Alto, California) is the author of "A Guide to the World's Languages"


In response to the 1999 crisis caused by the mass resignation of the European Commission, the Commission introduced a series of administrative reforms based in large part on New Public Management models.  A centerpiece of those reforms was a new staff appraisal process linking numeric ratings with promotions, which was designed explicitly to change the management culture of the Commission.  Of all parts of the reform, this was by far the most controversial.  This paper traces the long arc of reform, as the original reform was replaced with a second version that was even more rigid and complex, leading to a third reform, in 2012, which returned the Commission in large part to the status quo ante, abandoning numeric ratings and the formal link to promotions.  I analyze the reasons for the reforms and the problems and unintended consequences of each.  In conclusion, I link this saga of repeated reforms to the broader literature on the effectiveness of attempts to change organizational culture through formal structural reforms.


Providing regional and global security governance is both increasingly common and controversial in Germany. The paper addresses the sources of current controversies in three areas: First, legal limits that emanate from the delegation of competences in regional and international institutions. Secondly, financial limits which have become even more prevalent since the inception of the Euro-Crisis. And thirdly, political limits which refer to the erosion of the cross-partisan consensus in German coalition governments that the country must play a prominent, if not a leadership role in European security governance and beyond.


Background & Objectives: Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium that is part of the normal nasopharyngeal flora of most humans. H. influenzae strains were defined in two categories: encapsulated (typeable) and non-capsulated (nontypeable) strains. Outer membrane protein P6 is a highly conserved and stable protein in the outer membrane of both encapsulated and non-capsulated strains of H. influenzae. As an immunogen, P6 protein is a potential candidate vaccine against H. influenzae strains. The aim of this study was to produce recombinant protein P6 as a carrier protein for production of conjugate vaccines. Methods: The sequence (324 bp) coding P647-153 protein of H. influenzae was successfully cloned in pJET1.2 and subsequently in pET28a (+). Expression of the recombinant protein was induced with 1mM IPTG. Recombinant P647-153 was purified through dissolving inclusions in 8M urea buffer, absorbing to Ni-NTA resins, washing by buffers with decreasing urea concentration and finally eluted in Imidazole solution. Imidazole was removed by dialysis against PBS (pH 7.4). The recombinant p647-153 was confirmed by western blot analysis using rabbit anti H. influenzae polyclonal antiserum. Results: The recombinant P647-153 was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and purified (4 mg /lit of broth culture). The immunoblotting showed that recombinant P647-153 conserved its native antigenic structure. Conclusion: Western blot results, along with that of sequencing, confirmed accurate production of recombinant P647-153 and partially retention of its conformational epitopes.


Explicit formal mechanisms dominate the discussion about incentives in Operations Management, yet many other mechanisms exist. Social comparison between peers may provide strong implicit incentives for individuals. Social comparison arises naturally in all social settings and may thus be unintended; however, many companies deliberately use it to motivate employees. In this study, we model a social context in which purchasers evaluate their performance relative to their peers; a feeling of inferiority results in a negative contribution to utility, whereas a feeling of superiority results in a positive contribution. We find that social comparison induces characteristic deviations from the newsvendor optimum ordering decision: if fear of inferiority outweighs anticipation of superiority, then purchasers herd together; the converse scenario incites actors to polarize away from each other. In both cases, actors will deviate from ordering the newsvendor optimum in order to satisfy social goals. Demand correlation and profit margins moderate the extent of the deviation.


Cleanrooms, critical to a wide range of industries, universities, and government facilities, are extremely energy intensive. Consequently, energy represents a significant operating cost for these facilities. Improving energy efficiency in cleanrooms will yield dramatic productivity improvement. But more importantly to the industries which rely on cleanrooms, base load reduction will also improve reliability. The number of cleanrooms in the US is growing and the cleanroom environmental systems' energy use is increasing due to increases in total square footage and trends toward more energy intensive, higher cleanliness applications. In California, many industries important to the State's economy utilize cleanrooms. In California these industries utilize over 150 cleanrooms with a total of 4.2 million sq. ft. (McIlvaine). Energy intensive high tech buildings offer an attractive incentive for large base load energy reduction. Opportunities for energy efficiency improvement exist in virtually all operating cleanrooms as well as in new designs. To understand the opportunities and their potential impact, Pacific Gas and Electric Company sponsored a project to benchmark energy use in cleanrooms in the electronics (high-tech) and biotechnology industries. Both of these industries are heavily dependent intensive cleanroom environments for research and manufacturing. In California these two industries account for approximately 3.6 million sq. ft. of cleanroom (McIlvaine, 1996) and 4349 GWh/yr. (Sartor et al. 1999). Little comparative energy information on cleanroom environmental systems was previously available. Benchmarking energy use allows direct comparisons leading to identification of best practices, efficiency innovations, and highlighting previously masked design or operational problems.


ABSTRACT
This dissertation explores the correlations between planned/constructed urban environments and the depiction of the city in films. The research focuses on the changing image of the socialist city in two broadly conceived modernist periods: the 1920s and the 1960s. Adhering to the methodologies of visual, film and urban studies after the 'spatial turn' in the humanities, my thesis charts the interdependency of two fields – urbanism and cinema – in the production of Soviet urban space. The theoretical contributions of my study include: (1) revisiting the theory of dispositif and the subject it produces with regard to the Soviet context; (2) identifying the category of the socialist city symphony as a cinematic sub-genre in the 1920s; (3) re-affirming the productivity of the concept of the 'thing' in relation to the cinematography of the 1920s; (4) reconceptualizing utopian impulses and the inherent dialectical movement of the Soviet understanding of technology. This dissertation mirrors the theory of the 'linear city' proposed by Nikolai Miliutin in 1930: a scheme for the parallel disposition of industrial and living spaces, which are divided by a green zone along the lines of transport infrastructure. The three parts that form this thesis are accordingly structured around the following conceptual entities: dispositif (philosophical and film theory concepts; its application towards the railway, city and the cinema); living spaces of the socialist city (architectural and screen byt [way of life]); working spaces of the socialist city and the dialectics of technology on the cinema screen. The main findings of my work are: the explication of the affinities between the New Soviet Subject and the production strategies of urbanism and cinema; establishing the stylistic, ideological and rhetorical similarities between the modernisms of the 1920s and 1960s; and analyzing the panoply of utopian impulses embodied in urban and film material which are easily missed if the Soviet experience is only viewed as the cultural production of totalitarianism.


With the advent of autostereoscopic displays, questions rise on how to efficiently compress the video information needed by such displays. Additionally, for gradual market acceptance of this new technology it is valuable to have a solution offering forward compatibility with stereo 3D video as it is used nowadays. In this paper, a multiview compression scheme making use of the efficient single-view coding tools used in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is provided. Although efficient single view compression can be obtained with HEVC, a multiview adaptation of this standard under development is proposed, offering additional coding gains. On average, for the texture information, the total bitrate can be reduced by 37.2% compared to simulcast HEVC. For depth map compression, gains largely depend on the quality of the captured content. Additionally, a forward compatible solution is proposed offering the possibility for a gradual upgrade from H.264/AVC based stereoscopic 3D systems to an HEVC-based autostereoscopic environment. With the proposed system, significant rate savings compared to Multiview Video Coding (MVC) are presented.


OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the rate of cardiovascular disease is different among parous women with a general practitioner reported history of toxaemia of pregnancy than among those not reported to have experienced toxaemia, or among nulliparous women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: 1400 general practitioners throughout the United Kingdom. SUBJECTS: Women who had never used oral contraceptives who were recruited to the Royal College of General Practitioners' oral contraception study (original cohort about 23000). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Age, social class, and smoking standardised incidence rates for hypertensive disease, acute myocardial infarction, other acute ischaemic heart disease, other chronic ischaemic heart disease, angina pectoris, total ischaemic heart disease, total cerebrovascular disease, and total venous thromboembolic disease in the three groups. RESULTS: Compared with parous women with no history of toxaemia, those who had experienced toxaemia had a significantly increased risk of hypertensive disease (relative risk (RR) 2.35), acute myocardial infarction (RR 2.24), chronic ischaemic heart disease (RR 1.74), angina pectoris (RR 1.53), all ischaemic heart disease (RR 1.65), and venous thromboembolism (RR 1.62). The rates for all cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease were also increased but not significantly. Nulliparous women were more likely to develop hypertension or all cerebrovascular disease later in life than parous women without a history of toxaemia. CONCLUSIONS: A history of toxaemia of pregnancy increases the risk of several distinct cardiovascular conditions later in life. Although causality cannot be inferred (other characteristics of the women may account for both an increased risk of toxaemia and a risk of subsequent vascular disease), the findings merit further research because of their potential importance.


Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients. Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 136 (41 males, 95 females; mean age 54.4±8.4 years; range, 33 to 76 years) type 2 diabetic patients. Demographic, metabolic characteristics, laboratory data and vascular complication status of the patients were recorded. For the ABI measurement, blood pressure on ankle posterior tibialis artery was measured using hand Doppler. Results: The mean duration of diabetes was 118.6±89.2 months and the mean HbA1c value was 8.03±1.7%. According to the ABI values, only one patient was in the ABI <0.9 group. Of our patients, 65.6% were within ABI values of 0.9-1.4 (normal) and 33.5% were within ABI values of >1.4 (high) group. According to the HbA1c values (<7%, 7-9% and >9%), the ABI value was not statistically significantly different (p=0.472). The ABI value was only correlated with triglyceride (r= -0.173 p=0.049), total cholesterol (r= -0.214 p=0.014), and glomerular filtration rate (r=0.248 p=0.006). The mean HbA1c value was 8.3% in the group whose ABI value was between 0.9-1.4, while the mean HbA1c level value was 7.5% in the group whose ABI value was ABI >1.4 (p=0.01). Conclusion: In our study, the ABI value was not found to be correlated with the HbA1c value. The HbA1c value was lower in the group whose ABI values were higher.


Within the framework of social interaction this paper relates experiences of being bullied to the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia) in two empirical studies. Study 1 (N = 252) describes the adaptation of a German-language instrument for the assessment of gelotophobia into English (the GELOPH ). The translation yielded good psychometric properties (high reliability; α = .90). The one-factor solution of the original version could be replicated. Gelotophobia existed independently of age and gender but was more prevalent among those who were single. 13% exceeded a cut-off score, indicating a slight expression of gelotophobic symptoms. Study 2 (N = 102) used the English GELOPH together with an instrument for assessing emotional reactions in mean-spirited ridicule and good-natured teasing situations (the Ridicule Teasing Scenario questionnaire; Platt, 2008). Results indicated that being a victim of bullying yielded higher shame responses to teasing scenarios, and lower happiness and higher fear in response to both types of laughter situations. Stepwise multiple regression showed that self-reported experiences of having been a victim of bullying were best predicted by low happiness during teasing and high fear in response to ridicule, but gelotophobia accounted for most of these effects. Results are discussed within the context of future studies on gelotophobia-bullying social relationships.


From the Publisher:
This book provides computing and information students with all the tools they need to successfully complete a final year research project. Based on an approach which has been tried and tested on over 500 projects, it offers a simple step-by-step guide to the key processes involved: * Developing your project proposal * Developing the problem description * Following objectives * Presenting and analysing your data * Drawing conclusions * Presenting and defending your work * Preparing the final version of your report As well as being an essential purchase for students, it also contains lots of useful information for supervisors and examiners including guidelines on how to review a final year project.


This book provides an accessible collection of techniques for analyzing nonparametric and semiparametric regression models. Worked examples include estimation of Engel curves and equivalence scales, scale economies, semiparametric Cobb-Douglas, translog and CES cost functions, household gasoline consumption, hedonic housing prices, option prices and state price density estimation. The book should be of interest to a broad range of economists including those working in industrial organization, labor, development, urban, energy and financial economics. A variety of testing procedures are covered including simple goodness of fit tests and residual regression tests. These procedures can be used to test hypotheses such as parametric and semiparametric specifications, significance, monotonicity and additive separability. Other topics include endogeneity of parametric and nonparametric effects, as well as heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation in the residuals. Bootstrap procedures are provided.


Research showing that high-quality preschool benefits children's early learning and later life outcomes has led to increased state engagement in public preschool. However, mixed results from evaluations of two programs—Tennessee's Voluntary Pre-K program and Head Start—have left many policymakers unsure about how to ensure productive investments. This brief and the report on which it is based present the most rigorous evidence on the effects of preschool and clarify how the findings from Tennessee and Head Start relate to the larger body of research showing that highquality preschool enhances children's school readiness by supporting substantial early learning gains in comparison to children who do not experience preschool and can have lasting impacts far into children's later years of school and life. Therefore, the issue is not whether preschool "works," but how to design and implement programs that ensure public preschool investments consistently deliver on their promise.


IMPORTANCE
Identification of the primary site in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is crucial because it improves the patient's prognosis and minimizes morbidity from treatment.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in identifying unknown primary sites of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Retrospective, multi-institutional case series from January 1, 2010, to February 28, 2013, in which data were pooled from the following 6 institutions: University of Washington Medical Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Alabama-Birmingham Hospital, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Oregon Health Sciences University. All patients diagnosed as having HNSCC of an unknown primary site who underwent TORS to identify the primary site were included in the study. We excluded those with recurrent disease, a history of radiation therapy to the head and neck, or evidence of a primary tumor site based on previous biopsy results.

MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE
Identification of the primary tumor site.

RESULTS
Forty-seven patients were eligible for the study. The tumor site was identified by TORS in 34 of 47 patients (72.3%). The primary site was located in the base of tongue for 20 patients (58.8%) and the palatine tonsil for 13 patients (38.2%), with 1 patient having a primary site in both the base of tongue and the palatine tonsil. Suspicious physical examination findings were present in 23 of 47 patients (48.9%), with positive and negative predictive values of 56.5% and 25.0%, respectively. Of those who underwent any imaging, 16 patients had suspicious findings, with positive and negative predictive values of 50.0% and 16.7%, respectively. In 18 of 47 patients (38.3%), both preoperative radiographic and physical examination failed to suggest a primary site. Of these 18 patients, 13 (72.2%) were identified after undergoing TORS.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
We demonstrate that TORS is a useful approach to identify and treat the primary site in patients with HNSCC who present with an unknown primary site.


The torus grating is defined as a calotte of a circular torus bearing a grating ruling on its concave side. In contrast to the spherical grating, the torus grating is capable of eliminating astigmatism, in general, for two points in the spectrum. These two stigmatic points can be adjusted to any desired wave-length within a wide range of the spectrum by choosing suitable values for the angles of incidence and diffraction. In the rest of the spectrum produced by a torus grating, astigmatism is considerably smaller than that prevailing in spectra of spherical gratings. Moreover, astigmatism is negligible in the proximity of the two stigmatic points, giving rise to "quasi-stigmatic" ranges in the torus grating spectrum. The extension of these quasi-stigmatic ranges depends on the size of tolerable astigmatism. If based upon an astigmatism equal to the diffraction width of the spectral images, a quasi-stigmatic range can be wider than 1000A. With light sources of small size a considerable gain in spectral intensity results from the lack of astigmatism. The theory of the torus grating which has been attempted in this paper further demonstrates that coma, aberration, and curvature of spectral lines in the torus grating spectrum are generally smaller than the same image imperfections in the spectrum of the spherical grating.


A Best Practices Guide for retrofitting residential HVAC systems has recently been completed by DOE. The guide uses diagnostics and checklists to guide the user to specific retrofit packages that maximize retrofit energy savings, comfort and safety potential. The guide uses a systems approach to retrofitting where the interaction of different building components is considered throughout the retrofit selection process. For example, added building envelope insulation reduces building loads so that smaller capacity HVAC systems can be used. In this study, several houses were surveyed using the Best Practices Guide and a single house was selected for retrofitting. The objectives were to demonstrate how a successful system-wide retrofit can be carried out and to provide feedback to improve the guide. Because it represents a departure from current practice, a key aspect of this study was to investigate the interactions with contractors and code officials who are unfamiliar with the systems approach. The study found that the major barrier to the systems approach in retrofits was in changing the working practices of contractors and code officials.


Three uncontroversial points sum to a paradox: 1) Almost every democratic theorist or democratic political actor sees an informed electorate as essential to good democratic practice. Citizens need to know who or what they are choosing and why – hence urgent calls for expansive and publicly funded education, and rights to free speech, assembly, press, and movement. 2) In most if not all democratic polities, the proportion of the population granted the suffrage has consistently expanded, and seldom contracted, over the past two centuries. Most observers, and I, agree that expanding enfranchisement makes a state more democratic. 3) Most expansions of the suffrage bring in, on average, people who are less politically informed or less broadly educated than those already eligible to vote.Putting these three uncontroversial points together leads to the conclusion that as democracies become more democratic, their decision-making processes become of lower quality in terms of cognitive processing of issues and candidate choice. The paradox is both historical – why have democracies expanded the franchise to include relatively ignorant voters? – and normative – why should democracies expand the franchise to include relatively ignorant voters?The article addresses both questions. First, I review the historical trajectory of democratization in the United States (although the argument is not specific to that country). I then describe plausible empirical explanations for the paradox: voters are not really that ignorant; the United States is not and never has been really a democracy; and institutions or electoral rules have been developed to substitute for voters' knowledge. I also analyze plausible normative explanations for the paradox: democracy does not, or does not primarily, need cognitively sophisticated citizens; and democracy offers benefits that outweigh the deficits of citizens' lack of knowledge. I offer a few reflections on both sets of explanations, but cannot genuinely dissolve the paradoxAbstract will be provided by author.


Worldwide consumer education programs, often fear-based, designed to convince young people to stop cigarette smoking have had mixed success. This paper reviews literature on the effectiveness of anti-smoking campaigns directed at young people and presents findings from research that examined the attitudes of 234 university students towards such campaigns. The research findings, and approaches to strategic communication, are used to argue anti-smoking campaigns might be more effective in generating behavioural change among young smokers if they applied two-way techniques rather than symbolic tactics that characterise current efforts.


The gene for the Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Berliner) insect toxic protein is a new advance in technology for pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), control. We conducted studies in 1999 to investigate grower concern for reduced efficacy of NuCOTN 33b (Bt cotton) (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO) in late-season because of breakdown or non-expression of the toxic protein. We compared the susceptibility of Bt and Deltapine 5415 (Monsanto Company, St Louis, MO) (non-Bt) cotton bolls to PBW at periodic intervals during the first and second cotton fruiting cycles. We placed >200 PBW eggs per boll on the inside surface of bracts of susceptible immature cotton bolls. The artificially infested bolls were later harvested and examined for evidence of PBW infestation. High percentages of both Bt and non-Bt cotton bolls had numerous larval entrance holes in the carpel walls of the bolls. Less than 1% of the Bt cotton bolls and over 70% of the non-Bt cotton bolls were found with living PBW larvae. Bt cotton bolls of the late-season second fruiting cycle were as resistant to PBW infestation as Bt cotton bolls of the first fruiting cycle.


Family resource programs are community-based initiatives that offer multidisciplinary services and resources to families with the aim of helping them to maximize their potential. Programs serve individuals who demonstrate a range of needs, and employ personnel who work from a strengths-based, empowerment-promoting perspective.  It is believed that adopting such a philosophy will promote the healthy development of the entire family system.  The author discusses the historical basis and theoretical underpinnings of current family resource models, and provides a review of current research.  Program elements identified as most effective are highlighted, and parents' preferences and frustrations are discussed.  In doing so, critical practical and theoretical challenges are identified, and suggestions regarding essential areas for future inquiry are made.


Using archived blood samples from 4 NY-ESO-1-seropositive patients with advanced melanoma who were treated with the CTLA-4-blocking monoclonal antibody ipilimumab, Kitano and colleagues analyzed changes in antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during cancer immunotherapy. They characterized a novel consequence of the CTLA-4 blockade, the induction or expansion of tumorreactive cytotoxic CD4+ T cells after ipilimumab treatment. CD4+ T cells provide help to enhance and sustain cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses. A direct lytic role for this cell population in mouse models further supports the use of tumor-reactive CD4+ T cells for cancer immunotherapy. CTLA-4 blockade has been shown to expand antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in mouse models. We took advantage of spontaneous immunity to the NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses after ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody) treatment in patients with advanced melanoma. Four patients with NY-ESO-1 seropositive melanoma were chosen upon the availability of suitable blood specimens for characterizing the functions of NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell response by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and cytotoxicity assays. Multiple NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses with TH1 dominance were induced or enhanced after ipilimumab treatment in peripheral blood in all four patients. NY-ESO-1 antigen–specific CD4+ T-cell lines established from all four patients after ipilimumab treatment recognized naturally processed NY-ESO-1 protein in antigen-presenting cells, expressed master transcription factor Eomesodermin (Eomes), and secreted perforin and Granzyme B. Finally, we showed that these NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell lines directly lysed autologous melanoma cell lines expressing NY-ESO-1 in an MHC class II restricted manner. Our results show that antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T-cell responses are induced after ipilimumab therapy in human cancer patients. Ipilimumab may induce the expression of lytic granules on antigen-specific cytotoxic CD4+ T cells via Eomes, revealing a novel consequence of immunologic checkpoint blockade. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(4); 235–44. ©2013 AACR.