In this article we describe HiFST, a lattice-based decoder for hierarchical phrase-based translation and alignment. The decoder is implemented with standard Weighted Finite-State Transducer (WFST) operations as an alternative to the well-known cube pruning procedure. We find that the use of WFSTs rather than k-best lists requires less pruning in translation search, resulting in fewer search errors, better parameter optimization, and improved translation performance. The direct generation of translation lattices in the target language can improve subsequent rescoring procedures, yielding further gains when applying long-span language models and Minimum Bayes Risk decoding. We also provide insights as to how to control the size of the search space defined by hierarchical rules. We show that shallow-n grammars, low-level rule catenation, and other search constraints can help to match the power of the translation system to specific language pairs.


Preface Contributors Newton-type Methods for Some Nonlinear Differential Problems Nodal and Laplace Transform Methods for Solving 2D Heat Conduction The Cauchy Problem in the Bending of Thermoelastic Plates Mixed Initial-boundary Value Problems for Thermoelastic Plates On the Structure of the Eigenfunctions of a Vibrating Plate with a Concentrated Mass and Very Small Thickness A Finite-dimensional Stabilized Variational Method for Unbounded Operators A Converse Result for the Tikhonov-Morozov Method A Weakly Singular Boundary Integral Formulation of the External Helmholtz Problem Valid for All Wavenumbers Cross-referencing for Determining Regularization Parameters in Ill-Posed Imaging Problems A Numerical Integration Method for Oscillatory Functions over an Infinite Interval by Substitution and Taylor Series On the Stability of Discrete Systems Parallel Domain Decomposition Boundary Element Method for Large-scale Heat Transfer Problems The Poisson Problem for the Lame System on Low-dimensional Lipschitz Domains Analysis of Boundary-domain Integral and Integro-differential Equations for a Dirichlet Problem with a Variable Coefficient On the Regularity of the Harmonic Green Potential in Nonsmooth Domains Applications of Wavelets and Kernel Methods in Inverse Problems Zonal, Spectral Solutions for the Navier-Stokes Layer and Their Aerodynamical Applications Hybrid Laplace and Poisson Solvers. Part III: Neumann BCs Hybrid Laplace and Poisson Solvers. Part IV: Extensions A Contact Problem for a Convection-diffusion Equation Integral Representation of the Solution of Torsion of an Elliptic Beam with Microstructure A Coupled Second-order Boundary Value Problem at Resonance Multiple Impact Dynamics of a Falling Rod and ItsNumerical Solution On the Monotone Solutions of Some ODEs. I: Structure of the Solutions On the Monotone Solutions of Some ODEs. II: Dead-core, Compact-support, and Blow-up Solutions A Spectral Method for the Fast Solution of Boundary Integral Formulations of Elliptic Problems The GILTT Pollutant Simulation in a Stable Atmosphere Index


The present study is an exploratory study that is conducted in 31 companies of automobile parts and accessories manufacturers located at Lahore, Pakistan to integrate dozens of leadership styles available in leadership literature. Factor analysis technique was used for dimensions reduction. SPSS and smartPLS3 software were used for data analysis. The study identified four basic leadership styles that could represent most of the leadership styles available in the literature. The results resemble leadership studies conducted at Ohio and Michigan State Universities with one basic difference of the dimensions suggested by the researchers to explain leadership styles, which are consultation and the relationship instead of task oriented and relationship oriented dimensions. The concept of representative leadership styles will make it simple to understand and handier to practice leadership styles' theories. The representative leadership styles will add a new perspective about the relationship and mutual exclusiveness of different leadership styles by looking at the bigger picture that was sketched through micro level studies. Research will help organizations in hiring of new leadership and in the setting priorities of leadership development. Though this study has been carried out in Pakistan but due to the size of the sample and extensiveness of the study its results can be considered generalizable.


The 'outdoors' is a physical and ideological space in which people engage with their environment, but it is also an important vehicle for learning and for leisure. The Routledge Handbook of Outdoor Studies is the first book to attempt to define and survey the multi-disciplinary set of approaches that constitute the broad field of outdoor studies, including outdoor recreation, outdoor education, adventure education, environmental studies, physical culture studies and leisure studies. It reflects upon the often haphazard development of outdoor studies as a discipline, critically assesses current knowledge in outdoor studies, and identifies further opportunities for future research in this area. With a broader sweep than any other book yet published on the topic, this handbook traces the philosophical and conceptual contours of the discipline, as well as exploring key contemporary topics and debates, and identifying important issues in education and professional practice. It examines the cultural, social and political contexts in which people experience the outdoors, including perspectives on outdoor studies from a wide range of countries, providing the perfect foundation for any student, researcher, educator or outdoors practitioner looking to deepen their professional knowledge of the outdoors and our engagement with the world around us.


This book focuses on the impact of anxiety on impression formation. In examining what influence anxious affective states have on impression formation the importance of stereotypes and stereotyping is explored. This chapter begins by briefly outlining the rationale for examining the impact of anxiety on impression formation. The development of theories of impression formation that may be relevant to evaluating the impact of anxiety on the impression formation process are then discussed. Definitions, which will be used throughout the book, of impression formation, stereotypes and stereotyping, and anxiety are presented. Models of how anxiety affects impression formation are then discussed. From these models two main predictions will be drawn about the effect of anxiety on impression formation: that anxious persons will form either more stereotypical or more affect-congruent impressions of others. Relevant empirical evidence is then reviewed leading to the conclusion that because of the methodological limitations of the research to date the competing predictions derived from these models have not yet been appropriately examined, indicating the need for new methodologies to be developed. A series of five experiments is then presented using new methodologies. Selected results from experiments 1 and 2 can be found in the paper by Curtis and Locke (2005) and selected results from experiments 4 and 5 can be found in the paper by Curtis and Locke (2007). There are a number of reasons why the effect of anxiety on social judgments generally, and impression formation in particular, should be of interest. To begin with, anxiety is an affective state that is experienced with reasonable regularity by most individuals (Eysenck, 1992) and, thus, is at least sometimes likely to co-occur with the impression formation processes. However, there are reasons for expecting more systematic relationships to exist. Stephan and Stephan (1985) proposed that the mere presence of members of a different social group from one's own would cause anxiety and that such anxiety would influence social judgments and interactions between people. Stephan and Stephan proposed that this "inter-group anxiety" would have mainly negative consequences for the outcome of social judgments and interactions. For example, they proposed that intergroup anxiety would increase the use of negative stereotypes. Stephan and Stephan established the construct validity of inter-group anxiety through a series of questionnaires given to Anglo and Hispanic college students in the United States. They concluded that inter-group anxiety is inversely related to the frequency of inter-group contact; the less contact you usually have with other groups the more you are worried by the prospect or occurrence of such contact. They further concluded that inter-group anxiety increases when there are negative stereotypes about the comparison group and the more dissimilar one's own group is from the comparison group. At the very least, this shows that anxiety can have an impact on interpersonal and inter-group relations.


What are the words you do not yet have? What do you need to say? What are the tyrannies you swallow day by day and attempt to make your own, until you will sicken and die of them, still in silence? Perhaps for some of you here today, I am the face of one of your fears. Because I am woman, because I am black, because I am lesbian, because I am myself, a black woman warrior poet doing my work, come to ask you, are you doing yours?


Results from research - development and innovation sector, embodied in capital, are an undisputed factor of economic growth, included in most macroeconomic models. Drawing on the New Growth Theory that states the importance of R&D in all economic and social domains, as well as its key role in endogenous development, this paper is aiming to assess the nature and the impact of technological progress on the development of Romanian regions in recent years. We try to capture R&D's influence on regional economic growth by means of a knowledge production function model that employs county level data for the period 2001 to 2011. Our main finding is the positive and significant, although relatively small, contribution of technical progress (as captured by R&D expenditures) to regional GDP growth in Romania. This calls for improved regional research and development strategy, able to stimulate balanced territorial distribution of R&D and innovation activities, as well as a closer link with the business sector, in order to take advantage of the economic growth potential of regional R&D activity.


BACKGROUND
The histogenesis of Warthin's tumour (WT) is controversial. A possible role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been suggested.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded blocks of WT from the parotid gland were examined for the presence of EBV. In situ hybridisation was performed using EBV encoded small nuclear RNAs (EBER1/2) probes labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. An EBV-positive P3HR-1 cell line processed to paraffin wax was used as a positive control and a brain section as negative control.

RESULTS
EBER1/2 could not be found in the neoplastic epithelial cells in any of the tumours nor in the adjacent normal parotid tissues. Individual positive lymphocytes were present in 7 tumours.

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicated that EBV is not involved in the pathogenesis of WT.


Purpose: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have demonstrated faster reaction times when searching for objects in a visual scene. One possible explanation for this observation is that the influence of crowding may not be as strong within this group compared to typically developing individuals.

Subjects and methods: We recruited 16 participants with and without a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in the age range of 20–58 years. The main experiments focused on determining the critical spacing for the correct identification of an ellipse's orientation in the periphery when flanked by two circles with 81% correctly identified. The second experiment was an attempt to replicate previous studies that had demonstrated superior visual search in autism using reaction time, set-size slopes and intercepts as measures of search efficiency and pre-attentive processes.

Results: There were no significant group differences in the critical spacings for the crowded ellipses in the periphery (P = 0.358) or in the elliptical discrimination thresholds (P = 0.477). In addition there were no significant differences between groups in reaction times (P = 0.083), accuracy (P = 0.658) and set-size slopes (P = 0.976), however the intercept for the set-size slope function was significantly lower for the comparison group (P = 0.016).

Conclusions: The individuals we tested demonstrated neither immunity to crowding nor any advantage in the visual search task. Therefore, we failed to confirm that enhanced discrimination underlies superiority in visual search in adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. This finding may be associated with the older age group investigated compared to previous studies and suggests that the underlying mechanism of superior visual search may not be a persistent feature of autism spectrum disorder.


BackgroundIn Sweden, large variations were identified in sick-leave duration also in episodes with the same diagnoses. A decision support was developed to ensure more uniform assessment of sick leave. The present qualitative study aimed at examining the process of construction and development of the new decision support.MethodsQualitative analyses of data from interviews and documents were performed. Participants (n = 15) in in-depth interviews were medical and insurance experts from the Social Insurance Agency involved in the development of the decision-support. Interviews with the medical experts focused on how well their specific medical field of expertise fitted the format suggested for the decision support and how a ''standard patient'' looked like in their clinical everyday work. For both groups of interviewees, issues regarding assessment of work capacity were discussed. The documentary analysis was done reading investigations, memos, reports and minutes. Themes identified in the interviews were compared with the overall documentary analysis and constituted the basis for an epistemic analysis.ResultsThe analyses showed that the decision-support was developed under a tight schedule and with strict templates for its format. The decision support was built around diagnostic categories and a majority of the experts that were used were specialized in medicine. A difficulty in the process was according to participants to produce standardised medical assessments of how a particular illness was expected to affect patients' work capacity rather than how the illness affected the patient. The evidential basis for such assessments was scant. Findings show that conditions that were not somatic or could not be 'measured objectively' proved extra problematic, since much of the assessment in these situations hinges on physicians' experience-based expertise combined with their understanding of the circumstances of individual patients.ConclusionThe analysis indicates that 'work capacity' does not fall squarely within the remit of medical expertise, but is an example of 'post-normal science' that requires a broad range of experts from different fields both inside and outside of science coming together to pool their knowledge and build new expertise.


Perpetual availability is an important operational goal in today's computer systems. However, achieving this goal is challenging because modern software systems contain faults that can cause them to fail. For example, multi-threading is widely used in modern software to fully utilize the computing capability of multicore processors. However, employing multi-threading can lead to concurrency faults such as deadlock and data race that are notoriously difficult to isolate, detect, and repair. Data races, which involves two concurrent accesses to the same data where at least one is a write, are the most common concurrency faults.
As our first step, we investigate the main sources of race detection overhead and find that a large effort is spent on repeatedly monitoring operations that cannot cause data races or have already been identified as causes of races. Based on these observations, we propose two orthogonal optimizations for race detection: Stationary Object Suppression (SOS) and Loop Iteration Sampling (LIS).
SOS employs a dynamic program analysis technique to filter out Stationary Objects; which are read-only objects that can be shared by multiple threads. As such, they can never participate in data races. By eliminating monitoring operations on Stationary Objects, SOS can detect up to six times more races within an overhead budget than Pacer, a state-of-the-art sampling based race detector.
Although SOS can greatly reduce the number of objects to monitor for race detection, it repeatedly monitors identified sources of races. A further investigation shows that loops in a program substantially contribute to occurrence of such repetitive data races. We propose a sampling based race detector, LIS, which adjusts sampling rate for data access operations within loops to be inversely proportional to number of iterations.
To achieve perpetual availability, the next step is to address these software faults as they are detected during deployment. We propose a race healing system that can automatically generate and apply repairs during program execution. The system applies a fix immediately after a race is detected to prevent the race from occurring again.


Six species of seagrasses are present in Florida Bay ranging from stenohaline to euryhaline species. The dominant species, Thalassia testudinum Banks ex. Konig, has optimum growth around marine salinity. The second species examined in this study was Ruppia maritima L, which tends to grow near fresh water outflows. Although many studies have examined the responses of mature plants to environmental stresses, this study examined the impacts on seeds and seedlings. As the focus behind the study was altered water flow into Florida Bay, it examined hypo- and hyper-salinity, as well as depleted and elevated ammonium concentrations. This study was conducted in mesocosms on material collected in Florida Bay. R. maritima seed germination and T. testudinum seedling survival, growth, photosynthesis and osmolality were investigated over a two-year study. Year one focused on direct introductions into hyper- and hypo-saline conditions and year two examined the impact of gradual increase/decrease in salinity as well as the addition of ammonium. R. maritima seeds did not germinate above 28 PSU and the highest percent germination occurred between 0 and 10 PSU. Elevated levels of ammonium decreased germination. Hypo-saline conditions were, however, detrimental to the fitness of T. testudinum seedlings, as were hyper-saline conditions. Plants at 0 and 70 PSU showed 100% mortality and decreased survival in the 60, 50 and 10 PSU treatments. Increased levels of ammonium decreased growth in the lower salinity treatments. Plants grown around 30-40 PSU showed the greatest growth (i.e. most productivity). Measurements of quantum yields as well as relative electron transport rate using PAM fluorometry showed a decrease in photosynthetic performance on either side of this 30-40 PSU optimum. Tissue osmolality increased significantly with increased salinity and tissue remained distinctly and consistently hyperosmotic to the media. Results suggest that a change in fresh water flow as well as possible increase in ammonium may negatively impact the ability of T. testudinum seedlings to establish and possibly cause a shift in the floral composition of Florida Bay, favoring euryhaline species such as Ruppia maritima.


Scholarship on the structural prevention of genocide and mass atrocities is, for the most part, saturated with identifying the 'root causes' of deadly violence. Conversely, the causes of peace and the processes that de-escalate tensions – in effect, "what goes right" – remain comparatively under researched. In his book The Structural Prevention of Mass Atrocities, Stephen McLoughlin contends that positioning prevention simply on identifying and ameliorating risk factors erroneously assumes a linear inevitability between cause and outcome, and thus "fails to explain why some at-risk countries experience mass atrocities, yet others do not" (3). McLoughlin convincingly advocates an analytical framework, which broadens structural prevention to include local and national conditions that mitigate risk by fostering resilience and stability. He then applies this framework to the cases of Botswana, Zambia, Tanzania and (an internal, relatively autonomous area within Tanzania), Zanzibar. By introducing a model that navigates the complex relationship between risk and resilience, McLoughlin complements the chorus of scholars asking "why?" mass atrocities occur, by asking "why not?" This book gently reminds readers that there are invaluable lessons to be learnt from peaceful non-events as much as from international tragedies.


Architecture of network elements such as large routers and switches is becoming more and more complex due to the constantly increasing requirements on both capacity and performance. Already today, high-performance routers having capacities of more than several Tb/s can not be packaged in a single rack of equipment. Complex and spatially distributed multirack routers comprising a large number of line cards, switching modules and high-speed ports have already become reality. A consequence of this trend is that internal interconnecting system also becomes large and complex. Interconnection distances, total number of cables and power consumption increase rapidly with the increase in capacity, which can cause limitations in scalability of the whole system. This paper addresses requirements and limitations of large-scale optical interconnects. Various point-to-point interconnects and two optically switched interconnection options were studied with regard to their scalability by considering various impairments on optical signal, required number of fiber links and power consumption. Results of this study are presented and discussed in this paper.


Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products. The book builds upon fundamental chemical principles and guides the reader through a wealth of diverse natural metabolites with particular emphasis on those used in medicine. There have been rapid advances in biosynthetic understanding over the past decade through enzymology, gene isolation and genetic engineering. Medicinal Natural Products has been extended and fully updated in this new edition to reflect and explain these developments and other advances in the field. It retains the user-friendly style and highly acclaimed features of previous editions:


Identifying the presence of coherence relations automatically is known to be a difficult task for a number of reasons. One of the problems involved has so far received only little attention: Connectives (the primary source of information for relation analysis) can be complex, i.e. consist of several words that possibly are not adjacent, as in the case of "if .. then". In this paper, we first offer a classification of complex connectives for German according to their structural properties, which leads us to propose six different groups. Furthermore, we describe how the structural properties can be captured in a formal "discourse marker lexicon", which is in machine-readable (XML-based) form. Finally, we describe how this lexicon can in turn be employed for the task of automatic local coherence analysis, i.e. the identification of individual relations between adjacent spans of text.


Background Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) is characterized by a strong male predominance. Sex steroid hormones have been hypothesized to underlie this sex disparity, but no population-based study to date has examined this potential association. Methods Using mass spectrometry and ELISA, we quantitated sex steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin, respectively, in plasma from males– 172 EA cases and 185 controls–within the Factors Influencing the Barrett/Adenocarcinoma Relationship (FINBAR) Study, a case-control investigation conducted in Northern Ireland and Ireland. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between circulating hormones and EA. Results Higher androgen:estrogen ratio metrics were associated with increased odds of EA (e.g., testosterone:estradiol ratio ORQ4 v. Q1 = 2.58, 95%CI = 1.23–5.43; Ptrend = 0.009). All estrogens and androgens were associated with significant decreased odds of EA. When restricted to individuals with minimal to no decrease in body mass index, the size of association for the androgen:estrogen ratio was not greatly altered. Conclusions This first study of sex steroid hormones and EA provides tentative evidence that androgen:estrogen balance may be a factor related to EA. Replication of these findings in prospective studies is needed to enhance confidence in the causality of this effect.


The necessary replacement of refrigerants with non-zero ozone depletion potential has generated in recent years a significant amount of theoretical and experimental work about the thermophysical properties of alternative refrigerants, pure compounds, mixtures or blends, with zero ozone depletion potential. However, the amount of data necessary for the engineering design for refrigeration and air-conditioning units requires the development of reliable procedures for the estimation of liquid phase properties, based on reliable and simple-to-use equations of state. An overall view is presented of work done in the use of universal reduced equations to predict the vapour pressure and the density of pure, binary, and ternary mixtures of hydrofluorocarbons, including methane, ethane, and propane derivatives. Some hints devised to extend the correlations obtained to fluoroethers are also discussed.


This study examined the influence of gender, Familial Factor's (Parental Assistance and Family Size) on mathematics achievement. The population of this study consists of 793 males and 334 females from 14 secondary schools of Central Uttar Pradesh (India). The Mathematics Achievement Test and A Personal and Familial Background assessment Questionnaire were used for data collection, while t-test used for statistical analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the male students as well as female students were equally good in mathematics achievement. The results revealed that parental assistance is related to performance of their children in math. The results also explained the relationship between student's achievement and their family size. Children of smaller family size have got significantly higher achievement in math than the children of larger family size.


Coliforms are the most widely accepted bacterial indicator of fecal pollution in water. Several commercially available portable kits make it possible to carry out on-site water quality testing, but are usually costly and often require technical expertise to operate. In developing countries like India, presence/absence test kits like the H2S test kits are commonly used for routine microbiological water quality examination. H2S test kits require an incubation time of more than 24 hours and often gives false positive results. In this research work, we have developed a low-cost and sensitive test kit (ColiPAT) for the detection of coliforms including Escherichia coli in drinking water. The kit can detect very low contamination levels down to 2 coliforms/100 mL within 18 hours at 35 °C. The ColiPAT kit does not lose its sensitivity in the typical indoor temperature range of 27 °C to 35 °C. ColiPAT is also affordable and easy to perform so that local populace can conduct the test independently. This paper presents the results of sensitivity and specificity analysis of a low-cost kit (ColiPAT) and its comparison with the H2S test kits as standardized using Colilert method.


There are two main parts of the article that present the Bulgarian and Egyptian non-governmental organisations in the field of tourism. The legislative framework and conditions for registration of such organisations as well as their role in the overall management of tourism in both countries differ. Special attention is paid to non-governmental organisations, which are created in Bulgaria and Egypt on a trade, product and territorial basis, and their roles in development tourism sector.


Some sleepwalkers commit acts of violence, or even murder, in their sleep. Courts must decide what to do with criminal defendants who raise a defense of sleepwalking. A brief review of common law reveals that courts apply the defense inconsistently under various doctrines of justification and excuse. Sleepwalking is a unique medical phenomenon, and courts are poorly equipped to evaluate claims of sleepwalking under existing common law defenses. This Note proposes a single sleepwalking defense based on a balancing test that integrates the medical understanding of sleepwalking.


Microinsurance has become a very popular concept in the international development debate. It is an arrangement whereby the members pool their risks, but at contribution levels that even people on low and fluctuating incomes can afford. This concept can be realised for life and disability insurance and even, under certain conditions, for pension insurance and insurance that gives protection against the effects of the weather and natural disasters, provided that professional insurers assume responsibility for product design and risk management, but cooperate in product marketing and customer servicing with agents who operate close to target groups, such as self-help groups, non-governmental organisations and cooperatives. Health and liability insurance, on the other hand, can be offered only with substantial limitations. Microinsurance schemes help to close the gap that the informally employed often face in the overall set of social protection schemes in developing countries. Compared to social insurance, however, they are only a second-best solution and should be used primarily when the state is unable or unwilling to extend social insurance coverage to informal-sector employees. In no case are they a substitute for social transfer schemes that support the extremely poor.


Tie2 is an endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase that is required for both embryonic vascular development and tumor angiogenesis. There is considerable interest in understanding the mechanisms of Tie2 activation for therapeutic purposes. The recent solution of the Tie2 crystal structure suggests that Tie2 activity is autoinhibited by its carboxyl terminus. Here we investigated the role of the C tail in Tie2 activation, signaling, and function both in vitro and in vivo by deleting the C terminus of Tie2 (ΔCT). Compared to wild type Tie2, in vitroautophosphorylation and kinase activity were significantly enhanced by the ΔCT mutation. In NIH 3T3 cells expressing chimeric Tie2 receptors, both basal and ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation were markedly enhanced compared to wild type in several independent clones of Tie2-ΔCT. Moreover, the ΔCT mutation enhanced basal and ligand-dependent activation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Enhanced Akt activation correlated with significant inhibition of staurosporine-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the Tie2 C tail performs a novel negative regulatory role in Tie2 signaling and function, and they provide important insights into the mechanisms by which the Tie2 kinase is activated.


GANDEV, S., 2013. Winter hardiness of reproductive organs of the walnut cultivars Izvor 10, Lara and Fernor at extreme low temperatures in South Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 1068-1070 The wide distribution of the species Juglans regia L. is due to its winter hardiness, which is different for the separate cultivars. The continuous spell of cold weather in Bulgaria in the period of deep winter dormancy of the walnut trees caused the minimum temperature drop down to minus 24.4°С. The aim of the study was to establish the winter hardiness of the reproductive organs of the introduced French walnut cultivars Lara, Fernor and the Bulgarian one Izvor 10. The results showed that the cultivars Izvor 10 and Fernor exhibited greater winter hardiness of the reproductive organs compared to Lara cultivar. It was established that within the same cultivar, the male flower buds (catkins) showed less winter hardiness than the female flower buds in Izvor 10 and Fernor cultivars. Growing the cultivars Izvor 10 and Fernor is recommended for the colder (northern) regions of the country where the mentioned minimum temperature of minus 24.4°С is often registered.


The WIGMORE COLISEUM was an exhibition hall of the 1910s and 1920s, a forerunner of the PUBLIC AUDITORIUM. Located at 1825-1911 East 13th St. between Euclid and Chester avenues, it was designed by Knox & Elliot and planned to be a 4-story garage. Instead, only 2 stories were built and it was used as both an exhibition hall and a public garage. It was built for the James A. Wigmore Co., a real estate firm. The Cleveland Electrical Exposition, demonstrating the uses of electricity, was held there in 1914. The Cleveland Auto Show, 1915, occurred at a time when Cleveland was a leader in the auto manufacturing industry. In 1919 Cleveland's first Flower Show (later Home & Flower Show) was held at the Wigmore Coliseum. Apparently competition with Public Auditorium, opened 1922, led to the Wigmore no longer being used as an exhibition hall. In 1923 3 additional stories were added to the building in a matching style by the same architects for the same owner. The terracotta facade was Sullivanesque in style. Floors 1 to 3 were public parking, while 4 and 5 had a bowling alley and billiards rooms. The building's name became the Euclid-13th Recreation Bldg. In 1944 much of the building was converted into U.S. government office space, a use that lasted through the 1960s. Since the early 1980s the building has housed offices, health and exercise facilities, and parking.


Energy efficiency is a major requirement for next generation mobile networks both as an end to reduce operational expenses and to increase the systems' ecological friendliness. Another integral part of 5G networks is the increased density of the deployment of small radius base stations, such as femtocells. Based on the design principle that demands a system to be active and transmitting only when and where it is needed, we evaluate the energy savings harvested when sleep mode techniques are enforced in dense femtocell deployments. We present our novel variations of sleep mode combined with hybrid access strategies and we estimate capacity and energy benefits. Our simulations show significant advantages in performance and energy efficiency.


As a growing consumer of household appliances, lighting and electronic products, China has seen a steady rise in residential electricity use with 13% average annual growth since the 1980s. Over the last twenty years, China has implemented a series of new minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) and mandatory and voluntary energy labels to improve appliance energy efficiency. As China begins planning for the next phase of standards and labeling (S&L) program development under the 12th Five Year Plan, an evaluation of recent program developments and future directions is undertaken by drawing upon the experiences and lessons learned of key international S&L program development. Specifically, this study provides in-depth review and comparative analysis of the development and recent advancements in the U.S. MEPS and Energy Star, Australia MEPS and Energy Label, European Union MEPS and Eco-Design Label and Japanese Top Runner programs with China's S&L program. The international comparative analysis focuses on key elements of S&L development including stakeholder participation, program resources, data collection and availability, analytical methods, as well as program implementation and enforcement mechanisms. This study finds that adequate program resources from national and local levels, wide-ranging stakeholder participation, incorporation of various technical and economic analyses in standards development, and program impact evaluations are key features of successful S&L programs and have room for improvement in China. At the same time, however, China has become more proactive than some international programs in areas such as launching check-testing, laboratory round-robin testing and compliance verification for S&L programs.


Although anaerobic digestion is a common process for treatment of sludge, the
digestion rate remains low. Hydrolysis is the first step of anaerobic digestion process
and generally is considered to be the rate-limiting step for the overall digestion process.
Hence, improvement in the hydrolysis rate is needed to enhance anaerobic digestion of
sludge. Chemical hydrolysis can be used as an alternative as it could improve the
digestion performance of the sludge. However, hydrolysis process relies on enzymes
excreted by the fermentative acidogens, and is strongly pH dependent. Consequently,
determination of the optimum pH of sludge digestion is essential and required. In spite
of pH, initial concentration of sludge is also an important factor that influences the
anaerobic digestion performance of sludge. However, concentrations of total suspended
solids (TSS) at a secondary clarifier and a thickener are 1.0% and 4.0% TSS,
respectively.This study focuses on a laboratory-scale research on improvement of anaerobic
digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS) which was performed by chemical
hydrolysis using 0.5 M H2SO4 and 4.0 M NaOH at temperature of 29 ± 1 °C and
agitation of 150 rpm. The research was conducted in two phases: the first phase
investigated the effect of pH at pH 6.00, 7.00, 8.00, 9.00 and uncontrolled pH on the
digestion performance at initial concentration of 4.0% TSS; the second phase
investigated and compared the performance of anaerobic digestion at initial
concentrations of 1.0% and 4.0% TSS at the optimum pH which was determined from
the first phase. Subsequently, determination of kinetic parameters and followed by
developments of mathematical models and computer programs were performed at both
phases.
Significantly higher average removals, removal rates and rate constants of TSS, volatile
suspended solids (VSS), total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) and particulate
chemical oxygen demand (PCOD) at controlled pH compared to that at uncontrolled
pH. The average removals and removal rates at uncontrolled pH could be improved by
1 to 4 times by controlled pH. Meanwhile rate constants could be improved by 1 to 7.
The highest average removal, removal rate and rate constant were found at pH 6.00
followed by pH 8.00, 7.00, 9.00 and uncontrolled pH. The results also indicated that the
optimum pH was at pH 6.00. The improvement of sludge digestion was attributed to the
enhancement of sludge solubilisation by the chemical hydrolysis as higher soluble
chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentration was observed at the controlled pH.There was no significant difference in rate constant and removal of the sludge.
However, significantly higher average removal rates of TSS, VSS, TCOD and PCOD
were achieved at initial concentration of 4.0% TSS. The improvement of the average
removal rates of TSS, VSS, TCOD and PCOD was 2.5 to 3.4 times over that at initial
concentration of 1.0% TSS giving rise to a higher digestion performance at initial
concentration of 4.0% TSS.
The experimental results fitted well in first-order models in both phases. High
relationships between simulated and experimental results were obtained from both
phases experiments with correlation coefficients (R2) ranging from 0.80 to 0.99. Hence,
the developed mathematical models can be considered as a useful tool for predicting the
concentrations remaining and removals of TSS, VSS, TCOD and PCOD as well as
digestion time.


Today's young adult literature is every bit as complex as the audience it's written for, unflinchingly addressing such topics as homosexuality, mental illness, AIDS and drug abuse. In this much expanded revision of his 1996 book, veteran author Michael Cart shows how the best of contemporary YA lit has evolved to tackle such daunting subjects without resorting to sensationalism. He brings his historical survey of this category fully up to date, covering its explosive growth in the past decade, and advocating that librarians and teachers look beyond romance and horror when advising young adults. This survey helps YA librarians who want to freshen up their readers' advisory skills, teachers who use novels in the classroom, and adult services librarians who increasingly find themselves addressing the queries of teen patrons by covering the following: Reading habits of today's teens, Influence of new technologies and formats, New YA lit awards, This insightful and often humorous work presents the evolution of YA lit in an appealing way, making it equally useful for students of literary studies. You'll definitely update your recommended "to read" lists after a spin through Cart's advisory.


Finding new medicines is one of the most important tasks of pharma- ceutical companies. One of the best approaches to finding a new drug starts with answering this simple question: Given a known effective drug X, what are the top 100 molecules in our database most similar to X? Thus the essence of the problem is a nearest-neighbors search, and the key question is how to define the distance between two molecules in the database. In this paper, we investigate the use of topological, rather than geometric, or chemical, signatures for molecules, and two notions of distance that come from comparing these topological signatures. We introduce PHoS (for Persistent Homology-based virtual Screening), a new system for ligand-based screening using a topological technique known as multi-parameter persistent homology. We show that our approach can match or exceed a reasonable estimate of current state of the art (including well-funded commercial tools), even with relatively little domain-specific tuning. Indeed, most of the components we have built for this system are general-purpose tools for data science and will be released soon as open source software.


The utilization of hip arthroscopy continues to increase in both volume and scope within clinical practice (1) and can be used as a diagnostic or therapeutic intervention. Established indications for hip arthroscopy include but are not limited to diagnosis or treatment of; acetabular labral injuries, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), chondral lesions, synovial pathologies including rheumatoid arthritis and synovial chondromatosis, removal of loose bodies, ligamentum teres tears and extra-articular pathologies such as trochanteric bursitis, gluteus medius/minimus tears and psoas tendinopathy (2). Importantly the evidence base to guide many if not all of these indications remains to be elucidated.


Objectives The aims of this study were to assess clinicians' views and experiences of providing immediate neonatal care at birth beside the mother, and of using a mobile trolley designed to facilitate this bedside care. Design Qualitative interview study with semistructured interviews. Results The results were analysed using thematic analysis. Setting A large UK maternity unit. Participants Clinicians (n=20) from a range of disciplines who were present when the trolley was used to provide neonatal care at birth at the bedside. Five clinicians provided/observed advanced resuscitation by the bedside. Results Five themes were identified: (1) Parents' involvement, which included 'Contact and involvement', 'Positive emotions for parents' and 'Staff communication'; (2) Reservations about neonatal care at birth beside the mother, which included 'Impact on clinicians' and 'Impact on parents'; (3) Practical challenges in providing neonatal care at the bedside, which included 'Cord length' and 'Caesarean section'; (4) Comparison of the trolley with usual resuscitation equipment and (5) Training and integration of bedside care into clinical routine, which included 'Teething problems' and 'Training'. Conclusions Overall, most clinicians were positive about providing immediate neonatal care at the maternal bedside, particularly in terms of the clinicians' perceptions of the parents' experience. Clinicians also perceived that their close proximity to parents improved communication. However, there was some concern about performing more intensive interventions in front of parents. Providing immediate neonatal care and resuscitation at the bedside requires staff training and support.


Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is considered a major pest of maize, responsible for reducing grain quality and making the corn inappropriate for industrial use and human consumption. S. zeamais has been controlled exclusively with chemical products. The objective of this research was to select isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. to control S. zeamais. Beetles were immersed in conidia suspensions of each isolate for five seconds and placed in a gerbox container with maize grains. In pathogenicity tests, the isolates that caused the highest mortality to the maize weevil were ESALQ-447 (68.0%), CCA-UFES/ Bb-36 (57.3%) and CCA-UFES/Bb-31 (51.3%). ESALQ-447 was the most virulent, with an LC50 of 1.7 x 107 conidia/ml and shows promise for controlling maize weevils. These isolates of B. bassiana can be used as effective substitutes for conventional chemical control, normally carried out with phosphine. Further tests should be performed under field and semi-field conditions to develop an appropriate strategy for the use of this entomopathogen to manage S. zeamais.


This article discusses the results of systematic field surveys in the territory of ancient Crustumerium performed by the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA) between 2011 and 2013. These surveys aimed at evaluating the status of the surface record in relation to previous work in the area in the 1970s and 1990s, and at strengthening our knowledge about the ruralisation of Crustumerium before its conquest by Rome (around 500 BC). However, as soon became clear, the current surface record provided only meagre evidence for the period of focus. Instead, it is dominated by the presence of 'Roman' pottery, belonging to farm sites that often were founded in the Mid-Republican period (4th-3rd c. BC) and in many cases continued to be frequented into Late Roman times. This observation is contrary to the idea that an explosive rural infill of the countryside in the 6th century BC was followed by a rural crisis in Republican times, as has been the prevailing argument on the basis of legacy data. Furthermore, our own data led us to reconsider the supposed causal relationship between the urbanisation and ruralisation of the ancient Latin city-states. In this light the present paper, accompanied by detailed site and ceramic data, makes a case for the value of reflexivity in archaeology and shows how selective replication studies can elicit alternatives for well-established historical and archaeological narratives.


Fisher's advice to the policymakers: Adjust the money stock to correct price-level deviations from target. He neglected to say whether money should respond (1) to the gap between actual and target prices, (2) to the gap's rate of change, (3) to the gap's cumulative value over time, or (4) to some combination of these. While all four versions of Fisher's rule deliver price stability in the model presented here, the first does so more promptly and smoothly than the others and outperforms a constant money-stock rule as well.


Tracking human body pose in monocular video in the presence of image noise, imperfect foreground extraction and partial occlusion of the human body is important for many video analysis applications. Human pose tracking can be made more robust by integrating the detection of components such as face and limbs. We proposed an approach based on data-driven Markov chain Monte Carlo (DD-MCMC) where component detection results are used to generate state proposals for pose estimation and initialization. Experimental results on a realistic indoor video sequence show that the method is able to track a person during turning and sitting movements.


Abstract. We compiled a database of 39 766 data points consisting of flow cytometric and microscopical measurements of picoheterotroph abundance, including both Bacteria and Archaea. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 1.3% of the ocean surface. There are data covering all ocean basins and depths except the Southern Hemisphere below 350 m or from April until June. The average picoheterotroph biomass is 3.9 p 3.6 μg C l−1 with a 20-fold decrease between the surface and the deep sea. We estimate a total ocean inventory of about 1.3 × 1029 picoheterotroph cells. Surprisingly, the abundance in the coastal regions is the same as at the same depths in the open ocean. Using an average of published open ocean measurements for the conversion from abundance to carbon biomass of 9.1 fg cell−1, we calculate a picoheterotroph carbon inventory of about 1.2 Pg C. The main source of uncertainty in this inventory is the conversion factor from abundance to biomass. Picoheterotroph biomass is ~2 times higher in the tropics than in the polar oceans. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779142


Modern versions of GMAW and GTAW welding processes have presented solutions using the forward and reverse movement of the wire to obtain different welding results. The obstacle associated with this movement, here called dynamic wire feed, mainly arises in the case of GMAW welding, which is required to use frequencies compatible with a shortcircuiting transfer. As a tool to assess the real influence of the dynamic movement of the wire on the weld results, this work has the main objective to present the study and implementation of a wire feed system that allows performing welding tests using this philosophy. Some types of drive systems were surveyed, assembling a prototype based on a high dynamic servomotor. With the implementation of logic control integrated with the welding source, it was possible to make deposits with good visual appearance and good stability in the metal transfer.


We study distributed algorithms, also known as gossip algorithms, for information dissemination in an arbitrary connected network of nodes. Distributed algorithms have applications to peer-to-peer, sensor, and ad hoc networks, in which nodes operate under limited computational, communication, and energy resources. These constraints naturally give rise to "gossip" algorithms: schemes in which nodes repeatedly communicate with randomly chosen neighbors, thus distributing the computational burden across all the nodes in the network and making the computation robust against node failures. Information dissemination based on network coding was introduced by Deb and Medard. They showed the virtue of coding by analyzing a coding algorithm for a complete graph. Although their scheme generalizes to arbitrary graphs, the analysis does not. We present analysis of this algorithm for arbitrary graphs. Specifically, we find that the information dissemination time is naturally related to the spectral properties of the underlying network graph. Our results provide insight into how the graph topology affects the performance of the coding-based information dissemination algorithm


Since the 1970s, federal campaign finance law has been built on four pillars. The first is contribution limits on donations to candidate campaigns and political party committees. The contribution limits are designed to reduce the role of money in politics by preventing large donors from corrupting elected officials. The second is the ban on foreign contributions to American political campaigns. The prohibition is intended to prevent foreign influence on American elections and to ensure that candidates rely exclusively on American sources of support for getting their campaign messages out to voters. The third is the mandatory public disclosure of the identities of campaign contributors. Disclosure laws are intended to enable voters to evaluate the sources of a candidate's support and to guard against corruption. The fourth pillar is the Federal Election Commission, which is charged with enforcing the law in an effective and bipartisan manner.
The 2016 presidential campaign made it starkly apparent that all four pillars of federal campaign finance law have become woefully outdated in the age of the internet, social media, and non-stop fundraising. First, contribution limits have not only failed to reduce the role of money in politics but have instead severely distorted our political system. Second, the federal ban on foreign contributions failed to prevent a massive level of foreign intervention in the 2016 presidential election. Third, FECA's requirement that all contributions to political committees be reported and publicly disclosed no longer keeps the public adequately informed. Fourth, FECA's foundational presumption that the FEC would enforce the law in a bipartisan and vigorous fashion has collapsed amid finger-pointing, personal acrimony, and profound ideological divisions among the commissioners.
A vestige of the post-Watergate reforms of the 1970s, FECA no longer adequately regulates the campaign finance world of 21st century American politics. The time has come for a sweeping reform and restructuring of the law. This article proposes 4 major reforms to modernize federal campaign finance law: the elimination of FECA's contribution limits, the closing of the dark and gray money loopholes, the clarification and expansion of federal regulation of foreign government influence on American elections, and the fundamental restructuring of the FEC. By adopting those reforms, FECA will finally be brought out of the 1970s and into the age of the internet, iPhones, Twitter, and Facebook.


In March 1997, 60 Minutes, a nationally syndicated news magazine program, featured a story in which it was claimed that The Cleveland Clinic Foundation (CCF) had in place a non-heart-beating donor (NHBD) protocol that involved killing patients for their organs. These charges were brought by a philosopher from a local university. A student who worked at LifeBanc, the northeastern Ohio organ procurement agency where the organ donation protocol originated, was given the protocol by LifeBanc with the understanding that it was to be used in class; the student and professor charged that the protocol involved killing patients for their organs. These claims were advanced without noting that the protocol was a draft that was being reviewed and revised and had not been implemented.


This study explores the underlying causes and deterrent control mechanisms of police misconduct in the United States. Outcomes of causes and control mechanisms constitute the basis for an applicable model for the Turkish National Police (TNP). Why is some police behavior deviate? What are the main determinants of police misconduct? Is police misconduct a result of sociological behavior and subcultural development within police organizations or a psychological behavior as an outcome of officers' personal traits? What are the control mechanisms for police misconduct? What are their strengths and weaknesses? Do they deter or not? Is there a control mechanism that deters better than others? What is the best deterrence model for the TNP?


A parallel-plate differential mobility analyzer and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (DMA-MS) are used in series to measure true mobility in dry atmospheric pressure air for mass-resolved electrosprayed GroEL tetradecamers (14-mers; ~800 kDa). Narrow mobility peaks are found (2.6-2.9% fwhm); hence, precise mobilities can be obtained for these ions without collisional activation, just following their generation by electrospray ionization. In contrast to previous studies, two conformers are found with mobilities (Z) differing by ~5% at charge state z ~ 79. By extrapolating to small z, a common mobility/charge ratio Z(0)/z = 0.0117 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) is found for both conformers. When interpreted as if the GroEL ion surface were smooth and the gas molecule-protein collisions were perfectly elastic and specular, this mobility yields an experimental collision cross section, Ω, 11% smaller than in an earlier measurement, and close to the cross section, A(C,crystal), expected for the crystal structure (determined by a geometric approximation). However, the similarity between Ω and A(C,crystal) does not imply a coincidence between the native and gas-phase structures. The nonideal nature of protein-gas molecule collisions introduces a drag enhancement factor, ξ = 1.36, with which the true cross section A(C) is related to Ω via A(C) = Ω/ξ. Therefore, A(C) for GroEL 14-mer ions determined by DMA measurements is 0.69A(C,crystal). The factor 1.36 used here is based on the experimental Stokes-Millikan equation, as well as on prior and new numerical modeling accounting for multiple scattering events via exact hard-sphere scattering calculations. Therefore, we conclude that the gas-phase structure of the GroEL complex as electrosprayed is substantially more compact than the corresponding X-ray crystal structure.


A novel double-parameters optical fiber sensor based on spherical structure and multimode fiber has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The output signal is a series of interference superposition, external parameters can be measured by monitoring the spectral characteristics of interference dips. The interesting properties of the sensor include good operation linearity and high sensitivities. The sensitivities of temperature and refractive index can reach up to 0.131 nm/°C and 111.14 nm/RIU, respectively. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index can be realized according to the different spectral responses.


Curcuma longa Linn. (CLL) is widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for the prevention of diabetic vascular complications, but the potential active compounds and its bioaffinity property to cells remain obscure. In this study, cell membrane chromatography (CMC) was used to screen the active components binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Demethoxycurcumin and curcumin in CLL were identified as two cells-binding compounds. MTT and acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO-EB) results demonstrated demethoxycurcumin and curcumin had protection activity on advanced glycation end products (AGEs)-induced HUVECs damage, including increasing cell viability and reducing apoptosis. CMC was also used to determine the bioaffinity property of these compounds to cells. The dissociation equilibrium constants (Kd) of demethoxycurcumin and curcumin were 3.173 ± 0.46 and 3.088 ± 0.51 nM. Maximum binding capacities (Bmax) were 22.61 ± 3.74 and 24.39 ± 2.11 fmol · mg−1 protein. The IC50 of demethoxycurcumin and curcumin were (2.50 ± 0.16) and (1.59 ± 0.28) × 10−7 M, respectively. Our results indicated that demethoxycurcumin and curcumin were the potential active compounds in CLL for the prevention of diabetic vascular complications, and CMC provided a rapid and efficient method for screening potential active components in traditional Chinese medicines against diabetic vascular complications.


Dignity is an important issue in end of life care, but has not been considered as a possible predictor of advance care planning (ACP). This presentation will describe a study to determine predictors of willingness to participate in ACP among homeless persons, determinants of loss of dignity, and contributors to dignity at the end of life. A prospective, single-blind, randomised trial comparing self-guided completion of an advance directive (AD) with professionally assisted ACP at 8 sites serving homeless persons recruited 262 homeless persons in 2007-08. Subjects were offered a brief presentation and written materials related to ACP versus one-on-one ACP counselling by a social worker. Measures included pre-intervention written surveys and subsequent AD content analysis. The overall completion rate for ADs was 26.7%. Older age, problems finding a place to sleep (OR = 0.29), and feeling a loss of dignity (OR = 0.37) were independently predictive of completion of an AD, with either a self-guided process or individual counselling. Loss of dignity almost every day was reported by 35% of subjects. Being treated with dignity was described as 1) being respected 2) having preferences honoured, 3) receiving adequate care, and 4) having comfort maintained. In summary, lacking a place to sleep and loss of dignity negatively predict willingness to complete an AD among the homeless. Loss of dignity is a frequent problem in this population. There are practical ways providers can maintain dignity in care of homeless at the end of life.


In Brazil extensive areas are covered with pine forests, planted for pulp and paper production. This industry generates solid alkaline waste, such as dregs. The application of this dregs to forest soils is an alternative for soil acidity correction and plant nutrient supply, as well as a solution for its proper disposal. The purpose of this study was to compare the residual effect of surface application of dregs and dolomitic lime on (a) changes in the physical and chemical properties of an acidic soil and (b) pine tree development. The experiment was carried out in 2004 in Bocaina do Sul, Santa Catarina, consisting of the application of increasing dreg and lime rates to a Pinus taeda L. production area, on a Humic Cambisol, in a randomized block design with four replications and 10 x 10 m plots. The treatments consisted of levels of soil acidity amendments corresponding to the recommendations by the SMP method to reach pH 5.5 in the 0-20 cm layer, as follows: no soil amendment; dregs at 5.08 (1/4 SMP), 10.15 (1/2 SMP) and 20.3 Mg ha-1 (1 SMP); and lime at 8.35 (1/2 SMP) and 16.7 Mg ha-1 (1 SMP). Soil layers were sampled in 2010 for analyses of soil chemical and physical properties. The diameter at breast height of the 6.5 year old pine trees was also evaluated. Surface application of dregs improved soil chemical fertility by reducing acidity and increasing base saturation, similar to liming, especially in surface layers. Dregs, comparable to lime, reduced the degree of clay flocculation, but did not affect the soil physical quality. There was no effect of the amendments on increase in pine tree diameter. Thus, the alternative to raise the pH in forest soils to 5.5 with dregs is promising for the forestry sector with a view to dispose of the waste and increase soil fertility.


Multiple-field-of-view (MFOV) secondary-polarization lidar signals are used to calculate the particle-size density distribution (PSD) at the base of a cloud. At the cloud base, multiple scattering is weak and single backscattering is predominant by many orders of magnitude. Because secondary polarization is a direct measure of multiple scattering, it is therefore advantageous to use secondary polarization. A mathematical relation among the PSD, the lidar fields of view, the scattering angles, and the angular depolarization is derived to facilitate use of secondary polarization. The model is supported by experimental MFOV lidar measurements carried out in a controlled environment, and its limitations and restrictions are discussed.


The delivery of resources to citizens in the global South is increasingly managed through international partnerships. As systems of plural governance, such arrangements are characterized by alignments, accommodations, and conflicts between partners' respective interests. This article focuses on partnerships between the Kenyan Ministries of Health and organizations funded by PEPFAR (the President's Fund for AIDS Relief), drawing on fieldwork with Kenyan government health managers. These partnerships were based on a separation between the ability to provide resources and the right to administer them. For Kenyans, partnerships animated a politics of sovereign responsibility in which they often felt a deep sense of managerial disenfranchisement. For their foreign collaborators, partnership relations legitimized the interventions they organized. This politics of sovereign responsibility reconfigured the importance of the state on the basis of its role in delivering resources within global relations of inequality. [global health, PEPFAR, HIV/AIDS, governance, partnership, sovereign responsibility, the state, Kenya]


The management of water resources is inseparable from three issues; excessive water in rainy season, lack of water in dry season, and the decreasing quality of water from time to time. The increasing number of residents in one area in turn increases the global need of water, but this need may not immediately be fulfilled. Water balance is a ratio between water need and supply. Water need includes the need for irrigation and non-irrigation water. With the development in Bangka Island, especially the construction of public facilities and infrastructure, trading and industry, agriculture and plantations, the need of water will always increase. It is crucial to know the status of water balance in Bangka Island so that the water resource management can be controlled. The aim of this study is to figure the amount of water needs and water availability in Bangka Island and to determine the status of water balance in Bangka Island using the method of quantitative analysis of ratio between water needs (WN) and water availability (WA). The result shows that Bangka Island water need is 711,75 m3/capita/year. The number of water supply in Bangka Island from 2013 to 2023 shows a surplus in rainy seasons (November-April) and there are deficits in dry seasons (May-October). The condition of water supplies in all areas of Bangka Island is rated good until 2023, except for in Pangkalpinang. The condition of water balance in Pangkalpinang City is bad, which is 388,13% in 2013, 454% in 2018 and 531,04% in 2023.


We present a unified framework on the limits of constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) and efficient parameter testing which depends only on array exchangeability and the method of cut decomposition without recourse to the weakly regular partitions. In particular, we formulate and prove a representation theorem for compact colored $r$-uniform directed hypergraph ($r$-graph) limits, and apply this to $r$CSP limits. We investigate the sample complexity of testable $r$-graph parameters, we discuss the generalized ground state energies and demonstrate that they are efficiently testable.


The more integrated technology becomes in our everyday lives and businesses, the more vital it grows that its applications are utilized in an ethical and appropriate way.Ethical Governance of Emerging Technologies Development combines multiple perspectives on ethical backgrounds, theories, and management approaches when implementing new technologies into an environment. Understanding the ethical implications associated with utilizing new advancements in technology is useful for professionals, researchers, and graduate students interested in this growing area of research.


There is a growing interest in touch-based and gestural interfaces as alternatives to the dominant mouse, keyboard and monitor interaction. Content and context-aware visualizations of audio collections have been proposed as a more effective way to interact with the increasing amounts of audio data available digitally. Audioscapes is a framework for prototyping and exploring how touch-based and gestural controllers can be used with state-of-the-art content and context-aware visualizations. By providing well-defined interfaces and conventions a variety of different audio collections, controllers and visualization methods can be combined to create innovative ways of interacting with large audio collections. We describe the overall system architecture, the currently available components and specific case studies.


Abstract Nitrosative stress is an adverse physiological condition mediated by an excessive level of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS react with the different macromolecules in vivo and result in the inactivation of these molecules. But the mechanism to counteract the effect of nitrosative stress is poorly understood. Escherichia coli is one of the best understood and well-studied microorganism. Although several studies have been reported on Escherichia coli to characterize the effect of various stress response but fewer works are there to see the effect of nitrosative stress. Escherichia coli encounter numerous stresses during its growth, survival, and infection. They respond to various stress conditions by activating common regulator proteins and thiols. These stress conditions result in the accumulation of these regulator proteins and thiols that allow cells to adjust to specific stress situations, conferring stress tolerance and survival. In this review, different enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to counteract the effect of nitrosative stress in Escherichia coli have been discussed and a hypothesis for the working mechanism of hybrid cluster protein that helps to combat nitrosative stress has been proposed. Here, we have tried to give a clear scenario about the mode of action of stress-responsive elements present in Escherichia coli.


Smooth muscle cell proliferation plays an important role in neointimal thickening after vascular injury and may contribute to restenosis after angioplasty. Development of suitable pharmacological agents modulating smooth muscle cell proliferation is critical for further investigation of vascular hyperplasia and its prevention. In the present study, we report a novel series of compounds that inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and arterial intimal thickening after balloon angioplasty. LY290181 (2-amino-4-[3-pyridyl]-4H-naphtho [1, 2-b]pyran-3-carbonitrile) and LY290293 (2-amino-4-[3-pyridyl]-4H-naphtho [1, 2-b]pyran-carbonitrile) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in culture. Fifty percent inhibition (IC50) of cell proliferation was produced by 20 nM LY290181 or LY290293. Cell growth inhibition was not due to cell death, as demonstrated by the release of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase and by the reversibility of inhibition upon washing. Inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation was achieved in cells stimulated by either serum or individual growth factor such as platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor or epidermal growth factor. In the rat model of balloon injury to carotid artery, LY290181 and LY290293 produced 61% (P < .005) and 48% (P < .005) inhibition of intimal thickening when administered p.o. at 100 and 120 mg/kg/day, respectively, over a 2-week period. Inhibition of intimal thickening (70%, P < .005) by LY290293 was also demonstrated when the compound was administered s.c. at 10 mg/kg/day. These studies demonstrate that naphthopyrans LY290181 and LY290293 are potent inhibitors of smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro and that they produce substantial reduction in arterial intimal thickening in a balloon injury model when administered systemically.


We demonstrate possible optical signatures of the Kehagias–Sfetsos (KS) naked singularity spacetimes representing a spherically symmetric vacuum solution of the modified Hořava gravity. In such spacetimes, accretion structures significantly different from those present in standard black hole spacetimes occur due to the 'antigravity' effect, which causes an internal static sphere surrounded by Keplerian discs. We focus our attention on the optical effects related to the Keplerian accretion discs, constructing the optical appearance of the Keplerian discs, the spectral continuum due to their thermal radiation, and the spectral profiled lines generated in the innermost parts of such discs. The KS naked singularity signature is strongly encoded in the characteristics of predicted optical effects, especially in cases where the spectral continuum and spectral lines are profiled by the strong gravity of the spacetimes due to the vanishing region of the angular velocity gradient influencing the effectiveness of the viscosity mechanism. We can conclude that optical signatures of KS naked singularities can be well distinguished from the signatures of standard black holes.


In this study, we have found that interfacial layers (IFLs) based on Jeffamines (industrial polyetheramine derivatives) can improve the performance of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). We evaluated four different Jeffamines (average molecular weight: 2000 g mol−1)—M2005, M2070, D2000, and ED2003—having either a monoamine or diamine structure and various ratios of propylene oxide (PO) and ethylene oxide (EO) for their suitability as IF materials for OPV applications. The presence of the Jeffamine altered the work function of ZnO and improved the electron transport, thereby causing the ZnO layers to function more efficiently as electron-selective electrodes. The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of inverted devices having the layered configuration glass/indium tin oxide (ITO)/ZnO (with or without the Jeffamine)/PTB7:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag increased from 8.1 ± 0.11 to 8.6 ± 0.37% when containing the Jeffamine-D2000 under illumination with AM 1.5G solar light (1000 W m−2), the result of a significantly increased fill factor (FF). The greatest OPV performance was that of the device incorporating Jeffamine-D2000—a PCE of 9.1% and a remarkable FF of 74.2%.


Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression is increased in glomeruli in the context of diabetes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this upregulation of VEGFA protects the glomerular microvasculature in diabetes and that therefore inhibition of VEGFA will accelerate nephropathy. To determine the role of glomerular Vegfa in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy, we used an inducible Cre-loxP gene-targeting system that enabled genetic deletion of Vegfa selectively from glomerular podocytes of wild-type or diabetic mice. Type 1 diabetes was induced in mice using streptozotocin (STZ). We then assessed the extent of glomerular dysfunction by measuring proteinuria, glomerular pathology, and glomerular cell apoptosis. Vegfa expression increased in podocytes in the STZ model of diabetes. After 7 weeks of diabetes, diabetic mice lacking Vegfa in podocytes exhibited significantly greater proteinuria with profound glomerular scarring and increased apoptosis compared with control mice with diabetes or Vegfa deletion without diabetes. Reduced local production of glomerular Vegfa in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes promotes endothelial injury accelerating the progression of glomerular injury. These results suggest that upregulation of VEGFA in diabetic kidneys protects the microvasculature from injury and that reduction of VEGFA in diabetes may be harmful.


Ground vibrations created by running high-speed trains at speeds between 100 and 320 km/h are calculated in detail using transfer functions to model the effects of the moving loads. These transfer functions for layered soils are obtained by integration in the wavenumber domain. The train-induced vibrations in a soil that is considered to consist of single layers of two slightly different soils are analysed for different excitations: for their spectra, attenuation laws and amplitude–speed relations. An important mid-frequency component is shifted through the cut-on region of the layered soil with an increase in the train speed. The cut-on frequency divides the response of the layered soil into a low-frequency low-amplitude range and a high-frequency high-amplitude range. This leads to completely different train speed dependencies for the two soil layers with strongly increasing amplitudes around the cut-on frequency and almost constant amplitudes beyond this frequency. All calculated results closely agree with ground vibration measurements at two corresponding sites, especially if the mid-frequency component is calculated by axle impulses.


Summary Swiss Fleckvieh has been established from 1970 as a composite of Simmental and Red Holstein Friesian cattle. Breed composition is currently reported based on pedigree information. Information on ancestry informative molecular markers potentially provides more accurate information. For the analysis Illumina Bovine SNP50 Beadchip data for 495 bulls were used. Markers were selected based on diff erence in allele frequencies in the pure populations, using FST as an indicator. Performance of sets with decreasing number of markers was compared. Th e scope of the study was to see how much we can reduce the number of markers based on FST to get a reliability that is close to that with the full set of markers. On these sets of markers hidden Markov models (HMM) and methods used in genomic selection (BayesB, partial least squares regression, LASSO variable selection) were applied. Correlations of admixture levels were estimated and compared with admixture levels based on pedigree information. FST chosen SNP gave very high correlations with pedigree based admixture. Only when using 96 and 48 SNP with the highest F ST , correlations dropped to 0.92 and 0.90, respectively.


Designing distributed and scalable algorithms to improve network connectivity is a central topic in peer-to-peer networks. In this paper we focus on the following well-known problem: given an n-node d-regular network for d = Ω(log n), we want to design a decentralized, local algorithm that transforms the graph into one that has good connectivity properties (low diameter, expansion, etc.) without affecting the sparsity of the graph. To this end, Mahlmann and Schindelhauer introduced the random "flip" transformation, where in each time step, a random pair of vertices that have an edge decide to 'swap a neighbor'. They conjectured that performing O(nd) such flips at random would convert any connected d-regular graph into a d-regular expander graph, with high probability. However, the best known upper bound for the number of steps is roughly O(n17d23), obtained via a delicate Markov chain comparison argument. Our main result is to prove that a natural instantiation of the random flip produces an expander in at most O(n2d2[EQUATION] n) steps, with high probability. Our argument uses a potential-function analysis based on the matrix exponential, together with the recent beautiful results on the higher-order Cheeger inequality of graphs. We also show that our technique can be used to analyze another well-studied random process known as the 'random switch', and show that it produces an expander in O(nd) steps with high probability.


Abstract In fusion DEMO reactors, the blanket requires lithium-containing ceramics as the tritium breeder material. Lithium metatitanate (Li2TiO3) is being considered as a promising tritium breeding material for thermonuclear fusion reactors because of its reasonable lithium atom density, prominent tritium release rate at low temperatures, low activation characteristics, low thermal expansion coefficient, high thermal conductivity, etc. Li2TiO3 will be used in the Indian Lead-Lithium–Cooled Ceramic Breeder concept to be tested in ITER. Li2TiO3 powder has been synthesized by the solution-combustion technique using a less expensive precursor of titanium, i.e., titanium dioxide (TiO2), at Institute for Plasma Research. Titanium oxynitrate [TiO(NO3)2] and lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) with citric acid fuel are used as the raw materials. The combustion reaction was carried out at citrate-to-metal ratios of 0.8 to 1.5, as well as for various pH values ranging from 1 to 5. Citric acid was used as a fuel material for the reaction. Calcination of the powder was carried out at 600°C. The powders were characterized for phase purity, grain size, and surface area using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analyzer. Finally, Li2TiO3 pebbles were prepared by extrusion followed by spheronization with a diameter range from 1 to 1.5 mm. The details of the powder systemization, pebble formation, and their various characterizations are discussed in this paper.


In this paper, we present a way to track multiple maneuvering targets with varying time-frequency signatures. A particle filter is used to track targets that have constant speeds with changing heading directions. The target motion dynamics help the particle filter achieve an angular resolution otherwise not possible by the conventional beamforming techniques. Moreover, the particle filter has a built-in target association that eliminates the need for heuristic techniques commonly used in the multiple target tracking problems. Reference priors are used to derive the probability distribution function of the acoustic array outputs given the state of the multiple target states (MTS's). Local linearization is used to approximate the importance function used in the particle filter by a Gaussian pdf. Finally, computer simulations are used to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm with synthetic data.


With poems that combine the self-scrutiny of Philip Larkin with the measure of Elizabeth Bishop, Amy M. Clark burnishes her first collection, Stray Home, with exquisite understatement and formal control. Sweeter than Larkin and more intimate than Bishop, these poems address the suppressed pain and shame of living as a childless woman in a world of mothers, the dissociation attendant on depression and fraught family relationships, and the search for a sense of belonging in the face of dislocation. Stray Home cuts deeply to discover the buried emotions and insights universal to all suffering and compassionate human beings. "Clark is able to imbue our small, usually overlooked moments with unexpected grandeur. A quiet humor is employed in service of her twin gifts, imagination and metaphor. This is an accomplished, deft, and important debut."—Beth Ann Fennelly, author of Tender Hooks and judge


The horizontally homogeneous atmospheric boundary layer over a rough surface with a large roughness length z0 has been investigated to model the simplest cases of the Urban Atmospheric Boundary Layer (UABL) over a flat plain. It has been demonstrated that the nondimensional profiles of the horizontal Reynolds stresses of eddy viscosity and of velocity defect components are universal and independent on surface characteristics. On one side, the results of numerical simulation are compared with radio soundings launched over urban areas. Because of the lack of additional information about experiment data sets, only qualitative comparison has been performed. On the other side wind tunnel experiments in the Institute of Thermomechanics were carried out.


Aspherical or free-form optical surface machining using an ultra-precision machine tool is a common and effective method in precision optics manufacturing. However, this method sometimes causes waviness due to the machine's motion in mid-spatial frequency (MSF) form deviations. This waviness lowers the quality of the optical surface. To address this problem, we use the waviness of the axial displacement of the ultra-precision machine tool. The waviness is obtained by a non-contact on-machine metrology (OMM) system that measures an optical flat as a correction reference curve, which is used to correct the surface of the workpiece to reduce the effect of waviness in advance. The OMM system consists of a displacement probe and a machine tool axis position capture device. The probe system uses a confocal chromatic probe on an ultra-precision machine tool to evaluate the form deviation of the workpiece with 1 nm resolution. The axis position capture system uses a signal branch circuit of linear scale on each axis from the ultra-precision machine tool. The OMM system is tested in terms of accuracy and repeatability. In comparison to the results of the shaper cutting of an oxygen-free copper (OFC) workpiece with feed-forward correction, we were able to reduce the profile error from 125.3 nm to 42.1 nm in p-v (peak to valley) and eventually also reduced the waviness.


The revolutionary upheaval in the southern Mediterranean and the slow reforms in most of the eastern neighbourhood have pushed the European Union to revise its approach to the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). In May 2011, the Commission presented a full review of the ENP, introducing an enhanced form of conditionality which should see more political and financial support being given to those neighbouring countries that implement more reforms and are more democratic. Characteristic of this 'more for more' conditionality is its strong bilateral dimension. While there is some rhetorical commitment to strengthening the regional dimensions of the ENP, for example, the Union for the Mediterranean and the Eastern Partnership, few tangible proposals to that effect have been made. Notably, while the reviewed ENP repeats the goal of a 'Neighbourhood Economic Community' as a long-term objective of regional integration across the neighbourhood, it makes no proposals on instruments or strategy as to how to achieve that objective. This paper proposes that 'legally binding sectoral multilateralism' should be the EU's method and instrument of choice to reach that goal. This entails a pro-active strategy consisting of treaty-based legal integration between the EU and neighbouring countries and between the latter themselves, in sectors where such is clearly beneficial in its own right, as well as in the light of the long-term objective of a neighbourhood community. On the basis of two case studies, pertaining to the Energy Community Treaty and the draft Transport Community Treaty, the paper explores the benefits and weaknesses of this approach. The paper argues that the challenges posed by legal fragmentation in the wider European legal space can be overcome in order to reap the substantial economic and policy benefits spurred by legally binding sectoral multilateralism.


Mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-7 confer an uncoordinated phenotype. Wild-type animals trace smooth, sinuous waves as they move; unc-7 mutants make irregular bends or kinks along their bodies, particularly when they move forward. The unc-7 locus has also been implicated in the nematode's response to volatile anesthetics. We have cloned unc-7 by transposon tagging: an unc-7 mutation was correlated with the insertion of the transposon Tc1, and reversion of the mutant phenotype was correlated with loss of the Tc1 element. We have physically mapped the region flanking the sites of Tc1 insertion and identified DNA rearrangements corresponding to eight additional unc-7 alleles. Northern analysis indicates that a 2.7-kb unc-7 message is present in all developmental stages but is most abundant in L1-L3 larvae. The 5' end of the message contains a trans-spliced leader SL1. An 18-kb intron is located upstream of the predicted translational start site of the gene, and DNA breakpoints of four gamma-ray-induced alleles were located within this intron. We determined the sequence of a cDNA corresponding to the unc-7 message. The message may encode a 60-kd protein whose amino acid sequence is unrelated to any other available protein sequence; a transmembrane location for the unc-7 protein is predicted. We predict from our analysis of unc-7 genetic mosaics that the unc-7 gene product is not required in muscle cells for wild-type coordination but is probably required in motor neurons (although a hypodermal role has not been excluded). We speculate that unc-7 may be involved in the function of neuronal ion channels.


Experience with visual stimuli can improve their perceptual performance, a phenomenon termed visual perceptual learning (VPL), but how does VPL shape our conscious experience of learned stimuli? VPL has been found to improve measures of metacognition, suggesting increased conscious stimulus accessibility. Such studies however, have largely failed to control objective task accuracy, which typically correlates with metacognition. Here, using a staircase method to control this confound, we investigated whether VPL improves the metacognitive accuracy of perceptual judgements. Across three consecutive days, subjects learned to discriminate faces based on either their identity or contrast. Holding objective accuracy constant, perceptual thresholds improved in both tasks, while metacognitive accuracy diverged, with face contrast VPL improving metacognition, and face identity VPL failing to. Our findings can be interpreted in a reverse hierarchy theory-like model of VPL, which counterintuitively predicts that the VPL of low- but not high-level stimulus properties should improve conscious stimulus accessibility.


The role of the retention coefficient (i.e. the fraction of a dissolved trace gas which is retained in hydrometeors during freezing) for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases by deep convective cloud systems is investigated using a modified version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results from cloud system resolving model runs (in which deep convection is initiated by small random perturbations in association with so-called "large scale forcings (LSF)") for a tropical oceanic (TOGA COARE) and a mid-latitude continental case (ARM) are compared to two runs in which bubbles are used to initiate deep convection (STERAO, ARM). In the LSF runs, scavenging is found to almost entirely prevent a highly soluble tracer initially located in the lowest 1.5 km of the troposphere from reaching the upper troposphere, independent of the retention coefficient. The release of gases from freezing hydrometeors leads to mixing ratio increases in the upper troposphere comparable to those calculated for insoluble trace gases only in the two runs in which bubbles are used to initiate deep convection. A comparison of the two ARM runs indicates that using bubbles to initiate deep convection may result in an overestimate of the influence of the retention coefficient on the vertical transport of highly soluble tracers. It is, however, found that the retention coefficient plays an important role for the scavenging and redistribution of highly soluble trace gases with a (chemical) source in the free troposphere and also for trace gases for which even relatively inefficient transport may be important. The large difference between LSF and bubble runs is attributed to differences in dynamics and microphysics in the inflow regions of the storms. The dependence of the results on the model setup indicates the need for additional model studies with a more realistic initiation of deep convection, e.g., considering effects of orography in a nested model setup.


Background: Previous studies have described health care utilization based on insurance status and ethnicity. Few investigations, however, have looked at rural populations in relation to distance in securing health care. Methods: The 2008 to 2009 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) State Inpatient Database (SID) for South Carolina was used to assess the relationship of living in rural versus urban communities and the demographic variables related to insurance coverage. By use of bivariate and multivariate analyses, patient socio-demographic characteristics were explored for working-aged groups in relation to their income and for payer status (Medicaid or uninsured) relative to those privately insured. Results: Of hospitalizations, 68.89% were for those living in urban areas, 20.52% in large rural areas, 6.57% small rural areas, and 4.02% in isolated rural areas. Blacks lived predominantly in small rural (53.65%) and isolated rural communities (51.55%). As income decreased, the percentage of hospital admissions increased, from 5.83% for those earning $66,000 to 43.29% for those earning between $1 and $39,999. Conclusions: Hospital admissions may not be entirely dependent on race, income or insurance, but could also be influenced by geographic access. Further, having private insurance, higher incomes, and living in urban areas are positive predictors for better health outcomes.


We present refined coordinates and proper-motion data for the high proper-motion (HPM) stars in the Luyten Half-Second (LHS) catalog. The positional uncertainty in the original Luyten catalog is typically greater than 10″ and is often greater than 30″. We have used the digital scans of the POSS I and POSS II plates to derive more accurate positions and proper motions of the objects. Out of the 4470 candidates in the LHS catalog, 4323 objects were manually reidentified in the POSS I and POSS II scans. A small fraction of the stars were not found because of the lack of finder charts and digitized POSS II scans. The uncertainties in the revised positions are typically ∼2″ but can be as high as ∼8″ in a few cases, which is a large improvement over the original data. Cross-correlation with the Tycho-2 and Hipparcos catalogs yielded 819 candidates (with mR ≲ 12). For these brighter sources, the position and proper-motion data were replaced with the more accurate Tycho-2/Hipparcos data. In total, we have revised proper-motion measurements and coordinates for 4040 stars and revised coordinates for 4330 stars. The electronic version of the paper contains the updated information on all 4470 stars in the LHS catalog.


When Vivian is evacuated from London in 1939, she expects to be staying in the countryside. Instead, she is whisked away to Time City - a place that exists outside time and space. It is a strange and remarkable place, where technology rules - yet important events of both past and future are marked by the appearance of mysterious Time Ghosts. Here, a Time Patrol works to preserve historical events - but unknown rogue time-travellers are plotting to take control and are stealing the wards that protect the city. If they succeed, Time City and History as we know it will both be destroyed. Jonathan and Sam are convinced that Vivian can help to save their home - for, astonishingly, she appears as a Time Ghost herself in a forgotten part of the city. But how can she possibly know what to do, when the important event hasn't even happened yet?!


In September 1923, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake devastated eastern Japan, killing more than 120,000 people and leaving two million homeless. Using a rich array of source material, J. Charles Schencking tells for the first time the graphic tale of Tokyo's destruction and rebirth. In emotive prose, he documents how the citizens of Tokyo experienced this unprecedented calamity and explores the ways in which it rattled people's deep-seated anxieties about modernity. While explaining how and why the disaster compelled people to reflect on Japanese society, he also examines how reconstruction encouraged the capital's inhabitants to entertain new types of urbanism as they rebuilt their world. Some residents hoped that a grandiose metropolis, reflecting new values, would rise from the ashes of disaster-ravaged Tokyo. Many, however, desired a quick return of the city they once called home. Opportunistic elites advocated innovative state infrastructure to better manage the daily lives of Tokyo residents. Others focused on rejuvenating society-morally, economically, and spiritually-to combat the perceived degeneration of Japan. Schencking explores the inspiration behind these dreams and the extent to which they were realized. He investigates why Japanese citizens from all walks of life responded to overtures for renewal with varying degrees of acceptance, ambivalence, and resistance. His research not only sheds light on Japan's experience with and interpretation of the earthquake but challenges widespread assumptions that disasters unite stricken societies, creating a "blank slate" for radical transformation. National reconstruction in the wake of the Great Kanto Earthquake, Schencking demonstrates, proved to be illusive.


This is a study of five silicates, namely makatite, kanemite, octosilicate, magadiite and kenyaite. The silicates have been analysed using a range of techniques, principally solid-state NMR spectroscopy. High-quality (^29)Si NMR spectra have been obtained for samples of all five layered sodium polysilicate hydrates. Amongst other findings, these have revealed four crystallographically distinct sites in makatite and a Q(^4):Q(^4) site ratio in kenyaite of ca. 5. Proton MAS NMR studies can produce well-resolved spectra, particularly for carefully-dried samples. Distinct water and strongly hydrogen-bonded proton species have been detected. The latter are particularly noteworthy and they are present in kanemite, octosilicate, magadiite and kenyaite, but not in makatite or layered silicic acids. Interactions between the resolved proton species have been investigated with a series of 1- and 2-dimensional experiments resulting in the detection of mixing, via spin-diffusion or chemical exchange. Sodium-23 NMR studies were complicated by second-order effects from strong quadrupolar interactions and the presence of a significant signal from a sodium chloride contamination in many samples. The latter had fooled previous authors. Acidification products of kanemite, octosilicate and magadiite were characterised by (^29)Si CP NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, 1H MAS NMR and powder X-ray diffraction. A single H-kanemite sample proved to be H(_2)Si(_2)O(_5), but two types of H-octosilicate and H-magadiite sample were prepared. These differed in the presence of interlayer water. Several CP experiments were used to investigate the relationship between (^29)Si and (^23)Na nuclei and protons in the silicates. Cross-polarisation mechanisms tended to involve magnetisation transfer from the H-bonded protons only. Their determination was possible with a consideration of the extent of spin-diffusion or chemical exchange over the time-scale of the relevant experiments. Finally, new model structures for kanemite and the interlayer space in kanemite, octosilicate, magadiite and kenyaite have been suggested, while previously- proposed silicate layers have been reconsidered.