Introduction Jeffrey Herf. Anti-Semites on Zionism: From Indifference to Obsession Derek J. Penslar. Can There Be a Principled Anti-Zionism? On the Nexus between Anti-Historicism and Anti-Zionism in Modern Jewish Thought David N. Myers. Readjusting Cultural Codes: Reflections on Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism Shulamit Volkov. Convergence: The Classic Case. Nazi Germany, Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism during World War II Jeffrey Herf. An Inseparable Tandem of European Identity? Anti-Americanism and Anti-Semitism in the Short and Long Run Andrei S. Markovits and Ann Arbor. From Cowards and Subversives to Aggressors and Questionable Allies: US Army Perceptions of Zionism since World War II Joseph Bendersky. Anti-Zionism in Britain, 1922-2002: Continuities and Discontinuities David Cesarani. The French Radical Right: From Anti-Semitic Zionism to Anti-Semitic Anti-Zionism Pierre Birnbaum. Anti-Zionism as a Multipurpose Policy Instrument: The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland, 1967-1968 Dariusz Stola. Ideology and Realpolitik: East German Attitudes towards Zionism and Israel Angelika Timm. Israel and the International Legal Arena Arieh Kochavi. Perceptions of Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Israel Anita Shapira. The Islamic Republic of Iran and the Holocaust: Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism Meir Litvak


p r o c e d u r e Chebyshev (A, d, h, m, n, refset, epz, insufficientrank, zerolambda ) ; va lue m, n; i n t e g e r m, n; r ea l a r r a y A, d, h; i n t e g e r a r r a y refset; rea l epz; l abe l insu~cienlrank, zerolambda ; c o m m e n t Chebyshev computes a solution in the Chebyshev sense to an overdetermined system of linear equations, Ax = d. Details and notat ion are given in a paper by Bartels and Golub [Comm. A C M 11 (June 1968), 403-408]. The parameters to procedure Chebyshev are:


Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) from micrometer-sized single water and methanol droplets was observed with a Brillouin shift that varied within a range determined by the k-vector spread and the optical feedback provided by the droplet interface. The inability to observe SBS in carbon disulfide droplets is attributed to phase-modulation broadening of the input and Brillouin radiation resulting from the large intensity-dependent index of refraction of carbon disulfide.


The formation of FtsZ rings (Z rings) in various fts mutants was examined by immunoelectron microscopy and immunofluorescence. In two temperature-sensitive ftsZ mutants which form filaments with smooth morphology, the Z ring was unable to form. In ftsA, ftsI, and ftsQ mutants, which form filaments with an indented morphology, Z rings formed but their contraction was blocked. These results indicate that fully functional ftsA, ftsQ, and ftsI genes are not required for Z-ring formation and are unlikely to have a role in localization of the Z ring. The results also suggest that one function of the Z ring is to localize the activity of other fts gene products.


Dynamical microstructure formation and selection during solidification processing, which has a major influence on the properties in the use of elaborated materials, occur during the growth process. In situ observation of the solid-liquid interface morphology evolution is thus necessary. On earth, convection effects dominate in bulk samples and may strongly interact with microstructure dynamics and alter pattern characterization. Series of solidification experiments with 3D cylindrical sample geometry were conducted in succinonitrile (SCN) –0.24 wt%camphor (model transparent system), in microgravity environment in the Directional Solidification Insert of the DECLIC facility of CNES (French space agency) on the International Space Station (ISS). Microgravity enabled homogeneous values of control parameters over the whole interface allowing the obtaining of homogeneous patterns suitable to get quantitative benchmark data. First analyses of the characteristics of the pattern (spacing, order, etc.) and of its dynamics in microgravity will be presented.


This study presents simulations of optimal field-free molecular alignment and rotational population transfer (starting from the J = 0 rotational ground state of a diatomic molecule), optimized by means of laser pulse shaping guided by evolutionary algorithms. Qualitatively different solutions are obtained that optimize the alignment and population transfer efficiency to the maximum extent that is possible given the existing constraints on the optimization due to the finite bandwidth and energy of the laser pulse, the finite degrees of freedom in the laser pulse shaping and the evolutionary algorithm employed. The effect of these constraints on the optimization process is discussed at several levels, subject to theoretical as well as experimental considerations. We show that optimized alignment yields can reach extremely high values, even with severe constraints being present. The breadth of optimal controls is assessed, and a correlation is found between the diversity of solutions and the difficulty of the problem. In the pulse shapes that optimize dynamic alignment we observe a transition between pulse sequences that maximize the initial population transfer from J = 0 to J = 2 and pulse sequences that optimize the transfer to higher rotational levels.


Many of today's manufacturing projects are so complex that they cannot be conducted only by one company anymore. Current approaches for modeling inter-enterprise processes require an early decision on the way activities are connected. The modeler has to decide between control flow and message flow. This implies an early decision on the used IT-technology. We present a modeling approach where this decision is postponed to a later modeling phase. This enables modelers to concentrate on the essentials of the model.


The forest insect pest Bupalus piniarius (pine looper moth) is a classic example of a natural population cycle. As is typical for populations that exhibit regular oscillations in density, there are several biological mechanisms that are hypothesized to be responsible for the cycles; but despite several decades of detailed study there has been no definite conclusion as to which mechanism is most important. We evaluated three hypotheses for which there was direct experimental evidence: (1) food quality (nutritional value of pine needles affected by defoliation); (2) parasitoids (trophic interactions with specialist parasitoids); and (3) maternal effects (maternal body size affects the performance of off- spring). We reviewed the empirical evidence for each of these hypotheses and expressed each hypothesis in the form of a mechanistic dynamic model. We used a nonlinear fore- casting approach to fit each model to three long-term population time series in Britain that exhibit some degree of regular cycling, and we used parametric bootstrap to evaluate the significance of differences between models in their goodness of fit to the data. The results differed among the three forests: at Culbin, the parasitoid and maternal effects models fit equally well; at Roseisle, the food quality and maternal effects models fit equally well; and at Tentsmuir, the parasitoid model fit best. However, the best-fit parasitism models required that the parasitism rate vary between nearly 0 and nearly 1 during a cycle, greatly exceeding the range of parasitism rates that have been observed in the field. In contrast, the required variation in the observable maternal quality variable (pupal mass) was within the range of empirical observations. Under mild constraints on the parasitism rate (though allowing a much wider range than has been measured in B. piniarius at any location), the fit of the parasitism model fell off dramatically. The maternal effects model then had uniformly strong support, outperforming the constrained parasitism model at all three sites and the food quality model at two; it performed slightly better than the food quality model at the remaining site. This represents the first system in which the maternal effects hypothesis for population cycles has been supported by both strong biological and dynamical evidence.


In most national systems, criminal liability arises when a person agrees to commit an ordinary crime, participates in the design of a criminal plan, or contributes to establishing the conditions necessary for its execution. The extension of the scope of criminal law at the national level to criminalize preparatory acts for ordinary crimes, regardless of whether the crime is subsequently completed or even initiated, has been used, to an important extent, to confront situations in which a group of persons engages in criminal conduct to achieve economic (e.g., trafficking of human beings, drugs, and weapons, or money laundering) or political (e.g., terrorism) goals. The question that then arises is why preparatory acts for the international crimes that come under the jurisdiction of international criminal tribunals and hybrid tribunals are not criminalized in international criminal law, for the most part. In addition to constituting the most egregious attack on the core values of international society, such acts are of a unique magnitude, have a collective nature, and take place in an organizational context.


Benthic algal vegetation was investigated at 10 sites in Isfjorden, Svalbard. Five sites were visited during summer 2010 and five during summer 2012. Both the littoral and sublittoral vegetation were sampled, the littoral by hand-picking and use of a throwable rake and the sublittoral using a triangular dredge. A total of 88 different taxa were registered, comprising 17 Chlorophyta, 40 Ochrophyta, 30 Rhodophyta and the Xantophyceae Vaucheria sp. The green algae Ulvaria splendens (Ruprecht) Vinogradova was recorded in Svalbard for the first time. Most of the sites consisted of hard bottom substrate, but one site, Kapp Wijk, consisted of loose-lying calcareous red algae (rhodoliths) and had species not recorded elsewhere. The sublittoral at the other sites was dominated by kelp. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of the red alga Ceramium virgatum and a dwarf form of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus. This study provides a baseline for future studies investigating changes in the vegetation due to environmental changes.


The concept of syncrystallization was reinvestigated by focusing on phthalic acid (PA) grown with methyl red (MR). Crystals are alternately red and yellow in adjacent growth sectors. X-ray structures of MR and its cocrystals, revealing MR in the neutral, zwitterionic, and protonated states, as well as measurements of linear birefringence and linear dichroism of mixed crystals, were used to investigate mechanisms of PA coloring. These experiments were complemented by force field calculations of the lowest energy stable surfaces of expressed facets and energies of MR on and in crystals, as well as molecular orbital calculations of MR. Two MR species were detected in PA having distinct energies, polarizations, and face selectivities. Assignments of structures to these MRs, previously thought to be neutral and protonated, required a nuanced analysis of hydrogen bonds. The essential difference between yellow and red species is whether the MR carboxylic acid proton is inter- or intramolecularly hydrogen bound. Inferences about mixed crystal structure drawn from an examination of cocrystals of PA and MR are inconsistent with polarization spectroscopy signaling caution when using stoichiometric compounds as models of dilute solid solutions. Upon heating mixed crystals, linear dichroism diminishes and oriented, elongated pools of MR separate and pass through the bulk in directions perpendicular to the direction of elongation. These bâtonnets subsequently crystallize leaving macroscopic oriented crystals of a MR-rich phase within PA. No evidence was found for the simultaneous crystallization of MR and PA; however, the MR reorientation on heating as well as the separation and recrystallization of a MR-rich phase are distinct processes that could be embraced by the literal meaning of syncrystallization.


CD44, short for cluster of differentiation 44, is an adhesion molecule of the hyaluronate receptor family. Expressed on the surface of most vertebrate cells, it functions as a receptor for several extracellular matrix components, e.g., hyaluronan, collagen, laminin, fibronectin, and osteopontin. CD44 has in recent years been intensively studied in connection with different forms of cancer, where CD44 may regulate invasiveness and tumor progression. Although major functions involve adhesion and migration, CD44 also affects leukocyte homing and recruitment, phagocytosis, matrix remodeling, proliferation, and apoptosis. As such, CD44 is an interesting putative molecule in cardiovascular drug therapy. Accumulating evidence from human studies point to CD44 as involved in inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and human abdominal aneurysms. To date, several animal studies have shown that the role of CD44 in atherogenesis may vary depending on experimental model. In this Review, we trace CD44 and its potential role in the context of cardiovascular diseases by highlighting both human and animal studies that may help us understand; is CD44 a new cardiovascular drug target or merely an innocent bystander?


Primary immunodeficiencies comprise more than 200 different disorders that affect the development and the functions of the immune system. Many scientific papers have been published on the molecular and cellular basis of the immune response and on the mechanisms involved in the correct development of immune system components. Although today we know the genetic and molecular basis of those principal mechanisms involved in the immune response, some aspect in this field remain unclear.
In this thesis, during the three years of my PhD program, I have contributed to elucidate "New insights and unsolved issues in congenital immunodeficiencies", through the combination of clinical, cellular, functional and molecular approaches.
In particular, my research work is focused on the study role of c in cell cycle progression, strongly related to its cellular amount and GH-R signaling, defining the basis of the physiological interaction between endocrine and immune systems. I demonstrate, moreover, that this subunit is able to influence the cell cycle progression in a concentration dependent manner in lymploblastoid and neoplastic cell lines.
Moreover, I participated to better define the functional role of FOXN1 transcription factor in the development of the T-cell ontogeny in the Nude/SCID syndrome. I also documented that FOXN1 is a possible cofactor in the development and differentiation of some structures in the central nervous system. Of note, this immunodeficiency is due to mutated gene expressed in non hematopoietic cells.
In addition, I participated to the study of patients affected with A-T. In this context I contributed to evaluate the beneficial effect of betamethasone on therapy in these patients. Our data indicate that betamethasone is effective in A-T at a minimal dosage and that GILZ may be a useful biomarker of the clinical response.
Finally, I also participate to give a contribution to the description of new mechanism in immunodeficiencies associated with unidentified molecular defects. Our data revealed that in a group of patients with high levels of serum IgE the IL-12R signaling was altered. Moreover, we documented the possibility of an autoreactive anti-lymphocyte antibody able to induce a SCID phenocopy.
Overall, all my studies were designed in order to clarify unsolved issues and unknown mechanisms underlying the functionality of the immune system. These results could be useful both in the clinical practice and in the basic research of immunedeficiencies.


The development of an attributed 3D model of the Quaternary deposits across 75 km2 of central Manchester and Salford is providing a basis for new types of applied (thematic) outputs. Proprietary software designed specifically for use in Quaternary sequences has been used to construct a model of the glacial and post-glacial sequences in an area now undergoing rapid regeneration. The potential of the model to deliver information relevant to a range of practical applications is illustrated by an urban groundwater case study centred on the industrial area of Trafford Park. The sensitivity of the Permo-Triassic sandstone bedrock aquifer to pollution and the extent to which recharge may occur have been analysed through detailed characterization of the underlying superficial deposits. Potential hydrogeological pathways from ground surface to the sandstone are identified, and thematic outputs show the importance of the Manchester Ship Canal and related waterways as potential sources of recharge and pollution of the bedrock aquifer. The move towards 3D modelling of the shallow subsurface provides flexibility in meeting user needs that is not available from conventional 2D geological sources. It is suggested that modelling of this type should be used by site developers and remediators to design more targeted and cost-effective site investigations and risk assessments.


Understanding the facilitating role of regional governments and the source of regional competition is the key to demystifying the success of China's fast economic development since the 1990s. This paper, as the product of the lecture the author delivered at The World Economy China Annual Lecture on 3 November 2011 at University of Nottingham, provides a framework that better illustrates the mechanism that motivates China's economic growth over the past 20 years. It shows that the current growth mechanism in China is largely the result of institutional reforms and fiscal recentralisation that occurred in 1994 under the leadership of Premier Zhu Rongji. Being allowed to have their own source of tax revenue under the new fiscal reform, Chinese regional governments are motivated to pursue the goal of economic growth through fast capital formation and industrialisation. The newly designed intergovernmental fiscal relationship, as the most important reform programme in China, has also helped create a growth incentive that is compatible between central and local governments, and resulted in a Tibout-type regional competition in the sense that inefficient use of resources, including public land, would be substantially eliminated by the strategic behaviour of regional governments being more attractive to external direct investment. Such regional competition makes the regional governments preserve and use the markets rather than replace them, and has generated consistent and powerful development momentum for the post-1994 economy of China.


South Africa is predominantly a water scarce country with many parts having limited access to water. Water quality is an additional stressor affecting available water supply. In the semi-arid to arid regions of the country, significant salt loading in water resources occurs where anthropogenic influences can be excluded. Treatment of these water sources to potable levels involves desalination that requires large amounts of energy. Conventional grid electricity sources are not available in many rural areas in South Africa. Many rural communities that do not have reliable access to clean drinking water are situated in geographical areas where the annual solar radiation levels are high and where saline ground water sources are available. A limited number of studies have been conducted on renewable energy and desalination technology pairings in South Africa. The research method adopted was largely exploratory and focused on the development of an economically viable water desalination system utilizing renewable energy. The solar desalination system was designed with the aim of being affordable, durable, sustainable, and practicable and produces water which conforms to national health standards. The design is a solar-assisted distillation system that mimics the natural water cycle to produce clean water from brackish sources through a heat transfer system. The flow rate of the prototype compares favourably with other low volume solar desalination systems developed locally.


Background: Social inclusion has been defined as an interaction between major life domains, including interpersonal relationships and community participation among other factors. Understanding the manner in which these life domains may inter-connect could inform efforts to promote social inclusion. This paper explores the role of personal support network members in establishing and maintaining community participation of a person with an intellectual disability.Method: An ethnographic research design allowed exploration of network interactions over a three-year period. In-depth interviews and participant observations were undertaken with nine people with an intellectual disability and their network members.Results: The networks promoted participation using various strategies. The person and their network gathered and shared information to determine what was meaningful to the person. Information about success was used to adapt developing strategies, enhance support, and build on existing gains.Conclusions: Personal networks provided insight into the practical and relational aspects of participation, and the importance of balancing risk and autonomy, vulnerability and freedom. Respect for the personhood, importance and dignity of each person at the centre of the network influenced this work.


In order to investigate the impact of nuclear energy introduction in a country with a fossil fuel based energy mix, several scenarios have been compared in terms of fuel cycle needs (resources and infrastructure) and wastes produced. As case study, the Italian situation (represented by ca. 300 TWhe-y of electricity needs in 2007 and by no nuclear energy production at present) has been selected. However, the obtained results could be extrapolated to other countries by means of scale factors. For the reference scenario, the introduction of Gen.III+ Light Water Reactors and once-through fuel cycle has been considered. Under the hypothesis that only the plutonium produced in the country will be available and used for a possible transition to a fast fleet, the introduction of different types of fast reactors (a 600 MWe lead-cooled and two 1500 MWe sodium-cooled systems with different breeding characteristics) and of a more sustainable fuel cycle (closed or partially closed) have been compared. The adoption of fast systems enables to reduce of 50% the uranium consumption and to favorably impact the cycle back-end by reducing the Pu inventory in the cycle, and by reducing the long term waste radiotoxicity and heat load in a repository. A parametric study has been carried out in order to deal with the systematic uncertainties connected to scenario investigations.


Free water elimination (FWE) in brain diffusion MRI has been shown to improve tissue specificity in human white matter characterization both in health and in disease. Relative to the classical diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) model, FWE is also expected to increase sensitivity to microstructural changes in longitudinal studies. However, it is not clear if these two models differ in their test–retest reproducibility. This study compares a bi‐tensor model for FWE with DTI by extending a previous longitudinal‐reproducibility 3T multisite study (10 sites, 7 different scanner models) of 50 healthy elderly participants (55–80 years old) scanned in two sessions at least 1 week apart. We computed the reproducibility of commonly used DTI metrics (FA: fractional anisotropy, MD: mean diffusivity, RD: radial diffusivity, and AXD: axial diffusivity), derived either using a DTI model or a FWE model. The DTI metrics were evaluated over 48 white‐matter regions of the JHU‐ICBM‐DTI‐81 white‐matter labels atlas, and reproducibility errors were assessed. We found that relative to the DTI model, FWE significantly reduced reproducibility errors in most areas tested. In particular, for the FA and MD metrics, there was an average reduction of approximately 1% in the reproducibility error. The reproducibility scores did not significantly differ across sites. This study shows that FWE improves sensitivity and is thus promising for clinical applications, with the potential to identify more subtle changes. The increased reproducibility allows for smaller sample size or shorter trials in studies evaluating biomarkers of disease progression or treatment effects. Hum Brain Mapp 38:12–26, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper presents a method of formally representing and analyzing object-oriented software designs. The framework for formal design analysis uses set notation to represent the design and properties constructed from set operations to analyze the design. The method is implemented via an automated analysis program.


The author had the pleasure of being involved in the pioneering experiments on sound wave propagation in the turbulent atmosphere (1939–1950). The obtained results were interpreted from the point of view of the, then recently developed, Kolmogorov–Obukhov (KO) statistical theory of locally isotropic turbulence. These results were one of the first confirmations of this theory. It may be said that the KO theory and the experiments mentioned above had stimulated the broad developments in the problem of ''waves and turbulence.'' The resulting classical theory now provides a basis for the analysis of signals and the computer simulation of sound propagation through turbulence. This paper provides an historical overview of the development of the classical theory for sound propagation through turbulent media. Models of turbulence and experimental verification of these models will be discussed for sound propagation in the atmosphere, as well as in seismic and underwater media. Some examples of the problem of ''wav...


Objectives. To review the data quality and validity in the nationwide Swedish Heart Surgery register for patients operated on the proximal thoracic aorta. Design. Medical records from a random sample of 300 patients in The Swedish Heart Surgery register were reviewed with register data items systematically re-reported. Variable reporting frequency, proportion of adequately reported data, and number and correctness of diagnostic and procedural codes were analysed. Results. After exclusions, 251 patients (84%) remained in the analysis. Reporting frequency for individual items varied from 12% to 100% (median 61%). For core variables, reporting frequency was 96%–100%. In 40 of 43 (93%) reviewed variables, registry data were at least 85% correct. A total of 485 diagnoses and 673 procedures were reported, compared to 617 diagnoses and 758 procedures identified in the review process. Conclusions. The register data quality and validity for patients operated on the proximal thoracic aorta was satisfactory overall, but need further improvement for complications. The register coverage and completeness was very high. Register-based reports should be accompanied by review of data quality.


On Thursday, July 16, 2009, white male police officer James Crowley was called to the home of prominent black male scholar Henry Louis Gates, Jr. on a report of a potential break-in. After confirming that no break-in had occurred and Gates's identity, Crowley arrested Gates for disorderly conduct. Gates was promptly released without charges, and claimed he had been racially profiled. After the event became a national controversy, some people said that Gates was the true racist for assuming Crowley was racist. Only the parties "beer summit" with the President and Vice-president cooled the controversy. This article asks why Crowley arrested Gates and why some view Gates as the culprit. The answer to the first question is that this was not just racial profiling, but also a masculinity contest. The arrest can be conceived of as resulting from the ways the parties challenged each others' masculinities, which resulted in a masculinity contest. Specifically, Gates's violation of the unofficial rule of deference to the badge created a masculinity challenge for Crowley and resulted in a masculinity contest between the parties that Crowley resolved by arresting Gates. The answer to the second question is that race was indeed the dominant factor, but because of post-racialism, not traditional racism. Whereas colorblind ideology presumed the best way to reach an egalitarian society was to pretend race does not matter, post-racial ideology assumes we have reached that state. The ironic result of Obama's election was to make it harder for the mainstream to see Crowley as implicitly biased and easier for them to see Gates as the true racist for having called Crowley racist. The complicated nature of the Gates arrest and controversy reveals the need for a scholarly program demonstrating that norms of masculinity, while invisible, strongly influence behavior and that post-racialism, while explicitly progressive, hides implicit bias from view.


Background: How women with high risk pregnancies perceive the risks they face can affect the decisions they make during pregnancy and labour and their attitude toward medical advice. Existing evidence states pregnant women and healthcare professionals do not define or assess risk in the same way. Homebirth is regarded as safe for women with straightforward, low risk pregnancies. Some women with complicated pregnancies will also choose to give birth at home, generally against medical advice. Aim and Objectives: To investigate women's perceptions of risk and how these affect their decisions to give birth at home or in hospital Method: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Participants were pregnant and had a medical or obstetric condition which put the pregnancy at higher risk. They were recruited via referral from obstetricians and midwives. Twenty six women were interviewed. Thirteen were planning to give birth at home (against medical advice) and thirteen in hospital. Thematic analysis was used to analyse transcripts. Results: Themes emerging from the data included: judgement of risk, the degree of risk women perceived; impact of risk, how they were affected by the risks; philosophy of childbirth, what women believed about pregnancy and birth; and weighing up, how women balance and prioritised different factors. There were some differences and some similarities between women planning to give birth in hospital and at home. Interpretation: Women planning homebirths define risk and safety differently to women planning hospital births. Both groups of women prioritise their babies' wellbeing but have different interpretations of how this is best achieved. Conclusions: Risk perception is individual and subjective and is related to decision making regarding place of birth


Vitamin D intoxication (VDI) may result from supplementation rarely, but it has been reported more frequently in recent years. This may be attributable to an increase in vitamin D supplement intake due to an understanding of the role of vitamin D (25OHD) in the pathogenesis of several diseases. The symptoms and findings associated with VDI are closely related to serum calcium concentration and duration of hypercalcemia. In patients with VDI, hypercalcemia, normal or high serum phosphorus levels, normal or low levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), high levels of serum 25OHD, low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), and high urine calcium/creatinine are usually present. Serum 25OHD levels above 150 ng/ml are considered as VDI. The main goal of treatment for VDI is correction of the hypercalcemia. When the calcium concentration exceeds 14 mg/dl, emergency intervention is necessary because of the adverse effects of hypercalcemia on cardiac, central nervous system, renal, and gastrointestinal functions. However, since vitamin D is stored in fat tissues, effects of toxicity may last for months despite the removal of the exogenous source of vitamin D. Treatment for VDI includes: discontinuation of intake, a diet with low calcium and phosphorus content, intravenous hydration with saline, loop diuretics, glucocorticoids, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates. In conclusion, the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency rickets (VDDR) without checking serum 25OHD level may cause redundant treatment that leads to VDI. All patients who are clinically suspected of VDDR should be checked for serum vitamin D status and questioned for previous vitamin D administration before starting vitamin D therapy. On the other hand, parents of all infants should be asked whether they are using dietary or oral supplements, and serial questioning may be required during supplementation to avoid excessive intake. Vitamin D intoxication (VDI) usually develops due to high doses of vitamin D given by health care providers, before a clear diagnosis of vitamin D insufficiency or rickets is established. In addition, patients may improperly ingest high maintenance doses recommended by a physician. Another cause of VDI is the inappropriate administration of high doses of vitamin D in infants by families for complaints such as delayed teething, 'late walking', and 'knock-kneed gait'. VDI resulting from supplementation has been reported rarely but may now occur more frequently. This may be attributable to an increase in vitamin D supplement intake due to the findings that deficiency is common and has been associated with a number of disease states …


Deep thinking: a systematic review of mesophotic coral ecosystems. Science, 74: 2309–2320. Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) occur at depths beyond those typically associated with coral reefs. Significant logistical challenges associated with data collection in deep water have resulted in a limited understanding of the ecological relevance of these deeper coral ecosystems. We review the trends in this research, covering the geographic spread of MCE research, the focus of these studies, the methods used, how MCEs differ in terms of species diversity and begin to assess connectivity of coral populations. Clear locational biases were observed, with studies concentrated in a few discrete areas mainly around the Atlantic region. The focus of MCE studies has diversified in recent years and more detailed aspects of MCE ecology are now being investigated in particular areas of research. Advances in technology are also reflected in the current range of research, with a wider variety of methods now employed. However, large information gaps are present in entire regions and particularly in relation to the threats, impacts and subsequent management of MCEs. Analysis of species diversity shows that initial definitions based on depth alone may not be appropriate globally, while further taxonomic resolution may also be required to deduce the full biodiversity of major groups in certain regions. Genetic studies to date show species-specific results, although distinct deeper populations do appear to exist, which raises questions regarding the potential of MCEs to act as refugia.


Two-fold Spatial Zero-inflated Models for Analysing Isopod Settlement Patterns * Prior Model for Reconstruction of Contingency Table * Bayesian Estimation for the Key Parameters of a Fish Population * Why Bayesianism? A Primer on a Probabilistic Philosophy of Science * Coregionalized Models for Spatially Replicated Experiments in Weed Proliferation Studies * Bayes Factors for One Sided Hypothesis Testing in Linear Calibration * Bayesian Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Analysis of fMRI Data: A Case Study * Intrinsic Point Estimation of the Normal Variance * Analysing Financial Data Using Polya Trees * Shape Classification Procedures with Application to Schizophrenia Diagnosis * Checking for Pro-Data Conflict with Hierarchically Specified Priors * Bayesian Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Conditional Distribution of Earnings of Men in the USA (1967-1996) * Role of Randomization in Bayesian Analysis: An expository Overview * Bayesian Neural Nets for Survival Analysis * Semiparametric Accelerated Failure Time Models for Censored Data * Sequential Monte Carlo in Bayesian Inference for Dynamic Models: An Overview * Estimation of Threshold Time Series Models Using Efficient Jump MCMC * A Semiparametric Accelerated Failure Time Model for Survival Data with Time Dependent Covariates * Biological Monitoring: A Bayesian Model for Multivariate Compositional Data * Semiparametric Multivariate Survival Models with Random Effects * Modelling Rainfall Data Using a Bayesian Kriged-Kalman Model * A Line Finding Assignment Problem and Rock Fracture Modelling * On Bayesian Models Incorporating Covariates in Reliability Analysis of Repairable Systems * Semi-Parametric Bayesian Models for Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics * Bayesian Predictive Inference Under Informative Sampling via Surrogate Samples * Research in Elicitation * On a Characterization of Dirichlet Distribution * Simpler Calculation of Posterior Distributions of the Parameters in Structural Equation Model * Nonparametric Empirical Bayes Two-Tail Tests for Scale Exponential Family When Random Variables in the Sequence are Negatively Associated * Bayesian Methods in Educational Measurement * A Bayes Analysis of the Birnbaum-Saunders Distribution Using the Gibbs Sampler Approach * Bayesian Approaches to Content-based Image Retrieval * Theoretical and Applied Bayesian Information Processi


As the anti-slavery movement reached a fever pitch shortly after enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote to Zachariah Burchmore, "I have not ... the slightest sympathy for the slaves" (16:456). Despite recent observations, such as Robert S. Levine's, that the body of this letter is complex and nuanced about the author's view of chattel bondage in the United States (132), a dominant strain in Hawthorne criticism has held him to be more apolitical than his antislavery Concord neighbors, the Emersons, the Horeaus, and the Alcotts, as a result of such comments. Michael T. Gilmore provides a succinct precis of this view: "unlike Emerson and Horeau, unlike Douglass and Stowe, activists all, he was an inactivist who fetishized deferral" (Politics 22). He interest in politics he did exhibit, centered around the Democratic party, his friend Franklin Pierce, and the prospect of remunerative government employment, has earned him the sobriquet "Hawthorne the trimmer" (Gilmore, Radicalism 117). Some critics, however, advance another, and profoundly significant, reading of Hawthorne. Writing of The Scarlet Letter, for example, Andrew Delbanco argues that Hawthorne dramatized a cultural conflict that was to remain central in the New World--a conflict between a struggle to preserve a sense of sin as what he explicitly called 'alienation from the Good' ... and the community's more savage sense of evil as an entity with a dangerous life of its own.... If we think of the burgeoning abolitionist belief in the 1840s that a slave-conspiracy exclusive to the whorish South was the whole measure of the nation's sin ... we may judge Hawthorne's linkage between the centuries a grim success. (219-220) Delbanco's theory that Hawthorne was animated by the conflict between two ideas of good and evil, and his belief that the persistence of these constructs can be traced to a more secular form in mid nineteenth century America, suggest another frame in which to place Hawthorne's politics. If Hawthorne's work and beliefs reflect one side in the cultural conflict described by Delbanco, and reform movements such as abolition the other side, then Hawthorne's impatience with antebellum agitation receives its impetus not from an apolitical stance, but from a political stance imperfectly recognized as such. Hawthorne's attitudes toward slavery and abolition, then, may represent not an absence of proper social engagement, but a presence: his participation in the conflicts of the cultural imaginary characterizing American life from the English Puritan migration to the Civil War. Hawthorne's work is not without a significant interest in the ongoing construction of slavery and freedom, as many of Hawthorne's critics (not to mention his abolitionist contemporaries) argue, but is deeply--perhaps constitutively--concerned with it. Concerns with slavery and freedom run throughout his work, generally universalized to psychological states. What are we to make of the contradiction between Hawthorne's expressed displeasure with political agitation, his impatience with abolitionists both public and private, and his work's insistent figuration of slavery and freedom? He combination can be elucidated with reference to the American cultural imaginary descended from the Puritans, and analyzed via reference to a work in which Hawthorne portrayed that imaginary, The Whole History of Grandfather's Chair. More recently than Delbanco, other critics have explored the Puritan inheritance of antebellum New England. Larry J. Reynolds terms the presence of abolition in Massachusetts "the warrior spirit of Cromwell ... alive and well in New England," and notes that "a Puritan sensibility inspired much of the righteous indignation of antislavery thought" (Slavery 56). In his Devils and Rebels: The Making of Hawthorne's Damned Politics, Reynolds makes a strong case that Hawthorne himself saw a linkage between state persecution and antislavery reform: Hawthorne perceived the Puritan backgrounds of contemporary abolitionists and the ways their behavior mirrored that of the Puritan witch-hunters. …


In the MENA region the important technological trends of digitalization and of information and communications technologies (ICT) are very diverse due to different levels of development both between and within countries. Aspects like infrastructure, economic conditions, job market, social media are discussed. Adequate governance for innovation and specifically ICT is severely lacking in most of the MENA countries. Hence, most innovations are instigated by external actors. Nevertheless, nearly all countries in the region are pursuing policies supporting digitalization to further development. But digital options can either be used for transparency, education and empowerment, or for control, censorship and repression. The EU will need to approach the region with greater sensitivity, which may involve co-developing "frugal technologies" that are more fit for the specific technological, societal, climatic, socio-economic and cultural conditions of countries in the MENA region.


In this study, we consider the supplier selection problem of a relief organization that wants to establish framework agreements (FAs) with a number of suppliers to ensure quick and cost-effective procurement of relief supplies in responding to sudden-onset disasters. Motivated by the FAs in relief practice, we focus on a quantity flexibility contract in which the relief organization commits to purchase a minimum total quantity from each framework supplier over a fixed agreement horizon, and, in return, the suppliers reserve capacity for the organization and promise to deliver items according to pre-specified agreement terms. Due to the uncertainties in demand locations and amounts, it may be challenging for relief organizations to assess candidate suppliers and the offered agreement terms. We use a scenario-based approach to represent demand uncertainty and develop a stochastic programming model that selects framework suppliers to minimize expected procurement and agreement costs while meeting service requirements. We perform numerical experiments to understand the implications of agreement terms in different settings. The results show that supplier selection decisions and costs are generally more sensitive to the changes in agreement terms in settings with high-impact disasters. Finally, we illustrate the applicability of our model on a case study.


Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian poet from Prague, has been deemed one of the most innovative Germanspeaking poets of the 20th century. On the other hand, doubts have been expressed about his inclusion among proponents or practitioners of aesthetic modernism. These judgments rest both on differing interpretations of the concept of the modern age and of Rilke's own works. Images of Rilke range from an oversensitive, lonesome (religious) author who barely managed to cope with the world and who sang of desolate lovers, to an author who through his hermetic works engaged in criticism of civilisation and technology. In fact, Rilke is among the most mythologized of German authors. In this article some aspects of these contradictory images are investigated, both in current popular discourse as well as that of Rilke's contemporaries. Specific foci for the analysis are the reception of Rilke's text "Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke" and the reception of his poetry in Estonia. Although Rilke's development can be regarded in parallel with the Young Estonia movement – as, for example, in the shifting of his interests at the turn of the 20th century from the Russian and German cultural fields to the French and Scandinavian, the accent and context of these shifts are significantly different. We can already find attempts at discussion and translation of poetry from Rilke in the context of Young Estonia; however the literary group was significantly more influenced by such German poets like Peter Altenberg and Stefan George. The real adoption of Rilke's work takes place later, first and foremost in connection with Marie Under and Artur Adson. While the early adoption concentrates upon the earlier books of poems, later generations will extend the Rilke picture through adoption and translation of his late lyrical work and his novel Malte Laurids Brigge.


[1] Gas hydrate is a crystalline solid found within marine and subpermafrost sediments. While the presence of hydrates can have a profound effect on sediment properties, the stress-strain behavior of hydrate-bearing sediments is poorly understood due to inherent limitations in laboratory testing. In this study, we use numerical simulations to improve our understanding of the mechanical behavior of hydrate-bearing sands. The hydrate mass is simulated as either small randomly distributed bonded grains or as "ripened hydrate" forming patchy saturation, whereby sediment clusters with 100% pore-filled hydrate saturation are distributed within a hydrate-free sediment. Simulation results reveal that reduced sand porosity and higher hydrate saturation cause an increase in stiffness, strength, and dilative tendency, and the critical state line shifts toward higher void ratio and higher shear strength. In particular, the critical state friction angle increases in sands with patchy saturation, while the apparent cohesion is affected the most when the hydrate mass is distributed in pores. Sediments with patchy hydrate distribution exhibit a slightly lower strength than sediments with randomly distributed hydrate. Finally, hydrate dissociation under drained conditions leads to volume contraction and/or stress relaxation, and pronounced shear strains can develop if the hydrate-bearing sand is subjected to deviatoric loading during dissociation.


Abstract We conducted a survey on the mycorrhizal status of neotropical ferns, focusing on previously neglected taxa. These include the filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae), and the genus Elaphoglossum (Dryopteridaceae). Samples were collected at different sites in southern Ecuador, Prov. Loja, Morona-Santiago, and Zamora-Chinchipe. Among the 85 investigated species (101 samples, 10 families), 19 were associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and 36 were infected by dark septate endophytes (DSE), which are identified as ascomycetes and here considered as a kind of mycorrhiza similar to the ericoid type. The roots of 30 species (including all non-grammitid Polypodiaceae and half of the Elaphoglossum species) were free of evident fungal infection. AMF were frequent in terrestrial species (29.10% of species, or 48.49% of infected terrestrial samples). DSE prevailed in epiphytic species (58.62% of species, or 96.15% of infected epiphytic samples) and were also common in terrestrial samples of predominantly epiphytic species.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was administered orally, in doses of 12–65, ug/kg at intervals of 1–4 hours, to 12 neonates in whom the pulmonary circulation depended on patency of the ductus arteriosus. After an oral dose, both oxygen saturation (Sao2) and plasma PGE2 concentration increased consistently within 15–30 minutes, reaching values comparable to those during i.v. infusions. Treatment continued for 5 days to 4 months. In eight infants, PGE2 withdrawal resulted in a decrease of Sao2, from a mean of 75 ± 7% to 57 + 10% (± SD).The ductus remained responsive for long periods –- in four infants, for over 3 months. Consequently, surgery could be delayed until the infants and their pulmonary arteries had grown. Side effects during oral therapy were similar to those during i.v. infusion but were less severe in this series. The effectiveness and simplicity of oral PGE2 administration have advantages over i.v. administration, especially for long-term treatment.


Head check is a crucial action to anticipate potential hazards whenever a road user is about to merge onto traffic. Failing to anticipate the hazards may result a road crash. Besides road users' riding individual behavior, there are several external contributing factors that may influence the head check performances. In this study, the length of the merging lanes of urban expressway was the focus. The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of several ranges of merging lane length on motorcyclists' head check performance during merging in urban expressways. 1200 motorcyclists were observed at twelve selected scenarios around Klang Valley Metropolitan area (n=100 for each scenario). The twelve scenarios were divided into four categories based on its length – (i) 0-100 feet; (ii) 101-200 feet; (iii) 201-300 feet; and (iv) above 300 feet. Dependent variable for this study was the percentage of head checks. If a motorcyclist turns his or her head over the shoulder towards the target zones (the area in which the potential hazard may emerge – the lanes on the expressway) while in the launch zone (the area that is two seconds before the merging nose), he or she was scored 1, else 0 (i.e. binary scoring). In general, the results show that the percentage of motorcyclists who did not performed head checks (88.17%) is higher compared to motorcyclists who did performed head check (11.83%). Specifically, it was observed that the percentage of head checks among the motorcyclists was higher at the shorter merging lanes rather than the longer merging lanes (i.e. gradually decreases from range (i) to range (iv)). This indicate that the length of merging lanes does affect the head check performance among motorcyclists during merging in urban expressway. The finding may recommend for an improvement to the current riding education curricular. In addition, it also would suggest the optimal range of merging lane length for future merging lane design, in which, may influent head check performance among motorcyclists and reduce the road crashes in the merging areas.


On February 27-28, 1998, the Center on European Union Law of the Fordham Law School was pleased to present a program, "The European Union and the United States: Constitutional Systems in Evolution," intended to provide a clear description of the impact of the Treaty of Amsterdam upon the European Union (or "EU"), and to enable some valuable points of comparison and contrast between constitutional and legal developments within the European Union and the United States. This symposium issue of the Fordham International Law Journal publishes a series of papers presented at the conference centering on the Treaty of Amsterdam, signed on October 2, 1997, and scheduled for complete ratification and entry into effect in 1999. All of the articles were written by present or former officials of institutions of the European Union who either participated in the preparation of the text of the Treaty of Amsterdam or are well-suited to analyze it. Let me now make a few remarks situating the Treaty of Amsterdam within the context of the constitutional evolution of the European Union. Not only is the study of the European Union one of the greatest practical importance, in view of its major political and economic role on the world stage, but also it is fascinating and rather elusive. The historical development of the European Union is complex, representing a gradual expansion in scope and power through a number of stages, each of which in turn is rather complicated and hard to assess.


The objective for this research project was to develop a commercially feasible holistic design approach for small scale stand alone power supply (SAPS) systems. Technical and economic performance expectations may conventionally be viewed as dominant design influences. A feasibility study for the options available to a proposed small scale domestic SAPS on the Central Wheat Belt of Western Australia fulfilled the role of a case study in exploring the holistic design approach.

Overall the research project comprised developing together with implementing the holistic design approach through the SAPS case study and analysing the outcome. The principal tools involved in the design approach were AS4509 part 2, HOMER and a holistic design tool that was developed for the purposes of holistically screening and ranking the prospective energy system solutions.

An important feature of the holistic design tool was considered that it assisted in transparently capturing together with communicating the reasoning behind the recommended holistically optimal solutions. Opportunity costs were included in the HOMER simulations to account for the time commitments of the clients that were projected to be involved in the solution options.

A commercially feasible structure was considered to have been established for the holistic design approach as an outcome of the research. The structure provided the foundations for progressive enhancements to the consistency, repeatability, productivity and meaningfulness of the approach. In the short run the structure was viewed to have achieved a practical solution for the case study in the form of a prospectively holistically optimised system for recommended implementation.


BACKGROUND/AIM
This study aimed to define the frequency of a primitive reflex, the buccopalpebral reflex (BPR), and its association with the clinical situation in patients with Parkinson disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between May 2010 and May 2011, 222 patients, 115 with Parkinson disease and 107 patients without any sign of neurodegenerative disease, were included in the study. All included patients were examined for BPR and snout reflex and were also evaluated with the Mini Mental State Examination. All patients with Parkinson disease were classified with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and the Hoehn and Yahr Score to determine their clinical severity.

RESULTS
Sixteen patients with Parkinson disease (13.9%) had a BPR (+) and 4 patients in the control group (3.7%) (P < 0.001). The UPDRS score, UPDRS daily life activities score, and UPDRS motor system score were all higher in the group with BPR (+). All patients with a BPR also had a positive snout reflex.

CONCLUSION
BPR is more frequent in patients with Parkinson disease than in patients without a neurodegenerative disease.


Objectives: Vocal fold scarring is the major cause of voice disorders after voice surgery or laryngeal trauma. The role of inflammatory factors in vocal fold wound healing and fibrosis has not been adequately investigated. Scarless wound healing has been associated with decreased inflammatory responses. To understand scar formation and develop reliable treatments, it is necessary to control extracellular matrix production and inflammation. Thus, we examined the inflammation profile and extracellular matrix production in wounded vocal folds in the acute phase of wound healing. Methods: Vocal fold stripping was performed on 30 Sprague-Dawley rats. Vocal fold tissue was collected at 5 time points (4, 8, 16, 24, and 72 hours). We examined the in vivo messenger RNA expression profile of inflammatory factors interleukin 1β, interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor a, nuclear factor Kβ, transforming growth factor β, and cyclooxygenase 2, as well as hyaluronic acid synthases 1 and 2, procollagen subtypes I and III, and elastin synthase in scarred vocal folds after injury, compared to normal vocal folds, using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The inflammatory factors showed a time-dependent sequence of expression peaks, starting with interleukin 1β, nuclear factor Kβ, tumor necrosis factor a (4 and 8 hours), and transforming growth factor β (72 hours). Interferon y decreased at 24 hours. Correspondingly, hyaluronic acid synthase 1 expression peaked first (4 and 8 hours), whereas hyaluronic acid synthase 2 expression peaked at 16 hours and again at 72 hours. Procollagen I expression peaked at 72 hours, whereas procollagen III decreased from 8 to 16 hours but peaked at 72 hours. Cyclooxygenase 2 expression was elevated, whereas elastin expression remained constant. Conclusions: The results show a clear profile of vocal fold inflammation with corresponding changes in extracellular matrix production.


Learning programming is hard — teaching it well is even more challenging. At university, the focus is often on functional correctness and neglects the topic of clean and maintainable code, despite the dire need for developers with this skill set within the software industry. We present a feedback-driven teaching concept for college students in their second to third year that we have applied and refined successfully over a period of more than six years and for which received the faculty's teaching award. Evaluating the learning process within a semester of student submissions (n=18) with static code analysis tools shows satisfying progress. Identifying the correction of the in-semester programming assignments as the bottleneck for scaling the number of students in the course, we propose using a knowledge base of code examples to decrease the time to feedback and increase feedback quality. From our experience in assessing student code, we have compiled such a knowledge base with the typical issues of Java learners' code in the format of before/after comparisons. By simply referencing the problem to the student, the quality of feedback can be improved, since such comparisons let the student understand the problem and the rationale behind the solution. Further speed-up is achieved by using a curated list of static code analysis checks to help the corrector in identifying violations in the code swiftly. We see this work as a foundational step towards online courses with hundreds of students learning how to write clean code.


The need to manage diverse information sources has triggered the rise of very loosely structured data models, known as "dataspace models." Such information management systems must allow querying in simple ways, mostly by a form of searching. Motivated by these developments, we propose a theory of search queries in a general model of dataspaces. In this model, a dataspace is a collection of data objects, where each data object is a collection of data items. Basic search queries are expressed using filters on data items, following the basic model of boolean search in information retrieval. We characterise semantically the class of queries that can be expressed by searching. We apply our theory to classical relational databases, where we connect search queries to the known class of fully generic queries, and to dataspaces where data items are formed by attribute--value pairs. We also extend our theory to a more powerful, associative form of searching where one can ask for objects that are similar to objects satisfying given search conditions. Such associative search queries are shown to correspond to a very limited kind of joins. Specifically, we show that the basic search language extended with associative search can define exactly the queries definable in a restricted fragment of the semijoin algebra working on an explicit relational representation of the dataspace.


Abstract This document obtained and analyzed an exact solution of an ekpyrotic fluid (P = 53μ) and a primordial magnetic field, so that the latter does not induce currents or electric fields. It is determined that the main role, in relation to the anisotropy in the solution, is played by the magnetic field. The solution is analyzed in points where, in appearance, some extent of singularity could exist, using the Kretschmann invariant and analyzing the metric's functions, and it is established that this is singular at t = 0. The value of the Kretschmann invariant, in these proximities, tends to be the same as the one obtained in the case of a free ekpyrotic fluid of the magnetic field; therefore, the magnetic field is left at the background when t → 0. It is determined that the solution presents this behavior in small time values, and tends to be isotropic and equivalent to the solution of the ekpyrotic fluid obtained for the flat model of Friedmann, Robertson, Walker and Lemaitre (FRWL); for big time values, it tends to behave as the Kasner LRS solution.


Abstract Science historians separated the scientific origins of ichnology and body fossil paleontology; the birth of body fossil paleontology is attributed to the Renaissance, whereas the beginnings of ichnology are placed in the 19th century. The present study shifts the boundaries of the history of paleontology and provides new information on an obscure chapter of scientific thought: the ichnological studies of Leonardo da Vinci. This report examines the ichnological observations of Leonardo da Vinci by (1) interpreting the Codex Leicester and the ichnosites described therein, and (2) studying the ichnological drawing included in the Codex I. This paper demonstrates the modernity and correctness of the observations and interpretations made by da Vinci, who used trace fossils to complement his hypothesis concerning the relationship of body fossils to the host sediment. The result from new information presented here is the establishment of a line of continuity between the two main branches of paleontology—trace fossils and body fossils—that emerge united by the genius of Leonardo da Vinci, the founding father of ichnology.


The Calman Review of 1998 recognised that continuing medical education through the postgraduate education allowance scheme (PGEA) had failed to deliver improvements in patient care. Instead, continuing professional development (CPD) has been put forward, which is intended to identify and fulfil learning needs. The primary care team itself is recognised to be a valuable learning resource.


We describe a spatial duopoly in a Hotelling model with quadratic transportation costs where consumers are distributed according to a symmetric density whose degree of concentration is variable. By solving the two-stage game in prices and locations as a function of the concentration index, we analyse the effects on the firms'optimal choices in a unbounded strategy space of an increasing agglomeration of consumers in the middle. Traditional horizontal differentiation-locational models assume that consumers are uniformly distributed over the characteristics space. With a few exceptions, the situations in which the consumers' preferences are concentrated on a subsection of the available varieties have been neglected. This issue was successfully addressed by Tabuchi and Thisse (1995), who explicitly solved the price-location problem for two firms in the presence of a symmetric triangular consumers' distribution. They showed that in this case any symmetric location cannot be an equilibrium, due to a discontinuity of the reactions functions generated by the non-differentiability of the consumers' density at its modal value; rather, their model exhibits two subgame perfect asymmetric equilibria characterised by strong product differentiation. In this paper, we assume that consumers are distributed according to a trapezoid distribution. This allows a simple parametrization of the degree of consumers' concentration, which includes the uniform and the triangular distribution as limit cases, and makes possible to solve the price-location problem as a function of the concentration index. Therefore we are able to find a more general explicit solution which covers those previously discussed in the literature. The basic results of the paper are the following. A symmetric equilibrium exists for all values of the concentration parameter, provided that the density is differentiable at the centre of its support. A higher degree of the consumers' concentration around the middle induces firms to move inwards, in order to locate closer to the growing share of consumers: competition in the highly populated central area of the market reduces differentiation and strengthens price competition. The overall equilibrium shows clearly that the demand effect outweighs the strategic effect. However the symmetric equilibrium may be not unique. When concentration becomes sufficiently high, two asymmetric specular equilibria coexist with the symmetric one. They arise for a degree of concentration lower than that implied by a triangular distribution, with price-location choices collapsing in the limit to those identified by Tabuchi and Thisse. At these equilibria one firm locates in the central area of the market, while the other locates outside the market space. These results are consistent with the idea that a higher concentration of consumers around the centre induces firms to reduce the optimal product differentiation and offer theoretical support to the intuition that homogeneity of consumers might have important implications in terms of reducing the firms' market power. However, our findings suggest that in models of spatial competition realistic representations of the demand side may generate a 'strange' interplay between the strategic effect and the demand effect which may cause a failure of the uniqueness property and weakens the economic interpretation of equilibria.


In this study, we present the results of numerical model study to simulate the hydrodynamic conditions observed in Hujeong Beach in the east coast of the Republic of Kore from December, 2016 to January, 2017 during which several extratropical cyclones hit the area causing extreme wave conditions. Three acoustic instrumentation systems were moored from the coast to a location outside the surf zone where the water depth was ~8m to measure waves, currents and suspended sediment concentrations. For the numerical model, we employed the CADMAS-SURF Raynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model to generate the wave conditions over the region of the field experiment.


Research on albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injection inspired by Paul Crutzen's paper a decade ago has made clear that it may present serious risks and concerns as well as benefits if used to address the global warming problem. While volcanic eruptions were suggested as innocuous examples of stratospheric aerosols cooling the planet, the volcano analog also argues against stratospheric geoengineering because of ozone depletion and regional hydrologic responses. Continuous injection of SO2 into the lower stratosphere would reduce global warming and some of its negative impacts, and would increasing the uptake of CO2 by plants, but research in the past decade has pointed out a number of potential negative impacts of stratospheric geoengineering. More research is needed to better quantify the potential benefits and risks so that if society is tempted to implement geoengineering in the future it will be able to make an informed decision.


Informal care evolves from an existing relationship with the care recipient. This study aims to understand the relational nature of such care. Six participants caring for a spouse or parent chose their own methods of data collection, including keeping a journal, telephone interviews
 or face-to-face interviews. Participants drew on personal narratives to reveal different identities, which included a guardian, a partner, a coper, and a campaigner on behalf of the person receiving care. These findings demonstrate how providing good care is part of each carer's relational
 identity. Acknowledging the relational nature of care will enable better support for carers.


My dissertation
is an interdisciplinary study of the Korean War stories in America in relation
to the history of the national security state of America from the Cold War to
post-911 era. Categorizing the Korean War stories in three phases in parallel
with three dramatic episodes in the national security of America, including the
institutionalization of national security in the early Cold War, the collapse
of the Soviet Union and the bipolar Cold War system in the 1990s, and the
institutionalization of homeland security after the 9/11 attacks, I argue that
storytelling of the Korean War morphs with the changes of national security
politics in America. Reading James Michener's Korean War stories, Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956),
and The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
in the 1950s and early 1960s, I argue that the first-phase Korean War stories
cooperated with the state, translating and popularizing key themes in the
national security policies through racial and gender tropes. Focusing on Helie
Lee's Still Life with Rice (1996),
Susan Choi's The Foreign Student
(1998), and Heinz Insu Fenkl's Memories
of My Ghost Brother (1996) in the 1990s, I maintain that the second-phase
Korean War stories by Korean American writers form a narrative resistance
against the ideology of national security and provide alternative histories of
racial and gender violence in America's national security programs. Further
reading post-911 Korean War novels such as Toni Morrison's Home (2012), Ha Jin's War
Trash (2005), and Chang-Rae Lee's The
Surrendered (2010), I contend that in the third-phase Korean War stories,
the Korean War is deployed as a historical analogy to understand the War on
Terror and diverse writers' revisiting the war offers alternative perspectives
on healing and understanding "homeland" for a traumatized American society.
Taken together, these Korean War stories exemplify the politics of storytelling
that engages with the national security state and the complex ways individual
narratives interact with national narratives. Moreover, the continued morphing
of the Korean War in literary representation demonstrates the vitality of the
"forgotten war" and constantly reminds us the war's legacy.


Suites of samples from the type area of the Leven Schist and from localities within the Monadhliath Schists of the Central Highlands have been analysed for major and trace elements and for their Sr isotopes. Petrologically the two schist groups are consistently different: the Leven Schists are muscovite-rich, plagioclase-poor semipelites to pelites, whereas the Monadhliath Schists are a typical 'Moinian' semipelite, consisting almost entirely of biotite, sodic andesine and quartz. Equally, consistent geochemical differences between the two include more Nb, Zr, Y and Rb, and less Ca, Sr and Ni in the Leven than the Monadhliath Schists. Ratios of Rb: Sr and of Y to P2,O5, Sr and CaO discriminate the Leven from the Monadhliath schists. Factor analyses of the chemical data also serve to distinguish the two suites Rb-Sr isochron studies give 655±f2.5Ma, initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7232±f10, for the Leven Schists, and 486±9Ma, initial "Sr87/"Sr86 = 0.7190±1, for the Monadhliath Schists and also separate the two formations from one another. The 655 Ma age for the Leven Schists is thought to record sedimentation and diagenesis, whereas the 486±9 age for the Monadhliath Schists is probably related to the cessation of Rb and Sr migration at or after the peak of the Grampian orogeny. Their Sr isotopic compositions were also completely different hack to 1300 Ma ago and serve to confirm the lack of any continuity between the Leven and Monadhliath schists. Sets of schists located between the main outcrop areas were also analysed and can be assigned without ambiguity either to the Leven or the Monadhliath schists on the basis of their chemistry. The results of this study imply that the Lower Dalradian Appin Group rests on the Grampian Division unconformably and that the latter is closely related, through its geochemistry, to the Moinian NW of the Great Glen.


Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) are an increasingly significant component of national social protection systems. CCTs have been associated with positive effects on poverty reduction, increased school attendance and use of health services as well as reductions in child labour; some claim that CCTs contribute to the empowerment of women and girls. Whether or not the conditionalities attached to these transfers play a role in producing these positive outcomes remains an open and much-debated question. Against this backdrop, the brief reviews a decade of feminist research on CCTs that has raised serious questions about the assumptions that underpin the use of conditionalities and their impact on poor women's lives. The brief highlights particular concerns about the detrimental effects that conditionalities may have in contexts where quality public services are lacking and where multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination mean that well-intended programme requirements easily slip into coercive and disempowering implementation practices. To avoid these dynamics, it is critical to avoid conditionalities where possible and ensure that cash transfer programmes are accompanied by investments in quality public services and infrastructure that help women and their families to thrive. POLICY BRIEF NO. 13


Abstract. Digital camera systems are a key component in the production of reliable, geometrically accurate, high-resolution geospatial products in a national scale. These systems have replaced film imaging in photogrammetric data capturing. Today, we are witnessing a proliferation of imaging sensors, collecting images in different ground resolutions, spectral bands, swath sizes, radiometric characteristics and accuracies being carried on varied mobile platforms. In addition, these imaging sensors combined with navigational tools (such as GPS and IMU), active sensors such as laser scanning and powerful processing tools, to obtain high quality geospatial products. The quality of these geospatial products based on the utilization of calibrated, high-quality digital camera systems.The new Survey of Israel (SOI) regulations specify the quality requirements for each geospatial product including maps at different scales and for different purposes, elevation models, ortho imagery etc. In addition, the regulations require that digital camera systems utilized for mapping purposes should be certified, using a rigorous mapping systems certification and validation process, which are specified in the SOI Director General Instructions (DGI).In 2019 the SOI has updated the camera certification and validation procedure and published a new national aerial capturing standard for digital geospatial products as a basis for the public bid in three main fields:Aerial data capturing including ground control points (GCP) measurements and aerial triangulation.Ortho imagery in several ground resolution distance (GSD) and several projections.Digital Elevation models including: points clouds, Digital Surface Model (DSM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM). This article provides the details of the Israeli Directive for camera certification and Standard for digital geospatial products including the main technical requirements of the public bid that was carried out.


This paper examines game theoretic models of coordination conventions. Firstly, the paper shows that static models of coordination cannot explain the emergence of coordination conventions. The best interpretation of these models is that they study the conditions under which coordination is possible. The examination of these conditions suggests that history and existing institutions are important in the process of emergence of institutions. Secondly, an examination of dynamic models of coordination conventions reveals that some of these models explicate some of the ways in which coordination may be brought about in the model world. Nevertheless, consideration of these models fortifies the point that history and existing institutions are crucial for explaining the emergence of conventions in the real world. Based on these observations, the paper suggests that game theory as a framework of analysis is the best possible interpretation of game theoretic models of coordination conventions.


We study the location and productivity of more than 1,000 research and development (R&D) labs located in the Northeast corridor of the U.S. Using a variety of spatial econometric techniques, we find that these labs are substantially more concentrated in space than the underlying distribution of manufacturing activity. Ripley's K-function tests over a variety of spatial scales reveal that the strongest evidence of concentration occurs at two discrete distances: one at about one-quarter of a mile and another at about 40 miles. These findings are consistent with empirical research that suggests that some spillovers depreciate very rapidly with distance, while others operate at the spatial scale of labor markets. We also find that R&D labs in some industries (e.g., chemicals, including drugs) are substantially more spatially concentrated than are R&D labs as a whole. Tests using local K-functions reveal several concentrations of R&D labs (Boston, New York-Northern New Jersey, Philadelphia-Wilmington, and Washington, DC) that appear to represent research clusters. We verify this conjecture using significance-maximizing techniques (e.g., SATSCAN) that also address econometric issues related to " multiple testing " and spatial autocorrelation. We develop a new procedure for identifying clusters – the multiscale core-cluster approach — to identify labs that appear to be clustered at a variety of spatial scales. We document that while locations in these clusters are often related to basic infrastructure, such as access to major roads, there is significant variation in the composition of labs across these clusters. Finally, we show that R&D labs located in clusters defined by this approach are, all else equal, substantially more productive in terms of the patents or citation-weighted patents they receive. The views expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System.


Today's computer networks become more complex than ever with a vast number of connected host systems running a variety of different operating systems and services. Academia and industry alike realize that education in managing such complex systems is extremely important for computer professionals because, with computers, there are many levels of detailed configuration. Configuration points can occur during all facets of computer systems including system design, implementation, and maintenance stages. In order to explore various hypotheses regarding configurations, system modeling is employed – computer professionals and researchers build test environments. Modeling environments require observable systems that are easily configurable at an accelerated rate. Observation abilities increase through re-use and preservation of models. Historical modeling solutions do not efficiently utilize computing resources and require high preservation or restoration cost as the number of modeled systems increases. This research compares a workstation-oriented, virtualization modeling solution using system differences to a workstation-oriented, imaging modeling solution using full system states. The solutions are compared based on computing resource utilization and administrative cost with respect to the number of modeled systems. Our experiments have shown that upon increasing the number of models from 30 to 60, the imaging solution requires an additional 75 minutes; whereas, the difference-based virtualization solution requires an additional three (3) minutes. The imaging solution requires 151 minutes to prepare 60 models, while the difference-based, virtualization solution requires 7 minutes to prepare 60 models. Therefore, the cost for model archival and restoration in the difference-based virtualization modeling solution is lower than that in the full system imaging-based modeling solution. In addition, by using a virtualization solution, multiple systems can be modeled on a single workstation, thus increasing workstation resource utilization. Since virtualization abstracts hardware, virtualized models are less dependent on physical hardware. Thus, by lowering hardware dependency, a virtualized model is further re-usable than a traditional system image. If an organization must perform system modeling and the organization has sufficient workstation resources, using a differential virtualization approach will decrease the time required for model preservation, increase resource utilization, and therefore provide an efficient, scalable, and modular modeling solution.


This paper presents a novel approach to assist the user in exploring appropriate transfer functions for the visualization of volumetric datasets. The search for a transfer function is treated as a parameter optimization problem and addressed with stochastic search techniques. Starting from an initial population of (random or pre-defined) transfer functions, the evolution of the stochastic algorithms is controlled by either direct user selection of intermediate images or automatic fitness evaluation using user-specified objective functions. This approach essentially shields the user from the complex and tedious "trial and error" approach, and demonstrates effective and convenient generation of transfer functions.


We direct our gaze at an object by rotating our eyes or head until the object's projection falls on the fovea, a small region of enhanced spatial acuity near the center of the retina. In this paper, we explore methods for encorporating gaze direction into rendering algorithms. This approach permits generation of images exhibiting continuously varying resolution, and allows these images to be displayed on conventional television monitors. Specifically, we describe a ray tracer for volume data in which the number of rays cast per unit area on the image plane and the number of samples drawn per unit length along each ray are functions of local retinal acuity. We also describe an implementation using 2D and 3D mip maps, an eye tracker, and the Pixel-Planes 5 massively parallel raster display system. Pending completion of Pixel-Planes 5 in the spring of 1990, we have written a simulator on a Stellar graphics supercomputer. Preliminary results indicate that while users are aware of the variable-resolution structure of the image, the high-resolution sweet spot follows their gaze well and promises to be useful in practice.


This insightful and accessible introduction provides students and practitioners with a comprehensive overview of the increasingly important discipline of international investment law. Focusing primarily on the legal principles contained in the growing body of international investment agreements, this book covers the core concepts of the discipline, with attention given to their relation to each other and to the manner which they have developed through arbitration case law. The context of each legal principle is explored, along with a consideration of some of the major debates and emerging criticisms. Avoiding extensive case extracts, this book adopts an engaging and succinct narrative style which allows readers to advance their understanding of the topic while examining the legal principles with academic rigour and discerning commentary.


Abstract

Objective: This paper presents a tail-worn sensor-equipped heart rate measurement apparatus to quantify the effect of exercise preconditioning on the physical disability of rats due to ischemic stroke. So far, physiological measurements in the literature are mostly conducted in an invasive manner, meaning that sensor implant surgery is a necessity, and result in the risk of infection and the problem of interrupted data capture. Nonetheless, most existing noninvasive physiological measurement apparatus are designed for animals at rest, not on the move. For this sake, this heart rate measurement apparatus was developed as an easy-touse, but high performance, non-invasive tool for long-term physiological monitoring on rats, particularly in the running state.

Methods: The presented non-invasive measurement apparatus comprises a front-end PPG sensor array and a back-end digital signal processor. A PPG signal was chosen for back-end signal extraction, using an adaptive filer and Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT). This work was experimentally validated by the heart rate variability due to the epinephrine administration to rats in the conscious and unconscious states, and a heart rate monitoring in the running state was performed at the end of this work.

Results: Rats under test were equally divided into two groups for comparison purposes, one as the control group and the other as the exercise group, and each member in the latter needs to take a 3-week physical training program as a preconditioning. In weeks 1–3, the exercise (control) group members demonstrated an average pre-exercise heart rate of 358.31 (356.89), 328.21 (360.1) and 312.91 (361.68) BPM, respectively. The exercise group members clearly have a much slower preexercise average heart rate than the control group in weeks 2–3, indicating a negative correlation
between the heart rate and the slide angle result of an inclined plane test.

Conclusions:

This paper presents a novel physiological measurement apparatus as a non-invasive alternative to a typical inclined plane test for quantifying the benefit of exercise preconditioning to ischemic stroke prevention. Featuring low physical confinement on animals and long-term monitoring, it was experimentally validated herein as an easy-to-use, but high performance, tool, and is expected to be employed in futuristic clinical research.


Differences between ages, sexes and populations in the timing of migration at Falsterbo, Sweden and in the choice of wintering site among raptors in Scania were investigated. Competition and dominance is the best primary explanation to the results. In most cases the more competitive adults winter north of juveniles and the larger females north of males. Moult strategy is probably one of the most important reasons why females in general migrate south earlier than males, and juveniles ahead of adults, in some short-distance migrants. The proportion of adults and juveniles in Swedish raptors leaving via Falsterbo is calculated. The concentration rate is generally highest in species with a more southerly distribution and in raptors primarily using thermal migration. With a few exceptions juveniles are more concentrated at Falsterbo than adults. An analysis of the long-term systematic migration counts from Falsterbo, shows that in all raptors where the Swedish population trends are reasonably well known from other studies, the fluctuation in numbers is very well reflected in the autumn figures from Falsterbo. The proportion of juvenile birds among the migrants gives a good measure of the annual reproduction in several species. By separating Common Buzzards with a white plumage (mainly with a relatively southerly breeding range) at Falsterbo it was possible to demonstrate some differences in migration pattern compared to darker and more northerly birds. Studies of three species of skuas on the Russian tundra demonstrated interesting differences in the proportion of dark phase. While no dark phase birds seem to occur in Long-tailed Skua the proportion was close to 8 % dark birds in Pomarine Skua all the way from Norway to Wrangel Island. This strongly indicates a gene flow all along the transect in this nomadic species. In Arctic Skua on the other hand there was an abrupt change from 64 % dark phase on the Kola Peninsula to an almost complete dominance of light birds all along the Russian tundra. Satellite transmitters constitute an invaluable tool enabling detailed studies of the migration strategies of individual birds. Thirteen Ospreys were tracked on autumn migration from Sweden to the wintering grounds in tropical Africa. The average speed for the whole journey was 174 km/day. This is similar to migration speeds in other raptors studied by satellite telemetry, but considerably faster than results from ringing recoveries. There was large individual variation with few major differences between sexes and ages. The birds made between 0 and 4 stopovers along the way. Migration took place only during the light hours and the Ospreys spent about nine hours in active flight on travelling days. (Less)


This thesis analyses two strategies for decreasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions: to capture and store CO2, and to increase the use of biomass. First, two concepts for CO2 capture with low capture penalties are evaluated. The concepts are an integrated gasification combined cycle where the oxygen is supplied by a membrane reactor, and a hybrid cycle where the CO2 is captured at elevated pressure. Although the cycles have comparatively high efficiencies and low penalties, they illustrate the inevitable fact that capturing CO2 will always induce significant efficiency penalties. Other strategies are also needed if CO2 emissions are to be forcefully decreased. An alternative is increased use of biomass, which partially could be used for production of motor fuels (biofuels). This work examines arguments for directing biomass to the transport sector, analyses how biofuels (and also some other means) may be used to reduce CO2 emissions and increase security of motor fuel supply. The thesis also explores the possibility of reducing CO2 emissions by comparatively easy and cost-efficient CO2 capture from concentrated CO2 streams available in some types of biofuel plants. Many conclusions of the thesis could be associated with either of three meanings of the word sense: First, there is reason in biofuel production – since it e.g. reduces oil dependence. From a climate change mitigation perspective, however, motor fuel production is often a CO2-inefficient use of biomass, but the thesis explores how biofuels' climate change mitigation effects may be increased by introducing low-cost CO2 capture. Second, the Swedish promotion of biofuels appears to have been governed more by a feeling for attaining other goals than striving for curbing climate change. Third, it seems to have been the prevalent opinion among politicians that the advantages of biofuels – among them their climate change mitigation benefits – are far greater than the disadvantages and that they should be promoted. Another conclusion of the thesis is that biofuels alone are not enough to drastically decrease transport CO2 emissions; a variety of measures are needed such as fuels from renewable electricity and improvements of vehicle fuel economy.


This article argues that internationally endorsed peace agreements entrench the restructuring of power relations that take place in 'new wars'. It characterizes new wars as 'mutual enterprises' in which networks of state and nonstate actors engage in violence for economic and/or political gain. The article shows the way in which such networks subvert efforts to implement a rule of law, primarily using the example of Bosnia. It argues that efforts to challenge such networks through transitional justice mechanisms or democratic politics face huge obstacles. It suggests that the role of the international community has been ambiguous, sometimes going with the grain of existing power relations for geo-political reasons or for stability and sometimes upholding human rights. Only where grass roots actors have directly accessed international justice mechanisms or where local activists have worked with municipalities have there been some openings. The article concludes by suggesting what a 'new peace' might involve.


Although women athletes in professional sport are uniquely positioned to expose the limits of gender essentialist ideology and challenge its relationship with inequality, little empirical research has considered how professional women athletes understand and negotiate gender ideologies. Drawing on 19 in-depth interviews and one e-mail exchange with U.S. women's professional soccer players, this article finds that sportswomen strategically endorse constructions of gender difference while simultaneously universalizing White, middle-class women's experiences. "Privileging difference" is a narrative whereby players recognize belief in women's physical inferiority to men and argue for women's moral superiority to men as a source of value and reward for women's sport. Sportswomen's moral authority is defined from a position of racialized class privilege, as players construct an idealized woman player who sacrifices material reward for emotional satisfaction and who emphasizes future change over present conditions.


Sustainability is based on a simple and long-recognized factual premise: Everything that humans require for their survival and well-being depends, directly or indirectly, on the natural environment. The environment provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Recognizing the importance of sustainability to its work, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working to create programs and applications in a variety of areas to better incorporate sustainability into decision-making at the agency. To further strengthen the scientific basis for sustainability as it applies to human health and environmental protection, the EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide a framework for incorporating sustainability into the EPA's principles and decision-making. This framework, Sustainability and the U.S. EPA, provides recommendations for a sustainability approach that both incorporates and goes beyond an approach based on assessing and managing the risks posed by pollutants that has largely shaped environmental policy since the 1980s. Although risk-based methods have led to many successes and remain important tools, the report concludes that they are not adequate to address many of the complex problems that put current and future generations at risk, such as depletion of natural resources, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Moreover, sophisticated tools are increasingly available to address cross-cutting, complex, and challenging issues that go beyond risk management. The report recommends that EPA formally adopt as its sustainability paradigm the widely used "three pillars" approach, which means considering the environmental, social, and economic impacts of an action or decision. Health should be expressly included in the "social" pillar. EPA should also articulate its vision for sustainability and develop a set of sustainability principles that would underlie all agency policies and programs.


We describe an efficient algorithm for the sizing of single microspheres having a known index of refraction as a function of wavelength. The algorithm employs a peak-detection routine that determines several resonant frequencies in the radiation scattered from the particle. These measured resonances are then compared with entries from a library of stored resonance locations in order to determine a few neighborhoods within which the size of the particle is likely to lie. A final step finds a local minimum of the cost function within each neighborhood, and the size estimate is determined by selecting the smallest of these local minima. The algorithm has modest computational and memory requirements, and it requires no analysis of complicated features of the resonance spectrum that would call for human intervention. Hence it could be automated for nearly real-time operation using a microprocessor. When applied to the measured resonance spectrum of a fluorescent polystyrene sphere, the algorithm finds the radius with an accuracy limited only by such factors as surface roughness, asphericity, and imperfect knowledge of the refractive index. The algorithm is currently limited to use with first-order resonances.


Abstract Branching point process models such as the epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models introduced by Ogata (1988, 1998) are often used in the description, characterization, simulation, and declustering of modern earthquake catalogs. The present work investigates how the parameters in these models vary across different tectonic zones. After considering divisions of the surface of the Earth into several zones based on the plate-boundary model of Bird (2003), ETAS models are fit to the occurrence times and locations of shallow earthquakes within each zone. Computationally, the expectation-maximization (EM) type algorithm of Veen and Schoenberg (2008) is employed for the purpose of model fitting. The fits and variations in parameter estimates for distinct zones are compared, and seismological implications are discussed. In particular, we find that estimated background seismicity rates range by a factor of nearly 500 for interplate and trench events, respectively; the estimated productivity parameter, governing the relationship between the magnitude of an earthquake and its expected number of direct aftershocks, ranges by a factor of more than five from events in the slow-moving zone to events in active continental areas, suggesting a much higher rate of swarming in the ridges than in the trenches and active continental zones. Despite the pronounced differences between the seismicity patterns and parameter estimates in the different zones, the ETAS model with few parameters and with the same functional form seems to fit reasonably well to the seismicity in each zone.