Today people, exchanging their thoughts through online web forums, blogs, and different platforms for social media. In online shopping, they are giving reviews and opinions on other various products, brands, and services. Their thoughts towards a product are do not only purchase decisions of the consumers but also improves the product quality about their requirements and find out the product's particular problem and get an excellent solution on that product. The present system concentrate on the peer-reviewed review model (User-generated review) and global qualification i.e., rating and, tries to classify the semantic aspect and emotions at the time aspect level from the data to investigate general sense feel of the reviews. SJASM represents each review document in the format of opinion pairs and, along with simulating the terms of appearance and the corresponding opinion words of the study, consideration for the hidden aspect and the sentiment detection. The current system is designed as a recommendation system Physiological Language Processing (NLP) Technique to read reviews and using Naïve Baye's Classification automatically. We have also extracted the thoughts of the product characteristics. Here admin can analyze the opinion pair that actually what is defect in the finished product so in future the market of that product will increase. This system to extract product aspects and corresponding opinions from consumer ratings on the internet. Different machine learning algorithms are discussed in Naïve Bayes is considered in order to classify of sentiments, and variables such as precision, recall, F-score, and accuracy are used to assess a classifier's performance.


Following the substantive harmonization in Regulation (EC) no. 1/2003, the European Commission has started more recently to focus on the harmonization of procedure and sanctions, and in January 2016, the European Parliament called for penalties against natural persons. This special issue looks at the current state of individual sanctions on the EU Member State level, examines from a comparative perspective the institutional challenges which these individual sanctions present, especially for leniency programmes, and discusses the pros and cons of introducing further individual, in particular criminal sanctions in Europe. It examines the experience with criminal sanctions in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, and presents empirical evidence on public attitudes towards competition law infringements in various Member States and the United States.


The "migrant crisis" has received a large media coverage addressing the ways to limit refugees' settlement in European countries. Although an increasing number of asylum seekers are or will be admitted in the different states, little attention is devoted to the receiving conditions in the countries of settlement. Yet, a great amount of the incomers involve families with children, so that the schooling issue should be regarded as a major challenge for the receiving countries. Indeed, according to the largely ratified Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the right to education has to be implemented irrespective of the family legal status. In this paper, we will show that systematically evaluating these pupils' resources and needs in their mother tongue should be regarded as a key for their adequate orientation into the new school system. We will report situations ranging from illiteracy to unexpected skills acquired through informal schooling or makeshift means. Moreover, on the basis of a series of interviews with the families of newly arrived pupils, we will highlight the schooling impairments these children have experienced in their home country or during their fleeing journey. We will contend that identifying these pupils' needs and resources is a decisive tool against their undiscriminated relegation into special structures, as a result either of stereotyping or of teachers' feeling of helplessness -which are often intertwined. 1


The present report is the result of an initiative put forward in 2010 by the Soros Foundation Moldova (East East: Partnership Beyond Borders Program) with the aim of attracting new foreign expertise to provide a fresh look at the 'frozen conflict' in the Republic of Moldova. The initiative was informed by the conviction that the political shifts in and around Moldova that have occurred since 2009 are creating new opportunities to resolve the conflict. The idea was to convene a joint group of international and Moldovan experts who, after conducting a fact-finding field trip to Chisinau and Tiraspol and conducting extensive discussions, would draw up a report with their analysis of the situation and their political recommendations.


This work demonstrates the fabrication of terpene based sustainable methacrylate polymers by an environmentally benign emulsion polymerization method. The polymerization reaction has been found to be influenced by the side chain length of the methacrylate(s), which has been quantitatively calculated from the density functional theory. Apart from the analysis of the copolymer microstructure, various properties of the synthesized polymers have been studied and correlated with the structure of the methacrylate(s). The sub-ambient glass transition temperature indicates rubbery nature of the synthesized copolymers. While the presence of residual unsaturations from the terpene moiety could act as an additional crosslinking site, the methacrylate group may facilitate the dispersion of polar additives. The completely new class of terpene-based sustainable rubbery methacrylate polymers is thus envisaged as promising materials for polymer and allied industries. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017


Our culture has come to appreciate hybrid representational practices not only in digital media but also in traditional forms such as television and film. Nevertheless, our culture's fascination with a contrary representational practiceits desire for immediacyremains strong. The desire for immediacy manifests itself not only in popular entertainment forms, but also (with unfortunate results) in the popular understanding of forms of scientific representation.


Airports are intermodal hubs and natural interfaces between ground transport and air transport. In the current DLR project "Optimode.net", an innovative approach is being developed to extend the management of an airport not only to airport landside and terminal processes but to go even further and incorporate feeder traffic in the management of airport processes. Thus providing travelers with a real door-to-door service and letting airport stakeholders benefit from efficient airport management. Technical core of the project is a simulation environment consisting of nine different simulation models with various simulation methods and abstraction levels. In this paper the simulation environment of a multi airport region which is used in the Optimode.net project will be described in detail and also the interaction of the different simulation modules will be explained. We will also show how this complex simulation environment is used to foster individual door-to-door travel and proactive airport management.


For most types of problems in numerical mathematics, efficient discretization techniques are of crucial importance. This holds for tasks like how to define sets of points to approximate, interpolate, or integrate certain classes of functions as accurate as possible as well as for the numerical solution of differential equations. Introduced by Zenger in 1990 and based on hierarchical tensor product approximation spaces, sparse grids have turned out to be a very efficient approach in order to improve the ratio of invested storage and computing time to the achieved accuracy for many problems in the areas mentioned above. Concerning the sparse grid finite element discretization of elliptic partial differential equations, recently, the class of problems that can be tackled has been enlarged significantly. First, the tensor product approach led to the formulation of unidirectional algorithms which are essentially independent of the number d of dimensions. Second, techniques for the treatment of the general linear elliptic differential operator of second order have been developed, which, with the help of domain transformation, enable us to deal with more complicated geometries, too. Finally, the development of hierarchical polynomial bases of piecewise arbitrary degree p has opened the way to a further improvement of the order of approximation. In this paper, we discuss the construction and the main properties of a class of hierarchical polynomial bases and present a symmetric and an asymmetric finite element method on sparse grids, using the hierarchical polynomial bases for both the approximation and the test spaces or for the approximation space only, resp., with standard piecewise multilinear hierarchical test functions. In both cases, the storage requirement at a grid point does not depend on the local polynomial degree p, and p and the resulting representations of the basis functions can be handled in an efficient and adaptive way. An advantage of the latter approach, however, is the fact that it allows the straightforward implementation of a multigrid solver for the resulting system which is discussed, too.


From the Publisher:
The authoritative guide to the state of the art in ad hoc wireless networking.

Reflects the field's latest breakthroughs
Covers media access, routing, service discovery, multicasting, power conservation, transport protocol, and much more
Includes a complete narration of prototype implementation with communication performance results from practical field trials
Introduces key applications for home, business, auto, and defense

"Ad hoc" wireless networks eliminate the complexities of infrastructure setup and administration, enabling devices to create and join networks "on the fly"-anywhere, anytime, for virtually any application. The field is rapidly coming of age, reflecting powerful advances in protocols, systems, and real-world implementation experience. In Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks, one of the field's leading researchers brings together these advances in a single consolidated and comprehensive archive. C.K. Toh covers all this, and more:

Key challenges: device heterogeneity, diverse traffic profiles, mobility, and power conservation
Routing protocols for ad hoc networks, including Associativity Based Routing (ABR) and other IETF MANET protocols
Real-world implementation issues-including a complete prototype implementation
Ad hoc wireless network performance: results obtained from the latest field trials
Leading approaches to service discovery
Addressing TCP over an ad hoc wireless network environment
Support for multicast communications
The role of Bluetooth and WAP

Ad Hoc Mobile Wirelessapplication scenarios ranging from home and car to office and battlefield. C.K. Toh also introduces several of the field's leading projects, from Motorola's PIANO platform to UC Berkeley's "Smart Dust." Whether you're a researcher, scientist, implementer, consultant, technical manager, CTO, or student, you won't find a more authoritative and comprehensive guide to the new state of the art in ad hoc networking.


Split-protein sensors have become an important tool for the analysis of protein-protein interactions in living cells. In general, two interacting proteins are expressed as fusion proteins with a pair of inactive fragments of a reporter enzyme. Interaction-induced reassembly of the two fragments then results in a functional enzyme and a detectable phenotypic readout. Despite the constantly expanding repertoire of methods, new split-protein sensors that could detect and screen for protein-protein interactions both in the cytosol and in the membrane would be very useful. In a first attempt to create new split-protein sensors, cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was rationally dissected into two fragments, which were fused to two interacting proteins. Activity of reassembled peroxidase might be visually detected using a simple colony screen [1]. However, this approach failed due to the insolubility of the chosen fragments. A random approach based on circular permutation originally developed by Graf and Schachmann was therefore adapted to isolate suitable fragmentation sites [2]. Unfortunately, only split-proteins expressing quasi wild-type protein were isolated, resulting from cuts close to the N or the C terminus of CCP. Two reasons can account for this: (i) the fragile active site environment of CCP could considerably hamper the fragmentation of the enzyme; (ii) the method itself favors the isolation of quasi wild-type proteins. The combinatorial method for the generation of new split-protein sensors was therefore further modified to circumvent the isolation of quasi wild-type proteins and successfully applied to the (β/α)8-barrel enzyme N-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-anthranilate isomerase Trp1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The generated split-Trp protein sensors allow for the detection of protein-protein interactions in the cytosol as well as the membrane by enabling trp1 cells to grow on medium lacking tryptophan. In addition, split-Trp can be used as reporter for the detection of small molecule-protein interactions. This powerful selection thus complements the repertoire of the currently used split-protein sensors and provides a new tool for high-throughput interaction screening. Furthermore, the combinatorial approach should be able to generate split-protein sensors of almost any protein, thereby yielding tailor-made sensors for different applications.


In the early 21st century, and a generation after equal opportunities legislation in the UK, it is still the case that work choices are gendered. The construction industry remains one of the most segregated of occupations, being still predominantly white and male. There have been various attempts over the years to encourage women to take up construction trades but the barriers facing such women remain the same: traditionalist prejudices that this is not women's work. The woman who chooses to take up a manual trade is likely to be isolated and made to feel she is pioneering in unexplored territory, because women have never done this kind of work before. Whilst that may be true at the level of some personal experiences, it is not the case in terms of historical fact. Records show that women were working in all the main building trades, to a greater or lesser extent, from earliest times. Starting from the point in 1820 when trades directories begin to record who did what and where in Scotland, it is possible to find women working as painters, brickmakers, gasfitters, joiners and so on, in all the Scottish counties and throughout the hundred years under consideration. Is it possible that we are less egalitarian now than in the past? Looking at statistics and life stories of women from 1820-1920 yields some surprising results and uncovers the hidden history of Scottish women quietly getting on with their work - in the building industry. This demonstrates that women working in the industry today are more than pioneers, their work is a continuation of a path trodden by others. Can the industry use this historical path to guide its way to a more diverse future?


Personalized recommendation has proven to be very promising in modeling the preference of users over items. However, most existing work in this context focuses primarily on modeling user-item interactions, which tend to be very sparse. We propose to further leverage the item-item relationships that may reflect various aspects of items that guide users' choices. Intuitively, items that occur within the same "context" (e.g., browsed in the same session, purchased in the same basket) are likely related in some latent aspect. Therefore, accounting for the item's context would complement the sparse user-item interactions by extending a user's preference to other items of similar aspects. To realize this intuition, we develop Collaborative Context Poisson Factorization (C2PF), a new Bayesian latent variable model that seamlessly integrates contextual relationships among items into a personalized recommendation approach. We further derive a scalable variational inference algorithm to fit C2PF to preference data. Empirical results on real-world datasets show evident performance improvements over strong factorization models.


In this paper we give an overview and discussion of the basic steps of system identification. The four main ingredients of the process that takes us from observed data to a validated model are: (1) the data itself, (2) the set of candidate models, (3) the criterion of fit, and (4) the validation procedure. We discuss how these ingredients can be blended to a useful mix for model-building in practice.


1. A technique for training pigeons to fly in a tilting wind tunnel is described, and a method of determining lift and drag in gliding flight is explained. 2. Drag measurements were made on wingless bodies and preserved feet in supplementary experiments. The results were used to analyse the measured total drag of live pigeons into ( a ) body drag, ( b ) foot drag, ( c ) induced drag, and ( d ) wing profile drag. 3. As speed is increased, gliding pigeons drastically reduce their wing span, wing area and aspect ratio. The increased induced drag resulting from this is more than offset by a very large reduction in wing profile drag. 4. Although the lift: drag ratio is at best 5.5-6.0, changes of wing area and shape keep it near its maximum, up to speeds at least twice the minimum gliding speed.


Summary Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a technique which solves the ill-posed seismic inversion problem of fitting our model data to the measured ones from the field. FWI is capable of providing high-resolution estimates of the model, and of handling wave propagation of arbitrary complexity (visco-elastic, anisotropic); yet, it often fails to retrieve high-contrast geological structures, such as salt. One of the reasons for the FWI failure is that the updates at earlier iterations are too smooth to capture the sharp edges of the salt boundary. We compare several regularization approaches, which promote sharpness of the edges. Minimum gradient support (MGS) regularization focuses the inversion on blocky models, even more than the total variation (TV) does. However, both approaches try to invert undesirable high wavenumbers in the model too early for a model of complex structure. Therefore, we apply the Sobolev space norm as a regularizing term in order to maintain a balance between sharp and smooth updates in FWI. We demonstrate the application of these regularizations on a Marmousi model, enriched by a chunk of salt. The model turns out to be too complex in some parts to retrieve its full velocity distribution, yet the salt shape and contrast are retrieved.


Monitoring national trends in disparities in different diseases could provide measures to evaluate the impact of intervention programs designed to reduce health disparities. In the US, most of the reports that track health disparities provided either relative or absolute disparities or both. However, these two measures of disparities are not only different in scale and magnitude but also the temporal changes in the magnitudes of these measures can occur in opposite directions. The trends for absolute disparity and relative disparity could move in opposite directions when the prevalence of disease in the two populations being compared either increase or decline simultaneously. If the absolute disparity increases but relative disparity declines for consecutive time periods, the absolute disparity increases but relative disparity declines for the combined time periods even with a larger increase in absolute disparity during the combined time periods. Based on random increases or decreases in prevalence of disease for two population groups, there is a higher chance the trends of these two measures could move in opposite directions when the prevalence of disease for the more advantaged group is very small relative to the prevalence of disease for the more disadvantaged group. When prevalence of disease increase or decrease simultaneously for two populations, the increase or decrease in absolute disparity has to be sufficiently large enough to warrant a corresponding increase or decrease in relative disparity. When absolute disparity declines but relative disparity increases, there is some progress in reducing disparities, but the reduction in absolute disparity is not large enough to also reduce relative disparity. When evaluating interventions to reduce health disparities using these two measures, it is important to consider both absolute and relative disparities and consider all the scenarios discussed in this paper to assess the progress towards reducing or eliminating health disparities.


Abstract. The ability of coated mineral dust particles to act as ice nuclei (IN) was investigated at LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) during the FROST1- and FROST2-campaigns (Freezing of dust). Sulphuric acid was condensed on the particles which afterwards were optionally humidified, treated with ammonia vapour and/or heat. By means of aerosol mass spectrometry we found evidence that processing of mineral dust particles with sulphuric acid leads to surface modifications of the particles. These surface modifications are most likely responsible for the observed reduction of the IN activation of the particles. The observed particle mass spectra suggest that different treatments lead to different chemical reactions on the particle surface. Possible chemical reaction pathways and products are suggested and the implications on the IN efficiency of the treated dust particles are discussed.


This paper investigates the properties of the Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) estimator. The PCSE estimator is commonly used when working with time-series, cross-sectional (TSCS) data. In an influential paper, Beck and Katz (1995) (henceforth BK) demonstrated that FGLS produces coefficient standard errors that are severely underestimated. They report Monte Carlo experiments in which the PCSE estimator produces accurate standard error estimates at no or little loss in efficiency compared to FGLS. Our study further investigates the properties of the PCSE estimator. We first reproduce the main experimental results of BK using their Monte Carlo framework. We then show that the PCSE estimator does not perform as well when tested in data environments that better resemble "practical research situations." When (i) the explanatory variable(s) are characterized by substantial persistence, (ii) there is serial correlation in the errors, and (iii) the time span of the data series is relatively short, coverage rates for the PCSE estimator frequently fall between 80 and 90 percent. Further, we find many "practical research situations" where the PCSE estimator compares poorly with FGLS on efficiency grounds.


The goal of this document is to provide practical guidance on commodity management issues related to establishing managing and scaling up voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs at both national and program levels. This guide is intended to assist a range of audiences—including national program planners and policy makers donors currently supporting or planning to support VCT service delivery and VCT service implementers—to systematize their approaches to strengthening VCT services. (excerpt)


The courtroom has always contained many of the elements of great literature--conflict, suspense, high drama, and human tragedy. Indeed, the courtroom is a stage on which the noblest passions and basest instincts are played out before a jury who, much like the readers of a story or a novel, must interpret the evidence and formulate a judgment. It is not surprising, then, that law has attracted writers from Sophocles to Joyce Carol Oates, and that some of the most compelling moments in fiction arise from legal conflicts, for the law raises many of the most fundamental human issues: How can we know the truth? How do we decide between mercy and punishment? How can the impersonal machinery of the legal system protect the rights of the individual? In Trial and Error: An Oxford Book of Legal Stories, Fred R. Shapiro and Jane Garry bring together thirty-two riveting stories, excerpts from novels, and nonfiction essays about the human dimensions of the law. From Sir Walter Scott's "The Two Drovers" (1827), to Ernest J. Gaines's A Lesson Before Dying (1993), the selections gathered here vividly dramatize the legal process. We see the law as a vehicle of frustration and inertia in Dickens's Bleak House, as a baffling affront to common sense in Mark Twain's Roughing It, as a forum for humiliation and cruelty in Robert Louis Stevenson's Weir of Hermiston, as a cynical and racist form of expediency in James Alan McPherson's "An Act of Prostitution," and as a battleground for the possession of a child in Sue Miller's The Good Mother. Here we find lawyers, criminal defendants, litigants, clients, judges, police, jurors, and witnesses, all of them depicted with veracity and insight. Many of the writers in this anthology either practised or studied law, or were themselves involved in litigation; those who weren't apply powers of observation to a process that affects us all. Thus, from George Eliot, Herman Melville, Anthony Trollope, Agatha Christie, and Frank O'Connor to William Faulkner, George Orwell, Nadine Gordimer, Louis Auchincloss, Phillip Roth, Elizabeth Jolley, and many others, this collection allows us to grasp more clearly the inner workings of the law, its effect on the human psyche, and the enormous tensions created by mankind's attempt to impose order and justice on social relations that often remain chaotic, defiant, and ungovernable. With a sharply illuminating preface that explores the connections between literature and law, and with a helpful headnote for each selection, Trial and Error puts readers in the jury box as some of the greatest writers in the English language make their cases.


In this study, we explore how empowerment initiatives can be understood by drawing on key notions from the power literature. By conceptualizing empowerment as the transformation toward 'power to' by actively using 'power over', we uncover power-related dynamics and tensions arising from empowerment initiatives in ways that go beyond prior work. Our in-depth case study of an empowerment initiative in a military organization highlights the complex challenges that powerful actors face when attempting to enhance the power to act elsewhere in the organization. Our findings demonstrate how power-related tensions arise between and within actors, as actors combine and shift between different power practices. We find that power tensions are not merely relational in nature (i.e. between actors), but also arise when individual cognition differs from action. By showing how the interplay of different power practices may result in major tensions, our findings provide a new perspective on why organizational empowerment initiatives may produce unintended outcomes or even completely fail. Moreover, while power-over, power-to and transformative power practices are typically explored separately, this study is one of the first to shed light on the complex relation between these power practices, thereby examining them together. Finally, this study demonstrates how cross-fertilization between the empowerment and power discourses may advance both fields.


Machine learning is an important applied research area in particle physics, beginning with applications to high-level physics analysis in the 1990s and 2000s, followed by an explosion of applications in particle and event identification and reconstruction in the 2010s. In this document we discuss promising future research and development areas in machine learning in particle physics with a roadmap for their implementation, software and hardware resource requirements, collaborative initiatives with the data science community, academia and industry, and training the particle physics community in data science. The main objective of the document is to connect and motivate these areas of research and development with the physics drivers of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider and future neutrino experiments and identify the resource needs for their implementation. Additionally we identify areas where collaboration with external communities will be of great benefit.


Public controversy over planned indirect potable reuse of wastewater has been a significant obstacle to implementing proposed schemes in the United States and Australia. Surveys of public attitudes to water reuse have generally shown lower acceptance of indirect potable reuse compared with other reuse options, such as irrigation. The south-east of England is projected to experience a shortfall in water supply by 2020 and the largest water utility in the region, Thames Water, is investigating indirect potable reuse as a potential new supply option. The indirect potable reuse feasibility studies include evaluation of the technology options and water quality as well as detailed consideration of public perception issues. As part of the work to address the latter, 2,000 Thames Water customers participated in an on-line survey of their attitudes to indirect potable reuse. The survey showed overall support for the idea of indirect potable reuse. The only demographic factor to show any significant difference from the whole sample was belief system, with Muslim respondents showing significantly less support than other groups. The survey results indicate that indirect potable reuse may be socially acceptable in the south-east of England, but that public engagement and participation in future decision making about indirect potable reuse will be important for the success of any particular proposal.


The Cultural Heritage and Tourism Development Project for Lebanon aims to preserve the cultural heritage of the country, through the conservation and management of archaeological sites, with a view towards promoting tourism. While by and large, the project components will not induce population disturbances, the rehabilitation of the Khan El Askar, in the medina of Tripoli, will require the resettlement of its current residents, as well as some of the commercial activities on adjacent municipal land. This resettlement action plan (RAP) aims at providing current residents who will be moved, with substantially improved living conditions, allowing the municipality to recuperate its property, to be transformed into an economically, viable enterprise on a citywide scale. The RAP examines the physical, and social characteristics of the project site, within the institutional, and legal framework, and reviews the nature of benefits, and eligibility criteria, in consultation with the communities. Included, is the resettlement policy framework, which details the expropriation procedures, and compensation, including for involuntary resettlement. Compensation will be provided for property losses, including resettlement transition costs; and, while there are no legal rights under national law for squatters, compensation will be reached under project-specific amicable arrangements, with appropriate assistance provided through the Displaced People's Fund. Business losses will be likewise compensated, for property, assets, and income losses.


Clozapine and other atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs (APDs), facilitate both dopaminergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which is thought to improve cognition. Switching schizophrenic patients from typical APDs to clozapine may reduce their cigarette smoking. Here, we tested whether nicotine, which facilitates dopamine release, also facilitates NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the mPFC, when given alone or in combination with a D2,3 antagonist, raclopride, or a D4 antagonist, 3-(4-[4-chlorophenyl]piperazin-1-yl)methyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3b]pyridine (L-745,870), using intracellular recording in pyramidal cells of the rat mPFC. Neither nicotine nor raclopride or L-745,870 alone altered NMDAinduced currents in these cells. However, combining nicotine with raclopride or L-745,870 facilitated these currents. Similarly to clozapine the combination of nicotine with raclopride or L-745,870 also markedly potentiated evoked excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the mPFC. Our results support the idea that intense smoking in schizophrenia may represent a form of self-medication with nicotine. Received 10 February 2004 ; Reviewed 7 April 2004 ; Revised 8 June 2004 ; Accepted 9 June 2004


Several abstract concepts in medical education are difficult to teach and comprehend. In order to address this challenge, we have been applying the approach of reification of abstract concepts using interactive virtual environments and a knowledge-based design. Reification is the process of making abstract concepts and events, beyond the realm of direct human experience, concrete and accessible to teachers and learners. Entering virtual worlds and simulations not otherwise easily accessible provides an opportunity to create, study, and evaluate the emergence of knowledge and comprehension from the direct interaction of learners with otherwise complex abstract ideas and principles by bringing them to life. Using a knowledge-based design process and appropriate subject matter experts, knowledge structure methods are applied in order to prioritize, characterize important relationships, and create a concept map that can be integrated into the reified models that are subsequently developed. Applying these principles, our interdisciplinary team has been developing a reified model of the nephron into which important physiologic functions can be integrated and rendered into a three dimensional virtual environment called Flatland, a virtual environments development software tool, within which a learners can interact using off-the-shelf hardware. The nephron model can be driven dynamically by a rules-based artificial intelligence engine, applying the rules and concepts developed in conjunction with the subject matter experts. In the future, the nephron model can be used to interactively demonstrate a number of physiologic principles or a variety of pathological processes that may be difficult to teach and understand. In addition, this approach to reification can be applied to a host of other physiologic and pathological concepts in other systems. These methods will require further evaluation to determine their impact and role in learning.


Non-isentropic discontinuous, unsteady flows with energy addition or extraction, during ignition of solid propellant rocket motors or tall solar towers heating transients are approached through a wave front method, initially developed by Zannetti for isentropic flows in aerodynamics. Its application in discontinuous flows with zones of different behaviour and energy extraction proves highly efficient. Computational efficiency is demonstrated by Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation of the starting transients in ADDA Solid Rocket Engines (SRE) and in the SEATTLER solar mirror tower. The code is exclusively directed to unsteady flow simulations in slender channels. The wave front model scheme covers the dual behaviour of fully non-isentropic flow with mass addition and mixing in the thrust chamber or blunt heat addition in a heater and fully isentropic through the exhaust nozzle or gravity draught in a tall tower. Along the tower of the solar-gravity draught power plants, small perturbation discontinuous flows are covered. Code robustness is demonstrated during runs on the PC. The 1D numerical scheme is based on the resolution of gasdynamic discontinuities within the enhanced method of Zannetti.


Statistical physics, originally developed to describe thermodynamic systems, has been playing for the last decades a central role in modelling an incredibly large and heterogeneous set of different phenomena taking for
instance place on social, economical or biological systems. Such a vast field of possible applications has been found also for networks, as a huge variety of systems can be described in terms of interconnected elements.
After an introductory part introducing these themes as well as the role of abstract modelling in science, in this dissertation it will be discussed how a statistical physics approach can lead to new insights as regards three problems of interest in network theory: how some quantity can be optimally spread on a graph, how to explore it and how to reconstruct it from
partial information. Some final remarks on the importance such themes will likely preserve in the coming years conclude the work.


I have five points to make today. While these points are fundamental, they are worth repeating because they will make case preparation much more effective. First, sometimes the best preparation is to avoid the dispute or settle it in the early stages. As counsel starting a case, one often thinks first about what "the winning argument" might be, or how to focus the closing submissions. As appropriate as this is, there is another role for counsel that should not be overlooked: assessing whether the case should be litigated further. It may well be that a case should be settled in whole or in part--perhaps because it is flawed legally; perhaps because of the ramifications of an award for the respondent, due to the systemic implications of the case; or perhaps due to the time, cost, and difficulty of litigating it. There can be any number of reasons supporting early resolution of a dispute. We also know that there is a window of opportunity to assess and perhaps settle a matter before all parties become too busy with preparation and too entrenched in adversarial positions. As a result, a conscious effort should be made as part of case preparation to discuss with clients the potential for a satisfactory resolution that does not involve litigation. Second, early preparation is the key to success. Once a case begins, it is like the proverbial train leaving the station, and if counsel is behind at that point, it is very difficult to catch up. A number of efforts must be put into motion at this stage, all on parallel tracks, and so logistics become critical. Lead counsel should have an overall calendar for the process, with each step clearly set out, and then must work backwards from the date of the final award. Among the items that must be addressed early on this checklist are: * Budget: Develop a budget with realistic estimates of how much the case will cost to litigate, and confirm the source of funds. Clients must know what the case will cost and should be prepared for this expense. A case that collapses midstream for want of funding is a waste of time and money for everyone. * Put the client team together: Who has the factual expertise in the client group? Who (if anyone) has legal expertise in the client group? Who is the contact person for the legal team? Once these people have been identified, they must be pulled together, and a mechanism needs to be put in place to allow for briefing clients, getting instructions, formulating and adapting the case strategy, and so on. * Communication plan: Depending on the profile of the case, one might also consider how information will be provided to the public and the media. In a high-profile case, a communication plan will prove very useful to ensure that any comment on the case is appropriate, useful, and does not aggravate the tribunal. * Devise the legal strategy: What is the theory of the case, and how will the case be prosecuted or defended? * Task the legal team, and ensure that everyone knows his or her role. * Harness the facts: In particular, this means identifying witnesses and documents. Collecting documents can be especially difficult in a government context or where the claimant is a large and diverse entity and a number of officials may have had a role in the fact situation. If there are numerous documents, it is worth considering how they will be stored and accessed. In large cases, document management software with search capacity is critical, especially if there is a disclosure phase in the proceedings. …


Programming efficient and reliable code can be considered a non-trivial task, as it requires deep understanding of the problem to be solved along with good programming skills. However, software frameworks and programming paradigms can provide a dependable infrastructure upon which better programs can be written and deployed. This allows engineers to focus mainly on their task, while relying on the underlying run-time environment for taking care of low-level programming issues, such as memory allocation and disposal, typing consistency and interface compliance. In this paper, we argue that strong-typed programming languages and paradigms offer a valid support for the production of reliable programs. Aware of the challenges of formal measurement metrics for code quality, we present the benefits of strong-typing by considering a practical application: the design and implementation of RoboX, a tour-guide robot for the Swiss National Exhibition Expo.02. The example is extremely well suited for such a discussion, since complex mechatronic applications can be considered critical systems - i.e., systems whose failure may endanger missions, lives and society - thus their reliability has to be made a prime concern.


This piece is a prologue to a symposium, cosponsored by the Acton Institute, that asks its contributors: Does professional economics need enrichment by religious or quasi-religious thinking? Many common criticisms of professional economics propose the incorporation of richer concepts and formulations, ones that can be described as religious or quasi-religious. If such richer concepts are worth incorporating, does that necessarily bring theism or religiosity into the economists' discourse? The prologue asks whether mainstream economics tends to preclude religious or quasi-religious understandings, whether that is a bad thing, and about the relationship between such understandings and religious faith.


Whole-life thinking for engineers working on the built environment has become more important in a fast changing world.Engineers are increasingly concerned with complex systems, in which the parts interact with each other and with the outside world in many ways – the relationships between the parts determine how the system behaves. Systems thinking provides one approach to developing a more robust whole life approach. Systems thinking is a process of understanding how things influence one another within a wider perspective. Complexity, chaos, and risk are endemic in all major projects. New approaches are needed to produce more reliable whole life predictions. Best value, rather than lowest cost can be achieved by using whole-life appraisal as part of the design and delivery strategy.


The study investigated the relative effectiveness of cooperative instructional strategy on students' performance in secondary school chemistry. Two hundred and fifty (250) Senior Secondary two (SS II) chemistry students were purposively sampled from three public secondary schools in Ilesa Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Two research instruments: Researcher's Instructional Packages for solving Chemistry Problems (RIP) and Chemistry Performance Test (CPT) were developed, validated and used for the study. The reliability of the Chemistry Performance Test (CPT) was determined and found to be 0.62 using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation formula. Three hypotheses were raised and tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The study covered a period of six (6) weeks. The experimental group, which is Cooperative instructional group and a Control group, were used. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the performance of chemistry students exposed to cooperative instructional strategy and conventional teaching method. The cooperative instructional strategy was found to be more effective in enhancing better performance of the learners. Some recommendations were also made. Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences Vol. 3 (2) 2008: pp. 27-34


Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is the hydroxylated metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and may be found in milk and dairy products such as cheese. This study was aimed to determine the AFM1 levels in Turkish White and fresh Kashar Cheese which were produced with experimentally contaminated raw milk and to observe the change of AFM1 distribution in White cheese during ripening. For this purpose, AFM1 was added in concentrations of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 μg/L of milk and then, the cheeses were produced according to their technologies. Whey, boiling water, cheese and brine samples were examined for AFM1 residues. The quantitative analysis of AFM1 was performed by ELISA using the AFM1 test kit. The toxin remained as 42.87% and 34.73% in Turkish White and Kashar cheese samples, respectively. The change of AFM1 concentration during the White cheese ripening of 0-90 days was recorded as the average of 9.8%.


In format ion The purpose of the Canadian Journal of Philosophy is the publicaf or A u t h o r s ^ o n * Canada of international philosophical work of high quality, in English or French, in any field of philosophy. All submissions are given blind editorial review. As many submissions as possible are sent to external referees, with a response to authors within six months of submission. When submissions are not sent for external refereeing, CJP endeavours to respond to authors within three months. Submissions may be sent to the Executive Secretary at firstname.lastname@example.com in either Word or WordPerfect. Where submissions contain symbols or Greek letters, PDF files are preferable. Manuscripts should be double-spaced, including quotes and footnotes, in a standard (e.g., 12 point) font. CJP will not normally consider manuscripts longer than 10,000 words. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively and placed at the bottom of each page. The Journal follows The University of Chicago Manual of Style. Manuscripts should be prepared for blind review, which means they should contain no self-identifying references in either text or footnotes. An abstract of 150 to 250 words should also be included. Authors will receive, without charge, 25 copies of their articles. Additional offprints may be ordered when the proofs are returned to the publisher. All enquiries of an editorial nature should be directed to the Executive Secretary at the above address.


Access to safe abortion care has been linked to better maternal and child health outcomes (Sedgh et al., 2012) and identified as essential for advancing women's economic and social equality (Bengsch, 2015; Lang, 2013). Around the world, nurses, including nurse practitioners (NPs) and certified nurse midwives (CNMs), are integral members of the health care teams that provide care to women considering or electing to have an abortion. Evidence supports NPs and CNMs as safe and effective providers of comprehensive early abortion care, and acceptable to patients (Barnard, Kim, Park, & Ngo, 2015; Kopp Kallner et al., 2015; Weitz et al., 2013). Currently in the United States (US), almost one million women have an induced abortion each year (Jones & Jerman, 2017). National abortion data reveal significant disparities in rates, and inequities in access (Jerman, Jones, & Onda, 2016). An inconsistent legal and regulatory landscape precludes NPs and CNMs from providing comprehensive abortion care in many states, including some where there are few providers. Vermont and New Hampshire comprise two of the four states where laws and practice regulations allow NPs and CNMs to perform aspiration abortion, and across New England. These advanced practice nurses (APRNs) are extensively involved in providing and managing the care of women undergoing medication abortion. Little literature describes nurses' experiences providing comprehensive early abortion care around the world, including in the US. The aim of this qualitative, exploratory, descriptive research study was to explore the experiences of NPs and CNMs who provide comprehensive early abortion care in New England. Data were collected through in-person individual interviews with seven NPs and one NP/CNM. Providing comprehensive early abortion care was generally a positive experience for most participants, though it did include challenges. Critical influences to becoming an NP or CNM who provided comprehensive early abortion care included the era in which participants came of age, values of their family of origin, exposure to feminism, reproductive rights and social justice during emerging adulthood, having a role model or mentor, and a personal experience of having an abortion. Support at every level from interpersonal to societal was found to be a key enabling or constraining factor. Laws and regulations at the societal level were also noted to facilitate or impede abortion care provision by NPs and CNMs in the study. Finally, participants offered words of wisdom to others considering providing comprehensive early abortion care that ranged from clinical pearls to inspirational statements. They were universally encouraging in recommending this as a service to incorporate into clinical practice. This study has a number of implications for the future including the need for further research on NPs and CNMs experiences providing early abortion care in other regions of the US, and to remove state legislative and regulations that constrain practice for clinicians in this area of reproductive health care.


With the ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19, a question is whether the coming summer in the northern hemisphere will reduce the transmission intensity of COVID-19 with increased humidity and temperature. In this paper, we investigate this problem using the data from the cases with symptom-onset dates from January 19 to February 10, 2020 for 100 Chinese cities, and cases with confirmed dates from March 15 to April 25 for 1,005 U.S. counties. Statistical analysis is performed to assess the relationship between the transmissibility of COVID-19 and the temperature/humidity, by controlling for various demographic, socio-economic, geographic, healthcare and policy factors and correcting for cross-sectional correlation. We find a similar influence of the temperature and relative humidity on effective reproductive number (R values) of COVID-19 for both China and the U.S. before lockdown in both countries: one-degree Celsius increase in temperature reduces R value by about 0.023 (0.026 (95% CI [-0.0395,-0.0125]) in China and 0.020 (95% CI [-0.0311, -0.0096]) in the U.S.), and one percent relative humidity rise reduces R value by 0.0078 (0.0076 (95% CI [-0.0108,-0.0045]) in China and 0.0080 (95% CI [-0.0150,-0.0010]) in the U.S.). If assuming a 30 degree and 25 percent increase in temperature and relative humidity from winter to summer in the northern hemisphere, we expect the R values to decline about 0.89 (0.69 by temperature and 0.20 by humidity). Moreover, after the lockdowns in China and the U.S., temperature and relative humidity still play an important role in reducing the R values but to a less extent. Given the notion that the non-intervened R values are around 2.5 to 3, only weather factors cannot make the R values below their critical condition of R<1, under which the epidemic diminishes gradually. Therefore, public health intervention such as social distancing is crucial to block the transmission of COVID-19 even in summer.


An iterative method for the reconstruction of optical properties of a low-scattering object, which uses a Monte-Carlo-based forward model, is developed. A quick way to construct and update the Jacobian needed to reconstruct a discretized object, based on the perturbation Monte-Carlo (PMC) approach, is demonstrated. The projection data is handled either one view at a time, using a propagation-backpropagation (PBP) strategy where the dimension of the inverse problem and consequently the computation time are smaller, or, when this approach failed, using all the views simultaneously with a full dataset. The main observations and results are as follows. 1. Whereas the PMC gives an accurate and quick method for constructing the Jacobian the same, when adapted to update the computed projection data, the data are not accurate enough for use in the iterative reconstruction procedure leading to convergence. 2. The a priori assumption of the location of inhomogeneities in the object reduces the dimension of the problem, leading to faster convergence in all the cases considered, such as an object with multiple inhomogeneities and data handled one view at a time (i.e., the PBP approach). 3. On the other hand, without a priori knowledge of the location of inhomogeneities, the problem was too ill posed for the PBP approach to converge to meaningful reconstructions when both absorption and scattering coefficients are considered as unknowns. Finally, to bring out the effectiveness of this method for reconstructing low-scattering objects, we apply a diffusion equation-based algorithm on a dataset from one of the low-scattering objects and show that it fails to reconstruct object inhomogeneities.


Stand-up paddleboard (SUP) surfing is a hybrid of stand-up paddling and surfing (wave riding), which may require similar physical development as competitive surfers. Strength, power, coordination, flexibility, dynamic balance, and muscular endurance are some physical qualities surfers need to perform manoeuvres with speed, power, and flow in the most critical section of the wave with control to achieve higher judging scores (1, 2). Although judging criteria are similar, the variations between the two sports are the sizes of the surfboard and paddling style. In order to generate paddling speed to catch a wave, SUP surfers initiate paddling while standing on the surfboard with a six-foot paddle, whereas wave riding surfers paddle in a prone lying position then pop up to stand on their surfboard. There are limited scientific investigations of the competitive sport of surfing and there is negligible research into the physical profiles of SUP surfers. Since 2009, SUP has become the fastest growing paddle sport in Northern America (3). Stand-up paddleboard surfers from 15 different nations participate in six major Stand-up World Tour events held in six countries to claim the World Champion of SUP (2). SUP is emerging rapidly and the pressure to win the World Stand-up Paddleboard Tour will require SUP surfers to increase their physical qualities to keep up with the levels of competition. Sheppard et al. (5) compared sprint performance of faster and slower competitive surfers and reported that faster surfers possessed greater relative upper body strength. Surfers with greater relative pull-up strength demonstrated faster 5m, 10m, and 15m sprint paddling time compared to slower competitive surfers. This suggests that strength plays an important role and contributes to sprint paddling. The ability to sprint paddle faster than the opposition will give the athlete an advantage to select the desired wave. Therefore assessment of this skill may be of significant value for the athlete in order to verify training and progression. Furthermore, lower body strength and explosive power can be assumed to be crucial for wave riding performance, as it has been shown to be in surfing (6). For example, the speed generated from the take-off into the bottom turn will require the athlete to compress at a considerable speed and then rapidly produce force to set up the surfer to perform a high and tight top turn. This single case study reports the physical profiles of an elite SUP surfer to assist strength coaches monitor and tailor individual strength training programs for the athlete then evaluate training adaptations.


Abstract Objective: To compare the dietary habits of children living in northern villages and in the capital of Greenland, given the reported transition from traditional to westernised diet in adults over recent decades, and to explore the association between consumption of marine mammals and fish (MMF) and the children's metabolic profile and vitamin D status. Design: Children answered an FFQ encompassing sixty-four individual food types pooled into six food categories. Their pubertal stage, body fat, fitness level, metabolic profile (non-HDL-cholesterol, glycated Hb, insulin, glucose, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein) as well as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration were evaluated. Setting: Siorapaluk and Qaanaaq (north of Greenland) and Nuuk (west). Participants: Children aged 6–18 years (n 177). Results: MMF were most frequently eaten by children from Siorapaluk (mean (sd): 73·4 (14·1) times/month), followed by children from Qaanaaq (37·0 (25·0) times/month), and least often eaten by children from Nuuk (23·7 (24·6) times/month; P < 0·001). Children from Qaanaaq consumed 'junk food' more frequently (P < 0·001) and fruits and vegetables less frequently (P < 0·01) than children from Nuuk. MMF consumption was positively associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration (P < 0·05), but the overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was high (18 %). No association was found between MMF consumption and metabolic parameters. Conclusions: The dietary transition and influence of western diets have spread to the north of Greenland and only the most remote place consumed a traditional diet highly based on MMF. We found no strong associations of MMF consumption with metabolic health, but a positive association with vitamin D status.


Subthreshold stimulation without capture reduces the stimulation threshold and changes the action potential of subsequent suprathreshold stimulation (Wedensky modulation). To investigate this phenomenon after transthoracic subthreshold stimulation, 2 ms pulse of 5-40 mA between surface precordial and subscapular patches were delivered synchronously with or 20 ms after R wave detection. A total of 60 to 200 subthreshold stimulated QRS complexes were averaged and compared with averaged non-stimulated complexes recorded during the same experimental session. Vector magnitude wavelet decompositions (53 scales of central frequencies 40-250 Hz) were obtained for both stimulated and non-stimulated complexes and their difference characterized the Wedensky modulation numerically. The surface area of the 3D envelope of the wavelet residuum was measured and was statistically compared in the VT pts and healthy controls. The test was performed in 47 pts with EP inducible VT (aged 63/spl plusmn/13 yrs, 83% male) and in 3D healthy controls (aged 44/spl plusmn/16 yrs, 60% male). The residuum showed an increase in the spectral power of the stimulated complex that was significantly more marked in healthy volunteers (p<0.01) than in VT patients. The study demonstrated that: (1) wavelet decomposition of signal averaged ECG is a suitable tool to analyze Wedensky modulation, (2) Wedensky modulation in the late QRS complex is short, and (3) that VT patients are less sensitive to the Wedensky modulation especially at very low subthreshold energies.


Abstract In this paper the authors review various applications of analysing fabric in granites from Indian cratons using anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS). First the general importance of AMS in identifying the internal fabric in massive granitoids devoid of visible foliations/lineations is highlighted. Subsequently, three important applications of AMS in granitoids are discussed. (a) The case of Godhra Granite (southern parts of the Aravalli Mountain Belt) is presented as an example of the robustness of AMS in working out the time relationship between emplacement/fabric development and regional deformation by integrating field, microstructural and magnetic data. (b) AMS orientation data from Chakradharpur Granitoid (eastern India) are compared with field-based information from the vicinity of the Singhbhum Shear Zone to highlight the use of AMS in kinematic analysis and vorticity quantification of syntectonic granitoids. (c) Magnetic fabric orientations from the Mulgund Granite (Dharwar Craton) are presented to document the application of AMS in recognizing superposed deformation in granitoids. Moreover, AMS data from Mulgund Granite are also compared with data from another pluton of similar age (c. 2.5 Ga) from the Dharwar Craton (Koppal Granitoid; syenitic composition). This highlights the use of AMS from granitoids of similar absolute ages in constraining the age of regional superposed deformation.


This paper traces the development and distribution of museums and public monuments in one province of China during the twentieth century, with special emphasis on the cultural policies of the post––Mao reform
 era. By considering the museum and monument (i.e., artifacts, historically significant geographic features, and the physical representation of historical experience) as among the most tangible aspects of historical capital, it is
demonstrated how region, province, and nation are involved with public and
private interests in an ongoing dialogue over what types of history are to be
represented, and in what context. This evidence suggests that while the
state may impose its own historical interpretation in key areas, most public
history is sponsored and managed by provincial, regional, and even commercial interests which represent the immediate interest first, leaving the
connection with the nation to develop on its own tenuous ground. Regional
historical representation, therefore, demonstrated that "national history" is
not the sum of its parts, and that the "making" of public history occurs at
multiple levels of bureaucracy, and through many levels of patronage.


Teeth undergo postnatal organogenesis relatively late in life and only complete full maturation a few years after the crown first erupts in the oral cavity. At this stage, development can be arrested if the tooth organ is damaged by either trauma or caries. Regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are a treatment alternative to conventional root canal treatment for immature teeth. These procedures rely on the transfer of apically positioned stem cells, including stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP), into the root canal system. Although clinical success has been reported for these procedures, the predictability of expected outcomes and the organization of the newly formed tissues are affected by the lack of an available suitable scaffold that mimics the complexity of the dental pulp extracellular matrix (ECM). In this study, we evaluated 3 methods of decellularization of human dental pulp to be used as a potential autograft scaffold. Tooth slices of human healthy extracted third molars were decellularized by 3 different methods. One of the methods generated the maximum observed decellularization with minimal impact on the ECM composition and organization. Furthermore, recellularization of the scaffold supported the proliferation of SCAP throughout the scaffold with differentiation into odontoblast-like cells near the dentinal walls. Thus, this study reports that human dental pulp from healthy extracted teeth can be successfully decellularized, and the resulting scaffold supports the proliferation and differentiation of SCAP. The future application of this form of an autograft in REPs can fulfill a yet unmet need for a suitable scaffold, potentially improving clinical outcomes and ultimately promoting the survival and function of teeth with otherwise poor prognosis.


Liver ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis are essential metabolic functions in ruminants. These metabolic processes are more intensive in ruminants than other mammals, especially on grazing ruminants or those supplemented with nitrogen because they absorb large amount of the ammonia produced in the rumen and only small amounts of the intestinal glucose. Diets based on the use of forages with a high content of crude protein, rapidly degradable in the rumen, or the supplementation with non-protein nitrogen, increases the ruminal production of ammonia. The excess of ammonia is absorbed and metabolized to urea by the liver. The production of large amounts of ammonia in the rumen and its subsequent absorption can exceed the liver capacity to metabolize urea causing an overcharge in the urea cycle, demanding a large amount of α-ketoglutarate and oxalacetate to produce glutamate and aspartate. Under this condition the gluconeogenic capacity of the organism is altered because these metabolites are also required in the Krebs cycle and gluconeogenesis. The relationships between liver ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis in ruminants fed a high content of nitrogen are reviewed.


This study proposes a novel automated method for cardiomegaly detection in chest X-rays (CXRs). The algo- rithm has two main stages: i) heart and lung region localization on CXRs, and ii) radiographic index extraction from the heart and lung boundaries. We employed a lung detection algorithm and extended it to automatically compute the heart boundaries. The typical models of heart and lung regions are learned using a public CXR dataset with boundary markings. The method estimates the location of these regions in candidate ('patient') CXR images by registering models to the patient CXR. For the radiographic index computation, we implemented the traditional and recently published indexes in the literature. The method is tested on a database with 250 abnormal, and 250 normal CXRs. The radiographic indexes are combined through a classifier, and the method successfully classifies the patients with cardiomegaly with a 0:77 accuracy, 0:77 sensitivity and 0:76 specificity.


Based on the assumption that the formal diversity of gestures indicates their potential information content, we developed a method that focuses on the analysis of physiological and kinetic aspects of hand gestures. A form-based transcription with the Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages (HamNoSys, Prillwitz et al. 1989) constitutes the basis for the calculation of a measure of the formal diversity of hand gestures. We validated our method in a study with healthy persons, who retold the same short video clips first verbally and then without speaking. The silent condition was expected to elicit higher formal diversity of hand gestures since they have to transmit information without support from language (Goldin-Meadow et al. 1996). Results were in line with our expectations. We conclude that the determination of the formal diversity of hand gestures is an adequate method for gesture analysis which is especially suitable for analysing the gestures of persons with language disorders.


Interactions between biodiversity loss and climate change present significant challenges for research, policy and management of ecosystems. Evidence suggests that high species diversity tends to increase plant community stability under interannual climate fluctuations and mild dry and wet events, but the overall pattern of diversity–stability relationships under climate extremes is unclear. We comprehensively review results from observational and experimental studies to assess the importance of diversity effects for ecosystem function under climate extremes. Both the broad literature review and a meta‐analysis focused on the effects of extreme precipitation events on above‐ground biomass reveal no significant interaction between species richness and climate extremes. Causes for variation in diversity effects under climate extremes are explored, from stress thresholds to biotic interactions and community assembly, and we consider how these may modulate the outcomes of biodiversity–stability relationships. We also examine how specific characteristics of climate extremes and timing of measurements may interact with mechanisms of diversity–stability relationships. Synthesis. Hypotheses tailored to the complexity of diversity effects, the implementation of standardised experiments and the use of trait‐based biodiversity measures rather than species richness should lead to better causal understanding of whether and how biodiversity may protect ecosystems from adverse effects of climate extremes.


Since the end of the last century, Cu damascene integration scheme has been the favoured choice for advanced interconnect technologies. Indeed, due to the lowest Cu bulk resistivity and to it higher resistance to electromigration, performances enhancement with respect to Al have been obtained. Nevertheless, dimensional scaling considerably reduces these performances. At line width below 150nm, grain size is usually measured around line dimension and thus decreases with down scaling. Moreover, columnar grain morphology perpendicular to line sidewall is frequently observed. This results in a large increase of Cu resistivity and in degradation of resistance to electromigration. Optimization of Cu microstructure in damascene architecture is then required. This is the topic of this work. Direct measurements of microstructure through electron microscopy (TEM, EBSD) and X ray diffraction methods are performed. Indirect measurement of grain size evolutions via resistivity characterization is done. Complementary grain growth simulations are performed using vertex method. It is observed that, depending on line dimension, anneal conditions and electrolyte, different type of microstructures are achieved. As expected, certainly due grain boundary pinning on sidewall, for long time anneal, a stable situation is reached. We evidence that Cu line microstructure results from an interaction between grain growth inside the trenches and grain growth in the Cu overburden. On one hand, for the larger lines, the grain size is directly related to the grain growth in the overburden, on the other hand, for the narrowest lines, interfaces limit the impact of this layer on the inline grain growth. A quantitative measurement of overburden microstructure extension in trenches is reported. It could be used to optimize the in-line microstructure with respect to resistivity and electromigration resistance. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.


ERK can promote cell proliferation through a mechanism independent of its catalytic activity. The extracellular signal–regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK MAPKs) transduce extracellular stimuli to regulate such processes as cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. ERKs can promote cell proliferation through various mechanisms, some of which are mediated though the phosphorylation and inactivation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and the consequent release of E2F transcription factors. For instance, ERK activation leads to its translocation to the nucleus, where its phosphorylation of transcription factors leads to the production of cyclin D, which forms complexes with cyclin-dependent kinases to phosphorylate Rb. A fraction of nuclear ERK binds to lamin A, a nuclear protein to which Rb binds, at the same region through which lamin A binds Rb, leading Rodríguez et al. to investigate the effects of mitogenic stimulation on Rb association with lamin A. Stimulation of quiescent NIH3T3 cells with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) elicited redistribution of Rb from an extraction-resistant nuclear fraction (ERNF, associated mainly with the nucleoskeleton and nuclear envelope) to a soluble fraction, which occurred concomitantly with ERK2 association with the ERNF and was prevented by blocking ERK activation. PDGF decreased coimmunoprecipitation of Rb with lamin A, increased coimmunoprecipitation of lamin A with ERK2, and elicited the appearance of phosphorylated Rb. Analyses of nuclear-localized ERK2 mutants indicated that Rb displacement from lamin A did not depend on ERK phosphorylation or its kinase activity but required the region responsible for binding to lamin A. Moreover, in vitro analyses confirmed that ERK2 directly displaced Rb from lamin A. Nuclear-localized ERK constructs induced the cyclin A-, D-, and E-independent appearance of phosphorylated Rb in the soluble nuclear fraction, and experiments in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) indicated that these constructs stimulated E2F-dependent transcription through a mechanism that depended on Rb inactivation. Indeed, nuclear-localized ERK promoted MEF entry into the cell cycle, an effect that depended on both Rb and lamin A. Intriguingly, cotransfection of lamin A antagonized the ability of nuclear ERK2 to enhance v-Src–mediated NIH3T3 cell transformation, and stable overexpression of lamin A in a line of breast cancer cells led to increased association of Rb with lamin A, decreased Rb phosphorylation, and decreased rates of proliferation. Thus, ERK can promote cell proliferation through a mechanism independent of its catalytic activity. J. Rodríguez, F. Calvo, J. M. González, B. Casar, V. Andrés, P. Crespo, ERK1/2 MAP kinases promote cell cycle entry by rapid, kinase-independent disruption of retinoblastoma–lamin A complexes. J. Cell Biol. 191, 967–979 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The neural mechanisms that support working memory (WM) depend on persistent neural activity. Within topographically organized maps of space in dorsal parietal cortex, spatially selective neural activity persists during WM for location. However, to date, the necessity of these topographic subregions of human parietal cortex for WM remains unknown. To test the causal relationship of these areas to WM, we compared the performance of patients with lesions to topographically organized parietal cortex with those of controls on a memory-guided saccade (MGS) task as well as a visually guided saccade (VGS) task. The MGS task allowed us to measure WM precision continuously with great sensitivity, whereas the VGS task allowed us to control for any deficits in general spatial or visuomotor processing. Compared with controls, patients generated memory-guided saccades that were significantly slower and less accurate, whereas visually guided saccades were unaffected. These results provide key missing evidence for the causal role of topographic areas in human parietal cortex for WM, as well as the neural mechanisms supporting WM.


Mercury (Hg) is a redox-active trace metal that is viewed internationally as a priority pollutant. Research into Hg stable isotope biogeochemistry is rapidly providing new insight into the behavior of Hg. With the recent discovery that Hg can exhibit both mass-dependent (MDF) and mass-independent fractionation (MIF) (range of >6‰ for both), Hg isotopes are providing a valuable new tool for tracing this important toxin through the environment. MDF alone, which occurs during redox transformations, biological cycling, and volatilization of Hg, can be exploited to increase understanding of the processes that control Hg distribution and bioaccumulation. The addition of MIF signatures greatly increases the usefulness of Hg isotopes because MIF provides a unique fingerprint of specific chemical pathways, such as photochemical reduction.


Amidst recent policy discussions about the health care safety net there has been relatively little information about whether the actual site of care affects care quality. We therefore used National Health Interview Survey data to describe low-income adults seeking primary care at different types of sites and the quality of access and preventive care at these sites. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and illness burden, hospital-outpatient- department patients were more likely to receive vaccinations for influenza (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–1.6) and pneumococcus (AOR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.8) than were those at clinics or health centers. Hospital-clinic patients were more likely to report delays in care due to office administrative difficulties (AOR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1–1.7) and more likely to have more than one emergency room visit (AOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5–2.3). Physicians' office or HMO patients were less likely to report administrative delays in care than those at clinics or health centers, but there were no other differences in quality between these two site types. Policymakers and health care services analysts and providers must monitor quality as they decide how best to deliver care to vulnerable populations.


Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) grown on bulk copper substrate are of great importance for real-life commercial applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as thermal interface materials in microelectronic packaging. However, their reproducible syntheses have been a great challenge so far. In this study, by introducing a well-controlled conformal Al2O3 support layer on the bulk copper substrate by atomic layer deposition, we reproducibly synthesized VACNTs of good alignment and high quality on the copper substrate. The alignment and the quality were characterized by scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and Raman spectroscopy. The key roles of the conformal Al2O3 support layer by atomic layer deposition are discussed. This progress may provide a real-life VACNT application for thermal management.


Education reformers and policymakers argue that improved students' learning requires stronger academic standards, stiffer state tests, and accountability for students' scores. Yet these efforts seem not to be succeeding in many states. The authors of this important book argue that effective state reform depends on conditions which most reforms ignore: coherence in practice as well as policy and opportunities for professional learning. The book draws on a decade's detailed study of California's ambitious and controversial program to improve mathematics teaching and learning. Researchers David Cohen and Heather Hill report that state policy influenced teaching and learning when there was consistency among the tests and other policy instruments; when there was consistency among the curricula and other instruments of classroom practice; and when teachers had substantial opportunities to learn the practices proposed by the policy. These conditions were met for a minority of elementary school teachers in California. When the conditions were met for teachers, students had higher scores on state math tests. The book also shows that, for most teachers, the reform ended with consistency in state policy. They did not have access to consistent instruments of classroom practice, nor did they have opportunities to learn the new practices which state policymakers proposed. In these cases, neither teachers nor their students benefited from the state reform. This book offers insights into the ways policy and practice can be linked in successful educational reform and shows why such linkage has been difficult to achieve. It offers useful advice for practitioners and policymakers seeking to improve education, and to analysts seeking to understand it.


This Article examines the No Electronic Theft Act (the Act or the NET Act). The Act represents a significant change to copyright law because it subtly shifts the paradigm underlying criminal copyright infringement. For 100 years, criminal infringement punished infringers who derived a commercial benefit based on someone else's copyrighted work. However, through the Act, Congress adopted a paradigm that criminal copyright infringement is like physical-space theft, specifically shoplifting. As a result, the Act significantly extends the boundaries of criminal copyright infringement. Despite the extended criminal boundaries, a review of the post-passage developments suggests that the Act has been unexpectedly ineffective. To fully understand why, this Article focuses on a group of infringers known as warez traders. While Congress did not specifically reference warez trading in the Act, warez traders were its prime target. Yet, Congress did not fully understand this sociological group or their motivations, resulting in a law poorly tailored to conforming their behavior. But in drafting a broad law to cover warez trading, the Act overstates the harm experienced by copyright owners. This expansive standard for harm covers activities necessary to function in a digital society, unnecessarily turning too many average Americans into criminals. Corrective legislation is required to more precisely distinguish between truly culpable behavior and socially beneficial conduct.


MIPAS is a midinfrared Fourier Transform spectrometer that sounded the atmospheric emission at limb onboard the ENVISAT satellite. It was launched on 31 March 2002 in a sun-synchronous polar orbit of about 800 km altitude and operated until 8 April 2012. The limb scanning sequence observed by the instrument is made of spectra that sound the atmosphere at different tangent altitudes (the tangent altitude is the minimum altitude reached by the line of sight and is also the altitude from where most of the observed signal originates). The inversion of the measurements allows the determination of the vertical profiles of the atmospheric quantities of interest in the range of the tangent altitudes covered by the limb scanning sequence, which is 6-70 km for the nominal measurement mode. […]


The purpose of this study was to compare the achievement mean test scores in Technical Drawing of students enrolled for the NCE (Technical) program at the College of Science and Technology, Kaduna polytechnic, Kaduna, Nigeria. Test score means were compared between direct and remedial (preparatory) entry students and secondly among type of high school attended. Data were collected directly from students' permanent records. Two major hypotheses with three sub-hypotheses for each were tested. The first major hypothesis compared direct and remedial entry students. The second major hypothesis compared among three types of high schools attended. The One Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The Duncan Multiple Comparison Test was also applied on the second major hypothesis. Both hypotheses I and II were retained at the .05 level of significance. However, hypothesis I was rejected at the .01 level of significance because the remedial entry students were found to have higher mean test scores than the direct entry students. Findings for hypothesis II indicated no significant difference among type of high school attended. It was recommended that selection for admissions for both the remedial and direct enrollments should not be based only on type of high school attended or type of subjects taken; data collected for remediation should bear directly on individuals' academic problems; and aptitude tests should be conducted in addition to transcripts currently demanded.


A new transparent Tm3+-doped ZrF4-based nanocrystallized glass with the composition of 55ZrF4-20BaF2-18.8YF3-5AlF5-1.2TmF3 (mol%) (ZBYA) has been prepared by a conventional melting quenching technique and the subsequent heat treatment processes. The glass characteristic temperatures, the apparent activation energy, and the Avrami parameter for crystallization are estimated on the basis of different scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sizes of grown nanocrystals in the glass matrix appear to be 30-36.5 nm and it is studied as a function of the nucleation temperature, also the peak intensity of the nanocrystalline is studied as a function of the nucleation temperature from the X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement. The microhardness measurement shows that the Vickers microhardness (Hv) values of the heat-treated glass samples are larger than that of the based glass about 17.26%-42.04%.


BACKGROUND
Migraine is a common, disabling condition and a burden for the individual, health services, and society. Many sufferers choose not to, or are unable to, seek professional help and rely on over-the-counter analgesics. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID); its efficacy in acute migraine has not been established by systematic reviews. Co-therapy with an antiemetic should help to reduce the nausea and vomiting commonly associated with migraine headaches.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy and tolerability of naproxen, alone or in combination with an antiemetic, compared with placebo and other active interventions in the treatment of acute migraine headaches in adults.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) on The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Oxford Pain Relief Database, together with two online databases (www.gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com and www.clinicaltrials.gov) and reference lists, for studies to 22 May 2013.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised, double-blind, placebo- or active-controlled studies, with at least 10 participants per treatment arm, using naproxen alone or with an antiemetic to treat a migraine headache episode.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We used numbers of participants achieving each outcome to calculate risk ratios and numbers needed to treat (NNT) or harm (NNH) compared with placebo or a different active treatment.

MAIN RESULTS
We included six studies using naproxen 275 mg, 500 mg, or 825 mg to treat attacks of moderate or severe pain intensity. Overall, 1241 participants took naproxen (275 mg to 825 mg), 229 took sumatriptan 50 mg, 173 took naratriptan 2.5 mg, and 1092 took placebo. No studies combined naproxen with an antiemetic. Studies using naproxen 275 mg provided no useable data for analysis.Naproxen (500 mg and 825 mg) was better than placebo for pain-free response and headache relief. At two hours, the NNT for pain-free response was 11 (17% response with naproxen, 8% with placebo; risk ratio 2.0 (95% CI 1.6 to 2.6), moderate quality) and for headache relief was 6.0 (45% response with naproxen, 29% with placebo; risk ratio 1.6 (1.4 to 1.8), moderate quality). The NNT for sustained pain-free response during the 24 hours post dose was 19 (12% response with naproxen, 6.7% with placebo), and for sustained headache relief during the 24 hours post dose was 8.3 (30% response with naproxen, 18% with placebo). Analysing only the lower dose of 500 mg of naproxen did not significantly change the results. Adverse events, which were mostly mild or moderate in severity and rarely led to withdrawal, were more common with naproxen than with placebo when the 500 mg and 825 mg doses were considered together, but not when the 500 mg dose was analysed alone.There were insufficient data for analysis of naproxen compared with sumatriptan, and no data suitable for analysis of naproxen compared with naratriptan.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Naproxen is statistically superior to placebo in the treatment of acute migraine, but the NNT of 11 for pain-free response at two hours suggests that it is not a clinically useful treatment. Cochrane reviews examining other commonly used analgesics for acute migraine have reported better (lower) NNT results for the same outcome. Naproxen is not clinically useful as a stand-alone analgesic in acute migraine, as it is effective in fewer than 2 people in 10.


This Essay was prepared for a panel on "The Role of History in the Federal Courts Canon" at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools. In many separation of powers debates, scholars excavate the practices and constitutional interpretations of Congress and the executive branch in order to discern the scope of various constitutional provisions. I argue that similar attention to political branch practice is warranted in the Article III context. That is true, in large part because much of the constitutional history of the federal courts has been written not by the federal judiciary, but by the legislative and executive branches. To illustrate this point, this Essay focuses on the Exceptions Clause of Article III. The Supreme Court has said little about the meaning of this provision, leaving the legislative and executive branches largely on their own in defining the scope of the "exceptions power." The debates over this provision shed light not only on how the political branches have construed Article III but also on how the political branches approach constitutional interpretation more generally. This Essay concludes by raising questions about whether, or the extent to which, the practices and constitutional interpretations of the political branches should inform the way in which the judiciary interprets Article III.


The Internet has become an indispensable resource for today's society. It is at the center of the today's business, entertainment, and social world. However, the core of our identities on the Internet, the IP addresses that are used to send and receive data throughout the Internet, are insecure. Attackers today are able to send data purporting to be from nearly any location (IP spoofing) and to reroute data destined for victims to the attackers themselves (IP prefix hijacking). Victims of these attacks may experience denial of service, misplaced blame, and theft of their traffic. These attacks are of the utmost importance since they affect the core layer of the Internet. Although the mechanisms of the attacks are different, they are essentially different sides of the same coin; spoofing attacks forge the identity of the sender, while hijacking attacks forge the identity of the receiver. They revolve around the same underlying lack of a secure identity on the Internet. This research reviews the existing state of the art IP spoofing and IP prefix hijacking research and proposes new defenses to close the missing gaps and provide a new level of security to our identities on the Internet.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grants No. CNS-0520326 and CNS-1118101. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
This dissertation includes both previously published/unpublished and co-authored material.


Rapidly increasing energy demand from the industrial and commercial sector, especially in the current climate of high oil prices, steadily reducing energy sources and at the same time increased concerns about environmental changes, have caused fast development of Distributed Power Generation Systems (DPGS) based on renewable energy. A recent concept is to group DPGS and the associated loads to a common local area forming a small power system called a microgrid. This small autonomous system formed by DPGS can offer increased reliability and effciency of future power system networks. Furthermore, the improvement of the control capabilities and operational features of microgrids brings environmental and economic benefits. The introduction of microgrids improves power quality, reduces transmission line congestion, decreases emission and energy losses, and effectively facilitates the utilisation of renewable energy resources. As a consequence of the fast expanding DPGS based on renewable energy sources, Transmission System Operators (TSO) have issued strict interconnection requirements (grid code compliance), e.g., on power quality control, reactive power control, fault ride-through etc. Among these different requirements issued by the grid operators, power quality have recently gained a lot of attention due to excessive non-linear and unbalanced loads over-stressing the power systems and causing system failure. As nonlinear and/or unbalanced loads can represent a high proportion of the total load in small-scale systems, the problem with power quality is a particular concern in microgrids. In this work, different control strategies are proposed and implemented for the grid and microgrid connected voltage-source inverters (VSI), based on H^inf and repetitive control techniques. The repetitive control, which is regarded as a simple learning control method, offers very good performance for voltage and current tracking as it can deal with a very large number of harmonics simultaneously. This leads to a very low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the output voltage and/or the current even in the presence of nonlinear loads and/or grid distortions. Initially, a voltage controller proposed in the literature for microgrid applications is further developed and experimentally tested. The aim is to improve power quality and tracking performance, while considerably reducing the complexity of the controller design. The model of the plant is reduced for single-input-single-output (SISO) repetitive control design. As a consequence, the design becomes much simpler and the stability evaluation easier. Moreover, a frequency adaptive mechanism is proposed so that the controller can cope with grid frequency variations in the grid-connected mode. This mechanism allows the controller to maintain very good tracking performance over a wide range of grid frequencies. Then, a H^inf repetitive control strategy for the inverter current is proposed and validated with experiments. As a result, the power quality and tracking performance are considerably improved. In order to demonstrate the improvements, the proposed controller is compared with the traditional proportional-resonant (PR), proportional- integral (PI) and predictive deadbeat (DB) controllers. Finally, the advantages of the proposed voltage and current controllers based on H^inf and repetitive control techniques are put together for consideration in microgrid applications and experimentally tested. The proposed cascaded current-voltage control strategy is not a simple combination of the two control strategies, but a complete re-design after realising that the inverter LCL filter can be split into two separate partsfor the design of the controllers. As a consequence, the cascaded controller is able to maintain low THD in both the microgrid voltage and the current following into/from the grid at the same time. It also enables seamless transfer of the operation mode from standalone to grid-connected or vice versa. It turns out that the voltage controller can be reduced to a proportional gain cascaded with the internal model (in a re-arranged form), which can be easily implemented in real applications. Experiments under different scenarios (e.g. in the standalone mode or in the grid-connected mode, with linear, nonlinear or unbalanced loads etc.) are presented to demonstrate the excellent performance of the controllers.


Shelley v. Kraemer, the 1948 decision that famously forbade state courts from enforcing racially restrictive covenants, has proven to be immensely difficult to justify. Under Shelley's attribution rationale, a contract's substantive provisions are to be attributed to the state when a court enforces the contract. Thus although Shelley ruled that racially restrictive covenants themselves were perfectly legal, it held that judicial enforcement of the covenants constituted state action that violated the Equal Protection Clause. Shelley's attribution rationale meant that courts could not enforce contracts with provisions that could not have been constitutionally enacted by a legislature. This Article shows, however, that neither the Supreme Court nor lower courts have followed Shelley's rationale. For instance, courts regularly enforce settlement agreements that limit the settling parties' speech despite the fact that statutory limitations on the identical speech would be unconstitutional. Indeed, the Court has eschewed Shelley's approach even in virtually indistinguishable contexts of racial discrimination. After showing that neither courts nor scholars have yet provided a satisfactory alternative rationale for Shelley's holding that can make sense of the post-Shelley case law, this Article offers a wholly new explanation. Whereas courts and scholars to date have understood Shelley as a constitutional decision based on the Fourteenth Amendment, this Article argues that Shelley is best grounded in federal statutory law enacted under the Thirteenth Amendment - the only constitutional provision that applies directly to individuals and hence does not require there to be state action. An early Supreme Court decision held that Section 2 of the Thirteenth Amendment grants Congress the power to regulate so as to abolish the incidents of slavery, which, the Court explained, encompasses disabilit[ies] to hold property [or] to make contracts. Racially restrictive covenants implicate both of these and hence could have been regulated by Congress under its Section 2 powers. Even absent Section 2 legislation, the Shelley Court could have relied on Section 2 itself to proscribe the restrictive covenants as a matter of federal common law, akin to dormant commerce clause doctrine. This was not necessary, however, because Congress had enacted two statutes under its Section 2 powers whose language readily reached - and proscribed - racially restrictive covenants. The Article establishes that these statutes were known to the Shelley Court, and tries to explain why the Court shunned them as a basis for its holding. The Article then explains several benefits of presently reconceptualizing Shelley as a Thirteenth Amendment-based decision. The Thirteenth Amendment, unlike the Fourteenth, applies to individuals, and hence provides a basis for declaring the racially restrictive covenants themselves to be illegal, not just their enforcement, thereby solving a long-standing embarrassment of Shelley's analysis: the case's conclusion that racially restrictive covenants themselves were perfectly legal. The Thirteenth Amendment also provides a basis for rationalizing the post-Shelley case law. Further, the Article's suggested approach has important institutional implications: whereas Shelley allocated the duty to police restrictive covenants solely to courts, the Article's Thirteenth Amendment approach invites Congress and the President to jointly determine the sorts of covenants (or other matters) that qualify as incidents or badges of slavery. Finally, Shelley helped solidify a constitutional culture that largely overlooks the Thirteenth Amendment and instead relies primarily on the Fourteenth Amendment's due process and equal protection clauses. Reorienting Shelley in the manner advocated here accordingly may help revive largely dormant Thirteenth Amendment principles.