Background Fitness facilities provide an important avenue for people to increase their physical activity; however they can also be a common context of injury. The only source of routinely collected data about injuries associated with fitness activities is the Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset as used by the Victorian Injury Surveillance Unit. This includes injury presentations to all public Victorian emergency rooms with a 24-hour service. Each case is accompanied by a 250-character narrative that provides further details surrounding the circumstances of the injury. Objective To determine the main causes of injury associated with fitness activities. Design Analysis of emergency department case narratives from 2002/03 to 2011/12. Participants 1 979 de-identified injured persons who presented to included Victorian emergency departments. Main outcome measurements Textual analysis and summary of the narratives to identify specific causes of injuries sustained in fitness facilities to lead potential injury prevention efforts. Results The leading cause of injury depended on the type of activity being participated in (i.e. resistance training, aerobics/group exercise and use of other equipment). Across all fitness activities, the leading specified cause of injury was hit/struck/crush (50.9%) however this was largely driven by the high proportion of resistance training hit/struck/crush injuries (82.6% of all resistance training injuries). Falls were the leading specified cause of injury for aerobics and other equipment (62.4% and 63.2%, respectively). Most cases were not severe, with only 7.5% subsequently admitted to hospital. Conclusion: Injury prevention efforts should be specific to particular activities commonly participated in at fitness facilities, as the specific causes of injuries vary across these.


Two new studies shed light on the mechanisms by which integrins "integrate" information from both sides of the plasma membrane. The integrins, a family of heterodimeric transmembrane receptors with large extracellular domains and small cytoplasmic tails, play a key role in transducing information about the extracellular matrix into responses affecting cell motility, growth, and survival (outside-in signaling). Cytoplasmic signals regulate integrin clustering and ligand-binding affinity to integrate these responses with information from other signaling pathways (inside-out signaling). Vinogradova et al. used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to demonstrate interactions between the cytoplasmic tails of the integrin αIIb and β3 subunits and, using highly soluble fusion constructs, to determine the structure of the αIIb-β3 cytoplasmic tail complex. Interactions between the tail domains were abolished by mutations that constitutively activated the αIIbβ3 receptor and were disrupted by a cytoskeletal protein domain that enhanced ligand binding. Takagi et al. used electron microscopy, as well as analytical gel filtration, to demonstrate global conformational rearrangements of integrin αVβ3 extracellular domains under various activating and inactivating conditions. Solution-phase binding assays, combined with the mutational introduction of disulfide bonds into integrins expressed in cells, showed that conditions favoring a highly bent conformation were associated with a low affinity for ligands, whereas ligand binding or dissociation of the COOH termini favored an extended conformation with high affinity for ligands. These studies support a "switchblade" model of integrin activation, in which inside-out signals promote dissociation of the cytoplasmic tails, enhancing ligand affinity and leading to an intermediate conformation, which, like ligand binding itself, favors assumption of the high-affinity active form. O. Vinogradova, A. Velyvis, A. Velyviene, B. Hu, T. A. Haas, E. F. Plow, J. Qin, A structural mechanism of integrin αIIbβ3 "inside-out" activation as regulated by its cytoplasmic face. Cell 110, 587-597 (2002). [Online Journal] J. Takagi, B. M. Petre, T. Watz, T. A. Springer, Global conformational rearrangements in integrin extracellular domains in outside-in and inside-out signaling. Cell 110, 599-611 (2002). [Online Journal]


A simple refractive index sensor based on a small section of fiber damaged by the fiber fuse is proposed and demonstrated with a sensitivity of 350.58 nm/refractive index unit (RIU). For comparison, a hetero-core structure fiber sensor composed of a short no-core fiber (NCF) sandwiched between two pieces of single-mode fibers is demonstrated with a sensitivity of 157.29 nm/RIU. The fiber fuse technique can allow mass production of sensors by incorporating small sections of the damaged fiber of any type into each device. We believe this is the first application of the periodic damage tracks in optical fibers formed by the fiber fuse.


Mexico's recent energy reform portends a new era of private engagement in the oil and gas sectors. According to government officials and industry leaders, the opening of energy reserves for private development will spur economic growth and establish the country as a leader in the energy arena. This article examines whether the reforms could also lead to community-led growth in the renewable energy sector, specifically in Oaxaca, Mexico, which has been identified as one of the windiest places in the world and is currently already the site of extensive wind energy development. Building on my prior work exploring the impact of renewable energy development on indigenous communities in Oaxaca, this article presents a framework to explore the aspects of the energy reform that could lead to greater participation in renewable energy development by communities who have historically disproportionately borne the brunt of the country's energy development in the country. This article utilizes the theory of energy justice, which incorporates principles of environmental justice and climate justice as well as energy democracy, to consider whether opening the Mexican energy market to private participation and increased competition in the electricity sector could render communities more resilient in the face of climate change and better able to meet their energy needs.


The 'flight from blight' and related literatures on urban population changes and crime have primarily considered times of high or increasing crime rates. Perhaps the most cited recent work in this area, Cullen and Levitt (1999), does not extend through 1990s, a decade during which crime rates declined almost continuously, to levels that were lower than experienced in decades. This paper examines whether such declines contributed to city population growth and retention (abated flight). Through a series of population growth models that attempt to identify causality through several strategies (including instrumental variables) we find at best weak evidence that overall city growth is affected by changes in crime. We find no evidence that growth is differentially sensitive to reductions in crime, as compared to increases. Focusing more narrowly on within MSA migration, residential decisions that are more likely to be sensitive to local conditions, we do find evidence supporting abatement of 'flight' - that is, lower levels of crime in central cities in the 1990s are associated with lower levels of migration to the suburbs. This greater ability to retain residents already in the city does not appear to be accompanied by a greater ability to attract new households from the suburbs, or from outside of the metropolitan area.


Objectives: To evaluate immunization status and to identify the family and child demographic factors associated with immunization rate in Iraqi children younger than two years. Method: A cross-sectional and a cluster sampling design were implemented; five hundred twenty-eight representative Iraqi families with children between 18 and 70 months of age were interviewed in five public health clinics in Mosul-Iraq. Demographic characteristics of the child and family, and the child's immunization history were obtained. Immunization rate or completeness was assessed. Risk factors for partial immunization for the 1-5-3-4-1-1 vaccine series were explored using bivariate analyses and multi-level logistic regression models. Results: Less than half of the children had one missed dose, considered as partial immunization cases. The study found significant associations of immunization completeness with fathers and mother's education level, mother's race and family income. Number of preschool children, family income, father's education, mother's education and marital status were found that strongly impacted on immunization completeness. Conclusion: There is a need to increase awareness about the benefits and importance of vaccination, as well as the harmful consequences of partial immunization. Key word: Immunization Status; Iraqi Child; Complete Immunization; Partial Immunization; Family and Child Factors


BACKGROUND
Two new questionnaires concerning the quality of life of patients with heart failure were used in a randomized, controlled trial to determine if the patients' perceptions of the effects of enalapril on their daily activities and sense of well-being were different from those of a group treated with hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The questionnaires were completed at baseline and at 3 months, 6 months, and subsequently every 6 months during follow-up, which averaged 2.5 years (range, 0.5-5.7 years). Data from the questionnaires were reliable as indicated by correlation coefficients between repeated baseline scores of 0.88 and 0.87. Both treatment groups showed a progressive deterioration in quality of life as measured by both questionnaires. The questionnaire scores of the two treatment groups were not significantly different at any follow-up visit. Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments among subgroups defined by baseline questionnaire scores, peak oxygen consumption, ejection fraction, previous vasodilator use, and plasma norepinephrine concentration.

CONCLUSIONS
Although several factors may limit the generalization of these results, the lack of a difference with regard to patients' quality of life is an important consideration for the evaluation of the relative therapeutic efficacy of these vasodilators.


Users of Web-based software encounter growing complexity of the software resulting from the increasing amount of information and service offering. As a consequence, the likelihood that users employ the software in a manner compatible with the provider's interest decreases. Depending on the purpose of the Web application, a provider's goal can be to guide and influence user choices in information and service selection, or to assure user productivity. An approach at addressing these goals is to adapt the software's behavior during operation to the context in which it is being used. The term context-awareness originates in mobile computing, where research projects have studied context recognition and adaptation in specific scenarios. Context-awareness is now being studied in a variety of systems, including Web applications. However, how to account for context in a Web Engineering process is not yet established, nor is a generic means of using context in a Web software architecture. This dissertation addresses the question of how context-awareness can be applied in a general-purpose, systematic process for Web application development: that is, in a Web Engineering process. A model for representing an application's context factors in ontologies is presented. A general-purpose methodology for Web Engineering is extended to account for context, by putting in relation context ontologies with elements of the application domain. The application model is extended with adaptation specifications, defining at which places in the application adaptation to context is to occur, and according to what strategy. Application and context models are system interpretable, in order to support automatic adaptation of a system's behavior during its operation, that is, consequently to user requests. Requirements for a corresponding Web software architecture for context are established first at the conceptual level, then specifically in a content-based architecture based on an XML stack. The CATWALK software framework, an implementation of an architecture enabling adaptation to context is described. The framework provides mechanisms for interpreting application and context models to generate an adaptive application, meaning to generate responses to user requests, where the generation process makes decisions based on context information. For this purpose, the framework contains default implementations for context recognition and adaptation mechanisms.
The approach presented supports a model-based development of Web applications which adapt to context. The CATWALK framework is an mplementation for model interpretation in a run-time system and thus simplifies the development of Web applications which adapt to context. As the framework is component-based and follows a strict separation of concerns, the default mechanisms can be extended or replaced, allowing to reduce the amount of custom code required to implement specific context-aware Web applications or to study alternative context inference or adaptation strategies. The use of the framework is illustrated in a case study, in which models are defined for a prototypical application, and this application is generated by the framework. The purpose of the case study is to illustrate effects of adaptation to context, based on context description and adaptation specifications in the application model.


Faced with extended periods of drought and short supply of water, arid-weather countries have turned to intermittent water supply (IWS) as a means to reduce water consumption and to prolong their national water reserves. Unfortunately, such drastic measures usually fail to consider the effects of intermittent supply on the condition of piping networks and the resulting water losses, inefficiencies and overall maintenance cost on these networks. Presented herein is research work on the effects of IWS on the vulnerability of urban water distribution networks (UWDN) based on a 3-year dataset from major urban centres in Cyprus. The dataset includes information on breakage incidents, operating network parameters, external factors and vulnerability assessment and by use of data-mining and survival analysis techniques evaluates the effects of such intermittent supply strategies on the vulnerability of the water pipes and on the sustainability of the strategy.


Problem statement: Cocopeat is considered as a good growing media
component with acceptable pH, electrical conductivity and other chemical attributes
but it has been recognized to have high water holding capacity which causes poor
air-water relationship, leading to low aeration within the medium, thus affecting
the oxygen diffusion to the roots. Incorporation of coarser materials into cocopeat
could improve the aeration status of the media. Approach: Selected
chemical and physical characteristics of five types of growing media comprising
of (v/v) 100% cocopeat, 70% cocopeat: 30% burnt rice hull, 70% cocopeat: 30% perlite,
70% cocopeat: 30% kenaf core fiber and 40% cocopeat: 60% kenaf core fiber were
determined and their suitability as growing media was tested using Celosia cristata.
Data on pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and various aspects of air-water relationships
of the media, as well on growth and flowering of test plant and leaf nutrient
contents were collected. Results: Initial pH for 100% cocopeat
and 70% cocopeat: 30% kenaf core fiber was higher than the other media but the
values were eventually similar by the end of the study. The bulk density and EC
of media containing burnt rice hull was markedly higher than the other media (0.12
g cm3 and 0.48 mS cm-1, respectively). Media comprising of 70% cocopeat: 30% burnt
rice hull and 70% cocopeat: 30% perlite contained higher air content. The former
held the highest volume of available water. Incorporation of burnt rice hull and
perlite into cocopeat increased water absorption ability of the media which reached
saturation earlier than the other media. Addition of burnt rice hull (30%), perlite
(30%) and kenaf core fiber (30%) to cocopeat elevated the Air-Filled Porosity
(AFP) of the media. The growth and flowering of Celosia cristata were the greatest
when grown in a mixture of 70% cocopeat: 30% burnt rice hull and perhaps linked
with a good balance in the aeration and moisture relationship of the media. Conclusion:
Results of this study indicated that certain chemical and physical properties
of cocopeat can be improved through incorporation of burnt rice hull and its positive
effect was clearly reflected in the growth and development of Celosia cristata.


The problem of optimal control of power distribution systems is becoming increasingly compelling due to the progressive penetration of distributed energy resources in this specific layer of the electrical infrastructure. Distribution systems are, indeed, experiencing significant changes in terms of operation philosophies that are often based on optimal control strategies relying on the computation of linearized dependencies between controlled (e.g., voltages, frequency in case of islanding operation) and control variables (e.g., power injections, transformers tap positions). As the implementation of these strategies in real-time controllers imposes stringent time constraints, the derivation of analytical dependency between controlled and control variables becomes a non-trivial task to be solved. With reference to optimal voltage and power flow controls, this paper aims at providing an analytical derivation of node voltages and line currents as a function of the nodal power injections and transformers tap-changers positions. Compared to other approaches presented in the literature, the one proposed here is based on the use of the [Y] compound matrix of a generic multi-phase radial unbalanced network. In order to estimate the computational benefits of the proposed approach, the relevant improvements are also quantified versus traditional methods. The validation of the proposed method is carried out by using both IEEE 13 and 34 nodes test feeders. The paper finally shows the use of the proposed method for the problem of optimal voltage control applied to the IEEE 34 node test feeder.


In Newfoundland and Labrador, as elsewhere, there is a strong but poorly acknowledged and poorly documented interdependence between the fisheries and tourism sectors. This interdependence is particularly strong in rural areas, including in fishing communities, where much of Newfoundland and Labrador's tourism happens. Tourists want to consume local seafood, experience fisheries and fishing culture, and to meet people engaged in and knowledgeable about fisheries and the marine environment;
local fisheries provide much of the seafood tourists eat, some members of fishing families work in the tourism sector, and fishing families are among the clientele who patronize local restaurants and hotels.
Our rural communities are experiencing high rates of outmigration and rural populations are aging. The
resources available to support economic development in rural areas, including in fisheries and tourism, are declining (as exemplified by recent cuts to Parks Canada and to support for the Regional Economic Development Boards). Employment in both fisheries and tourism is highly seasonal (particularly in rural areas) and some employers are finding it difficult to find appropriately skilled, local workers. Aging labour forces mean this challenge is likely to increase in the future. Both sectors are also very vulnerable to changes in global markets and to environmental and other changes.
Unfortunately, from a policy and organizational perspective, Newfoundland and Labrador's commercial
fisheries and tourism industries have developed largely in isolation from each other. There has been no
systematic effort to establish and promote synergies between the two sectors. As a result, there are potentially important missed opportunities for economic development that have the potential to create new business opportunities, strengthen existing businesses in both sectors, and to enhance the sustainability of both sectors as well as some rural communities and regions.
On June 15, 2012, with support from the Rural Secretariat, the Community-University Research for
Recovery Alliance at Memorial University (CURRA), the Harris Centre and the Newfoundland and Labrador Regional Economic Development Association (NLREDA) organized a multi-stakeholder workshop in St. John's entitled Working Better Together: Fisheries and Tourism in Newfoundland and Labrador (See Appendix A for full program). The workshop used research done by the CURRA and insights from a multi-stakeholder panel to set the stage for facilitated small group discussions led by Ted Lomond from NLREDA and using the staff and facilitated discussion technology and expertise of the Rural Secretariat. Excellent support with organization and with the registration process was provided by Johan Joensen of the Harris Centre.


Background: It has recently been suggested that over expression of palladin in sporadic pancreatic cancer may contribute to pancreatic cancer's invasive and migratory abilities. This hypothesis was based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses of bulk pancreatic tissue, yet pancreatic cancer is a complex admixture of neoplastic epithelial cells and desmoplastic stroma. Design: Immunohistochemical labeling of tissue microarrays was used to define the patterns of palladin protein expression in 177 ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas. Western blot analysis was used to determine the epitope(s) of palladin recognized by the antibody as well as the relative levels of palladin expression in short-term cultures of stromal fibroblasts, non-neoplastic ductal cells and pancreatic cancer cell lines. Results: Immunolabeling revealed that the palladin protein was strongly over expressed in non-neoplastic stromal cells in 171 (96.6%) of the 177 evaluable pancreatic cancers. By contrast, the over expression of palladin protein by the neoplastic epithelial cells relative to normal pancreatic epithelium was observed in only 22 (12.4%) of the 177 cancers. Western blot analysis confirmed that the antibody recognizes the ~90 kDa isoform of palladin, and demonstrated that fibroblast cell lines had higher expression of palladin than pancreatic cancer cell lines. Conclusions: The over expression of palladin relative to normal pancreas in the majority of pancreatic cancers is limited to non-neoplastic stromal cells. This observation highlights the limitations of relying on bulk tissues when analyzing gene expression. Since palladin is not over expressed in most pancreatic cancer cells, the over expression of palladin is not likely to be responsible for pancreatic cancer cells invasive and migratory abilities.


A dynamical mechanism underlying pattern formation in a spatially extended network of integrate-and-fire oscillators with synaptic interactions is identified. It is shown how in the strong coupling regime the network undergoes a discrete Turing-Hopf bifurcation of the firing times from a synchronous state to a state with periodic or quasiperiodic variations of the interspike intervals on closed orbits. The separation of these orbits in phase space results in a spatially periodic pattern of mean firing rate across the network that is modulated by deterministic fluctuations of the instantaneous firing rate.


Understanding the different types of Facebook users is the first step to effectively communicating with them and providing appropriate features. Psychographic segmentation is a statistical procedure that first identifies the fundamental value-propositions or 'hooks' of a technology, and then derives the user types who respond similarly to those hooks. Partnering with Psychster Inc., students in the University of Washington Master of Communication program in Digital Media (MCDM) applied this method to 236 Facebook users who rated the importance of 90 value-propositions via an online survey. The 6 user types that were found can be remembered by the acronym FBSIGN.


Synaptic plasticity that underlies learning and memory processes, such as long-term potentiation (LTP), requires the synthesis and specific localization of new proteins to facilitate changes in synaptic strength. However, it is not clear how synaptic activity controls protein translation in neurons. Tang et al. report that a translational signaling pathway involving the rapamycin-sensitive serine-threonine kinase mammalian target of rapacymcin (mTOR) and its downstream effectors, eukaryotic initiation factor-4E-binding protein and eukaryotic intiation factor-4E, are present in the cell body and dendrites of rat hippocampal neurons. These proteins were particularly enriched in postsynaptic sites. When hippocampal slices were treated with FK506, an inhibitor of rapamycin, the magnitude of late-phase LTP decreased. FK506 also inhibited the stimulatory effect of brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor on LTP, indicating that plasticity relies on rapamycin-sensitive signaling. The precise location and mechanism by which synaptic activity activates the mTOR signaling pathway during LTP has yet to be discerned. S. J. Tang, G. Reis, H. Kang, A.-C. Gingras, N. Sonenberg, E. M. Schuman, A rapamycin-sensitive signaling pathway contributes to long-term synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 467-472 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Continued increase in births by caesarean section has influenced the increased occurrence of uterine rupture in many countries of the world. The aim of this study is to determine the association between of the births by caesarean section and uterine rupture. It was a crosssectional study. The research data was collected and recorded in writing (as per birth protocol) in clinic of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Clinical Centre of Kosovo. Data for uterine rupture was collected over the study period of five years (from 2010 to 2014), only in women who gave birth by caesarean section. The cases with uterine rupture were recorded over these years, followed by statistical calculations. Of total 15526 women who underwent caesarean section over the study period of five years (from 2010 to 2014), there were 22 cases of uterine rupture thus, with an incidence of 14 per 10,000 deliveries with Caesarean Section and significance level for observed proportion was P<0.0001 (95% confidence interval CI; 21.35 to 22.66). Continuous increase in uterine rupture was noticed from 2010 to 2014. Percentage of uterine rupture of 2010 was 0.07%, when compared with that of 2014 i.e., 0.17 %, which is a significant difference (in favor of the increase), odds ratio OR=0.82 (95%Cl; 0.016 to 41.70).


The optimizing algorithm for selection of reference nodes used in mobile positioning based on trilateration in wireless ad hoc networks is proposed in the paper. Position of reference nodes plays important role from positioning accuracy point of view. In case, that there is possibility to select some reference nodes from all it is useful do it. Therefore, there will be selected reference nodes which position is optimal in respect of localized blindfolded node. The properties and function of proposed algorithm are verified by means of simulation model of wireless ad hoc network. The following positioning methods DV-Hop, DV-Distance a DV-Euclidean are implemented into simulation model, because final position estimation of these methods is based on circular trilateration. More accurate results were achieved by implementation of proposed algorithm compare with the basic algorithms. Ill. 8, bibl. 10, tabl. 2 (in English; abstracts in English, Russian and Lithuanian).


Melatonin can be synthesized by different cells in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes: arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase(AANAT) and N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) in colonic mucosa and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion(aMT6s) in patients with lymphocytic colitis(LC) related to the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes(IEL) and enterochromaffin cells (EC). The study included 32 healthy subjects (HS group) and 36 patients with lymphocytic colitis (LC group). The diagnosis was based on histological and immunohistochemical performances using mouse monoclonal antibodies (chromogranin A – LK 2H10). EC were counted in 10 fields of each bioptate at 40x magnification. The level of mRNA expression of AANAT and ASMT was estimated in colonic mucosa with RT-PCR. The urine concentration of aMT6s was determined by photometric method. Significant differences were found in obtained results between HS and LC group: the number of IEL 14.1±3.41 vs. 32.4±5.50 per 100 surface colonocytes (p< 0.001); the number of EC 32.2±10.1 vs. 70.4±21.2 (p< 0.001); AANAT -1.32±0.47 vs. 2.32±0.65 (p< 0.001; ASMT – 1.51±0.59 vs. 2.80±0.92 (p <0.001) aMT6s13.4±4.87 vs. 19.9±6.29 (p< 0.001). Moreover, a positive correlation was found between the number of EC and ASMT (p= 0.011) and between EC and aMT6s (p < 0.001). No correlation occurred between the number of IEL and AANAT p=0.932) and AMST (n=0.536) and aMT6s (p=9.288). These results indicate that the enterochromaffin cells in colonic mucosa are the main extrapineal source of melatonin in patients with lymphocytic colitis.


Cosmopolitism, globalization, global interdependence, neoliberalism and the advent of liquid and more and more multiethnic and multicultural societies influ-enced life styles, values, culture and behavioural patterns of every human being. Most of all influenced such changes the educational field, in particular the school education. This contribution will focus on the intercultural educational approach, a new Copernican revolution: the most suitable educational answer to the globalization of human beings and their life and to the management of inevitable conflicts. Forest in the article will be analyzed some of the opportunities and risks related with such changes and the implications in the field of the communication. Further, on the basis of researches carried out in the Centre for Intercultural Studies of the University of Verona, the Author will present a own model of Intercultural Compe-tences, related with the educational sector


An intricate microRNA-regulated network controls the onset of puberty in mice. The axis comprising the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads directs the development of reproductive function in mammals. Sexual maturity (puberty) is regulated by the timely induction of expression of the gene encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a small set of hypothalamic neurons. Mice undergo an infantile to juveniles transition from ~ postnatal days 7 to 12 (P7-P12). Messina et al. discovered that a microRNA (miRNA)–mediated mechanism triggers the switch from repression to induction of GnRH. Transgenic mice lacking Dicer, a protein that processes precursor microRNAs into their active smaller forms, in GnRH neurons were infertile and lacked Gnrh expression. Expressing a green fluorescent protein reporter for the Gnrh promoter in Dicer-deficient mice revealed that the Gnrh promoter was repressed. In GnRH neurons in wild-type mice, the abundance of mRNA encoding several transcription factors that bind the Gnrh promoter and activate its expression increased as the infant mice matured between P7 and P12. However, GnRH neurons in the Dicer-deficient mice had decreased abundance of these transcriptional activators but markedly increased abundance of transcription factors that bind and repress the Gnrh promoter. The abundance of miRNAs that target mRNAs encoding transcription factors that bind the Gnrh had inverted expression profiles in GnRH neurons from P7 and P12 wild-type mice, such that the abundance of transcriptional activators increased over this period and the abundance of transcriptional repressors decreased. Two miRNAs reduced the abundance of transcripts encoding C/EBPβ (miR-155) and ZEB1 (miR-200) in P12 mice. C/EBPβ and ZEB1 are both transcription factors, but whether they promote or repress gene expression can be context specific. In GnRH neurons, C/EBPβ promoted ZEB1 expression, and ZEB1 repressed both Gnrh and various other genes encoding transcription factors that promote Gnrh expression. Both C/EBPβ and ZEB1 have binding sites in the promoter of the gene encoding kisspeptin receptor GPR54, which stimulates the nuclear translocation of OTX2, a transcription factor that promotes Gnrh expression. GnRH neurons from Dicer-deficient mice had less GPR54, which would decrease Gnrh expression. This effect on GPR54 suggested that C/EBPβ and ZEB1 acted as repressors at the Gpr54 gene and that the miRNAs reduced their abundance, enabling Gpr54 expression. Neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, which is stimulated by kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling, promotes sexual maturation in mice; however, NO can repress Gnrh expression when C/EBPβ is abundant. Intraperitoneal injection of an NO synthase inhibitor restored Gnrh expression in Dicer-deficient mice, suggesting that a main role of miRNA network is to control C/EBPβ abundance and thereby control the ability of kisspeptin to stimulate the onset of puberty. A. Messina, F. Langlet, K. Chachlaki, J. Roa, S. Rasika, N. Jouy, S. Gallet, F. Gaytan, J. Parkash, M. Tena-Sempere, P. Giacobini, V. Prevot, A microRNA switch regulates the rise in hypothalamic GnRH production before puberty. Nat. Neurosci. 19, 835–844 (2016). [PubMed]


Results of numerical simulations of a forced shear flow in an annular geometry are presented. The particular geometry used in this work reduces the effects of centrifugal and Coriolis forces. However, there are still a large number of system parameters (shear width, shear profile, radius of curvature, initial conditions, etc.) to characterize. This set of variables is limited after the code has been validated with experimental results (Rabaud & Couder 1983; Chomaz et al. 1988) and with the associated linear stability analysis. As part of the linear stability characterization, the pseudo-spectrum for the associated Orr–Sommerfeld operator for plane, circular Couette flow is calculated, and it is found to be insensitive to perturbations. The numerical simulation code is a highly accurate de-aliased spectral method which utilizes banded operators to increase the computational efficiency. Viscous dissipation terms enter the code directly from the equations of motion. The results from the simulation code at low Reynolds numbers are compared with the results from linear stability analysis and are used to give predictions for the coefficients of the Landau equation describing the saturation behaviour near the critical Reynolds number. Numerical results at higher Reynolds numbers demonstrate the effects of spin-up and spin-down, including the experimentally observed hysteresis. The properties of two- dimensional shears at high Reynolds numbers, at which temporal states are formed, are also addressed.


Neuropsychiatric syndromes are highly prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but their neurobiology is not completely understood. New methods in functional magnetic resonance imaging, such as intrinsic functional connectivity or "resting‐state" analysis, may help to clarify this issue. Using such approaches, alterations in the default‐mode and salience networks (SNs) have been described in Alzheimer's, although their relationship with specific symptoms remains unclear. We therefore carried out resting‐state functional connectivity analysis with 20 patients with mild to moderate AD, and correlated their scores on neuropsychiatric inventory syndromes (apathy, hyperactivity, affective syndrome, and psychosis) with maps of connectivity in the default mode network and SN. In addition, we compared network connectivity in these patients with that in 17 healthy elderly control subjects. All analyses were controlled for gray matter density and other potential confounds. Alzheimer's patients showed increased functional connectivity within the SN compared with controls (right anterior cingulate cortex and left medial frontal gyrus), along with reduced functional connectivity in the default‐mode network (bilateral precuneus). A correlation between increased connectivity in anterior cingulate cortex and right insula areas of the SN and hyperactivity syndrome (agitation, irritability, aberrant motor behavior, euphoria, and disinhibition) was found. These findings demonstrate an association between specific network changes in AD and particular neuropsychiatric symptom types. This underlines the potential clinical significance of resting state alterations in future diagnosis and therapy. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1237–1246, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


It is well-established that chimpanzees vocalize more in the presence of relatively large amounts of food. The present study administered four trials in random order to each of 20 chimpanzees: (1) small piece of fruit, placed near to cage (~30 cm.), (2) large piece of fruit, placed near to cage, (3) small piece of fruit, placed far from cage (~130 cm.), and (4) large piece of fruit, placed far from cage. On arrival of an experimenter, the chimpanzees not only vocalized more in the presence of the large piece of fruit, confirming previous studies' findings, but also exhibited more multimodal behavior (vocalizations, manual gestures, and gaze alternation between the food and the experimenter), which extends previous research. More gaze alternation was exhibited to food placed more peripherally. Arousal may be indexed in this species by the number of modalities in which they communicate.


We study a random even subgraph of a finite graph $G$ with a general edge-weight $p\in(0,1)$. We demonstrate how it may be obtained from a certain random-cluster measure on $G$, and we propose a sampling algorithm based on coupling from the past. A random even subgraph of a planar lattice undergoes a phase transition at the parameter-value ${1\over2} p_{\rm c}$, where $p_{\rm c}$ is the critical point of the $q=2$ random-cluster model on the dual lattice. The properties of such a graph are discussed, and are related to Schramm–Lowner evolutions (SLE).


During the past three decades, the study of children's peer relationships and social skills has taken a prominent position in the fields of developmental and clinical psychology. This reflects, in part, a growing conviction that children who are socially skilled enjoy strong and positive relationships with their peers; in turn, those who are accepted by their peers and able to develop supportive friendships fare well in their social, emotional, and academic lives It is also known that children who are socially unskilled often suffer from peer rejection and friendlessness that place them "at risk" for later socioemotional and academic difficulties (for relevant reviews, see Rubin, Bukowski, & Laursen, 2009). Why the latter group is at risk has not been well addressed from the perspective of a "grand theory" of peer interactions and relationships. Yet there is a good deal of consensus across diverse theoretical perspectives as to the many benefits of peer interactions and relationships in childhood and adolescence. In this chapter, we briefly review theories that suggest the significance of peer interactions and relationships for normal psychosocial adaptation. Thereafter, we review the empirical literature pertaining to one subgroup of children, many of whose members have been described as lacking in social competence and as having less than adequate relationships with their peers. Given the focus of this edited volume, it should not be too surprising that this group comprises
those who are socially anxious and withdrawn.


A new study "What do we know about effective and successful school leadership?" maps four decades of evolution of the concept of what constitutes effective school leadership. It analyses the theoretical background to these developments and advocates the utility of thinking of a 'lean' form of school leadership that is comparable to the concept of 'metacontrol'. A wide-ranging survey of the empirical research literature on leadership effects includes the presentation of results from earlier meta-analyses as well as a new metaanalysis on some 25 studies carried out between 2005 and 2010. This survey demonstrates that older reviews and meta-analyses were predominantly based on so-called 'direct effect' studies, while more recent studies have tried to quantify the indirect effects of leadership, mediated by other school variables. While acknowledging the relatively small total effect of leadership on student outcomes, the study does identify promising intermediary factors which, stimulated by specific leadership behaviours, impact on student performance. The presentation ends by drawing out wider implications for educational practice and policy, presented under headings such as 'schools need leadership', 'the toolkit of the school leader as a meta-controller', 'the special case of turning around failing schools' and 'efficiency of school leadership'. In passing, the authors make several suggestions about potentially fruitful next steps in researching the effects of school leadership.


This chapter summarizes the progress in Escherichia coli research that used the meta-analysis approach. Using systematic searches for E. coli literature, we tracked meta-analysis publications and analyzed them based on a number of parameters. These included subject/topic (epidemiology, clinical/intervention/prevention and environmen-tal), geographical region (the Americas, Europe and Australasia) and clinical syndrome (enteric, renal, and sepsis/meningitis). These parameters were plotted in terms of time span to obtain a sense of dynamic change or its absence through the years since the turn of the twentieth century. In terms of region, topic and syndrome, highest meta-analysis productivity was attributed to the Americas, clinical/intervention/prevention and enteric, all of which took place in the last 5 years (2011–2016). Over the combined time span of 16 years, the Americas significantly dominated meta-analysis outputs when compared to Europe and Australasia (P = 0.003). In conclusion, our findings facilitate awareness of the progress in this field wherein the studied parameters were analyzed for patterns over time and differential rates of publication productivity.


Obtaining a high-performance nonprecious electrocatalyst for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions (OER and HER) under mild conditions is highly desirable yet challenging. Transition metal nitrides are emerging as cost-effective substitutes for state-of-the-art noble metal based catalysts, but large OER overpotentials plague these nitrides. Herein, we developed the heterostructure of CoO-domain-anchored Co4N nanowhiskers as an effective bifunctional electrocatalyst for both OER and HER in neutral media. The exterior CoO targets OER, and the CO4N matrix is active for HER. The periodically-aligned {111} crystalline planes between Co4N and CoO provide good electron transport through their interface. The heterostructure performs dual functions of elevating activity and diminishing interior resistance of the catalyst. Moreover, the porous metallic Co4N nanowhiskers were integrated on a nickel foam, and this configuration contributes an arterial channel for collecting current as well as a spacious surface area for increasing the reaction cross section for heterocatalysis. These advantages actuate our bifunctional 3D catalytic electrode to achieve low OER and HER overpotentials in neutral systems. It finally provides an unprecedentedly low cell voltage (1.79 V for 10 mA cm−2) for catalyzing overall water splitting in neutral media.


SUMMARY Neurons have at least two pathways of regulated secretion, which involve two classes of secretory organelles: typical synaptic vesicles (SVs) and large dense-core vesicles. Large dense-core vesicles store and secrete peptide neurotransmitters and amines, and may be seen as the neuronal counterpart of secretory granules of endocrine cells. SVs are highly specialized secretory organelles, which store and secrete non-peptide hormones and play a dominant role in the fast, point-to-point signalling typical of the nervous system. Microvesicles that share a variety of biochemical and functional similarities with SVs (synaptic-like microvesicles) have recently been described in endocrine cells. SVs and synaptic-like microvesicles are closely related to vesicular carriers of the receptor-mediated recycling pathway. They undergo repeated cycles of exo-endocytosis, which are thought to involve endosomal intermediates. In mature neurons, SVs are concentrated in axon endings. To gain insight into the mechanisms responsible for SV targeting, we have studied the traffic of SV proteins in both endocrine cells and developing hippocampal neurons in primary culture at different stages of differentiation. Additionally, the distribution of the SV protein synaptophysin, when expressed by transfection in fibroblastic cells or in polarized epithelial cells (MDCK cells), was investigated. SV proteins are already present in developing neurons at stages preceding the establishment of neuronal polarity. As axons and dendrites form, SV proteins are found in both types of processes, although they become progressively more concentrated in the axon. Throughout these developmental stages SVs undergo active exo-endocytotic recycling. The nonpolarized distribution of SV proteins is observed even at stages when the transferrin receptor, a protein that is present in epithelial cells only at the basolateral surface, is already restricted to dendrites. This indicates that, in immature neurons, SV proteins are not selectively targeted to axons and that the accumulation in axons may at least partially result from a specific retention. In agreement with this finding, synaptophysin, when transfected into MDCK cells, was targeted to both the basolateral and the apical plasma membrane. Brefeldin A, a fungal metabolite that induces a modification of the steady-state localization of endosomal proteins in a variety of cell types, was found to have a different effect on the distribution of SV proteins in dendrites and in axons. Taken together, these observations support the existence of two separate endosomal systems in axons and dendrites, which have differential properties, are enriched in different proteins, and may be related to the basolateral and apical endosomes of epithelial cells.


We analytically study the time-averaged electromagnetic energy stored inside scatterers containing inclusions of arbitrary shapes. Assuming the low density of inclusions, we derive the expression for the energy-transport velocity through disordered media without relying on the radiative transfer equation. Moreover, this expression is independent of the shape of scatterers. In addition, we obtain a relation between the dwell and absorption times associated with inclusions by considering the relationship between the internal energy and absorption cross-section. An approximation for the electromagnetic energy stored inside a disordered medium in terms of the transport mean free path and the packing fraction is also derived. This expression suggests that the enhanced electromagnetic energy within the host medium is achieved for inclusions exhibiting negative scattering asymmetry parameters. As a result, disordered media with enhanced backscattering is expected to exhibit large quality factors.


The human hand is very sensitive to the high-frequency accelerations produced by tool contact with a hard object, yet most time delayed telerobots neglect this feedback band entirely in order to achieve stability. We present a control architecture that both incorporates this important information and provides the ability to scale and shape it independently of the low-frequency force feedback. Leveraging the clean power flows afforded by wave variables, this augmented controller preserves the passivity of any environment that it renders to the user, but is not subject to the limitations of being passive itself. This architecture guarantees stability in the presence of communication delay while achieving a level of feedback not possible with a passive controller. We show experimentally that this feedback augmentation and shaping can present a high-frequency acceleration profile to the user's hand that is similar to that experienced by the slave end effector. Two simple user studies also show that the feedback augmentation improves the user's perception, performance, and confidence with the given tasks. We anticipate that these natural haptic cues will make teleoperative systems easier to use and thus more widely applicable.


Analysis of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic rocks, and major faults in the eastern and central Alaska Range documents the progressive development of a suture zone that formed as a result of collision of an island-arc assemblage (the Wrangellia composite terrane) with the former North American continental margin. New basin-analysis, structural, and geochronologic data indicate the following stages in the development of the suture zone: (1) Deposition of 3–5 km of Upper Jurassic–Upper Cretaceous marine strata (the Kahiltna assemblage) recorded the initial collision of the island-arc assemblage with the continental margin. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the northern Talkeetna Mountains represents a Kimmeridgian–Valanginian backarc basin that was filled by northwestward-flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Mesozoic strata of the island-arc assemblage. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the southern Alaska Range represents a Valanginian–Cenomanian remnant ocean basin filled by west-southwestward–flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Paleozoic continental-margin strata uplifted in the along-strike suture zone. A belt of retrograde metamorphism and a regional anticlinorium developed along the continental margin from 115 to 106 Ma, roughly coeval with the end of widespread deposition in the Kahiltna sedimentary basins. (2) Metamorphism of submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna ba sin, located near the leading edge of the island-arc assemblage, occurred at ca. 74 Ma, as determined from a new U-Pb zircon age for a synkinematic sill. Coeval with metamorphism of deposits of the Kahiltna basin in the southern part of the suture zone was development of a thrust-top basin, the Cantwell basin, in the northern part of the suture zone. Geologic mapping and compositional data suggest that the 4 km of Upper Cretaceous nonmarine and marginal marine sedimentary strata in this basin record regional subaerial uplift of the suture zone. (3) Shortening and exhumation of the suture zone peaked from 65 to 60 Ma on the basis of metamorphic and geochronologic data. In the southern part of the suture zone, submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna basin, which had been metamorphosed to kyanite schists at ∼25 km depth and ∼650 °C, were exhumed and cooled through the biotite closure temperature (∼300 °C) by ca. 62 Ma. In the northern part of the suture zone, this time period was marked by shortening, uplift, and erosion of sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin. (4) From 60 to 54 Ma, ∼3 km of volcanic strata were deposited over deformed sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin, and several granitic plutons (the McKinley sequence) were emplaced along the suture zone. (5) Following igneous activity, strike-slip displacement occurred from ca. 54 to 24 Ma along the Denali fault system, which had developed in the existing suture zone. Late Eocene–Oligocene strike-slip displacement resulted in the formation of several small sedimentary basins along the Denali fault system. (6) Regional transpressive shortening characterized the suture zone from ca. 24 Ma to the present. Flexural subsidence, related to regional shortening, is represented by late Eocene to Holocene nonmarine deposits of the Tanana foreland basin. Regional subsidence resulted in Miocene coal seams up to 20 m thick and well-developed lacustrine deposits. Overlying the Miocene deposits are ∼1.2 km of Pliocene and Holocene conglomeratic deposits. Compositional and paleocurrent data from these younger deposits record regional Neogene uplift of the suture zone and recycling of detritus from older basins to the south that had become incorporated into the uplifted suture zone. Geologic mapping of major thrust faults along the northern and southern margins of the suture zone documents Paleozoic strata thrust over both Pliocene fluvial deposits and Quaternary glacial deposits of the Tanana basin. These mapping relationships provide evidence that regional shortening continues to the present in the eastern and central Alaska Range.


Integrating social networks properties such as centrality, tie strength, etc into message forwarding protocols in opportunistic networks has grown into a vital major benchmark. The opportunistic network is a demanding network with no set route to travel a message from the source to be able to the destination. During these networks, nodes use possibilities gained based on store-carry-forward patterns to forward communications. Every node that obtains a message when it activities another node makes selection concerning the forwarding or not necessarily delivering the node came across. Most of these message forwarding protocols use the benefit of social properties information like contact information and social relationship enclosed by the nodes in the social opportunistic network. In this paper, a Bonding based forwarding technique is proposed which is finding direct and indirect bonding among nodes by exploiting contact information and social pattern. In the proposed protocol, we also focus on indirect bonding by finding weakest direct bonded nodes and then replace it with strong indirect bonded nodes of the network. In this work, the balance between transmission delay and network traffic is considered by using shortest path map based mobility model. ONE simulator is used for simulation and performance of the proposed protocol is compared contrary popular approaches for instance Epidemic, PRoPHET, and BubbleRap, and Interaction based when using the shortest path map based mobility model. The Bonding based forwarding technique performs adequately well concerning the number of messages delivered, overhead ratio, message dropping and average latency.


Abstract We review the main design choices for the toroidal field system and associated cryogenic system for Tore Supra, which introduced the use of 1.8K superfluid helium as coolant for a large NbTi magnet system. The main steps of the system commissioning are presented, with a description of the main difficulties encountered, showing the evolution of the monitoring and of the safety system to take into account the lessons drawn from the first operating experience. The impact of plasma operations such as plasma initiation, long plasma discharges, and disruption is given in detail, highlighting their impact on cryogenics, which remains in all cases weak. The fast safety discharges (FSDs) of the system can disturb normal operation. Origin of and statistics about FSDs are discussed, detailing efforts to decrease their number. Finally, maintenance and monitoring of the cryogenic system and of the various sensors are presented with some consideration regarding the aging of the system and its overall availability. Details are given regarding minor failures on components all along the operation. Overall, the accumulated experience is certainly a useful tool to prepare the manufacture and operation of the ITER superconducting magnets despite the differences in design and size.


Background
The consensus that volunteering is associated with a lower mortality risk is derived from a body of observational studies and therefore vulnerable to uncontrolled or residual confounding. This potential limitation is likely to be particularly problematic for volunteers who, by definition, are self-selected and known to be significantly different from non-volunteers across a range of factors associated with better survival.

Methods
This is a census-based record-linkage study of 308 733 married couples aged 25 and over, including 100 571 volunteers, with mortality follow-up for 33 months. We used a standard Cox model to examine whether mortality risk in the partners of volunteers was influenced by partner volunteering status-something expected if the effects of volunteering on mortality risk were due to shared household or behavioural characteristics.

Results
Volunteers were general more affluent, better educated and more religious than their non-volunteering peers; they also had a lower mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR)adj = 0.78: 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.71, 0.85 for males and HRadj = 0.77: 95% CI = 0.68, 0.88 for females]. However, amongst cohort members who were not volunteers, having a partner who was a volunteer was not associated with a mortality advantage (HRadj = 1.01: 95% CI = 0.92, 1.11 for men and HRadj = 1.00: 95% CI = 0.88, 1.13 women).

Conclusions
This study provides further evidence that the lower mortality associated with volunteering is unlikely to be due to health selection or to residual confounding arising from unmeasured selection effects within households. It therefore increases the plausibility of a direct causal effect.


The doctrine of citizen's arrest in the United States has been ignored for far too long. In every jurisdiction in the United States, a private person may lawfully detain another and often may even use physical force to do so. Placing such power in the hands of ordinary, untrained individuals creates the possibility that citizens will misuse or abuse the privilege, sometimes with serious consequences for both the arrestor and the arrestee. This risk is compounded by the disparate treatment of the citizen's arrest doctrine in different jurisdictions and the ambiguities inherent in many of the doctrine's key features — such as whether one may arrest another only on suspicion of a felony, or also for a misdemeanor or breach of the peace; the level of probable cause required to make an arrest; the length of detention that is legally permitted; and the appropriate amount of force used to effectuate the arrest.Citizen's arrest arose in medieval times as a direct result of the lack of an organized police force and practical modes of transportation to get to the scene of a crime expeditiously. Citizens had a positive duty to assist the King in seeking out suspected offenders and detaining them. However, citizen's arrest is a doctrine whose time should have passed many decades — or centuries — ago. As official police forces became the norm, the need for citizen's arrest dissipated. Yet these arrests are still authorized throughout the United States today, whether by common law or by statute.With the core principles of citizen's arrest in flux, it is exceedingly difficult for private individuals to understand the doctrine's subtleties and to effectuate arrests lawfully, safely, and without fear of reprisal. Implementation is ripe for abuse. Moreover, citizen's arrests performed by private persons acting collectively as volunteer watch groups, such as the Guardian Angels, are equally susceptible to misuse. Therefore, this Article recommends drastic restrictions on the scope of the citizen's arrest doctrine in general and that its use be confined to three categories: shopkeepers, out-of-jurisdiction police, and private police forces with appropriate training and oversight. In all other instances, the doctrine of citizen's arrest should be abolished.


Rarely, if ever, has a television drama constructed a narrative with such a strong thrust to metanarrative. Its intricate and interwoven storylines dramatise the dialectical interaction of individual aspirations and institutional dynamics. These build into a story of a city, not only the story of Baltimore in its particularity, but with a metaphoric drive toward the story of Everycity. Every character and storyline pulses with symbolic resonance radiating out to a characterisation of the nature of contemporary capitalism. While the text itself does not name the system, the metatext does so with extraordinary clarity and force. David Simon, the primary voice of this collective creation, has engaged in a powerfully polemical discourse articulating the world view underlying the drama.

This paper will explore that world view. It will examine how specific plots open into an analysis of the social-political-economic system shaping it all. It will moreover argue that The Wire has demonstrated the potential of television narrative to dramatise the nature of the social order, a potential that has long been neglected or inadequately pursued in the history of television drama. In probing the parameters of the intricate interactions between individuals and institutions, The Wire excavates underlying structures of power and stimulates engagement with overarching ideas.It bristles, even boils over, with systemic critique. While it offers no expectation of an alternative, it provokes reflection on the need for one and an aspiration towards one.

Indeed some commentators have raised the question of whether The Wire is a marxist television drama. While David Simon has explicitly stated that he is not a marxist, the question remains. What would a marxist television drama look like? It would look very much like The Wire, this paper contends.


Nesting in the same breeding area in successive years provides information to help understand the cues used by birds in habitat selection. Moreover, such information may also be an important tool for the conservation and management of endangered species. Based on the ringing results of 122 adult and 1245 nestling Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio in the years 1996–2005, we studied philopatry of the species in two different populations: in western and in eastern Poland. Moreover we analysed all Polish Red-backed Shrike ring recoveries since 1996 (n = 3102 ringed birds). We noted that both natal and breeding philopatry in the populations were almost entirely absent. This is surprising in comparison with other studies, especially those including shrikes. Comparisons with other populations suggest that the lack of philopatry is not related to the breeding success of local birds and/or the size of the study area. In contrast, we suggest that low philopatry is an effect of and/or an adaptation to a relatively high population density at the land-scape scale, where many breeding areas and potential nesting sites still remain vacant.


This thesis develops a poetics and practice of place for contemporary performance. A poetics of place explores ways of knowing and making place. It must be prepared to chart new pathways and refresh habitual perspectives. In this thesis, performance poetics involves taking steps toward questioning how it might be possible to rethink place/s anew. A poetics invested in ways of perceiving and making sense of the place-world also, by necessity, needs to consider current conditions and the difficult questions that affect us all (although in very different ways) living in the 21st century where problems and issues concerning place and 'placelessness' remain largely unresolved.

Underpinning this poetics are particular ways of thinking about place informed by perspectives from philosophy, phenomenology, geography, history and cultural and critical theory. I draw on a range of place-thinkers, including Edward Casey, Gaston Bachelard, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Paul Carter to explicate a performance poetics sensitive to the inhabiting of place/s. Specifically, it is Casey's philosophy of place, and his notion of implacement, that is of particular significance as I work towards developing a framework for thinking about and engaging with place/s in performance. Investigating implaced and embodied experience are central to the kinds of critical speculation which, in pursuing the aims of this thesis, I argue, can potentially open up a diverse range of distinct experiences between body and mind, person and place, self and world.

The explorations this thesis generates around ideas of place and 'placelessness' have currency in an increasingly fragmented, globalised world. Rather than accepting the negative aspects of 'placelessness' and displacement I explore these ideas through detailed analyses of some recent examples of performance and performance research. The responses gleaned from these analyses aim to provoke reflection on past legacies, present conditions as well as the future implications of being in place/s as part of contributing to an awareness of the full significance and importance of this phenomenon. This investigation of place through performance builds a framework for 'reading' place/s that calls for other ways of understanding or coming to grips with what it means to inhabit places today.


In recent times, sleep disorders and associated breathing difficulties have received significant attention, leading to an increased interest in the study of various maxillary expansion protocols. MARPE has become progressively popular in the management of transverse discrepancies in comparison to traditional expansion methods, due to its augmented skeletal effects. Awareness of early prevention or methods to alleviate sleeprelated breathing disorder symptoms by possibly increasing the airway dimensions has led to an interest in the study of various maxillary expansion protocols. Literature on MARPE, its effects and techniques are quite scarce. This article aims to review the appliance design, miniscrew placement, activation technique and postexpansion outcome parameters and latest advancement in the customized digital manufacturing process.


The article uses Zeno's metrical paradox of extension, or Zeno's fundamental paradox, as a thought-model for the mind-body problem. With the help of this model, the distinction contained between mental and physical phenomena can be formulated as sharply as possible. I formulate (I) Zeno's fundamental paradox and give a sketch of four different solutions to it. Then (II) I construct a mind-body paradox corresponding to the fundamental paradox. Through that, it becomes possible (III) to copy the solutions to the fundamental paradox on the mind-body paradox. Three of them fail. But (IV) one of them — the Aristotelian one — gives us an interesting hint. Finally, (V) this hint is pursued somewhat further and (VI) through comparison with Zeno's fundamental paradox, the impossibility of a solution to the mind-body problem is shown again. The main new point of this article is the comparison of the mind-body problem with Zeno's fundamental paradox. The article is a revised version of an article published in: Methexis, Revista Internacional de Filosofia Antigua/International Journal for Ancient Philosophy, 13, 2000, 139-151.


In their article, Forum Non Conveniens and The Enforcement of Foreign Judgments, Christopher Whytock and Cassandra Burke Robertson provide a wonderful ride through the landscape of the law of both forum non convenience and judgments recognition and enforcement. They explain doctrinal development and current case law clearly and efficiently, in a manner that educates, but does not overburden, the reader. Based upon that explanation, they then provide an analysis of both areas of the law and offer suggestions for change. Those suggestions, they tell us, are necessary to close the "transnational access-to-justice gap" that results from apparent differences between rules applied in a forum non conveniens analysis and rules applied to the question of recognition of foreign judgments. While the analysis is good, it ignores core differences among legal systems, particularly the due process core of U.S. jurisdictional jurisprudence and the "access to justice" approach to jurisdiction, particularly of European civil law systems (from which most other civil law systems draw their origins). This distinction involves a fundamental difference, with U.S. doctrine focusing on the rights of the defendant and the civil law doctrine focusing on the rights of the plaintiff. So long as this difference exists, it will not be possible to wrap the process of declining jurisdiction and the process of recognition of foreign judgments in the same cloak of doctrine in order to provide common or connected analysis.


Douglass Bailey's volume fills the huge gap that existed for a comprehensive synthesis, in English, of the archaeology of the Balkans between 6,500 and 2,000 BC; much research on the prehistory of Eastern Europe was inaccessible to a western audience before now, because of linguistic barriers. Bailey argues against traditional interpretations of the period, which focus on the origins of agriculture and animal breeding. He demonstrates that this was a period when monumental social and material changes occurred in the lives of the people in this region, with new technologies and ways of displaying identity. Balkan Prehistory will be required reading for everyone studying the Neolithic, Copper and early Bronze Ages of Eastern Europe.


The research objectives are to: (1) study the response of the red onion upon the plant spacing and application of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer (POC) concentrations and their interactions, and (2) to obtain the proper plant spacing and Nasa POC concentration for red onion crop.  The study was conducted from May to September 2011 start of preparation, data collection, analysis and report writing.  Research site is in the South Sempaja Urban village, Sub district of North Samarinda, Samarinda.   Completely Randomized Block Design was applied for this study, using 4 x 4 factorial pattern with 3 replications.  The first factor was the plant spacing (J) consists of: 10cm x 15cm (j1), 15cm x 15cm (j2), 15cm x 20cm (j3), and 20cm x 20cm (j4).  The second factor was the Nasa POC (P) consists of: no POC Nasa application or 0 ml l -1 water (p0) , 1 ml l -1 water (p1), 2 ml l -1 water (p2), and 3 ml l -1 water 1 (p3).  Analysis of the data using analysis of variance, when the results were significantly different (F count > F table 5%) or very significant (F count > F table 1%), then to compare the two treatments used the least significant difference test at level of 5%.  The results showed that: (1) the responses of plant height at age 20 and 60 days after planting, the number of leaves at age of 40 and 60 days after planting, and tuber production are significantly different to highly significant upon the plant spacing.  The highest tuber production was attained at plant spacing of 10cm x 15cm (j1), with 11.72 Mg ha -1 ; (2) responses of plant height at age 20, 40 and 60 days after planting, the number of leaves at age 20, 40 and 60 days after planting, the number of tillers at the age of 40 and 60 days after planting, tuber weight per plot, and the production of tubers are significantly different upon the Nasa POC concentration.  The highest tuber production was attained at Nasa POC treatment with concentrations of 3 ml l -1 water (k4), with 9.12 Mg ha -1 , and (3) there is no interaction between the plant spacing and Nasa POC concentration on all parameters observed.


Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) is intended to improve software maintainability as businesses become more agile and underlying processes and rules change more frequently. However, to date, the impact of service cohesion on the analyzability subcharacteristic of maintainability has not been rigorously studied. Consequently, this paper extends existing notions of cohesion in the Procedural and OO paradigms in order to account for the unique characteristics of SOC, thereby supporting the derivation of design-level software metrics for objectively quantifying the degree of service cohesion. The metrics are theoretically validated, and an initial empirical evaluation using a small-scale controlled study suggests that the proposed metrics could help predict analyzability early in the Software Development Life Cycle. If future industrial studies confirm these findings, the practical applicability of such metrics is to support the development of service-oriented systems that can be analyzed, and thus maintained, more easily. In addition, such metrics could help identify design problems in existing systems.


Based on clinical long-term data bilayered single crowns can be considered as a reliable and promising treatment option that can be recommended in the posterior region. Veneer chipping and zirconia frameworks fractures are critical issues in all-ceramic restorations. The objective of this study was to assess the failure behavior of bilayered all-ceramic molar crowns, evidenced by different type of fractures. Experiments were conducted on a right first maxillary molar. Bilayered all-ceramic crowns were obtained with a 0.5 mm thick zirconia milled framework and veneered with hot-pressed ceramics. The specimens were tested at compressive load until failure. The typical macroscopic crack pattern of all samples showed that crack propagation resulted in more broken pieces with sharp edges. Ceramic materials show considerable variation in strength due to their extreme sensitivity to cracks. Understanding the fracture behavior of dental ceramics and its relation to different materials and restorations is important from a clinical point of view. Key-Words: bilayered crowns, molar, zirconia framework, pressed ceramic veneer, failure behavior, fracture.


Detection of environmental degradation products of nerve agents directly from the surface of plant leaves using static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is demonstrated. Pinacolylmethylphosphonic acid (PMPA), isopropylmethylphosphonic acid (IMPA), and ethylmethylphosphonic acid (EMPA) were spiked from aqueous solutions onto philodendron leaves prior to analysis by static SIMS. Fragment ions were observed in the anion SIMS spectra from all three compounds at m/z 63, 77, 79, and 95, which are attributed to PO[sub 2][sup [minus]], CH[sub 2]PO[sub 2][sup [minus]], PO[sub 3][sup [minus]], and CH[sub 3]PO[sub 2]OH[sup [minus]], respectively. Additionally, peaks due to [M - H][sup [minus]] were observed at m/z 179 for PMPA, m/z 137 for IMPA, and m/z 123 for EMPA. The minimum detection limits for PMPA and IMPA on philodendron leaves were estimated to be between 4 and 0.4 ng/mm[sup 2]. The minimum detection limit for EMPA on philodendron leaves was estimated to be between 40 and 4 ng/mm[sup 2]. SIMS analyses of IMPA adsorbed on 10 different crop leaves were also performed in order to investigate the general applicability of static SIMS for detection of alkylmethylphosphonic acids (AMPAs) on a wide variety of leaves. 30 refs., 11 figs., 4 tabs.


To the Editor: Icongratulate Dr. Dolan and colleagues for demonstrating the superiority of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca block to a Bdouble-pop[ technique, and I appreciate the opportunity to ask a few questions regarding the figures and conclusions. First, although the line drawing depicting the fascia iliaca (figure 1B) accurately shows this fascia investing the iliacus muscle and overlying the femoral nerve on the anteromedial surface of the muscle, the ultrasound image above (figure 1A) has an arrow that appears to be pointing to the fascia running superficial to the femoral artery. This is more likely the fascia lata rather than the fascia iliaca deep to it. Gray's Anatomy describes the fascia iliaca as follows: BImmediately lateral to the femoral vessels, the iliac fascia is prolonged backward and medialward from the inguinal ligament as a band, the iliopectineal fascia, which is attached to the iliopectineal eminence. This fascia divides the space between the inguinal ligament and the hip bone into 2 lacunae or compartments, the medial of which transmits the femoral vessels, the lateral, the psoas major and iliacus, and the femoral nerve.[ The fascia iliaca separates the femoral nerve from the femoral artery. I would also question the criteria of only 20% reduction of adductor muscle strength as indicative of successful obturator block. Only one third (27/80) of all patients had more than 20% reduction of adductor strength, and of those who did, the mean reduction was only 35% to 39%. By contrast, studies of obturator nerve block typically report reduction of adductor strength of 60% to 77%. Because the femoral nerve through innervation of the pectineus muscle contributes to adduction of the thigh, some reduction of adductor strength may have been due to successful femoral nerve block. Improved femoral nerve block in the ultrasoundguided group may explain increased adductor weakness in this group. Although I would agree that ultrasound guidance increased the frequency of femoral nerve block in this study, I question the conclusion that it Bdoubled the frequency of obturator nerve block to 44%.[ The bettersupported conclusion is that ultrasoundguided fascia iliaca block does not reliably produce obturator nerve block.


In modern-day China, policies have been enacted to foster stronger bonds between urban and rural areas in an attempt to bridge the gap in economic and informational inequality. Until now Chinese officials have made very little attempt to salvage decaying rural villages that still have value to society. As a response, how might one apply Critical Regionalist theory to an historic Chinese village and transform it from a bleak village into an energetic and educational tourist destination? Based on the research of traditional Chinese building culture and modern technology integration, a series of interventions are designed to address local dwellers' needs for contemporary information amenities in rural areas while also providing educational and recreational resources for city visitors and maximizing sustainability of the site. Baoshi Village has been chosen as a case study whose principles and strategies could also apply to the villages of similar size and situation throughout China.


Private attorneys are entering into contingency-fee based special counsel agreements with states, territories and tribes, to bring public natural resource damage (NRD) claims. Under this agreement, special counsel brings a NRD action on behalf of the public and fronts the litigation costs, but deducts a percentage of the public's damage recovery to pay the attorney's contingency fee; the remainder goes into a fund to be allocated by the government's NRD trustee. Because NRD claims implicate gargantuan damage awards, the legality of depleting such a damage award by a substantial percentage to pay an attorney's fee is a significant issue that compels public discourse and judicial review. This article concludes that such contingency-fee arrangements violate the express language of, and legislative intent underlying, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Congress included fee shifting provisions permitting recovery for litigation-related attorney's fees in other parts of CERCLA; however, Congress did not similarly provide a fee shift for litigation-related attorney's fees when bringing a NRD claim. Such fees are simply not part of CERCLA's natural resource damage measurement. Moreover, Section 107(f)(1) of CERCLA mandates that [s]ums recovered by the ... trustee ... shall be retained by the trustee, without further appropriation, for use only to restore, replace, or acquire the equivalent of such natural resources. Because contingency-fee agreements divert a significant percentage of the NRD recovery away from its intended purpose - natural resource restoration - to instead pay an attorney's fee, such arrangements violate CERCLA's use restriction. Additionally, the legislative history of CERCLA reflects that CERCLA's NRD provisions are part of tightly-woven congressional design that contemplates a damage award sufficient to accomplish actual restoration of the injured natural resource. However, because litigation-related attorney's fees are not part of the damage measurement, when governments bring NRD claims and improperly deplete the recovery to pay such attorney's fees, the remainder is likely insufficient to accomplish natural resource restoration. For these same reasons, any attempt by special counsel to avoid CERCLA by bringing NRD claims under, and drawing the attorney's fee from, state, territorial and/or common NRD laws, undermines Congress's carefully-crafted NRD scheme, and is therefore preempted by CERCLA. While this article concludes that contingency-fee arrangements are illegal under CERCLA as currently structured, the author recognizes that CERCLA is flawed because it fails to provide the appropriate financial incentives to facilitate government efforts to bring NRD claims. Thus, the author proposes legislative reform to permit the recovery of the government's reasonable litigation-related attorney's fees and costs when prosecuting CERCLA NRD actions. Such reform will enable governments to bring NRD claims, and to lawfully recoup the litigation costs from the NRD award. Because CERCLA's present scheme does not permit payment of litigation-related attorney's fees, however, the current use of contingency-fee attorneys to prosecute such actions must cease. Pending reform, NRD actions must be prosecuted by either salaried government counsel or, alternatively, special counsel paid a comparable salary or a reasonable fee, drawn from a lawful government appropriation.


A compact retarding field ion energy analyzer has been designed and built to measure the energy distribution of ions bombarding the wafer surfaces placed on radio frequency (rf) biased electrodes in high-density plasma reactors. The analyzer was used to measure the energy distribution of ions impinging on the rf-biased electrostatic chuck in a high-density transformer coupled plasma (TCP) reactor. The effects of TCP power, rf bias, gas composition, and ion mass on the ion energy distributions (IEDs) were demonstrated through Ar, Ne, Ar/Ne, O2 and CF4/O2 discharges. In the operating range studied, the average ion energy increased linearly with increasing rf bias while the ion flux remained constant indicating that independent control of ion flux and energy was achieved in the TCP reactor. Bimodal ion energy distributions resulting from ion energy modulation in the sheath were observed and multiple peaks in the IEDs measured in gas mixtures were identified as ions with different masses falling through the sheath.A compact retarding field ion energy analyzer has been designed and built to measure the energy distribution of ions bombarding the wafer surfaces placed on radio frequency (rf) biased electrodes in high-density plasma reactors. The analyzer was used to measure the energy distribution of ions impinging on the rf-biased electrostatic chuck in a high-density transformer coupled plasma (TCP) reactor. The effects of TCP power, rf bias, gas composition, and ion mass on the ion energy distributions (IEDs) were demonstrated through Ar, Ne, Ar/Ne, O2 and CF4/O2 discharges. In the operating range studied, the average ion energy increased linearly with increasing rf bias while the ion flux remained constant indicating that independent control of ion flux and energy was achieved in the TCP reactor. Bimodal ion energy distributions resulting from ion energy modulation in the sheath were observed and multiple peaks in the IEDs measured in gas mixtures were identified as ions with different masses falling through the s...


Background The absolute and relative importance of smoking to vascular and nonvascular outcomes in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well its relevance to kidney disease progression, is uncertain. Study Design Observational study. Setting & Participants 9,270 participants with CKD enrolled in SHARP. Predictor Baseline smoking status (current, former, and never). Outcomes Vascular events, site-specific cancer, ESRD, rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and cause-specific mortality. Results At baseline, 1,243 (13%) participants were current smokers (median consumption, 10 cigarettes/day); 3,272 (35%), former smokers; and 4,755 (51%), never smokers. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. Vascular event rates were 36% higher for current than never smokers (2,317 events; relative risk [RR], 1.36; 95% CI, 1.19-1.55), reflecting increases in both atherosclerotic (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.26-1.76) and nonatherosclerotic (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.50) events. Cancer was 37% higher among current smokers (632 events; RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.07-1.76), with the biggest RRs for lung (RR, 9.31; 95% CI, 4.37-19.83) and upper aerodigestive tract (RR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.10-11.32) cancers. For 6,245 patients not receiving dialysis at baseline, ESRD incidence did not differ significantly between current and never smokers (2,141 events; RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.89-1.17), nor did estimated rate of change in eGFR (current smokers, −1.77 ± 0.14 [SE]; never smokers, −1.70 ± 0.07 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year). All-cause mortality was 48% higher among current smokers (2,257 events; RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.30-1.70), with significant increases in vascular (RR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.07-1.69) and nonvascular (RR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.34-1.91) causes of death, especially cancer (RR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.58-3.40) and respiratory (RR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.51-3.35) mortality. Limitations Smoking status not assessed during follow-up. Conclusions In this study of patients with CKD, smoking significantly increased the risks for vascular and nonvascular morbidity and mortality, but was not associated with kidney disease progression. The associations with vascular and neoplastic disease are in keeping with those observed in the general population and are likely modifiable by cessation.


This article examines the ongoing work of the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which is charged with addressing that country's past policy of attempting forcibly to assimilate indigenous children in residential schools. It examines the TRC's mandate and its activities while assessing the Commission's conceptions of truth and reconciliation by placing these ideas in their societal context and explaining how they appear to have been produced. As the article shows, these conceptions reflect the prior struggles of victims against particular Canadian forms of indifference and denial, struggles that have led the TRC to take what recent literature calls a 'victim-centred' and, following Mikhail Bakhtin and Teresa Phelps, 'carnivalesque' approach. Despite the TRC's impressive strengths, the author argues that its approach unfortunately fosters the absence of a more detailed and accountability-promoting examination of the agents and institutions responsible for the injustices. Ultimately, this article is about the underlying sociology of knowledge production that shapes the Canadian TRC.


The term 'plankton' was coined by Victor Hensen in 1887, denotes
collectively all free floating and suspended bodies, both plants and animals, living
or dead, that essentially move passively in a body of water. The phytoplankters
are the microscopic plant life of the sea, which constitute the primary producers
synthesizing the basic food. It belongs to the class Algae, which besides
chlorophylls posses other characteristic pigments. The important components of
phytoplankton are Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), Dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae),
Blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae), Phytoflagellates (Xanthophyceae,
Chrysophyceae, Haptophyceae, Cryptophyceae) and Nannoplankters (Chlorella,
Nannochloropsis etc.). In addition to these, two other Classes namely
Silicoflagellates and Coccolithophores also belong to the category of
phytoplankton.


Introduction Differentiating Crohn's disease from UC and IBDU is vital for children. Appreciable phenotypic differences exist between adult and paediatric-onset Crohn's disease (PCD) at diagnosis. Guidelines (JPGN 2010;50:S1–S13) for PCD diagnosis recommend assessment by upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE), colonoscopy with terminal ileal (TI) biopsy and small-bowel imaging (SBI). We aimed to establish the relative contribution of each part of evaluation to PCD diagnosis. Methods We performed a retrospective case note review on the cohort of PCD (diagnosis <17 years of age) patients from a regional PIBD centre from 1997 to 2009. Patients undergoing full endoscopic examination at first presentation including attempted TI biopsy, UGIE and SBI were included; pathology reports provided location of PCD defined by granulomatous inflammation. Results Pathology and endoscopy reports were available for 105/114 (92%) patients with PCD undergoing full evaluation at diagnosis. TI biopsy was achieved in 63% (66/105). Histopathological-defining PCD features in TI alone were present in 11% (7/66). Diagnosis was achieved on the basis of SBI in 10% of all cases (10/105) with non-specific gastrointestinal histopathology for PCD including 5% of cases (3/66) where TI biopsy was achieved. Histopathological-defining PCD features were seen in UGIE alone in 8% (8/105); 7/8 cases included colonoscopy and TI biopsy where TI biopsy was not diagnostic. Sensitivity of colonoscopy alone for PCD was 77%; for colonoscopy+TI biopsy was 83%, improving to 90% when SBI was added and to 98% when UGIE was added to the evaluation (two patients had non-Crohn's specific intestinal inflammation with extra-intestinal granulomatous inflammation). Conclusions Differentiation of PCD from UC can be challenging, requiring careful correlation of clinical, endoscopic, pathological and radiological findings. Our data strongly supports the recommendation that children suspected of IBD should have full endoscopic/radiological evaluation at diagnosis. Many children undergo evaluation by adult gastroenterologists, more accustomed to the adult CD phenotype, and may be tempted to forgo full ileocolonoscopy (IC) and UGIE. We demonstrate the need for both UGIE and IC, significantly improving diagnostic yield in PCD.


No comprehensive protocols exist for the collection, standardization, and storage of agronomic management information into a database that preserves privacy, maintains data uncertainty, and translates everyday decisions into quantitative values. This paper describes the development of a relational database intended to meet the agronomic and ecosystem interests of potential users from a long-term experimental watershed located in Pennsylvania, United States' Ridge and Valley physiographic province. We discuss the type and complexity of the data, which has historically been documented in free-form surveys collected through discussion with farmers. We detail the development process of a spatially and temporally explicit land management database and discuss the challenges in standardizing, without generalizing, 13 years of historic free-form data for 13 farms and 315 fields. Finally, we provide examples at field, farm, and watershed scales of how this database serves as a foundation for other data sets and modeling efforts that support research aimed at helping farmers meet long-term production, land stewardship, and water quality goals.


Reconstruction algorithms are presented for two-step solutions of the bioluminescence tomography (BLT) and the fluorescence tomography (FT) problems. In the first step, a continuous wave (cw) diffuse optical tomography (DOT) algorithm is used to reconstruct the tissue optical properties assuming known anatomical information provided by x-ray computed tomography or other methods. Minimization problems are formed based on L1 norm objective functions, where normalized values for the light fluence rates and the corresponding Green's functions are used. Then an iterative minimization solution shrinks the permissible regions where the sources are allowed by selecting points with higher probability to contribute to the source distribution. Throughout this process the permissible region shrinks from the entire object to just a few points. The optimum reconstructed bioluminescence and fluorescence distributions are chosen to be the results of the iteration corresponding to the permissible region where the objective function has its global minimum This provides efficient BLT and FT reconstruction algorithms without the need for a priori information about the bioluminescence sources or the fluorophore concentration. Multiple small sources and large distributed sources can be reconstructed with good accuracy for the location and the total source power for BLT and the total number of fluorophore molecules for the FT. For non-uniform distributed sources, the size and magnitude become degenerate due to the degrees of freedom available for possible solutions. However, increasing the number of data points by increasing the number of excitation sources can improve the accuracy of reconstruction for non-uniform fluorophore distributions.


Female labour migrants face contradictory expectations. On the one hand, they are expected to be their families' and communities' economic saviours. On the other hand, they are expected to meet their maternal responsibilities even while they are abroad; otherwise, they face charges of maternal neglect. My goal in this article is to highlight how female migrant workers handle these conflicting demands. I discuss how migrant women simultaneously adapt to and challenge imposed family separation through the case study of Filipina live-in caregivers in Canada. They do this in two ways. First, they exhibit transnational hyper-maternalism which allows them to overcome accusations of neglect. They 'mother across borders' by providing for their families and by using technology to supervise, monitor and communicate with their children. In doing so, they reify and contest established gender roles. Second, they are active in civil society. In doing so, they highlight the negative consequences migrant women and their families face. Reconceptualized notions of motherhood characterize migrant women's transnational parenting, while the desire to ameliorate the negative consequences of family separation and reunification explain their activism.


A mechanism for the generation of surface waves by a parallel shear flow U(y) is developed on the basis of the inviscid Orr-Sommerfeld equation. It is found that the rate at which energy is transferred to a wave of speed c is proportional to the profile curvature -U"(y) at that elevation where U = c. The result is applied to the generation of deep-water gravity waves by wind. An approximate solution to the boundary value problem is developed for a logarithmic profile and the corresponding spectral distribution of the energy transfer coefficient calculated as a function of wave speed. The minimum wind speed for the initiation of gravity waves against laminar dissipation in water having negligible mean motion is found to be roughly 100cm/sec. A spectral mean value of the sheltering coefficient, as defined by Munk, is found to be in order-of-magnitude agreement with total wave drag measurements of Van Dorn. It is concluded that the model yields results in qualitative agreement with observation, but truly quantitative comparisons would require a more accurate solution of the boundary value problem and more precise data on wind profiles than are presently available. The results also may have application to the flutter of membranes and panels.


Anecdotal evidence indicates that the cigarette industry is targeting the sale of specific brands, notably menthol cigarettes, to black consumers. This paper presents data on the types of cigarettes smoked by white and black smokers. The cigarette brand preferences of two populations of smokers were examined. The first comprised 70 white and 365 black adult smokers seen at the Deaconness Family Medicine Center located in Buffalo, NY. The second population included 1,070 white and 92 black smokers who called a Stop Smoking Hotline in Buffalo. The results showed that, in both populations, blacks were twice as likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared with whites. In an attempt to evaluate the targeting of cigarette ads to black smokers as a possible explanation for black-white differences in brand preferences, cigarette ads appearing in magazines targeted to predominantly white or black readers were compared. Cigarette ads appearing in seven magazines were reviewed, four directed to predominantly white readers (Newsweek, Time, People, Mademoiselle) and three with wide circulation among black audiences (Jet, Ebony, Essence). The results showed that the magazines targeted to black readers contained significantly more cigarette ads and more ads for menthol brand cigarettes than magazines similar in content but targeted to white readers. The observation that a higher percentage of blacks smoke menthol cigarettes than do whites is consistent with the findings regarding differences in the type of cigarette ads appearing in magazines intended for black or white readers. However, it is not possible to determine from this study whether cigarette advertising is the cause of the differences in preference of cigarette brands between white and black smokers. Future research focusing on understanding the reasons for cigarette brand preferences may provide ideas for anti smoking campaigns aimed at specific target groups.


A novel technique would yield information about bedload thickness from measurements of a standing wave pattern produced by a sound source insonifying the bottom at normal incidence. The demonstration of feasibility consisted of two key elements: (1) the production of a reproducible standing wave pattern in air in an experimental apparatus, and (2) a mathematical demonstration that an analogous interference pattern would be detectable in water-saturated sand. The position of an interference node in the air system was measured with a repeatability of 1 mm. Because of the large acoustical impedance contrast of sand in air, actual sand sediment was not appropriate for the test measurements. We were therefore led to develop a model sediment, whose physical properties are analogous to the properties of water-saturated sand in an underwater environment. A theoretical relationship between the sediment thickness and the phase of the interference pattern was derived, and the theory agrees well with the measurements. In an underwater system, bedload thicknesses of 2.8 mm or smaller may be measurable, depending on how precisely the interference nodes can be located.