It is widely believed that the current recession has soured public attitudes towards immigration. But most existing studies are cross sectional and can shed little light on the economy-wide forces that shift public opinion on immigration. In this paper I use the six rounds of the European Social Survey (2002-2012) to test the effects of economic shocks on immigration opinion for 20 countries. The recession that began in 2008 provides a useful test because its severity varied so widely across Europe. For Europe as a whole the shifts in average opinion have been remarkably mild. But trends in opinion have varied across countries, especially in the responses to a question on whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy. At the country level, pro-immigration opinion is negatively related to the share of immigrants in the population and to the share social benefits in GDP, but only weakly to unemployment. These effects differ somewhat across responses to different questions relating to immigration policy and to the desirability of immigrants. The recession also influenced other attitudes and traits that are sometimes linked to opinion on immigration.


Dynamic data-driven application systems [1, 2] (DDDAS) allow for unprecedented self-healing and self-diagnostic behavior across a broad swathe of domains. The usefulness of these systems is offset against their inherent complexity, and therefore fragility to specification or implementation error. Further, DDDAS techniques are often applied in safety-critical domains, where correctness is paramount. Formal methods facilitate the development of correctness proofs about software systems, which provide stronger behavioral guarantees than non-exhaustive unit tests. While unit testing can validate that a system behaves correctly in some finite number of configurations, formal methods enable us to prove correctness in an infinite subset of the configuration space, which is often needed in cyber-physical systems involving continuous mechanics. Although the efficacy of formal methods is traditionally offset by significantly greater development cost, we propose new development techniques that can mitigate this concern. In this paper, we explore novel techniques for assuring the correctness of data-driven systems based on certified programming and software verification. In particular, we focus on the use of interactive theorem-proving systems to prove foundational properties about data-driven systems, possibly reliant upon physics-based assumptions and models. We introduce the concept of the formal safety envelope, analogous to the concept of an aircraft's performance envelope, which organizes system properties in a way that makes it clear which properties hold under which assumptions. Beyond maintaining modularity in proof development, this technique furthermore enables the derivation of runtime monitors to detect potentially unsafe system state changes, allowing the user to know precisely which properties have been verified to hold for the current system state. Using this method, we demonstrate the partial verification of an archetypal data-driven system from avionics, where wing sensor data is used to determine whether or not an airplane is likely to be in a stall state.


Traditional systems of medicine have been in trend for treating numerous ailments in many develop and development countries such as India, China, Japan and Korea, Tavian since age system of medicine is one of the ancient traditional system southern part of India for treating different diseases including even chronic conditions. Nathai choori chooranam composed of five plant equal composition (Borreria hispida seed, Zingiber officinale Rhizome, Cassia auri molecules those may serve as safer therapeutics to combat existing new world ageing related diseases, and obesity is the major concern among them. Pancreatic lipase inhibito prove as promising side effects lacking anti objective of anti decoction. Phytochemica flavonoids, were done by taking tannic acid, quercetin, as reference molecules. Antiradical activities were evaluated by using different free radicals (ABTS, lipid peroxidation, meta and nitric oxide scavenging activities). Also effect of Nathai choori chooranam decoction on DNA cleavage induced by H decoction was proved to be better than the choori chooranam decoction was assessed using porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL; triacylglycerol lipase, EC 22.214.171.124) in an in vitro assay system with p data of the results obtained, maximum percentage of lipase inhibition was shown by Nathai choori chooranam decoction DNA cleavage.IC50 value were calculated using the logar after subtraction of both blank and inherent sample fluorescence values. In all cases, the coefficients of determination of the regression (R2) were greater than 0.95. IC50 are the means ± standard deviations of


ABSTRACT To explore and address complex water-related issues, true collaborative, interdisciplinary research at the interface of hydrology and social science is necessary. Accordingly, hydrologists are increasingly working with social sciences and becoming involved in fieldwork with participants. With the overarching aim of facilitating collaboration and interdisciplinary water research, here we discuss important considerations and guiding principles for hydrologists, both those new to and those already familiar with interdisciplinary research, who are: (i) involved in fieldwork with participants; and (ii) working more collaboratively with social scientists. Drawing on first-hand experiences, this paper combines theory and experience from hydrologists and social scientists from their various interdisciplinary research projects to better understand key ethical, theoretical and practical considerations when working with participants. Complementary to this, we discuss the barriers and opportunities in collaborative interdisciplinary research. Facilitating these practices and understandings for hydrologists is essential to strengthen collaboration and to develop more holistic, successful research.


Modern organizations interact with their partners through digital supply chain business processes for producing and delivering products and services to consumers. A partner in this supply chain can be a sub-contractor to whom work is outsourced. Each partner in a supply chain uses data, generates data and shares data with other partners, and all this collaboration contributes to producing and delivering the product(s) or service(s). The main security challenge in supply chains is the unauthorized disclosure and data leakage of information shared among the partners. Current approaches for protecting data in supply chain rely on the use of standards, service level agreements, and legal contracts. We propose an auditing based approach for protecting shared data in digital supply chains.


The literature pertaining to correctional education in the United States is overwhelmingly focused upon the learning outcomes of the inmate participants. The purpose of this study was to measure the level of influence that six dimensions have on the teacher-decision making process within the correctional education classroom throughout the United States. The findings from a study of 427 correctional education teachers in the United States suggest that the three dimensions of security/safety, classroom characteristics, and other correctional educators had a strong influence upon the instructional decisions that teachers made in the correctional education classroom. This study found that the two dimensions of inmates and prison administrators had a moderate influence upon teacher decision-making. The findings also suggest that the correctional education teachers were seldom influenced by the correctional officers with respect to the instructional decisions that they make in the classroom. Finally, the findings suggest that the correctional education teachers believed that they had a strong level of power to make the necessary instructional decisions in their own classroom.


Abstract: The number of applications for debt management services in the Netherlands shows a steady increase of about 10 per cent each year, over the last few years. Municipalities, responsible for these services, at the same time need to cut back on expenditures. Our research shows that the (social) return on debt management is, on average, twice as high as the costs. These benefits are mainly found in the areas of social welfare and housing. Since debts are a reason for employers not to hire or not to continue employment, debt management increases the chance of (continued) employment and therefore helps reduce costs of unemployment and welfare benefits. Since housing corporations spend large sums of money on evictions, the prevention of evictions through debt management also reduces costs in that area. The ratio between the costs and benefits is only partly influenced by the quality of execution. Social structure offers a better explanation, where a weaker social structure results in greater benefits. Our findings are based on extensive research of individual files combined with interviews with professionals. Only direct if-then relations were considered. This means that in reality the cost-benefit ratio may even be more favourable. Municipalities should therefore be careful in cutting back on debt management services. On the other hand, cross-linking debt management with welfare payments and co-operating with housing corporations could open up opportunities for co-financing debt management services.


Introduction: Effective facilitation of PBL tutorials requires tutors to develop observation skills, cognitive strategies and motor skills. The initial tutor training workshops at Aga Khan University were geared towards providing an understanding of the theory of the PBL process but not hands-on experience in facilitation. Objectives: To use structured, small group experiential learning (SSGEL) to enhance skills in PBL tutorial facilitation, with opportunities to practice and provide individual feedback. Methods: The workshop was structured using Gagne's principles of instruction as a framework, making the learning more experiential and systematic. Cue cards were used with trigger statements related to disruptive behaviors and inappropriate feedback statements from students that commonly occur during PBL sessions, to give tutors an opportunity to handle these simulated situations. Outcomes: Analysis of the post workshop evaluation forms provided generally positive feedback from participants on the structure and content of the revised workshop. Participants highlighted the session on PBL experience as highly interactive and rated it as a good learning experience, with an average rating of 4.54 out of 5. Conclusion: The structured small group experiential learning exercise provided faculty with an opportunity to practice facilitation skills focusing on developing a standard approach in dealing with common, difficult situations in maintaining group dynamics during a PBL session. The structure of the program was designed to enable participants to better understand the rationale and philosophy of PBL and the curricular change in our school, and to prepare them to serve more effectively as PBL tutors.


Releasing person-specific data could potentially reveal sensitive information of individuals. k-anonymization is a promising privacy protection mechanism in data publishing. Though substantial research has been conducted on k-anonymization and its extensions in recent years, few of them consider releasing data for a specific purpose of data analysis. This paper presents a practical data publishing framework for determining a generalized version of data that preserves both individual privacy and information usefulness for cluster analysis. Experiments on real-life data suggest that, by focusing on preserving cluster structure in the generalization process, the cluster quality is significantly better than the cluster quality on the generalized data without such focus. The major challenge of generalizing data for cluster analysis is the lack of class labels that could be used to guide the generalization process. Our approach converts the problem into the counterpart problem for classification analysis where class labels encode the cluster structure in the data, and presents a framework to evaluate the cluster quality on the generalized data.


One of the mysteries of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is why the cellular immune response fails to clear the infection (see Rowland-Jones and Dong). Noting recent research implicating up-regulation of the inhibitory cell surface receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) and production of functionally impaired "exhausted" virus-specific T cells in chronic infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Day et al. investigated the role of PD-1 signaling in HIV infection. In people with chronic, untreated HIV infection, PD-1 expression was increased in CD8+ T cells that specifically recognize HIV antigens. Increased PD-1 expression was associated with increased viral load and decreased CD4+ T cell count. Antiretroviral therapy, which decreased viral load (and antigen exposure), led to a decrease in PD-1 expression. There was an inverse relation between PD-1 expression and the proliferative response of HIV-specific T cells to HIV peptides, indicating greater functional exhaustion. Intriguingly, incubation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with blocking antibodies directed against PD-1 ligands enhanced both the proliferative response to HIV peptides and interferon-γ production. Similarly, increased PD-1 expression on CD4 T+ cells was associated with increased viral load and decreased CD4+ T cell count, and incubation with antibody against PD-1 ligand 1 enhanced proliferation in response to an HIV protein. Thus, the authors concluded that chronic HIV infection was associated with up-regulation of PD-1 on HIV-specific T cells, that this up-regulation was associated with impaired T cell function, and that blocking PD-1 activation might enhance the ability of T cells to control HIV. Trautmann et al. had similar findings and came to similar conclusions in a separate study. C. L. Day, D. E. Kaufmann, P. Kiepiela, J. A. Brown, E. S. Moodley, S. Reddy, E. W. Mackey, J. D. Miller, A. J. Leslie, C. DePierres, Z. Mncube, J. Duraiswamy, B. Zhu, Q. Eichbaum, M. Altfeld, E. J. Wherry, H. M. Coovadia, P. J. R. Goulder, P. Klenerman, R. Ahmed, G. J. Freeman, B. D. Walker, PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature 443, 350-354 (2006). [PubMed] L. Trautmann, L. Janbazian, N. Chomont, E. A. Said, S. Gimmig, B. Bessette, M.-R. Boulassel, E. Delwart, H. Sepulveda, R. S Balderas, J.-P. Routy, E. K Haddad, R.-P. Sekaly, Upregulation of PD-1 expression on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells leads to reversible immune dysfunction. Nature Med., published online 20 August 2006 (doi:10.1038/nm1482). [PubMed] S. Rowland-Jones, T. Dong, Tired T cells turn around. Nature 443, 282-283 (2006). [PubMed]


First Freedoms incorporates documents that are drawn from the history of First Amendment rights in America - an ongoing experiment in freedom. Like all experiments, it is full of trial and error. The story of freedom in America recounted here is often painful and contentious - but it is ultimately inspiring. Through it all, the ideal of building a nation 'with liberty and justice for all' keeps pulling America forward, calling its citizens to do better. Incorporating nearly 40 documents relating to First Amendment rights in America, First Freedom traces the ongoing efforts to establish the freedoms on which the country was founded.


This study, in nineteen chapters, deals with the various issues pertaining to land law in Nigeria. Namely: Concept of ownership; ownership and communal land holding under customary land tenure; individual land ownership; family land ownership; alienation under customary law; nature of customary tenancy; pledge; the law of property; an overview of the effect of the Land Use Act on customary ownership of land; The Nigerian Land Use Act; Land Use Act 1978; ways of declaration of title to land; legal mortgage; the position of landlord and tenant; the procedure for recovery of premises under the recovery of premises law; classification of right of occupancy; nature of prescription; march towards the reform of the Land Use Act.


We report from a study of how uncertainty about whether a given inequality reflects performance or luck shapes distributive behaviour. We show theoretically that the reaction to uncertainty depends on how people trade off the probability of making a mistake when redistributing, and the size of this mistake. We show experimentally that uncertainty causes a strong egalitarian pull among a majority of meritocratic individuals. The theoretical framework and the experimental results are supported in general population surveys in the US and Norway. Our findings suggest that how people handle uncertainty about the source of inequality may be of great importance for understanding distributive conflicts in society.


Abstract The National Vegetation Classification (NVC) is a phytosociological treatment of the British vascular and non-vascular vegetation that has been adopted widely. Since its publication between 1991 and 2000 there have been no studies which have attempted to identify clusters of bryophyte species within a site and assess their distribution in relation to NVC communities. The aim of this paper is to undertake such an approach across a variety of sand dune habitats. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and cluster analysis utilizing percentage cover data from 97 relevés found seven bryophyte clusters distributed across the study area, which are described in terms of their bryophyte and vascular plant species composition, life-history strategies, life-forms, habitat and NVC communities. Some bryophyte clusters and NVC communities were associated strongly, while in other instances the relationships were less clear. The latter may be due to bryological gaps in the NVC data for sand dune communities and/or variation in bryophyte composition that is not correlated with changes in vascular plant communities. It is concluded that a comprehensive evaluation of the bryological quality of the NVC for habitats that are particularly important for bryophytes may be justified.


In three experiments, the distribution and malleability of infant visual attention were studied in 5-month-olds (N = 72) while they inspected large geometric designs. In Experiment 1, we established that infants maintained their distribution of attention from a pretest to a familiarization phase. We also replicated and extended our previous findings that infants who examined targets with briefer, more numerous looks and shifts-short lookers-had novelty scores above chance, whereas long lookers demonstrated chance responding. In Experiment 2, different portions of the display were successively illuminated with red light. This manipulation induced long lookers to scan like short lookers during familiarization; they then showed novelty scores well above chance. A third experiment ruled out the simple presence of a red light as the source of this effect. In sum, then, these results suggest that the distribution of attention is malleable, and that a broader distribution of attention, as reflected in briefer and more numerous looks and shifts, can improve processing.


Abstract The system-integrated modular advanced reactor (SMART) new phase (SMART-P) with a rated thermal power of 65.5 MW is currently being developed at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. It is an innovative design to achieve a high degree of safety by adopting inherent safety-improving features and passive safety systems. Realistic and conservative calculations and a parameter study for a steam-line pipe break have been carried out by means of the TASS/SMR code. A set of transients for the whole system of SMART-P is investigated from the point of view of fuel integrity. The results of the analyses show that the most conservative initial conditions are thermal design flow, high system pressure, high coolant temperature, and high core power. It is also assumed that off-site power is unavailable and the steam section pipe guillotine break with the least reactive control rod assembly stuck out in the fully withdrawn position is a limiting case under the most moderator density reactivity condition. The SMART-P safety systems function properly and thus secure the reactor to a safe condition with respect to the safety parameters such as the critical heat flux ratio and the pressure. Natural circulation is well established in the primary and passive residual heat removal systems and is enough to ensure a stable plant shutdown condition after a reactor trips.


EC Antitrust Procedure explains how the European Commission investigates infringements of EC competition law, the procedural rights of the parties concerned, the method for setting fines, judicial review against Commission decisions and the relationship between the enforcement of EC competition law by the Commission and national courts and competition authorities. As of 1st May 2004 a far-reaching reform of procedural rules will enter into force - among the ramifications of this, businesses will have to take their own view on whether their agreements comply with EC competition law and the European Commission will concentrate on investigating suspected infringements. Furthermore, decisions as to whether agreements comply with EC competition law will also now be taken by national competition authorities and courts. Since the first edition published in 1981, successive editions of EC Antitrust Procedure have established the title as a recognised reference work in this field. The new 5th edition updates the work to include discussion of the impact of the new procedural rules, along with new case law and legislation.


OBJECTIVES
This study assessed the perceived impact of oral health conditions, and the relationship of two measures of self-reported outcome, the RAND SF-36 and the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP), to clinical indicators of oral health among inner-city adolescents.

METHODS
A convenience sample of 93 minority adolescents completed the RAND SF-36 and the OHIP and 76 of them completed a clinical dental examination assessing DMFS.

RESULTS
Participants averaged 14.4 (SD = 1.2) years old; 52 percent were female; and 86 percent were African-American. The mean DMFS was 8.8 (SD = 6.3). Participants reported relatively poor general health on the SF-36 as well as poor oral health on the OHIP. None of the SF-36 subscales were significantly related to DMFS. OHIP subscales were consistently related to DMFS--those with worse oral health reported more impacts. With the exception of the bodily pain subscale of the SF-36, the SF-36 and OHIP subscales were significantly correlated with Pearson's correlations ranging from -.21 to -.57 (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Although the SF-36 and the OHIP were correlated, the OHIP appears to be more highly associated with the impacts of oral health conditions than the SF-36 among inner-city adolescents who reported low general and oral health quality of life.


Watchmen (1987), written by Alan Moore and illustrated by Dave Gibbons, is a 12-part graphic novel that portrays real-life superheroes in a fictional United States of the 1980s. An alternate universe where ordinary people without superpowers were inspired by superhero comics and took on the crime-fighting in tights in the 1940s, the comic portrays an America vastly different from our reality. Since its publication more than two decades ago, the comic has been the subject of extensive study due to its breathtaking narrative structure as well as its acute deconstruction of the superhero genre itself. Indeed, one of the text's most brutal deconstructions comes from the way it addresses superheroic masculinity, from the misogynistic vigilante Rorschach to the emasculated ex-hero Nite Owl. Through its cast of male heroes, Watchmen deconstructs the superhero genre by rewriting masculine tropes such as vigilantism and patriotism and by exposing the inherent contradictions within these gender-bound tropes from the fascist undercurrents of violent patriotism to the often-hinted sexual dysfunction of the costume-fetish variety.


Summary of key findings

What do we already know about this topic? Over the past decade, parent support courses have gained a very positive reputation in policy, practice and research. They are generally considered helpful by parents, and objective studies report that in many different situations such courses have a positive effect on parenting.
o Parents of children with special needs face particular challenges.
o There are hardly any support courses that specifically target parents of children with special needs.
o In children's services work with parents more widely there is a growing emphasis on parent-professional partnerships. Most parenting support courses however, are facilitated by professionals.

What does this project add?

o The Insiders' Guide parent support course is aimed specifically at parents of children with special needs.
o The course goes a long way to meeting their learning and support needs.
o It facilitated positive changes in parental confidence and competence (especially for those parents starting off feeling very unconfident).
o The course was oversubscribed, popular with parents (including parents who would not normally attend such courses), and had a very low drop out rate.
o The Insiders' Guide course is co-facilitated by parents and professionals.
o Course facilitators valued the experience and most felt that it improved their parenting and/or practice.
o The evaluation provides evidence to suggest that the parent-professional facilitator partnership model is effective.

o What do we still need to find out?
o How the Insiders' Guide matches up when directly compared to other forms of parenting support.
o Whether or not the positive effect of the course is sustained over time.
o Whether a group of entirely unconfident parents would find the course helpful.

What aspects of the course would it be most worth taking away and copying in other contexts?

o Parent support course planners might usefully note that the combination of support, psychological reflection, information and education worked well.
o It is worth investing in the detail. Pre-visiting prospective course participants in their own homes prior to them signing up is particularly helpful for getting less confident parents along to the course. Providing nice refreshments, a pleasant environment and a take home gift were highly appreciated.
o The co-delivery model of the course (by a professional and a parent facilitator) was very effective and popular with participants and facilitators. It could be harnessed by children's services to meet policy and practice objectives of partnership working in other contexts.
o Intensive co-training of facilitators appears to be crucial in ensuring this success.


We fabricate keepsakes for a variety of reasons: sometimes to invoke good fortune, other times to commemorate victory and personal prowess. Items with a social life – good luck charms, political badges, award ribbons – represent exciting moments of empathy, identity and exchange within our day-to-day sartorial expressions. To further investigate the invocation of luck, protection, and perfection, I explore these practices – badges, ex voto, statuary, trophies, medallions - through color, line, and form using vitreous enamels, the permanency of metal, and soft fabric. Translating historical artifacts into a contemporary vernacular, I discover new meanings of the objects and traditions in question.


In recent days, a huge part of people depend on available content in social media in their decisions (e.g. reviews and feedback on a topic or product). The possibility that anybody can leave a review provides a golden opportunity for spammers to write spam reviews about products and services for different interests. Identifying these spammers and the spam content is a hot topic of research and although a considerable number of studies have been done recently toward this end, but so far the methodologies put forth still barely detect spam reviews, and none of them show the importance of each extracted feature type. In this study, we propose a new framework, named NetSpam, which uses spam features for modeling review datasets as heterogeneous information networks to map spam detection procedure into a classification problem in such networks. Using the importance of spam features help us to obtain better results in terms of different metrics experimented on real-world review datasets from Yelp and Amazon websites. The results show that NetSpam outperforms the existing methods and among four categories of features; including review-behavioral, user-behavioral, review linguistic, user-linguistic, the first type of features performs better than the other categories.


At the Conservatoire national superieur d'art dramatique of Paris, we seek to transform the future face of French theatre so that it reflects the diversity of contemporary France. In this presentation, we explainwhy and how we have been working to recruit a new generation of actors from minoritized backgrounds and to give them the confidence to go proudly into the professional world. Through taking a 'colour-blind' approach to casting and by centering the voices of minorities within the institution, we seek to give these students the key to open the doors of a still conservative French theatre establishment.


The focus of this research is on the development of a novel multi-disciplinary design optimization scheme for micro-compliant devices. Topology optimization is a powerful tool that can address the need for a systematic method to design MEMS. It is expected that systematic design methods will make the design of micro devices transparent to the user and thus spur their use. Although topology optimization of MEMS devices with embedded actuation has received a great deal of attention among researchers recently, there is not a significant amount of literature available on the subject. The limited literature available addresses multi-physics topology optimization, which employs the homogenization method. However, the products of this method inherit the drawbacks of homogenized material discretization, including checkerboard pattern, gray-scale material and narrow flexural hinges in the optimum solution. In this thesis, a new topology optimization scheme is introduced that addresses the specific needs of MEMS domain. A new discretization approach with frame-ground structure is introduced. This approach offers significant conceptual and practical advantages to the compliant MEMS optimization problem, including compatibility with MEMS fabrication processes. The design spaces of compliant mechanisms are non-convex and it is critical to employ an algorithm capable of converging to the global optimum without the need to evaluate gradients of objective function. In this thesis, an efficient real-coded genetic algorithm is implemented, which shows a better repeatability and converges to very similar solutions in different runs. This new method of optimization facilitates the use of a coarse subdivision of the design domain rather than the homogenized material method, for the same resolution of shape definition. Therefore, the topology optimization scheme developed in this thesis significantly reduces the computational burden without compromising the sharpness of the shape definition. As the problem of compliant mechanism design is posed as a set of conflicting objectives, a well-posed multi-criteria objective function is introduced which avoids one objective dominating the solution. Moreover, the formulation is modified to incorporate electro-thermal boundaries and enables the optimization of the compliant mechanisms to transfer maximum motion or maximum force at the output. A number of design examples are used to demonstrate the ability of the procedure to generate non-intuitive topologies. Their performance is verified using ANSYS and compared with results from the homogenization method and designs reported in the available literature. iii


Although the structure of rabbit skeletal muscle dihydropyridine (DHP) receptor, deduced from cDNA sequence, indicates that this protein is the channel-forming subunit of voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC), no functional proof for this prediction has been presented. Two DNA oligonucleotides complementary to DHP-receptor RNA sequences coding for putative membrane-spanning regions of the DHP receptor specifically suppress the expression of the DHP-sensitive VDCC from rabbit and rat heart in Xenopus oocytes. However, these oligonucleotides do not suppress the expression of the DHP-insensitive VDCC and of voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels. Thus, the gene for DHP receptor of rabbit skeletal muscle is closely related, or identical to, a gene expressed in heart that encodes a component of the DHP-sensitive VDCC. The DHP-sensitive and DHP-insensitive VDCCs are distinct molecular entities.


The Angudan Orogeny affected Cryogenian to earliest Cambrian sedimentary rock formations of the Jabal Akhdar Dome of the Oman Mountains. These rocks were folded and cleaved at 525 ± 5 Ma. We studied the Cambro-Ordovician (Terreneuvian to Darriwillian) Amdeh Formation of the neighboring Saih Hatat Dome to see whether this formation was also affected by the Angudan Orogeny. The Angudan deformation within the Jabal Akhdar Dome is known for its folds and cleavage. Due to age considerations (see above), we studied the folds and cleavages within the two oldest members of the Amdeh Formation (Am 1 and Am 2) in order to compare them with the ones that are known from the Jabal Akhdar Dome to possibly detect Angudan-related deformation in Am 1 and Am 2. Angudan folds of the Jabal Akhdar Dome display fold axes that are oriented NE/SW, but the two lowest members of the Amdeh Formation reveal one set of folds with subhorizontal fold axes that trend NW-NNW/SE-SSE. The lack of Angudan-related folds suggests that the lowest Amdeh Member (Am 1) postdates the Angudan Orogeny. The age of Am 1 is uncertain. Based on our structural results, we consider an upper Terreneuvian age (late stage 2) for Am 1. The folds in Am 1 and 2 are related to the Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic Semail Orogeny (term introduced here). The observed fold vergences (mainly to the W and SW) were caused by shear deformation during descent into the subduction zone by simple shear. The contact between the stratigraphically underlying Hiyam Formation and the Amdeh Formation is generally considered to be an unconformity. We observed a distinct NW/SE-striking deformation zone along the contact of both formations which is located in proximity to the largest observed fold. Tectonically, this contact is defined by the sinistral Wadi Amdeh Fault (name introduced here). The unconformity should be present in the subsurface of the southwestern fault block. Near the contact between the Hiyam and the Amdeh formations, a 20 cm thick unit of reddish cataclasite/tectonic breccia occurs within the basal part of Am 1 which represents a deformed acidic layer or sill. This rock unit could be the first evidence for Cambrian igneous activity.


Methemoglobinemia is an uncommon cause of arterial hemoglobin desaturation that should be suspected whenever a patient's low oxygen saturation (typically ~85%) as measured by pulse oximetry cannot be readily attributed to other, more expected causes. Clinical methemoglobinemia necessarily involves either increased production of methemoglobin, a genetically abnormal hemoglobin that is resistant to reduction, or decreased levels of circulating erythrocytic cytochrome-b5 reductase. Clinicians should particularly consider a diagnosis of methemoglobinemia when a patient with unexplained low oxyhemoglobin saturation has been exposed to inducing agents, especially in high doses. Drugs capable of inducing this condition include nitrates, nitrites, sulfonamides, and 2 local anesthetics: benzocaine and prilocaine. Because of its rare occurrence, methemoglobinemia is discussed in the medical literature predominantly in case reports such as the article by Wolak et al in this issue of the American Journal of Critical Care. Wolak et al describe the development of methemoglobinemia in a burned patient treated with mafenide (Sulfamylon), a sulfonamide. Although previously reported by Ohlgisser et al, this life-threatening condition is worthy of being reported to all disciplines of medicine. The genetic makeup of individuals susceptible to development of methemoglobinemia remains to be determined and is currently being investigated. Until it becomes possible and practical to identify patients at risk and avoid exposing them to inducing drugs such as mafenide, it falls to clinicians to keep this diagnosis in mind and perform arterial CO-oximetry, available in all arterial blood gas laboratories, whenever the clinical setting makes sense to consider it. Although susceptibility to methemoglobinemia currently cannot be predicted, the relationship between dose of local anesthetics and extent of methemoglobinemia has been established. Ho et al, in describing 2 patients in whom methemoglobinemia developed after topical anesthetization with benzocaine before transesophageal echocardiography, estimated that the patients had received 1200 and 1400 mg of benzocaine, equivalent to 8 and 10 one-second sprays of Cetacaine (Cetylite Industries, Inc, Pennsauken, NJ). Cetacaine, a proprietary mixture commonly used for topical mucosal anesthetization, is 14% benzocaine and 2% tetracaine. Hurricaine (Beutlich LP Pharmaceuticals, Waukegan, Ill), another proprietary mixture commonly used as a topical mucosal anesthetic, is 20% benzocaine. Multiple reports of methemoglobinemia after exposure to a cream containing a eutectic mixture of local anesthetics, a topical skin anesthetic composed of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine, point to the methemoglobinemic potential of prilocaine. In these case reports and others, lidocaine has been given along with other established inducing drugs, but I have not seen convincing evidence that lidocaine alone can produce methemoglobinemia, even in susceptible individuals. Finally, methemoglobinemia is a diagnosis of exclusion. Even when a patient has received a drug established as an inducing agent for this condition, arterial oxygen desaturation indicated by pulse oximetry or cyanosis should, first and foremost, be considered as a failure of oxygen delivery from the lungs or oxygen carriage by the blood. Immediate investigation of usual causes and institution of treatment including enhanced oxygen inhalation, followed as soon as is practical by arterial blood gas analysis, are required first as potentially life-saving maneuvers. Only after these steps have been taken—or simultaneously with them— should CO-oximetric measurement of hemoglobin saturation be performed to make a definitive diagnosis of methemoglobinemia, and, if methemoglobinemia is present, specific treatment begun.


Competitive advantage refers to the attributes an organization maintains to better perform in comparison to its competitors. According to the Resource Based View, human capital has become a source of competitive advantage. Literatures exploring how strategic leadership leads to ambidexterity practice is still very rare. Ambidexterity practices is about how organizations learn to conduct innovation activities in both exploitative and explorative manner. A prominent leader should have influence on innovation activities in their organization through the decisions they have made. This study analyzed how a corporation had implemented ambidexterity learning practices to create competitive advantage based on the leader's cognitive map. A leader's cognitive map is a mental construct that represents the way the leader thinks in order to deal with the prevailing environment. The dynamics of the cognitive leader is portrayed by conversing the entrepreneur's cognitive map using the Normalized Unit Modeling by Elementary Relationship (NUMBER). This research was conducted with Lippo Karawaci (LPKR) serving as the object of study. LPKR's success is without a doubt inseparable from the role of its leader. The results of this research show that learning process and ongoing participation based on culture to pursue competitive advantage in ambidexterity practices had occurred in LPKR. Furthermore, this study shows the importance of strategic orientation in ambidexterity learning process through proper management of the company's resources. The identified strategic directions—human resource, technology, profitability, and entrepreneurship— may be considered as sources of competitive advantage. This research is of significant value as it presents how a big corporation, such as LPKR, constantly creates new opportunities through exploratory and exploitative innovations and learning process simultaneously thereby becoming an ambidextrous organization.


Title of dissertation: AUTOINDUCER-2 (AI-2) MEDIATED QUORUM SENSING IN ESCHERICHIA COLI Liang Wang, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor William E. Bentley, Department of Chemical Engineering & Professor Steven W. Hutcheson, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics Bacteria have evolved complex genetic circuits to regulate their physiological activities and behaviors in response to extracellular signals. In a process termed "quorum sensing", or density-dependent gene regulation, bacteria produce, release and respond to certain signaling molecules termed autoinducers. The bacterial autoinducer-2 (AI-2) has received intense interest recently because the gene for its synthesis, luxS, is common in a large number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species. In this study, the luxS controlled genes were identified in Escherichia coli K12 strain under two different growth conditions using DNA microarrays. Deletion of the luxS was shown to affect expression of genes involved in AI-2 transport (the lsr operon) and methionine biosynthesis (metE), and to a lesser degree those involved in methyl transfer, iron uptake, resistance to oxidative stress, utilization of various carbon sources, and virulence. The effects of glucose on extracellular AI-2 level were investigated further. It was shown that both AI-2 synthesis and uptake in Escherichia coli are subject to catabolite repression through the cAMP-CRP complex. This complex directly stimulates transcription of the lsr (luxS regulated) operon and indirectly represses luxS expression. Specifically, cAMP-CRP is shown to bind to a CRP binding site located in the upstream region of the lsr promoter and works with LsrR repressor to regulate AI-2 uptake. This study, for the first time, has shown that quorum sensing regulates specific activities in E. coli K12, and has elucidated regulatory mechanisms for AI-2 biosynthesis and transport in this organism. With a better understanding of AI-2/luxS mediated gene regulation, we may be able to develop strategies for harnessing AI-2 quorum sensing for our advantage in bioreactor studies and ultimately in control of the bacterial pathogenicity. AUTOINDUCER-2 (AI-2) MEDIATED QUORUM SENSING IN ESCHERICHIA COLI


Extracted from text ... A new search engine has emerged recently called Mooter
(www.mooter.com) so I thought I'd give it a try. The
terms 'medicine infants children' provided what Mooter
calls 'clusters' of answers (Figs 1 and 2). A click on 'All
results' provided a list of websites, of which the
GeneralPediatrics (www.generalpediatrics.com)
appeared to be the most relevant and useful (Fig. 3).
On their home page, there is an extensive index of contents.
A click on 'About GeneralPediatrics' tells you more
about the site: (www.About GeneralPediatrics.com).
GeneralPediatrics.com is curated and maintained by
Donna M D'Alessandro, MD. This digital library is partially ..


This article examines Finnish politicians' ambivalent attachments to social media – specifically Facebook and Twitter – in candidate-centred, personalised politics. The analysis draws on 20 semi-structured interviews with members of parliament (MPs) to investigate the tactics of adaptation and adjustment politicians develop in a work setting that precludes digital detox. To investigate the MPs' contradictory feelings, the analysis builds on cultural and media theory to contextualise the porous border between the personal and the political that exists on social media. The analysis revolves around four interconnected themes: uneasiness of self-promotion, Facebook's ordinariness, Twitter as a necessary evil, and tactics of patience MPs utilise when they encounter various forms of online harassment. The article suggests that in parliamentary research, social media should be considered an ambivalent social glue that holds things together rather than merely a platform for self-promotion.


Rationale: Daptomycin (DAP) is a key drug for treating severe Staphylococcus infections. The emergence of DAP non-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus has been widely recognized in clinical situations, although the clinical status of DAP non-susceptible coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) infections is unclear. We encountered 2 cases of cardiovascular device infections that were associated with DAP non-susceptible CoNS. Patient concerns: The first case involved a 60-year-old woman with a pump pocket infection in a left ventricular assist device. DAP non-susceptible Staphylococcus capitis subsp. ureolyticus was isolated from a blood culture after treatment using vancomycin (10 days) and DAP (6 days). The second case involved a 71-year-old man with an aortic graft infection. DAP non-susceptible S capitis subsp. ureolyticus was detected in pus after treatment using vancomycin (2 weeks) and DAP (1 week) without complete removal and debridement. Diagnosis: Cardiovascular device infections caused by DAP non-susceptible CoNS. Interventions and outcomes: Whole genome sequencing of these strains revealed multiple mutations in genes that are related to DAP-non-susceptibility in S aureus, which created amino acid substitutions in mprF, dltAB, dltD, rpoC, yycG, cls2, pgsA, and vraSR. To the very best of our knowledge, the substitution patterns were not identical to those previously reported in DAP non-susceptibile S aureus. Lessons: Clinicians should be cautious regarding the emergence of DAP non-susceptible CoNS, especially in cases with implanted prosthetic devices, inadequate debridement, and prior usage of vancomycin and DAP. Further studies are needed to understand the relevance of these genetic changes and DAP-non-susceptibility in CoNS strains.


During its two years mission around comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, ESA's Rosetta spacecraft had the unique opportunity to follow closely a comet in the most active part of its orbit. Many studies have presented the typical features associated to the activity of the nucleus, such as localized dust and gas jets. Here we report on series of more energetic transient events observed during the three months surrounding the comet's perihelion passage in August 2015. We detected and characterized 34 outbursts with the Rosetta cameras, one every 2.4 nucleus rotation. We identified 3 main dust plume morphologies associated to these events: a narrow jet, a broad fan, and more complex plumes featuring both previous types together. These plumes are comparable in scale and temporal variation to what has been observed on other comets. We present a map of the outbursts source locations, and discuss the associated topography. We find that the spatial distribution sources on the nucleus correlates well with morphological region boundaries, especially in areas marked by steep scarps or cliffs. Outbursts occur either in the early morning or shortly after the local noon, indicating two potential processes: Morning outbursts may be triggered by thermal stresses linked to the rapid change of temperature; afternoon events are most likely related to the diurnal or seasonal heat wave reaching volatiles buried under the first surface layer. In addition, we propose that some events can be the result of a completely different mechanism, in which most of the dust is released upon the collapse of a cliff.


Sudan is an agricultural country with fertile land, plenty of water resources, livestock, forestry resources and agricultural residues. An overview of the energy situation in Sudan is introduced with reference to the end uses and regional distribution. Energy sources are divided into two main types: conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity); and non-conventional energy (solar, wind, hydro, etc.). Sudan possesses a relatively high abundance of solar radiation, and moderate wind speeds, hydro, and biomass energy resources. Application of new and renewable sources of energy available in Sudan is now a major issue in energy strategic planning as alternative to fossil conventional energy to provided part of the local energy demand. Sudan is an important case study in the context of renewable energy. It has a long history of meeting its energy needs through renewables. Sudan's renewables portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country's wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many of the African leaders in renewable energy utilization, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios for the new century emphasize the untapped potential of renewable resources. Rural areas of Sudan can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. It is concluded that renewable environmentally friendly energy must be encouraged, promoted, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale plants especially for use in remote rural areas.


In recent years, multiplex network embedding has received great attention from researchers. How-ever, existing multiplex network embedding methods neglect structural role information, which can be used to determine the structural similarity between nodes. To overcome this shortcoming, this work proposes a simple, effective, role-based embedding method for multiplex networks, called RMNE. The RMNE uses the structural role information of nodes to preserve the structural similarity between nodes in the entire multiplex network. Specifically, a role-modified random walk is designed to generate node sequences of each node, which can capture both the within-layer neighbors, structural role members, and cross-layer structural role members of a node. Additionally, the variant of RMNE extends the existing collaborative embedding method by unifying the structural role information into our method to obtain the role-based node representations. Finally, the proposed methods are evaluated on the network reconstruction, node classification, link prediction, and multi-class edge classification tasks. The experimental results on eight public, real-world multiplex networks demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform state-of-the-art baseline methods.


This paper develops a short-run microeconomic simulation model of the Dutch glasshouse industry in order to investigate the relation between technical efficiency and marginal abatement costs of CO2 emission. The model is also used to determine the effects of an emission tax and systems of tradable and non-tradable quota for groups of firms with different rates of technical efficiency. The results show that marginal abatement costs are very responsive to changes in technical efficiency. Furthermore, it is found that firms with a low technical efficiency are faced with a higher profit reduction under different abatement policies than firms with a high technical efficiency.


This article discusses to what extent and how the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has initiated and engaged in domestic judicial reforms. It shows that the judgments of the Strasbourg Court, rather than having effects only with respect to the individual whose rights have been violated, have much deeper structural effects in the design and operation of domestic judicial systems. This article argues that this phenomenon goes rather unnoticed, but it has deep implications for both the developing and developed European democracies. To demonstrate this phenomenon, this article assesses the impact of the ECtHR on three judicial design issues. First, it illustrates how the ECtHR has challenged the role of the advocates general. Second, it explains how the ECtHR has gradually curbed the jurisdiction of military courts both over civilians and over military officers, which has brought these courts to the brink of their abolition. Finally, it outlines how the ECtHR in its judgments regarding the disciplining of judges empowers the judiciary at the expense of other political institutions within the State. Based on the analysis of these three judicial design issues, we conclude that the Strasbourg Court is affecting the internal architecture of domestic judiciaries as it gradually endorses the unification of court administration and changes the power structures within the judiciary.


Educational electronic games and simulations (or simply educational eGames) engage players. They are attractive to awake and keep the focus of a user, and are useful for learning while covering learning objectives and playable goals. In eGames, feedback can improve learning and help the learner to take decisions about his strategy and it also encourages the learner's motivation. However, too much feedback can in some situations lead to a weaker strategy by the learner to solve the problem presented, resulting in a lower performance.

In this paper, we first show the relevance of eGames for learning and its relation with feedback. We introduce the need for appropriate feedback to get a better performance, but we also state that feedback depends on the context and on the game and that it is not always required to achieve the best performance while solving a problem. We carried out a case study (Planning Educational Task) with real learners/players, to study the differences between having and not having instant destination feedback while solving a problem. We discuss the results and implications of the case study, namely that in the context of our planning game, leaving feedback out improved performance.


Sonographic patterns for the Doppler ophthalmic test (DOT) were determined by reviewing the type of graphic record obtained from 25 patients who had undergone angiography. Three principal patterns were identified, depending upon whether there was augmentation (Type 1), diminution (Type 2) or no change (Type 3) in the character of the supraorbital Doppler signal upon temporal artery compression. Type 1 records were seen in 28 of 33 instances where the carotid arteries remained patent. Type 2 records occurred in 10 of 14 instances where there was significant carotid stenoses or tortuosity and in two instances in a patient with a subclavian steal syndrome. A "false-positive" test was recorded in one instance in a patient with vascular headaches. There were three Type 3 records.


We use quantum Monte Carlo simulations to study effects of disorder on the quantum phase transition occurring versus the ratio g = J/J' in square-lattice dimerized S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnets with intradimer and interdimer couplings J and J'. The dimers are either randomly distributed (as in the classical dimer model), or come in parallel pairs with horizontal or vertical orientation. In both cases the transition violates the Harris criterion, according to which the correlation-length exponent should satisfy v >= 1. We do not detect any deviations from the three-dimensional O(3) universality class obtaining in the absence of disorder (where v approximate to 0.71). We discuss special circumstances which allow v < 1 for the type of disorder considered here.


Interaction between well-being and happiness has received an increasing interest worldwide due to its positive impact on people's lives. The aim of this study was to propose a theoretical model to examine the relationships among wellbeing, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction and happiness. The results from a survey of 1230 respondent in Turkey indicate that there were significant relationships among national well-being, personal well-being, leisure satisfaction, life satisfaction and happiness. The results support the hypothesized relationships, suggesting that well-being as antecedents, directly affecting leisure, life satisfaction and indirectly affecting happiness. Consistent with previous empirical studies, the findings of this study suggest that leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction are the moderators of dimension of happiness, and significantly mediates the effect of national well-being on happiness.


The aim of this thesis was to study the link between hearing loss, language skills, and social functioning in deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children. Sufficient language skills are an essential prerequisite to develop appropriate communication skills, in order to join in conversations with others. Both their hearing loss and their diminished communication skills prevent DHH children from learning by observing their surroundings (incidental learning). As a result, DHH children showed more difficulty in understanding others' thoughts and wishes (Theory of Mind or ToM). DHH teenagers reported to have difficulties with understanding others' emotions and showed lower levels of prosocial behavior. Higher communication skills, but not language skills, were related to better ToM development and higher empathic abilities. Second, the role of early identification and intervention of hearing loss on the social-emotional development of DHH children was studied. This was illustrated in a longitudinal study showing that early cochlear implantation resulted in higher language and communication skills. In turn, these improved skills prevented the development of early signs of psychopathology. To conclude, this thesis shows that in order to stimulate the social-emotional development of DHH children, their opportunities for incidental learning have to be increased.


Coevolution between plants and insects is a relatively frequent phenomenon, in part because of the enormous species diversity of both groups. It is often diffuse, resulting in variability and radiation, and is presumed to result in unstable relationships. Coevolutionary relationships mainly occur between plants and herbivorous insects and between plants and pollinating insects. The mechanisms by which plants and insects interact and perceive each are very diverse, but can be broadly split into two categories: chemical and physical. Insects use a combination of chemical and physical cues to detect and discriminate plants, whereas plants manipulate both of these to either deter or attract insect visitors. These cues can be used either honestly (as warning of potential defences or to advertise offered rewards) or deceptively.

Key Concepts:

Plants and insects have coexisted and interacted for more than 350 million years.

There is a huge diversity of plant–insect interactions; the equally vast diversity of plant and animal species is thought to be due in part to the selective pressures arising from these interactions.

Mechanisms by which plant–insect interactions occur include both physical and chemical.

Multiple physical and chemical mechanisms may be involved in an individual interaction.

Selection has therefore occurred on multiple aspects of both plants and insects, including their morphology, biochemistry, development, sensory systems and life cycles.

Plant–insect relationships are not stable; mutualisms can shift to the detriment of either of the partners.

Keywords:

angiosperm;
arms race;
coevolution;
defence;
herbivore;
insect;
mimicry;
pollination


We analyse the challenges and changing character, production and consumption of the emerging genre fashion lm through a genre as ecology approach. This approach accounts for the complexity of various rhetorical practices used within the creative industries, such as fashion. We find that digital mediation compels genre innovation in networked cultures in the mediation of fashion. We examine three fashion films to ascertain how they function as cultural production within web- and mobile-based communication and networked articulations. These need to be understood as part of distributed, polyvocal and multimodally mediated digital branding and advertising strategies that have largely not been addressed as genre by media and communication studies. Genre ecology is proposed as an addition to typological and developmental models of (media) genre innovation.


'Third World' poverty and hunger conjures up certain conventionalised images: thin children, with or without their mothers. This paper explores the genealogy of such images in the mid‐twentieth century, and shows how they mobilise ideologies of 'rescue' while pointing away from structural (political, military and economic) explanations for poverty, famine and other disasters. These images had a counterpart in practices of transnational and transracial adoption, which became the subject of debate in the USA during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, and were at least as much about symbolic debates over race as the fate of particular children. Together, these visual and familial practices made US foreign and domestic poverty policy intelligible as a debate over whether to save women and children. When they cast the USA as rescuer, they made it all but impossible to understand what US political, military or economic power had to do with creating the problem.


The author develops a simple model of the gross flows of workers across labor market states that is based on Krusell et al. (2012). Its simplicity allows for analytical derivations that make the determination of these flows transparent. Moreover, he finds that if errors in the classification of agents' labor market states are introduced and allowed to vary over time, the model has the ability to generate business cycle dynamics similar to those observed in the U.S. data. However, its dynamics are driven essentially by exogenous factors, not endogenous ones.


Abstract For a Banach space $\mathfrak{X}$, let $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$ denote the Banach algebra of all continuous linear operators on $\mathfrak{X}$. First, we study the lattice of closed ideals in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{J}_p)$, where $1 \lt p \t \infty$ and $\mathfrak{J}_p$ is the $p$th James space. Our main result is that the ideal of weakly compact operators is the unique maximal ideal in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{J}_p)$. Applications of this result include the following. (i) The Brown–McCoy radical of $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$, which by definition is the intersection of all maximal ideals in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$, cannot be turned into an operator ideal. This implies that there is no 'Brown–McCoy' analogue of Pietsch's construction of the operator ideal of inessential operators from the Jacobson radical of $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})/\mathcal{A}(\mathfrak{X})$. (ii) For each natural number $n$ and each $n$-tuple $(m_1,\dots,m_n)$ in $\{k^2\mid k\in\mathbb{N}\}\cup\{\infty\}$, there is a Banach space $\mathfrak{X}$ such that $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$ has exactly $n$ maximal ideals, and these maximal ideals have codimensions $m_1,\dots,m_n$ in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$, respectively; the Banach space $\mathfrak{X}$ is a finite direct sum of James spaces and $\ell_p$-spaces. Second, building on the work of Gowers and Maurey, we obtain further examples of Banach spaces $\mathfrak{X}$ such that all the maximal ideals in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$ can be classified. We show that the ideal of strictly singular operators is the unique maximal ideal in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{X})$ for each hereditarily indecomposable Banach space $\mathfrak{X}$, and we prove that there are $2^{2^{\aleph_0}}$ distinct maximal ideals in $\mathcal{B}(\mathfrak{G})$, where $\mathfrak{G}$ is the Banach space constructed by Gowers to solve Banach's hyperplane problem. AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 47D30; 47D50; 46H10; 16D30


Every child deserves the chance at a great education and the American dream. Unfortunately, decades of student achievement data reveal that the increasingly costly U.S. district school system does not provide an excellent education for all students. State lawmakers around the country are now seeking ways to enhance the ability of families to choose among not only schools, but online classes, personal tutors, and other educational service providers.Lawmakers in five states have passed laws allowing eligible students to receive an Education Savings Account (ESA) instead of attending their assigned district school or a charter school. Under these ESA laws, the state deposits public funds into private bank accounts that parents can use to purchase a variety of educational products and services.However, nearly 40 states have constitutional provisions prohibiting the use of public funds at religious schools. These so-called Blaine amendments were originally motivated by anti-Catholic sentiment more than a century ago. State courts have interpreted some Blaine amendments in a manner that may pose an obstacle to private-school-choice laws, including ESAs. Fortunately, lawmakers can design ESAs to avoid such constitutional issues.This paper will explain how legislators can design an ESA that is privately funded through tax-credit-eligible contributions from taxpayers, similar to tax-credit scholarship programs around the country. Tax-credit-funded ESAs would empower families with more educational options while enhancing accountability and refraining from coercing anyone into financially supporting ideas they oppose. Because they are funded through voluntary contributions rather than public funds, tax-credit scholarships have a perfect record of constitutionality at the U.S. Supreme Court and at every state supreme court that has considered the issue. In Blaine amendment states, tax-credit ESAs could be a lifeline to families in need.


The micro-invasive method applied to dentine, requires selective controlled excavation. New and various alternative methods for selective excavation and high-tech equipment for excavation control are being created. Modern science is concerned with researching these methods in regards to the control during excavation as well as the choice of method for the excavation itself. The aim of this study was characterization of dentinal surfaces during in vitro excavation with different methods for minimal intervention by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The presented SEM micrographs showed that the obtained dentinal surfaces after excavation by different methods next to healthy dentin differed among themselves. Relatively preserved tubular structure was observed only in the laser processing, while in mechanical treatment the structure was masked by coating "smear layer". In the resulting dentinal surfaces after excavation to healthy dentin with Carisolv, no visible structure of dentin was observed. The surface was very rough with clearly distinguishable particles of dentine that were flaking and remained bound to it.


We describe a single-shot polarization spectral imager that combines two birefringent crystals with a binary coded aperture to encode the spatial, spectral and polarization data cube for compressive sampling on a two-dimensional (2D) detector array. We use a total variation prior to reconstruct the four-dimensional (4D) data cube from the single 2D measurement. The 4D data cube includes 1500×1240 pixels in the spatial domain, 19 wavelength channels between 400 and 680 nm and two Stokes parameters.


A pot study was performed to study the growth and concentration of heavy metals Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni and Pb in tomato, brinjal, corn and carrot grown in presence of different doses of carbofuran, sewage-sludge, nitrogen fertilizer and their mixtures. We determined that in presence of lower doses of carbofuran the concentration of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni and Pb in root, stem, and edible part increased significantly, while higher doses of carbofuran caused negative influence. The change in concentration of micronutrients may be due to active role played by pesticides on soil microbial status, soil pH and adsorption by soil minerals. The concentration of metals in different parts of crops increased initially (20-25%) with addition of sewage-sludge which may be due to more availability of micronutrients to plants. The concentration was more in sewage-sludge treated samples than carbofuran treated soils. The concentration of metals in presence of both carbofuran and sewage-sludge decreased significantly except in tomato plants. The concentration of metals increased in the presence of lower doses of nitrogen fertilizer which may be due to solubilising effects and decrease in pH. In presence of carbofuran and different doses of nitrogen fertilizer the metal concentration in different parts of crops was more than in presence of nitrogen fertilizer alone except in case of tomato. In presence of carbofuran, sewage-sludge and different doses of fertilizer the concentration of metals in different parts of crops increased initially and then decreased.


This paper presents a new approach for the computation of flow velocity in pipes arranged in parallel based on an analytic development. The estimation of the flow parameters using existing methods requires trial and error procedures. The assessment of flow velocity is of great importance in flow measurement methods and in the design of drainage networks, among others. In drainage network design, the flow is mostly of free surface type. A new method is developed to eliminate the need for trial methods, where the computation of the flow velocity becomes easy, simple, and direct with zero deviation compared to Manning equation results and other approaches such as that have been considered as the best existing solutions. This research work shows that these approaches lack accuracy and do not cover the entire range of flow surface angles: 0° ≤ θ ≤ 360°.


Masculinities scholarship could be seen as distinct from and complementary to feminist theory — an independent and parallel companion theory, developed by men. In this regard, from a feminist's perspective masculinities scholarship might be thought of as ethnography, helpfully providing insights into the operations and assumptions of a distinct masculine culture. This approach would seem to validate the notion that there are significant differences between men's and women's experiences and perspectives, and consideration of both is necessary to form a complete legal theory picture. Feminist legal theory and masculinities theory are thus seen as both contrasting and complementary in nature.On the other hand, masculinities scholarship can be understood as providing the basis for a critique of feminist legal theory. This approach begins with the allegation that feminist legal theory generally and incorrectly treats men as a monolithic group when there is in fact a multiplicity of male identities. Masculinities scholarship, in this framing, could be categorized as the male-focused companion to critiques that have been made over the past thirty years that feminist legal theory is excluding and essentializing. It is this understanding of the significance of masculinities to feminist legal theory that prompted this Essay.


In this paper we suggest the notion of $2 to account for the intermingling of socio-technical processes that make online platforms (in this case: YouTube) resistant to stable definitions. It has been over a decade of YouTube studies and yet, a consensus on what precisely YouTube is seems unlikely. Arguably, Burgess and Green began this ontological quest with the first edition of YouTube (2008) in which they set out 'to work through some of the often-competing ideas about just what YouTube is." (iv) Snickars and Vondereau (2009) considered the "ontological ambivalence" (2009, p. 28) of YouTube to be an asset since the platform's success was rooted in its flexibility as a stage for content. Following work attempted to understand YT as a 'new screen ecology' (Cunningham 2016); through its platform logics of monetization and viewership (Postigo 2015, Van Es 2020); as a contested space between creators, content and audience (Berryman and Kavka 2018, Bishop 2018; 2019); and as a database, often implementing scraping and other computational techniques to account for its nature as vast graph network of content (Airoldi et al. 2016) with internal algorithmic dynamic - for instance the preference of "YT-native" content over mainstream actors within its search and recommendations (Rieder et al. 2018). We abandon the ontological stability of YT as singular and instead present it from a post-representational (Thrift 2008) and temporally-orientated (Adam 2008) perspective. Using BreadTube as a case study, we refrain from asking what YT is, but rather $2 YT happens.


PURPOSE
To our knowledge this is the first report of intravesical oncolytic reovirus for therapy of superficial bladder cancer in an orthotopic bladder tumor model. Superficial bladder carcinomas are often multifocal and have high recurrences after surgical resection. In 20% of cases intravesical immunotherapy fails to prevent recurrence and complications from bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are common. Human reovirus is an oncolytic virus that selectively destroys cancer cells with an activated Ras pathway. We examined the ability of this virus to kill bladder cancer cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Following cytotoxicity assays in vitro dose escalation of intravesical reovirus was tested for tumor control and toxicity in a rat model. Treatments were done twice weekly for 3 weeks. In parallel intravesical BCG was studied. Animals were monitored on a daily basis for health status and by routine urine cytology. Animals underwent necropsy at study end point and appropriate tissues were taken for histology.

RESULTS
Side effects in reovirus groups were minor compared with BCG complications. Tumor response (animal survival) was 90% 100 days after tumor implantation in reovirus treated animals, whereas the highest survival in BCG treated groups was 50%. Animals treated with reovirus had significantly higher tumor-free survival than those treated with immunotherapy or normal saline (log rank test p = 0.0002 and 0.04, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Intravesical reovirus is safe and effective in this animal model and it may have clinical applications for bladder cancer treatment.


The South Makassar Strait mass transport complex (MTC) covers an area of at least 9000 km 2 and has a total volume of 2438 km 3 . It is composed of a shale-dominated sedimentary unit with high water content. Seismic reflection data across the South Makassar Strait MTC show that it displays relatively coherent internal sedimentary stratigraphy that in the toe region is deformed into well-defined thrust-related structures (imbricates, ramps and flats, fault bend folds). It is one of the largest known coherent MTCs. The bowl-shaped central core region is as much as 1.7 km thick, and is confined to the west and east by 355° and 325° trending (respectively) lateral ramps in the upper slope area that pass via oblique ramps into a northeast-southwest–trending frontal ramp area. The core area passes via the lateral, oblique, and frontal ramps into an extensive, thin (tens of meters thick) region of the MTC (the lateral and frontal apron areas) that are internally deformed by thrusts, normal faults, and thrust faults reactivated as normal faults. The MTC anatomy can be divided into extension headwall, translational, toe, flank, lateral apron, and frontal apron domains. The headwall region is located in the upper slope area of the Paternoster platform; the main body of the slide is in the deep-water region of the Makassar Strait. The complex is interpreted to be triggered by uplift of the platform area (accompanied by inversion), and/or basin subsidence, which caused seaward rotation of ∼2° of the Paternoster platform in the Pliocene. Variable uplift promoted sliding dominantly from the eastern and western margins of the headwall. The internal fault patterns of the MTC show that extension in the upper slope to lower slope in the core area changes downslope to compressional structures in the toe domain and apron. Later extensional collapse of parts of the compressional toe area occurred with negative inversion on some faults. The coherent internal stratigraphy, and evidence for multiphase extension in the eastern headwall area, suggests that the ∼6–7 km of shortening in the toe region of the MTC occurred at a slow strain rate. Therefore, this type of MTC does not have the potential to generate tsunamis.


It has been a long time since information technology (IT) came to be a key driver in industrial progress. IT is also driving a huge social transformation. Concern over the impact of this transformation has extended into various academic fields.Although the rapid diffusion of IT has been covered extensively in Western Europe and North America, these works show poor relations between object and method, making them difficult to comprehend. We aim to illustrate the trends highlighted by these studies, which focus on the usage of IT in industrial activity and its impact.This article consists of six sections. In section 2, we will look at how IT has been considered in the academic discipline of geography. We will consider the influence of IT to the spatial activities of business organizations in section 3 and 4, focusing on the characteristic of individual industries in section 3, then on business function and office location in section 4. In section 5, we will discuss urban impacts of developing information infrastructures. Finally in section 6, we look at the literature and indicate existing issues.In current geographical studies, the impact of IT on the location of business activity is evaluated in four ways. In the first type of study, IT is seen replacing face-to-face communication. In the second type of study, time saving from IT is examined, and its resulting impact on the location of business activity. In the third type of study, savings in communication costs are discussed, especially the reduction in long distance charges from using digital and satellite technologies. Fourth comes the impact of information infrastructure on regional development.In spite of geographers' empirical observations on the spatial influences that IT brings to business, further issues remain. Because information is invisible, it is difficult to investigate its flow or stock in an enterprise, so we can find few empirical studies, just a lot of works discussing the spatial effect of IT in general. Next, while there are many discussions about business location in relation to IT, there are few studies discussing how IT affects business functions. Yet we know IT does change many functional aspects of an organization. Japanese geographers have paid little attention in their research to non-electrical information activities such as face-to-face contact nor the impact on communication costs.Capitalist societies are being greatly transformed by IT. Though no grand theory on the future direction of society has yet been offered, there is no doubt that IT plays an important role. Enterprises have received positive impacts from IT. A careful, deep understanding of IT impacts on business and a careful debate on how this can be extended to the entire society have great significance in geography. But because of a lack of empirical studies, specific research in this particular sector will also have significance.The following four areas are identified for further study:1) The application of IT in individual industries;2) The general impact of IT on information behavior in business;3) Social aspects of IT relating to globalization and flexibility; and4) Technological innovation and the labor market


50 years ago, the visionary writer John Berger and Swiss photographer Jean Mohr published A Fortunate Man, a meditation on the role of a doctor that is still widely read by healthcare practitioners today. The book followed the daily life of English country general practitioner John Sassall, witnessing his compassion as well as his practice as a physician through storytelling and photography. 15 years after the book's publication, Sassall took his own life. Taking this tragic event as a starting point, New Perspectives teams up with theatre maker, Michael Pinchbeck, to create a stage exploration of the book, interposing it with interviews with medical practitioners today. Part theatre-lecture, part expressionistic explosion of the book, A Fortunate Man is an interrogation about the passions and pressures of being a doctor in the modern world and what that says about the future health of our society.


Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has been successfully applied to very large POMDPs, a standard model for stochastic sequential decision-making problems. However, many real-world problems inherently have multiple goals, where multi-objective formulations are more natural. The constrained POMDP (CPOMDP) is such a model that maximizes the reward while constraining the cost, extending the standard POMDP model. To date, solution methods for CPOMDPs assume an explicit model of the environment, and thus are hardly applicable to large-scale real-world problems. In this paper, we present CC-POMCP (Cost-Constrained POMCP), an online MCTS algorithm for large CPOMDPs that leverages the optimization of LP-induced parameters and only requires a black-box simulator of the environment. In the experiments, we demonstrate that CC-POMCP converges to the optimal stochastic action selection in CPOMDP and pushes the state-of-the-art by being able to scale to very large problems.


This article explores the work of South African hip-hop artist Yugen Blakrok from an Afrofuturist perspective with a distinct focus on the Gothic, using Mark Fisher's concept of sonic hauntology. The title of her debut album, The Return of the Astro-Goth (2013), already alludes to this otherworldly dimension in her music. On her second album, Anima Mysterium (2019), Yugen Blakrok delves deeper into the dark abyss of the cosmos and affirms her role as mythic sorceress, which becomes apparent in song titles such as 'Gorgon Madonna' and their visualizations as music videos. With the use of a broad set of intertextual references and sampling, and through the merging of various religious attributes from both African and Western traditions, the ancient fuses with the futuristic. The frequent use of Gothic tropes in the lyrics of Yugen Blakrok illustrates a deep interest in the otherworld, the in-between state of dreams, and the question of sound recordings as the haunting voices of the dead. While such contradictions of linear time exemplify Afrofuturism, this article makes a case for combining them with Rammellzee's concept of Gothic Futurism in order to designate Yugen Blakrok's unique approach as Astro-Gothic Futurism.


Strategic human resource management has been presented as a novel and contemporary strategic management tool unlike the non-strategic traditional human resource management for the past two decades. In light of this contestable notion, this paper aimed to review previous and current human resources management and strategic management literature in order to ascertain the extent to which we can agree or disagree with these propositions. It was found that despite the high levels of excitement, it does not seem to come across as a novel concept in managing strategy since the strategic role of human resources and their management has long been conceived and extensively discussed in the strategic management literature.


BACKGROUND
The Department of Radiology at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa, has been performing fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) since 2007. Fetal MRI findings have not previously been analysed to correlate them with antenatal and postnatal findings.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the most common indication for fetal MRI, and to correlate antenatal MRI with antenatal ultrasound (US), postnatal imaging and postmortem findings.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study of imaging carried out between January 2006 and December 2011. Seventy fetal MRI cases with complete antenatal and postnatal medical records were included. Antenatal US and antenatal MRI were compared, and also compared with the postnatal imaging findings. Stata 12 was used to analyse the data, and Spearman's test to test the agreement between the results.

RESULTS
Intracranial pathology was the most common indication for fetal MRI, with ventriculomegaly being the commonest indication determined from prenatal US. There was 72% agreement between antenatal US and fetal MRI. Postnatal findings showed 28% agreement with antenatal US and 39% agreement with fetal MRI.

CONCLUSIONS
Intracranial pathology was the major indication for fetal MRI. There was good agreement between prenatal US and fetal MRI but poor agreement between antenatal and postnatal findings, largely as a result of resolution of ventriculomegaly.


There was a mistake among some of the scholars in the two concepts of Kharijites and aggressors، as they did not differentiate between the two categories. Some of them made everyone who came out to his governor from the outlaw Kharijites، and this appears in the books of articles. Shafi'i.So, this research came to confirm the approve the mistake and reveal its causes، then explain the differences and its proofs.The research also showed that differentiation is the correct position and its validity is based on the legal texts that dispraised the Kharijites and ordered to kill and fight them while ordering to reform among Muslims، besides that its indications are based on the understanding of the companions and their applying، particularly Ali Ibn Abi Talib and other prophet followers with him in his days. He was the first follower who Suffered by the two groups.The Hadith clerks found the difference، so they wrote chapters to fight the Kharijites، and they did not do the same to fight the aggressors، which is dictated by the texts and required by the prophet followers understanding.The research concluded that the Kharijites differ from. the Kharijites start from an ideological position that disbelieves the Muslims while the aggressors start from life interests. The Kharijites is an invalid interpretation. The aggressors either a justification or a guilt is just. It is permissible for the Kharijites to start fighting them but the Muslims seek to reclaim the aggressors and they only fight them after efforts for peace are impossible. There are law and religious differences the research does not discuss them because of the specialization.The research recommended the necessity of studying the differences by a historical، ideological and religious studies that gathers the whole sides of this topic and examines it critically. This research is limited in the ideological aspect because of Specialization.


Kristjan Kristjansson's aim in this article is to bury the old saw that dialogue is exclusively a Socratic but not an Aristotelian method of education for moral character. Although the truncated discussion in Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics of the character development of the young may indicate that it is merely the result of a mindless process of behavioral conditioning, Nancy Sherman has argued convincingly that such a process would never yield the end result that Aristotle deems all-important — a precondition for the ascription of virtue — namely, reason-infused phronesis. Rather than having to rely on impressionistic Aristotelian reconstructions here, Kristjansson observes, considerable enlightenment can be gleaned by studying Aristotle's account of friendship, especially his account of how character friends reciprocally construct each other's selfhoods through sustained, dialectical engagement. It is clear from this description that ideal character building essentially involves dialogue. If that is correct, however, in the case of character friendship, new light can be shed on other Aristotelian staples of character education, such as role modeling and the use of literature and music, as those will then also, by parity of reasoning, involve sustained use of a dialogical method.


The viewpoint about metaphor has completely changed from the past to the present especially after the theory of metaphor by George Laykoff and Mark Johnson enters into the field of cognitive linguistics. Based on this approach, metaphors reflect the conceptual system of the human mind that is influenced by its culture and experiences in the form of language. In this regard, it should be noted that one of the problems of translating poetry and specially Hafez's poem is linguistic and cultural concepts.
 In this article, we examine the methods used by the two Arab translators, Ibrahim al-Shvarabi and Omar Shebli, in translating the metaphors of the Hafez Divan, and show the impact of the methods employed in the translation of metaphors on the representation of cultural identity. For this purpose, we highlighted Hafez ghazals' metaphors (50 ghazals of Divan of Hafez based on Qazvini version) according to classic comments, then explaining the method of translating each metaphor using Newmark's theory. The results show that Arabic-language translators, in spite of attempting to provide faithful translations and not deleting the phrases of Hafez's sonnets, have not succeeded in translating metaphors that depend on the cultural concepts of this poet.


Recovering the waste heat of the flue gas from the boilers of coal-fired units, so that part of the boiler's flue gas waste heat can be utilized in the turbine regenerative heating system is an important way to increase efficiency and reduce emissions of coal-fired units. In this paper, a 600MW supercritical coal-fired unit is taken as an example, and the conceptual design of a flue gas waste heat cascade utilization system is carried out. Based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the thermodynamic perfection of the heat transfer process of the rotary regenerative air preheater, the exergy efficiency of the heat displacement process of the flue gas waste heat cascade utilization system, and the overall performance parameters of the coal-fired unit are calculated and analyzed under different parameters such as the bypass flue ratio and the inlet air temperature of the regenerative air preheater. The energy-saving effect of flue gas waste heat cascade utilization system is restricted by factors such as acid dew point temperature, ammonium bisulfate (ABS) deposition inside the air preheater, etc. Based on the performance analysis of regenerative air preheater and ABS deposition law, considering the structural characteristics and operating parameters of air preheater, this paper gives a criterion number (R-number) of ABS deposition tendency, and analyzes the actual operation performance of flue gas waste heat cascade utilization system considering the restrictions.


Objective: The objective was to utilize an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) for assessment of pharmacy residents.
Innovation: Post-graduate year 1 (PGY1) and post-graduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residents completing multiple, local residency programs were invited to participate in an OSCE. A total of eight PGY1 residents and one PGY2 resident completed the OSCE. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) residency program goals were aligned for each case, which were originally developed for a fourth-year pharmacy student OSCE. Station design included outpatient and inpatient settings with patient and physician interactions. Median communication and clinical skills scores were evaluated.
Critical Analysis: The OSCE allows for assessment of all residents on common scenarios. Pharmacy residents met competency requirements and demonstrated excellent communication skills. The OSCE was able to evaluate both physician-pharmacist communication and patient-pharmacist communication. Baseline performance related to the ASHP goals and objectives was not completed; however, the OSCE could highlight resident strengths and weaknesses in communication and clinical skills. The OSCE could simulate independent practice, may reduce bias, and could provide an evaluation of the resident by a patient. However, the OSCE incurs higher resource utilization, specifically monetary and time, than other assessment methods.
Next Steps: The pilot study results provide a beginning for further study of OSCEs for pharmacy residents. Further study should include surveying the residency directors about use of the OSCE, a comparison of performance between the OSCE and preceptor evaluations of residents on ASHP goals and objectives, and an evaluation of OSCE implementation at different time points within the residency.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties

Type: Note


We propose NeuralWOZ, a novel dialogue collection framework that uses model-based dialogue simulation. NeuralWOZ has two pipelined models, Collector and Labeler. Collector generates dialogues from (1) user's goal instructions, which are the user context and task constraints in natural language, and (2) system's API call results, which is a list of possible query responses for user requests from the given knowledge base. Labeler annotates the generated dialogue by formulating the annotation as a multiple-choice problem, in which the candidate labels are extracted from goal instructions and API call results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in the zero-shot domain transfer learning for dialogue state tracking. In the evaluation, the synthetic dialogue corpus generated from NeuralWOZ achieves a new state-of-the-art with improvements of 4.4% point joint goal accuracy on average across domains, and improvements of 5.7% point of zero-shot coverage against the MultiWOZ 2.1 dataset.


ABSTRACT Nationwide pre- and posttesting of introductory courses with the Geoscience Concept Inventory (GCI) shows little gain for many of its questions. Analysis of more than 3,500 tests shows that 22 of the 73 GCI questions had gains of <0.03, and nearly half of these focused on basic physics and chemistry. We also discovered through an assessment of nearly 500 matched pre- and posttests that students were less likely to change answers on basic physics and chemistry questions than they were on those for the geosciences, with many of the low-gain geoscience questions showing switch rates that were similar to that expected for guessing. These results also pertain to the high-scoring pretest students, suggesting that little geoscience conceptual entrenchment occurs for many students enrolled in entry-level courses. Switching rates for physics and chemistry questions were well below the rates associated with geosciences questions, suggesting greater entrenchment. We suggest that students may have difficulty settling on a correct geoscience conception because of the shaky, more entrenched supporting science underpinnings upon which Earth Science ideas are built. These results prompt the following questions: (1) When do our geology majors learn fundamental science concepts if little learning occurs in the introductory courses? (2) What role does the introductory course play in this eventual learning? (3) What strategies can be employed in introductory courses to enhance learning for those students who will only take one college-level geosciences course? We suggest that longitudinal studies of geosciences majors are needed for periods longer than a semester and that more attention be paid to when conceptual change occurs for our majors.