The Cosserat director theory is used to formulate the problem of a long thin weightless rod constrained, by suitable distributed forces, to lie on a cylinder while being held by end tension and twisting moment. Applications of this problem are found, for instance, in the buckling of drill strings inside a cylindrical hole. In the case of a rod of isotropic cross‐section the equilibrium equations can be reduced to those of a one‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator in terms of the angle that the local tangent to the rod makes with the axis of the cylinder. Depending on the radius of the cylinder and the applied load, the oscillator has several fixed points, each of which corresponds to a different helical solution of the rod. More complicated shapes are also possible, and special attention is given to localized configurations described by homoclinic orbits of the oscillator. Heteroclinic saddle connections are found to play an important role in the post‐buckling behaviour by defining critical loads at which a straight rod may coil up into a helix.


Control of Rayleigh convection in a viscoelastic Maxwell fluid is addressed here by considering a feedback from shadowgraphic visualizations. Here, a theoretical approach is made to the problem of the onset of convective motion through a source term in the lower thermal boundary condition. A numerical Galerkin technique is then used to study the linear hydrodynamic stability. Small relaxation times are considered for Prandtl numbers 1 and 10. Interesting results for the Rayleigh, the wavenumber, and the frequency of oscillations are presented along with discussion on the physical mechanism. In short, the linear hydrodynamic stability analysis states that suppression of convection may be favored.


Traditionally, writing is viewed as a code that stands in one-to-one correspondence to spoken language, which is therefore also viewed as a code. However, this is a delusion, which is shared by educators and has serious consequences for cognition, both on individual and on social levels. Natural linguistic signs characteristic for the activity of languaging and their symbolizations (graphic markings) are ontologically different phenomena; speech and writing belong to experiential domains of different dynamics. These dynamics impact differently on the linguistic/behavioral strategies of individuals and communities, viewed as second- and third-order living systems operating in a consensual domain as structure-determined systems. Failure to acknowledge this contributes to the spread of functional illiteracy in modern societies, which may lead to cognitive/communicative dysfunction. Technology-enhanced new literacies challenge the value of traditional written culture, raising questions about the relationship between speech and writing and their roles in human evolution


English (I) say exhibits a variety of uses as a conjunction (meaning 'suppose'), an adverb (meaning 'about' or 'for example'), and a pragmatic marker (preceding questions, expressing surprise, evoking the hearer's attention, clarifying, or emphasising). Using the historical development of these forms as a test case of grammaticalisation, pragmaticalisation, lexicalisation, or idiomaticisation, this paper argues that despite being seen as 'mirror images', grammaticalisation and lexicalisation may be complementary processes, involving an increase in semantic opacity and the erasure of phrasal or morphological boundaries. However, the development of (I) say is best understood as grammaticalisation as it involves decategorialisation from major to minor word class, the shift from referential to non-referential meaning, and the coding of invited inferences, all of which are typical of grammaticalisation.


A comprehensive guide to the latest version MATLAB Providing you with concise coverage on the essential topics of numerical methods, this new edition presents the latest version of the MATLAB software and focuses on the use of anonymous functions instead of inline functions, along with the uses of subfunctions and nested functions. The author has added a new chapter on the subject of Eignvalues and Eigenvectors as well as on FFT. Plus, the number of end of chapter problems has been increased and revised, encouraging you to test your understanding of the material while also reinforcing key concepts. Includes a comprehensive update of the MATLAB coverage to present the latest version of the software Focuses on the use of anonymous functions instead of inline functions along with the uses of subfunctions and nested functions Features a new chapter on Eignvalues, Eigenvectors, and FFT Increases and revises the end of chapter problems to make the material more relevant Offers more applications from all branches of engineering With this book, you'll have a reliable source on all the essential topics of numerical methods.


In this paper, an attitude determination system using three GPS antennas on the VELOX-CI microsatellite is presented. Attitude determination using GPS is typically challenging on a microsatellite due to its small form factor which limits the length of its GPS antenna baselines and the accuracy of the attitude fix. The baselines of the three GPS antennas mounted on the top platform of the VELOXCI satellite are only 26.5 cm, 26.5 cm and 47.8 cm. In addition, due to the dynamics and high velocity of a LEO satellite, the number of common satellites for antennas in a baseline is fast changing and may be insufficient for reliable integer ambiguity resolution. In order to perform the dual missions of GPS attitude determination as well as radio occultation for VELOX-CI, the centre GPS antenna is mounted facing up while the other antennas are mounted facing to the side at an angle of 25.9 degrees to the centre antenna. This configuration further reduces the number of common visible satellites between the antennas in each baseline.
In order to overcome these challenges, the visibility of the GPS satellites is predicted for each antenna using the satellites' two-line elements (TLE) for each orbit while assuming that the satellite is in the sun-pointing mode. The time frames in which there are at least four common satellites between the antennas in each baseline are identified. The on-board receivers are then scheduled from the ground station to log the GPS L1 and L2 pseudorange and carrier phase observations at a sampling rate of 1 Hz during these periods. The collected data are downloaded for post-processing on subsequent satellite ground passes.
To estimate the attitude, double differences are first performed on the observables to reduce the common satellite and receiver clock errors. The linearized doubledifference observation equation is then solved using the Least squares AMBiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) method for the baseline coordinates and carrier phase integer ambiguities. The known baseline lengths are used as an additional constraint for evaluating the success of ambiguity resolution. The attitude of the satellite is then estimated using direct computation or least square estimation. The estimated attitude using GPS is compared with both the predicted attitude using the satellite's TLE and sun model as well as the estimated attitude obtained from the flight control system using the satellite's sun-sensor, magnetometer and gyroscope. The experimental results preliminarily validated our algorithm for GPS attitude determination and demonstrated the feasibility of attitude determination using multiple GPS antennas for a LEO microsatellite.


The October 17, 1989 earthquake resulted in the collapse of the two-level Cypress St. Freeway in Oakland. Television and newspaper coverage revealed the tragic loss of life and property damage of this vital highway link. Less than two miles from the Cypress Freeway is located the Port of Oakland Seventh Street Terminal Complex. This terminal was constructed of hydraulically placed sand fill. The earthquake resulted in liquefaction of the hydraulic sand fill and lateral movement of the perimeter dike and concrete wharves resulting in significant damage to the deck-support concrete batter piles. After a detailed survey of the structural damage was made, it became apparent that the repairs made to the wharves and the dike had to take into account the effects of future earthquakes of larger magnitude. The repair and retrofit construction work to the concrete wharves and perimeter dike was accomplished in a phased program so that portions of the Seventh St. Terminal could be turned over to the operating companies as rapidly as possible.


CLICK HERE TO LAUNCH VIDEO Description:  The second webinar of the series was held on Thursday, Sept. 1, 2016 by, Prof. Godfried Augenbroe . This session deals with identifying building performance in rigorous ways and making the role of simulations more explicit in design decisions. It also gives a brief overview on implementation of systems that support performance based design About the Presenter:  Professor Godfried Augenbroe directs the PhD and MS programs in High Performance Building in the School of Architecture at Georgia Tech. His research covers topics in computational building simulation, performance based design, uncertainty and risk analysis of building energy models. During session 2, he talked about Chapter 2: The Role of Simulation in Performance Based Building.


The purpose of this paper is to explore Protestant sermons on shipwrecks between the 1830s and the 1850s and to analyze how the clergy guided the people to see the spiritual lessons behind the disasters. Preachers admonished their flock that maritime disasters showed the uncertainty of earthly lives and the necessity of conversion and spiritual preparation for death. "Be ready to die in any way, at any time" was their common warning. Some preachers, worrying that the frenzied pursuit of wealth and the excessive trust in technology might undermine people's faith in God, warned that the loss of mighty steamers such as the Arctic (1854) showed the futility of such "idolatry." Some recent historians argue that the people's anxiety concerning death and their desire for religious consolation were important factors for the rapid development of the Protestant churches in Antebellum America, and the contents of the shipwreck sermons agreed with this popular sentiment and the emotional need.


A young man who lived in Romania 37,000 to 42,000 years inherited as much as one-tenth of his DNA from a Neandertal ancestor, according to a new study of ancient DNA. Ever since spelunkers found a robust jawbone in a cave in Romania in 2002, some paleoanthropologists have thought that its huge wisdom teeth and other features resembled those of Neandertals even though the fossil was a modern human. Now, by sequencing informative parts of the Romanian man9s genome, an international team of researchers has found that he had inherited 4.8% to 11.3% of his genome from a Neandertal who lived only 200 years or so previously, according to a talk this month at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. The finding confirms that Neandertals interbred with modern humans more than once, and it is the first evidence that the two types of humans had a liaison in Europe.


An important problem in sequential decision-making under uncertainty is to use limited data to compute a safe policy, i.e., a policy that is guaranteed to perform at least as well as a given baseline strategy. In this paper, we develop and analyze a new model-based approach to compute a safe policy when we have access to an inaccurate dynamics model of the system with known accuracy guarantees. Our proposed robust method uses this (inaccurate) model to directly minimize the (negative) regret w.r.t. the baseline policy. Contrary to the existing approaches, minimizing the regret allows one to improve the baseline policy in states with accurate dynamics and seamlessly fall back to the baseline policy, otherwise. We show that our formulation is NP-hard and propose an approximate algorithm. Our empirical results on several domains show that even this relatively simple approximate algorithm can significantly outperform standard approaches.


An efficient method of producing KeV single-attosecond pulses (SAPs) is proposed and investigated through the combination of a multi-cycle two-color mid-infrared field and a few-cycle near-infrared field in a metal nanostructure. It is found that by properly controlling the carrier envelope phases (CEPs) and delay time of the three-color field, not only can the quantum path of the harmonic emission be controlled, but the harmonic yield can also be enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude, leading to a high-intensity supercontinuum with contribution from only one harmonic emission event. Further, with the introduction of the inhomogeneous effect of the laser field, the harmonics emitted at the higher orders that generate SAPs occur only at one side of the region inside the nanostructure. As a result, not only can the harmonic cutoff be extended, but the modulations of the harmonics can also be decreased, showing a supercontinuum with a cutoff in the KeV region. Finally, by selecting the generated harmonics, a series of sub-35-attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) or the x-ray region can be produced. Particularly when superposing the harmonics around the cutoff region, a KeV-SAP as short as 34 attoseconds can be obtained.


Background Growth factor technologies are increasingly used to enhance healing in musculoskeletal injuries, particularly in sports medicine. Two such products; platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and autologous blood, have a growing body of supporting evidence. No previous trial has directly compared the efficacy of these two methods. Hypothesis Growth factor administration improves tissue regeneration in patients who have failed to respond to conservative therapy. Study design A prospective, double-blind, randomised trial. Methods Elbow tendinopathy patients who had failed conservative physical therapy were divided into two patient groups: PRP injection (N=80) and autologous blood injection (ABI) (N=70). Each patient received two injections at 0 and 1 month. Patient-related tennis elbow evaluation (PRTEE) was recorded by a blinded investigator at 0, 1, 3 and 6 months. The main outcome measure was PRTEE, a validated composite outcome for pain, activities of daily living and physical function, utilising a 0–100 scale. Results At 6 months the authors observed a 66% success rate in the PRP group versus 72% in the ABI group, p=NS. There was a higher rate of conversion to surgery in the ABI group (20%) versus the PRP group (10%). Conclusion In patients who are resistant to first-line physical therapy such as eccentric loading, ABI or PRP injections are useful second-line therapies to improve clinical outcomes. In this study, up to seven out of 10 additional patients in this difficult to treat cohort benefit from a surgery-sparing intervention.


A practical hands-on guide to implementing secure API authorization flow scenarios with OAuth 2.0 Overview Build web, client-side, desktop, and server-side secure OAuth 2.0 client applications by utilizing the appropriate grant flow for the given scenario Get to know the inner workings of OAuth 2.0 and learn how to handle and implement various authorization flows Explore practical code examples that are executable as standalone applications running on top of Spring MVC In Detail OAuth 2.0 has become the most widely used authorization framework. It provides an easy-to-use sign-in mechanism and allows users to quickly and efficiently secure service APIs. It also provides a protection layer for assets so that various third-party applications cannot have direct access to them. From service providers like Amazon and social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter to various internal enterprise solutions, OAuth 2.0 is the preferred standard for authorization. OAuth 2.0 Identity and Access Management Patterns is a step-by-step guide to build web, client-side, desktop, and server-side secure OAuth 2.0 client applications by utilizing the appropriate authorization techniques.. This book will help you handle and implement various authorization flows for your chosen type of application. Furthermore, you will understand when and how OAuth 2.0 is used in enterprises for trusted and first-party applications. You will gain knowledge about the Resource Owner Password Credentials grant and the Client Credentials grant, and more importantly, you will understand how to implement them yourself with the help of practical code examples. You will start by making various client applications step-by-step before moving on to client registration and implementing various OAuth 2.0 authorization flows. Furthermore, you will also be handling server responses with access tokens and errors. By the end of this book, you should understand precisely what it takes for these client applications to be secured. This book helps you cover each type of application: web, client-side, desktop, and trusted applications. In addition, you are also shown how to implement various authorization grant flows for each of these applications. You will uncover the security features that are a part of OAuth 2.0. More importantly, the book demonstrates what information is transmitted during the execution of a flow, and which precautions can be made. With OAuth 2.0 Identity and Access Management Patterns, you will be able to build a secure OAuth 2.0 client application with full confidence and will completely understand what data is exchanged when performing an authorization grant flow. What you will learn from this book Master the meaning of key terms used and defined in the OAuth 2.0 specification Create OAuth 2.0 web applications and learn the Authorization Code grant Generate client-side OAuth 2.0 applications and learn the Implicit grant Design OAuth 2.0 mobile applications with the Implicit and Authorization Code grants Develop trusted OAuth 2.0 applications and learn the Resource Owner Password Credentials grant and the Client Credentials grant Understand which security features OAuth 2.0 contains, what information is to be protected, and what precautions should be put in place Explore the basics of SAML 2.0 Assertions and how to use them as a means of additional security Know which tools and libraries are available for faster development


A new, simple and low cost spectrophotometric method for the determination of Glibenclamide in pharmaceutical preparations was developed. The method was based on the interaction of Glibenclamide as nelectron donor with Picric acid as the π – acceptor. The absorbance maximum (λmax) of the resultant complex was at 419 nm. Different variables affecting the reaction were carefully studied and optimized. Of the different solvents tried, Acetonitrile was found to be the most suitable solvent. Beer's law was obeyed in concentration range of 20 – 100 μg/ml Glibenclamide. The correlation coefficient was found to be (r = 0.9920). The limit of detection and limit of quantification were 1.40 μg/ml and 4.12 μg/ml, respectively. The reaction ratio between Glibenclamide and Picric acid was studied and found to be 1:1. The method was validated and results obtained for the assay of three different brands of Glibenclamide tablets were compared with the BP method (titrimetric). The repeatability and reproducibility of the developed method were evaluated and the obtained results quoted. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of Glibenclamide with good accuracy and precision.


Drawing on grassroots activism by the women's rights NGO GAMCOTRAP (Gambian Committee on Traditional Practices), this article considers contested forms of sexuality in the Gambia. Among these are polygamy, early marriage, sexual abuse, female genital mutilation, marital/statutory rape, forced retirement by spouse from sex due to menopause, trafficking in women, and lesbianism. Arguments relating to Gambian culture and Islam are central to the contestations around these issues. For example, some men cite articles in the Koran as justifying polygamy, and many women accept this as their right. In fact, the Koran condones polygamy only where all wives are treated with equal justice, a condition it describes as impossible, thus monogamy can be inferred to be the recommended course of action. The reality is that many women suffer when their husbands take other wives. The author cites grievances, for example men's material contributions decrease, and they may also cease having sex with older wives leaving them unsatisfied but unable to leave the marriage or seek sex elsewhere due to social and economic constraints.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Social resilience is one of the ways to reduce social problems and is a factor for the success of social welfare programs, increasing trust and social capital; therefore, in recent years, more attention has been paid to the issue of social resilience. The present study deals with theoretical and experimental analysis of social resilience. METHODS: The aim of this study was to investigate the level of social resilience in region one of Karaj city by descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population consisted of residents of District one of Karaj city, 384 of whom were randomly selected. The researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by face validity and Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. FINDING: Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software. The results showed that the confidence component was 2.53, 1.73, 2.52, 4.14, 4.01 and 8.86 that all coefficients were higher than 2.59 at the significance level of 0.01. For the social capital component was 1.65, 6.14, 07.03, -1.01, and -0.35, which showed that all coefficients were higher than 2.59 (14, 15) at the significance level of 0.01. For the component of commonalities between residents component was 7.87, 11.74, 7.21, 0.85-1.17, 2.93, showing that all coefficients were higher than 2.59 at the significance level of 0.01.   Also, the structural model of social cohesion, the criteria of goodness of fit index and the adjusted fit index were equal to 0.79, which indicates that the model has a moderate fit. CONCLUSION:The purpose of this study was to investigate and measure the criteria of social resilience among the four dimensions of resilience in the settlement. As one of the most important ideas in urban planning is to create resilient cities that are resilient to social crises, therefore, paying attention to the dimensions of social cohesion, including: trust, social capital and commonalities between residents can ensure that a high level of social resilience is created and effectively operates in accordance with sustainability in society. =============================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS: ©2021 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. ===================================================================================================


Although domestic administrative law scholars have long debated privatization within the US, this debate has not confronted the growing phenomenon of privatization in the international realm or its impact on the values embodied in public international law. Yet, with both nation-states and international organizations increasingly privatizing foreign affairs functions, privatization is now as significant a phenomenon internationally as it is domestically. For example, states are turning to private actors to perform core military, foreign aid, and diplomatic functions. Military privatization entered the popular consciousness in 2004, when private contractors working for the US government abused detainees at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. But this is only the tip of the iceberg. The US is increasingly using private actors for logistical support to combat troops and to provide strategic planning and tactical advice. Other states, such as Sierra Leone, have used private contractors to engage in direct combat, and international organizations have weighed the possibilities of using private contractors to perform peacekeeping. In the foreign aid context, states and international organizations are entering into agreements with private non-profit and for-profit entities to deliver all forms of aid, including humanitarian relief, development assistance, and post-conflict reconstruction. Even diplomatic tasks such as peacekeeping negotiations are being undertaken by private actors. In this Essay I suggest that the domestic U.S. administrative law literature may provide a useful set of responses to privatization that has been largely overlooked by international law scholars, policy-makers, and activists. In particular, I argue that possibilities for extending public law values inhere in the privatized relationship itself, particularly in the government contracts that are the very engine of privatization. Thus, the contracts governments enter into with non-state actors can include many provisions that would help to create both standards of behavior, performance benchmarks, and a means of providing some measure of public accountability. In this Essay, I outline nine such contractual provisions. Specifically, I suggest that contracts be drafted to: (1) explicitly extend relevant norms of public international law to private contractors, (2) specify training requirements, (3) provide for enhanced monitoring both within the government and by independent third-party monitors, (4) require accreditation, (5) establish clear performance benchmarks, (6) mandate self-evaluation by the contractors, (7) provide for governmental takeovers of failing contracts, (8) include opportunities for public participation in the contract negotiation process, and (9) enhance whistleblower protections and rights of third-party beneficiaries to enforce contractual terms. And while these provisions are not a panacea, they may be at least as effective as the relatively weak enforcement regime of public international law. At the same time, by considering the field of international privatization, I seek to open what I believe could be a fruitful dialogue between domestic administrative law scholars and international law scholars about possible responses.


We tested whether neighborhood density affects the clonal life history of the stoloniferous plant Ranunculus reptans through selection and genetic drift. After three generations of sexual reproduction of 16 low- and 16 high-density lines, we studied traits related to growth form and reproduction in a common competition free environment. A 7.7% lower branching frequency and slightly longer internodes indicated an evolutionary shift towards a less compact growth form under high neighborhood density, but because stolons grew also more vertically, horizontal spread per ramet was slightly decreased. Neighborhood density had no directional effects on the evolution of allocation to sexual and vegetative reproduction in R. reptans. Variation among replicated high-density lines was significantly lower than among replicated low-density lines in both growth form and reproductive characteristics, indicating less pronounced genetic drift under high neighborhood density. This study demonstrates that a clonal plant can respond to selection imposed by neighborhood density. Moreover, it shows that the effect of random genetic drift increases with decreasing neighborhood density. In a declining species, such as R. reptans in central Europe, this may lower the potential for adaptive evolutionary change and increase extinction risk.


We address the question of characterizing and finding optimal representations for supervised learning. Traditionally, this question has been tackled using the Information Bottleneck, which compresses the inputs while retaining information about the targets, in a decoder-agnostic fashion. In machine learning, however, our goal is not compression but rather generalization, which is intimately linked to the predictive family or decoder of interest (e.g. linear classifier). We propose the Decodable Information Bottleneck (DIB) that considers information retention and compression from the perspective of the desired predictive family. As a result, DIB gives rise to representations that are optimal in terms of expected test performance and can be estimated with guarantees. Empirically, we show that the framework can be used to enforce a small generalization gap on downstream classifiers and to predict the generalization ability of neural networks.


The reactions of politicians and the media to the death of Gerald R. Ford, the thirty-eighth president of the United States, were almost universal in their predictability. Terms such as "accidental" or "caretaker" president were widespread, while most agreed with President George W. Bush that, "For a nation that needed healing and for an office that needed a calm and steady hand, Gerald Ford came along when we needed him most" (Bush 2006). Though much has been made of Ford's integrity and honesty, there has been little discussion of his significance in terms of policy or even his legacy. But, as Fred Greenstein has argued, "Presidents and presidential advisers who dismiss the Ford experience will miss out on a rich set of precedents about how to manage the presidency. More fundamentally, they will fail to take account of the personal strengths of a chief executive who had an impressive capacity to withstand the pressures of office" (2000, 193). No more so was this true than with regard to economic policy. This paper examines the Ford administration's reaction to the deepening recession of the mid-1970s and the unprecedented challenges of stagflation. This includes an analysis of the decision-making process within the White House, the administration's relationship with Congress, and the abandonment of almost 40 years of Keynesian orthodoxy that would see President Ford introduce a new conservative economic agenda as he sought to adapt traditional Republican economics to deal with new economic circumstances. Most studies of post-World War II economic policy in America have defined a number of key stages in the development of the political economy, beginning with President Franklin D. Roosevelt (see., e.g., Hibbs 1987; Morgan 1995; Stein 1994; Spulber 1989). The Roosevelt presidency is significant because of its response to the Great Depression, which dramatically increased the role of the federal government in the management of the American economy as it sought to reverse the waste of human and material resources by deliberately creating an expansion of output, employment, investment and consumption. A major factor in Roosevelt's approach was the theories of British economist John Maynard Keynes, and particularly his General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, written in 1936. (1) Keynes rejected the classical nineteenth-century laissez-faire notion of a self-adjusting economy and argued that government had to intervene to correct market problems by manipulating aggregate demand to prevent unemployment and inflation. As economist Herbert Stein noted, Keynes influenced politicians, economists, and intellectuals, as his theory appeared to offer the promise of economic prosperity and growth. This helped make expansionist fiscal policy the basis of an economic consensus that would last for 40 years. This was institutionalized and supported by the 1946 Employment Act, which committed future governments to seek "maximum employment." Observed Stein, "Without Keynes, and especially the interpretation of Keynes by his followers, expansionist fiscal policy might have remained an occasional emergency measure and not become a way of life" (1994, 39). From 1945 through the early 1970s, the U.S. economy enjoyed international preeminence, and economic policy generally was successful at maintaining a strong growth rate, high employment, and low inflation. Such was the apparent success of Keynesianism that by the 1960s, economists and politicians alike believed that the economy could be fine-tuned to eradicate economic imbalances and make the business cycle obsolete (for insightful comments on this era, see, e.g., Okun 1970; Stein 1994; Tobin 1974). By the early 1970s, however, increasing competition from abroad, the economic consequences of the Vietnam War and the Great Society, and the oil price inflation that followed the OPEC price hike of 1973 had severely weakened the economy. The postwar dominance of Keynesianism began to be undermined by slow growth and the emergence of stagflation, which simultaneously produced unprecedented high inflation and rising unemployment. …


Literacy and Labor: Archives, Networks, and Histories in Working-Class Communities explores the significance of The Federation of Worker Writers and Community Publishers (FWWCP), a network of writing groups that existed between 1976-2007 and self-published thousands of texts focused on working-class life, immigrant experience, and educational development. The FWWCP emerged in London and eventually spread throughout the United Kingdom and, then, transnationally. Circulating close to one million chapbooks, this network represents years of social history, testimony, and cultural conditions described through the voices of working-class people. I begin by unpacking the historical and social conditions of the FWWCP's tenure and explain how the FWWCP challenges conventional understandings of literacy, publics, and histories held within the field of Writing Studies to include working-class examples from alternative educational sites. As a methodological response to the field, I describe a how a team of scholars, librarians, and FWWCP members collaborated to build print and digital archives of the FWWCP. Drawing from these archives, I illustrate how the FWWCP —as a group and individual members— negotiated their own expansion in connection to identity politics. Through organizational documents, I trace key moments concerning how the group could maintain a working-class ethos within a changing political landscape of multiculturalism. Moving from a discussion of the national organization to a local example, I focus on one member-group, Pecket Well College, which created a new educational model run by and for adults with difficulties in reading and writing. Lastly, discusses the exigency for digital preservation along with the material constraints of such work, arguing for a new model of collaborative digital archival building. Ultimately, then, this dissertation examines self-sponsored writing, in order to show how communities expand our understanding of literacy and writing beyond traditional educational spaces. I argue that such a focus demonstrates multiple types of literacies beyond what we study and presents how working-class communities generate and perform rhetorical acts—acts that can show us what grassroots community organizing looks like, how community-led teaching functions, and why self-generated and sustained community work matters.


Abstract. Climatic changes are most pronounced in northern high latitude regions. Yet, there is a paucity of observational data, both spatially and temporally, such that regional-scale dynamics are not fully captured, limiting our ability to make reliable projections. In this study, a group of dynamical downscaling products were created for the period 1950 to 2100 to better understand climate change and its impacts on hydrology, permafrost, and ecosystems at a resolution suitable for northern Alaska. An ERA-interim reanalysis dataset and the Community Earth System Model (CESM) served as the forcing mechanisms in this dynamical downscaling framework, and the Weather Research & Forecast (WRF) model, embedded with an optimization for the Arctic (Polar WRF), served as the Regional Climate Model (RCM). This downscaled output consists of multiple climatic variables (precipitation, temperature, wind speed, dew point temperature, and surface air pressure) for a 10 km grid spacing at three-hour intervals. The modeling products were evaluated and calibrated using a bias-correction approach. The ERA-interim forced WRF (ERA-WRF) produced reasonable climatic variables as a result, yielding a more closely correlated temperature field than precipitation field when long-term monthly climatology was compared with its forcing and observational data. A linear scaling method then further corrected the bias, based on ERA-interim monthly climatology, and bias-corrected ERA-WRF fields were applied as a reference for calibration of both the historical and the projected CESM forced WRF (CESM-WRF) products. Biases, such as, a cold temperature bias during summer and a warm temperature bias during winter as well as a wet bias for annual precipitation that CESM holds over northern Alaska persisted in CESM-WRF runs. The linear scaling of CESM-WRF eventually produced high-resolution downscaling products for the Alaskan North Slope for hydrological and ecological research, together with the calibrated ERA-WRF run, and its capability extends far beyond that. Other climatic research has been proposed, including exploration of historical and projected climatic extreme events and their possible connections to low-frequency sea-atmospheric oscillations, as well as near-surface permafrost degradation and ice regime shifts of lakes. These dynamically downscaled, bias corrected climatic datasets provide improved spatial and temporal resolution data necessary for ongoing modeling efforts in northern Alaska focused on reconstructing and projecting hydrologic changes, ecosystem processes and responses, and permafrost thermal regimes. The dynamical downscaling methods presented in this study can also be used to create more suitable model input datasets for other sub-regions of the Arctic. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.863625 .


Twenty-five infants with generalized seborrhoeic dermatitis have been studied with reference to the provision of optimum treatment. Leucocyte counts and chest x-ray examination are recommended in every case. Irrespective of clinical findings, antibiotics should be given to patients with overt bacterial infection and those with leucocytosis, shift to the left, and toxic granulation. One group of infants was treated with vitamin B complex plus biotin given slowly intravenously over 24 hours; a second group was given only biotin intravenously over 2-3 hours; and a third group only biotin over 1-2 minutes. A fourth group was treated with both biotin and antibiotics for confirmed or suspected superimposed bacterial infection. The results were excellent in all groups. Skin lesions improved within 4-8 days and cleared completely within 15-30 days. Intravenous administration of biotin is recommended as less painful and less dangerous than multiple intramuscular injections.


(Ultra)high-pressure [(U)HP] rocks form and exhume from deep within subduction channels, but subsequent horizontal transport in the shallower orogenic crust makes it difficult to reconstruct their tectonic histories. We use a conceptual framework and numerical models to show that buoyant exhumation from within a subduction conduit formed during one-sided subduction may lead to emplacement of (U)HP rocks into either the lower plate (prowedge) or upper plate (retrowedge) of an orogen, depending on whether the upper plate crust deforms or acts as a backstop during exhumation. Both modes may operate at different positions or different times within an orogen, leading to emplacement of (U)HP rocks into both plates without changing subduction geometry. We propose that retrotransport during exhumation may explain some (U)HP rocks (e.g., Liverpool Land) situated in the upper plate of the Greenland-Norwegian Caledonides.


Abstract:This paper addresses the question of the authorship of two anonymous nineteenth-century novels—Blue stocking hall (1827) and Tales of my time (1829). These novels were long attributed to the English Unitarian minister and writer William Pitt Scargill, but this has come into question with the suggestion that Cork-born Anna Maria Chetwood was the author. This paper examines the surviving evidence in the publisher's archive and in the private papers of a coterie of Irish writing women associated with Chetwood to assess existing assumptions and received narratives relating to the candidates for authorship. It firstly places the novels in the wider context of Irish romanticism and then clarifies the heretofore little-known biographies of the two women most likely to have authored the novels, before considering the evidence for each woman. Finally, the novels are briefly assessed within the context of the written corpus of the Chetwood–Wilmot circle's poetry, fiction, and non-fiction.


According to research applying a social constructionist perspective, the sense of self is not lost in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is, however, greatly influenced by the symptoms and by how they are treated by other people. Without support, it is difficult to preserve a positive sense of self, when living with progressing cognitive impairments. The stigma associated with cognitive impairment also threatens their sense of self. Harre's social constructionist theories of self and positioning have been used to study how people with AD express their sense of self. As there is a need to expand the previous research by involving additional participants and research contexts, the aim of the present thesis was to describe, in accordance with Harre's theories of self and positioning, how people with AD expressed their sense of self in personal interviews and in support groups with other people with AD. The research consists of four substudies (I–IV), and has a qualitative, descriptive, and theory-testing approach. Thirteen people with mild and moderate AD were included, 11 of whom had the early onset form of the disease. Two support groups were formed, led by facilitators who supported the communication and the participants' expressions of self. Each group met 10 times during an eight-month period. Topics were not predetermined, and introduced by both facilitators and participants. Semistructured interviews were conducted before the groups started and after they ended. The interviews and support group conversations were audio-recoded and analysed with qualitative content analysis, guided by Harre's theories. In substudy I, the initial interviews were deductively analysed. The findings showed that Self 1 (the sense of being a singular, embodied person) was expressed by the participants without difficulties. Self 2 (the perception of one's personal attributes and life history) was expressed as feeling mainly the same person. While some abilities had been lost, other had been developed. Self 3 (the socially constructed self) was described as mostly supported, but sometimes threatened in interactions with other people (I). In substudy II, support group conversations were analysed abductively with respect to expressions of Self 2. It was found that participants expressed Self 2 in terms of agency and communion, and a lack of agency and communion (II).In substudy III, a secondary analysis of the data from substudy II was performed inductively with the aim of describing how Self 3 was constructed in the interaction of the support group. Five first-order positions, generating lively interaction, were described: the project manager, the storyteller, the moral agent, the person burdened with AD, and the coping person (III). In substudy IV, all the collected data were reanalysed inductively, focusing on how participants expressed the experience of being research participants. Three themes were constructed: contributing to an important cause, gaining from participating, and experiencing risks and drawbacks (IV). In conclusion, it was found that participants constructed positive social selves through the support from each other, the facilitator, and researchers in the support group (III), and as research participants (IV). Agency and communion were central to Self 2, and decreased with the progression of AD (II). In spite of change, participants perceived themselves as basically the same people, with a potential to learn and develop as persons (I).


We consider the lattice version of the free field in two dimensions (also called harmonic crystal). The main aim of the paper is to discuss quantitatively the entropic repulsion of the random surface in the presence of a hard wall. The basic ingredient of the proof is the analysis of the maximum of the field which requires a multiscale analysis reducing the problem essentially to a problem on a field with a tree structure.


Harold Varmus led the National Institutes of Health during a time of plenty in the 1990s, when Congress began to double its budget. When he came back to head the National Cancer Institute in 2010, the funding climate had decisively chilled. Now, too many biomedical researchers are chasing a dwindling pot of money, and there is a troubling sense of "hypercompetition," he says. As he deals with the pain of tight budgets, Varmus is trying to preserve money for new investigator-initiated grants while making the peer-review process fairer.


This volume honours the career of Brian F. Windley, who has been hugely influential in helping to achieve our current understanding of the evolution of the continental crust, and who has inspired many students and scientists to pursue studies on the evolution of the continents. Brian has studied processes of continental formation and evolution on most continents and of all ages, and has educated and inspired two generations of geologists to undertake careers in studies of continental evolution. The volume is organized into six sections, including: oceanic and island arc systems and continental growth; tectonics of accretionary orogens and continental growth; growth and stabilization of continental crust; collisions and intraplate processes; Precambrian tectonics and the birth of continents; and active tectonics and geomorphology of continental collision and growth zones.


The inadvertent introduction of the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to small children, and also has produced economic problems. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to a program designed to deter dispersal of the species. Sequential trapping of smaller plots is also being used to clear larger areas of snakes in preparation for endangered species reintroductions. Traps and trapping personnel are limited resources, which places a premium on the ability to plan the deployment of trapping efforts. In a series of previous trapping studies, data on brown tree snake removal from forested plots was found to be well modeled by exponential decay functions. For the present article, we considered a variety of model forms and estimation procedures, and used capture data from individual plots as random subjects to produce a general random coefficients model for making predictions of brown tree snake capture rates. The best model was an exponential decay with positive asymptote produced using nonlinear mixed model estimation where variability among plots was introduced through the scale and asymptote parameters. Practical predictive abilities were used in model evaluation so that a manager could project capture rates in a plot after a period of time, or project the amount of time required for trapping to reduce capture rates to a desired level. The model should provide managers with a tool for optimizing the allocation of limited trapping resources. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the yields of the main cereal crops have stagnated at less than 25% of potentially attainable yields while the per capita food production has continued to decrease over the last 5 decades. In many parts of SSA cereal crop yields are estimated < 1.5 ton ha while the actual potential is more than 5 tons/ha. The low yields are largely attributable low use of organic and mineral nutrient resources, which has also resulted in negative nutrient balances (Smaling et al., 1993; Jager et al., 2001). Low crop yield trends also hold for grain legumes whose average yields have stagnated at about 0.7 ton ha against a potential of up to 3 tons ha. These low crop yields have led to increased food insecurity, poverty and malnutrition in most parts of SSA, which are likely to worsen as the population continues to grow. Insufficient nutrient application happens because inorganic fertilizers are often too expensive for most of the farmers, whilst organic resources are available in limited quantities. However, there is potential reducing the yield gap of most common cereal and legume crops through use of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies. ISFM has been defined as 'A set of soil fertility management practices that necessarily include the use of fertilizer, organic inputs, and improved germplasm combined with the knowledge on how to adapt these practices to local conditions, aiming at maximizing agronomic use efficiency of the applied nutrients and improving crop productivity (Vanlauwe et al., 2010). ISFM technologies can potentially produce better results when used in the context of 4R nutrient management stewardship. 4R nutrient management stewardship requires implementation of best management practices (BMPs) that optimize the efficiency of nutrient use based on the right source, rate, time and place of application. Selection of appropriate BMPs vary by location, and those chosen for a given farm are dependent on local soil and climatic conditions, crop, management conditions and other site specific factors. In the African context, successful implementation of such technologies requires involvement of all the key stakeholders in the food production value chain (farmer, extension agents, policy makers and market actors). This is the strategy IPNI and other key partners such as government departments, NARS, AGRA, and CGIAR centres are adopting to promote ISFM within the context of 4R nutrient management stewardship as affordable and more realistic option for boosting crop yields in SSA.


We make a comparative study of payment systems for E.U. -fifteen countries for the 1996-2002 period. Special attention is paid to the introduction of the new European single currency. The overall trend in payments is for a move from cash to noncash payment instruments, although electronic instruments are not widely used yet. We find a significant impact from the introduction of the new banknotes and coins on card use


Documenting some of the most significant, albeit painful, events in white Australia's past, this work was first published to coincide with the Bicentenary in 1988. This revised and updated edition includes new information on three key events in Aboriginal-European relations which have come to light since publication of the first edition, and gives an overview of the "Stolen Generation" report. This work hs become widely used in teaching Aboriginal history at both secondary and tertiary levels.


PURPOSE
Outcomes for patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma remain heterogeneous, with existing methods failing to consistently predict treatment failure. We examined the additional prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) before and during therapy for predicting patient outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We studied the dynamics of ctDNA from 217 patients treated at six centers, using a training and validation framework. We densely characterized early ctDNA dynamics during therapy using cancer personalized profiling by deep sequencing to define response-associated thresholds within a discovery set. These thresholds were assessed in two independent validation sets. Finally, we assessed the prognostic value of ctDNA in the context of established risk factors, including the International Prognostic Index and interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans.

RESULTS
Before therapy, ctDNA was detectable in 98% of patients; pretreatment levels were prognostic in both front-line and salvage settings. In the discovery set, ctDNA levels changed rapidly, with a 2-log decrease after one cycle (early molecular response [EMR]) and a 2.5-log decrease after two cycles (major molecular response [MMR]) stratifying outcomes. In the first validation set, patients receiving front-line therapy achieving EMR or MMR had superior outcomes at 24 months (EMR: EFS, 83% v 50%; P = .0015; MMR: EFS, 82% v 46%; P < .001). EMR also predicted superior 24-month outcomes in patients receiving salvage therapy in the first validation set (EFS, 100% v 13%; P = .011). The prognostic value of EMR and MMR was further confirmed in the second validation set. In multivariable analyses including International Prognostic Index and interim positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans across both cohorts, molecular response was independently prognostic of outcomes, including event-free and overall survival.

CONCLUSION
Pretreatment ctDNA levels and molecular responses are independently prognostic of outcomes in aggressive lymphomas. These risk factors could potentially guide future personalized risk-directed approaches.


Corruption has come to the forefront in Afghanistan as the United States tries to balance efforts to back anticorruption strategies while maintaining a positive relationship with the Karzai government. Stalled corruption cases suggest corruption in Afghanistan is systemic and not limited to a particular governing body or official. It is clear that corruption exists in both the upper and lower echelons of Afghan society, and will continue to exist until the U.S.-backed anticorruption teams are accepted by the Afghan government. The strengthening of key institutions continues to be the recommended international model. As demonstrated in the United States, the integration and overlap of these institutions offers an effective means of combating corruption. These mechanisms, however, have been ineffective in a number of south-central Asia countries. Afghanistan's unique history and clan structure may provide some rational for these failures. Two socioeconomic models, the principal-agent model and collective action theory, offer perspectives on how Afghanistan's history and clan structure is inhibiting the implementation of traditional anticorruption tools. A strong clan history that loathes outsiders and rewards clan loyalties will not yield to strong U.S. anticorruption mechanisms. The Afghan drug trade offers a glimpse into the patron-client relationships that clans rely on, and demonstrates how the Taliban provide a network of resources to assist the drug mafias and transnational criminal organizations. A strong-arm approach to corruption, like that embraced by the Obama administration, will probably not succeed for a number of years. Before these regulatory mechanisms can work, the clans must be convinced of the credibility of these mechanisms.


The global trends demonstrate that the environmental and social issues need serious concerns of business and investment societies. This article focuses on the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the hospitality and tourism industry in Russia. Over the recent several decades, this industry has observed significant changes in business environment that have stressed the role of corporate social responsibility. Recent researches have shown that CSR may determine a company's long-term success and profitability. There are different approaches to explain the nature of CSR influence on the internal and external processes of hospitality and tourism. The article examines the issues related to the best practices of socially responsible corporate behavior of international companies in the Russian tourism sector. These companies have contributed many efforts and resources in solving the environmental and social issues through their CSR policies and make their brand well known. Their best practices can be very useful for the Russian companies in hospitality and tourism to implicate different CSR policies, plans and strategies and having positive results.


The two basic optical Fourier transform configurations are examined with respect to component complexity, aberrations, and optical noise. It is shown that the converging-beam illumination setup (CB-FT) is much simpler and works better than the classical parallel beam illumination setup within a restricted range of object size and lens aperture. This range corresponds to many practical cases. Therefore, the CB-FT should be preferred in ordinary cases whereas the classical setup with a special purpose Fourier lens should be used only for a large space-bandwidth product. It is probably never a good solution to use the parallel beam configuration with a general purpose lens as the Fourier lens.


Background: A Red List of threatened bryophytes is lacking for Africa. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission (SSC) Bryophyte Specialist Group has recently launched the 'Top 10 Initiative' to identify the 10 species on each continent that are at highest risk of extinction.Objectives: The main aim of this paper was to highlight some of the lost or strongly threatened bryophyte species in sub-Saharan Africa and the East African islands and to draw up a Top 10 list for Africa.Method: Lost or threatened species have been identified with the help of experts on the bryoflora of Africa, global and regional Red Lists and taxonomic literature. Each species on this candidate list is discussed at the hand of its taxonomy, distribution, habitat, threat and current global or regional Red List status as far as previously assessed.Results: Fifty bryophyte species, representing 40 genera and 23 families, have been identified as Top 10 candidates. Of these, 29 are endemic to Africa and 21 are restricted to the East African islands. The majority of the candidate species occur in one of eight 'biodiversity hotspots' with most species (19) in the Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands hotspot.Conclusion: This is the first list of lost or threatened bryophytes for Africa and the first Top 10 list of the IUCN Bryophyte Specialist Group. It represents an important step towards regional and global Red List assessment of bryophytes, thus meeting the targets of the Updated Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011–2020 and priorities of The Shenzhen Declaration on Plant Sciences.


In this paper, we present a novel scheduling algorithm targeted toward minimizing the average execution time of control-flow intensive behavioral descriptions. Our algorithm uses a control/data flow graph model, which preserves the parallelism inherent in the application. It explores previously unexplored regions of the solution space by its ability to overlap the schedules of independent iterative constructs, whose bodies share resources. It also incorporates well known optimization techniques like loop unrolling in a natural fashion. This is made possible by a general loop-handling technique, which we have devised. Application of the algorithm to several common benchmarks demonstrates up to 4.8-fold improvement in expected schedule length over existing scheduling algorithms, without paying a price in terms of the best and worst case schedule lengths required to execute the behavioral description (in fact, frequently, the best/worst case schedule lengths are also better for our algorithm).


The new era of pharmacogenetics has identified a potential for individuals to receive customized treatments for a variety of disease states. For such individualized treatments to fulfil their potential, it will be essential for clinicians to be able to monitor disease activity, ideally in a rapid, noninvasive fashion. The accessibility of the skin offers much potential to develop noninvasive tests of metabolic and disease activity for clinical use. Impaired human wound healing in the skin is a chronic inflammatory disorder in which the development of such tests has considerable potential, aiding clinical decision making and monitoring responses to treatment. This review article discusses how studies in other human diseases have highlighted potential biochemical markers (biomarkers) of disease activity in secreted biofluids, as aids to determining disease and metabolic activity within tissues. Using, as examples, lessons learned in the study of disease activity and prognosis of other chronic inflammatory conditions, such as osteoarthritis and periodontal disease, this review highlights the potential of dermal extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagens, proteoglycans, hyaluronan and glycoproteins) for such uses. The limitations of currently utilized techniques and the concept that analysis of ECM components in wound fluid may represent useful biomarkers of disease activity are also discussed.


In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of individualized treatment on restoration of competency in patients adjudicated incompetent to stand trial. Treatment groups included deficit-focused remediation (six individual sessions and four group sessions; n = 8), legal rights education (control group; six individual sessions and four group sessions; n = 10), and standard hospital treatment (control group; four group sessions; n = 8). There were no significant baseline differences among groups. All groups differed significantly on competency measures obtained before and after testing. The deficit-focused remediation and the legal rights education groups both demonstrated significantly higher post-treatment scores on competency measures than the standard hospital treatment group. Both groups demonstrated approximately 50 percent more improvement on the competency measures than the standard hospital treatment group. There were no significant differences between the deficit-focused remediation and legal rights education groups on post-test competency scores, suggesting that focus on individual deficits may not be a useful treatment strategy. Results demonstrate, however, that more frequent legal rights education is a worthwhile endeavor in treatment of incompetency.


This research identified drivers and barriers to routine National Health Service (NHS) adoption of Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Additive Manufacturing (AM) for the production of patient-specific devices. It proposed and verified a design process intervention, which aimed to overcome the most important barriers and better exploit the drivers. The data generated and recorded in this work spanned qualitative and quantitative findings from fourteen real-world clinical case studies, a fully-realised structure for a Quality Management System (QMS), prototyping of a design intervention in a paper-based format, and verification of its intended impacts with three users across commercial and clinical contexts. Key barriers to routine adoption were identified as being the nature of existing publications, evolving regulatory requirements, poor awareness of design or design control, and inconsistent approaches to procuring custom devices.The literature featured necessarily short clinical follow-up, and often reported on design and fabrication methods in very poor detail – to the detriment of reproducibility. Health economics evidence was scarce. In the short to medium term future, new regulatory requirements will compel all institutions, including hospitals, to implement a Quality Management System for the design of medical devices. As such, generalisable procedures, forms, and records for compliance with the BS EN ISO 13485 quality standard were devised, and used as the foundation of the design intervention. The QMS-led design intervention form aimed to: create fully-populated product requirements lists before commencing modelling; introduce project management, identification, traceability, review, verification, and feedback activities; improve the confidence and experience of the designer or acting designer; and prompt record keeping in-line with the requirements of ISO 13485. It achieved all of these aims, at least as far as could be ascertained within the research constraints. Further expansion and verification of the framework is required in future – across different specific surgeries and across more users.Thesis completed in 2018.


When rape by an armed organization occurs frequently, it is often said to be a strategy of war. But some cases of conflict-related rape are better understood as a practice, violence that has not been explicitly adopted as organization policy but is nonetheless tolerated by commanders. The typology of conflict-related rape in this article emphasizes not only vertical relationships between commanders (principals) and combatants (agents) but also the horizontal social interactions among combatants. It analyzes when rape is likely to be prevalent as a practice, emphasizing not only gendered norms and beliefs of the society from which combatants come but also how those might be transformed by the organization's socialization processes. In the conclusion, I suggest that the typology is relevant for analysts of all forms of of political violence and also for prosecutors, policy advocates, and policymakers concerned with conflict-related rape.


In 2004 a Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee published a report that described the harsh conditions of institutional out-of-home care up to 1974, experienced by an estimated 500,000 Australian children, also known as 'Forgotten Australians'. Because of issues of abuse and neglect, the Commonwealth Government identified this cohort on November 16, 2009 as a vulnerable group with 'special needs' in their senior years. A review of the literature exposed significant gaps in what is known about the Forgotten Australians. One of these gaps is a lack of discussion on a sense of belonging and its effects in later life. The aim of this study was to explore how individuals who lived in institutional out-of-home child care in Australia before 1974 experienced, during adult years, a sense of belonging in relationships with significant others, and in relation to community and a sense of self.
Using hermeneutical phenomenology, this research was designed to explore participants' narrated experiences by drawing on theoretical and methodological approaches that facilitate the expression of subjective experiences. Research methods included semi-structured interviews conducted with 21 participants in all states and territories of Australia between January 2012 and April 2012. Key findings included experiences of stigma and shame as well as not feeling part of, or belonging to communities or societal groups. For many, a sense of not belonging has impacted on how they see themselves in relation to community and others in later life. Several participants spoke of having stable places to live; however they also spoke of feelings of discomfort and of being disconnected from the communities in which they resided.
The conclusion of this research was that most participants belonged to one of two distinct orientations. In the first group, members continued to have challenges with how they viewed themselves and connected to community. The second group contained those who have overcome the negative view of their sense of self; even though they continued to have challenges connecting to community. Finally, there was one outlier who never felt that his experiences in institutional care affected the way he viewed himself or how he connected to community. The findings highlight the need for further research so that services and education programs can be developed to assist Forgotten Australians integrating into social networks as they age.


This study analyzes cultural mediation in international exchange participant blogs, exploring their significance for relational public diplomacy. We recognize exchange participant blogs as a site of public diplomacy at work. Moving beyond the dominant assumption guiding exchange programs as exporting values and ideas to foreign publics, we consider the extent to which the public engages in the processes of meaning making. Narrative inquiry of blogs written by participants of German and Japanese government exchange programs finds that the participants negotiate their everyday encounters with the host by personalizing, translating, and coproducing their experiences for and with the audience. The narratives convey a complicated and nuanced understanding of the host country that is interpreted through the lens of cultural and social identity embodied by the participants. The sequential and the fiction-like storytelling quality of the blogs transport audiences into the narrative world, resulting in enjoyment, emotional attachment, and identification with bloggers from their audience.


Abstract The potential of the ichnofossil record for exploring the evolution of behavior has never been fully realized. Some of this is due to the nature of the trace fossil record itself. Equally responsible is the separation of ichnology from the relevant areas of modern behavioral biology. The two disciplines have virtually no concepts, methods, or literature in common. The study of animal behavior and its evolution is thus bereft of the rich data and insights of ichnologists. One potential pathway forward is for ichnologists to adopt and adapt the movement ecology paradigm proposed several years ago by Ran Nathan and colleagues. This approach views movement as resulting from interactions of the organism's internal state, its movement abilities, and its sensory capabilities with each other and with the external environment. These interactions produce a movement path. The adoption of this paradigm would place trace fossil studies in a far wider common context for the study of movement, while providing the dimension of the evolution of movement behavior in deep time to neontological studies. A second component of this integration would be for paleontologists to develop a taphonomy of behavior that places in a phylogenetic context the range of possible behaviors that organisms can carry out and assesses the potential of each of these behaviors in leaving a diagnostic trace. Parallel to other taphonomic concepts, this approach assesses the preservation potential of particular behaviors; behavioral fidelity is the extent to which trace fossils preserve these original behavioral signals.


Numbers. Lots and lots of numbers. It is hard to find a paper published in Science or any other journal that is not full of numbers. Interpretation of those numbers provides the basis for the conclusions, as well as an assessment of the confidence in those conclusions. But unfortunately, there have been far too many cases where the quantitative analysis of those numbers has been flawed, causing doubt about the authors' interpretation and uncertainty about the result. Furthermore, it is not realistic to expect that a technical reviewer, chosen for her or his expertise in the topical subject matter or experimental protocol, will also be an expert in data analysis. For that reason, with much help from the American Statistical Association, Science has established, effective 1 July 2014, a Statistical Board of Reviewing Editors (SBoRE), consisting of experts in various aspects of statistics and data analysis, to provide better oversight of the interpretation of observational data.


In default reasoning, usually not all possible ways of resolving conflicts between default rules are acceptable. Criteria expressing acceptable ways of resolving the conflicts may be hardwired in the inference mechanism, for example specificity in inheritance reasoning can be handled this way, or they may be given abstractly as an ordering on the default rules. In this article we investigate formalizations of the latter approach in Reiter's default logic. Our goal is to analyze and compare the computational properties of three such formalizations in terms of their computational complexity: the prioritized default logics of Baader and Hollunder, and Brewka, and a prioritized default logic that is based on lexicographic comparison. The analysis locates the propositional variants of these logics on the second and third levels of the polynomial hierarchy, and identifies the boundary between tractable and intractable inference for restricted classes of prioritized default theories.


Consumption of edible oils has grown with the increase in world population. The
increasing health awareness and consciousness amongst consumers made the food
industry more discriminating in the types of oil they use for food applications. Many
circumstances have focused attention on high-oleic vegetable oils, which have been
demonstrated to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. The demand for high-oleic
oils is increasing but there are only a few known sources available. Moringa oleifera
seed oil, which is naturally high-oleic oil, therefore, presents a great opportunity for the
oil industry for meeting this ever-increasing demand.
The objectives of this study were to determine the properties of oil extracted from
Moringa oleifera seeds, evaluate the efficiency of enzymatic-extraction of the oil and
modification of the oil to enhance its oleic acid content and compare the oxidative
stability of the oil against several other oils during deep fat frying.The oil content of M. oleifera seeds in Malaysia ranged between 30.8% and 33.4%
depending on the variety, of which there were two. The physico-chemical properties of
the oil were determined following extraction with light petroleum ether. The dominant
fatty acid (FA) of the oil was indeed oleic acid, where Variety 1 contained 67.9% while
Variety 2 contained 74.4%. After refining, the oil from both varieties is light golden
color (O.1R + 1 .OY), and a viscosity, smoke point and refractive index (nD400C) of Cp
51.7, 206"C, and 1.4533, respectively. Using electronic nose analysis, the crude oil was
found to have an odor similar to that of peanut oil. It has a complete melting point of
18.9"C. The crude oil contains 95.6% triacylglycerols (TAG) and 1.9% 1,2- and 1,3-
diacylglycerols. The relative TAG content increased to 98.7% after refining. The oil
contains 36.7% trioleoyl glycerol (000) as the main TAG.
M. oleifera seed oil was extracted using four different types of enzymes namely;
Neutrase 0.8L (neutral protease), Termamyl 120L, type L (a-amylase), Pectinex Ultra
SP-L (pectinase) and Celluclast 1.5L FG (cellulase) all supplied by Novozymes
(Bagsvaerd Denmark). The enzymes were used either separately or in combination. The
efficiency of enzyme-extraction was compared to aqueous extraction without enzyme.
Enzymatic-extraction of M. oleifera seed oil showed that Neutrase alone at 2% vlw,
45°C and pH 6.8 was able to extract 71.9% oil relative to the amount obtained when the
oil was solvent-extracted. Neutrase was the most efficient among the enzymes used
followed by Termamyl, Celluclast and Pectinex with percent oil recoveries of 64.8%,
62.6% and 56.5%, respectively. Each extraction was carried out at the optimum pH and
temperature of the enzymes. A combination of the four enzymes at pH 7.5 increased the oil recovery to 74%. Percent oil recovery with all enzymes was significantly (P<0.05)
higher than the control (aqueous extraction without enzyme) (3 5.6%).
Solvent extracted M oleifera seed oil was transesterified using immobilized lipase
(Lipozyme IM 60) (Novozyrnes Bagsvaerd Denmark) in order to change its melting and
crystallizing behavior that will make it easier to fractionate. After transesterification, the
oil was fractionated with acetone at -18°C and without acetone at 10°C to obtain two
fractions, stearin and olein fractions. Incubation of the transesterified oil at 10°C for 24
h resulted in the formation of fat crystals, which settled at the bottom of the flask in
sample transesterified for 24 h, while the control (0 h) sample became rather viscous
with fat crystals in suspension. Transesterification affect the TAG profile of the oil,
which in turn affected the solid fat content (SFC) and thermal behavior. The SFC value
at 0°C after 24 h of reaction was 10.35% and significantly (P<0.05) higher than the
control (0 h) (7.94%). The oil remained liquid at 20°C for all reaction times. The end set
temperature (melting point) shifted from 18.9"C for the unreacted oil to 20S°C for oil
transesterified for 24 h. Transesterification of the oil resulted also in a significant
(P<0.05) increase in the crystallization temperature of the high melting glyceride from
the original value of 1.6"C to 12.9"C after transesterification for 24 h. There was a
significant increase in the oleic acid content in the olein fractions obtained following
fractionation of the transesterified oil with and without using acetone (75.2 and 70.5%,
respectively) compared to the unreacted oil (67.9%).The oxidative stability of refined M oleifera seed oil (MOO) in deep fat frying was
evaluated and compared with canola (CLO), soybean (SBO), and palm olein (PO). The
oils were used to fry potato chips for 6 h a day up to a maximum of 5 days. Changes in
fatty acid (FA) composition, free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value (IV) peroxide value
(PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), specific extincti o;:1~n( 233 and 269 nm for conjugated
dienes and trienes), total polar compounds (TPC), color and viscosities were used to
evaluate the oils.
The frying process caused an increase in the FFA contents MOO, PO, CLO and SBO.
The FFA contents at the end of the frying period were 0.35%, 0.55%, 0.54% and 0.51%
for CLO, PO, SBO and MOO, respectively. The rate of increase in the PV (meqOz/kg)
for CLO (2.33 per day) was higher compared to those of MOO (0.80 per day), PO (1.00
per day), and SBO (0.70 per day). Conjugated dienes levels at the end of the frying
period were lowest in PO (4.27) followed by MOO (6.07) with high levels in CLO (9.28)
and SBO (10.64). The amount of TPC in MOO (20.78%) and PO (21.23%) were
significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in CLO (28.73%) and SBO (3 1.82%). Color and
viscosity of the oils increased with frying time. The rates of change of viscosity with the
frying days were similar for all the oils. Results of sensory analysis conducted on potato
chips fried in PO and MOO showed general acceptability of potato chips fried in both
oils with high scores for crispness (7.07 and 7.14), oiliness (6.86 and 7.09), and fried
food flavor (7.00 and 6.79) attributes, respectively. The overall acceptance of the French
fries fried in MOO was high (7.50) and not significantly (P>0.05) from that of PO
(7.58).


The promise of magic has always commanded the human imagination, but the story of industrial modernity is usually seen as a process of disenchantment. Drawing on the writings and performances of the so-called 'Golden Age Magicians' from the turn of the twentieth century, Chris Goto-Jones unveils the ways in which European and North American encounters with (and representations of) Asia - the fabled Mystic East - worked to re-enchant experiences of the modern world. Beginning with a reconceptualization of the meaning of 'modern magic' itself - moving beyond conventional categories of 'real' and 'fake' magic - Goto-Jones' acclaimed book guides us on a magical mystery tour around India, China, and Japan, showing us levitations and decapitations, magic duels and bullet catches, goldfish bowls and paper butterflies. In the end, this mesmerizing book reveals Orientalism as a kind of magic in itself, casting a spell over Western culture that leaves it transformed, even today.


During the past years the Cloud Computing offer has exponentially grown, with new Cloud providers, platforms and services being introduced in the IT market. The extreme variety of services, often providing non uniform and incompatible interfaces, makes it hard for customers to decide how to develop, or even worse to migrate, their own application into the Cloud. This situation can only get worse when customers want to exploit services from different providers, because of the portability and interoperability issues that often arise. In this paper we propose a uniform, integrated, machine-readable, semantic representation of cloud services, patterns, appliances and their compositions. Our approach aims at supporting the development of new applications for the Cloud environment, using semantic models and automatic reasoning to enhance potability and interoperability when multiple platforms are involved. In particular, the proposed reasoning procedure allows to: perform automatic discovery of Cloud services and Appliances; map between agnostic and vendor dependent Cloud Patterns and Services; automatically enrich the semantic knowledge base.


In this paper we propose and investigate a novel end-to-end method for automatically generating short email responses, called Smart Reply. It generates semantically diverse suggestions that can be used as complete email responses with just one tap on mobile. The system is currently used in Inbox by Gmail and is responsible for assisting with 10% of all mobile responses. It is designed to work at very high throughput and process hundreds of millions of messages daily. The system exploits state-of-the-art, large-scale deep learning. We describe the architecture of the system as well as the challenges that we faced while building it, like response diversity and scalability. We also introduce a new method for semantic clustering of user-generated content that requires only a modest amount of explicitly labeled data.


Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important atmospheric constituent affecting air quality and climate. SCIAMACHY on ENVISAT is currently the only satellite instrument that can measure the vertical column of CO with nearly equal sensitivity at all altitudes down to the Earth's surface because of its near-infrared nadir observations of reflected solar radiation. Here we present three years' (2003–2005) of SCIAMACHY CO columns consistently retrieved with the latest version of our retrieval algorithm (WFMDv0.6). We describe the retrieval method and discuss the multi-year global CO data set focusing on a comparison with the operational CO column data product of MOPITT. We found reasonable to good agreement (~20%) with MOPITT, with the best agreement for 2004. We present detailed results for various regions (Europe, Middle East, India, China) and discuss to what extent enhanced levels of CO can be detected over populated areas including individual cities. The expected CO signal from cities is close to or even below the detection limit of individual measurements. We show that cities can be identified when averaging long time series.


INTRODUCTION: Labelling is an important tool for food and nutrition professionals since it provides information on food safety and nutrition. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to analyse the differences in food and nutrition professionals' opinions regarding nutrition labelling on prepacked foods. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted, using a non-probabilistic sample of professionals, by contacting several Portuguese entities in food and nutrition. The eligibility criteria included being 18 years old and over, living and working in Portugal, and having a professional activity in this area. An online self-administered survey was developed, including questions about labelling (importance, reading, use, trust, satisfaction, and influence in food choices). The main changes in the European Union labelling rules about the content, presentation and legibility of the mandatory information were analysed. The present paper focuses on the answers to the open-ended question on suggestions to improve nutrition labelling. RESULTS: From the 297 participants, 33 (11.1%) provided answers to the open-ended question, which were subsequently grouped into six categories. These professionals demonstrated the least satisfaction with the label information namely the specific technical terms, the quantity of information, the symbols used and the nutritional claims. They showed the least agreement with the presentation and content of the nutrition information, implemented by Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011. Two improvements were proposed: the simplification of the labelling information and the understanding of its usefulness as it is currently presented, to provide perceptible and useful information to the consumer. CONCLUSIONS: Nutrition labelling educational tools should be developed, in order to promote nutrition literacy and lead to consumer's empowerment.


Background Feasibility of genotyping of hundreds and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in thousands of study subjects have triggered the need for fast, powerful, and reliable methods for genome-wide association analysis. Here we consider a situation when study participants are genetically related (e.g. due to systematic sampling of families or because a study was performed in a genetically isolated population). Of the available methods that account for relatedness, the Measured Genotype (MG) approach is considered the 'gold standard'. However, MG is not efficient with respect to time taken for the analysis of genome-wide data. In this context we proposed a fast two-step method called Genome-wide Association using Mixed Model and Regression (GRAMMAR) for the analysis of pedigree-based quantitative traits. This method certainly overcomes the drawback of time limitation of the measured genotype (MG) approach, but pays in power. One of the major drawbacks of both MG and GRAMMAR, is that they crucially depend on the availability of complete and correct pedigree data, which is rarely available. Methodology In this study we first explore type 1 error and relative power of MG, GRAMMAR, and Genomic Control (GC) approaches for genetic association analysis. Secondly, we propose an extension to GRAMMAR i.e. GRAMMAR-GC. Finally, we propose application of GRAMMAR-GC using the kinship matrix estimated through genomic marker data, instead of (possibly missing and/or incorrect) genealogy. Conclusion Through simulations we show that MG approach maintains high power across a range of heritabilities and possible pedigree structures, and always outperforms other contemporary methods. We also show that the power of our proposed GRAMMAR-GC approaches to that of the 'gold standard' MG for all models and pedigrees studied. We show that this method is both feasible and powerful and has correct type 1 error in the context of genome-wide association analysis in related individuals.


Money may not corrupt. But should we worry if it corrodes? Legal scholars in a range of fields have expressed concern about "motivational crowding-out," a process by which offering financial rewards for good behavior may undermine laudable social motivations, like professionalism or civic duty. Disquiet about the motivational impacts of incentives has now extended to health law, employment law, tax, torts, contracts, criminal law, property, and beyond. In some cases, the fear of crowding-out has inspired concrete opposition to innovative policies that marshal incentives to change individual behavior. But to date, our fears about crowding-out have been unfocused and amorphous; our field lacks the language we need to speak precisely about these behavioral phenomena, and we have not examined when and why motivational crowding-out should prompt us to discontinue or temper incentive based schemes. Without a clear and nuanced picture of the processes, harms, and benefits of crowding-out, we may well be missing the mark. This Article canvasses the range of legal areas where crowding-out concerns arise, and it newly illuminates the specific harms that may be attributable to crowding-out effects. These hazards include reduced autonomy in the presence of incentives, a distinct set of behavioral inefficiencies, and the potential degradation of individual or social values. But this Article also challenges the view of crowding out as uniformly harmful, offering an alternative vision of potential crowding-out benefits, such as crowding out invidious motivations, increasing the predictability of agent activity, and bolstering the efficiency of future incentives. These benefits suggest that the precautionary principle, which would counsel against using incentives where crowding-out is possible—is inappropriate for this field. The Article also proposes a novel taxonomy to help guide regulatory responses to incentives that cause crowding-out. Different categories of incentives present different justifications for regulatory intervention and redesign, including autonomy concerns, efficiency concerns, and negative externalities imposed on third parties. By organizing incentives based on the relationship between the principal and agent, we can identify opportunities for regulators and incentive architects to redesign or limit incentive programs, to leave incentives in place, or to consider discontinuing incentive-based policies when money indeed "costs too much" in motivation.


ABSTRACT The paper marks the growth of interest in transgender rights and argues for the value of transgender awareness as a challenge to gender binary thinking. It identifies early years education as a powerful site for a focus on gender non-conformity and aims to draw together theoretical and practical forms of support for the EYE staff who respond to young children's gendered expressions on an everyday basis. The authors draw on data gathered within their respective research and professional training trajectories which are understood through queer and feminist poststructuralist theory, together with approaches from transgender studies. These are combined to emphasise gender multiplicities and pluralities of sexuality. The paper examines how staff can be supported towards greater gender sensitivity and considers how the presence of more male teachers in EYE can act as a catalyst for developing a gender flexible pedagogy. It concludes that a growing awareness of transgender benefits the mental health and wellbeing of all young children, and protects gender- variant children from peer abuse.


We study the combined effects of nonlocal elasticity and confinement induced ordering on the dynamics of thermomolecular pressure gradient driven premelted films bound by an elastic membrane. The confinement induced ordering is modeled using a film thickness dependent viscosity (Pramanik \& Wettlaufer 2017 \emph{Phys. Rev. E} {\bf 96}, 052801). When there is no confinement induced ordering, we recover the similarity solution for the evolution of the elastic membrane, which exhibit an infinite sequence of oscillations (Wettlaufer \emph{et al.} 1996 \emph{Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf 76}, 3602-3605). However, when the confinement induced viscosity is comparable to the bulk viscosity, the numerical solutions of the full system reveal the conditions under which the oscillations vanish. Implications for general thermomechanical dynamics, frost heave observations and cryogenic cell preservation are discussed.


Abstract With the diffusion-equation representation of landform evolution providing reference calculations, quantitative comparisons between profiles of the high stand of Lake Lahontan presented here and profiles of the Lake Bonneville shoreline scarps analyzed elsewhere reveal that the two sets of scarps are nearly identical morphologically. When care is exercised in the selection of profiles, the Lahontan high-stand scarps are remarkably reproducible from one profile to the next, highly suggestive evidence that the processes that have shaped and changed the shape of these landforms are correspondingly regular. Slope-angle differences of only 2° are both discernible and interpretable features of these late Quaternary landforms cut in weakly consolidated alluvium. At a level of uncertainty of no more than 50 per cent, the mass diffusivity ( κ ) of the Lahontan high stand is the same as the Lake Bonneville shoreline κ , 1.1 GKG (1 GKG = 1 m 2 /ka). This result suggests that much can be learned about the ages of late Quaternary fault scarps cut in weakly consolidated alluvium throughout the Basin and Range Province from their morphology alone. The Beachfront fault scarps, themselves truncated by Lake Lahontan in our study area, are morphologically only slightly older (15 to 18 ka BP) than the Lahontan high stand (∼12 ka BP).


Although the opportunity cost of time spent recycling has long been recognized as a key determinant of household recycling participation, very few empirical studies have attempted to provide estimates of it. In this paper, we propose a model of household recycling that, while including pecuniary and non pecuniary motives for decisions, such as social and moral norms or warm-glow, reveals heterogeneous values of saving time from recycling (VSTR). The predictions of our model are being tested, extending the basic latent-class logit model to the latent-class ranked ordered model and using data from a discrete choice experiment on waste management conducted in 2008 in Corsica. We find VSTR clearly heterogeneous across individuals, ranging from 8% to 76% of one's income.


Non-overlapping multi-camera visual object tracking typically consists of two steps: single camera object tracking and inter-camera object tracking. Most of tracking methods focus on single camera object tracking, which happens in the same scene, while for real surveillance scenes, inter-camera object tracking is needed and single camera tracking methods can not work effectively. In this paper, we try to improve the overall multi-camera object tracking performance by a global graph model with an improved similarity metric. Our method treats the similarities of single camera tracking and inter-camera tracking differently and obtains the optimization in a global graph model. The results show that our method can work better even in the condition of poor single camera object tracking.


The 2001 Nisqually earthquake occurred within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. Previous seismic and geodetic studies could not confidently identify its actual fault plane from the two nodal planes. In this study, we apply the recently developed source-scanning algorithm to local seismic waveforms and show unambiguously that the steeply east-dipping plane is the rupture plane. The rupture began near the bottom of the subducting crust and propagated downward into the subducting uppermost mantle. If intraslab earthquakes are assumed to be due to dehydration embrittlement, the source dimension is unlikely to grow any larger because the warm thermal state of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate limits dehydration to a shallow depth below the slab surface. Numerical modeling of the thermal structure indicates that dehydration embrittlement can only take place in the top 10 km of the subducting mantle, implying that the maximum size of an intraslab earthquake in northern Cascadia would be M w∼7 or less.


Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodlands are expected to be sensitive to climate change, and have declined in parts of the West. Great Basin mountain ranges may be near the limits of aspen's climatic threshold, in terms of temperature and aridity, and thus are particularly vulnerable to climate change. Birds associating with aspen are likely to undergo regional population fluctuations and changes in distribution as a result of changes in aspen availability or distribution. Thus, understanding the habitat relationships of avian communities in aspen and other montane cover types is important for tracking the impacts of future landscape change. The mountainous terrain of the HumboldtToiyabe National Forest in northern Elko County, NV, supports a patchy array of aspen and conifer forest and shrubland distributed across 2,755 km. I quantified avian abundance using point count sampling over two breeding seasons (2010 – 2011) at 389 point locations in or near systematically selected stands of aspen (n = 135). For common species, I compared the mean abundance per stand in aspen to that in conifer, mixed aspen-conifer, and montane sage, using both paired and partially-paired t-tests. Most focal species were significantly more abundant in aspen than conifer (22 of 37 species) or montane sage (30 of 39 species) in the partially-paired comparisons. In paired comparisons, 4 of 15 species were significantly more common in aspen than conifer, and 19 of 24 were significantly more common in aspen than montane sage, but most comparisons with both conifer and mixed aspen-conifer were non-significant due to small sample sizes. I then used mixed-effects multiple regression, with stand and observer crew as random effects, to identify key habitat and physiographic parameters driving species' abundance. For 8 of 11 aspen associates in mixed-effects models, abundance increased with an increase in aspen within 75 m; abundance also decreased with an increase in conifer for three aspen associates. For three of five conifer associates, abundance increased with an increase in 75-m conifer; abundance also increased with an increase in mixed aspen-conifer for three conifer associates. The results of my study underscore the ecological importance of aspen for montane passerine communities–aspen is preferred by most species over other available habitats, and abundance of most aspen-associated species increased as the proportion of aspen within 75 m increased. A reduction in aspen distribution in the Great Basin is likely to result in a decrease in abundance and distribution of a host of aspen-associated species and could have long-term effects on montane passerine communities. I suggest that management activities promoting aspen's persistence and resilience to climate change be considered as a means for maintaining abundance and species composition of montane bird communities in the island ranges of the Great Basin.