Recent advances in electronic hardware have been a boon to users of the devices but have made engineering systems that contain new components more difficult. The most challenging aspect of this is that more and more heat is created and at the same time there is always less space to handle the excess heat. This paper presents how Analysis Driven Design (ADD) can be used to quickly and accurately solve these problems with some discussions on approach followed by some specific case studies. The foundation of ADD for thermal problem solving is choosing the proper tools and developing methodologies for their proper application by applying the following process: 1) define the design questions, 2) determine the proper level of simulation, 3) choose the proper simulation tools, 4) develop a simulation plan, 5) carry out the simulation and 6) implement information from simulation. The tools chosen vary from hand calcs to complex spreadsheets to full-blown commercial Finite Element or Finite Difference packages. Another approach that is heavily relied upon is the use of parametric representations to allow for fast iterations and sensitivity studies. For parameterization of geometry, parametric CAD tools are used or the geometry is modeled in the analysis package using the parametric capabilities found within. In addition, the same parametric capability is used with scripting to parameterize loading, constraints and material properties. Some case study examples to be discussed include a cooling system designed for a telecommunication device. A coupled fluid/thermal analysis was run within a single package and parameterization was used to allow for quick and accurate design iterations. The resulting solution was then applied to the system and recent testing has shown it to be very successful. Another case study example: how transient thermal analysis was used to solve a cracking problem caused by repeated heating of a high power diode used in an optical communication package. This involved the coupling of thermal and structural simulation to minimize the stresses caused by the repeated cycling of the diode.


Debris accumulation on bridge piers is an on-going national problem that can obstruct the waterway openings at bridges and result in significant erosion of stream banks and scour at abutments and piers. In some cases, the accumulation of debris can adversely affect the operation of the waterway opening or cause failure of the structure. In addition, removal of debris accumulation is difficult, time consuming, and expensive for maintenance programs. This research involves a literature search of publications, products, and pier design recommendations that provide a cost effective method to mitigate debris accumulation at bridges. In addition, a nationwide survey was conducted to determine the state-of-the-practice and the results are presented within.


A two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions (MDFs) is a very useful model to describe low-energy electrons in monolayer graphene. Because the MDF current operator is directly proportional to the (sublattice) pseudospin operator, the MDF current-current response function, which describes the response to a vector potential, happens to coincide with the pseudospin-pseudospin response function. In this work, we present analytical results for the wave vector- and frequency-dependent longitudinal and transverse pseudospin-pseudospin response functions of noninteracting MDFs. The transverse response in the static limit is then used to calculate the noninteracting orbital magnetic susceptibility. These results are a starting point for the construction of approximate pseudospin-pseudospin response functions that would take into account electron-electron interactions (for example at the random-phase-approximation level). They also constitute a very useful input for future applications of current-density-functional theory to graphene sheets subjected to time and spatially varying vector potentials.


Researchers have long been interested in tutorial dialogues as they are considered to be one of the critical factors contributing to the effectiveness of human one-on-one tutoring. We discuss an evaluation study that investigates the effectiveness of adaptive tutorial dialogues in database design. EER-Tutor, a database design tutor was enhanced to facilitate adaptive tutorial dialogues. The control group participants received non-adaptive dialogues regardless of their knowledge level and explanation skills. The experimental group participants received adaptive dialogues that were customised based on their student models. The performance on pre- and post-tests indicated that the experimental group participants learned significantly more than their peers. The subjective responses indicated no difference in their impression towards the quality of the dialogues and the understandability of the questions. However there was clear evidence that the control group did not like having to go through the entire dialogue before resuming problem-solving.


This paper describes Rutgers Incident Management System (RIMS) software that is developed to evaluate the benefits of various incident management strategies and technologies. This tool can generate incidents and test various response strategies and technologies. South Jersey highway network is used as a test network due to the available historical incident data. The evaluated incident management strategies include the deployment of Variable Message Signs (VMS) to divert traffic during incidents and the use of Freeway Service Patrols (FSPs) for detecting and verifying incidents efficiently. The simulation-based evaluations also include the effect of cellular phone users in the network on the incident detection and verification times. The results show that the studied incident management strategies have positive impacts on reducing incident durations while being cost effective. More specifically, the deployment of VMS for diverting traffic in case of an incident results in a benefit cost ratio of 9.2:1; an additional service unit in freeway patrol results in reduced incident detection and verification time with a corresponding benefit-cost ratio of 3.9:1.


The aim of this study was to demonstrate the 10% threshold level for cherry leaf spot incidence on 23 commercial sweet cherry cultivars in two training systems. Twenty three cherry cultivars were evaluated in the two training systems with a spacing of 4 x 1 m and with a spacing of 2 x 5 m. Results showed that leaves of many cultivars were heavily infected, e.g. cultivars (cvs) 'Biggareau Burlat', 'Sunburst', while others showed low disease incidence e.g. cvs 'Celeste' and 'Blaze Star'. According to the 10 % threshold level, cv 'Celeste' proved to be the most resistant cultivar to leaf infection, while cv 'Münchebergi korai' exceeded extremely the 10% threshold level. Leaf spot incidence was affected by training system on most cultivars. Thirteen cultivars had less than 10% infection in the 4 x 1 m spacing (i.e. they did not reach the 10% disease threshold level). At the same time, only 3 cultivars showed less than 10% infection in the 5 x 2 m spacing.


Fetal liver progenitor cell suspensions (FLPC) and hepatic precursor cells derived from embryonic stem cells (ES-HPC) represent a potential source for liver cell therapy. However, the relative capacity of these cell types to engraft and repopulate a recipient liver compared with adult hepatocytes (HC) has not been comprehensively assessed. We transplanted mouse and human HC, FLPC, and ES-HPC into a new immunodeficient mouse strain (Alb-uPA(tg(+/-))Rag2(-/-)gamma(c)(-/-) mice) and estimated the percentages of HC after 3 months. Adult mouse HC repopulated approximately half of the liver mass (46.6 +/- 8.0%, 1 x 10(6) transplanted cells), whereas mouse FLPC derived from day 13.5 and 11.5 post conception embryos generated only 12.1 +/- 3.0% and 5.1 +/- 1.1%, respectively, of the recipient liver and smaller cell clusters. Adult human HC and FLPC generated overall less liver tissue than mouse cells and repopulated 10.0 +/- 3.9% and 2.7 +/- 1.1% of the recipient livers, respectively. Mouse and human ES-HPC did not generate HC clusters in our animal model. We conclude that, in contrast to expectations, adult HC of human and mouse origin generate liver tissue more efficiently than cells derived from fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells in a highly immunodeficient Alb-uPA transgenic mouse model system. These results have important implications in the context of selecting the optimal strategy for human liver cell therapies.


To justify high market prices does not require a radical departure from the traditional valuation model. Extraordinarily high market prices relative to current cash flow can be justified by the discounted cash flow model if both the assumptions of the combination of high supernormal growth rate of cash flows and the length of time supernormal growth rates persist remain unspecified and unquestioned. The model here can be used to analyze high market valuations in terms of the time supernormal growth must last to justify these prices at any given level of growth rate.


We present a precise, path-sensitive static analysis for reasoning about heap reachability, that is, whether an object can be reached from another variable or object via pointer dereferences. Precise reachability information is useful for a number of clients, including static detection of a class of Android memory leaks. For this client, we found the heap reachability information computed by a state-of-the-art points-to analysis was too imprecise, leading to numerous false-positive leak reports. Our analysis combines a symbolic execution capable of path-sensitivity and strong updates with abstract heap information computed by an initial flow-insensitive points-to analysis. This novel mixed representation allows us to achieve both precision and scalability by leveraging the pre-computed points-to facts to guide execution and prune infeasible paths. We have evaluated our techniques in the Thresher tool, which we used to find several developer-confirmed leaks in Android applications.


This report is a contribution to an assessment of the current status of agriculture in Cambodia, focusing on the linkages between agriculture and water, mainly in the form of irrigation. It seeks to view current government policies on agriculture and irrigation in the context of experiences on the ground, as communicated through the many field studies that cover varied aspects of performance in the agriculture sector and irrigation schemes. In an effort to identify future research areas, this review examines the status quo, and connects or disconnects with stated policy through a broad lens to capture strengths and challenges across crop production, irrigation management and post-harvest contexts. It places irrigation under scrutiny in terms of its value as a major area of government expenditure in recent years, and asks whether it presents the best potential for future gains in productivity, when compared with the prospects offered by investments in other aspects of agriculture. The fieldwork and review of current literature that form the basis of this report were undertaken at the request of, and partly funded by, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). It is also intended to contribute knowledge to the CGIAR Research Program on Aquatic Agricultural Systems (AAS) led by WorldFish, who co-funded the activities.


In this paper we describe a new orbiting algorithm, called SHOCam, which enables simple, safe and visually attractive control of a camera moving around 3D objects. Compared with existing methods, SHOCam provides a more consistent mapping between the user's interaction and the path of the camera by substantially reducing variability in both camera motion and look direction. Also, we present a new orbiting method that prevents the camera from penetrating object(s), making the visual feedback -- and with it the user experience -- more pleasing and also less error prone. Finally, we present new solutions for orbiting around multiple objects and multi-scale environments.


The identification of large numbers of human embryonic stem cell enhancers provides a useful tool to study cell fate and disease. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold great promise in regenerative medicine. Realizing this potential requires a thorough understanding of the genetic programs regulating their pluripotency and lineage commitment. Recent studies have generated a wealth of information regarding the transcriptional circuitry underlying self-renewal and lineage commitment of ES cells. Here we review these studies, focusing on a type of cis-regulatory sequences called enhancers and their potential roles in pluripotency and cell fate determination. We also discuss how such information can help ES cell research and regenerative medicine, together with the challenges to understand the functions and regulation of these elements.


While the legal systems of the United Kingdom and Germany differ in essential respects, the current process of 'constitutionalisation' is well recognised on both sides of the Channel. 'Constitutionalisation' manifests itself in the evolution of a constitution and the influence of existing constitutional principles on the ordinary law. Human rights law provides one of the best examples of this process, and the aim of this book is to provide a comparative UK-German perspective on recent developments. First, it addresses human rights questions which arise in both jurisdictions in a similar way such as the tension between liberty and security, absolute rights such as human dignity and the prohibition of torture, and the question how conflicts between human rights are to be resolved and conceptualised. A second theme considers the impact of human rights on different areas of law, in particular administrative law, criminal law, labour law and private law generally. Finally, a third theme focuses on the intersection of national, supra- and international human rights law, in particular after the entry into force of the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights. The book thus reveals convergent and divergent answers to similar problems, examines differences in the impact of human rights on the legal systems under consideration, and traces parallel and distinct debates over and sensitivities about human rights as well as sensitivities that arise in multi-layer situations in the UK and Germany.


An edge-colored graph is called rainbow if all the colors on its edges are distinct. Let ${\cal G}$ be a family of graphs. The anti-Ramsey number $AR(n,{\cal G})$ for ${\cal G}$, introduced by Erdős et al., is the maximum number of colors in an edge coloring of $K_n$ that has no rainbow copy of any graph in ${\cal G}$. In this paper, we determine the anti-Ramsey number $AR(n,\Omega_2)$, where $\Omega_2$ denotes the family of graphs that contain two independent cycles.


Background Well-established influenza surveillance systems (ISS) can be used for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) surveillance. In Portugal, RSV cases are detected through the ISS using the European Union (EU) influenza-like illness (ILI) case definition. Aim To investigate clinical predictors for RSV infection and how three case definitions (EU ILI, a modified EU acute respiratory infection, and one respiratory symptom) performed in detecting RSV infections in Portugal. Methods This observational retrospective study used epidemiological and laboratory surveillance data (October 2010–May 2018). Associations between clinical characteristics and RSV detection were analysed using logistic regression. Accuracy of case definitions was assessed through sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). A 0.05 significance level was accepted. Results The study involved 6,523 persons, including 190 (2.9%) RSV cases. Among 183 cases with age information, RSV infection was significantly more frequent among individuals < 5 years (n = 23; 12.6%) and ≥ 65 years (n = 45; 24.6%) compared with other age groups (p < 0.0001). Cough (odds ratio (OR): 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2–6.5) was the best RSV-infection predictor considering all age groups, while shortness of breath was particularly associated with RSV-positivity among ≤ 14 year olds (OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 2.6–17.4 for 0–4 year olds and OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 1.5–28.8 for 5–14 year olds). Systemic symptoms were significantly associated with RSV-negative and influenza-positive cases. None of the case definitions were suitable to detect RSV infections (AUC = 0.51). Conclusion To avoid underestimating the RSV disease burden, RSV surveillance within the Portuguese sentinel ISS would require a more sensitive case definition than ILI and, even a different case definition according to age.


Inductive learning methods, such as neural networks and decision trees, have become a popular approach to developing DNA sequence identification tools. Such methods attempt to form models of a collection of training data that can be used to predict future data accurately. The common approach to using such methods on DNA sequence identification problems forms models that depend on the {\em absolute locations} of nucleotides and assume {\em independence} of consecutive nucleotide locations. This paper describes a new class of learning methods, called {\em compression-based induction} (CBI), that is geared towards sequence learning problems such as those that arise when learning DNA sequences. The central idea is to use text compression techniques on DNA sequences as the means for generalizing <from sample sequences. The resulting methods form models that are based on the more important {\em relative locations} of nucleotides and on the {\em dependence} of consecutive locations. They also provide a suitable framework into which biological domain knowledge can be injected into the learning process. We present initial explorations of a range of CBI methods that demonstrate the potential of our methods for DNA sequence identification tasks.


In a recent essay in the Wall Street Journal, Professor Michael McConnell argues that Judge Andrew Hanen's February 2015 opinion and order blocking some of the Obama administration's recent executive actions on immigration should not be understood as questioning the executive branch's authority to exercise "prosecutorial discretion," but rather as questioning the extension of "affirmative benefits" to recipients of deferred action under those initiatives. According to Professor McConnell, Judge Hanen's opinion "carefully lays out the legal case against the program" and ultimately concludes that "prosecutorial discretion is limited to nonenforcement and doesn't entitle the executive branch to grant affirmative benefits such as work permits and welfare without statutory authority and notice-and-comment rule-making." Such "benefits," he asserts, have "never been part of prosecutorial discretion." On that basis, McConnell concludes that Judge Hanen "narrowly crafted [his] order not to touch on prosecutorial discretion" and that the decree therefore does not interfere with executive discretion to set enforcement priorities.In this essay, I critically assess these claims. McConnell is entirely correct that Judge Hanen at least professes to preserve the executive branch's ability to establish enforcement priorities and exercise prosecutorial discretion. And it is also true that Judge Hanen exhibits considerable ire over the prospect of "award[ing] … benefits to otherwise removable aliens." However, contrary to McConnell's suggestion, Judge Hanen's opinion is remarkably sweeping in its tenor and its potential significance. Ultimately, the ruling does not turn on any sort of distinction between the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, on the one hand, and the extension of "affirmative benefits," on the other.


Nowadays, dogs and cats are considered as a family member, and they demand food from their owners. Since pets consume food, they might contribute to the water and land footprint of humanity by the share of freshwater and land demand of pet food production and consumption.
This study shows that the global water and land footprint of pets are 193×106 m^3 and 280×106 m^2 in 2016. They contribute 2×10^-21 % and 2×10^-35 % to the total global annual average of water and land footprint of humanity with 9,087×1027 m^3 and 9,903×1010 m^2. In a global average, the large dog breeds are the most significant contributor with 39% and 35% respectively of the global water and land footprint of pets. The average of a large dog breed has much higher water and land footprint (703 m^3/year and 1,147 m^2/year) than a medium dog breed (416 m^3/year and 683 m^2/year), a small dog breed (231 m^3/year and 376 m^2/year) and a cat (85 m^3/year and 86 m^2/year). These results confirm that the body weight which regarding the annual food intake is important in determining the global water and land footprint of pets.
Although in this study dog foods have lower animal content (58%) than the cat food products (67%), the water and land footprint of dog food products in average (5 m^3/kg and 8 m^2/kg) are larger than cat food products (2 m^3/kg and 3 m^2/kg). These are due to dog products contain higher meat meal, or dried meat ingredients (23%) compare to the cat food products (17%). Also, the dog foods use lower by-products with 8% of the whole animal content within the whole ingredients, while cat foods use higher animal by-products contents with 11% in the products.
The water footprint of pets can be understood from two factors namely the total water footprint of the ingredients used in the pet food products and the water footprint of the drinking water, whereas the land footprint of pets only considers the total land footprint of the ingredients used in the pet food products. The pet's consumption rate and composition in the pet food products influence the value of water and land footprint of a pet. First, the more food is consumed by a pet, the more water and land are required to produce the pet food. Second, the more animal content in the pet food products, the higher water and land footprint of the products. Further, a pet food containing more meat meal and animal primary products tends to have higher water and land footprints rather than a product with fresh meat and animal by-products content.
Overall, the consumption rate and ingredient selection are the major components in determining the water and land footprint of pets. Nevertheless, unlike a human who can control their diets and pick the ingredients which have low footprints, pets cannot adjust their consumption rate and choose what to eat in the pet food as the ingredients are already blended by the manufacturers. Thus, the decision in reducing water and land footprint of pets is from the pet owners to give the proper amount of pet food and choose the best ingredients both for pets and environments.


This paper reports on the hysteretic behaviour of Asymmetrical Friction Connection (AFC) assembled with different shim materials such as Aluminium, Brass, Mild Steel, Bisalloy 80, Bisalloy 400, and Bisalloy 500 subjected to a cyclic displacement regime applied with a quasi-static velocity of 10 mm/s and with higher velocities of 190mm/s. Results show that at the high velocity regardless of the shim material the hysteresis loop is less stable, and greater forces are required to activate the sliding mechanism of the slotted plate when compared with the hysteresis loop at the low velocity. Boundaries of the effective friction coefficient for the quasi-static and high velocity cases, as well as a model that represents the velocity dependence of AFCs in terms of the effective friction coefficient are presented.


A simple, selective, and reliable bioanalytical method was developed for the quantitation of paroxetine in human plasma by LC-MS/MS. Paroxetine, a unique small molecule with a single secondary amine, posed significant challenges in the development of reproducible chromatography. Substantial retention time shift was observed for paroxetine using acidic mobile phases with either new or used columns. Buffer strength played an essential role in reducing the observed column-to-column retention time variation. A 96-well plate-based liquid-liquid extraction was developed. The method was validated and used to support clinical studies for the measurement of paroxetine in human plasma in the range of 0.250-50.0 ng/mL using paroxetine-d6 as its internal standard. This article discusses factors impacting the retention time of analytes in liquid chromatography.


Cognition may require access to past events, for example to understand undesirable outcomes or diagnose failures. When cognition is distributed between multiple participants, a particular representational challenge occurs because not all of the participants may have directly experienced the focal event. Language can transcend temporal and physical limitations on event accessibility. We suggest that people create complex linguistic constructs as tools to facilitate retrospective cognition. We illustrate this process by analyzing the use of a particular linguistic construct (narrative) in the domain of clinical reasoning. Results demonstrated that narratives support clinical cognition during practitioner-patient interactions. Narratives extended access to clinically relevant events providing information about circumstances, subjective experiences, patient functioning, and prior decisions. Whereas, the hermeneutic nature of narrative allowed collaborative hypothesis testing and creation of meaning. The use of narrative in clinical cognition challenges Bruner's (1991) distinction between narrative and paradigmatic reasoning and enriches the understanding of


Insertion sequences (ISs) are the smallest and most frequent transposable elements in prokaryotes where they play an important evolutionary role by promoting gene inactivation and genome plasticity. Their genomic abundance varies by several orders of magnitude for reasons largely unknown and widely speculated. The current availability of hundreds of genomes renders testable many of these hypotheses, notably that IS abundance correlates positively with the frequency of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), genome size, pathogenicity, nonobligatory ecological associations, and human association. We thus reannotated ISs in 262 prokaryotic genomes and tested these hypotheses showing that when using appropriate controls, there is no empirical basis for IS family specificity, pathogenicity, or human association to influence IS abundance or density. HGT seems necessary for the presence of ISs, but cannot alone explain the absence of ISs in more than 20% of the organisms, some of which showing high rates of HGT. Gene transfer is also not a significant determinant of the abundance of IS elements in genomes, suggesting that IS abundance is controlled at the level of transposition and ensuing natural selection and not at the level of infection. Prokaryotes engaging in obligatory associations have fewer ISs when controlled for genome size, but this may be caused by some being sexually isolated. Surprisingly, genome size is the only significant predictor of IS numbers and density. Alone, it explains over 40% of the variance of IS abundance. Because we find that genome size and IS abundance correlate negatively with minimal doubling times, we conclude that selection for rapid replication cannot account for the few ISs found in small genomes. Instead, we show evidence that IS numbers are controlled by the frequency of highly deleterious insertion targets. Indeed, IS abundance increases quickly with genome size, which is the exact inverse trend found for the density of genes under strong selection such as essential genes. Hence, for ISs, the bigger the genome the better.


Parts one and two of this paper deal with conceptual issues and focus on gender mainstreaming into investment activities for increased women's employment and poverty reduction. The central argument here is that the mainstreaming of a gender perspective into investment activities is necessarily a long-term process which involves the integration of gender issues in all national and sectoral policies and programmes. The key to gender mainstreaming is to make the process a collective responsibility. Some of the essential steps in this process are the production of gender disaggregated data, the establishment and strengthening of gender management systems, the commitment of senior management personnel to the goal of gender equality as a reflection of attitudinal and behaviour change at personal and institutional levels. The discussion in part three brings to the fore the issue of women's education and training. Available data show gender and regional disparities in education and training at primary, secondary and tertiary levels. These data indicate women's limited access to formal education and lower adult literacy rates which undermine their capacity to participate in the formal and informal labour market on an equal basis with men. Part four shows the link between women's education, employment and poverty reduction. The analysis of gender participation in different sectors of the economy revealed some important patterns and trends. These include the fact that female labour force participation in the modern sector has remained below 30% over the last several years compared to men who hold a disproportionately larger share of the modern sector jobs. The majority of women are employed in the education and informal sectors. Those who work in the agricultural sector are usually engaged as casuals. Women's overall lower level of education, limited skills, and access to productive, resources, heavy domestic workload, cultural attitudes and segregation of the labour market are some of the factors associated with their limited participation in the modern sector. Gender representation in the Kenyan civil service also shows gross under-representation of women in top management and policy-making positions. This gender disparity calls for an Affirmative and/or Positive Action to deal not only with increasing women's participation in public and private sector institutions at all levels but also address the twin issue of women's entitlements and cultural barriers which are at the root of their poverty and powerlessness. The low budgetary allocations to women's programmes also reflect lack of political will, improper targeting and non-involvement of women in priority setting.


This report discusses the political, economic and social opportunities and constraints that will influence the design and implementation of REDD+ in Vietnam. In particular, four major direct drivers (land conversion for agriculture; infrastructure development; logging (illegal and legal); forest fire) and three indirect drivers (pressure of population growth and migration; the state's weak forest management capacity; the limited funding available for forest protection) of deforestation and degradation in Vietnam are discussed, along with their implications for REDD+. These drivers and their impacts vary from region to region, and change over time - no 'one-size-fitsall' formula will function across the whole of Vietnam. The report also examines the lessons learnt from various forestry and economic development policies and programmes and suggests how a future REDD+ mechanism can overcome the major challenges, which include limited funding for forest protection, weak local governance capacity, poor vertical and horizontal coordination, low involvement of the poor, women and indigenous groups, low economic returns, elite capture of land and benefits, and corruption. The report suggests that if REDD+ is to succeed, it must be participatory, that is, all players are given fair and ample opportunity to be part of the programme (particularly those with the least resources or the greatest economic disenfranchisement); transparent, that is, all players can trace how the programme is administered, including the distribution of benefits; and well-monitored, to ensure that the programme is conducted such that it meets its overarching objectives and guidelines. The success of REDD+ will also require that it take a pro-poor and pro-gender equity approach.


Traditional analyses of stability of slopes subjected to seismic loads entail global equilibrium considerations with seismic influence included as a quasi-static force. Such an analysis does not reflect the earthquake shaking process, and it does not provide any information about permanent displacements that may have occurred as a result of that process. Earthquake events in recent years have brought about renewed interest in analyses of slopes subjected to seismic loads. This paper focuses on displacement calculations of reinforced slopes. Design of reinforced slopes using the quasi-static approach may lead to an unrealistically long reinforcement for large ground accelerations. If slopes are allowed to move by even a small displacement, then the reinforcement length can be reduced significantly. Two mechanisms of failure of reinforced slopes subjected to seismic conditions are considered: (1) rotational collapse; and (2) sliding directly over the bottom layer of reinforcement. Yield accelerations and integrals of seismic records are presented in charts for easy use in practical applications. An example is shown to illustrate the method.


Every CILIP President has a theme.  In David Stewart's Presidential year in 2019, one of his themes was the need to focus on our own evidence base in libraries and therefore research.
In the NHS "evidence-based healthcare" has been an important driver for change since the 1990s. Evidence based healthcare led directly to evidence based librarianship and that too has been a powerful agent for change in NHS library and knowledge services. Nevertheless, there is much more to do – the power of evidence needs to be recognised across all our professional groups and we need a much more coordinated approach to its funding, development and dissemination.


This paper uses high- and low-impact citation indicators for the evaluation of the citation performance of research units at different aggregate levels. To solve the problem of the assignment of individual articles to multiple sub-fields, it follows a multiplicative strategy according to which each paper is wholly counted as many times as necessary in the several categories to which it is assigned at each aggregation level. To control for wide differences in citation practices at the lowest level of aggregation, we apply a novel sub-field normalization procedure in the multiplicative case. The methodology is applied to a partition of the world into three geographical areas: the U.S., the European Union (EU), and the Rest of the World. The main findings are the following two. (i) Although normalization does not systematically bias the results against any area at lower aggregate levels, it reduces the U.S./EU high-impact gap in the all-sciences case by a non-negligible 14.4%. (ii) The dominance of the U.S. over the EU in the basic and applied research published in the periodical literature is almost universal at all aggregation levels. From the high-impact perspective, for example, the U.S. is ahead of the EU in 77 out of 80 disciplines, and all of 20 fields. For all sciences as a whole, the U.S. high-impact indicator is 61% greater than that of the EU.


The aim of this research is to present and discuss the challenges of achieving sustainable competitive advantage through effective project management assets, processes and practices,within a Local Authority Third-Sector collaborating scheme.

Post 2008 global financial crisis the UK public sector has undergone unprecedentedreform and severe fiscal retrenchment (Evans, Hills & Orme, 2012). Increased competition and a financial landscape radically changed the way public sector services are delivered (Westwood, 2011). A significant challenge of austerity was the retrenchment of local authority grant dependant third-sector funding. In the UK, local authorities would enter into a collaborative contract with third-sector organisations to deliver services across a wide range of social needs. However, these arrangements were becoming increasingly financially unviable. Thus, local authorities need to find ways to make their third-sector collaborating arrangements sustainable, within a context of increasing competition, whilst honouring their range of public duties and services.

Project management practice is recognised as a management discipline to manage change and execute strategy (Shenhar, 2001). A growing body of knowledge link the deliberate investment in project management assets and associated processes and practices as a strategic source of competitive advantage (Mathur, Jugdev & Fung, 2013, 2014). The opportunity presented in this research was how Local Authority collaborating third sector arrangements can achieve sustainability through effective project management practices;in particular the acknowledgement, development, deployment and exploitation of project management assets, processes and practices as a source of competitive advantage. However,the unique context of this investigation poses two challenges: i) the notion that competition is not relevant; and, ii) the non-professional project management nature of both the local authority and their collaborating third sector organisations.

Thus, in partnership with a UK local authority and 26 third-sector partner organisations(LASIS), the RBV VRIO framework (Barney, 1991; Barney & Wright, 1998) was the lens empirically operationalised within a mixed methodology approach. Designed to identify which,project management assets and associated processes and practices LASIS strategic managers should deliberately acknowledge, develop, deploy and exploit when conceiving competitive advantage strategies, to deliver project impact and sustainable competitive advantage. Hence,the research seeks to identify the specific project management assets, processes and practice endowments leveraging degrees of competitive advantage, how advantage is provided and identify endowment mix that are more likely to indicate performance.

Academic literatures on resource-based view, project management and the public-sector post 2008 financial crisis was reviewed, in order to establish knowledge gaps and a foundation to advance theoretical positions and practitioner solutions. A significant set of quantitative and qualitative empirical analysis identified several models of theoretical, conceptual and practitioner significance. Data was collected via survey questionnaire (n=70), semi-structured interviews (n=13) and informal conversations (n=9) during a 30-month period in which the researcher had full access to the LASIS.

The core contributions of this research include: i) a mix of tangible and intangible project management assets leverage sustainable competitive advantage (SCA); ii) a mix of Acquire Assets and Facilitating Process Assets are necessary for SCA; iii) how advantage is provided; and, iv) the conceptual formula >vrio + >pk = >cap linking - the degree of deliberate project management investment and the level of project management performance knowledge, as moderators of competitive advantage and performance. Finally, this research makes a contribution to: v) practice knowledge through the empirical development of competitive advantage models exploiting project management assets;vi) advancing theoretical strategic management knowledge of a new application for the VRIO framework; and,vii) to the general project management knowledge, that maybe of practitioner value to strategic managers across the wider public and third sectors.


How should policy analysts assess 'benefit validity' when behavioral anomalies appear relevant? David L. Weimer provides thoughtful answers through practical guidelines. Behavioral economists have identified a number of situations in which people appear not to behave according to the neoclassical assumptions underpinning welfare economics and its application to the assessment of the efficiency of proposed public policies through cost-benefit analysis. This book introduces the concept of benefit validity as a criterion for estimating benefits from observed or stated preference studies, and provides practical guidelines to help analysts accommodate behavioral findings. It considers benefit validity in four areas: violations of expected utility theory, unexpectedly large differences between willingness to pay and willingness to accept, non-exponential discounting, and harmful addiction. In addition to its immediate value to practicing policy analysts, it helps behavioral economists identify issues where their research programs can make practical contributions to better policy analysis.


Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a protein expressed by macrophages infiltrating the area around the coronary arteries of rats with an ectopic cardiac allograft. Some studies have shown that expression of AIF-1 increased in a mouse model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced acute colitis and in acute cellular rejection of human cardiac allografts. These results suggest that AIF-1 is related to acute inflammation. The current study used bleomycin-induced acute lung injury to analyze the expression of AIF-1 and to examine its function in acute lung injury. Results showed that AIF-1 was significantly expressed in lung macrophages and increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from mice with bleomycin-induced acute lung injury in comparison to control mice. Recombinant AIF-1 increased the production of IL-6 and TNF-α from RAW264.7 (a mouse macrophage cell line) and primary lung fibroblasts, and it also increased the production of KC (CXCL1) from lung fibroblasts. These results suggest that AIF-1 plays an important role in the mechanism underlying acute lung injury.


Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death all around the world, and ischemic stroke is considered to be the most common stroke type. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important molecules for detection of both pathogen invasion and tissue damage. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to assess the expression level of TLR2 on monocytes in patients with ischemic stroke and to evaluate the expression change profile following high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) stimulation. Methods: A total of 30 patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled from November 2013 to September 2014. The real-time PCR and ELISA assays were applied to detect the concentrations of TLR2 mRNAs. Results: TLR2 expression was found to be increased in patients with ischemic stroke, as compared to the healthy control group (P<0.001). Also, anti-TLR2 antibodies were able to decrease the expression levels of IL-17, IL-6 and IL-33. This result implies that the enhanced TLR2 pathway and Th17 cell polarization may be due to HMGB1 stimulation in ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Further clinical studies are needed for development of a new treatment strategy to inhibit the HMGB1 pathway, thus preventing the inflammation in ischemic stroke patients.


Recently, near-field thermal radiation has attracted much attention in several fields since it can exceed the Planck blackbody limit through the coupling of evanescent waves. In this work, near-field radiative heat transfer between two semi-infinite dual uniaxial electromagnetic metamaterials with two different material property sets is theoretically analyzed. The near-field radiative heat transfer is calculated using fluctuational electrodynamics incorporated with anisotropic wave optics. The underlying mechanisms, namely, magnetic hyperbolic mode, magnetic surface polariton, electrical hyperbolic mode, and electrical surface polariton, between two homogeneous dual uniaxial electromagnetic metamaterials are investigated by examining the transmission coefficient and the spectral heat flux. The effect of vacuum gap distance is also studied, which shows that the enhancement at smaller vacuum gap is mainly due to hyperbolic mode and surface plasmon polariton modes. In addition, the results show that the contribution of s-polarized waves is significant and should not be excluded due to the strong magnetic response regardless of vacuum gap distances. The fundamental understanding and insights obtained here will facilitate the finding and application of novel materials for near-field thermal radiation.


Cellulite is the unsightly dimpling and nodularity frequently found on the thighs and buttocks of post-adolescent women. The anatomy and pathophysiology of this unwanted condition is poorly understood. The paucity of research studies to date has led to a dormancy of scientifically based therapeutic options that are effective and tolerable. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tolerability and efficacy of a novel topical agent based on a plausible pathophysiologic mechanism in the treatment of cellulite, and to compare the efficacy of this agent used in combination with an occlusive bioceramic-coated neoprene garment, to the agent used alone without occlusion. We will also review the current understanding of the etiology and nature of cellulite and summarize available treatment options. Twenty women with a moderate degree of cellulite were entered into a four-week, double-blinded, randomized trial where an anti-cellulite cream was applied to the affected sites on a nightly basis. Each subject was randomized to receive occlusion by a bioceramic-coated neoprene garment on either the right or left leg, with the contralateral side serving as a control with no occlusion. High-quality digital photography was taken before treatment and after four weeks at various angles, with tangential full-spectrum lighting. Four blinded, independent dermatologist reviewers assessed the photographs for improvement. Subjects completed questionnaire forms to assess tolerability and efficacy. Of the 17 subjects who completed the study, 76% noticed an overall improvement in their cellulite, with 54% reporting greater improvement in the thigh that received garment occlusion. The average measured decrease in thigh circumference was 1.2 cm, noting a 1.3 cm reduction with occlusion and a 1.1 cm reduction without occlusion. Upon review of the pre- and post-study photographs, the dermatologist evaluators found an improvement in 65% of treated legs with occlusion, and 59% of treated legs without occlusion. Further, the evaluators found the occluded thighs to show greater improvement than the non-occluded thighs in 65% of subjects. The topical agent used in this study was found to be effective in reducing the appearance of cellulite. Bioceramic-coated neoprene garment occlusion potentiates the effect of this topical agent in cellulite reduction. The success of this study validates the pathophysiologic mechanism used to formulate the topical agent used.


During three Unusual Mortality Events (UMEs), (1999-2000, 2004, and 2005-2006), a total of more than 300 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have died along the Florida Panhandle. St. Joseph Bay, in Gulf County, was the geographic focus of the 2004 mortality event. The most recent NOAA abundance estimate for bottlenose dolphins in St. Joseph Bay, based upon aerial surveys conducted in 1994, is zero (Waring et al. 2000). Thus, there exist critical gaps in our knowledge of bottlenose dolphin abundance in this region. The goals of this study were to estimate seasonal abundance and to identify site-fidelity patterns of coastal bottlenose dolphins in the St. Joseph Bay region. Mark-recapture photo-identification surveys were conducted during February/March, April, May, and July 2005 as well as February and September/October 2006 to estimate seasonal abundance in and around St. Joseph Bay. Seasonal abundance estimates were determined using closed and robust population models in the programs MARK and CAPTURE. A site-fidelity index was calculated from the total number of sightings of each identified individual during all photo-identification efforts carried out in the region (from April 2004-October 2006). Abundance estimates were highest in spring (279 - 460) and fall (295 - 376) and lowest in summer (101 - 178) and winter (81 - 126). Site-fidelity indices also varied by season; on average individuals with low site-fidelity indices were sighted more in spring and fall than in summer and winter. The relatively small number of individuals sighted during summer and winter displayed high site-fidelity indices. These results suggest that the potential impacts of UMEs in the St. Joseph Bay region will vary by season. During spring or fall a UME will likely affect both those dolphins with high site-fidelity indices, as well as dolphins moving into or through the region, and, thus, may have a wider regional impact. Mortality events that occur during summer and winter will be focused on a smaller number of individuals with high site-fidelity to the St. Joseph Bay region. Since 1999, three Unusual Mortality Events have occurred along the Florida Panhandle, resulting in more than 300 bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) deaths. St. Joseph Bay, Florida was the geographic focus of the 2004 unusual mortality event. Recent mark-recapture photo-identification surveys have demonstrated that dolphin abundance varies across seasons in this region- abundance estimates are highest in spring and fall, and lowest in winter and summer. Most dolphins sighted in spring and fall had low site-fidelity indices, while most sighted in summer and winter had high site-fidelity indices to the St. Joseph Bay photo-id region. Until this study, no information was available on movement patterns of individual bottlenose dolphins in this region of the Florida Panhandle. In this study 23 dolphins were radio tagged and monitored intensively for up to three months following NOAA-sponsored bottlenose dolphin health assessment studies during April 2005 and July 2006. Individual utilization areas (UAs) (i.e. region an individual conducts its daily activities during a study period) and site-fidelity indices were compared across radio tracking periods. An individual's site-fidelity index was calculated as the proportion of survey months that it was sighted, relative to the total number of months surveys were conducted in the region. Dolphins tagged in spring 2005 displayed three different UA patterns- those extending largely outside the St. Joseph Bay photo-id region (n=2), those partially overlapping this region (n=2), and those completely within the region (n=2). In contrast, during summer, radio tagged individuals displayed only two UA patterns, those partially overlapping the region (n=2) and themajority were those completely within the St. Joseph Bay region (n=11). Individual site-fidelity indices in spring were lower (mean 10.54, range 0.11-1.0) than in summer (mean 0.76, range 0.38-1.0). These results, along with those of Balmer (Chapter 1) suggest that during the summer, when abundance estimates are relatively low, the St. Joseph Bay region hosts a group of dolphins that spend most of their time within this geographic area. In spring, when dolphin abundance increases, St. Joseph Bay is visited by dolphins that will range far, and spend most of their time outside this region. The past and potential future impacts of Unusual Mortality Events on bottlenose dolphins in the St. Joseph Bay region likely depend upon these distinct seasonal patterns of habitat utilization.


This article responds to a proposal by Professor John C. Coffee, Jr. for a modified form of strict liability for gatekeepers. Professor Coffee's proposal would convert gatekeepers into insurers, but cap their insurance obligations based on a multiple of the highest annual revenues the gatekeepers recently had received from their wrongdoing clients. My proposal, advanced in 2001, would allow gatekeepers to contract for a percentage of issuer damages, after settlement or judgment, subject to a legislatively-imposed floor. This article compares the proposals and concludes that a contractual system based on a percentage of the issuer's liability would be preferable to a regulatory system with caps based on a multiple of gatekeeper revenues. Both proposals mark a shift in the scholarship addressing the problem of gatekeeper liability. Until recently, scholarship on gatekeepers had focused on reputation - not regulation or civil liability - as the key limitation on gatekeeper behavior. Indeed, many scholars have argued that liability should not be imposed on gatekeepers in various contexts, and that reputation-related incentives alone would lead gatekeepers to screen against fraudulent transactions and improper disclosure in an optimal way, even in the absence of liability. From a theoretical perspective, this article is an attempt to move the literature away from a focus on reputation to an assessment of a potential reinsurance market for securities risks, where gatekeepers would behave more like insurers than reputational intermediaries.


This Article considers the growing reliance that four-day work week advocates have placed on work/family claims. It begins by analyzing whether a compressed work schedule may alleviate work/family conflicts, and more importantly, for whom such benefits are most likely to accrue. While studies consistently find that many workers experience lower levels of work/family conflict when working a compressed schedule, the research also suggests that workers with the most acute work/family conflicts may be the least likely either to obtain or to benefit from a four-day work week design. Nevertheless, the political climate surrounding the four-day work week provides a unique opportunity for action. This Article therefore considers how legal regulation might be used to shape four-day work week initiatives as a work/family balance tool. In particular, the Article considers how reflexive law proposals might contribute to the four-day work week debate. While existing reflexive law models typically rely on the creation and exercise of procedural rights vested in individual workers, this Article explores an under-developed alternative that would instead vest procedural rights primarily in workers as a group. The Article uses California's extensive four-day work week regulations and the Federal Employees Flexible and Compressed Work Schedules Act to illustrate this "collective reflexive" approach, and to explore what this type of regulatory model might offer advocates who are seeking to facilitate greater work/family balance for those who may need it the most.


Alfred the Great's translation of Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy into the Old English Boethius is notable both for its richness and for its difficulties. After briefly introducing Boethius and his greatest text, this essay will turn to the OE Boethius and its problems, which include questions about authorship and poor editions. Soon, however, a new electronic and a new print edition will help scholars better see what medieval audiences read. Those audiences included upper-class laity of some leisure and poorly educated clergy, not the most obvious recipients of Boethius's difficult prosimetrum – yet Alfred's translation conveys Boethius's key themes and shows great interest in both theology and philosophy. At the same time, the Boethius also seeks to inculcate the king's own sense of the responsibilities of subjects and leaders. Despite its difficulty, later readers found the text worth copying and preserving.


This research investigated the potential to domesticate an Australian native grass (Microlaena stipoides) to produce a perennial grain crop. Perennial grain crops offer a new solution to the long-standing problems of salinity and soil erosion associated with conventional cropping systems based on annual plants.

Seed yield and its components (culm number, spikelet number per culm, seed set, seed weight) were measured in 46 accessions of Microlaena stipoides (microlaena, meadow or weeping rice grass) from Western Australia and New South Wales to quantify potentially useful variation in the species.

A high degree of variability was found to exist, with a 20-fold range in seed yield (0.1–2.4 g/plant), 5-fold range in seed weight (129–666 mg per 100 seeds), 2-fold range in spikelet number (14–30 per culm), 8-fold range in seed set (12–98%), and a 5-fold range in culm number (11–59 per plant). Seed yield was positively and significantly (P 0.55 for all). No correlation was found between seed yield and spikelet number per culm (r = –0.14).

The range in seed yield and its components suggests that there is sufficient variation within microlaena to make selections for higher yielding lines. This variation will enable breeders to exploit genetic diversity more efficiently and identify useful accessions for further work. High priority traits for future work include synchronous maturity and resistance to shattering.


Ultra fast non-linear processes are used to achieve an advance of 2 ps for a 600 fs pulse propagating through two SOAs in series. This corresponding 3.3-pulse advance is tuned continuously by changing the current applied to the devices. We propose an experimental scheme that uses a single SOA in a loop to emulate the propagation of pulse through multiple cascaded SOAs.


Submitted on 14 Mar 2012HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-enti c research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, estdestinee au dep^ot et a la di usion de documentsscienti ques de niveau recherche, publies ou non,emanant des etablissements d'enseignement et derecherche fran˘cais ou etrangers, des laboratoirespublics ou prives.


We present the light curves and spectral data of two exceptionally luminous gamma-ray outbursts observed by the Large Area Telescope experiment on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope from 3C 273 in 2009 September. During these flares, having a duration of a few days, the source reached its highest γ-ray flux ever measured. This allowed us to study, in some details, their spectral and temporal structures. The rise and the decay are asymmetric on timescales of 6 hr, and the spectral index was significantly harder during the flares than during the preceding 11 months. We also found that short, very intense flares put out the same time-integrated energy as long, less intense flares like that observed in 2009 August.


Problem Statement: Gender wage gap has already been researched in the Hellenic (Greek) economy or within its public and private aggregate sectors, but, this was the first study ever done, especially for the maritime sector. Traditionally in Hellas, maritime industry income is the biggest one after tourism, while both industries covered approximately 30% of GDP or financed more than 35% of the trade balance deficit, during the last decade. We also investigated the correlation and dependence of wages (total, males, females) on attributes of the human capital theory, such as age, educational level and work experience. Approach: The data for the characteristics in question of the Hellenic maritime companies have been drawn from the European Structure of Earnings Surveys of 1995 and 2002 (Eurostat and National Statistical Service of Hellas). The statistical analysis comprised two steps; first, using summary statistics we described the relevant frequency distributions; second, the implemented non-parametric test-statistics (Mann-Whitney's, Spearman's rank correlation and ?2-test of independence), answered the aforementioned questions, like, "is there any difference in the two populations?, e.g. male-hourly wage rate (HWR) against female-HWR, which is equivalent to "is there any gender pay gap?" or "what is the direction and the degree of linear relationship between, for instance, total HWR and the level of education?" or "are they independent of each other, e.g. males HWR and work experience?". Results: The male-female wage distributions were not identical in 1995, so the discrimination was present, though, we did not find evidence of this gap in 2002. Hourly wage rate proved to be independent of educational level, while, dependent on work experience and age and for both latter characteristics, much more for females than for males. Conclusions/recommendations: The last results may explain the elimination of the gender pay gap at the end of the investigation period. Further research is needed so as to determine causal relationships.


The application of polymer-based spherical activated carbon (PBSAC) as catalyst support offers unprecedented advantages in the handling of the catalyst in all stages of its application due to its superior fluid dynamic properties and dust-free character, minimizing post processing times and facilitating catalyst recycling. The preparation of PBSAC-based Pd catalysts has been addressed using PBSAC of different particle sizes and degrees of activation. Prior to Pd deposition, the support was oxidized in nitric and sulfuric acidic media under different operating conditions in order to introduce surface charges for the ion exchange. This method was successfully applied as, even for the mildest functionalization conditions, full deposition of Pd was achieved. The synthesized Pd-PBSAC catalysts were successfully employed in the hydrogenation of cinnamic acid achieving its complete conversion at an optimum effective rate constant of 0.122 m3 kgPd−1 s−1.


Abstract. On 22 December 2018, a tsunami was generated from the Mount Anak Krakatau area that was caused by volcanic flank failures. The tsunami had severe impacts on the western coast of Banten and the southern coasts of Lampung in Indonesia. A series of surveys to measure the impacts of the tsunami was started three days after the tsunami and lasted ten days. Immediate investigations allowed the collection of relatively authentic images of the tsunami impacts before the clearing process started. This article investigates the impacts of the 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami on the affected areas and presents an analysis of the impacts of pure hydrodynamic tsunami forces on buildings. Impacts of the tsunami were expected to exhibit different characteristics than those found following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Aceh. Data was collected from 117 flow depths along the Banten and Lampung coasts. Furthermore, 98 buildings or houses were assessed for damage. Results of this study revealed that the flow depths were higher in Banten than in Lampung. Directions of the tsunami arrays created by the complex bathymetry around the strait caused these differences. Tsunami-induced damage to buildings was mostly the result of impact forces and drag forces. Damping forces could not be associated with the damages. The tsunami warning system in Indonesia should be extended to anticipate non-seismic tsunamis, such as landslides and volcanic processes driven by tsunamis. Lack of a tsunami warning during the first few minutes after the generation of the first wave led to a significant number of human casualties at both of the affected areas.


This model works in two steps. First, agents are divided into two groups, and the two groups are spatially segregated by means of a Schelling-type ABM of residential segregation. Once groups are spatially segregated, the model plays the opinion formation processes. The user can define which of the two processes to run:

Negative influence
According to this process, agents who are similar (in terms of group identification and opinion) average their opinion; conversely, dissimilar agents ´reject´ each other and further diverge their opinion.

Persuasive arguments
This process assumes that individuals exchanging opinions also share arguments supporting such opinions. Two interacting agents with similar opinions keep on providing each other new arguments supporting their initial tendencies. Previous modelling work showed how this results in their opinions slowly shifting towards the extreme end of the opinion scale they initially leaned to. Conversely, when interacting with a dissimilar alter, the agent is likely to gather an argument of the opposite sign - thus, an argument which moderates the agent´s opinion.

Simulations show three main results. First, we observe that the negative influence process generates the strongest polarization regardless of the level of segregation. Secondly, the negative influence process shows a negative relationship between group segregation and opinion polarization (that is, stronger segregation leads to less opinion polarization) - conversely, the persuasive argument process shows a mildly positive relationship between segregation and polarization: stronger segregation leads to mildly more opinion polarization. Thirdly, spatial group boundaries show to play a bigger role for the negative influence process than for persuasive arguments, as they tend to overlap with the boundaries of the emerging opinion clusters.


Phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) effectively inhibited herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) replication and the onset of virus DNA synthesis. A PAA-resistant (Pr) mutant of HVS was isolated which plaqued efficiently in the presence of concentrations of PAA sufficient to reduce the growth of wild-type virus to less than 0.02% of control values. In contrast, virus growth and DNA synthesis in cells infected with unselected strains of herpesvirus saimiri was highly resistant to concentrations of aphidicolin, an inhibitor of alpha-type polymerases, which completely inhibited the growth and DNA replication of uninfected cells. An increased level of DNA polymerase activity was induced in cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri. This HVS-induced DNA polymerase was more sensitive to PAA but more resistant to aphidicolin in vitro than the uninfected cell activity and could also be distinguished on the basis of its response to ionic strength (40 to 50 mM-ammonium sulphate for optimal activity versus 20 mM for the uninfected cell activity). Under suitable in vitro assay conditions, an increase in the PAA-resistance of the DNA polymerase induced by the HVS(Pr) mutant was demonstrated. Comparison of the effects of aphidicolin and PAA demonstrated that the former was a much more effective and rapid inhibitor of susceptible cell DNA synthesis in vivo. Taken together, these results demonstrate novel properties of a DNA polymerase activity in cells infected with herpesvirus saimiri and suggest that aphidicolin should provide a useful reagent to analyse the functions of this enzyme in productive and non-productive infections with the virus.


Recent advances in exploiting microwave radiation in the topochemical modification of layered oxide perovskites are presented. Such methods work well for rapid bulk synthetic steps used in the production of novel inorganic-organic hybrids (protonation, grafting, intercalation, and in situ click reactions), exfoliation to produce dispersed nanosheets, and post-exfoliation processing to rapidly vary nanosheet surface groups. Compared to traditional methods that often take days, microwave methods can produce quality products in as little as 1-2 h.

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ABSTRACT The notions of risk and resilience are increasingly relevant to cultural heritage. Archaeological sites and monuments in particular are widely perceived to be vulnerable and subjected to growing risks of deliberate destruction, e.g. in the context of armed conflicts. At the same time, it has become a familiar claim that cultural heritage needs to be conserved as an important resource for fostering cultural resilience, reducing disaster risk, and supporting peace and reconciliation in the future. In this paper, the author takes issue with that latter view and suggests instead that cultural resilience, risk preparedness, post-disaster recovery and mutual understanding between people will be best enhanced by an increased ability to accept loss and transformation. The evident changes of heritage over time can inspire people to embrace uncertainty and absorb adversity in times of change, thus increasing their cultural resilience.


Music is a ubiquitous media in our lives, used in many contexts. The possibility to select appropriate affective music can be helpful to adapt music to our emotional interest. Our work intends to design a system to control affective content in music production. This is done by taking into account a knowledge base with mappings between affective states (happiness, sadness, etc.) and music features (rhythm, melody, etc.). The knowledge base is grounded on background knowledge from Music Psychology. Our system starts with the reception of an emotional description specified by the user. Next, mappings are selected from the knowledge base, according to the emotional description. Music is retrieved from a music base (recorded sound and MIDI files) according to similarity metrics between music features (of mappings and music base). Afterward, selected music can be subject to transforming, sequencing and remixing algorithms and then played. The inclusion of third party composition software is also envisaged. To assess the system, listener emotional state can be analysed using psychophysiological or self-report measures.


INTRODUCTION The evidence is overwhelming that culture influences managerial decision making on any number of levels or dimensions (Hofstede, 1980). The importance of culture's implications for managers has led to a substantial increase in cross-cultural research (Yeganeh & Su, 2007). However, much of the cross-cultural research has focused on developed countries and emerging economies in Asia and Eastern Europe. Often ignored have been the countries of the Middle East (Yeganeh & Su, 2007). Even within the existing research on Middle Eastern and Islamic countries, Iraq has not been extensively studied. For example, the most recent comprehensive study of the effects of leadership and culture, the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Project, did not study Iraq. This paper attempts to fill the void in the research and literature on the business culture of Iraq. Through the removal of a dictator, war, and strife, the relationship between Iraq and the United States has been very contentious. Despite the conflicts, the U.S. government through the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) has supported the redevelopment of the Iraqi economy through the successful creation of the Tijara program. This program, together with its predecessor, the Izdihar program, has provided both financial capital and services to nascent Iraqi businesses. More than 132,000 microloans, worth a combined value of $300 million, have already been made (U.S. Federal News Service, 2009). These efforts along with the efforts of the Iraqi people and their government have created an Iraqi business culture that resembles the blossoming American business culture during the Industrial Revolution. This paper will analyze the affects of imposing a very diverse Western business culture on the religious culture of Iraq. In an attempt to figure out where the Iraqi business culture is evolving, we must first dissect the fundamentals of the culture of the past, and the ingrained cultural beliefs of the inhabitants of the present. Once we understand the past, we can then evaluate a comparable market in an attempt to predict and make suggestions as to its future. IRAQI CONTEXT In an effort to fully understand some of the deeply held traditions and sentiments of a culture, we must understand their past. The land now known as Iraq has been called the Cradle of Civilization. The ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, and Assyrians all developed great empires in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At later times, it was ruled by the Greeks, the Romans, the Persians, and the Ottoman Turks. Under the Abbasid rulers (750-1258), Baghdad became a center of learning for the entire Muslim world. However the Mongols invaded the region in 1258, leading to its decline. The Ottoman Turks, after a long struggle, won Baghdad and the Tigris and Euphrates Valley from Persia in 1638. The region remained a part of the vast Ottoman Empire until the end of World War I (Randall, 2006). A discussion of the Iraqi political environment is provided in Appendix A. Economic Environment For the past three decades, the Iraqi economy has been adversely affected by costly militarization, three wars, and international sanctions (Gorrill, 2007). These events severely traumatized Iraq's population, damaged the country's political and economic institutions, and negated many of its previous economic and social gains. By 2004, Iraq's per capita GDP had fallen to less than US$800, and its crippling debt had stifled its growth and development (International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2009). Iraq's natural resource base makes it potentially a rich country and provides the means to rebuild its economy. Production and export of petroleum, which provides 90% of the country's foreign exchange earnings, continues to set the country on the path to sustained economic growth and long-tem prosperity (CIA Factbook, 2009). …


We study endogenous currency substitution in a decentralized trade environment. Sellers maximize profits from sales of imperfectly substitutable goods by posting prices in either one of two currencies. A unique symmetric equilibrium exists where goods are priced only in the local currency. This occurs if foreign trade is sporadic, there is sufficient but not excessive liquidity, and discounting is low. Excess or scarcity of liquidity, however, induces sellers to extract all surplus from buyers. This destroys the monetary equilibrium and shuts down trade. Equilibria with and without currency substitution coexist on some region of the parameter space, and may be multiple. We prove that purchasing power parity may hold even if foreign trade is costly and the currency's value differs across countries. International circulation of money may expand the extent of the market hence enhance welfare.


Monitoring of sanitary quality or faecal pollution in water is currently based on quantifying some bacterial indicators such as Escherichia coli and faecal enterococci. Using a multiplex real-time PCR assay for faecal enterococci and Bacteroides spp., the detection of faecal contamination in non-treated water can be done in a few hours, reducing the analysis time to 2 h. The conventional method based on cultures was compared with a multiplex assay procedure for Bacteroides spp. and faecal enterococci with an internal inhibition control. Out of 74 water samples from different sources analyzed, using both procedures, 54 were true positives and 6 true negatives, 12 samples were real-time PCR positive and culture-negative whereas 2 were real-time PCR negative and culture-positive. In conclusion, 89.2% of the samples were found to be positive with real-time PCR and 75.7% with plate cultures. Detection levels were much higher when using the multiplex real-time PCR assay, based on the higher number of positive samples in comparison with conventional microbiology. The feasibility of multiple reactions in the monitoring of faecal contamination has been demonstrated along with fast quantification of the faecal load. Such procedure can be performed in less than 3 h. This work extends the use of multiplex real-time PCR for environmental analysis, demonstrating the feasibility of these procedures in monitoring faecal pollution of water samples. Keywords: faecal contamination, multiplex real-time PCR, water monitoring, faecal enterococci, Bacteroides spp.


The African Buffalo Optimization is a newly designed metaheuristic optimization algorithm inspired by the migration of African buffalos from place to place across the vast African forests, deserts and savannah in search of food. Being a new algorithm, several researchers from different parts of the research world have indicated huge interest in understanding the working of the novel algorithm. This paper presents a practical demonstration of the workings of the African Buffalo Optimization in solving the popular travelling salesman problem. It is our belief that this tutorial paper will be helpful in further introducing the new algorithm and making it user-friendly. Keywords: Tutorials, African Buffalo Optimization, African buffalos, Travelling Salesman Problem


Distributed inference arising in sensor networks has been an interesting and promising discipline in recent years. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate several issues related to distributed inference in sensor networks, emphasizing parameter estimation and target tracking with resource-constrainted networks. To reduce the transmissions between sensors and the fusion center thereby saving bandwidth and energy consumption in sensor networks, a novel methodology, where each local sensor performs a censoring procedure based on the normalized innovation square (NIS), is proposed for the sequential Bayesian estimation problem in this dissertation. In this methodology, each sensor sends only the informative measurements and the fusion center fuses both missing measurements and received ones to yield more accurate inference. The new methodology is derived for both linear and nonlinear dynamic systems, and both scalar and vector measurements. The relationship between the censoring rule based on NIS and the one based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is investigated. A probabilistic transmission model over multiple access channels (MACs) is investigated. With this model, a relationship between the sensor management and compressive sensing problems is established, based on which, the sensor management problem becomes a constrained optimization problem, where the goal is to determine the optimal values of probabilities that each sensor should transmit with such that the determinant of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) at any given time step is maximized. The performance of the proposed compressive sensing based sensor management methodology in terms of accuracy of inference is investigated. For the Bayesian parameter estimation problem, a framework is proposed where quantized observations from local sensors are not directly fused at the fusion center, instead, an additive noise is injected independently to each quantized observation. The injected noise performs as a low-pass filter in the characteristic function (CF) domain, and therefore, is capable of recoverving the original analog data if certain conditions are satisfied. The optimal estimator based on the new framework is derived, so is the performance bound in terms of Fisher information. Moreover, a sub-optimal estimator, namely, linear minimum mean square error estimator (LMMSE) is derived, due to the fact that the proposed framework theoretically justifies the additive noise modeling of the quantization process. The bit allocation problem based on the framework is also investigated. A source localization problem in a large-scale sensor network is explored. The maximumlikelihood (ML) estimator based on the quantized data from local sensors and its performance bound in terms of Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) are derived. Since the number of sensors is large, the law of large numbers (LLN) is utilized to obtain a closed-form version of the performance bound, which clearly shows the dependence of the bound on the sensor density, i.e., the Fisher information is a linearly increasing function of the sensor density. Error incurred by the LLN approximation is also theoretically analyzed. Furthermore, the design of sub-optimal local sensor quantizers based on the closed-form solution is proposed. The problem of on-line performance evaluation for state estimation of a moving target is studied. In particular, a compact and efficient recursive conditional Posterior CramerRao lower bound (PCRLB) is proposed. This bound provides theoretical justification for a heuristic one proposed by other researchers in this area. Theoretical complexity analysis is provided to show the efficiency of the proposed bound, compared to the existing bound. Distributed Estimation and Performance Limits in Resource-constrained Wireless Sensor Networks


We consider the problem of estimating the covariance matrix Mp of an observation vector, using heterogeneous training samples, i.e., samples whose covariance matrices are not exactly Mp. More precisely, we assume that the training samples can be clustered into K groups, each one containing Lk, snapshots sharing the same covariance matrix Mk. Furthermore, a Bayesian approach is proposed in which the matrices Mk. are assumed to be random with some prior distribution. We consider two different assumptions for Mp. In a fully Bayesian framework, Mp is assumed to be random with a given prior distribution. Under this assumption, we derive the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) estimator of Mp which is implemented using a Gibbs-sampling strategy. Moreover, a simpler scheme based on a weighted sample covariance matrix (SCM) is also considered. The weights minimizing the mean square error (MSE) of the estimated covariance matrix are derived. Furthermore, we consider estimators based on colored or diagonal loading of the weighted SCM, and we determine theoretically the optimal level of loading. Finally, in order to relax the a priori assumptions about the covariance matrix Mp, the second part of the paper assumes that this matrix is deterministic and derives its maximum-likelihood estimator. Numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the different estimation schemes.


Life-threatening hyponatremia can occur when sodium concentration falls to 125 mmol/L or less. Symptoms usually do not depend on the absolute sodium concentration but on the rate of fall. Estimates of mortality in acute hyponatremia are as high as 50%. Marathon runners are at particular risk of developing a syndrome which consists of severe hyponatremia, pulmonary edema and cerebral edema as originally described by Varon and Ayus. This syndrome, if not managed appropriately has a very high morbidity and mortality.


This study analyzes the effects of liberalization barriers to trade for six U.S. specialty crops: fresh grapes, fresh oranges, fresh grapefruits, peanuts, potatoes and almonds. The total value of Unites States exports of each commodity to the world and to the major four or five importers is given in Table A. The corresponding market share of U.S. export values are also presented. The major trade barriers considered in calculating the effects of trade liberalization for each of these major importers of U.S. specialty crops are summarized in Table B. To provide an overview of recent market developments in each commodity sector, we calculate the quantity and market share of exports by the United States to each major importer in Table 1 (there is a 'Table 1' for each commodity organized in section entitled "Tables and Charts"). Table 1 also gives the world total trade volumes ("world" refers to total U.S. exports). For example, the final column of Table 1 gives U.S. market share of total world trade for that commodity. The data for 1980-1990 are actual data and the years 1991-2000 are projected from trend using 1980-1990 data.


Effect coatings have the unique property of large change of appearance under different viewing conditions. This results in quality control problems of related products. In this letter, samples of metallic panels with effect coatings are visually assessed and measured. Based on experimental results, we propose formulae to predict precisely the total differences of effective samples in terms of variations in color, coarseness, and glint. Under diffused illumination, the total difference formula includes color difference and coarseness difference. Under directional illumination, the total difference formula includes color difference and glint difference.


This article introduces LanguaSpeak, a heretofore underexplored digital platform that functions as a market for language learners and teachers. It argues that LanguaSpeak, through both its interface and users' communicative practice, unwittingly reinforces existing language ideologies, particularly around race. In making this argument, the article suggests the notion of "intersectional English(es)" as a means through which scholars can productively consider the ways in which race, nationality, and language intersect and are (re)enforced through online interfaces/interaction. Drawing on data collected from the profiles of English teachers from the United States and the Philippines, this article examines how language, nationality, and race intersect on LanguaSpeak. Key differences identified between the two countries' teachers include price and marketing strategies. Specifically, White male American teachers are found to enjoy significant advantages over other teachers, reflecting dominant language ideologies. This has implications for English language teaching and language discrimination more broadly.


EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF LABOR TURNOVER play an important role in improving our understanding of the labor market. For example, theories of frictional unemployment increase in significance if total turnover is found to be large. If a dominant form of turnover is temporary separations without a permanent job change, theories of temporary layoff unemployment (based on a view of the labor market in which firms and workers form long-term attachments) gain importance. Similarly, the problems associated with structural unemployment are most likely to be of concern if permanent separations due to plant closings or cutbacks make up a large part of turnover. Additionally, separations are likely to result in larger earnings losses if a high-quality job match is destroyed, or if the worker had accumulated firm-specific human capital. Because such losses are likely to be high, and because firms also incur losses in the form of hiring and training costs when turnover occurs, both parties have an incentive to reduce turnover in these cases. Thus turnover patterns can be informative on the nature of the matching of workers to jobs and on the accumulation of firm-specific human capital.' Despite the importance of turnover,


High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW) flowing into the cavity beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf (FRIS) occupies the lower portion of the water column. Tidal mixing is likely to be a primary mechanism for mixing HSSW up through the water column, where it is transformed through melting at the underside of the ice shelf into Ice Shelf Water (ISW), a precursor of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Beneath the ice shelf, frictional stress influences tidal currents not only at the seabed but also at the ice shelf base, inducing vertical mixing. In deep water regions of the ice shelf cavity with slow tidal currents, the frictional boundary layers occupy a small fraction of the water column but in shallow regions they could occupy the entire water column and dominate the tidal dynamics. Furthermore, the northern portion of FRIS lies close to 74°28' S, the critical
latitude for the M2 tidal constituent. At this latitude the inertial or Coriolis frequency ( f ) equals the M2 tidal frequency (ω) resulting in a strong depth-dependent tidal current with thick boundary layers that increase as the critical latitude is approached [Furevik and Foldvik,
1996]. As boundary layers are usually turbulent, vertical mixing is likely to be enhanced near the critical latitude.
The work presented here is concerned with the influence of polarisation of the tidal current ellipse on vertical mixing in the stratified, sub-ice shelf water column. The polarisation range's from a purely circular clockwise current, through a flat or degenerate ellipse, to a
purely circular anticlockwise current.


The tremendous growth in Wireless Communications System has greatly
increased the need to improve the accuracy of predicting signal propagation. It is
important to have a tool that can be used to predict the signal coverage area, a
method to determine the path loss in microcells, the attenuation due to different
partitions and the effect of the environments.
To understand radio propagation characteristics in buildings for Personal
Communication Systems (PCSs), a comprehensive measurement was carried out in a
shopping and business complex, The Mall, in Kuala Lumpur. Two types of Base
Station (BS) antennas, Omni-directional and Panel antenna, were mounted on the
ceiling and wall respectively. The Mobile Station (MS) uses an antenna with 3dB
gain, height 0.5 m and 1.2 m respectively, at 935 MHz carrier frequency. Many test
settings were chosen in the office, on the floor sharing with the atrium, lower ground
floor and car park, with Line-of-Sight (LOS) and without LOS. The results show some variations of signal strengths with distance that have distinct near and far field
regions.
The buildings where the measurements were carried out typically have walls
and columns constructed from concrete blocks. Within the building the time spread
of arriving radio signals depends on reflections and scattering from the structure of
the buildings. The results of these measurements are presented and discussed in
order to investigate penetration losses in walls, soft boards and floors.
The results showed that shadowing due to the objects has a greater influence
on the signal strength than the distance between the transmitting and receiving
antenna. The path loss within a building is linearly dependent on the logarithm of the
distance, on the number of obstacles blocking the signal, on the number of walls
between transmitter and receiver antenna, and on the number of floors vertically
between the transmitter and receiver antennas. Another important factor is the type
of the environment it is operating in, which is given as the factor n. Comparisons
between predicted and measured results have shown that the model is capable of
predicting the attenuation within the building for different environment.


This contribution to the methodology series focuses on two ways to analyze large data sets. The authors welcome comments from all readers who have suggestions about the way information is presented or questions about the content of this column. It is not comprehensive and does not replace information found in textbooks or peer-reviewed articles. Beyond their experience, the authors have used textbooks and articles as sources and recommend that you also refer to them for more detailed explanations of what is discussed in this column.Scenario: Allan and Gwen recently finished discussing the importance of developing a data analysis plan, including checking for data usability and reliability. Now that their data set has been cleaned, they are ready to discuss some statistical analyses they can conduct. Here is their conversation.Allan: Gwen, because our data set is quite large, I feel a bit overwhelmed and I'm not sure where to start. Any suggestions?Gwen: Sure, Allan. Before collecting data, you told me about two main questions your boss, Jennifer, wanted us to answer with this project.Allan: That's right! The first question she wants answered is whether those working in the perinatal intensive care unit (PICU) are as satisfied with their work environment after the PICU moved from the old hospital to the new building. What type of analysis will allow us to do that?Gwen: Well, you have implicitly identified three key elements we need to know: the timing of our measurement, the construct of interest, and linking responses in the data set by participant. To accomplish your goal, we need to compare two main values from the data set. The first value is satisfaction level before the move; the second value is satisfaction level after the move. In this case, we measured satisfaction at both times with three questions, re ferred to in the data set as SATISFACTION1A, 2A, and 3A measured before the move and SATISFACTION1B, 2B, and 3B measured after the move. As you can see in the data set (see file located at ), the variables are located in columns and the rows each represent a participant who provided data at both time points. For example, Participant Number 1 provided scores of 6, 6, and 6 for the SATISFACTION1A, 2A, and 3A variables.Allan: What does a score of 6 mean for these variables? I also noticed that Participant Number 1 provided scores of 7 for the SATISFACTION 1B, 2B, and 3B variables. What does that mean?Gwen: As you will recall, we asked all participants in the PICU to answer three questions about how satisfied they were with their working conditions. For example, one of the questions was, "I am satisfied with the layout of my workspace." Each participant was instructed to answer these questions on a seven-point Likert-type scale, where 1 = Strongly Disagree and 7 = Strongly Agree. Participant Number 1 agreed with these satisfaction questions before the move and felt even more satisfied after the move, as evidenced by the increase in scores from 6 to 7.Allan: Do we then compare SATISFACTION1A to 1B, 2A to 2B, etc.? That seems pretty straightforward.Gwen: No, not quite. As you will recall, we decided that satisfaction was a construct you wanted to measure. We measure constructs with multiple items, and when we do so, we are able to determine whether our measurement of the construct is internally consistent. In many software packages, one can demonstrate internal consistency by computing Cronbach's alpha for construct of interest. In this case, we have two constructs: SATISFACTIONA for the three satisfaction items from the first time period; and SATISFACTIONB for the three satisfaction items from the second time period. To expedite the analysis, I used SPSS and found that Cronbach's alpha = .91 for SATISFACTIONA and .95 for SATISFACTIONB. Values above .70 are viewed as indicative of a construct being internally consistent. In this case, both constructs- SATISFACTIONA and SATISFACTIONB- are internally consistent and we can compare these constructs to each other as opposed to having to compare the individual items. …


In 1915, the American Association of University Professors' (AAUP) Declaration of Principles sought to usher in an as yet undeveloped notion of academic freedom in the United States.1 Drawing on the traditional notion of Lehrfreiheit, the AAUP proposed "not the absolute freedom of utterance of the individual scholar, but the absolute freedom of thought, of inquiry, of discussion and of teaching."2 The court system gradually seized onto the concept of academic freedom.3 In 1957, the Supreme Court showed its commitment to academic freedom in Sweezy v. New Hampshire,4 declaring "[t]he essentiality of freedom in the community of American universities . . . almost self-evident;" the Court cautioned that "[n]o one should underestimate the vital role in a democracy that is played by those who guide and train our youth."5 Ten years later, the Court reaffirmed its commitment to academic freedom in Keyishian v. Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York.6 Keyishian contained what has become one of the most often quoted defenses of academic freedom:Our Nation is deeply committed to safeguarding academic freedom, which is of transcendent value to all of us and not merely to the teachers concerned. That freedom is therefore a special concern of the First Amendment, which does not tolerate laws that cast a pall of orthodoxy over the classroom. The vigilant protection of constitutional freedoms is nowhere more vital than in the community of American schools.7Given this ringing endorsement, one could easily think that academic freedom is securely entrenched in American jurisprudence. A 2006 Supreme Court decision, Garcetti v. Ceballos,8 however, has drawn into stark relief the problems inherent in our notion of academic freedom. In Garcetti, the Court restricted the right to free speech for public employees who speak pursuant to their official duties but leftopen the question of how Garcetti would impact academic freedom.9 This Note attempts to distill the problems with academic freedom, particularly as demonstrated in cases grappling with the application of Garcetti, and ultimately argues that the Court should recognize a constitutional, individual right to academic freedom moving forward.This Note begins by updating and reposing William Van Alstyne's concept of a specific theory of academic freedom, distinguishing the right to academic freedom from a more general notion of First Amendment rights. It then turns to Garcetti v. Ceballos, providing historical context in order to understand why Garcetti marks such a change in our understanding of free speech. The next portion of this Note considers how courts have applied Garcetti to cases raising academic freedom issues. Using the problems revealed in the post-Garcetti decisions, this Note then suggests the Court should officially recognize a right to academic freedom and offers thoughts on what that right should encompass.I. The Specific Theory of Academic Freedom After Garcetti v. CeballosThe specific theory of academic freedom seeks to draw a distinction between the right to academic freedom and a more universal, general concept of the right to free expression.10 The initial concept of academic freedom in the United States was closely tied to the distinctive rights and functions of professors; professors needed the ability to express themselves, without fear of sanction, in order to fulfill their important social role of fostering discussion and advancing knowledge.11 Quickly, however, given the lack of general free speech rights, teachers seized on the idea of academic freedom and tried to force the concept to serve as a more general right to free speech.12Van Alstyne argues this tendency to blur academic freedom into the general civil liberty of free expression has made it more difficult to recognize legitimate claims of academic freedom, delayed the assimilation of academic freedom into full constitutional protection, and leftprofessors with less protection than other public employees. …


This research was conducted to explore the loyalty of customer towards public sector banks. Population specified for this research was the customers of various public sector banks in Haryana. For the purpose of sample 282 customers were selected randomly on availability basis. Subjects chosen for study are customers of various public sector banks situated in Haryana. Data was collected by using questionnaire method for testing customer loyalty towards the public sector banks. Finding reveals that the loyalty of disloyal customer of Public sector banks was negative and trivial, whereas the loyalty of loyal customer of Public sector banks was positive and significant