Mineral evolution is concerned with the timing of mineral occurrences, such as the earliest reported occurrences in the geologic record. Minerals containing essential Li have not been reported from rocks older than ca. 3000 Ma, thus the lithian tourmaline (fluor-elbaite) and mica (lepidolite) assemblage from a pegmatite near Zishineni associated with the ca. 3000 Ma Sinceni Pluton presents unusual interest. Fluor-elbaite (0.75–0.98 F per formula unit) forms green crystals up to 50 mm long. Spindle stage measurements give ω = 1.652(1), e = 1.627(1) (589.3 nm). Optical absorption spectroscopy shows Fe and Mn are divalent; infra-red spectroscopy demonstrates the presence of Li and indicates the presence of (OH) at both the (OH) sites. Electron microprobe analysis of 330 points on several prisms, the largest of which is zoned in Fe and Ca, gives the following average and standard deviations in wt%: SiO2 37.29 (0.26), TiO2 0.05 (0.05), Al2O3 38.14 (0.35), Cr2O3 0 (0.02), MgO 0.02 (0.01), MnO 3.57 (0.25), FeO 2.48 (0.60), Na2O 2.48 (0.09), K2O 0.03 (0.12), CaO 0.77 (0.21), F 1.80 (0.11) wt%; Cl 0 (0.01). Nuclear reaction analyses gave Li2O 0.91 (0.04) and B2O3 10.55 (0.45). The empirical formula of fluor-elbaite was determined by integrating crystal-chemical data from electron microprobe analysis, nuclear reaction analysis, crystal structure refinement using X-ray diffraction, infra-red and optical absorption spectroscopy: X(□0.09Na0.77K0.01Ca0.13)Σ1.00Y(□0.35Li0.59Mn 2+ 0.49 Fe 2+ 0.33 Mn0.492+Fe0.332+Al1.23Ti0.01)Σ3.00Al6(Si6O18)(BO3)3O3(OH)3O1[F0.92(OH)0.08]Σ1.00. The crystal structure of fluor-elbaite was refined to statistical indices R1 for 1454 reflections ∼2% using MoKα X-ray intensity data. Structural data confirm the presence of significant vacancies at the Y site. Micas include lepidolite in flakes several millimeters across that are veined and overgrown by fine-grained muscovite. Silica and (FeO + MnO) increase, and Al decreases with F, all giving tight linear fits for both micas taken together, suggesting both micas can be regarded as interstratified muscovite and lithium mica consisting of 35.2 wt% masutomilite containing nearly equal amounts of Mn and Fe, 52.8 wt% polylithionite and 11.9 wt% trilithionite. Muscovite and lepidolite contain Ta, hubnerite(?) and a possible Pb-bearing microlite (Ta > Nb). The oxides, together with the muscovite, are interpreted to be related to later hydrothermal reworking of the primary lepidolite–fluor-elbaite assemblage. Given the 2990 ± 43 Ma Rb–Sr isochron and 3074 ± 4 Ma evaporation Pb–Pb ages reported for the Sinceni Pluton and Rb/Sr mineral ages ranging from 2906 ± 31 Ma to 3072 ± 33 Ma reported for the pegmatites, the fluor-elbaite–cesian lepidolite–fluorcalciomicrolite-bearing pegmatite is the first reported occurrence of a lithian tourmaline and lepidolite in the geologic record, as well as one of the two earliest known examples of the lithium–cesium–tantalum (LCT) family of pegmatites. The Sinceni magma is most plausibly derived from a metasedimentary source by intrusion of hot mantle melts into the crust from below, thereby indicating that a "mature" continental crust existed in the Kaapvaal craton at ca. 3000 Ma. (Less)


The objective of this chapter is to improve collaborative practices and exercises, taking the unforeseen into account. The major focus is on the process of making collaboration exercises and the planning phase of these potential learning situations. Two educational perspectives will be explored in order to improve the planning work itself and, possibly, also training for the unforeseen. The use of social technology, together with didactic thinking, may enhance the extent and quality of collaboration training. Planners also need to deliberate upon the importance of "standard" or traditional exercises in combination with collaboration, seeing the whole picture and the exercise as a program. On the other hand, it is of vital importance to train in the realms of the unforeseen, entering the uncharted waters of learning outside known territory.


The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changed Code Sec. 1031 and other provisions that may affect Code Sec. 1031. This Article examines those changes. Code Sec. 1031 now applies only to real property, so taxpayers must consider whether exchange properties are real property and like kind. Code Sec. 1031 does not have an established definition of real property, so its scope will be uncertain until further guidance emerges. Until then, taxpayers may look to definitions of real property in other provisions of the Code. The Article presents a table comparing the various other definitions of real property, showing that tax law does not have a unified definition of real property. The new act also includes a deduction of qualified business income under section 199A, which is subject to a limit based upon the unadjusted basis of property held in a business. The Article examines how exchanges under Code Sec. 1031 may affect the computation of unadjusted basis of replacement property. Finally, the Article considers whether the repeal of technical terminations and the prohibition of exchanges of partnership interests may affect exchange structures.


Senna didymobotrya is invasive native flowering shrubs mainly grow in Africa. Climate change thought to facilitates the introduction and spread of invasive alien species. The present study aimed at examining the present and future invasion of S. didymobotrya under the changing climatic using species distribution modeling. The mean AUC and TSS value of the model was (95%) and (81%), respectively, which put the model under an excellent category. Our result showed under the current climatic conditions 18.11% of the continent is suitable for S. didymobotrya invasion. Eastern African countries are found the most suitable habitat for S. didymobotrya invasion followed by southern African countries. The total highly suitable area for the species is 3.4% and 3.17% in 2050s under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. In the 2070s, the highly suitable area is predicted as 3.18 % and 2.73% in RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. An area with the category of low to moderate suitability under RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5 in the 2050s is projected as 17.4 % and 20.5 % and this area is increased in the 2070s to19.11% and 22.82 for the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, respectively. The results of this study showed a substantial contraction in the high suitability areas, but a large increase in the low and moderately suitable habitat. Despite the contraction in highly suitable areas, countries which are found suitable in the present climatic condition remains suitable for S. didymobotrya establishment. Our ensemble predicted a significant increase in the vulnerability of habitat for invasion under the future climatic scenarios. Our study suggests the future biodiversity conservation strategy and policy direction should focus on the means and strategy of limiting the rate of expansion of invasion and distribution in different ecosystem types, hence reduce the expected harm in the ecosystem services.


Vehicular emissions in close proximity to schools can have detrimental health effects on children. The Safe Routes to School program claims to improve air quality through implementation due to reduced volume of traffic generated to schools. While a reduced volume of traffic may reduce the amount of emitted pollutants, the program lacks the ability to quantitatively track this air quality improvement. A school participating in the Safe Routes to School program was selected based off of health risks associated with a high vehicular volume and the proximity of that traffic to the school. A survey was utilized to generate a vehicle inventory of faculty and parent drivers of this school. The inventory was applied to EPA equations to demonstrate the amount of emissions generated on a daily, weekly, monthly and school year basis. The equation was successful in generating quantitative data that demonstrate the total emissions generated by the school. This equation can establish pre emission levels versus post emissions levels. This comparison demonstrates the effect the program has on reducing emission levels of traffic generated to the school. Once applied on a larger scale, trends and applicability of the program in different regions, demographic areas and community types (rural, suburban and urban) can be identified. This identification will enable Safe Routes to School users to invest in individual initiatives that have been successful in similar areas. A Methodology to Measure Emissions Generated by Automobile Trips to Schools Participating in Safe Routes to School Winter 2010 Joshua Calaway Rickman, B.S., Westfield State College M.S., University of Massachusetts-Amherst Directed by: Dr. Elisabeth Hamin and Dr. John Collura


The earliest known neodiapsid Orovenator mayorum from the lower Permian of Oklahoma is redescribed using high‐resolution μCT, revealing remarkable details of the skull anatomy. Our findings are relevant to both palaeoecology (suggesting burrowing and nocturnality) and phylogeny. Orovenator and other sauropsids share at least 16 character states with varanopids, many of which were not recognized by previous studies. These include a rounded subnarial shelf of the premaxilla, a posterodorsal extension of the external naris, the asymmetrical bifurcation of the anterior vomer, and a prominent dorsomedial shelf of the surangular. This exceptional degree of similarity between Orovenator and varanopids (a nominally synapsid clade) questions our current understanding of relationships among early amniotes. We test this by including Orovenator in a phylogenetic data matrix used in an earlier study to differentiate between early diapsids and synapsids, and find a monophyletic clade of Orovenator + varanopids within Diapsida. Recent phylogenetic research on early amniote evolution has focused on resolving intra‐clade affiliations rather than the interrelationships of major taxonomic groups. Nevertheless, the relative incompleteness of existing phylogenetic character lists for early amniotes can only be remedied by detailed cross‐clade assessment. We therefore suggest that early amniote relationships require further scrutiny before we can confidently accept or reject our new phylogenetic hypothesis.


This paper presents a technique for identifying the ownership of new-born reindeer claves using wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which is an important tool that can be used to acquire useful information about animals' activities and movements. Reindeer are semi wild and they give birth while in the wild. Although reindeer cows usually carry identification tags or signs of their owners, it is difficult to identify the ownership of the calves within a mixed herd. Currently, identification is performed in the traditional way which is stressful on both animals and herders and quite costly and time consuming. Various potential WSN technologies are considered in this work with special attention paid to RFID tags and subsequently, a method based on Wi-Fi enabled RFID tags is proposed. Localization techniques play an important role in the proposed method, hence localization algorithms are discussed thoroughly. This work aims to pave the way for the use of wireless sensor networks for the purpose of matching mother reindeer to their calves and for other matching purposes in animal welfare and industry


Men who have sex with men (MSM) remain disproportionately affected by HIV and sexual infections, which are acquired predominately through condomless anal sex, known as 'barebacking'. This thesis is concerned with the experiences of HIV-negative or unknown status gay men who have recently engaged in bareback sex. Using data obtained through interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), this thesis makes a unique and holistic contribution to the barebacking discourse by detailing the factors that influence HIV-negative and unknown status MSM to engage in bareback sex through the analytical lens of sexual position. MSM in London were targeted via gay press, e-mail broadcasts and leafleting, and asked to take part in in-depth qualitative interviews. The interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim, and the data were managed using NVivo9™. A total of 13 MSM were interviewed; the average age of participants was 39 years (range 29-55) and all had engaged in bareback sex between 0-90 days prior to the interview. The findings are organised around a pragmatic analytical framework generated from the mens' narratives and comprise three main themes: 'How participants set the scene to their barebacking encounters'; 'The act of bareback sex' and 'The meanings men ascribe to bareback sex'. By examining how participants locate their barebacking encounters, how bareback sex is communicated and negotiated during an encounter, and how men ascribe meaning to bareback sex, I demonstrate how participation in bareback sex is the result of a dynamic process involving different combinations of factors. These findings are presented in three separate chapters. In addition, this thesis provides new insights regarding sexual position and bareback sex. The thesis concludes with a discussion about the implications of the findings for those who work with MSM and also considers areas of possible future research.


Accurate clinical observations are the key to good patient care and fundamental to nursing practice. Vital Signs for Nurses will support anyone in care delivery to enhance their skills, reflect upon their own practice and assist in their continuing professional development. This practical introductory text explores how to make assessments of heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, pain and nutrition. It also looks at issues of infection control, record-keeping and legal and ethical considerations. With case studies and examples throughout, this text will be invaluable to all healthcare assistants, student nurses, Trainee Assistant Practitioners and students on foundation degrees.


For free electromagnetic field, there are two kinds of the wave equation, one is Maxwell wave equation, another is generalized wave equation. In the paper, according to the matrix transformation the author transform the general quadratic form into diagonal matrix. Then this can obtain both forms of wave equation. One is the Maxwell wave equation, another is the second form of the wave equation. In the half latter of the paper the author establish other two vibrator differential equations.


SUMMARY. 1. We examined the seasonal distributions and mating behaviour of Epischura lacustris, Diaptomus minutus and Diaptomus oregonensis to evaluate several proposed mechanisms for reproductive isolation. There was no divergence in onset of maturity or timing of breeding periods between sympatric diaptomid populations; size displacement between co-occurring diaptomid species did not result in concomitant reduction in mating frequency between heterospecific pairs in the laboratory.

2. Divergence in mating behaviour was supported by observations that, in conspecific mating experiments, males of both diaptomid species discriminated between females bearing ripened ovaries (gravid) and those that did not (non-gravid), and that, in heterospecific trials, males either mated indiscriminantly with all females, or engaged in mating very infrequently.

3. In mating experiments with Epischura. males did not discriminate between gravid and non-gravid females, but mated exclusively with virgins of a specific relative size. Divergence in timing of breeding seasons between Epischura and the two diaptomid species suggests that even if mating between genera is possible, it does not occur often in nature.

4. We discuss the adaptive significance of different reproductive strategies of these three copepods and speculate on mechanisms that allow for coexistence of the closely related taxa in nature.


We demonstrate a photonic band gap (PBG) from one-dimensional (1D) periodic structures created by a double-layer unit cell with an air layer and an anisotropic nonmagnetic left-handed metamaterial (LHM) layer whose permittivity elements are partially negative. The requirements imposed on the materials and structures to realize a PBG are derived when the frequency is above or below the cutoff frequency, and the transmission properties of the PBG are discussed by utilizing 4x4 transfer-matrix method with dispersive semiconductor metamaterial.


Electronic brachytherapy (eBT) has seen an insurgence of manufacturers entering the US market for use in radiation therapy. In addition to the established interstitial, intraluminary, and intracavitary applications of eBT, many centers are now using eBT to treat
skin lesions. It is important for medical physicists working with electronic brachytherapy sources to understand the basic physics principles of the sources themselves as well as the variety of applications for which they are being used. The calibration of the sources is different from vendor to vendor and the traceability of calibrations has evolved as new sources came to market. In 2014, a new air-kerma based standard was introduced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to measure the output of an eBT source. Eventually commercial treatment planning systems should accommodate this new standard and provide NIST traceability to the end user. The calibration and commissioning of an eBT system is unique to its application and typically entails a list of procedural recommendations by the manufacturer. Commissioning measurements are performed using a variety of methods, some of which are modifications of existing AAPM Task Group protocols. A medical physicist should be familiar with the different AAPM Task Group recommendations for applicability to eBT and how to properly adapt them to their needs. In addition to the physical characteristics of an eBT source, the photon energy is substantially lower than from HDR Ir-192 sources. Consequently, tissue-specific dosimetry and radiobiological considerations are necessary when comparing these brachytherapy modalities and when making clinical decisions as a radiation therapy team. In this session, the physical characteristics and calibration methodologies of eBt sources will be presented as well as radiobiology considerations and other important clinical considerations.
Learning Objectives:
1.
To understand the basic principles of electronic brachytherapy and the various applications for which it is being used.
2.
To understand the physics of the calibration and commissioning for electronic brachytherapy sources
3.
To understand the unique radiobiology and clinical implementation of electronic brachytherapy systems for skin and IORT techniques
Xoft, Inc. contributed funding toward development of the NIST electronic brachytherapy facility (Michael Mitch).The University of Wisconsin (Wesley Culberson) has received research support funding from Xoft, Inc. Zoubir Ouhib has received partial funding from Elekta Esteya.


Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that a rule change can lower the incidence of concussions and other injuries in professional baseball. Design Retrospective review of professional baseball's electronic medical record system. All Minor (MiLB) and Major League Baseball (MLB) teams are required to use this system. Setting Five full MiLB and MLB seasons in the United States and Canada. Participants All players in MiLB and MLB were included. The 30 MLB clubs have 750 active players and play 162 games per season. MiLB has approximately 7500 active players on 200 teams that play 56-144 games annually. Intervention Before the 2014 season, MLB instituted a rule limiting home plate collisions between base runners and catchers. Outcome measures All concussions and other injuries at home plate from 2011 to 2015 were analysed by mechanism and player position. Main results From 2011-2013, an annual average of 117 injuries occurred at home plate in both MiLB and MLB, with an average of 4823 days lost annually. An average of 13 concussions occurred annually in both MiLB and MLB. Following the rule change, in 2014-2015 there was an annual average of 60 home plate injuries with 1592 days lost. There were 6 MiLB home plate concussions in 2014 and none in 2015. There were no home plate concussions in MLB in 2014-2015 (p=0.07). MiLB and MLB combined for approximately 660,000 athlete exposures per season. Conclusions This rule change was associated with a strong trend toward reduced concussions and other injuries at home plate. Competing interests Mr. D'Angelo and Mr. Coyles are employed by Major League Baseball. Dr. Green receives payment from Major League Baseball for his role as Medical Director. Dr. Valadka is a paid consultant to Major League Baseball. The authors have no other disclosures to report.


This paper first presents a brief overview of the way geotechnical engineering has developed over the last century in association with a number of empirical, analytical and observational approaches. In order to explore the need for fresh perspectives, improvements in existing approaches and the development of new ones, it is necessary to consider the enormous challenges that the engineering profession will face in the foreseeable future due to global developments. These include energy needs, climate change, rising sea levels, rapid increase in population, depletion of resources (water and fossil fuels) and increasing proportion of lands which are ill-suited for development and of foundation sites which are of poor or marginal suitability. Geotechnical engineers must look beyond their narrow specialties and learn to take a holistic perspective in assessing the problems and devising their solutions. Multi-disciplinary approaches, already very desirable for geotechnical engineers, will increasingly become more important and even essential. The widespread adoption and further development of versatile spatial tools such as Geographical Information Systems (GIS) has to be encouraged and accelerated. Increasing consideration has to be given to the consequences of geotechnical solutions for the environment and for related issues of sustainability. During the last fifty years the emphasis for outcomes of analysis in many problems has changed from assessment of the values of the conventional 'factor of safety' to the assessment of 'reliability' under conditions of uncertainty. Wider dissemination of the concepts of failure susceptibility within a probabilistic framework is important. Qualitative and quantitative methods for the assessment and management of geotechnical hazard and risk must be developed further and applied in a systematic manner. Relevant definitions of terms must be further refined considering different contexts and situations. Acceptable and tolerable levels of hazard and risk must be explored further. Future developments in some selected areas of geotechnical engineering are considered briefly. The paper also considers the adequacy or otherwise of education and training approaches for geotechnical engineers and explores the avenues of progress.


Agile methods and Agile scaling frameworks have become a solution for software-developing organizations striving to improve the success of software projects. Agile methods were developed for small projects, but due to their benefits, even large software-developing organizations have adopted them to scale their software projects. This quantitative study was undertaken to deepen the researchers' understanding of the critical success factors and challenges of Scaled Agile from the South African perspective. A simple random sampling method was used. Data was collected with the use of an online structured questionnaire and the response rate was 70%. The results reveal that customer satisfaction remains at the epicenter of adopting Scaled Agile methods. Lack of top management support remains the major challenge in adopting Scaled Agile. The results reveal some notable changes when it comes to the most adopted Agile scaling framework.


Environmental seasonality presents many challenges for survival. In response, organisms from across the tree of life exhibit adaptive phenology, which can facilitate survival from season to season. In particular, many species are white in the winter and brown in the summer where winter snow cover alters the visual environment. There is an extensive body of literature describing the physiological and cellular regulation of this trait in the Siberian dwarf hamster (Phodopus sungorus), but there are major shortcomings in our understanding concerning the evolution and molecular regulation of mammalian skin phenology. Notably, little is known about the genetic basis or the transcriptional regulation of seasonal coat color change and previous quantification of coat color during the molt to the winter pelage has substantial qualitative bias, rendering comparative frameworks futile. Resolving these gaps in knowledge will illuminate how adaptive phenology evolves and how seasonal coat color change is regulated in the skin. I used two species of dwarf hamster to address these issues: P. sungorus, a species that expresses a white winter coat, and the sister species P. campbelli, which expresses phenology similar to P. sungorus, but does not molt to a white winter coat. I conducted a series of crosses between P. campbelli and P. sungorus to dissect the genetic basis of pelage phenology. I also quantified pelage reflectance on an objective, continuous scale in both species, and their F1 and backcross hybrids. Measuring coat color on this scale allows for unbiased, direct comparisons between genotypes. Finally, I used RNA-seq to further understand the regulation of molt phenology in the skin of both species, and in hybrid individuals. In our backcross experiment, F1 hybrids expressed a winter pelage phenotype more similar to P. campbelli than the white phenotype in P. sungorus, indicating that molting to a white winter coat is generally recessive. There was also considerable variation in terminal coat color in backcross individuals, suggesting that mutations in relatively few genes underlie the evolution of seasonal coat color change. Phodopus sungorus exhibited more robust patterns of phenology in the skin than what was found in P. campbelli or F1 hybrids, which brings into question the validity of direct phenology comparisons made in the past between the two parental species. Our crossing experiment demonstrates that evolution of a complex adaptive trait, like seasonal coat color change, may only require changes in relatively few loci. Despite the fact that these two species share many seasonal changes, gene expression changes during seasonal molts appear fairly divergent. Phodopus sungorus shows weak temporal patterning in gene expression changes while P. campbelli and F1 hybrids do not. The hybrids, in particular, showed dampened expression changes, potentially reflecting hybrid incompatibilities that disrupt…


This paper introduces STREAMCOMPLETE, a new architecture and prototype system for mesh-based P2P live video streaming; it realizes a new concept of overlay network's management as well as merges the best practices of tree- and mesh-based approaches. STREAMCOMPLETE creates a dynamic overlay network that optimizes itself on the basis of local conditions of peers. We have extensively evaluated the performance and the behavior of STREAMCOMPLETE over the PlanetLab. Our experiments demonstrate the ability of peers in managing the overlay network with autonomic behavior in case of network changes. Furthermore the system is scalable w.r.t. the cardinality of the overlay network, by requiring very few control traffic.


INTRODUCTION Remarks on so vast a topic as the foundations and nature of morality must be focused by the subject with which the Symposium is concerned--namely, the relationship between law and morality. Insofar as half of "law and morality" is "morality," the Symposium topic necessarily brings the foundations and the nature of morality into play. And insofar as the nature and foundations of morality have been debated against the background of more fundamental philosophical issues, the entire history of ideas is relevant to the Symposium. Present-day lawyers addressing the relationship of law and morality should have some of the humility that knowledge of this intellectual history requires. Discussion of this history should not lead to a relativistically induced silence on these subjects, but can occasion some modesty, care, and certainly, tolerance. This Essay does not address a discrete contemporary issue or attempt to provide a theory concerning the relationship of law and morality. Instead, it offers some historical observations and important arguments relevant to the contemporary moral debate. Specifically, this Essay includes three sets of observations about morality's foundations, and three shorter remarks about its nature. I. THREE HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOUNDATIONS OF MORALITY There has been a tectonic shift in the dominant philosophical terms over the course of Western intellectual history. This shift, along with important changes in Western social identity, has rendered unavailable to contemporary thinkers many of the premises that have underlain morality for most of Western history. (1) Similarly, the Hebrew-Christian religious tradition--which constantly surrounded, supported, and for many, directly informed moral inquiry--no longer has a hold on important segments of contemporary society. The contemporary moralist inevitably stands in a historical tradition that defines the types of arguments from which he can draw and the appeals he can make. Awareness of what precedes him should therefore aid the moralist in making the most coherent and convincing case for his understanding of the relationship between law and morality. A. The Shift in Philosophical Terms The dominant selection (2) of philosophical terms has changed over the centuries. Philosophers have always sought to determine what the objects of their efforts are, to discover what it is possible and fruitful to know or think. The first of this Essay's six remarks tracks the shift in thought over the centuries about the proper starting point for philosophical and ethical inquiry. This shift has important implications for those attempting to explain morality. 1. The Metaphysical and Teleological Terminology of the Pre-Moderns Until the late modern age, great philosophers generally chose an ontological or metaphysical selection of terms. For example, Plato, Aristotle, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Baruch Spinoza, and G.W. Leibniz all in quite different ways sought to gain knowledge of the nature of things. (3) Within the contexts of their philosophies, these thinkers sought the foundations of morality in the nature of man, his place in the cosmos, and his constitutive relationship with the divine. Acting morally meant realizing man's nature. (4) It made sense for Augustine to urge, "Become who you are," (5) because the nature of any being could be fully understood teleologically. One's true nature was understood as the actualization of a potency that exists in the nature of things. After the beginning of the Christian era, although the metaphysical understanding continued to reign, it was inevitable that its teleologies would be understood theologically. Man was still defined primarily by reference to the nature of things, but now with specific reference to the nature of the ultimate thing: God. As Dante Alighieri put it, faithful to the Thomistic synthesis that animated his great poem, "The glory of the One who moves all things permeates the universe but glows in one part more and in another less. …


Hospital elderly care teams in England assess whether patients need assistance, such as community or residential care, upon discharge from hospital. Does the type of multidisciplinary team influence post-hospital care decisions? The aim of this study was to identify which factors predict the services that older people receive upon discharge from hospital. Three multidisciplinary teams were compared where different professionals took the lead in co-ordinating the care assessment process. Data were collected in a case note review of patients ( n = 456) aged 75 years and over: patient characteristics, referral patterns, and the types of service received in the month after leaving hospital. Multivariate statistical analysis (controlling for patient characteristics) showed different predictors for different post-hospital services. The nurse-led team was least likely to refer patients for care assessment and these patients received the least post-hospital services. The occupational therapy-led team arranged the most occupational therapy services and equipment and their patients received the most home care. The social work-led team referred the most patients for care assessment and their patients received the greatest range but not the greatest amount of services. These results suggest that multidisciplinary team configurations influence post-hospital services for older patients, reflecting professional preoccupations as much as patient care needs.


Against the background of the current discussion about the EU's common agricultural policy (CAP) after 2013, the question of the impact of government support on land prices is crucially important. Validation of the CAP's success also hinges on a proper assessment of a choice of policy instruments. This study therefore has the objective of investigating on a theoretical basis the effects of different government support measures on land rental prices and land allocation. The different measures under consideration are the price support, area payments and decoupled single farm payments (SFPs) of the CAP. Our approach evaluates the potential impact of each measure based on a Ricardian land rent model with heterogeneous land quality and multiple land uses. We start with a simple model of one output and two inputs, where a Cobb-Douglas production technology is assumed between the two factors of land and non-land inputs. In a second step, an outside option is introduced. This outside option, as opposed to land use of the Ricardian type, is independent of land quality. The results show that area payments and SFPs become fully capitalised into land rents, whereas in a price support scheme the capitalisation depends on per-acreage productivity. Moreover, in a price support scheme and a historical model, the capitalisation is positively influenced by land quality. Both area payments and price supports influence land allocation across different uses compared with no subsidies, where the shift tends to be larger in an area payment scheme than in a price support scheme. By contrast, SFPs do not influence land allocation.


This paper is about planning and conducting action research projects. It is written for practitioners who need a guide for doing a kind of inquiry that was once considered to be the exclusive domain of the academic and academies. It is also for academics who have broadened their concept of knowing, including how knowledge is constructed and whose knowledge it is. The author's model of action research is described and discussed in terms of how it integrates features of reflective practice and formal research methodology. A special focus is the practitioner's own involvement in his or her inquiry and the logical necessity of including himself/herself as a subject of their own inquiry. Called DATA-DATA, the model has been used by over 150 individuals who have planned action research projects that span a dozen or more applied fields of practice. Most of the researchers were postgraduate students in the social sciences and various professional fields of study. Examples of planned and/or completed action research projects are discussed.


We present a neotectonic model of ongoing lithosphere deformation and a corresponding estimate of long‐term shallow seismicity across the Africa‐Eurasia plate boundary, including the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean region, and continental Europe. GPS and stress data are absent or inadequate for the part of the study area covered by water. Thus, we opt for a dynamic model based on the stress equilibrium equation; this approach allows us to estimate the long‐term behavior of the lithosphere (given certain assumptions about its structure and physics) for both land and sea areas. We first update the existing plate model by adding five quasirigid plates (the Ionian Sea, Adria, Northern Greece, Central Greece, and Marmara) to constrain the deformation pattern of the study area. We use the most recent data sets to estimate the lithospheric structure. The models are evaluated in comparison with updated data sets of geodetic velocities and the most compressive horizontal principal stress azimuths. We find that the side and basal strengths drive the present‐day motion of the Adria and Aegean Sea plates, whereas lithostatic pressure plays a key role in driving Anatolia. These findings provide new insights into the neotectonics of the greater Mediterranean region. Finally, the preferred model is used to estimate long‐term shallow seismicity, which we retrospectively test against historical seismicity. As an alternative to reliance on incomplete geologic data or historical seismic catalogs, these neotectonic models help to forecast long‐term seismicity, although requiring additional tuning before seismicity rates are used for seismic hazard purposes.


The restoration of a signal degraded by a stochastic impulse response is formulated as a problem with uncertainties in both the measurements and the impulse response. The method of total least squares, and variants thereof, are effective techniques for solving this class of problems. However, unlike set theoretic estimation schemes, these methods do not allow the incorporation of other a priori information in the estimate. In this correspondence, two new sets motivated by total least squares are introduced for set theoretic estimation. The convexity of these sets is established and the projection operators onto these sets are given. Through simulations, the advantages of the new technique over conventional and older set theoretic schemes for restoration are demonstrated.


There has been growing interest in modeling stationary series that have discrete marginal distributions. Count series arise when describing storm numbers, accidents, wins by a sports team, disease cases, etc. The first count time series model introduced in this paper is the superpositioning methods. It have proven useful in devising stationary count time series having Poisson and binomial marginal distributions. Here, properties of this model class are established and the basic idea is developed. Specifically, we show how to construct stationary series with binomial, Poisson, and negative binomial marginal distributions; other marginal distributions are possible. A second model class for stationary count time series – the latent Gaussian count time series model – is also proposed. The model uses a latent Gaussian sequence and a distributional transformation to build stationary series with the desired marginal distribution. This model has proven to be quite flexible. It can have virtually any marginal distribution, including generalized Poisson and Conway-Maxwell. It is shown that the model class produces the most flexible pairwise correlation structures possible, including negatively dependent series. Model parameters are estimated via two methods: 1) a Gaussian likelihood approach (GL), and 2) a particle filtering approach (PF).


This paper examines the farm-level impact of use of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GM HT) soybeans in Romania. It covers the context of soybeans in Romania, weeds, conventional control measures, and the impact of using herbicide-tolerant technology. Impact on yields, costs of production, and profitability are examined; GM HT technology is shown to have had a significant positive impact on yields and profitability. Estimates of the production impact at a national level and the environment are also made. The adoption of the technology has delivered major improvements in farm income, mostly from yield enhancements associated with improved weed control.


Aim

The aim of this study was to provide an introduction to nutrition informatics, including a brief history and a rationale of its importance for Australian dietetics.

Methods

The study method used was a narrative review informed by a literature review and expert consultation with the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.

Results

Nutrition informatics has demonstrated potential to improve efficiencies, reduce costs, support research and ultimately enhance patient care. Governments and organisations have identified this as an emerging priority area. The Dietitians Association of Australia has launched initiatives to advocate and provide strategic advice on dietetic involvement in biomedical informatics and specifically nutrition informatics.

Conclusions

If nutrition standards and processes are not integrated into information systems, dietitians may inherit technologies that do not support dietetic work practices, and opportunities to enhance nutrition services may be missed. It is recommended that dietitians be aware of the opportunities and potential benefits of nutrition informatics, become familiar and involved in technology initiatives, and take the lead in guiding the development and implementation of technologies that may impact patient nutritional care.


This report describes power hardware-in-the-loop simulation testing of a 500 kW Satcon photovoltaic inverter, conducted at the Center for Advanced Power Systems at Florida State University from March 12th through March 16th, 2012. Testing was led by a team from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The report reviews the results of data captured during the course of testing. The tests were used to demonstrate operation of and gather data from the inverter in a simulated operational environment. Testing demonstrated the ability of the inverter to operate in either a Power Factor Control Mode or a Reactive Power Command Mode, and to respond to real power limits.


OBJECTIVE
To assess human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage after demonstration projects conducted in India, Peru, Uganda and Viet Nam by PATH and national governments and to explore the reasons for vaccine acceptance or refusal.

METHODS
Vaccines were delivered through schools or health centres or in combination with other health interventions, and either monthly or through campaigns at fixed time points. Using a two-stage cluster sample design, the authors selected households in demonstration project areas and interviewed over 7000 parents or guardians of adolescent girls to assess coverage and acceptability. They defined full vaccination as the receipt of all three vaccine doses and used an open-ended question to explore acceptability.

FINDINGS
Vaccination coverage in school-based programmes was 82.6% (95% confidence interval, CI: 79.3-85.6) in Peru, 88.9% (95% CI: 84.7-92.4) in 2009 in Uganda and 96.1% (95% CI: 93.0-97.8) in 2009 in Viet Nam. In India, a campaign approach achieved 77.2% (95% CI: 72.4-81.6) to 87.8% (95% CI: 84.3-91.3) coverage, whereas monthly delivery achieved 68.4% (95% CI: 63.4-73.4) to 83.3% (95% CI: 79.3-87.3) coverage. More than two thirds of respondents gave as reasons for accepting the HPV vaccine that: (i) it protects against cervical cancer; (ii) it prevents disease, or (iii) vaccines are good. Refusal was more often driven by programmatic considerations (e.g. school absenteeism) than by opposition to the vaccine.

CONCLUSION
High coverage with HPV vaccine among young adolescent girls was achieved through various delivery strategies in the developing countries studied. Reinforcing positive motivators for vaccine acceptance is likely to facilitate uptake.


Pleading standards present a tale of two asymmetries. The first is informational: Plaintiffs don't know as much as defendants about defendants' alleged wrongful behavior. Given that, a liberal pleading standard may be sensible; overly demanding pleading standards may ultimately deny justice to worthy plaintiffs who cannot know critical details of their claims before filing. But informational asymmetry is sometimes counterbalanced by a competing cost asymmetry. In certain circumstances, the cost of litigation is radically different for plaintiffs and defendants. The primary driver of this disparity is liberal discovery; in certain kinds of cases - consumer antitrust cases, for example: defendants' discovery costs may be orders of magnitude higher than plaintiffs' discovery costs. These cost differences may justify stricter pleading standards because these asymmetries may lead to perverse economic incentives for litigating parties. At their worst, overly liberal pleading standards may induce the filing and inefficient settlement of frivolous claims. Because the risks engendered by these asymmetries are negatively correlated - as the risk of wrongful dismissal goes up, the risk of strike suits goes down - pleading standards present an apparently insoluble problem. This problem is further magnified because the asymmetries themselves are generally positively correlated; claims where cost asymmetries are highest are often the same claims for which informational asymmetries are greatest. This article explores the economics of pleading with an eye toward breaking the deadlock. It offers a simplified model of the civil litigation process, ultimately identifying a small subset of cases for which economic incentives create risk of abusive litigation. To mitigate this risk, the article proposes a heightened pleading standard for such cases, while preserving the plaintiff's right to opt out of the higher standard by posting a bond that would eliminate the perverse economic incentive to file frivolous claims.


This article is an ethnographic account of an archive of prison letters written by three generations of female kin. Based on long-term ethnographic research in rural New Mexico, it describes the context in which the letters were written, as well as the desires, preoccupations, and practices that transformed them into an archive. I have placed a particular focus on how dislocation and connection manifest in the letters and shape the kinds of narratives the archive tells. Themes of isolation, loss, and memory are explored within the wider context of colonial history and the acceleration of the carceral state. This article seeks to integrate these registers analytically, while elucidating the role of archiving for a subject's present life.


The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) set a controversial aspirational, quantitative trajectory for text complexity exposure for readers throughout the grades, aiming for all high school graduates to be able to independently read complex college and workplace texts. However, the trajectory standard is presented without reference to how the grade-by-grade complexity ranges were determined or rationalized, and little guidance is provided for educators to know how to apply the flexible quantitative text exposure standard in their local contexts. We extend and elaborate the CCSS presentation and discussion, proposing that decisions about shifting quantitative text complexity levels in schools requires more than implementation of a single, static standard. A rigorous two-part analytical strategy for decision making surrounding the quantitative trajectory standard is proposed, a strategy that can be used by state policy makers, district officials, and educators in general. First, borrowing methods from student growth modeling, we illustrate an analytical method for creation of multiple trajectories that can lead to the CCSS end-of-high-school target for text complexity exposure, resulting in trajectories that place greater burden for shifting text complexity levels on students in different grades. Second, we submit that knowledge of the multiple possibilities, in conjunction with a set of guiding principles for decision making, can support educators and policy makers in critiquing and using the CCSS quantitative standard for text complexity exposure to establish particular expectations for quantitative text complexity exposure for particular students in situ.


Systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA) is a form of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) that typically presents with prominent systemic features and accounts for approximately 10-15% of children with JIA. Pro-inflammatory cytokine pathways are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis, including interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and laboratory tests demonstrate a prominent inflammatory response with high CRP and ferritin levels. We present a case of severe, aggressive, erosive SoJIA in a 17-year-old male resistant to multiple biologic therapies treated with a novel combination of IL-1 and IL-6 blockade along with subcutaneous methotrexate.


We obtain a very simple formula for the generating function of bipartite (resp. quasi-bipartite) planar maps with boundaries (holes) of prescribed lengths, which generalizes certain expressions obtained by Eynard in a book to appear. The formula is derived from a bijection due to Bouttier, Di Francesco and Guitter combined with a process (reminiscent of a construction of Pitman) of aggregating connected components of a forest into a single tree. The formula naturally extends to $p$-constellations and quasi-$p$-constellations with boundaries (the case $p=2$ corresponding to bipartite maps).


Earlier research has shown that the virtual world of Second Life is an environment that fosters the emergence of social capital. The central finding of this study is the pertinence of emotional communication and information sharing in the emergence of social capital in Second Life, and consequently, the significance of emotional intelligence as a basis for successful social and informational exchange. The emergence of social capital in Second Life is deeply affected by the dialectic of the conflicting expectations and experiences of the environment. The emergence of social capital in Second Life may be described as a process of accumulation of emotional intelligence that forms a basis for the exploitation of available structural and relational affordances of social and information exchange. The study is based on qualitative analysis of open-ended data collected using a web survey of Second Life users.


Superconducting radio frequency (SRF) technology is widely adopted in particle accelerators. There remain many open questions, however, in developing a systematic understanding of the fundamental behavior of SRF materials, including niobium treated in different ways and various other bulk/thin film materials that are fabricated with different methods under assorted conditions. A facility that can measure the SRF properties of small samples in a range of 2~40 K temperature is needed in order to fully answer these questions. The Jefferson Lab surface impedance characterization (SIC) system has been designed to attempt to meet this requirement. It consists of a sapphire-loaded cylindrical Nb TE011 cavity at 7.4 GHz with a 50 mm diameter flat sample placed on a noncontacting end plate and uses a calorimetric technique to measure the radio frequency (RF) induced heat on the sample. Driving the resonance to a known field on this surface enables one to derive the surface resistance of a relatively small localized area. TE011 mode identification has been done at room temperature and 4 K, and has been compared with Microwave Studio® and SuperFish simulation results. The variable input and transmitted RF couplers have been characterized. RF loss mechanisms in the SIC system are under investigation. A VCO phase lock loop system has been used in both CW and pulsed mode. Two calorimeters, with stainless steel and Cu as the thermal path material for high precision and high power versions, respectively, have been designed and commissioned for the SIC system to provide low temperature control and measurement. A power compensation method has been developed to measure the RF induced power on the sample. Simulation and experimental results show that with these two calorimeters, the whole thermal range of interest for superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) materials has been covered. The power measurement error in the interested power range is within 1.2% and 2.7% for the high precision and high power versions, respectively. Temperature distributions on the sample surface for both versions have been simulated and the accuracy of sample temperature measurements have been analysed. Both versions have the ability to accept bulk superconductors and thin film superconducting samples with a variety of substrate materials such as Al, Al2O3, Cu, MgO, Nb and Si. Tests with polycrystalline and large grain bulk Nb samples have been done at <15 mT magnetic field. Based on BCS surface impedance, least-squares fittings have been done using SuperFit2.0, a code developed by G. Ciovati and the author. Microstructure analyses and SRF measurements of large scale epitaxial MgB2 films have been reported. MgB2 films on 5 cm dia. sapphire disks were fabricated by a Hybrid Physical Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD) technique. The electron-beam backscattering diffraction (EBSD) results suggest that the film is a single crystal complying with a MgB2(0001)//Al2O3(0001) epitaxial relationship. The SRF properties of different film thicknesses (200 nm and 350 nm) were evaluated using SIC system under different temperatures and applied fields at 7.4 GHz. A surface resistance of 9±2 μΩ has been observed at 2.2 K. Based on BCS theory with moving Cooper pairs, the electron states distribution at 0K and the probability of electron occupation with finite temperature have been derived and applied to anomalous skin effect theory to obtain the surface impedance of a superconductor with moving Cooper pairs. We present the numerical results for Nb.


Agriculture is a vulnerable sector of the U.S economy, accounting for 13% of Gross Domestic Product and 15% of employment. It produces quality cheap food for domestic consumption and accounts for more than $65 billion in export revenues. Contagious animal diseases like Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) are often referred to as economic diseases because of the magnitude of harm they cause producers, local communities and the consequences in international trade. Losses from the 2001 FMD outbreak in the United Kingdom are estimated at $10.7 to $11.7 billion. The total cost of an FMD outbreak is the sum of eradication cost, production losses, and the loss of exports. This paper examines the export effects of a bioterrorist attack such as the introduction of FMD on the US beef industry. The context is to model the US beef market as a price taker on the international beef market, the simplifying "small open economy" assumption of international economics. Although, the beef market is linked to beef prices around the world, we tend to conceive of the US beef market in terms of domestic supply and demand and the resulting domestic equilibrium price. The excess supply of beef is the difference between quantities supplied and demanded that increases with price and responds to other influences on domestic supply and demand. We assumed that U.S consumers will exercise more caution when purchasing beef at grocery store as a result of the outbreak of FMD. As U.S consumers alter their diet, poultry and pork will become good substitutes with poultry having a higher demand than pork. The economic impact of FMD is simulated based on expected changes in price of beef and its substitutes based on three different scenarios of the levels of FMD occurrences.


This communication introduces a very simple generalisation of the familiar spectral angle mapper (SAM) distance. SAM is perhaps the most widely used distance in chemometrics, hyperspectral imaging, and remote sensing applications. It is shown that a nonlinear version of SAM can be readily obtained by measuring the angle between pairs of vectors in a reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. The kernel SAM generalises the angle measure to higher-order statistics, it is a valid reproducing kernel, it is universal, and it has consistent geometrical properties that permit deriving a metric easily. We illustrate its performance in a target detection problem using very high resolution imagery. Excellent results and insensitivity to parameter tuning over competing methods make it a valuable choice for many applications.


'The Jago had got him, and it held him fast.' In the worst of London's East End slums, in an area called the Jago, young Dicky Perrott is used to a life of poverty, crime, and violence. Gang warfare is the order of the day, deaths are commonplace, and thieving the only way to survive. At first Dicky dreams of becoming a High Mobsman - one of the aristocrats of Jago crime - but the efforts of Father Sturt to improve conditions offer him a different path. Dicky's journey takes him through a savage but colourful community of pickpockets and cosh-carriers, where the police only enter in threes, and where murder erupts with an unusual horror and intimacy. Morrison's portrayal of the Victorian underclass and its underworld drew attention to the bleak prospects for children living in such surroundings, and it is a classic of slum-fiction. In this edition Peter Miles provides a rich contextual background to the creation of the novel, and the social debates to which it contributed. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


Many believe that, in a democratic society, the law must be approached as a purely secular, neutral system to which all members of society can assent. Discussion of religious foundations of law is condemned as inherently divisive and destructive of democratic process. Many in the legal academy believe that law school education should not involve teaching students to examine the moral foundations of the law and the legal system, and certainly should not invite and challenge law students to examine their professional role in the justice system in light of their own moral commitments and religious faiths. Law students both reflect these attitudes rooted in modern skeptical culture and respond to the tacit lessons of the law school classroom about the inappropriateness of normative discussion in legal education. Stable democratic societies require law schools to uphold the value of normative discussion based on religious and other moral values. These societies, in order to flourish, require a widespread basic trust in the predictability, efficacy, and integrity of the legal system which regulates their basic functions. In order for such trust to continue, a large majority of the professionals constituting the legal system must behave according to durable moral values. This article examines the importance of legal education in helping to sustain core values essential to a functioning legal system and a stable democratic society. It examines the challenges posed by cultural beliefs about the implausibility of non-relative moral values. It examines some possible secular bases for grounding absolute values. It then describes the advantages of basing non-relative values in a religious faith tradition. It discusses how religious law schools can effectively use religious truths in a reasoned manner consistent with academic values to foster their students' effective moral professional formation. Finally, it examines the case of the University of St. Thomas School of Law, a relatively new law school founded with a mission to "integrate faith and reason in the search for truth through a focus on morality and social justice".


In this paper, we demonstrate the use of gliadin/chitosan complex particles (GCCPs) as particulate stabilizers of oil-in-water emulsions of natural oils and water. For this purpose, we fabricated GCCPs through a facile anti-solvent procedure and demonstrated their usage in the formation of Pickering emulsions and Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The GCCPs can be used to produce surfactant-free o/w Pickering emulsions and Pickering HIPEs; unfortunately these emulsions were labile to coalescence. NaCl addition and/or pH regulation, and the combination were used to modify the surface wettability of the complex particles to achieve stable emulsions. The microstructures, e.g., interfacial frameworks, GCCP partition between the continuous phase and interfacial region, and the state of the droplets, of Pickering emulsions were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), confirming that the inclusion of NaCl and slightly adjusting pH toward 4.0 and/or 5.0 benefited the adsorption and accumulation of colloid particles at the droplet surface to form an engineered interfacial structure, bridging droplets together through a percolating layer of colloidal particles at the oil/water interface. A schematic representation for the formation route of the emulsions is proposed to relate the physical performance and rheological property with the interfacial structures and aggregate behaviors in the Pickering system stabilized by the complex particles. Interestingly, direct freeze-drying of the emulsions transformed unstable Pickering emulsions into stable oil powders. This study opens a promising route based on Pickering HIPEs or oil powders to structure liquid oils into solid-like fats without artificial trans-fat, which outlines new directions for future fundamental research.


A striking feature of labour supply in South Africa is the phenomenal expansion in the labour force participation of women from 38 percent in 1995 to 46 percent in 2004. Even so, their participation has been persistently lower than that of men whose participation rates were 58 percent and 62 percent respectively. Furthermore, analyses of women's participation rates by race show that the rates for historically disadvantaged groups such as Africans are still lower than those of Whites. For instance, in 1995 African women had a participation rate of 34 percent and it increased to 43 percent in 2004 while the corresponding rates for White women were 52 percent and 59 percent. In light of these disparities, this paper uses survey data to examine the determinants of the low level and also of the changes in African women's labour force participation, during the first decade of democracy (1995-2004). By focussing on a ten year period, this research substantially differs from earlier studies which were preoccupied with short periods such as one year. A longer period is analytically advantageous because it allows the capturing of the changes and the robustness of the key determinants of female labour force participation in South Africa. Such information is important not only for reviewing existing policies but also for the formulation of new ones to increase female labour force participation which is a prerequisite for economic development. The study utilises a decomposition technique devised by Even and Macpherson (1990). The findings exhibit that female participation responded positively to education which has been the prime factor. Non-labour income, marriage, fertility and geographical variations in economic development persistently stifled participation. It is argued that the perceived change in participation is due to emigration and changes in human capital and financial endowments. Another important discovery is that -9 percent of the observed shifts in the participation rates from 1995-2004 is due to disparities in characteristics while differences in coefficients account for 109 percent of the shifts.


For a representation of a matroid the combinatorially defined Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomial computes the intersection cohomology of the associated reciprocal plane. However, these polynomials are difficult to compute and there are numerous open conjectures about their structure. For example, it is unknown whether or not the coefficients are non-negative for non-representable matroids. The main result in this note is a combinatorial formula for the coefficients of these matroid KazhdanLusztig polynomials in terms of flag Whitney numbers. This formula gives insight into some vanishing behavior of the matroid Kazhdan-Lusztig polynomials.


This Center for American Progress report examines whether states' adoption of standards-based policies predicts low-income students' NAEP achievement trends in fourth and eighth grade math and reading throughout the 2003-2013 decade. The report claims to analyze changes across five separate two-year intervals, but it only reports findings for 2009-2011, with no explanation of why or any documentation of the representativeness of that single interval. The reported finding for the selected interval is that state adoption of standards policies positively predicts fourth (but not eighth) grade math NAEP and eighth (but not fourth) grade reading NAEP. Even these selected positive results are statistically significant only at the generally unacceptable 0.10 level of significance. The report includes effect sizes but nothing about the percentage of the variance explained in their model. In short, the report does not adequately describe variables or analytic methods or completely report findings, and the data and methods used do not allow for any causal findings. They use state standards adoption across grade levels and subject areas as well as selected accountability mandates as predictors but fail to assess their quality or fidelity of implementation. Yet based on these very problematic and limited analyses, the authors conclude that their analysis "strongly supports the potential of the Common Core to drive improvements in educational outcomes." The study simply does not support this conclusion or the set of recommendations that follow. Review of Lessons From state PerFormance on naeP: Why some high-Poverty students score Better than others


We present a study of a cylinder of ice melting in warm air in order to quantify the heat-transfer mechanisms controlling the evolution of its shape, which are inherent in a range of phenomena involving phase change and fluid flow. Motivated by the initial melting at the top of a flat-topped cylinder of ice, we analyse laminar, natural convection above a cooled, finite, horizontal plate (or below a heated, finite, horizontal plate) and show that, to a very good approximation, the partial-differential, boundary-layer equations can be separated with self-similar vertical profiles scaled by the boundary-layer thickness. We find that the horizontal evolution of the boundary-layer thickness is governed by equations describing a steady, viscous gravity current fed by diffusive entrainment, and therefore describe such flows as diffusive gravity currents. We first use the predictions of our model to examine previous experimental results in two dimensions. Our experimental results relating to the melting of ice in air are then compared with predictions based on our analysis of the axisymmetric thermal boundary layer. This comparison confirms the vertical thermal structure and shows that melting is governed in roughly equal measure by heat transfer from the air, the latent heat of condensation of water vapour, and the net radiative heat transfer from the surroundings to the ice.


Leaf skeletonization represents a distinctive form of insect feeding behavior. It commonly occurs in angiosperm leaves after their initial appearance during the Early Cretaceous. This type of feeding behavior rarely has been documented in pre-Mesozoic fossils. We describe the earliest evidence of insect-skeletonized leaves of Dictyophyllum nathorstii Zeiller, affi li- ated with the extant fern family Dipteridaceae in the Late Triassic Yipinglang fl ora from southwestern China. The skeletonization generally is located adjacent to the pinna rachilla of the distal free portion of the leaf. In the skeletonized area, the interveinal tissue is com- pletely removed, exposing the pinna rachilla, pinnule midveins, and lateral veins. Most non- vascular tissue has been removed between the vascular bundles, the latter forming polygo- nal meshes of varying size. Our report of insect-mediated skeletonization of fern leaves from southwestern China fi lls a spatiotemporal gap in the published data on the paleogeographi- cal distribution and stratigraphic occurrence of plant-arthropod associations, and indicates an antagonistic relationship between a fern host and its insect herbivore.


BACKGROUND
Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) at term is managed expectantly or by planned early birth. It is not clear if waiting for birth to occur spontaneously is better than intervening, e.g. by inducing labour.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review is to assess the effects of planned early birth (immediate intervention or intervention within 24 hours) when compared with expectant management (no planned intervention within 24 hours) for women with term PROM on maternal, fetal and neonatal outcomes.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth's Trials Register (9 September 2016) and reference lists of retrieved studies.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of planned early birth compared with expectant management (either in hospital or at home) in women with PROM at 37 weeks' gestation or later.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trials for inclusion, extracted the data, and assessed risk of bias of the included studies. Data were checked for accuracy.

MAIN RESULTS
Twenty-three trials involving 8615 women and their babies were included in the update of this review. Ten trials assessed intravenous oxytocin; 12 trials assessed prostaglandins (six trials in the form of vaginal prostaglandin E2 and six as oral, sublingual or vaginal misoprostol); and one trial each assessed Caulophyllum and acupuncture. Overall, three trials were judged to be at low risk of bias, while the other 20 were at unclear or high risk of bias.Primary outcomes: women who had planned early birth were at a reduced risk of maternal infectious morbidity (chorioamnionitis and/or endometritis) than women who had expectant management following term prelabour rupture of membranes (average risk ratio (RR) 0.49; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33 to 0.72; eight trials, 6864 women; Tau² = 0.19; I² = 72%; low-quality evidence), and their neonates were less likely to have definite or probable early-onset neonatal sepsis (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.92; 16 trials, 7314 infants;low-quality evidence). No clear differences between the planned early birth and expectant management groups were seen for the risk of caesarean section (average RR 0.84; 95% CI 0.69 to 1.04; 23 trials, 8576 women; Tau² = 0.10; I² = 55%; low-quality evidence); serious maternal morbidity or mortality (no events; three trials; 425 women; very low-quality evidence); definite early-onset neonatal sepsis (RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.24 to 1.33; six trials, 1303 infants; very low-quality evidence); or perinatal mortality (RR 0.47; 95% CI 0.13 to 1.66; eight trials, 6392 infants; moderate-quality evidence).

SECONDARY OUTCOMES
women who had a planned early birth were at a reduced risk of chorioamnionitis (average RR 0.55; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.82; eight trials, 6874 women; Tau² = 0.19; I² = 73%), and postpartum septicaemia (RR 0.26; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.96; three trials, 263 women), and their neonates were less likely to receive antibiotics (average RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.84; 10 trials, 6427 infants; Tau² = 0.06; I² = 32%). Women in the planned early birth group were more likely to have their labour induced (average RR 3.41; 95% CI 2.87 to 4.06; 12 trials, 6945 women; Tau² = 0.05; I² = 71%), had a shorter time from rupture of membranes to birth (mean difference (MD) -10.10 hours; 95% CI -12.15 to -8.06; nine trials, 1484 women; Tau² = 5.81; I² = 60%), and their neonates had lower birthweights (MD -79.25 g; 95% CI -124.96 to -33.55; five trials, 1043 infants). Women who had a planned early birth had a shorter length of hospitalisation (MD -0.79 days; 95% CI -1.20 to -0.38; two trials, 748 women; Tau² = 0.05; I² = 59%), and their neonates were less likely to be admitted to the neonatal special or intensive care unit (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.66 to 0.85; eight trials, 6179 infants), and had a shorter duration of hospital (-11.00 hours; 95% CI -21.96 to -0.04; one trial, 182 infants) or special or intensive care unit stay (RR 0.72; 95% CI 0.61 to 0.85; four trials, 5691 infants). Women in the planned early birth group had more positive experiences compared with women in the expectant management group.No clear differences between groups were observed for endometritis; postpartum pyrexia; postpartum antibiotic usage; caesarean for fetal distress; operative vaginal birth; uterine rupture; epidural analgesia; postpartum haemorrhage; adverse effects; cord prolapse; stillbirth; neonatal mortality; pneumonia; Apgar score less than seven at five minutes; use of mechanical ventilation; or abnormality on cerebral ultrasound (no events).None of the trials reported on breastfeeding; postnatal depression; gestational age at birth; meningitis; respiratory distress syndrome; necrotising enterocolitis; neonatal encephalopathy; or disability at childhood follow-up.In subgroup analyses, there were no clear patterns of differential effects for method of induction, parity, use of maternal antibiotic prophylaxis, or digital vaginal examination. Results of the sensitivity analyses based on trial quality were consistent with those of the main analysis, except for definite or probable early-onset neonatal sepsis where no clear difference was observed.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is low quality evidence to suggest that planned early birth (with induction methods such as oxytocin or prostaglandins) reduces the risk of maternal infectious morbidity compared with expectant management for PROM at 37 weeks' gestation or later, without an apparent increased risk of caesarean section. Evidence was mainly downgraded due to the majority of studies contributing data having some serious design limitations, and for most outcomes estimates were imprecise.Although the 23 included trials in this review involved a large number of women and babies, the quality of the trials and evidence was not high overall, and there was limited reporting for a number of important outcomes. Thus further evidence assessing the benefits or harms of planned early birth compared with expectant management, considering maternal, fetal, neonatal and longer-term childhood outcomes, and the use of health services, would be valuable. Any future trials should be adequately designed and powered to evaluate the effects on short- and long-term outcomes. Standardisation of outcomes and their definitions, including for the assessment of maternal and neonatal infection, would be beneficial.


Emerging technologies like SiC and GaN offer the potential for manufacturable high performance microwave power devices operating at higher voltages than traditional GaAsbased devices. Developers of these new high-voltage-device technologies are targeting applications like cell phone basestation amplifiers, SAT-COM power amplifiers, and high power phased-array radar systems where very high power is desirable and higher supply voltages are readily available. After defining appropriate figures of merit (FOMs) that are useful for comparing different high voltage transistor technologies, we present a summary of the competing technologies and fabrication technology overviews. We compare performance and "in production" cost with traditional GaAs-based and silicon-based technologies. Examples of recently-published results are presented, including recent work representing higher-voltage GaAs-based technologies.


Life in rural Cambodia is difficult, and rural women face issues such as gender-based violence, limited educational opportunities, and pressure to work while maintaining domestic roles. The current exploratory study examines the attitudes of rural Cambodian women ( n = 48), framed within in context of migration to Thailand, with particular focus on the areas of community ailments, migration, and educational opportunities. Descriptive statistics indicates the persistence of an unhealthy community, with participants acknowledging the problems of domestic violence, crime, drug use, alcohol use, and depression. The data suggest some improvement in Cambodia, though participants nonetheless recognized working in Thailand as a competing option to the rural village life. Education is viewed positively with evidence suggesting that the perceived benefits of education do not outweigh the economic push factors. As incoming aid money increases, data will be helpful in guiding conclusions and informing decision making. Conclusions reflect a nuanced perspective of female participants' agency given their challenging situation, reflecting informed decision making with informal risk analysis.


Water quality of the Zayandehrud River, located in an arid region of central part of Iran, was assessed using National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSF WQI) calculated by four aggregation methods. Water samples were collected monthly (July 2006 to June 2007) from eight stations in the middle of the river. The parameters required for the NSF WQI calculations including saturation percent of dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliforms, pH, nitrate, total phosphate, temperature deviation, total dissolved solids and turbidity were measured. According to WQI(m) which appeared to be more adapted to environmental conditions of the Zayandehrud River, the studied section of the river was considered as "reasonable" to "polluted" water quality. All of the calculated water quality indices showed the lowest values in August. In addition to BOD(5) and fecal coliform amounts which were generally high, nitrate and total phosphate concentrations were also considerably increased due to agriculture practices in August. Generally, BOD(5) and fecal coliforms are the main water quality subindices that reflect the effect of anthropogenic activities on the water quality of this river.


The authors present a completely decentralized adaptive control for a class of nonlinear, continuous time, interconnected systems, in the sense that no information exchange between the subsystems is needed. The main idea consists of predicting the interconnection output terms using the polynomial series. These predictions are then used in the local control law, which offers a general solution in the area of interconnected linear and nonlinear systems with arbitrary interconnections. In the present work, we consider the case of controlling a class of interconnected systems using neural networks. A multilayer neural network is used to model each unknown subsystem and generate the control law. Based on the error between the plant output and the model output, the weights of the neural network are updated online according to a gradient learning rule with dead zone. Finally, the results are illustrated by numerical examples.


OBJECTIVES--To determine the pattern of drowning and near drowning of children in Britain and identify means of prevention. DESIGN--Study of drowned and nearly drowned children under 15 years old. SETTING--United Kingdom, 1988 and 1989. SUBJECTS--Children under 15 years either drowning or admitted to hospital after a submersion incident. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Number of nearly drowned children, obtained from consultant paediatricians returning monthly notification cards through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit. Number of drowned children notified by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys and other national epidemiological offices; information from coroners. RESULTS--306 children had confirmed submersion incidents: 149 died and 157 survived after near drowning. The annual incidence in England and Wales was 1.5/100,000, and mortality 0.7/100,000. Mortality was lowest in public pools 6% (2/32) and highest in rivers, canals, and lakes (78%, 56/73). Most of the children (263, 83%) were unsupervised at the time of the accident. 208 (68%) children were under 5 years old. CONCLUSIONS--Drowning and near drowning of children are problems in the British Isles. Appropriate supervision and safety barriers seem important for preventing such accidents. Improving information on dangers of drowning given to parents through the child surveillance programmes, encouraging fencing or draining of garden ponds and domestic swimming pools, and increasing supervision of swimming in lakes, rivers, and beaches should reduce the number of accidents.


Over the past 30+ years, many colleges have made themselves more accessible for adult students. These innovations include flexible scheduling, online learning, professionally-oriented degrees, and credit for what students already know (Michelson & Mandell, 2004). Of course there is more work to be done, particularly in the areas of financial aid for the very large number of adult part-time college students (Moore, 2006; Chronicle of Higher Education, 2008), as well as in the areas of academic support and advising (Tait & Mills, 2003). But undoubtedly, these progressive changes have made it possible for many adults to get into school, stay there, and finish their degrees. Once we begin to question and alter traditional academic learning in these very pragmatic ways, other possibilities for innovation appear (Hall, 1991). Indeed, sometimes we are happily surprised at how much and how well we can alter our standards of what students should and do know, as well as how we can effectively work with them (Herman & Mandell, 2004). Our goal in this paper is to present two cases that exemplify these practical and academic innovations. In one example, a faculty mentor and student collaboratively improvise new learning within an individualized learning contract. The other example is about a mentor-evaluator and student discovering a new way to construe prior experiential learning neither had anticipated. Two Cases Improvising Learning Harry had already written one novel, continued to experiment with poetry and memoir, and had a plan for a second piece of fiction. The four main characters whose lives he had already sketched out had come to the city and taken up different jobs: a fire fighter, a bicycle mechanic, a cook, and a part-time actor. Harry wanted to learn more about their work lives; he wanted to gain insight into their daily routines and their feelings about their jobs. He wanted to use this guided independent study to talk with people at work in hopes of giving his fiction more depth and insight. He wanted to get it right. In many ways, I thought, what Harry wanted to do was quite straightforward. It isn't unusual to find a Social Science Department offering a course on the Sociology of Work. Terkel's Work (1997) is a classic and, I imagined, would get at occupational diversity, as would Gig: Americans Talk about their Jobs (2001). Also, Rose's The Mind at Work (2005), a book Harry knew, could be a provocative way for him to tease out levels of skill and care that often go unnoticed. Sennett's The Culture of the New Capitalism (2007) could help him see a contemporary social analyst examining the subtle links between identity and macro-economic shifts. And, along the way, as he prepared for his work interviews, Harry could learn more about research using human subjects. So far, Harry's project had a ready-made home in the academy--one that would comfortably allow him to explore work in a solid academic context in his own way and for his own purposes. Yet, quite quickly, something happened. As Harry began to read about work, and as we talked in our regular meetings, he also began to ask questions about "knowing" itself. "How do we really know what others experience?" he wondered. What access do we, as researchers, really have to the ideas, the reactions, the physical moves, and to the tacit understandings of a person at work? Is objectivity ever possible? Harry became fascinated by the role of the "personal" in any work--whether the work of the bankers, bricklayers, and bicycle mechanics he'd been reading about, or even the work he and I were doing right now as scholars. This fascination prompted a change in our plan of study. We began to improvise and to grapple for relevant sources. He and I asked friends and colleagues for suggestions. In this way, Harry began to read about the reflective process, about the many methodological debates that focused on whether the "personal narrative" had any academic legitimacy at all, and about new experiments in auto-ethnography. …


Objective To explore people's experiences of starting antidepressant treatment. Design Qualitative interpretive approach combining thematic analysis with constant comparison. Relevant coding reports from the original studies (generated using NVivo) relating to initial experiences of antidepressants were explored in further detail, focusing on the ways in which participants discussed their experiences of taking or being prescribed an antidepressant for the first time. Participants 108 men and women aged 22–84 who had taken antidepressants for depression. Setting Respondents recruited throughout the UK during 2003–2004 and 2008 and 2012–2013 and in Australia during 2010–2011. Results People expressed a wide range of feelings about initiating antidepressant use. People's attitudes towards starting antidepressant use were shaped by stereotypes and stigmas related to perceived drug dependency and potentially extreme side effects. Anxieties were expressed about starting use, and about how long the antidepressant might begin to take effect, how much it might help or hinder them, and about what to expect in the initial weeks. People worried about the possibility of experiencing adverse effects and implications for their senses of self. Where people felt they had not been given sufficient time during their consultation information or support to take the medicines, the uncertainty could be particularly unsettling and impact on their ongoing views on and use of antidepressants as a viable treatment option. Conclusions Our paper is the first to explore in-depth patient existential concerns about start of antidepressant use using multicountry data. People need additional support when they make decisions about starting antidepressants. Health professionals can use our findings to better understand and explore with patients' their concerns before their patients start antidepressants. These insights are key to supporting patients, many of whom feel intimidated by the prospect of taking antidepressants, especially during the uncertain first few weeks of treatment.


Timeliness is an important feature for many embedded systems. Although soft real-time embedded systems can tolerate and allow certain deadline misses, it is still important to quantify them to justify whether the considered systems are acceptable. In this paper, we provide a way to safely over-approximate the expected deadline miss rate for a specific sporadic real-time task under fixed-priority preemptive scheduling in uniprocessor systems. Our approach is compatible with the existing results in the literature that calculate the probability of deadline misses either based on the convolution-based approaches or analytically. We demonstrate our approach by considering randomly generated task sets with an execution behavior that simulates jobs that are subjected to soft errors incurred by hardware transient faults under a given fault rate. To empirically gather the deadline miss rates, we implemented an event-based simulator with a fault-injection module and release the scripts. With extensive simulations under different fault rates, we evaluate the efficiency and the pessimism of our approach. The evaluation results show that our approach is effective to derive an upper bound of the expected deadline miss rate and efficient with respect to the required computation time.


The objective of this paper is to investigate several numerical and modelling features that the CFD community is currently using to compute the flow around a fixed smooth circular cylinder. Two high Reynolds numbers, 9 × 104 and 5 × 105 , are chosen which are in the so called drag-crisis region. Using a viscous flow solver, these features are assessed in terms of quality by comparing the numerical results with experimental data. The study involves grid sensitivity, time step sensitivity, the use of different turbulence models, three-dimensional effects, and a RANS/DES (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes, Detached Eddy Simulation) comparison. The resulting drag forces and Strouhal numbers are compared with experimental data of different sources. Major flow features such as velocity and vorticity fields are presented. One of the main conclusions of the present study is that all models predict forces which are far from the experimental values, particularly for the higher Reynolds numbers in the drag-crisis region. Three-dimensional and unsteadiness effects are present, but are only fully captured by sophisticated turbulence models or by DES. DES seems to be the key to better solve the flow problem and obtain better agreement with experimental data. However, its considerable computational demands still do not allow to use it for engineering design purposes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Extracted from text ... 5
Glencoe Magistrates
Court
By Vanja Karth and Magistrate Foyster, Glencoe court
The Glencoe Magistrates Court breaks the usual mould of a drab, unfriendly
austere building. Instead it is painted in warm colours of 'cinnamon toast',
'clay-oven' and 'herb green' which together with pot plants creates a warm and
welcoming yet professional look.
Following an upgrade of the building which took place in 2001, Magistrate
Foyster approached all the staff members for a contribution in order to establish
a garden. Virtually everyone made a contribution and with the funds they planted
9 palm trees down the side of the ..


Classical multi-armed bandit problems use the expected value of an arm as a metric to evaluate its goodness. However, the expected value is a risk-neutral metric. In many applications like finance, one is interested in balancing the expected return of an arm (or portfolio) with the risk associated with that return. In this paper, we consider the problem of selecting the arm that optimizes a linear combination of the expected reward and the associated Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) in a fixed budget best-arm identification framework. We allow the reward distributions to be unbounded or even heavy-tailed. For this problem, our goal is to devise algorithms that are entirely distribution oblivious, i.e., the algorithm is not aware of any information on the reward distributions, including bounds on the moments/tails, or the suboptimality gaps across arms.
In this paper, we provide a class of such algorithms with provable upper bounds on the probability of incorrect identification. In the process, we develop a novel estimator for the CVaR of unbounded (including heavy-tailed) random variables and prove a concentration inequality for the same, which could be of independent interest. We also compare the error bounds for our distribution oblivious algorithms with those corresponding to standard non-oblivious algorithms. Finally, numerical experiments reveal that our algorithms perform competitively when compared with non-oblivious algorithms, suggesting that distribution obliviousness can be realised in practice without incurring a significant loss of performance.


As a classic statistical model of 3D facial shape and texture, 3D Morphable Model (3DMM) is widely used in facial analysis, e.g., model fitting, image synthesis. Conventional 3DMM is learned from a set of well-controlled 2D face images with associated 3D face scans, and represented by two sets of PCA basis functions. Due to the type and amount of training data, as well as the linear bases, the representation power of 3DMM can be limited. To address these problems, this paper proposes an innovative framework to learn a nonlinear 3DMM model from a large set of unconstrained face images, without collecting 3D face scans. Specifically, given a face image as input, a network encoder estimates the projection, shape and texture parameters. Two decoders serve as the nonlinear 3DMM to map from the shape and texture parameters to the 3D shape and texture, respectively. With the projection parameter, 3D shape, and texture, a novel analytically-differentiable rendering layer is designed to reconstruct the original input face. The entire network is end-to-end trainable with only weak supervision. We demonstrate the superior representation power of our nonlinear 3DMM over its linear counterpart, and its contribution to face alignment and 3D reconstruction.


To enhance the energy security and promote energy diversity, biomass sources of energy are viable resources worldwide. Bioenergy is an organic source of power derived from various feedstock including fuel wood, energy crops, solid wastes, and residues of plants. This book chapter explores the use of biomass in Africa and the technical and economic potential of these resources for energy supply in the continent. Findings of literature revealed that the potential of biomass is high in Africa due to availability of land, its preference due to limited electricity supply and the exorbitant nature of fossil fuels, the assorted variety of energy crops suitable for growth in the continent and the green nature associated with the resource. The chapter also established that bioenergy is renewable and not carbon neutral. As such, accurate computation of its resultant greenhouse gas emissions based on their sequestration and emission rates is strongly advised to optimize biomass for energy utility and sustainability compared to conventional energy sources.


A solid foundation for those looking to succeed in todays market An excellent book for new traders, 30 Days to Market Mastery outlines an easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement approach to learning how to trade. This book covers the fundamentals of how to structure tr ades in a disciplined fashion, so as to avoid vague decisions and acting on unclear trading signals. It also provides a number of strategies for entering and exiting the market in a way that maximizes the chances of making money and minimizes the potential for losing money. With this book as their guide, readers will learn the proper organizational, analytical, and behavioral skills that are vital to consistent success in trading. In 30 Days to Market Mastery each trading day contains a single lesson, and each lesson contains a quiz to help the reader master the material.


Only a few years ago the International Court of Justiceseemed to be edging toward judicial activism. This article argues that in its most recent pronouncements the ICJ has instead employed a variety of techniques for abstention. The ICJ's use of this "arsenal of devices" recalls, however, Alexander Bickel's argument for the exercise of judicial restraint by the U.S. Supreme Court in a way that nonetheless allows the judicial organ to stimulate constitutional politics. In the recent contentious cases and advisory opinions concerning the status of East Timor, exploitation of the natural resources of Nauru, and a trilogy of nuclear testing and nuclear weapons issues, the ICJ has in effect challenged the international political community to debate the application of the core principles of the international legal order. The approach the ICJ now follows thus tracks its South-West Africa Cases, where it successfully prompted constitutional decision-making by the competent U.N. organs. That precedent, in light of recent practice, should now serve as a paradigm for legitimate abstention by the Court -- one that is consistent with its principled exercise of the judicial function and, at the same time, gives shape to the process of legitimate decision-making in the international community.


In no other time in human history has the relationship between human beings, and the biosphere on which we depend, been fraught with such a sense of urgency. Responding to the imminent threat of climate change has focussed our attention on education. There has been a proliferation of international, national and regional programs designed to change attitudes, behaviours, and beliefs associated with the causes of climate change. This paper will look to phenomenology and pedagogy to attempt describe the experience of climate and to help us consider how we may allow the young to live in a time of inevitable climate disruption while  nurturing what seems to come to them naturally, an embodied integration into the wonder and awe of the places they live.  Also, this paper explores two dominant approaches to climate change education and asks how these approaches articulate an understanding of the essential relationship between humans and the larger living world as reflected through changing climatic conditions.


Ever wished for a tool that can turn enterprise data into meaningful reports that could be shared easily with co-workers, customers, and partners? Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services is the "magic wand" you need to unleash the hidden power of data. The author, who has worked closely with the Reporting Services Development Team, takes you on an insightful tour that provides an authoritative yet independent view of the technology.Supplying much-needed technological information to workers, administrators, and developers, Applied Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services shows you how to apply Reporting Services in real life to build innovative Business Intelligence solutions that drive decisions. Information workers will learn how to design feature-rich standard and ad hoc reports. The book gives administrators the necessary background to install, upgrade, and manage the report environment. It teaches developers powerful ways to extend Reporting Services and integrate it with a wide range of applications.The book doesn't assume any prior experience with Microsoft Reporting Services. It is designed as an easy-to-follow guide for navigating safely the most intricate aspects of the technology. New concepts are introduced with step-by-step instructions and hands-on lessons. Video presentations help the reader stay on track when a picture is worth more than a thousand words.The book website at www.prologika.com provides sample chapters, source code, discussion forum, and online video tutorials.