Depolarised light scattering is used to investigate the notion of flexible molecules in the liquid state. The spectra obtained are separated into a high frequency component associated with collisional motion, and a low frequency component associated with reorientation.

The high frequency component is separated from spectra for the n-alkanes. The time scale and collision induced anisotropy is such that this component is interpreted as being due to interactions between chain ends.

The low frequency component is examined for n-alkanes, both pure liquids and solutions in CC1(4), the n-alcohols, both pure liquids and solutions in CC1(4), the n-alcohols, and the isomer 224-trimethyl pentane. For the low viscosity liquids this component is Lorentzian. For the higher viscosity liquids the spectrum is modified by shear rotational coupling and exhibits a dip, the depth of which is related to the coupling parameter R. From spectral analysis one obtains molecular reorientation times and in addition for the higher viscosity liquids values of R.

The values of R are a weakly increasing function of chain length and almost independent of temperature. For pentadecane solutions in CC1(4), R is almost linear with concentration, in agreement with theory and observations for rigid molecules.

The reorientation times are interpreted using the Stokes Einstein relation. The Stokes Einstein volumes are interpreted as the quantity GapV where V is the molecular volume, alpha and p are associated with molecular shape and hydrodynamics and G with orientational correlation.

An attempt is made to separate Gop by solution measurements. The results indicate that a simple separation may not be possible for flexible molecules, G, alpha and p being independent functions of concentration and temperature.

For the shorter alkanes the results suggest that the more globular the molecule, the more it rotates within its cavity in the liquid, interacting less with surroundings, than hydrodynamics would suggest. This is substantially confirmed by the Stokes Einstein volume obtained for 224-trimethyl pentane.


This investigation on the relative wear of several bearing materials lubricated by gasoline was conducted at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, as part of a general research on fuel injection engines for aircraft. The specific purpose of the work was to find a durable bearing material for gear pumps to be used for the delivery of gasoline and diesel engine fuel oil at moderate pressures to the high pressure pumps of fuel injection engines.


Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs) have shown promise in image generation and semi-supervised learning (SSL). However, existing GANs in SSL have two problems: (1) the generator and the discriminator (i.e. the classifier) may not be optimal at the same time; and (2) the generator cannot control the semantics of the generated samples. The problems essentially arise from the two-player formulation, where a single discriminator shares incompatible roles of identifying fake samples and predicting labels and it only estimates the data without considering the labels. To address the problems, we present triple generative adversarial net (Triple-GAN), which consists of three players---a generator, a discriminator and a classifier. The generator and the classifier characterize the conditional distributions between images and labels, and the discriminator solely focuses on identifying fake image-label pairs. We design compatible utilities to ensure that the distributions characterized by the classifier and the generator both converge to the data distribution. Our results on various datasets demonstrate that Triple-GAN as a unified model can simultaneously (1) achieve the state-of-the-art classification results among deep generative models, and (2) disentangle the classes and styles of the input and transfer smoothly in the data space via interpolation in the latent space class-conditionally.


It would be beneficial if methanogenic cultures could be preserved for anaerobic digester bioaugmentation or as seed for standard tests such as biochemical methane potential. However, storage of wet culture or drying in anaerobic atmosphere may not be economically feasible. In this study, the effect of heat and freeze drying in ambient air on the methanogenic activity of an anaerobic culture was determined. The anaerobic culture was dried in air at 104 °C for 12 h, and by freezing at −196 °C in air with subsequent drying at subzero temperatures. The rehydrated culture consistently produced CH4 from H2:CO2 and acetate after drying. Drying caused a greater decrease in acetate methanogenic activity compared to H2:CO2 methanogenic activity. Transcript qPCR results for a functional gene in methanogens (mcrA) also revealed significant survivability of rehydrated methanogenic populations. Inactivation due to drying differed among genera, with least to most inactivation in the order Methanospirillum < Methanosaeta < Methanoculleus.


Because it is an integral part of the Internet routing apparatus, and because it allows multiple instances of the same service to be "naturally" discovered, IP Anycast has many attractive features for any service that involve the replication of multiple instances across the Internet. While briefly considered as an enabler when content distribution networks (CDNs) first emerged, the use of IP Anycast was deemed infeasible in that environment. The main reasons for this decision were the lack of load awareness of IP Anycast and unwanted side effects of Internet routing changes on the IP Anycast mechanism. Prompted by recent developments in route control technology, as well as a better understanding of the behavior of IP Anycast in operational settings, we revisit this decision and propose a load-aware IP Anycast CDN architecture that addresses these concerns while benefiting from inherent IP Anycast features. Our architecture makes use of route control mechanisms to take server and network load into account to realize load-aware Anycast. We show that the resulting redirection requirements can be formulated as a Generalized Assignment Problem and present practical algorithms that address these requirements while at the same time limiting session disruptions that plague regular IP Anycast. We evaluate our algorithms through trace based simulation using traces obtained from an operation CDN network.


The use of mutual exclusion (mutex) has led to significant advances in propositional planning. However, previous mutex can only detect pairs of actions or facts that cannot be arranged at the same time step. In this paper, we introduce a new class of constraints that significantly generalizes mutex and can be efficiently computed. The proposed long-distance mutual exclusion (londex) can capture constraints over actions and facts not only at the same time step but also across multiple steps. Londex provides a powerful and general approach for improving planning efficiency. As an application, we have integrated londex into SATPLAN04, a leading optimal planner. Experimental results show that londex can effectively prune the search space and reduce the planning time. The resulting planner, MaxPlan, has won the First Place Award in the Optimal Track of the 5th International Planning Competition.


With the proliferation of mobile device users, the Device-to-Device (D2D) communication has ascended to the spotlight in social network for users to share and exchange enormous data. Different from classic online social network (OSN) like Twitter and Facebook, each single data file to be shared in the D2D social network is often very large in data size, e.g., video, image or document. Sometimes, a small number of interesting data files may dominate the network traffic, and lead to heavy network congestion. To reduce the traffic congestion and design effective caching strategy, it is highly desirable to investigate how the data files are propagated in offline D2D social network and derive the diffusion model that fits to the new form of social network. However, existing works mainly concern about link prediction, which cannot predict the overall diffusion path when network topology is unknown. In this article, we propose D2D-LSTM based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), which aims to predict complete content propagation paths in D2D social network. Taking the current user's time, geography and category preference into account, historical features of the previous path can be captured as well. It utilizes prototype users for prediction so as to achieve a better generalization ability. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to use real world large-scale dataset of mobile social network (MSN) to predict propagation path trees in a top-down order. Experimental results corroborate that the proposed algorithm can achieve superior prediction performance than state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, D2D-LSTM can achieve 95% average precision for terminal class and 17% accuracy for tree path hit.


At the core of Thomas Aquinas metaphysics of being lies the actual divide between the act of being (actus essendi) and the essence of every living being. This context of metaphysics alone allows the understanding of the meanings of eternity and time as used by Thomas Aquinas. Duns Scotus understands being in a different way, he provides the concept of univocity of being, in other words, the meaning of being does not change with regard of its affiliation to the God or to the created living being. In this way, supposedly, the rational mind of man can, in effect, attain the God:in the same way as we gain comprehension of any living being, so we are granted the ability to comprehend the God on the condition that our minds are sufficiently deep. Thomas Aquinas proposition about the underlying inability of human rationality to attain the God is erased from this approach. As early as the 15th century the followers of Thomas Aquinas forgot or openly critisised their educator's proposed reality of the divide between the act of being and the essence of being, and showed tendencies to accept Duns Scotus' concept of the univocity of being. In this way the comprehension of being, and even that of the God, has become limited to the rules of human ratio,i.e. the rationalising of the comprehension of being has taken place. The law of causality, which Thomas Aquinas held applicable only to the domain of the created beings, modern scholastics introduced to the domain of the Divine being, as though the God could be comprehended as the ultimate cause and measured by the identical meaning of the cause concept, which is professed in the created world. The God is turned into Causa sui; a phantom concept, broadly spread among modern scholastics, but entirely foreign to Thomas Aquinas.


In this article, an enactive architecture is described that allows a humanoid robot to learn to compose simple actions into turn-taking behaviours while playing interaction games with a human partner. The robot's action choices are reinforced by social feedback from the human in the form of visual attention and measures of behavioural synchronisation. We demonstrate that the system can acquire and switch between behaviours learned through interaction based on social feedback from the human partner. The role of reinforcement based on a short-term memory of the interaction was experimentally investigated. Results indicate that feedback based only on the immediate experience was insufficient to learn longer, more complex turn-taking behaviours. Therefore, some history of the interaction must be considered in the acquisition of turn-taking, which can be efficiently handled through the use of short-term memory.


Because breast cancer risk increases with age and women in the United States continue to delay childbirth, the incidence of breast cancer during pregnancy will rise. About 10% of patients younger than age 40 diagnosed with breast cancer are pregnant. Historically, labor-delivery and oncology, the two spheres of clinical care, rarely overlapped. However, breast cancer occurs in about 1 in 3,000 pregnancies. Case studies suggest that the administration of chemotherapeutic agents during the second and third trimesters may be safe for the mother and fetus. Three specific case studies of pregnant women with cancer who received treatment are presented to identify the issues of cancer during pregnancy. Outcomes of infants who received chemotherapy in utero and associated nursing implications also are explored.


Nearly half of people suffering from psychopathology meet criteria for more than one disorder. Scholars have focused on understanding factors that may simultaneously maintain multiple psychiatric problems. Elevated distress during interpersonal conflict is likely to maintain both alcohol use and anxiety psychopathology. Reducing distress elicited by normative mother-adolescent conflict holds particular promise. Conflict is common in families with problematic drinking and anxiety disorders and the affective impact of parent-offspring conflict is malleable. Distress reduction skills, such as cognitive reappraisal, are effective in reducing distress during conflict. The current study examined the unique and combined effects of training mothers and adolescents in distress reduction techniques in terms of conflict-elicited maternal distress as well as multimodal assessment of subsequent maternal anxiety and alcohol use cravings. Fifty-nine mothers who endorsed alcohol use and elevated levels of anxious arousal and their adolescent offspring completed a baseline assessment, including a well-established, standardized, laboratory-based mother-offspring conflict task. Mother-adolescent dyads were randomly assigned to one of four groups, wherein both, one, or neither member of the dyad undergoes distress reduction training. Psychoeducation (focused on adolescent development) was used as a control condition. Contrary to hypotheses, distress reduction training was not related to changes in multimodal assessments of maternal anxiety and alcohol use cravings. Possible explanations for these findings as well as limitations and future directions are discussed.


ITC Holdings Corp. ("ITC") invests in the electricity transmission grid to improve reliability, expand access to markets, lower the costs of delivered energy and allow new generating resources to interconnect to its transmission systems. The largest independent electricity transmission company in the country, ITC operates in Michigan's Lower Peninsula and portions of Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma. ITC also focuses on new areas where significant transmission system improvements are needed through ITC Grid Development and its subsidiaries.


Legal Writing courses traditionally focus on litigation writing. The course usually includes assignments on writing interoffice memoranda, drafting trial or appellate briefs, and conducting oral arguments - all in the context of a lawsuit. But, how does this exclusive focus on litigation treat students with no interest in that subject? For future transactional lawyers, the dominance of litigation writing might seem to ignore their needs. Should they be learning how to draft contracts, create corporate documents, or write commercial leasing agreements? This Article examines whether legal writing courses, either in the first year of law school or later, sufficiently address the needs of future business lawyers. It first examines statistics describing current subjects covered in legal writing courses. This examination shows that while transactional writing instruction is increasing, it still is not as prevalent as litigation writing, especially in the first year. The paper then determines, by means of original empirical research (both quantitative and qualitative) the need - or market demand - for instruction in transactional writing. Because this need is so great, the paper concludes that law schools should focus more efforts on non-litigation writing instruction. It then canvasses several proposed methods by which to achieve this goal. Methodologies represented in these proposals include writing-across-the-curriculum, adding transactional subjects to the first-year course, adding transactional subjects to the upper-class curriculum, and a hybrid model which co-mingles instruction by transactional and writing faculty in the same course.


Submarine canyons are deep and steep incisions on the continental margins. The physical forcing mechanisms linked with these marine systems, such as the enhancement of upwelling and bottom sediment resuspension, are expected to provide a nutrient source that will increase phytoplankton density (Hickey, 1995, Kampf,2006). Coccolithophores are the predominant phytoplanktonic group within the calcareous nannoplankton and their sensitivity to a variety of surface water environmental parameters makes them important markers of oceanographic processes and proxies of sea surface water masses and temperatures, productivity and past climate changes (e.g. Ziveri et al., 2004; Silva et al., 2008). In the present work we propose to test compositional analysis (Buccianti & Esposito, 2004; Pawlowsky-Glahn & Egozcue, 2006) as a tool to: a) achieve a clearer distinction between opportunistic coastal-neritic species (r-strategists) and typical oceanic species (k-strategists) in the central Portuguese margin, and b) to identify a coccolith assemblage that might reflect favorable environmental conditions found in the vicinity of the canyon that promotes the productivity of calcareous nannoplankton. Our main difficulty will be in distinguishing the ecological signal from the effects of other environmental factors mentioned before (i.e. advection, dissolution, bottom resuspension). One way to infer the species' ecological inter-relationships is by determining species relative percentages. The main concern is how the closure problem and the inconsistency of percentage determinations will affect our results. Compositional analysis was designed to provide more reliable and thus representative results, since the inference made on the coccolith assemblage features from which the data are drawn is correctly performed from a theoretical point of view (Buccianti & Esposito, 2004). Here, we present the first insights from applying compositional data analysis to coccolith assemblages from 85 surface sediment samples collected from the central Portuguese margin.


Abstract Over the last 25 years, rich vertebrate assemblages have been discovered in three distinct formations of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous of Thailand. This work aims to compare the taxonomic assemblages of SE Asia within their palaeogeographical context in Asia. Occurrences of 477 taxa in 94 Regional Faunal Assemblages (RFA) have provided the raw material for producing a dissimilarity matrix based on the Raup & Crick index. These distances have been investigated statistically to infer relationships between the diverse faunal assemblages in space and time. Our results show that the Thai formations are more similar to each other than to any other formations, suggesting a strong provincialism. The relationship of SE Asian RFAs with other Asian RFAs is more influenced by the presence of freshwater or near-shore taxa than by strictly terrestrial ones. Our analysis shows that the faunal interchange between RFAs was rather low from the Late Jurassic to the end of the Early Cretaceous. However, faunal dispersals dramatically decreased during the mid-Early Cretaceous in Asia. The faunas show an overall stronger provincialism during the mid-Early Cretaceous, indicating the role of possible geographical barriers. This event is characterized by the absence of ornithischian dinosaurs in the Sao Khua Formation although they are present in the under- and overlying formations. Taxonomic diversity and exchanges between faunal assemblages recovered rapidly as early as the Aptian in Asia, but the fauna of SE Asia still retained a strong biogeographical signature.


If jobholders are more motivated to help jobseekers to whom they are strongly tied rather than those to whom they are weakly tied, why do jobholders so often help acquaintances and strangers instead of kin and friends? The strength-of-weak-ties theory holds that weak ties are more likely to be conduits for information and influence that best leads to jobs. Recent research, however, calls into question the theory's key assumption that this is because strongties cannot act as bridges (they can). Drawing from in-depth interviews with 146 blue- and white-collar workers at a large public sector employer, in this paper I offer an alternative explanation for why weak ties matter, one rooted in cognitive and affective processes: Jobholders often know too much about their close associates' flaws and so assess the risks of making a bad match as high. They also worry more about the implications of close associates' failures for their own reputations.


The epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and the EGF receptor (EGFR, ErbB) tyrosine kinase family have been spearheading the studies of signal transduction events that determine cell fate and behavior in vitro and in vivo. The EGFR family and their signaling pathways are giving us tremendous advantages in developing fascinating molecular target strategies for cancer therapy. Currently, two important types of EGFR inhibitors are in clinical use: neutralizing antibodies of EGFR or ErbB2, and synthetic small compounds of tyrosine kinase inhibitors designed for receptors. On the other hand, basic research of the EGF family ligands presents new challenges as membrane‐anchored growth factors. All members of the EGF family have important roles in development and diseases and are shed from the plasma membrane by metalloproteases. The ectodomain shedding of the ligands has emerged as a critical component in the functional transactivation of EGFRs in interreceptor cross‐talk in response to various shedding stimulants such as G‐protein coupled receptor agonists, growth factors, cytokines, and various physicochemical stresses. Among the EGFR‐ligands, heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) is a prominent ligand in our understanding of the pathophysiological roles of ectodomain shedding in cancer, wound healing, cardiac diseases, etc. Here we focus on ectodomain shedding of the EGF family ligands, especially HB‐EGF by disintegrin and metalloproteases, which are not only key events of receptor cross talk, but also novel intercellular signaling by their carboxy‐terminal fragments to regulate gene expression directly. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 214–220)


Purpose: Steroid hormones and growth factors affect lung cancer, and it is possible they act in concert to influence patient outcome. Experimental Design: Primary lung tumors and normal lung tissue were analyzed for expression and localization of estrogen receptor α and β-1 (ERα and ERβ), aromatase, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Results: Tumors expressed higher levels of ERβ compared to matched normal lung, whereas the reverse was true of PR. High cytoplasmic ERβ expression was identified as an independent negative prognostic predictor of overall survival (OS; HR = 1.67), and low total PR was identified as an independent negative predictor of time to progression (TTP; HR = 1.59). After adjusting for stage, age, sex, and smoking, combined high cytoplasmic ERβ and low total PR showed enhanced effects on OS (HR = 2.64) and on TTP (HR = 6.02). Further effects on OS were observed when EGFR expression was included (HR = 5.32). Patients with low cytoplasmic ERβ, low aromatase, low EGFR, and high total PR had shorter OS than patients with the opposite pattern (HR = 6.60). Contribution of these markers to survival showed no significant sex differences in a multivariable model. ERα was elevated in tumors but was not predictive of survival, and appears to represent a variant ERα protein that is only recognized by a C-terminal antibody. Conclusions: Hormonal and EGFR pathways together may contribute to lung cancer prognosis. Lung tumors with high ERβ-1/low PR may define patients with aggressive biology. A validation study is necessary to fully assess the predictive value of these markers. Clin Cancer Res; 17(1); 154–64. ©2010 AACR.


There are many asynchronous communication situations for which the prevalent continuous connectivity paradigm is not needed. Communication with a fair delay tolerance may instead be provided by intermittent store-and-forwarding between nodes. This paper proposes a design for an open, receiver-driven broadcasting system that relies on delay-tolerant forwarding of data chunks through mobility of wireless nodes. The system provides public broadcast channels, which may be openly used for both transmission and reception. We show by analysis and simulation under benchmark mobility models that a delay-tolerant broadcast channel has both a sufficiently high throughput and reach to be interesting as a competitive alternative to the regulated wireless broadcast channel. The analysis is based on a queuing model to study the interactions among the mobile nodes in a street. The simulations complement this analysis for mobile nodes moving on a square according to benchmark mobility models. Finally, we present the design of, and experiences with, a proof-of-concept prototype


In this thesis, we study scalable algorithms for monitoring activity traces. In several domains, monitoring is a key ability to extract value from data and improve a system. This thesis aims to design algorithms for monitoring two kinds of activity traces. First, we investigate temporal data monitoring. We introduce a new kind of interval join, that features scoring functions reflecting the degree of satisfaction of temporal predicates. We study these joins in the context of batch processing: we formalize Ranked Temporal Join (RTJ), that combine collections of intervals and return the k best results. We show how to exploit the nature of temporal predicates and the properties of their associated scored semantics to design TKIJ , an efficient query evaluation approach on a distributed Map-Reduce architecture. Our extensive experiments on synthetic and real datasets show that TKIJ outperforms state-of-the-art competitors and provides very good performance for n-ary RTJ queries on temporal data. We also propose a preliminary study to extend our work on TKIJ to stream processing. Second, we investigate monitoring in crowdsourcing. We advocate the need to incorporate motivation in task assignment. We propose to study an adaptive approach, that captures workers' motivation during task completion and use it to revise task assignment accordingly across iterations. We study two variants of motivation-aware task assignment: Individual Task Assignment (Ita) and Holistic Task Assignment (Hta). First, we investigate Ita, where we assign tasks to workers individually, one worker at a time. We model Ita and show it is NP-Hard. We design three task assignment strategies that exploit various objectives. Our live experiments study the impact of each strategy on overall performance. We find that different strategies prevail for different performance dimensions. In particular, the strategy that assigns random and relevant tasks offers the best task throughput and the strategy that assigns tasks that best match a worker's compromise between task diversity and task payment has the best outcome quality. Our experiments confirm the need for adaptive motivation-aware task assignment. Then, we study Hta, where we assign tasks to all available workers, holistically. We model Hta and show it is both NP-Hard and MaxSNP-Hard. We develop efficient approximation algorithms with provable guarantees. We conduct offline experiments to verify the efficiency of our algorithms. We also conduct online experiments with real workers and compare our approach with various non-adaptive assignment strategies. We find that our approach offers the best compromise between performance dimensions thereby assessing the need for adaptability.


To expand the utility of recombinant adenovirus vectors for gene therapy applications, methods to alter native viral tropism to achieve cell-specific transduction would be beneficial. To this end, we are pursuing genetic methods to alter the cell recognition domain of the adenovirus fiber. To incorporate these modified fibers into mature virions, we have developed a method based on homologous DNA recombination between two plasmids. A fiber-deleted, propagation-defective rescue plasmid has been designed for recombination with a shuttle plasmid encoding a variant fiber gene. Recombination between the two plasmids results in the derivation of recombinant viruses containing the variant fiber gene. To establish the utility of this method, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus containing a fiber gene with a silent mutation. In addition, we generated an adenovirus vector containing chimeric fibers composed of the tail and shaft domains of adenovirus serotype 5 and the knob domain of serotype 3. This modification was shown to alter the receptor recognition profile of the virus containing the fiber chimera. Thus, this two-plasmid system allows for the generation of adenovirus vectors containing variant fibers. This method provides a rapid and facile means of generating fiber-modified recombinant adenoviruses. In addition, it should be possible to use this system in the development of adenovirus vectors with modified tropism to allow cell-specific targeting.


Access to basic financial services is one possible path leading to a better life for the poor. This is endorsed by SADC governments, and various strategies were in the past decade implemented to advance financial access. South Africa was particularly successful in enhancing access via its government-incentivised Mzansi entry-level bank account. This study researches what happened in the other SADC countries and specifically the role governments played in lifting the barriers to access to and use of formal banking services. It is concluded that no other SADC country was as successful as South Africa.


BACKGROUND
Critically ill patients are at high risk for pressure ulcers. Successful prevention of pressure ulcers requires that caregivers have adequate knowledge of this complication.

OBJECTIVE
To assess intensive care nurses' knowledge of pressure ulcers and the impact of an educational program on knowledge levels.

METHODS
A knowledge assessment test was developed. A cohort of registered nurses in a tertiary referral hospital in New Zealand had knowledge assessed 3 times: before an educational program, within 2 weeks after the program, and 20 weeks later. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine if attributes such as length of time since qualifying or level of intensive care unit experience were associated with test scores. The content and results of the assessment test were evaluated.

RESULTS
Completion of the educational program resulted in improved levels of knowledge. Mean scores on the assessment test were 84% at baseline and 89% following the educational program. The mean baseline score did not differ significantly from the mean 20-week follow-up score of 85%. No association was detected between demographic data and test scores. Content validity and standard setting were verified by using a variety of methods.

CONCLUSION
Levels of knowledge to prevent and manage pressure ulcers were good initially and improved with an educational program, but soon returned to baseline.


We have investigated the formation and the morphology of carbon deposit on the cathode, after arc discharge between two graphite electrodes immersed in liquid nitrogen. We show that the deposit is mainly composed of disordered carbon structures at the bottom and at the external part of the deposit, forming like a bowl, whereas randomly oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aggregated as pillars are found at the center of the deposit. The spatial distribution of the two kinds of structures in the deposit, the size and the sharpness of the CNT pillars are found to depend both on the applied voltage and the current values used for the arc discharge. A correlation between the plasma temperature field and the morphology of the deposit is reported.


A low cost LIBS equipment with burst-mode Q:Switched Nd:YAG laser as excitation source is presented. The results of investigation on several materials using laser emission plasma excited under normal atmospheric conditions are presented. It is shown that the intensity of emission significantly enhance with the laser burst. This regime leads to increasing signal to background ratio due to subsequent plasma excitation by high power short pulses increasing intensity of atomic lines.


This article assesses the sources and consequences of public disorder. Based on the videotaping and systematic rating of more than 23,000 street segments in Chicago, highly reliable scales of social and physical disorder for 196 neighborhoods are constructed. Census data, police records, and an independent survey of more than 3,500 residents are then integrated to test a theory of collective efficacy and structural constraints. Defined as cohesion among residents combined with shared expectations for the social control of public space, collective efficacy explains lower rates of crime and observed disorder after controlling neighborhood structural characteristics. Collective efficacy is also linked to lower rates of violent crime after accounting for disorder and the reciprocal effects of violence. Contrary to the "broken windows" theory, however, the relationship between public disorder and crime is spurious except perhaps for robbery.


Background: Stroke affects 15 million people worldwide every year and leaves two-thirds of survivors with signifi cant mobility defi cits including reduced walking speed, increased unevenness of step length and asymmetry. Haptic cues, which utilise sensory stimulation and so are unaffected by visual or auditory interference could discreetly improve the gait of people after stroke. Therefore, the objective of this single mixed methods case study was to evaluate the use of a novel haptic device in a single participant after stroke. Context and purpose: After initial familiarisation, gait symmetry, walking speed and cadence of a 69 year old male stroke survivor were recorded using a Qualisys Motion Capture system whilst he walked on a ten metre walkway, fi rstly without and then with a haptic device on each leg, which provided a metronomic rhythmical vibratory cue. The participant then provided a user evaluation of the devices using a semi structured interview. Results: The haptic device was evaluated positively by the participant although he noted it needed to be refi ned to increase its wear-ability and acceptability for everyday use. Whilst gait speed and cadence remained unaltered, there was a 14% improvement in temporal gait symmetry when wearing the haptic device, suggesting it improved this aspect of gait. Conclusion: Whilst limited by its design, the fi ndings of this single case study indicate that the haptic device could be a novel technology-based therapeutic adjunct to improve gait symmetry after stroke. It also provides key understanding of user needs which can be used to guide the development of a new prototype device for stroke survivors. Brief summary: Many stroke survivors have residual mobility problems. Haptic cueing may improve walking by providing a tactile cue that the participant follows to improve symmetry. This single case study suggests that gait symmetry could be improved by haptic cueing and indicates factors affecting the wear ability of such a device.


With the increased politicization of agency rulemaking and the reduced cost of participating in the notice-and-comment rulemaking process, administrative agencies have, in recent years, found themselves deluged in a flood of public comments. In this Article, we argue that this deluge presents both challenges and opportunities, and we explore how advances in natural language processing technologies can help agencies address the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities created by the recent growth of public participation in the regulatory process. We also examine how scholars of public bureaucracies can use this important new publicly available data to better understand how agencies interact with the public. To illustrate the value of these new tools, we carry out computational text analysis of nearly three million public comments that were received by administrative agencies over the course of the Obama administration. Our findings indicate that advances in natural language processing technology show great promise for both researchers and policymakers who are interested in understanding, and improving, regulatory decision-making.


The outbreak of the Ebola virus disease in West Africa from 2014 to 2015 underscored the fragility of public health services in countries emerging from protracted conflict, as well as the link between governance and health. In both Sierra Leone and Liberia, war had seriously undermined the health sector. Ebola arrived as the large-scale postwar international presence was downsizing and the responsibility for healthcare was shifting to the governments. Both governments had developed comprehensive health policies and plans, including devolution of health service delivery, but these were not fully implemented in practice. As a result, they were unprepared to address the Ebola crisis.In this report, authors Edward Mulbah and Charles Silver explore the response to the Ebola crisis in Sierra Leone and Liberia, respectively. They both begin by examining the state of healthcare governance prior to the outbreak, then look into how health service providers, policymakers, communities, and volunteers grappled with the challenges the outbreak posed. Based on their analysis, the authors identify a number of lessons emerging from the response to the crisis in both countries:- Local engagement is critical: In both countries, the involvement of local actors who understood the local context and were trusted by their communities was crucial to eventually containing the outbreak.- Emergency measures can be effective but can also have negative consequences: The bold containment measures that both governments adopted helped contain Ebola but could have been better implemented.- Top-down approaches are insufficient, and inclusivity is necessary: The shift from a top-down approach to greater involvement of state and non-state actors, including civil society groups and traditional leaders, facilitated prevention, control, and containment.


The two-switch buck-boost (TSBB) converter is suitable for wide input voltage applications. In order to achieve high efficiency over the entire input voltage range, the TSBB converter is operated in buck mode at high input voltage and boost mode at low input voltage. Such operation is called the two-mode control scheme. The objective of this paper is to propose an input voltage feed-forward (IVFF) method to reduce the influence of the input voltage disturbance on the output voltage. The small-signal models of the TSBB converter are built, and based on which, the IVFF functions under different operating modes of the TSBB converter are derived. The IVFF function in boost mode is simplified for easy implementation. The two-mode control scheme with IVFF compensation is then proposed for the TSBB converter, which realizes automatic selections of operating modes and the corresponding IVFF functions. Besides, nearly smooth switching between buck and boost modes is also guaranteed. For exhibiting the advantages of the proposed control scheme clearly, comparisons between the two-mode control with and without IVFF compensation have been presented in this paper, including the output signal of the voltage regulator and input-to-output voltage transfer function. Finally, a 250-500-V input, 360-V output, and 6-kW-rated power prototype is fabricated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in the laboratory, and the experimental results show that the TSBB converter has an improved input transient response and high efficiency over the entire input voltage range with this proposed control scheme.


We measured cosmogenic 36 Cl in 56 samples from boulders on moraines and fluvial terraces in the vicinity of the Wind River Range, Wyoming. We also measured 10 Be in 10 of the same samples. Most of the 10 Be ages were in good agreement with the 36 Cl ages, indicating that rock-surface erosion rates were very low. The oldest moraine investigated, the type Sacagewea Ridge site, yielded only a limiting minimum age of >232 ka. The oldest moraines in the type Bull Lake complex also could be constrained only to >130 ka. The main sequence of type Bull Lake moraines yielded age distributions indicating deposition within the intervals 130 to 100 ka and 120 to 100 ka; the best estimates are closer to the upper limits of these ranges, and associated uncertainties are in the range of 10% to 15%. These uncertainties could permit deposition in either marine isotope stage 6 or stage 5d. We found no evidence of glacial deposits dating to marine isotope stage 4. Both Bull Lake–age moraines from Fremont Lake, on the opposite side of the Wind River Range, and boulders on a fluvial terrace above the Wind River, gave age distributions very similar to that of the second oldest Bull Lake advance (ca. 130 to 100 ka). The distribution of boulder ages for Pinedale moraines at Bull Lake indicated deposition between 23 and 16 ka, nearly identical to the distribution of 10 Be ages previously reported for the type Pinedale moraines at Fremont Lake.


We present a method for synthesizing a frontal, neutralexpression image of a person's face given an input face photograph. This is achieved by learning to generate facial landmarks and textures from features extracted from a facial-recognition network. Unlike previous generative approaches, our encoding feature vector is largely invariant to lighting, pose, and facial expression. Exploiting this invariance, we train our decoder network using only frontal, neutral-expression photographs. Since these photographs are well aligned, we can decompose them into a sparse set of landmark points and aligned texture maps. The decoder then predicts landmarks and textures independently and combines them using a differentiable image warping operation. The resulting images can be used for a number of applications, such as analyzing facial attributes, exposure and white balance adjustment, or creating a 3-D avatar.


The development of appropriate lab-based evaluation techniques for mobile technologies requires continued research attention. In particular, experimental design needs to account for the environmental context in which such technologies will ultimately be used. This requires, in part, that relevant environmental distractions be incorporated into evaluations. This chapter reflects on different techniques that were used in three separate lab-based mobile evaluation experiments to present visual distractions to participants and to measure the participants' cognizance of the distractions during the course of mobile evaluations of technology. The different techniques met the different needs of the three studies with respect to the fidelity of the data captured, the impact of acknowledging distractions on the evaluation task, and the typical context of use for the technology being evaluated. The results of the studies showed that the introduction of visual distractions did have an impact on the experimental task and indicate that future work is required in this area.


Library OS (LibOS) architectures implement the OS personality as a user-mode library, giving each application the flexibility to choose its LibOS. This approach is appealing for many reasons, not least the ability to extend or customise the LibOS. Recent work with Drawbridge [29] showed that an existing commodity OS (Windows 7) could be refactored to produce a LibOS while retaining application compatibility.
 This paper presents Bascule, an architecture for LibOS extensions based on Drawbridge. Rather than relying on the application developer to customise a LibOS, Bascule allows OS-independent extensions to be attached at runtime. Extensions interpose on a narrow binary interface of primitive OS abstractions, such as files and virtual memory. Thus, they are independent of both guest and host OS, and composable at runtime. Since an extension runs in the same process as an application and its LibOS, it is safe and efficient.
 Bascule demonstrates extension reuse across diverse guest LibOSes (Windows and Linux) and host OSes (Windows and Barrelfish). Current extensions include file system translation, checkpointing, and architecture adaptation.


In this paper, we presented a novel structure of microstrip directional coupler for realizing the high directivity characteristic and tight coupling. The achievement of the high directivity with microstrip configuration was carried out by matching the even and odd mode effective phase velocities. By using 2-dimensional finite element(FE) calculations, the phase velocity for each mode and design parameters were extracted for given dimensions. Based on the extracted design parameter with phase matched condition, we designed and fabricated 3dB and 4.7dB directional coupler at 2.0GHz. Experimental results of microstrip coupler show good performance with excellent isolation characteristics.


Tagger accuracy deteriorates when applied to texts different from the training corpus, e.g. with respect to register or time period. On historical data, accuracy can drop to and below 90%. We are tagging and parsing ARCHER, a historical corpus sampled from British and American texts from 1600-1999. We improve tagging accuracy by (1) using a version of the corpus that has been automatically mapped to PDE spelling with VARD, (2) by combining several part-of-speech taggers in an ensemble system – which improves tagging by about 1% over CLAWS and 2% over Tree-Tagger, and (3) by using a small amount of human intervention – which allows us to reach 98% accuracy from 1700 on.


Broodiness in the domestic hen is characterized by incubation of eggs and subsequent care of the young. Incubation behaviour is initiated by increased plasma progesterone and oestrogen from maturing ovarian follicles that induce nesting behaviour. This is subsequently transformed into incubation behaviour by increased plasma prolactin in association with decreased gonadotrophin and ovarian steroid secretion. Gonadotrophin secretion is under the stimulatory and inhibitory control, respectively, of gonadotrophin releasing hormone-I (GnRFI-I) and gonadotrophin inhibitory hormone (GnIH).
Prolactin secretion is controlled by the stimulatory action of the hypothalamic neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). The aim of this study was to increase understanding and knowledge of the interactions between these hormones and neuropeptide in the neuroendocrine control of incubation behaviour in the domestic hen. Observations were made using fluorescence immunocytochemistry with additional data on progesterone receptor mRNAs, using PCR to localize the receptor.
Hypothalamic progesterone receptor immunoreactivity (PR-ir) was seen in several hypothalamic nuclei and areas including the organum vasculoswn terminalis (OVLT) and basal hypothalamic tuberal region (TU). The density of cells containing PR-ir in the OVLT and TU, but not at other hypothalamic loci, was lower in incubating than in laying hens. In the anterior pituitary gland, PR-ir was localised in luteinizing hormone (LH) but not prolactin cells, and the density of cells containing LH and PR-ir was lower in incubating than in laying hens. The density of prolactin cells was higher in incubating than in laying hens. Progesterone receptor B mRNA was found in It the TU and pituitary gland in both laying and incubating hens. Prolactin
receptor, but not progesterone receptor, was co-localised in VIP neurones in the TU. The number of visible VIP-ir cell bodies containing prolactin receptor was greater in incubating than in laying hens. Nerve fibres containing VIP did not contact GnRH-I-ir cell bodies, but potential contact between those VIP and GnRJ-I-I fibres was seen in the median eminence. GnIH was localized in cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in incubating and laying hens did not contain PR-ir and had terminals in the median eminence. The density of GnIH neurones did not differ between laying and incubating hens, but their size of the cell bodies was significantly larger in incubating hens. Although GnRFI-Iir and GnIH-ir fibres were abundant in the PVN, they were not observed to come into close contact.
It is concluded that incubation behaviour and associated changes in either prolactin or gonadotrophin secretion could be mediated through progesterone receptor B in the OVLT and TU. Progesterone is likely to exert feed-back control of LH secretion at the level of the pituitary gland in laying, but not in incubating hens through progesterone receptor B. Prolactin may act directly on basal hypothalamic VIP neurones to regulate it own secretion. Increased GnIH release in incubating hens may contribute to depressed gonadotrophin secretion.


INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
Methods to measure lifetime physical activity have been described together with evidence suggesting that they are reliable. We present study findings that challenge the validity of such measures.

METHODS
One hundred twenty-seven women aged 50-70 interviewed (31 cases, 96 controls) during a pilot case-control study about risk factors for osteoarthritis of the knee. Interviews used a life course approach with visual cues. Information obtained on past physical activity: (i) Total METs for a large range of activities within each decade between age 10 and age 50, (ii) 10-point rating scales representing level of physical activity during each decade between age 10 and age 50, and (iii) lifetime hours' participation in competitive sports.

RESULTS
Any statistical correspondence between METs and activity rating scales was best in relation to women's activity when in their teens (Spearman rank correlation r = 0.40). The highest correlation thereafter related to the most recent decade (r = 0.25), which was low, but there was little or no linear association between MET values and the activity ratings when women were in their 20s or 30s. Around one fifth (20.4%) of women who reported no competitive sports participation during their teens and 18.5% who reported none during their 20s also reported total METs corresponding to the top quartile of physical activity during those periods of their lives.

CONCLUSION
Retrospective reports from women of distant past activity levels will likely yield different information depending on the form of questioning. It is unclear which method, if any, is accurate and unbiased. The validity of each method is therefore also questionable.


Dewey's (1938) theory of "learn by doing" is the underpinning pedagogy for the practica course design discussed in this chapter. Experiential learning and other approaches similar to practica are explored for business curricula. CityU's instructional design and approach to practica is clearly defined, and research demonstrates how successfully learners are engaged in a relevant manner for real-life application of business management concepts and learned skills. Additional research provides corroboration of a global trend in adopting this method of practical learning.


Sea urchins are noted for the absence of neoplastic disease and represent a novel model to investigate cellular and systemic cancer protection mechanisms. Following intracoelomic injection of the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate, DNA damage was detected in sea urchin cells and tissues (coelomocytes, muscle, oesophagus, ampullae and gonad) by the alkaline unwinding, fast micromethod. Gene expression analyses of the coelomocytes indicated upregulation of innate immune markers, including genes involved in NF-κB signalling. Results suggest that activation of the innate immune system following DNA damage may contribute to the naturally occurring resistance to neoplastic disease observed in sea urchins.


Abstract Taurine, a non-protein sulfur amino-acid, is the most abundant free amino-acid in the body and plays an important role in several essential biological processes. Apart from its role in cholesterol degradation, it acts as neurotransmitter, and has a function as osmoregulator and antioxydant in most body tissues. During pregnancy, taurine accumulates in the maternal tissues, to be released in the perinatal period to the fetus via the placenta and to the newborn via the maternal milk. It is accumulated especially in the fetal and neonatal brain. Low maternal taurine levels result in low fetal taurine levels. Taurine-deficiency in the mother leads to growth retardation of the offspring, and to impaired perinatal development of the central nervous system and of the endocrine pancreas. The adult offspring of taurine-deficient mothers display signs of impaired neurological function, impaired glucose tolerance and vascular dysfunction; they may develop gestational diabetes and transmit the effects to the next generation. This transgeneration effect of taurine-deficiency in the perinatal period fits into the concept of fetal origin of adult disease.


Examples of such business opportunities include new market segmentation and diversification of solution portfolio. Given today's competitive markets, businesses do not survive without exploiting new opportunities. Opportunity identification is a continuous process in ecosystems. However, ambiguities and challenges associated with knowledge exploration and exploitation can retard opportunity recognition processes. This in turn may culminate in excessive expenditure of resources or loss of latent opportunities. The present study adopts an analytical approach and proposes a methodological roadmap that utilizes scientometric and text mining techniques. The roadmap uses data from Web of Science as input, and generates insights that support decision-making about resource saving, strategic planning, investment, and policymaking. Our roadmap extends methods used in studying ecosystems by combining existing and novel techniques in data analytics. Using Python and VOSViewer, we show an exemplary application of the new roadmap, framed in the context of the Nordic countries' renewable energy ecosystem. Opportunity identification process enables groups or individuals to screen a large volume of ideas quickly and methodically.Dr.


187Re‐187Os systematics, abundances of highly siderophile elements (HSE: Re, PGE, and Au), chalcogen elements (Te, Se, and S), and some major and minor elements were determined in physically separated components of the Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2) carbonaceous chondrites. Substantial differences exist in the absolute and relative abundances of elements in the components, but the similarity of calculated and literature bulk rock abundances of HSE and chalcogens indicate that chemical complementarity exists among the components, with CI chondrite‐like ratios for many elements. Despite subsequent alteration and oxidation, the overall cosmochemical behavior of most moderately to highly siderophile elements during high‐temperature processing has been preserved in components of Allende at the sampling scale of the present study. The 187Re‐187Os systematics and element variations of Allende are less disturbed compared with Murchison, which reflects different degrees of oxidation and alteration of these meteorites. The HSE systematics (with the exception of Au) is controlled by two types of materials: Pd‐depleted condensates and CI chondrite‐like material. Enrichment and heterogeneous distribution of Au among the components is likely the result of hydrothermal alteration. Chalcogen elements are depleted compared with HSE in all components, presumably due to their higher volatility. Small systematic variations of S, Se, and Te in components bear the signature of fractional condensation/partial evaporation and metal–sulfide–silicate partitioning.


Creative destruction not only involves bringing new technology to market, it imposes higher risk on the future of existing assets. We characterize the asset pricing implications of creative destruction when investors compete for market share. Compared to the social optimum, the quest for oligopoly rents leads to over-investment in uncertain projects, spikes in asset prices and risk premia, and an aftermath in which prices fall steeply as uncertainty resolves. These pricing patterns resemble a bubble ex post, but arise solely from competitive behavior and do not require information asymmetry, behavioral biases, or financial frictions. Our analysis yields novel empirical predictions and we discuss how financial innovation might be used to predict bubbles ex ante.


A new dwarf deep-water catshark, Bythaelurus tenuicephalus, is described based on one adult and one juvenile male specimen from off Tanzania and Mozambique in the western Indian Ocean. The new species differs from its congeners by its slender head and snout, which is only slightly bell-shaped in dorsoventral view without distinct lateral indention. All other Bythaelurus species have distinctly bell-shaped snouts with a strong lateral indention anterior to outer nostrils. Compared to its congeners in the western Indian Ocean, B. tenuicephalus n. sp. also has broader claspers in adult males (base width 2.1% TL vs. 1.5-1.8% TL). It further differs from B. clevai by attaining a smaller maximum size and having a color pattern of fewer and smaller blotches, larger oral papillae, a shorter snout, and broader claspers without knob-like apex and with a smaller envelope and a subtriangular (vs. subrectangular) exorhipidion. Compared to B. hispidus, the new species has a longer snout, a longer dorsal-caudal space, broader clasper without knob-like apex, and fewer vertebral centra. In contrast to B. lutarius, B. tenuicephalus attains a smaller maximum size and has a blotched (vs. largely plain) coloration, numerous (vs. lacking) oral papillae, shorter anterior nasal flaps, a longer caudal fin, a shorter pelvic anal space, and shorter and broader claspers.


Cloud users store their data in the cloud environment which is privileged by the service provider. Cloud users can access their cloud storage. Cloud storage is a model with virtualized pools of storage which is generally operated with large third party data centers which are distributed and spread across different geographical locations. A simple issue with cloud storage is that enterprises store "files and clouds stores "objects," a new data construct that is required as part of its scalable architecture. In addition to this, there are other barriers to enterprise cloud storage adoption like security, availability, and performance. In this paper, we propose a flexible distributed storage integrity auditing mechanism, which utilizes the homomorphic token and distributed erasure-coded data t o protect the data from the authorized access. The proposed model allows the users to audit the cloud storage with very light weight communication and computation cost. Users can safely delegate the integrity checking tasks to third party auditor and third party auditing will be provide unique token to the each user .The proposed scheme perfectly stores the data in the cloud and identifies any tamper at the cloud server and also support the dynamic operation tasks like updating, deleting, appending. This paper also addresses a process to avoid Collusion attacks of server modification by authorized users. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE


Until recently, design teams were constrained by tools and schedule to only be able to generate a few alternatives, and analyze these from just a few perspectives. The rapid emergence of performance-based design, analysis, and optimization tools gives design teams the ability to construct and analyze far larger design spaces more quickly. This creates new opportunities and challenges in the ways we teach and design. Students and professionals now need to learn to formulate and execute design spaces in efficient and effective ways. This paper describes curriculum that was taught in a course "8803 Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization" taught by the authors at Schools of Architecture and Building Construction at Georgia Tech in spring 2013. We approach design as a multidisciplinary design space formulation and search process that seeks maximum value. To explore design spaces, student designers need to execute several iterative processes of problem formulation, generate alternative, analyze them, visualize trade space, and address decision-making. The paper first describes students design space exploration experiences, and concludes with our observations of the current challenges and opportunities.


This research develops a theory and presents empirical evidence of a link between economic outcomes and genetic evolution. Important properties for successful analysis of such a link are found in the adaptive immune system and particularly in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), a genetically encoded complex involved in the defence against infections. The theory incorporates properties of the MHC in a model of mutual dependence and exhibits a trade-off in which every agent who is better off having an immune response different from that of others is also part of the protecting belt of others in a population, in which mounting similar immune responses is optimal. The data are based on large numbers of blood samples from 63 different populations. The cross-country estimates show a robust negative association between economic and health outcomes and MHC diversity and between average offers in ultimatum and trust games and MHC diversity. The analyses suggest that societies incorporating externalities from mutual dependence are economically more successful, and that the incorporation of such externalities is evident at the gene level.


A new algorithm relying on finite integration is presented that solves the equations of continuum electrostatics for truncated (and possibly reaction-field corrected) solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions under either nonperiodic or periodic boundary conditions. After testing and validation by comparison with existing methods, the algorithm is applied to investigate the effect of cut-off truncation and artificial periodicity in explicit-solvent simulations of ionic solvation and ion–ion interactions. Both cut-off truncation and artificial periodicity significantly alter the polarization around a spherical ion and thus, its solvation free energy. The nature and magnitude of the two perturbations are analyzed in details, and correction terms are proposed for both effects. Cut-off truncation is also shown to induce strong alterations in the potential of mean force for ion–ion interaction. These observations help to rationalize artifacts previously observed in explicit–solvent simulations, namely spurious features in the radial distribution functions close to the cut-off distance and alterations in the relative stabilities of contact, solvent-separated and free ion pairs.


The very large bandwidth available in the 60 GHz band allows, in principle, to design highly accurate positioning systems. Integrating such systems with standard protocols (e.g., IEEE 802.11ad) is crucial for the deployment of location-based services, but it is also challenging and limits the design choices. Another key problem is that consumer-grade 60 GHz hardware only provides coarse channel state information, and has highly irregular beam shapes due to its cost-efficient design. In this paper, we explore the location accuracy that can be achieved using such hardware, without modifying the 802.11ad standard. We consider a typical 802.11ad indoor network with multiple access points (APs). Each AP collects the coarse signal-to-noise ratio of the directional beacons that clients transmit periodically. Given the irregular beam shapes, the challenge is to relate each beacon to a set of transmission angles that allows to triangulate a user. We design a location system based on particle filters along with linear programming and Fourier analysis. We implement and evaluate our algorithm on commercial off-the-shelf 802.11ad hardware in an office scenario with mobile human blockage. Despite the strong limitations of the hardware, our system operates in real-time and achieves sub-meter accuracy in 70% of the cases.


Following Forceville (2005, 2011), in this paper I show that the same conceptual models underlie the expression of Old English emotions in both the language and the visual modes. Kovecses (2000, 2005) and Stefanowitsch (2004, 2006) have shown that verbal expressions and idioms used to describe emotions can be traced back to a limited number of conceptual metaphors. In the light of these findings, I will analyze here the pictorial representations of emotions in the Bayeux Tapestry, an 11th century embroidered cloth that narrates and depicts the events that led up to the Norman Conquest of England and the invasion itself. The tapestry, which has been described as an example of early narrative art (McCloud, 1993, pp. 12–14), shows hundreds of human figures in an astounding range of poses and circumstances. My analysis of the set of pictorial signals used in the Anglo-Norman Bayeux Tapestry to represent emotion types such as 'anger', 'grief' and 'fear' shows that (1) Anglo-Norman artists used a well-organized set of visual stimuli to convey emotion-related meanings in a patterned way, that (2) the same idealised conceptual models are shared by verbal and visual modalities, and that (3) whereas verbal expressions of emotions regularly draw on non-embodied, behavioural concepts, visual representations show a clear preference for embodied container concepts.


Surfacial sediments of 27 piston cores, 14 gravity cores and 5 dredged samples were taken form an offshore area of northeastern Taiwan for delineating the depositional features beneath the Kuroshio Current and around the southwestern edge of the East China Sea. The turn of direction from the Kuroshio Current in this area has resulted primarily from the effect of an ascent of the seafloor. The China coast current has spread coarse sediment in the East China Sea, Composed primarily of quartz, feldspar and mafic minerals toward the area of 26°N, 122°E. Fine sediments may, however, be distributed beyond the east of 123°E. Rock fragments and mafic have been concentrated in the north of Taiwan, as delivered by the Kuroshio Current. Two upwellings have possibly deposited calcareous biogeneous materials on the seafloor: one being located at the south of the depositional boundary in which the sediments are derived from mainlang China; and the other one being located at 25.6N°,122.4E°just on top of the lan-Yan Fan. In the Okinawa Trough, the sediments beneath the path of the main Kuroshio flow have been shown here to be composed of non-biogenic, fine-grained mud.


Quantifying the movement of very small and young individuals, determining sources of recruitment, and identifying the contribution of populations from different regions and periods to fished stocks is a major ecological challenge. Transgenerational isotope labelling (TRAIL), a technique which enables offspring to be marked on a mass scale, is applied for the first time to cephalopods, facilitating field studies quantifying population connectivity. Four species were used: Sepioteuthis australis, Euprymna tasmanica, Octopus pallidus, and Octopus maorum. Gravid females were injected with the enriched stable isotope 137 Ba in different body tissues at several different doses. Isotopic ratios 138 Ba: 137 Ba were then quantified using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry on the hard structures (statoliths and stylets) of offspring produced by the injected females. Day-old hatchlings from both squid species had statoliths with isotopic ratios significantly different from natural ratios and control animals, but variability in the ratios in hatchlings produced by different females was independent of dose or injection location. No differences were observed in the statoliths and stylets removed from hatchlings and juveniles, respectively, from the two octopus species, although isotopic shifts were evident in the hard structures of the adults injected. The use of TRAIL is a technique that offers considerable potential to advance the understanding of post-hatching dispersal and population connectivity in cephalopod populations.


ABSTRACT Image fusion aims to spatially enhance a low-resolution multispectral (MS) image by utilizing a high-resolution panchromatic (Pan) band. Various image fusion methodologies have been proposed with the aim to improve the spatial detail quality without deteriorating the colour content of the input MS image. Previous studies revealed the fact that there is no such thing as 'the best image fusion method' since all fusion methods cause either spectral distortion or spatial detail loss to some extent, which motivates the researchers to develop more advanced methods to keep the colour content while increasing the spatial detail quality. This study proposed to use the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) metaheuristic algorithm in hybrid image fusion methods to achieve the optimum colour quality in the fused images. The SOS algorithm was used in two hybrid fusion approaches, one including the Intensity-Hue-Saturation (IHS) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) methods and the other one including the IHS and Discrete Wavelet Frame Transform (DWFT) methods. The results of the proposed methods were qualitatively and quantitatively compared in three test sites against those of eighteen widely-used image fusion methods. It was concluded that the proposed methods led to superior colour quality with both singlesensor and multisensor input images, regardless of the spatial resolution difference between the input images. The proposed methods were also found to be very successful in sharpening the images, despite the fact that their main purpose was to keep the colour content as much as possible.


On May 14, 1856, "Captain Harriet Human" arrived in the New York City offices of Sydney Howard Gay, an ardent abolitionist, Underground Railroad agent, newspaper editor, and Vigilance Committee member. Arriving with Human were four formerly enslaved young men from Cabin Creek on the Eastern Shore of Maryland: Benjamin Jackson, James Coleman, William Conoway, and Henry Hopkins. Their journey had been treacherous and dangerous - four able-bodied young slaves represented thousands of dollars in assets to their enslavers Slave catchers relentlessly tracked the group along the heavily trodden paths of the Underground Railroad in Delaware and Pennsylvania. By the time these self-liberators and their leader had made it to New York City, they had left the most perilous part of their journey behind them. Nevertheless, they were not completely safe, and their next stops would bring them closer to real freedom in Canada via Central New York's well organized Underground Railroad networks. (2) After Harriet Human's own escape from Maryland in the late fall of 1849, she spent the next eleven years trying to bring her family and friends to freedom. Some of these rescue stories are featured in Sarah Bradford's 1869 biography. Scenes in the Life of Harriet Human, and a later, modified 1886 edition, Harriet, The Moses of Her People. (3) It is these two biographies, however, that set the stage for the erroneous but praiseworthy myth that Human had conducted nineteen rescue missions, leading 300 people out of bondage. During 1858 and 1859, Human herself repeatedly told audiences that she had rescued between fifty and sixty people in eight to nine trips. Why Bradford chose to ignore Human's own words remains a mystery, though biographer Jean Humez argues that Sarah Bradford lacked the literary confidence and cultural sensitivity to trust Human's own storytelling. (4) The numbers mythology has been complicated by institutional, political, and social discrimination that shaped and obscured the contributions and historical record of the African American experience in America. The operations of the Underground Railroad most certainly required secrecy, and for generations the secrets and mysteries of the Underground Railroad remained shrouded in hazy lore and legend. This was compounded by a complacency and docile acceptance of the view that few historical records existed documenting the Underground Railroad, effectively erasing any interest in unearthing early primary evidence. Much documentation did exist, however. In spite of readily available sources, including hundreds of contemporary slave narratives, Benjamin Drew's The Refugee: or the North-side View of Slavery (1855); William Stills The Underground Railroad (1872). R-C. Smedley's The History of The Underground Railroad in Chester and Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania (1883), and Wilbur Siebert's The Underground Railroad from Slavery7 to Freedom (1897), early to mid-twentieth century authors chose to promote a nearly all-white and mostly Quaker dominated story filled with hidey holes and tunnels. New work, using these sources and many more, documenting the history of the Underground Railroad, has been quietly happening for decades. Now, the real stories of the Underground Railroad are emerging, and they are far more compelling and dynamic than the folklore and fakelore of 19th and 20th century mythmakers. No more do we need substitutes for the actual stories of escapes to freedom--no more tunnels, lawn jockeys, hidey holes. Follow the Drinking Gourd songs, or, the most unfortunate, the late 20th century quilt code myth. Harriet Tubman's life story, and her missions rescuing her loved ones in Maryland, has suffered much the same fate. There has been a great deal of speculation and confusion over the details of Tubman's personal network to freedom. Various biographies written over the past one-hundred-and-fifty years, including children's versions and fictionalized accounts, have repeatedly mischaracterized or misquoted vital sources that provided clues to Tubman's rescue missions and exploits during the 1850s. …


Construction industry has changed significantly over the past several years. It is an industry driven primarily by personal investors; the presence of securitized real estate has increased considerably. Procurement policies significantly influence the victory of construction projects since they are designed to provide solutions to specific project needs or conditions. The construction industry was analyzed with particular emphasis on public sector procurement. The general methodology of this study relies principally on the appraisal questionnaire which was collected from the local building contractors of altered sizes by mail or by personnel meeting. Thorough literature review is initially conducted to identify the risk factors that change the concert of construction industry as a whole. The questionnaire prepared for the review was formulate by seeing the relevant literatures in the area of procurement management. A significant number of the survey respondents believe that performance of projects could be improved using alternative or hybrid procurement strategies. This paper offered recommendations in order to mitigate or reduce completely the challenges and complexities faced by the organizations.


The thesis comprises an analysis of the regulation of the charity sector and its managerial implications, focusing on internal control. The thesis begins with an introduction which outlines the aim of the thesis, research design and method, and is divided into four further interlinking but self contained chapters with appendices. The second chapter reviews the definition problem of charity; the debates on politics, convergence and religious influences; a critical evaluation of the Salamon and Anheier hypothesis; the problem for statistical analysis and new developments. The third chapter places charity into an historical, political and economic context; the 'spirit' of charity is reviewed; the emergence and dismantling of the statutory welfare state is discussed and the policy implications for the future direction of charity. The fourth chapter looks at the history of charity regulation and the events which led to the establishment of the permanent Charity Commission. The 1987 criticisms are considered from the perspective of how much was the Commission itself to blame. The new system of regulation and the charity accounting standard are described and appraised against theoretical perspectives. International comparisons are made and the British system evaluated. The fifth chapter looks at the regulatory focus, the charity trustee. The role of the trustee is considered against the new legislation and managerial perspectives of the ideal trustee are considered. Liability and risk considerations, we argue, inevitably focus on an evaluation of control systems. The absence of information on control functions in charities is considered and why a survey was deemed necessary. A synopsis of the findings in 1991 and their relevance in 1995 is discussed, which offers comfort and concerns about internal control in the larger charities. In the appendix are the full results of the 1991 Internal Audit Survey and the European Survey of Audit, Accounting and Supervision Practices. The Conclusion provides a combination of practical suggestions for improvements of internal control in charities and suggestions for the Charity Commission as it embarks upon a more pro-active role. Future directions for research in this field are recommended.


The growth of thermophiles during the manufacture of milk powder leads to a progressive increase in the number of thermophilic bacteria contaminating the final product. The limited residence time of the milk in the plant during milk powder manufacture and the concentration effect of converting milk into milk powder cannot explain the number of thermophiles found in the final product. This suggests that thermophiles are attaching to the large surface area of stainless steel found within a milk powder plant and then growing and developing into biofilms, with individual cells and/or biofilm fragments sloughing off into the product line and thus contaminating the final product. The aim of the present study was to investigate the attachment mechanisms that enable the thermophile Anoxybacillus flavithermus (B 1 2) to attach to stainless steel surfaces. Passing a B 1 2 culture through a column of stainless steel chips, collecting the first cells to pass through, re-culturing and repeating the process six times, resulted in the isolation of a mutant, labelled X7, with lO-fold reduced ability to attach to stainless steel as well as a reduced ability to attach to plastic and glass. A comparison of bacterial cell surface properties indicated that X7 was less hydrophobic than its parental strain B 12 . Cell surface charge measurements also suggest that X7 has less net negative surface charge. Disruption of extracellular polysaccharides and DNA appeared to have no effect on the attachment process. Removal of surface proteins caused a reduction in attachment of B 1 2 and X7 as well as a reduction in surface hydrophobicity suggesting surface protein involvement in both. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of lysozyme/mutanolysin extracted surface proteins revealed two proteins expressed at reduced levels in X 7 compared with B 12 . One protein was identified by mass spectrometry as the cytoplasmic enzyme Formate acetyltransferase. The role of Formate acetyltransferase and the


Background: Sohan is an Iranian traditional brittle confection which its ingredients are susceptible to oxidation and microbial contamination during storage. This experimental study was designed to determine the effect of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) extract on some chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of Sohan during storage at 25 ° C. Methods: The Sohan ingredients were mixed, baked, and shaped in flatted types. Different Sohan formulation groups were separately prepared, including 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% rose extracts groups; 0.02% Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) group; and control group (with no foreign additive). The Sohan samples were packaged and stored at 25 ° C for 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 interval days. The samples were analyzed for Free Fatty Acids (FFAs), Peroxide Value (PV), p-Anisidine Value (AnV), Total Phenolic Content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), surface color, microbial, and sensory properties. Data were compared using Duncan's multiple range tests by SPSS, Inc., Chicago (v. 16.0). Results: Overall, Sohan groups contained 0.5% rose extract and also 0.02% BHA had significantly (p<0.05) better antioxidant and antimicrobial effects, and sensory properties in comparison with the other groups. The color indices (L*, a*, and b*) were significantly decreased during storage time. Based on panelist suggestion, the overall acceptance of samples were unacceptable at the end of storage period (day 180). Conclusion: It is concluded that at 25 ° C storage, 0.5% rose extract and 0.02% BHA were effective to retard Sohan rancidity until 90 and 120 days, respectively.


We report the use of a new laser-based direct-write technique that allows programmable and timed fluid delivery in channels within a paper substrate which enables implementation of multi-step analytical assays. The technique is based on laser-induced photo-polymerisation, and through adjustment of the laser writing parameters such as the laser power and scan speed we can control the depth and/or the porosity of hydrophobic barriers which, when fabricated in the fluid path, produce controllable fluid delay. We have patterned these flow delaying barriers at pre-defined locations in the fluidic channels using either a continuous wave laser at 405 nm, or a pulsed laser operating at 266 nm. Using this delay patterning protocol we generated flow delays spanning from a few minutes to over half an hour. Since the channels and flow delay barriers can be written via a common laser-writing process, this is a distinct improvement over other methods that require specialist operating environments, or custom-designed equipment. This technique can therefore be used for rapid fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices that can perform single or multistep analytical assays.


By the mid-1980s, the civil justice system in many common law jurisdictions was reportedly 'in crisis', crippled by excessive delay, cost and complexity in proceedings and out of reach of ordinary people. During the next two decades, law reform commissions and other agencies were charged with identifying problems with the civil justice system and with making recommendations for its improvement. Many agencies identified legal education as a factor contributing to the perceived crisis and made recommendations for change. The rules of professional conduct governing lawyers were also considered to be inadequate to the task of reorienting lawyers towards non-adversarial collaborative ways of professional practice. This paper canvasses reforms made in respect of the civil justice systems in Australia, England (and Wales) and to a lesser extent, the United States. The majority of reforms have been procedural in nature, brought about largely through legislative intervention and judicial activism (in the form of rules of court and practice directions). The paper examines the ways in which legal education has responded to the challenges presented by civil justice reform and also identifies amendments made to relevant professional practice standards. It is argued that, despite the recommendations for reform, changes to legal education have been piecemeal and fragmented and only minor changes have been made to professional standards of conduct. The paper goes on to discuss the various ways in which to regulate the behaviour of lawyers and the reasons why reform brought about by legislation, rules of court and practice directions is not sufficient to effectively change the conduct of members of the legal profession. It highlights the importance of education and codes of conduct for lawyers. In the final analysis, neither more rules, nor changes in legal education, provide a complete solution. The answer lies in a mixed approach—some modification to procedural rules of adversarial engagement, activism on the part of judges, some rules adjustment, and better education. It is argued here that more is required of both law schools and professional associations to support two decades of procedural reform.


We analyze the forecasting performance of small mixed-frequency factor models when the observed variables share stochastic trends. The indicators are observed at various frequencies and are tied together by cointegration so that valuable high-frequency information is passed to low-frequency series through the common factors. Differencing the data breaks the cointegrating link among the series and some of the signal leaks out to the idiosyncratic components, which do not contribute to the transfer of information among indicators. We find that allowing for common trends improves forecasting performance over a stationary factor model based on differenced data. The "common-trends factor model" outperforms the stationary factor model at all analyzed forecast horizons. Our results demonstrate that when mixed-frequency variables are cointegrated, modeling common stochastic trends improves forecasts.


In this article, responding to assertions that the principle of double effect has no place in legal analysis, I explore the overlap between double effect and negligence analysis. In both, questions of culpability arise in situations where a person acts with no intent to cause harm but where reasonable foreseeability of unintended harm exists. Under both analyses, the determination of whether such conduct is permissible involves a reasonability test that balances that foreseeable harm against the good intended by the actor's conduct. In both, absent a finding that the foreseeable harm is unreasonable in light of that intended good, no liability will be imposed upon the actor. Even conceding, however, such general similarity between double effect and negligence analysis - disagreement over the proper interpretation of the reasonability criterion at play in negligence poses an additional challenge for the attempt to correlate negligence with double effect. Economic efficiency interpretations of negligence, for example, purportedly based on the Learned Hand Formula and the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF THE LAW OF TORTS, propose that culpability depends upon a utilitarian balancing of good effects of conduct (utility) versus its harmful foreseeable consequences (magnitude of risk of injury). Based on such an interpretation of negligence, however, contrasts between actors' states of mind, and normative differences between kinds of goods and harms, ultimately fade into the background and become irrelevant as essential conditions for properly assessing liability. This article elaborates and defends the view that double effect analysis lies at the heart of negligence theory. Part I elucidates in more detail the principle of double effect and describes its prima facie operation in negligence analysis. Part II considers and rejects the economic efficiency interpretation that has been offered as a theory of negligence, overcoming the challenge that such an interpretation presents for the effort to locate double effect analysis in the law. Part III illustrates and confirms the overlap between double effect and negligence by consideration of a series of case applications. The Article proposes that the weighing of conflicting values in double effect analysis and negligence is not achieved - as proposed by law and economics theory with respect to negligence - by imposing a consequentialist-utilitarian reduction of all value to a single concept of good and eliminating the relevance of traditional state of mind distinctions between intention and foreseeability. Instead, each mode of analysis recognizes that distinct culpability determinations flow naturally and plausibly from an appreciation of the traditional legal distinctions made between various types of goods and harms, and upon whether such goods and harms come about as result of an actor's intention or mere foreseeability.


The findings of this study were obtained during the investigation of Lithuanian males' attitudes toward masculinity at 2004. The data was collected by standardized interview method, and 1376 males were interviewed as well. Masculinity could be related with social norms and rules, with economic background, with sexuality and body's cognition, and there could be a few conceptions of masculinity in the society, therefore the participants have had the possibility to evaluate their masculinity as the characteristic feature. The results of this research revealed the fact that majority (77,1 %) of participants, when describing the husband's role, were speaking about care and provision for family. It means, that in most cases were picked out the financial and instrumental aspects of masculinity. 1075 of participants (78,1 %) said they satisfy the requirements for husbands totally or partly. Those living in the family with original structure (for example, where wife have had university education and husband college education, wife have had higher incomes and husband have had never taking decisions) said that they do not satisfy the requirements for husbands – by the way, formulated by themselves – at all. Overall, the results of the research disclose the male problems in our society as well as their attitudes toward masculinity.


In an unconstrained colour naming experiment conducted over the web, 330 participants named 600 colour samples in English. The 30 most frequent monolexemic colour terms were analyzed with regards to frequency, consensus among genders, response times, consistency of use, denotative volume in the Munsell and OSA colour spaces and inter-experimental agreement. Each of these measures served for ranking colour term salience; rankings were then combined to give a composite index of basicness. The results support the extension of English inventory from the 11 basic colour terms of Berlin and Kay to 13 terms by the addition of lilac and turquoise.


The complexity theory approach to agents is defined not only by the synthesis of forward-error correction that made developing and possibly analyzing architecture a reality, but also by the significant need for thin clients [8]. Although this discussion is entirely a technical intent, it is buffetted by existing work in the field. Given the trends in cooperative symmetries, experts particularly note the simulation of e-business, which embodies the intuitive principles of event-driven machine learning [10], [12]. We describe a solution for reinforcement learning, which we call Mum.


Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Building (Construction Project Management) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Construction Economics and Management at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017


The Vradal pluton presents a two-dimensional exposure of part of a granitic diapir having steep, inward-dipping contacts that intruded the middle crust 900-1000 Ma ago. Nearly 25% of the pluton consists of mafic rocks that mingled and mixed synplutonically with granitic rocks. The mafic rocks increased, thereby, the overall density of the pluton, added heat to fuel the upward ascent of the pluton, and helped to heat the wall rocks locally and sufficiently for them to deform viscoelastically above and around the pluton. Gneiss and a thin, concentric and conformable sequence of supracrustal quartzite and amphibolite dip steeply inward around all but the northeast quarter of the pluton, which is faulted. These wall rocks define a concentric rim anticline having a steep limb adjacent to the pluton, and a flat limb farther than 2 km radially from it. Previous interpretations of a rim syncline around the pluton cannot be substantiated. Sparse vertical mineral lineations, vertical necklines of boudins, pluton-up sense of shear in shear folds and associated steep faults, and appressed folds in the supracrustal· rocks, all within 100 m of the contact, are relict, mesoscopic evidence of upward and outward expansion of the pluton during its emplacement. The macroscopic downward hending of the wall rocks and consequent formation of the rim anticline rna y be explained either by ductile retum flow of heated wall rocks, or by late-stage magma sinking, or a combination of both processes.


Detention and confinement-of both combatants and large groups of civilians-have become fixtures of asymmetric wars over the course of the last century. Counterinsurgency theoreticians and practitioners explain this dizzying rise of detention camps, internment centers, and enclavisation by arguing that such actions "protect" populations. In this book, Laleh Khalili counters these arguments, telling the story of how this proliferation of concentration camps, strategic hamlets, "security walls," and offshore prisons has come to be. Time in the Shadows investigates the two major liberal counterinsurgencies of our day: Israeli occupation of Palestine and the U.S. War on Terror. In rich detail, the book investigates Abu Ghraib, Guantanamo Bay, CIA black sites, the Khiam Prison, and Gaza, among others, and links them to a history of colonial counterinsurgencies from the Boer War and the U.S. Indian wars, to Vietnam, the British small wars in Malaya, Kenya, Aden and Cyprus, and the French pacification of Indochina and Algeria. Khalili deftly demonstrates that whatever the form of incarceration-visible or invisible, offshore or inland, containing combatants or civilians-liberal states have consistently acted illiberally in their counterinsurgency confinements. As our tactics of war have shifted beyond slaughter to elaborate systems of detention, liberal states have warmed to the pursuit of asymmetric wars. Ultimately, Khalili confirms that as tactics of counterinsurgency have been rendered more "humane," they have also increasingly encouraged policymakers to willingly choose to wage wars.


When neuroscientist Susan Barry was fifty years old, she took an unforgettable trip to Manhattan. As she emerged from the dim light of the subway into the sunshine, she saw a view of the city that she had witnessed many times in the past but now saw in an astonishingly new way. Skyscrapers on street corners appeared to loom out toward her like the bows of giant ships. Tree branches projected upward and outward, enclosing and commanding palpable volumes of space. Leaves created intricate mosaics in 3D. With each glance, she experienced the deliriously novel sense of immersion in a three dimensional world. Barry had been cross-eyed and stereoblind since early infancy. After half a century of perceiving her surroundings as flat and compressed, on that day she was seeing Manhattan in stereo depth for first time in her life. As a neuroscientist, she understood just how extraordinary this transformation was, not only for herself but for the scientific understanding of the human brain. Scientists have long believed that the brain is malleable only during a "critical period" in early childhood. According to this theory, Barry's brain had organized itself when she was a baby to avoid double vision - and there was no way to rewire it as an adult. But Barry found an optometrist who prescribed a little-known program of vision therapy; after intensive training, Barry was ultimately able to accomplish what other scientists and even she herself had once considered impossible. A revelatory account of the brain's capacity for change, Fixing My Gaze describes Barry's remarkable journey and celebrates the joyous pleasure of our senses.


Water is important not only as a natural resource but also as an object of political empowerment, social meaning, and cultural imagination. To unpack the social nature of water, the article examines it as "a total human‐material fact" which implies enquiring into water's fundamental properties, that is, its transgressive, transmutable, transparent characteristics, and exploring how the different forms of powers they engender impinge on human life. One such power is the power in water (its physical force), another the power of water (its social and political bearings), and a third the power as water (its cultural and imaginary potential). The article argues that regions suffering from chronic water scarcity are particularly pertinent to the study of water's agentive powers. The Peruvian Andes constitutes such a field site. Reviewing regional literature on Andean history and contemporary culture the article explores how water's multiple forces impact Peru's current water crisis and shape Andean people's struggle for social recognition. Moreover, the article employs the notion of the hydrosocial cycle to examine the author's own ethnographic data discussing two cases that in opposite ways illustrate people's perceptions of water and the way the convergence of its agentive powers constitutes a "total fact" in the Andes. It concludes that even though the discussion is focused on the regional context that shapes Andean water struggles, the two cases document something universal about water: its unique quality to represent raw physical power, malleable social and political power, and soft imaginative power at one and the same time. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1270. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1270