In this edition of EBM, we discuss data from a nationalsurvey about low back and pelvic pain in pregnancy, whichstates 70% of a convenience sample of UK women sufferfrom this under-estimated and under-reported condition(Sinclair et al, 2014). This high percentage was previouslycited in a Cochrane systematic review by Pennick and Liddle(2013) who reported 66% of pregnant women sufferedfrom low back pain. However, the women's descriptions ofthe pain experienced are most harrowing and they challengeus to develop evidence-informed guidelines and effectivemanagement strategies.Naturally, we look towards NICE in the UK for guidanceon how to manage this problem but there are no specificguidelines. A guideline for pain in labour (NICE, 2007) comesup when you use the search facility on the NICE homepage,but this is currently under review and will be publishedin December 2014. However, advice and guidance forpregnant women about medication is particularly complex,as the conduct of gold standard randomised controlled trialresearch for efficacy and effectiveness on pregnant womenis taboo.We need to look at our target population – the modern'Z' generation that does not expect to suffer pain and hasgrown up in a culture of 'pill for every ill'. This belief systemis fuelled by the commercial availability of over-the-counter(OTC) medications, where tablets are purchased like they aresweets. Medications routinely purchased at garages, streetcorner shops, newsagents, supermarkets and pharmaciesinclude paracetamol, ibuprofen and aspirin. However, whena woman becomes pregnant, decisions about which of thesecommon medications are safest to use in pregnancy becomesa key question. 'Read the packet,' you would wisely adviseand this is exactly what I did in my local supermarket.I picked up paracetamol (500mg) and was surprisedto note absolutely nothing written on the packet relatedto safety or dosage in pregnancy. This may change in thefuture, as recent evidence is casting a shadow over thesafety of the medication with Liew et al (2014) and Eyerset al (2011) reporting links with paracetamol usage duringpregnancy and the development of behavioural disordersin children. The next pain medication selected was aspirin(75mg) and there was a clear statement: 'Medicines shouldnot be taken in pregnancy and when breastfeeding withoutconsulting a doctor.' However, it did not say anythingabout taking aspirin. I picked up ibuprofen (200mg) andhere under WARNING was a clear statement: 'If you arepregnant do not take this product and ask your doctor foradvice.' The NHS Choices website has a clear statement:'The use of ibuprofen in pregnant women, weeks one to 13,increases the risk of miscarriage and the baby could developa heart defect or other abnormalities, such as defects in theirabdominal wall (gastroschisis) or a cleft palate. After 28weeks, there is a risk of heart problems in the baby, highblood pressure in the baby's lungs, delay in labour andreduced amniotic fluid levels' (NHS Choices, 2014). This istaken directly from the Medicines and Healthcare productsRegulatory Agency website.What I thought yesterday was safe is a little less safetoday. This does not mean that pregnant women stop takingprescribed medication and expect to suffer unnecessarypain by refusing all pain medication. Indeed not. If thiswas so, the chances of raised blood pressure due to painwould increase, leading to the potential for additional harm– higher than the risk of taking two paracetamol? What wehave to learn to do is weigh up the individual situation, usethe best evidence available, ensure we have local protocolsand national guidelines, consult with medical colleaguesand most important of all is to be confident that it is partof our role to discuss medication usage openly with women.This includes prescribed and OTC medication. From aresearch perspective, epidemiological studies, such as thoseconducted by the EUROmediCAT team (euromedicat.eu),are extremely valuable, but it is important to note they arefocused on exploring medication outcomes for mothers whohave chronic conditions, such as epilepsy, diabetes, asthmaand depression. Other key databases for midwives to knowabout include: Safefetus (safefetus.com), NHS Choices(nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby), FDA for women(www.fda.gov/forconsumers/byaudience/forwomen) and theOrganization of Teratology Specialists (mothertobaby.org)and UKTIS (medicinesinpregnancy.org).


The syntactic component of the faculty of language is argued to be a rewiring of a few independently motivated components: features, the conjunction of a successive operation of union-formation ('Merge') and of derivational records ('nests'), and principles of analysis. Since nests linearize terminals (Kuratowski 1921), Kayne's (1994) LCA becomes dispensable. The study of how features are ordered in discontinuous, analytic and syncretic patterns, governed by the Full Interpretation Condition and the Maximize Matching Effects Principle, provides a simple account for several syntactic phenomena, like the C-Infl connection, certain cartographic observations due to Cinque (1999), the A'-status of preverbal subjects in Null Subject Languages (Sola 1992), the alleviation of wh -island effects in English when the embedded wh -phrase is a subject (Chomsky 1986) and the dynamic V2 patterns in double agreement dialects observed by Zwart (1993). The possibility that Comp-trace effects derive from the contraction of the C-Infl discontinuity is explored and subject islands and wh -islands are derived from the Relativized Opacity Principle, an alternative to Chomsky's PIC.


The introduction of the Eurocodes for Concrete design will alter the way that shear design is approached for concrete structures. The Eurocodes have adopted the variable angle truss model for shear, a more theoretically consistent approach than that found in the British Standards. The model is confidently applied to rectangular sections, but its applicability to irregular sections is less clear. In particular, the behaviour of circular concrete sections such as those often used as bridge piers is not well defined. A requirement for design guidance on this topic has been recognised by key BSI Committees and this dissertation is intended to help shape and inform future UK design practice. This dissertation provides a state of the art review of shear design in concrete, followed by detailed analysis of the Eurocode approach. Using both experimental and theoretical data, the Eurocode variable angle truss model for shear design is assessed and extended to circular columns. Previously published test results and guidance are reviewed in the context of the introduction of the Eurocodes and from this new guidance for designers is determined


We prove that there is a unique real tight contact structure on the 3-ball with convex boundary up to isotopy through real tight contact structures. We also give a partial classification of the real tight solid tori with the real structure being antipodal map along longitudinal and the identity along meridional direction. For the proofs, we use the real versions of contact neighborhood theorems and the invariant convex surface theory in real contact manifolds.


The phase-matching condition for broadband terahertz (THz) wave generation based on optical rectification requires that the group velocity of the optical pump beam be equal to the phase velocity of the THz wave. The design of GaP THz waveguide emitters in the form of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) for a pump source of wavelength 1040 nm is reported. By analogy with a circular waveguide emitter, we show how the phase-matched THz wave frequency can be tuned widely by the air hole pitch and finely tuned by the air hole size. In addition, a single THz wave mode can be guided in the endlessly single-mode regime of the fiber waveguide. The layers of air holes in the PCF design not only allow tunability of the generated THz radiation but also make small emitters easy to handle.


The study focused on the effects of manpower development on organisational efficiency, with reference to Enugu Electricity Distribution Company (EEDC) in Umuahia Abia State, Nigeria; covering the period of 2014 to 2016. The specific objectives were to; identify the manpower training and developmental programmes adopted by EEDC in developing their employees, ascertain the impact of training and developmental programmes on employees' performance and identify challenges militating against the efficiency of EEDC in Abia State. The researcher adopted survey research design, primary and secondary data was used. Descriptive Statistics, and Logistic Regression analysis were used run the analysis. Findings revealed that orientation, internship training, case study method, seminar/workshop and classroom method are the major training and developmental programmes used by EEDC in developing their manpower, while internship training method, case study method, and seminar/workshop impacts on the performance of the employees. Also findings revealed that lack of modern equipment, inadequate megawatts of power, overload networks, vandalisation/militancy, government policies, peculiarities of transmission and distribution network where the major problems responsible for the poor performance and inefficiency of EEDC in Abia State. The researcher recommends that training programmes should be design to acquaint individual participant with specific knowledge and skills required to improve their efficiency in the organisation, while serving the career goals of the employee. The need for the manpower developmental policies of the organisation to be continuous and in congruence with their strategic policies was also emphasised.


This thesis is a summary of studies that were carried out as part of candidacy for aPhD degree. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate some factors in shipdesign that are intended for navigating in ice using numerical simulations. A semiempiricalnumerical procedure was developed by combining mathematical modelsthat describe the various elements of the continuous-mode icebreaking process inlevel ice. The numerical procedure was calibrated and validated using full- andmodel-scale measurements. The validated numerical model was in turn used toinvestigate and clarify issues that have not been previously considered.An icebreaker typically breaks ice by its power, its weight and a strengthened bowwith low stem angle. The continuous icebreaking process involves heave and pitchmotions that may not be negligible. The numerical procedure was formulated toaccount for all of the possible combinations of motions for six degrees of freedom(DOFs). The effects of the motion(s) for certain DOF(s) were investigated bycomparing simulations in which the relevant motion(s) were first constrained andthen relieved.In the continuous-mode icebreaking process, a ship interacts with an icebreakingpattern consisting of a sequence of individual icebreaking events. The interactionsamong the key characteristics of the icebreaking process, i.e., the icebreakingpattern, ship motions, and ice resistance, were studied using the numericalprocedure in which the ship motions and excitation forces were solved for in thetime domain and the ice edge geometry was simultaneously updated.Observations at various test scales have shown that the crushing pressure arisingfrom the ice–hull interaction depends on the contact area involved. A parametricstudy was carried out on the numerical procedure to investigate the effect of thecontact pressure on icebreaking.The loading rates associated with the ship's forward speed have been anticipatedto play an important role in determining the bending failure loads, in view of thedynamic water flow underneath the ship and the inertia of the ice. The dynamicbending behavior of ice could also explain the speed dependence of the icebreakingresistance component. A dynamic bending failure criterion for ice was derived,incorporated into the numerical procedure and then validated using full-scale data.The results obtained using the dynamic and static bending failure criteria werecompared to each other.In addition, the effect of the propeller flow on the hull resistance for ships runningpropeller first in level ice was investigated by applying the information obtainedfrom model tests to the numerical procedure. The thrust deduction in ice wasdiscussed.


As awareness of the role governance in the performance of health systems has increased so has the need to come up with systematic means to evaluate governance shortcomings to develop adequate interventions. This working paper describes a framework to assess governance in the health systems of low-income countries that is intended to have empirical applicability with a problem-driven approach. The analysis is grounded on a re-categorization of governance dimensions for greater heuristic power with an emphasis made on the importance of strategic systems design and accountability. The proposed methodology includes mapping of both formal and informal institutions actors and networks. This underscores the idea that in order to properly address governance weaknesses it is of utmost importance to have an insight into whether the interplay of formal and informal norms facilitates or undermines system performance.


Purpose of the study: Despite the relatively high incidence of multiple myeloma reported worldwide, South African statistics seem to be significantly lower. Our purpose in doing this study was to determine whether patients with suspected immunosecretory disorders are being appropriately evaluated and followed up. Secondary purposes include an impression of the most common clinical features prompting investigation as well as the stage of disease at time of diagnosis. Description of methods: All patients investigated for immunosecretory disorders by serum or urine electrophoresis over a 4-year period were included in this study. Each patient's laboratory and radiological data were evaluated to determine the true diagnosis, and assess the comprehensiveness of the investigation. Summary of results: In total, 582 patients were included – 39 patients had multiple myeloma (6.7%). A single case of plasmacytoma and plasma cell leukaemia was identified. Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia was identified in seven patients (1.2%) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) in 83 patients (14.3%). Due to the risk of progression from MGUS to multiple myeloma, patients need to be re-evaluated biannually, shown to be the case in only 11% of cases. Of all the malignant disorders (48 cases) the majority of patients were diagnosed in an orthopaedic setting (45%), followed by internal medicine (39%). Radiological abnormalities were the most common clinical finding prompting investigation, with lytic lesions or osteoporosis seen in 50%, pathological fractures in 17% and neurological manifestations noted in 18% of cases. The majority of patients who could be staged were diagnosed at a relatively late stage of disease, rendering the prognosis worse than in early disease. This suggests a relatively low index of suspicion in our clinical setting. Conclusion: Multiple myeloma and related disorders are commonly encountered in the orthopaedic setting. Although the sample size is small, this data suggests that patients are diagnosed late in disease progression and often not evaluated appropriately. A clear protocol should be established to actively exclude this diagnosis if it is suspected. SAOJ Summer 2009 11/26/09 4:35 PM Page 38


This study was conducted in Nutrition Lab. to investigate the effect of the type and level of substitution of urea with ruminant manure, M (sheep, cow and buffalo) on basis of nitrogen (N) content on the nutritive value of rice straw silage (RSS). Accordingly silages were nominated as, S-RSS, C-RSS and B-RSS. Urea (U) was substituted with dried manure at 6 combinations, 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 of U:M. Silage samples were prepared by treating chopped straw with pre-treated solution contained 10% low quality debis and 2% urea. Results showed that lower (P˂0.01) DM loss (11.4%) was observed in S-RSS, and with addition of urea only (3.6%).
       Samples of S-RSS and C-RSS recorded higher (P˂0.01) Fleig points (Fp) as compared with those prepared by the addition of B-RSS, 60.42, 55.58 and 49.59 respectively. Reduction (P˂0.01) in this parameter was noticed in samples prepared with a combination of 100:0. Aerobic stability (AS) was a reduced (P˂0.01) in samples prepared by addition of S-RSS by 15 and 13 hours in comparison with samples of C-RSS and B-RSS respectively. Samples prepared with combination of 100:0 were prior (P˂0.01) as compared with other samples.
       Results also showed an increase (P˂0.01) in in vitro digestibility of organic matter (IVOMD) in samples of S-RSS in comparison with samples prepared by addition of C-RSS and B-RSS, 49.99, 44.59 and 42.77% respectively. Samples prepared with combination of 100:0 recorded lower (P˂0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) as compared with combinations of 70:30 and 60:40 of U: M, 40.52, 45.36 and 45.94% respectively.


We consider the first-passage problem for N identical independent particles that are initially released uniformly in a finite domain Ω and then diffuse toward a reactive area Γ, which can be part of the outer boundary of Ω or a reaction centre in the interior of Ω. For both cases of perfect and partial reactions, we obtain the explicit formulas for the first two moments of the fastest first-passage time (fFPT), i.e., the time when the first out of the N particles reacts with Γ. Moreover, we investigate the full probability density of the fFPT. We discuss a significant role of the initial condition in the scaling of the average fFPT with the particle number N, namely, a much stronger dependence (1/N and 1/N2 for partially and perfectly reactive targets, respectively), in contrast to the well known inverse-logarithmic behaviour found when all particles are released from the same fixed point. We combine analytic solutions with scaling arguments and stochastic simulations to rationalise our results, which open new perspectives for studying the relevance of multiple searchers in various situations of molecular reactions, in particular, in living cells.


Abstract It is well known that the theory of asymptotic expansion of the global error of one-step methods is an important but complicated fact in the realm of numerical analysis of differential equations. It can hardly be confirmed for majority of numerical schemes and problems by practical computations. On the other hand, this theory is a fundamental tool to justify the extrapolation technique, which is one of the most efficient means to solve ordinary differential equations. Therefore, in the recent paper Kulikov [Numer. Algorithms 53: 321–342, 2010] presented his local theory of extrapolation methods, which is based on the Richardson technique only and does not require any asymptotic global error expansion. Here, we concentrate on quadratic extrapolation. We explain which property of symmetric one-step methods provides two-order growth of accuracy of the underlying method after each extrapolation step and arrive at the notion of proportional extrapolation. We also learn more about adjoint and symmetric one-step methods. In addition, we prove that the modified Aitken–Neville algorithm works for any symmetric one-step method of an arbitrary order 2s.


In Norwegian discourse ellipses, elements in the left edge of the clause are most frequently elided. Yet, a topic drop analysis is argued to be empirically too narrow, since occasionally the whole C-domain is silent. I propose an analysis which combines semantic and structural restrictions: Ellipsis must obey the semantic recoverability condition. On the structural side, the whole C-domain can be unrealized only when all the elements are part of the same Agree-relation. If the constituent in (spec,CP) is not part of this agreement system, e.g. if the object is topicalized, ellipsis of the whole domain is illicit. Ellipsis of only (spec,CP) is possible in any case, given that the semantic identity criteria are fulfilled.


The HIV/AIDS epidemic has devastated and impacted millions of lives worldwide especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Since its discovery in 1981, the challenge at the onset of the epidemic was the unavailability of treatment but this changed in 1987, with the development of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and subsequently the availability of generic drugs which reduced treatment costs considerably and increased the survival of those infected with HIV. However, challenges still remain in terms of risk of HIV infection and low use of services for HIV including Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). Additionally, despite the provision of ART especially to resource constrained countries in Sub-Saharan Africa including Uganda, there are other numerous challenges faced by People Living With HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) that impede maximising benefits from ART despite the enormous global commitment in fighting HIV/AIDS. This thesis generally investigates aspects relating to HIV prevention, care and treatment looking at the case of Uganda and Kenya. Firstly, the thesis explores factors that are important for the use of VCT for women in Kenya and factors that are important to reduce HIV risk for women in Kenya and Uganda. Secondly, the thesis explores how access to treatment of HIV in terms of different ART packages may impact households' resource allocation outcomes; highlighting the personal and household burden of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa. The literature on HIV/AIDS is vast but challenges still exist in reducing risk and boosting uptake of VCT as a means of HIV prevention. This thesis adds knowledge to the HIV prevention literature by using the Demographic and Health Survey data that incorporate individual HIV status to explain HIV risk and likelihood of using VCT for women as a means of informing HIV prevention policy. The results reveal that individuals from high socio-economic backgrounds are more likely to use VCT but are equally more likely to be at greater risk of HIV infection, unlike past studies that have always emphasised individuals from low socio-economic as those at greater risk. Reduction of risk would require policies that target individuals from all socio-economic backgrounds to achieve better prevention success. The existing literature on HIV/AIDS and care has considered the provision of ART drugs to resource constrained countries including Uganda which, is mainly focused on here. Given the transformed nature of the illness experience of HIV/AIDS as a result of increased survival due to ART availability, the focus has shifted to how individuals and households manage to live with the illness and has considered aspects relating to wellbeing including work, education and quality of work. However, little attention has been focused on the challenges faced by individuals and households affected by HIV in resource constrained communities despite the fact that such challenges might reduce the benefits from HIV treatment. This thesis uses both individual and household level data from the Centre for Health Economics Uganda HIV survey to explore how provision of additional support in addition to ART impacts households' wellbeing in terms of children's work, children's education outcomes and adult labour allocation. The thesis reveals that children from households with a PLWHA are likely to engage more in child work and are hence more likely to be potentially vulnerable. Also, adults from households that received additional support are indicated to have better outcomes in terms of labour hours and cash at hand, hence better survival than PLWHA who do not have such additional support. The thesis also adds to the limited literature relating to the impact of formal assistance to households on children's schooling outcomes for households with a PLWHA. The results reveal that although formal assistance may have no impact on children's school enrolment, it is important for schooling quality through better school progression. Finally, the thesis considers the association between labour supply (for individuals, males and females separately and couples) and belonging to a household with a PLWHA, in terms of antiretroviral treatment packages (ARTP) offered by two healthcare agencies (TASO and MOH) and belonging to a household without a known person living with HIV (non-PLWHA). The results suggest that social support by TASO to households with PLWHA may have unintended outcomes in terms of disincentivising work for males; while females from TASO households supply more hours of labour compared to those receiving support from the MOH. It is possible that social support empowers TASO women to greater participation in the labour market. An analysis of a collective labour participation model reveals that bargaining power among couples influences total household labour supply, with males contributing fewer hours while females contribute more hours to total household labour supply, implying rejection of the unitary model. The results imply that policies aimed at improving household labour outcomes need to consider gender dynamics within the households, and the bargaining power of the intended recipient to be effective.


We study the labor market effects of the 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, which was the largest U.S. oceanic oil spill prior to the 2010 Gulf Oil Spill. We find that employment and average earnings increased in 1989 when the cleanup effort was largest and there appears to have been little, if any, adverse effect on average labor market opportunities in later years. Increased wages elicited increased labor supply in the form of both in-migration of workers and increased weekly hours. While the labor market effects of the spill were largely beneficial, there is some evidence that the effects upon self-employed fishing boat owners in the region may have been more heterogeneous, with some owners signing lucrative cleanup contracts with Exxon and its agents while others did not. The existence of these positive labor effects does not address the significant environmental, psychological and social costs imposed on the region and on the communities whose livelihood and organization were affected by the spill.


Abstract Although diversity at universities has increased dramatically over the past 150 years, many groups are still under-represented relative to their proportion in the general population. Initiatives to improve diversity have included the increased use of entry pathways other than direct admission from secondary school. As admissions via these alternative entry routes have increased, concerns have grown that alternative-entry students are not well prepared for university study. Here, we describe the outcomes for students entering university via one alternative entry pathway and compare them with those of students entering from secondary school. We used quantile regression with restricted cubic splines to examine the relationship between secondary school performance (quantified by the Australian Tertiary Admission Rank; ATAR), pathway of entry to university, and performance during first year university. Entry pathway significantly affects the conditional distribution of first-year marks. Outstanding performance is largely confined to students entering university from secondary school (Year 12 entry), rather than from an institution for technical and further education (TAFE). Concomitantly, for any given ATAR, the risk of failure is higher amongst Year 12 entry students than among TAFE entry students. The results have substantial implications for changes in admission criteria and for the public funding of universities.


In recent years, the number of visitors to archaeological areas has increased enormously and so it has become necessary to ensure that everyone can understand the ruins of the past. Information and digital technology are now playing an enormous role in disseminating knowledge, especially by means of video reconstructions and "look all around you" 3D vision. Thanks to a special joint project by the Special Superintendence of Rome, Coopculture and the Institute of Cognitive Science and Technology of the National Research Council, this innovative technology has been put to use at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome, now the first archaeological site in Italy that can be toured entirely in 3D. This portable technology is straightforward, using a 3D headset and cardboard virtual reality.


Barry J. Scherr. D. H. Lawrence Today: Literature, Culture, Politics. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. Pp. viii + 458. $81.95 (cloth). Barry J. Scherr. Love and Death in Lawrence and Foucault. New York: Peter Lang: 2008. Pp. viii + 396. $86.95 (cloth). Vladimir Nabokov calls Alfred Apfel's essay on Lolita "the rare case where art and erudition meet in a shining ridge of specific information (the highest and to me most acceptable function of literary criticism)." Not so for Barry J. Scherr's last two books. Both pugnacious jeremiads deplore the decline of Lawrence's popularity, current morals, and Western civilization, with hooks and jabs aplenty. D. H. Lawrence Today targets politics and academia; Love and Death in Lawrence and Foucault demonizes the philosopher to lament the "eclipse" of Western civilization. Scherr refers to D. H. Lawrence Today as taking a "stance that spits in the eye of the left-wing literary-cultural-academic elite." He wants to use Lawrence "to return to the celebration/ valorization" of "greatness" in order to "(re)gain the inner strength that will enable us to be genuine Lawrentians, privileging the creative 'vision of greatness' over sterile, repressive 'political correctness.'" Scherr apparently also wants to reverse fifty years of social progress. As a straight, white male, he feels under attack by liberals, gays, the academy, and feminists, taking special offense at affirmative action, which he calls "reverse discrimination." His passion for Lawrence as the writer suffering the most from "discrimination" against white, heterosexual males seems to combust with his own resentment about being similarly marginalized to fuel these two tirades. His attacks on political correctness, other critics, and recent events masquerade as criticism, use Lawrence to bludgeon critics and politics, display little of the art Nabokov cited, and exhaust this reader's patience. If you expect civil discourse, compelling evidence, and lucid prose, skip these rants in spite of their occasional insights. With defenders like this, Lawrence needs no detractors. D. H. Lawrence Today opens by quoting Lionel Trilling's comments in The Liberal Imagination (1950): "there is no connection between the political ideas of our educated class and the deep places of the imagination." Scherr interprets this critique as a condemnation of liberalism, which he decries as having "narrow, oversimplified, stale, sterile pieties and dogmas." Trilling, who identified as a liberal and with time became less so but not conservative, might question Scherr's use of his work. The "Preface" to Trilling's book, which Scherr does not quote, says, "the conservative impulse and the reactionary impulse do not, with some isolated and some ecclesiastical exceptions, express themselves in ideas but only in action or in irritable mental gestures which seek to resemble ideas." Scherr's "spit[ting] in the eye" stance fits the category of "irritable ... gestures." Fifty years after publication of Trilling's book, Scherr finds the situation worse, with politics "trump[ing]" literature and diversity replacing "excellence." He quotes Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork, F. R. Leavis, and Leslie Fiedler, among others, as ammunition in his barrage against "radical left-wing liberals" (e.g., Jonathan Dollimore, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, and Michel Foucault, along with "inauthentic" Lawrentians). Oddly, Scherr quotes himself (in the third person) as a "courageous," "mature," "authentic Lawrentian critic-scholar" possessing "psychic-ontological strength," a somewhat ineffable virtue that apparently few people, only heterosexuals, and probably only males, can achieve. After numerous jabs at President Clinton, Scherr declares that Lawrence deserves praise as "'a greater man' than most other human beings"--an ad hominem approach the back cover describes as "psycho-literary biography." Scherr also uses Bloom's theory of the anxiety of influence to advocate for Lawrence and heterosexual individualism. …


The maximum principle is an important property of solutions to PDE. Correspondingly, it's of great interest for people to design a high order numerical scheme solving PDE with this property maintained. In this thesis, our particular interest is solving convection-dominated diffusion equation. We first review a nonconventional maximum principle preserving(MPP) high order finite volume(FV) WENO scheme, and then propose a new parametrized MPP high order finite difference(FD) WENO framework, which is generalized from the one solving hyperbolic conservation laws. A formal analysis is presented to show that a third order finite difference scheme with this parametrized MPP flux limiters maintains the third order accuracy without extra CFL constraint when the low order monotone flux is chosen appropriately. Numerical tests in both one and two dimensional cases are performed on the simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in vorticity stream-function formulation and several other problems to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Phytosterols are important chemicals due to their applications as health products and as nutritional supplements. An important source of phytosterols is the waste tall oil soap from the Kraft process in pulp and paper production. Extraction of phytosterols therefore has two objectives: recovery of a valuable chemical and waste beneficiation. The effect of pH of tall oil soap on the extraction of phytosterols was conducted in laboratory tests before application in a counter-current, Vibrating Plate Extractor (VPE). A decrease of pH from 12 to 7 of the tall oil soap solution increased the content of phytosterols in the extracted phase. The extraction efficiency increased by 17-39%. Permanent emulsions were formed at a pH of 8, which should thus be avoided as an operating condition. Lastly, operating below a pH of 6 is not recommended due to the liberation of fatty and resin acids that contaminate the phytosterols in the extract.


The starting point of this paper is the assumption that communication in chat channels is a special kind of computer-mediated discourse in a written (typed) form but with several qualities of oral communication. The paper includes a description of a corpus, which was created by a longitudinal measurement of five German and three Swedish chat channels during two weeks (5th – 19th February 2001). The analysis focuses on those sequences of the discourse which are marked by asterisks like in German chats: *zwinker *, *mitdenfusennachderfernbedienungfisch* and in Swedish chats: *skrattar * [lach-1-3.Pers.Sg.+Pl.], *borja stappla ivag mot lindsie*[anfang-INFINITIV geh-INFINITIV zu lindsie]. These sequences, which I call *phrases, are linguistically as well as functionally interesting; in both languages namely, they have a special morpho-syntactical structure and are used to represent nonverbal communication like body language, facial expressions and situations or/and activities which accompany the chat discourse in real life.
The paper discusses the different verbal structures of the *phrases as well as their nonverbal functions. Among other things, I show that the German *Phrases mostly represent phonations, gestures and facial expressions; they mostly imitate the oral discourse. In these *phrases, the Swedish chat users very often describe the circumstances of the situation where the chat discourse takes place like activities, real place and surroundings of the real life situation.


Germans into Jews turns to an often overlooked and misunderstood period of German and Jewish history--the years between the world wars. It has been assumed that the Jewish community in Germany was in decline during the Weimar Republic. But, Sharon Gillerman demonstrates that Weimar Jews sought to rejuvenate and reconfigure their community as a means both of strengthening the German nation and of creating a more expansive and autonomous Jewish entity within the German state. These ambitious projects to increase fertility, expand welfare, and strengthen the family transcended the ideological and religious divisions that have traditionally characterized Jewish communal life. Integrating Jewish history, German history, gender history, and social history, this book highlights the experimental and contingent nature of efforts by Weimar Jews to reassert a new Jewish particularism while simultaneously reinforcing their commitment to Germanness.


The purpose of AusAID's 2003-2009 Law and Justice Sector Program (LJSP) was to develop the capacity of Papua New Guinea's law and justice agencies to implement consistent policy, priorities and plans. This article assesses whether the approach had a flow-on effect by contributing to a reduction in community crime victimization. Extensive urban crime victimization surveys from 2004-2008 found no apparent flow-ons. National levels of individual and household victimization did not change significantly. Victimization types were similar, but levels varied considerably between towns. Port Moresby was close to the national mean and steady. Perceived increases in violent crime were consistent only with considerable localized fluctuations in different areas rather than statistically significant underlying changes. Restorative justice mechanisms were limited in scope. AusAID's Independent Completion Report too found that LJSP service delivery was problematic. While the Report nonetheless supported the sectoral approach as a homegrown initiative, this article questions its relevance. The lack of significant reductions in crime victimization implies that, local or not, the bureaucratic sectoral approach was a diversion from the real community issues.


The study of ethnicity goes beyond searching for its definitions and characteristics. Exploring the geographical pattern of ethnic groups is an interesting shift in the study of conventional and contemporary social sciences. This paper aims to analyse the nature of classification and spatial distribution of the ethnic groups in Manipur hill areas between 1991 and 2001, when the hills witnessed two ethnic conflicts between these decadal censuses. As per an official record, three tribal groups –Naga, Intermediate and Kuki-ChinMizo are found in the State. Internal dynamics on the discourse of ethnicity has different narratives on the ground reality. In terms of spatial distribution, the Naga group is more clustered than its counterpart Kuki-Chin-Mizo across the hills. The paper also looks into how the change in spatial pattern of distribution and redistribution of ethnic groups has largely contributed to ethnic homogenization in the hill areas of Manipur.


The essay examines the epistemological possibilities of artistic imaginary languages and their ontological effects in the avant-garde movement "lettrism." The movement employed imaginary language, which illustrates an anti-rational theory of language. The problematics of such quasi-language are manifested most radically in relation to quietist-linguistic philosophy (Sprachkritik): the identification of the limits of thinking and language in philosophy confronts the utopian belief in the possibility of "private" communication in the avant-garde. Lettrism subverts the normative order of systematic language by means of invented signs, which are not arbitrary but unorthodox. These signs supposedly express that which philosophy designates as epistemic privacy — what can be known to one person only. The paradoxical claim that an imaginary language can express the epistemically private gives rise to what I term the mysticism of immanence. Neither distinctively religious nor atheistic, the mysticism of immanence is based on the idealistic assertion that one is able to express not only the existence but also the contents of epistemic privacy. Moreover, the renunciation of conventional language suggests that immanence is in this case alinguistic. In brief, for lettrists, thinking did not necessitate language.  Lettrist imaginary language points out the necessity for convention as a stabilizing framework for meaning production. By advocating the idea of an "immediate message," which remains between mediation and immediacy, imaginary language exceeds the limits of immanence. Since an imaginary language cannot be shared or self-contained, it is an opening of immanence towards other than immanence. This other is not represented as any absolute transcendence, any version of the beyond, but rather as a collapse of the limits of immanence, limits that are subject to negotiation because the immediate message gives rise to a new and expanded sense of the immanent.


In Guinea Bissau, the majority of university level professionals are still being trained abroad and most of them do not return to their country. This was a major incentive for creating Guinea Bissau's Medical School. An observational, cross-sectional, analytic study was conducted on the second trimester of 2007 to characterize the socio-demographic, familial and educational profile of medical students, their satisfaction levels, difficulties and expectations concerning the medicine course. A questionnaire was used and a response rate of 63% achieved (81 students). Data was analyzed using SPSS v.17 for descriptive statistics. Students are very committed to their education. They tend to decide to take the medicine course early in their lives and are influenced by their relatives. They choose to be medical doctors because they like it but also for altruistic reasons and the desire to save lives. Although many face financial and material difficulties, they tend to have success in their academic live. They live with their parents, do not have children and some have side jobs to provide for extra income to help with their education. They expect their education to make them good doctors in any part of the world and want to work simultaneously in the public (to serve their country and pay their debt to the State) and in the private sector (to enhance their income). The large majority wants to work in a hospital, in Bissau, and to be a pediatrician or obstetrician. They have unreasonably high expectations concerning their future income as medical doctors.


This practical resource offers engineers an in-depth, up-to-date understanding of the use of microwave magnetic materials for cutting-edge wireless applications. The book discusses device applications used in wireless infrastructure base stations, point-to-point radio links, and a range of more specialized microwave systems. Professionals find detailed discussions on the attributes of each family of magnetic materials with respect to specific wireless applications. Moreover, the book addresses two of the hottest topics in the field today - insertion loss and intermodulation. This comprehensive reference also covers ancillary materials that are used with microwave magnetic materials, such as dielectrics, absorbers, and conductors.


Charles Dickens's "Barnaby Rudge" is a vivid portrait of London's descent into anarchy, where 'King Mob' rules the streets, and innocent lives are swept up in the chaos. This "Penguin Classics" edition is edited with an introduction and notes by John Bowen. Set against the backdrop of the Gordon Riots of 1780, "Barnaby Rudge" is a story of mystery and suspense which begins with an unsolved double murder and goes on to involve conspiracy, blackmail, abduction and retribution. Through the course of the novel fathers and sons become opposed, apprentices plot against their masters and Protestants clash with Catholics on the streets. And, as London erupts into riot, Barnaby Rudge himself struggles to escape the curse of his own past. With its dramatic descriptions of public violence and private horror, its strange secrets and ghostly doublings, "Barnaby Rudge" is a powerful, disturbing blend of historical realism and Gothic melodrama. This edition is based on the one-volume publication of "Barnaby Rudge", reproducing all the original illustrations by 'Phiz' and George Cattermole. Appendices include a map of London at the time of the Gordon Riots and the preface to the 1868 edition. Charles Dickens is one of the best-loved novelists in the English language, whose 200th anniversary was celebrated in 2012. His most famous books, including "Oliver Twist", "Great Expectations", "A Tale of Two Cities", "David Copperfield" and "The Pickwick Papers", have been adapted for stage and screen and read by millions. If you enjoyed "Barnaby Rudge", you might like Dickens's "A Tale of Two Cities", also available in "Penguin Classics". "One of Dickens' most neglected, but most rewarding, novels." (Peter Ackroyd).


Sixty intact, non-carious and unrestored teeth extracted due to periodontal disease were used to determine the most effective method of sterilisation. The teeth were divided into six groups, each containing 10 teeth. Group 1 teeth were immersed in 10% formalin for seven days, group 2 teeth were immersed in 3% hydrogen peroxide for seven days, group 3 teeth were immersed in 2.6% sodium hypochlorite for seven days, group 4 teeth were boiled in water at 100 degrees C for 20 minutes, group 5 teeth were autoclaved at 121 degrees C at 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes, and group 6 teeth were immersed in normal saline for seven days. After the treatment, the teeth were individually inoculated into trypticase soy broth and incubated for 48 hours. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to determine the awareness of dental students regarding infection due to extracted human teeth and the common disinfection/sterilisation methods used. Autoclaving at 121 degrees C, 15 lbs psi for 30 minutes and immersion in 10% formalin for seven days were effective in disinfecting/sterilising extracted human teeth. Chemicals such as 2.6% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide and boiling in water were not effective. The results indicate that autoclaving for 30 minutes or immersion in 10% formalin for seven days could be effectively used for disinfection/sterilisation of extracted human teeth.


This article reexamines the help-seeking behavior of African American college students with a focus on possible counselor biases as well as biases in the settings in which counselors work. These issues are discussed as possible contributing factors to the underutilization of counseling by African American college students. Strategies to overcoming these biases are discussed as well as implications for the counseling profession. ********** Over the past three decades there has been a great deal of attention devoted to multicultural counseling issues and how to deliver services to racial/ethnic minorities. Counselors have been informed of ways to adapt services to better meet the needs of African American students for over 20 years (Griffith, 1978), yet how much adaptation of services has actually occurred? To what degree are counselors' comfortable in working with African American students and adapting their own practices to ensure client retention? Data demonstrating that African American students still underutilize counseling services and have less positive experiences in counseling than their peers of other races, despite increases in psycho educational programming geared toward African American college students, suggests that it is time for counselors to put into action the recommendations across several decades, including the recently adopted statements regarding multicultural competency by the ACA and APA (Hargrove & Sedlacek, 1997). Cardemil and Battle (2003) write: "It is likely that most clinical psychologists have acquired an intellectual appreciation of the salience of race and ethnicity in the therapeutic context and are motivated to be sensitive to these issues in their own practice. However, for many psychologists, a general appreciation regarding the importance of race and ethnicity does not equate to a clear understanding of whether, when, and how to bring up these issues in the actual practice of clinical work." (p. 278). Hence, the purpose of this article is to re-examine the help seeking behavior of African American college students, highlight professional barriers to working with African American college students and provide strategies to overcome biases when working with African American college students. Despite the gains and hard fought battles to improve the environment for African American college students on predominantly white campuses, there is a substantial body of research indicating that African American college students in general are still having a difficult time adjusting to the sometimes hostile environment on predominantly White campuses (Allen, 1991; Fleming, 1984; Schwitzer, Ancis, Griffin, 1998; Willie, 2003). African American college students enrolled at these colleges and universities have higher attrition rates, lower graduation rates and grade point averages, and attend graduate school at a much lower rate than their White counterparts (Allen, 1991; Duncan, 2003; Fleming, 1984; U.S. Department of Education, 2003; Schwitzer, Ancis, Griffin, T research suggests that African American college students with higher levels of psychological functioning and a positive sense of mental wellness are far more likely to experience greater levels of success and performance, irrespective of the environment in which they are operating (Gloria, Hird, & Navarro, 2001). African American college student help seeking behavior Research that has focused on the relationship between race and help seeking has found that White students utilize counseling and other forms of psychological services more often than African American college students (Bosch & Cimbolic, 1994). Barbarin (1996) identified three main areas of research that were relevant to the underutilization of psychotherapy by African Americans. …


Abstract Freshwater is an essential natural resource for humanity, however, its quality has been compromised as a result of natural and anthropogenic interference. The objective of the present study was to determine the Bascarán Water Quality Index (WQIB) for the Tamanduá stream in the municipality of Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil, and relate it to the limits established by CONAMA resolutions nº 357 [1] and nº 274 [2], for Class 2 freshwater bodies. The study was carried out at three sampling points proximate to urban parks, with samples collected in both the dry and the rainy seasons with the measurement of flow. The physical, chemical and biological parameters were analyzed as recommended in Standard Methods [3]. Parametric descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The WQIB results classified the water as acceptable (24%), normal (48%), improper (20%) and unpleasant (8%), with turbidity, DO and total coliforms responsible for decreased WQIB in the rainy season. The parameters pH, apparent color and DO do not conform with CONAMA resolution nº 357 [1] while water resources for bathing were classified as excellent according to CONAMA resolution nº 274 [2].


Background: onset of menstruation is one of the most important changes occurring among the girls during the adolescence. adolescence in girls has been recognized as a turbulent period which signifies the transition from girlhood to womanhood and considered as a landmark of female puberty.Menstruation is generally considered as unclean leading to isolation of the menstruating girls and restrictions imposed on them in the family. hence the aim of the study is to1) to evaluate the perceptions and source of information related to menstruation amongst school going rural adolescent girls. 2) to determine the status of menstrual hygiene amongst school going rural adolescent and to propose any improvement. Methods: A cross sectional study Carried out, 600 adolescent girls in the age group of 10- 19 years in one of the government run school in Wardha district were selected after institutional ethical committee permission and from school administration. The study period was of 6months. Girls were given a pretested questionnaire in local language. This was followed by a session educating the girls about the normal physiology of menstruation, the importance of maintaining hygienic practices during menstruation and basis of traditions involved. Results: in our study of 600 adolescent girls 32.6% of girls got information about menstruation from their mother and 28% got information from friends. 31% girls thought that it was a natural curse from god that everyone gets while 44% had no idea about why it happens, while only 25% knew it is a natural process. 33.3% girls believed or were told that they should not go to any religious place while 12.3% girls did not prefer going to school.62.7% girls faced different types of problems during menstruation out of which 51.06% girls had complain of abdominal pain followed by pain in whole body 30.3%.55.6% used sanitary latrines at home while still 44.3% did not use. Since our being a rural area water problem is badly faced 51% girls used stored water at their homes. The most surprising problem seen was usage of cloth during menstruation as an absorbent 37% girls used old clothes and only 26% girls used sanitary napkins and 59.45% girls used the same cloth at least 3 times. Out of 37% girls who used the old cloth would prefer drying the cloth in dark, hidden areas i.e55.85%. 71% girls washed their external genital organs with soap and water while others only washed with water.37.3% girls maintained privacy with all others but only shared with their mothers .25.6% girls would wrap it in the paper and dispose it in dustbin with daily waste of the house,24.7% girls disposed the waste in nearby draining channel, 24% girls preferred burning it or were told by their mothers to do it.224 girls did not prefer going to school 33.03% girls gave the reason of no water facility and no proper area of disposal of the absorbent 27.6% girls faced discomfort and had fear of leakage. Out of 600,444 girls who did not use sanitary napkins 54.4% girls said that disposal was the problem and 30.18% girls said the cost was the main hindrance for not using sanitary napkins. Conclusions: Efforts to achieve millennium developmental goal should be vigorous especially for safe water and waste management. Health care personnel too, recognise their responsibility to provide knowledge to help girls, confidentially deal with their menstrual health issue and to safeguard against infections


The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West, by Larissa N. Heinrich. Durham NC; London: Duke University Press, 2008. xvi + 222 pp. US$79.95 (hardcover), US$22.95 (paperback). The Afterlife of Lmages presents a unique approach to the study of late imperial and early modern China. The crux of this work is four sets of medical images that Larissa Heinrich weaves together into a historical narrative about how China became the "Sick Man of Asia". Heinrich argues that European imperialist interventions in the field of medicine combined with certain technologies of visualization helped to produce a new discourse about Chinese national deficiencies that both European and Chinese intellectuals embraced. Using these images as a central node for her historical investigations, Heinrich explores the complex web of artists, representational techniques and imperial politics that made these images so influential in their times. The book is divided into four chapters, each devoted to a different set of images. Chapter 1 is inspired by a series of 18th-century Chinese drawings of children infected with smallpox which are part of the collection at the Bibliotheque Nationale de France. Heinrich shows how French Jesuits, missionizing in China but keenly aware of debates at the Parisian court about the value of inoculation, created an enduring image of China as the "cradle of smallpox". Chapter 2 centers on a haunting, beautiful collection of paintings commissioned by the missionary doctor, Peter Parker, and painted by the Cantonese artist, Lam Qua. Parker used these paintings to solicit financial support from groups in the US and Europe for the Canton Hospital, which he founded in 1835. He also displayed these paintings in the hospital to demonstrate to hospital visitors the power of Western medicine. Heinrich demonstrates how these images were also used to capture and ultimately pathologize certain Chinese "characteristics". In the third chapter, Heinrich traces the rise of medical photography in China and its relationship to new ideas about race in the late 19th century. As technological changes made photography easier, these images served important taxonomic purposes for missionary doctors and a small number of Chinese physicians, presenting Chinese pathologies to a global medical community. Chapter 4 returns to the mid- 19th century to examine the anatomical images of Benjamin Hobson, the first individual to publish a treatise on modern anatomy in Chinese. Heinrich' s interest is how the new ocular perspective of anatomical dissection ultimately influenced the 20th-century literary giant Lu Xun, renown for his critiques of China's national deficiencies. The great strengths of this book are the images themselves and Heinrich' s unique style of analysis. Heinrich points out that the study of medical illustration has often been neglected in the history of medicine, and this observation is particularly true with regard to China. Heinrich not only brings these previously neglected images to our attention but also deploys her skills as a literary studies scholar to reveal the rich cultural and historical conditions of their production and circulation. …


Abstract Neointima formation associated with vascular restenosis is a complex local inflammatory process actively involving the vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transactivator of a diverse group of genes whose activation has been strongly associated with the cellular response to inflammation. Since anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibit NF-κB activity in vascular SMC in vitro , we examined the in vivo effect of the NAC on balloon-induced neointimal formation in the carotid artery of rats. Sprague-Dawley rats underwent balloon dilatation injury of the left carotid artery to induce neointimal formation. One group of these rats (n = 9) were treated with daily intraperitoneal injection of NAC (200 mg kg-1) for 14 consecutive days, whereas the control group (n = 9) was treated with saline. Fourteen days after the injury, the left carotid arteries were removed and analyzed under microscope. Several rats underwent the same treatment as above and were sacrificed three days after injury for immunohistochemistry and Western blot studies. A morphometric analysis revealed that there were significant differences in intima/media ratio between the two groups. Immunohistochemical and Western blotting studies demonstrated that NAC suppressed the injury-induced NF-κB activity in the medial SMC layer. Treatment with NAC suppresses vascular NF-κB activation and this inhibition reduced the pathological thickening of the arterial wall. The NF-κB pathway, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic target for strategies to prevent vascular restenosis. [Neurol Res 2001; 23: 731-738]


This thesis introduces an online city guide design for Istanbul to facilitate daily life of its inhabitants and to render urban information reachable and observable. Different than a regular tourist guide in which the content is limited to information about points of interests or events, proposed guide intends to gather every possible information in the city within a single source and to let users create their own content. Like all the other metropoles, Istanbul too has a complex structural organization. When mixed with its unique and dense socio-cultural features, the resulting urban environment confuses its inhabitants while performing in the city. Consequently, interactions and functionalities that the city offers become frustrating or useless. One aspect of the project is to put forward theoretical and practical reasons why ''a guide to understand how Istanbul works'' is needed. These reasons are based on poor informal dissemination models or habits in the public sphere, and inaccurate design of information. Given the conceptual background of the guide, the focus is on how to create such a guide: How to manage the design process of the guide; What methodologies to follow; How it should / could look like. For this reason, a detailed research that covers visual communication design and urban design fields is depicted. Moreover, visual examples of several case studies are presented to better envision the concept of the guide.


This Essay responds to Jon Michaels's argument for a form of agency fragmentation called the new "administrative separation of powers," a structure consisting of three fundamental sets of actors: agency heads, civil society, and the civil service. According to Michaels, his thought-provoking idea has roots in the traditional separation of powers among the branches of government. Michaels also claims that these three intra-agency actors are able to maintain a "self-regulating ecosystem" that allows agencies to improve their functions similarly to the way that the constitutional checks and balances sharpen the operation of the political branches.
For Michaels's tripartite agency to be legitimately characterized as a form of separation of powers, however, there must be a meaningful connection between the two frameworks. As of now, the analogy is hindered by some essentials aspects in which Michaels's agency players do not reflect the three branches of government. These include, for example, each administrative stakeholder's relative inability to protect its own jurisdiction from encroachment by the others and constraints on agencies' capacity to further rule of law values. These limitations render constitutional separation of powers principles less valuable to the development of Michaels's theory, because they reduce the extent to which the tripartite agency might, in fact, behave like the political branches.
In addition, both the use of Michaels's model for executive-checking purposes and the ultimate success of his theory's overall execution depend on the extent to which they are grounded in the concrete characteristics of agencies and the polity. Additional substantiation of Michaels's tripartite could be furthered by analysis of the diversity among agency heads and civil servants across the executive branch and of the weaknesses in civil society's ability to leverage its interests vis-a-vis government officials. Those seeking to realize the promise of Michaels's model should also consider the impact of differences in administrative, political and societal structures, orientations and incentives on Michaels's framework.


The defining challenge facing German prosecution offices today is reconciling the tension that exists between prosecutors' historical mandate to serve as "guardians of the law" and their institutional position as members of an institution with limited resources. During the past three decades, the tension between the prosecution service's normative mission to objectively investigate and prosecute criminal activity and increasingly severe resource constraints has transformed the law and practice of German criminal procedure. Although German legal scholars have long championed the system's commitment to restricting prosecutorial discretion, in recent years the scope of prosecutors' discretionary decision-making authority has widened dramatically. This development is particularly stark with respect to low-level crimes where prosecutors perform a critical gate keeping role. Since the mid-1970's, prosecutors and judges have struggled to find ways to manage high criminal case loads while maintaining their fidelity to the core principles of an inquisitorial "truth" finding process. To prevent backlogs, German prosecutors have developed case processing processes that conserve resources and promote efficiency. In a world with finite resources, strategies that privilege case processing efficiency theoretically enable prosecution offices to reserve the full truth finding case investigation and prosecution process for the most serious cases. In this chapter I argue that, this drive for efficiency, when coupled with a corresponding increase in prosecutorial discretion, currently threatens to irrevocably undermine the guiding principles of German criminal procedure.


What is the relationship between science and politics in the Nordic welfare states? What role have experts played in the development of the Nordic model and who were the experts? Based on in-depth analysis of the historical facts of the welfare states in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden in the 20th Century, this volume offers a multifaceted analysis of the interplay between science, experts, politicians and institutions in policy areas such as public health, unemployment insurance, child psychiatry, alcohol research and social insurance. The book brings together empirically grounded studies of the interplay between science and politics, the theoretical perspectives adopted in different political contexts, and the relationship between the internal dynamics of disciplines and research environments.


Abstract:Denis Diderot's 1749 essay La Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient (Letter on the Blind for the Use of Those Who Can See) examines three blind figures, in the process laying the foundation for his materialist hermeneutic. Although many academic works of recent decades have focused on skepticism and materialism in Diderot's oeuvre broadly–and in the Lettre specifically–to date, few have reckoned with the materiality of machines and their role in the production of this new form of knowledge. The Lettre examines not only the ways in which language expresses itself through the human body but also the ways in which the body engages with tools and machines in order to liberate expression and knowledge from the body itself. These machines exist in prosthetic relation to the body, and this intracorporeal relation posits a view of disability that is enabling. In this essay, I examine Lettre sur les aveugles, arguing that in form and in content, Diderot proposes a prosthetic ethos that breaks down distinctions between organic and inorganic matter. Placing Diderot into dialogue with Bernard Stiegler, particularly regarding the latter's work on mnemotechnics, I demonstrate how in Diderot's Lettre, materialist knowledge emanates from a delicate and intense relation between disabled bodies and machines.


We study the excess capacity of deep networks in the context of supervised classification. That is, given a capacity measure of the underlying hypothesis class - in our case, empirical Rademacher complexity - to what extent can we (a priori) constrain this class while retaining an empirical error on a par with the unconstrained regime? To assess excess capacity in modern architectures (such as residual networks), we extend and unify prior Rademacher complexity bounds to accommodate function composition and addition, as well as the structure of convolutions. The capacity-driving terms in our bounds are the Lipschitz constants of the layers and an (2, 1) group norm distance to the initializations of the convolution weights. Experiments on benchmark datasets of varying task difficulty indicate that (1) there is a substantial amount of excess capacity per task, and (2) capacity can be kept at a surprisingly similar level across tasks. Overall, this suggests a notion of compressibility with respect to weight norms, complementary to classic compression via weight pruning. Source code is available at https://github.com/rkwitt/excess_capacity.


Ribbon microphones are known for their warm sonics, owing in part to the unique ribbon motion induced by the sound field. Here the motion of the corrugated ribbon element in a sound field is considered, and a physical model of the ribbon motion is presented. The model separately computes propagating torsional disturbances and coupled transverse and longitudinal disturbances. Each propagation mode is implemented as a mass-spring model where a mass is identified with a ribbon corrugation fold. The model is parameterized using ribbon material and geometric properties. Laser vibrometer measurements are presented, revealing stiffness in the transverse and longitudinal propagation, and showing close agreement between measured and modeled ribbon motion.


The authors have studied the influence of rose bengal, and, by comparison, of uranin, on choleresis in the rabbit. Uranin induced an increase in bile flow and a decrease in bile salt concentration in bile. These results are consistent with an osmotic mechanism, as proposed by Sperber (1959). By contrast, rose bengal induced a marked decrease in bile flow and an increase in bile salt concentration. In rose bengal-treated animals (30 μmoles per kilogram body weight intravenously), bile flow was 65% lower and bile salt concentration 95% higher than in control animals studied during the same periods. The relationship between bile flow and bile salt excretion is consistent in the rabbit, with the existence of a bile salt-independent secretion of 60 mg per minute per kilogram body weight, that is, 60% of bile flow. In rose bengal-treated animals, this fraction was only 15 mg per minute per kilogram body weight. It is concluded that rose bengal inhibits the bile salt-independent fraction. Rose bengal, as other phtalein dyes, is excreted by the liver cells. Its effect on the bile salt-independent fraction suggests that this fraction is secreted by the hepatocytes.


Article history: Received 10.06.2015 Accepted 24.11.2015 In Chile, as the soils located in valleys are cultivated, the hillsides with natural vegetation have been used by agriculture. In the Apalta valley, Santa Cruz, VIth Region of Chile, some soil properties both inter-row (IR) and row planting (R) were measured in cultivated sloping vineyard (7-year establishment, 8% slope hillside), comparing the results with soil properties from a natural vegetation site (N). With this purpose, the surface hydraulic conductivity was measured, and some soil physical properties (bulk density, pore size distribution, aggregate stability, aggregate strength and air flux) and organic matter content were measured at three depths (0-10, 10-30, 30-50 cm). In the surface horizon, soil use change caused significant differences with respect to N, decreasing the organic carbon content, the very coarse porosity (>50 μm) and the aggregate stability, and increasing the bulk density and soil strength. The soil physical disturbance promoted a detriment in soil functioning, decreasing the water and air flux capacity. The higher differences were found in the IR surface, while in deep (50 cm) the changes were not significant between locations, leading to conclusion that in depth still persist soil conditions before cultivation.


Ladies and gentlemen, Dear audience! First of all, I would like to thank the Polish Institute of International Affairs and the Ministry of Sports for inviting me and my colleague from the ASSER International Sports Law Centre, M Roberto Branco Martins, to speak at this Conference. Today the T.M.C. Asset Institute to which the Centre belongs is celebrating its fortieth anniversary at an official meeting in the Peace Palace in The Hague at which the Dutch Minister of justice will also be present. Nevertheless, we chose to accept your invitation to attend this high-profile conference in Warsaw. Of course, the Netherlands and Poland recently tightened relations with the appointment of Leo Beenhakker as the coach of the Polish national football team. We hope and expect that he will be successful in Poland and that his legal status will soon be normalised ... In this context, I would like to stress that I personally opposed the partial accession of the "new" Member States. Becoming a Member State of the European Union should imply full membership right from the start if all the conditions are fulfilled. It is good to note that as from t January 2007 all restrictions for Polish professional football players to play in our country will finally be lifted. The subject of this introductory speech is "The European Union and Sport: Law and Policy". Not everybody knows that the European Union has a fairly extensive record in the field of sport. Last year, the Asset Centre published a book containing some 900 pages of selected legal and policy documents (resolutions of the European Parliament, decisions of the Commission, memoranda, jurisprudence of the European Court of justice, etc.) and another 900 pages were put on the Centre's website. The EU has dealt with a wide range of subjects since the so-called Walrave case in 1974. These include doping and football hooliganism, themes which were initially the exclusive domain of the Council of Europe, the human rights organisation that today includes about 50 European countries. The European Union is a financially powerful organisation which funds research in the field of sport. In recent years, for example, Brussels commissioned the Centre to conduct research into the harmonisation of doping rules in national and international sports associations and federations and into tackling transnational football hooliganism. In 2003/2004, Roberto Branco Martins and his team travelled around Europe visiting all EU Member States, "old" and "new", in the framework of an EU project aimed at promoting Social Dialogue in Europe in the professional football sector. And last year, we produced a report on Professional Sport in the Internal Market for the European Parliament. When we talk about EU and Sport, it should be emphasised that sport as such is not incorporated in the Treaties. The much debated Constitution for Europe contains a provision which also explicitly touches on sport. However as we know, the ratification process of this treaty--which is not a Constitution in the legal sense of the word--is now being suspended following last year's negative referenda results in France and the Netherlands. In my opinion, these results were down to a basic misunderstanding among the populations of both countries about what Europe is all about and the function of the treaty. This development is regrettable and in my view definitely detrimental to political progress in Europe! In this situation, the sports provision in the Constitution for Europe may only be used by advocates as an argument before court. The text confirms the importance attributed by the EU to the social and cultural function of sport and the respect for its special character and structures. These aspects were incorporated in the Declarations on Sport attached to the Treaties of Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2000), which were stepping stones in the development of the fundamentals of the EU. The Treaty of Nice is still the law currently in force after the postponement of the ratification process of the Constitution for Europe. …


The Late Cretaceous scaphitid ammonite Desmoscaphites bassleri Reeside, 1927, is redescribed based on newly collected material from Montana. This species is an important index fossil and demarcates the uppermost Santonian in the U.S. Western Interior. It is widely distributed and extends from Alberta to New Mexico, primarily along the western margin of the Interior Seaway. The adult shell is moderately stout and closely coiled, with small ventrolateral tubercles on the body chamber. Microconchs are smaller than macroconchs but otherwise similar in morphology. There is an abrupt change in ornamentation on the late juvenile whorls from coarse, widely spaced ribs to threadlike, more closely spaced ribs, with a pronounced sinuosity. The ribs later become more widely spaced on the shaft of the body chamber and more closely spaced again near the aperture. The early whorls are characterized by constrictions, which represent flexures in the shell wall. The constrictions first appear at a shell diameter of approximately 3 mm and occur regularly thereafter at intervals of 65–90° up to a shell diameter of approximately 15 mm. The suture is characterized by a trifid first lateral lobe. This lobe does not pass through an asymmetrically bifid stage during ontogenetic development.


The detection of mechanical stress in polymeric materials through optical variations has attracted considerable interest over the past ten years. In this tutorial review, the current state of knowledge concerning the preparation of polymers with mechanochromic features is summarized. Two types of procedures are illustrated and thoroughly discussed along with their respective structure-property relationships: the first resides in the physical dispersion of the dye in the form of supramolecular aggregates in a preformed polymer matrix; the second involves the covalent insertion of chromophoric units into the macromolecule backbone or side chains. Herein we review the simplicity of the preparative routes available, and their influence over the properties of the resulting dye-polymer systems, by focussing on the most illustrative examples described in the literature. Special reference is made to stimuli-responsiveness as a mechanical means towards innovative smart and intelligent materials.


Structural changes in business fluctuations have been gathering attention in Europe and the US in recent years. It has become clear that business fluctuations in the US began to stabilize from the middle of the 1980s, and similar structural changes have been observed in Europe. On the other hand, there have been only a few studies concerning structural changes in Japanese business fluctuations. With this background, this paper presents an analysis as to whether or not there has been a structural change in Japanese business fluctuations in recent years, and if so, when and what kind of change. There are various econometric models for business fluctuations; a common one is the Markov switching model proposed by Hamilton (1989). In this model, it is understood that average growth rates differ between periods of expansion and periods of recession and the shifts between the period of expansion and the period of recession are formulated in accordance with the Markov process. Kim and Nelson (1999) expanded the Markov switching model of Hamilton (1989) considering structural changes and estimated the expanded model by using Bayesian estimation based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. In this paper, maximum likelihood estimation was performed by changing the points of structural change for each period in the model of Kim and Nelson (1999) and the period for which the likelihood becomes the highest is estimated as the point of structural change. The variables for Japanese business fluctuations used in this paper are composite index (CI) and the index of industrial production (IIP) published by the Economic and Social Research Institute of the Cabinet Office of the government of Japan. To focus on structural change in recent years, the sample period was March 1980 to November 2003. It was estimated that the points in time of structural change in business fluctuations were April 1989, based on CI, and January 1992, based on IIP. The analysis also revealed that structural changes were statistically significant for both of the variables. In more detail, average growth rates showed significant reductions for the recession period and for the expansion period, and increases in the amplitudes of business fluctuations and dispersion of short-term deviation from business fluctuations. The estimated points in time of the structural changes, April 1989 and January 1992, are almost the same as, or just after, the time of commencement of the Nikkei 225 futures transactions. Nikkei 225 futures transactions were blamed for lowering stock prices in Japan, thereby increasing stock price volatility, because stock prices started to drop significantly at the beginning of the 1990s. This paper also presents an analysis of the effect of Nikkei 225 futures transactions on stock price fluctuations and business fluctuations in Japan. More concretely, an analysis was performed to determine whether or not there are any Granger causalities between trading volume or open interest of Nikkei 225 futures transactions and the levels of the Nikkei 225 stock index, CI, IIP or their volatility. The analysis revealed no significant interactions. Therefore, Nikkei 225 futures transactions were not the cause of the instability of stock price fluctuations or business fluctuations in Japan.


The contributors to this volume repeatedly point to the pain endured by those who have been "Othered" and pay careful attention to the achievements of Aboriginal Australians and other "Others", who have started to express themselves and to take control of their representation in order to heal from traumatizing experiences. They denounce the process of "Othering" and stereotyping and put the spotlight on the various attempts at subverting damaging negative stereotypes. They reveal the "dark side" of the colonial governance strategy of conciliation and study post-colonial rewritings of other colonial gestures such as discovery and conquest. To a certain extent, following Romaine Moreton's advice, they attempt to "reframe those negative experiences".


The Saccharomyces cerevisiae FPS1 gene, which encodes a channel protein belonging to the MIP family, has been isolated previously as a multicopy suppressor of the growth defect of the fdp1 mutant (allelic to GGS1/TPS1) on fermentable sugars. Here we show that overexpression of FPS1 enhances glycerol production. Enhanced glycerol production caused by overexpression of GPD1 encoding glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase also suppressed the growth defect of ggs1/tps1 delta mutants, suggesting a novel role for glycerol production in the control of glycolysis. The suppression of ggs1/tps1 delta mutants by GPD1 depends on the presence of Fps1. Mutants lacking Fps1 accumulate a greater part of the glycerol intracellularly, indicating that Fps1 is involved in glycerol efflux. Glycerol‐uptake experiments showed that the permeability of the yeast plasma membrane for glycerol consists of an Fps1‐independent component probably due to simple diffusion and of an Fps1‐dependent component representing facilitated diffusion. The Escherichia coli glycerol facilitator expressed in a yeast fps1 delta mutant can restore the characteristics of glycerol uptake, production and distribution fully, but restores only partially growth of a ggs1/tps1 delta fps1 delta double mutant on glucose. Fps1 appears to be closed under hyperosmotic stress when survival depends on intracellular accumulation of glycerol and apparently opens rapidly when osmostress is lifted. The osmostress‐induced High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) response pathway is not required for inactivation of Fps1. We conclude that Fps1 is a regulated yeast glycerol facilitator controlling glycerol production and cytosolic concentration, and might have additional functions.


PURPOSE
To delineate the clinical features and alterations in innervation and substance P (SP) content in spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCED) in dogs and to conduct a preliminary investigation evaluating the efficacy of topical SP, with or without insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, in the treatment of this disorder.

METHODS
Complete ophthalmic examinations, including Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometry, were performed in 45 canine patients that had spontaneous corneal epithelial defects of at least 3 weeks' duration and with no identifiable cause. Eighteen patients had superficial keratectomies performed, and the corneal nerves were labeled immunohistochemically with antibodies against protein gene product (PGP)-9.5, SP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Relative fiber densities were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Corneal epithelial cell and tear SP contents were determined in affected and normal dogs by an enzyme immunoassay. A preliminary open-label treatment trial of topical SP, with and without IGF-1, was conducted in 21 dogs.

RESULTS
The duration of the erosion before admittance into the study was a mean of 9.22 weeks (range, 3-52). The average patient was middle aged (mean, 9.25 +/- 1.85 years [SD]); no sex predisposition of the disease was identified. Boxers, golden retrievers, and keeshonds were overrepresented when compared with the normal hospital population. Corneal sensation was normal. Marked alterations in corneal innervation were identified in affected dogs with abnormal increased SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve plexuses identified surrounding the periphery of the epithelial defect. The SP content of epithelial cells surrounding the defect increased, whereas the tear SP content remained unchanged. Of the canine patients treated with SP, with or without IGF-1, 70% to 75% had complete healing of the defect.

CONCLUSIONS
This idiopathic spontaneous corneal disease in dogs shares clinical features with chronic epithelial defects in humans. The presence of marked alterations in peptidergic innervation and positive response to topical therapy with SP suggest that SP plays a critical role in corneal wound-healing processes.


This edited volume examines the reconstitution of the public security domain since the 9/11 attacks, focusing on the banking sector and anti-money laundering (AML) activity in particular.Since the inception of the 'Financial Action Taskforce' (FATF) in 1989, AML has been viewed as a global problem. This text argues that the securitization of the financial sector as a result of AML has entailed the emergence of a new public security domain, which transcends the classic public-private divide.The analysis in the volume is multidisciplinary and combines concepts and theories from the literature on securitization, the public-private divide, and business/management. The authors argue that the state is under transformation and that the developments in the security field are part of an ongoing renegotiation of the relationship between the state and the business sector. Securitization, Accountability and Risk Management therefore contributes to a deeper understanding of how the power relationships have changed between the public and the private sectors after 9/11.This interdisciplinary book will be of much interest to students of critical security, risk management, business studies, critical legal studies and IR in general.


As a result of liberalization, deregulated electricity markets were formed to provide affordable electricity for consumers through promoting competition. Although the new market is expected to serve this purpose, even the earliest deregulated electricity markets are prone to threats that may disrupt the competition. While the independent system operator, responsible for administering the electricity markets, aims to provide the consumer with the lowest possible electricity price, lack of competition may increase prices. We consider the effect of three major factors hand-in-hand on that may affect the level of competition in the market: the independent system operator's market-clearing mechanism as a strategic choice, strategic bidding behavior of generation companies and the transmission network.


. Recently a new Lagrangian framework was introduced to describe interactions between scalar fields and relativistic perfect fluids. This allows two consistent generalizations of coupled quintessence models: non-vanishing pressures and a new type of derivative interaction. The implications of these to the formation of cosmological large-scale structure are uncovered here at the linear order. The full perturbation equations in the two cases are derived in a unified formalism and their Newtonian, quasi-static limit is studied analytically. Requiring the absence of an effective sound speed term in the coupled dark matter fluid re-stricts the Lagrangian to be a linear function of the matter number density. This leaves new potentially viable classes of both algebraically and derivatively interacting models wherein the coupling may impact the background expansion dynamics and imprint new signatures into the large-scale structure.


Written by international and extraterritorial law scholars, the attached amicus brief was submitted in the U.S. v. Microsoft case. That case involves whether Congress, when it enacted the Stored Communications Act, intended to provide federal and local law enforcement authority to unilaterally seize the private email communications of foreign citizens stored abroad.
The amicus brief explains how the Charming Betsy canon and the law of extraterritoriality are part of a well-defined body of law the U.S. Supreme Court has developed for determining how American law applies abroad. These doctrines exist independently: one aims to avoid unsanctioned violations of international law. The other prevents the improper projection of American legal power beyond our borders. But they share much in common. Both rest on a properly restrained understanding of the judiciary's place in our constitutional order, under which the often-delicate issues of foreign affairs in lawmaking are properly reserved to Congress, not courts. And both are grounded on shared insights the Court has gained over time about Congress's approach to lawmaking: Its preference for "domestic, not foreign matters;" its respect for other nations' sovereignty; its regard for international law; its inclination toward international collaboration; and perhaps most importantly of all, its avoidance of international friction and strife — unless some overriding policy need compels congressional action despite the risk of such strife.
The brief explains why the Court should preserve the assumptions about extraterritoriality that the legislative and judicial branches have shared since the Republic's early days. These shared assumptions properly constrain law enforcement and other governmental actors. They also prevent the march of technological progress from introducing an extraterritorial creep into laws that Congress intended to remain domestically fixed. And they push the Executive to engage with Congress to address cross-border challenges, including transnational crime. It explains why the electronic seizure of electronic records physically located in another country is an exercise of extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction in violation of international law, and why the Court's extraterritoriality jurisprudence prohibits assuming, when no indication exists in the statute, that Congress authorized borderless law enforcement.


China's relations with Cuba in the first half of the 1960swhen the Sino-Soviet split was rapidly intensifyingwere important to both Beijing and Havana as well as to the world Communist movement. The Sino-Cuban relationship during this period moved from one of intimate comradeship to deterioration and finally a bitter separation. Although Fidel Castro's ties with Mao Zedong survived the immediate start of the Sino-Soviet rift, Castro's dependence on the Soviet Union ultimately doomed his courtship of China. Castro's vehemently anti-Chinese speech in March 1966 marked the end of Sino-Cuban amity. The Sino-Cuban case sheds valuable light on the tensions that bedeviled the international Communist movement after the Sino-Soviet divide flared to the surface.


Palladium is recognized as a technologically critical element (TCE) because of its massive use in automobile exhaust gas catalytic converters. The release of Pd into the environment in the form of nanoparticles of various size and chemical composition requires an understanding of their metabolism by leaving organisms. We provide here for the first time a chemical speciation insight into the identity of the ligands produced or used by a plant Sinapis alba L. exposed in hydropony to Pd nanoparticles and soluble Pd (nitrate). The analytical method developed was based on the concept of 2D HPLC with parallel inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS) and electrospray MS detection. Size exclusion chromatography - ICP MS of the plant extracts showed no difference between the speciation of Pd after the exposure to nanoparticles and after that to Pd2+ which indicated the reactivity and dissolution of Pd nanoparticles. A comparative investigation of the Pd speciation in a control plant extract spiked with Pd2+ and of an extract of a plant having metabolized palladium indicated the response of the Sinapis alba by the formation of a Pd-histidine complex. The complex was identified via Orbitrap MS; the HPLC-MS chromatogram produced two peaks at m/z 415.0341 each corresponding to a Pd-His2 complex. An investigation by ion-mobility MS revealed a difference in their collision cross section indicating that the complexes present varied in terms of spatial conformation. A number of other Pd complexes with different ligands (including nicotianamine) circulating in the plant were detected but these ligands were already observed in a control plant and their concentrations were not affected by the exposure to Pd.


ABSTRACT This qualitative study sought to understand how journalists' gatekeeping role, routines, and practices of communication work have been impacted by police use of social media such as Facebook. Semi-structured topical interviews were conducted with eleven broadcast newsroom staff. Overall, findings suggest that police use of Facebook has made newsroom routines easier in many cases, but it is also leading journalists away from gatekeeping and towards passivity and curation. In addition, findings suggest social media use by official sources is shifting gatekeeping power from journalists to police as departments are now able to gatecrash and circumvent the press.


This is the first book devoted entirely to the history of compound words in Spanish. Based on data obtained from Spanish dictionaries and databases of the past thousand years, it documents the evolution of the major compounding patterns of the language. It analyzes the structural, semantic, and orthographic features of each compound type, and also provides a description of its Latin antecedents, early attestations, and relative frequency and productivity over the centuries. The combination of qualitative and quantitative data shows that although most compound types have survived, they have undergone changes in word order and relative frequency. Moreover, the book shows that the evolution of compounding in Spanish may be accounted for by processes of language acquisition in children. This book, which includes all the data in chronological and alphabetical order, will be a valuable resource for morphologists, Romance linguists, and historical linguists more generally.


Considering the importance of nitrogen-rich heterocycles in drug discovery, a novel strategy towards heterocycle synthesis was envisioned using cyanamide chemistry. Synthesis which involve mild conditions, avoids multi-step sequence and non-toxic reagents are desirable for generation of large combinatorial libraries of drug molecules. We envisaged that the NCN linkage of the cyanamide as well as the concomitant use of the nucleo-and electrophilic centres of the cyanamide could provide a novel synthetic route towards nitrogen heterocycles.
The first part (Ch-2) constitute the bulk of the thesis and it focuses on the generation of cyanamide ion and its cyclisative capture with a 1,3-dipole – nitrile oxide in situ. The cycloadduct -1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-imine was obtained in good yields, which was further transformed into pharmacologically important cores like oxadiazolone and amidines. A library of the different heterocyclic cores was generated, which tolerated a wide variety of functional groups in good to excellent yields.
In the second part (Ch-3), we developed a novel protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,4-triazol-3-imine via a formal 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile imines and cyanamide ion. Further hydrolysis furnished with 1,2,4-triazol-3-one, which is an important core from medicinal chemistry point of view.
The concomitant generation and reaction of two reactive species- 1,3-dipoles and cyanamide ion was achieved in a single pot in situ to provide a route towards novel and pharmaceutically important heterocyclic cores. The present work provides a platform for the development of cyanamide derivatives as a 'single-reagent—diverse-scaffolds' strategy for time efficient library delivery of structurally diverse molecules.


Forest biomes are major reserves for terrestrial carbon, and major components of global primary productivity. The carbon balance of forests is determined by a number of component processes of carbon acquisition and carbon loss, and a small shift in the magnitude of these processes would have a large impact on the global carbon cycle. In this paper, we discuss the climatic influences on the carbon dynamics of boreal, temperate and tropical forests by presenting a new synthesis of micrometeorological, ecophysiological and forestry data, concentrating on three case-study sites. Historical changes in the carbon balance of each biome are also reviewed, and the evidence for a carbon sink in each forest biome and its likely behaviour under future global change are discussed. We conclude that there have been significant advances in determining the carbon balance of forests, but there are still critical uncertainties remaining, particularly in the behaviour of soil carbon stocks.