The collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent rapid shifts in economic, political, and social institutional arrangements – labeled here as a "regime change" – offer a unique opportunity to explore how patterns of social inequality vary across broader institutional contexts and over time. How the stratification order between different social groups has changed in the aftermath of the regime change in Russia is a central question I raise in this thesis. In contrast to prior research, I draw on a life-course perspective and address several rather untouched aspects of social inequalities in Soviet and post-Soviet societies and investigate them in terms of school-to-work and work-to-school transitions in the earlier and later life courses. Empirically, I employ powerful longitudinal data from the Education and Employment Survey for Russia (EES) linked to the Russian Gender and Generation Survey (GGS), which cover life trajectories in a timeframe between 1965 and 2005. Compared with previous studies, that data enable me to utilize a much larger observation window to scrutinize long-term consequence of the regime change in Russia. First, I tackle social inequality in terms of horizontal gender differences and vertical gender inequalities upon labor market entry. My findings reveal that despite proclaimed equality principles, the school-to-work transition was by no means gender-neutral in Soviet Russia, with women facing a net vertical disadvantage in job authority. This inequality has increased even more since the collapse of the Soviet Union, particularly due to worsening chances for female entrants. Second, I explore inequality of adult-educational opportunity due to initial educational level and occupational position. My results suggest that selective participation in adult education might lessen or exacerbate inequality of adult-educational opportunity depending on type of adult education and analyzed group of participants. Nonetheless, the collapse of the Soviet Union has contributed to inequality of adult-educational opportunity, thereby strengthening the exacerbation effects of adult education on social inequalities. Third, I investigate whether participation in adult education may improve career opportunities, thereby mitigating social inequalities that emerged in the earlier life course. My findings show that adult education either benefits all participants or those who are already advantaged. Overall, the results point to a mechanism of persistence or reinforcement of social inequalities. Furthermore, returns to adult education have decreased or been not offset since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Finally, throughout my thesis I put a particular focus on gender. Altogether, my findings unravel noteworthy gender inequalities arising in the initial career stages. These initial (dis-)advantages cumulate over men's and women's life courses, thereby contributing to overall social inequality in Russia, and specifically during the post-Soviet period. I conclude that the regime change was accompanied by a widening of pre-existing social distances and an effective amplification of the Russian society's stratification order. Jury: Dmitry Kurakin (Higher School of Economics), Klarita Gërxhani (EUI), Yuliya Kosyakova (candidate), Hans-Peter Blossfeld (EUI) (Supervisor), David Bills (Univ. Iowa)


The prohibition of women's speech at 1 Cor 14.34–5, in a letter which elsewhere presumes female prophetic activity, has intrigued scholars. Although some attempt to resolve this apparent inconsistency by interpreting the text as it stands, others resort to interpolation theories. Of the latter, the large majority employ only a few of the traditional text-critical criteria. For example, Hans Conzelmann relies solely on intrinsic probability to dismiss 1 Cor 14.33b–36 as a later insertion,2 despite the external evidence which recognizes no omission. Gordon Fee, a noted text critic, has recently examined this passage employing all the text-critical criteria. Surprisingly, Fee still considers vv. 34–5 an interpolation.


This monograph has as its objective to give a critical survey of the development of the theories concerning the essence, the function, and the most characteristic (determining) features of language, and to explore and evaluate the motive forces responsible for this development. The author explains mainly the progressive elements of the theoretical foundations and methodological procedures of different times and schools (trends), and places them in the process which presents the course of development of linguistic theory as an organic whole. He deals in detail with the foreign (mainly American) and Hungarian monographic publications based on so-called modern methodologies and, in the light of the facts of language, points out the theoretical (gnoseological, philosophical) errors which, of course, are errors from the point of view of general linguistics, too. He relies on a Marxist-based interpretation of the modern concept of natural and social law for the formulation of his own conception of linguistic law which includes also his own view of linguistics structures.


Objectives To examine relationships between fitness, physical activity and psychosocial problems among English secondary school pupils and to explore how components of physically active lifestyles are associated with mental health and well-being. Methods A total of 7385 participants aged 11–13 took a fitness test and completed self-reported measures of physical activity, attitudes to activity, psychosocial problems and self-esteem during the Fit to Study trial. Multilevel regression, which modelled school-level cluster effects, estimated relationships between activity, fitness and psychosocial problems; canonical correlation analysis (CCA) explored modes of covariation between active lifestyle and mental health variables. Models were adjusted for covariates of sex, free school meal status, age, and time and location of assessments. Results Higher fitness was linked with fewer internalising problems (β=−0.23; 95% CI −0.26 to −0.21; p<0.001). More activity was also related to fewer internalising symptoms (β=−0.24; 95% CI −0.27 to −0.20; p<0.001); the relationship between activity and internalising problems was significantly stronger for boys than for girls. Fitness and activity were also favourably related to externalising symptoms, with smaller effect sizes. One significant CCA mode, with a canonical correlation of 0.52 (p=0.001), was characterised high cross-loadings for positive attitudes to activity (0.46) and habitual activity (0.42) among lifestyle variables; and for physical and global self-esteem (0.47 and 0.42) among mental health variables. Conclusion Model-based and data-driven analysis methods indicate fitness as well as physical activity are linked to adolescent mental health. If effect direction is established, fitness monitoring could complement physical activity measurement when tracking public health.


Existing work on coherent photonic reservoir computing (PRC) mostly concentrates on single-wavelength solutions. In this paper, we discuss the opportunities and challenges related to exploiting the wavelength dimension in integrated photonic reservoir computing systems. Different strategies are presented to be able to process several wavelengths in parallel using the same readout. Additionally, we present multiwavelength training techniques that allow to increase the stable operating wavelength range by at least a factor of two. It is shown that a single-readout photonic reservoir system can perform with ≈0% BER on several WDM channels in parallel for bit-level tasks and nonlinear signal equalization. This even when taking manufacturing deviations and laser wavelength drift into account.


Octave-spanning, 12.5 fs, (1.9 cycle) pulses with 115 μJ energy in the short-wavelength mid-infrared spectral range (1-2.5 μm) have been generated via phase-mismatched cascaded nonlinear frequency conversion using organic DAST (4-N, N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methylstilbazolium tosylate) crystal. Such ultrafast cascading effect is ensured by the interaction of a pump pulse with the exceptionally large effective nonlinearity of the DAST crystal and experiencing nonresonant, strongly phase-mismatched, Kerr-like negative nonlinearity.


In previous studies, children immunized with a formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (FI-RSV) developed severe pulmonary disease with greater frequency than did controls during subsequent natural RSV infection. In earlier efforts to develop an animal model for this phenomenon, extensive pulmonary histopathology developed in FI-RSV-immunized cotton rats and mice subsequently challenged with RSV. In mice, depletion of CD4+ T cells at the time of RSV challenge completely abrogated this histopathology. Furthermore, the predominant cytokine mRNA present in lungs of FI-RSV-immunized mice during subsequent infection with RSV was that characteristically secreted by Th2 T cells, namely interleukin-4 (IL-4). In the present studies, we sought to determine the relative contributions of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 to the lymphocytic infiltration into the lungs observed following RSV challenge of mice previously immunized with FI-RSV. Mice previously immunized with FI-RSV or infected with RSV were depleted of IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, or IL-10 immediately before RSV challenge, and the magnitude of inflammatory cell infiltration around bronchioles and pulmonary blood vessels was quantified. The phenomenon of pulmonary-histopathology potentiation by FI-RSV was reproduced in the present study, thereby allowing us to investigate the effect of cytokine depletion on the process. Simultaneous depletion of both IL-4 and IL-10 completely abrogated pulmonary histopathology in FI-RSV-immunized mice. Depletion of IL-4 alone significantly reduced bronchiolar, though not perivascular, histopathology. Depletion of IL-10 alone had no effect. Depletion of IFN-gamma, IL-2, or both together had no effect on the observed histopathology. These data indicate that FI-RSV immunization primes for a Th2-, IL-4-, and IL-10-dependent inflammatory response to subsequent RSV infection. It is possible that this process played a role in enhanced disease observed in infants and children immunized with FI-RSV.


Semiconductor nanocrystals that show plasmonic resonance represent an emerging class of highly promising plasmonic materials with potential applications in diverse fields, such as sensing and optical and optoelectronic devices. We report a new approach to synthesizing homogeneous covellite CuS nanoplatelets in air and the almost complete disappearance of their plasmonic resonance once coupled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). These nanoplatelets were rapidly synthesized by a simple microwave-assisted approach at a relatively low reaction temperature in air, instead of under N2 as reported previously. These less severe synthesis conditions were enabled by appropriately selecting a Cu precursor and preparing a precursor sulfur solution (instead of using solid sulfur) and by using microwave radiation as the heat source. The advantages of utilizing microwave irradiation, including uniform and rapid heating, became clear after comparing the results of the synthesis with those achieved using a conventional oil-bath method under N2. The CuS nanoplatelets prepared in this way showed very strong plasmon resonance at c. 1160 nm as a result of their free charge carriers at the calculated density of nh = 1.5 × 10(22) cm(-3) based on the Drude model. With the aim of exploring their potential for near-infrared responsive optoelectronic devices, they were hybridized with functionalized MWCNTs. Their strong plasmon resonance almost completely disappeared on hybridization. Detailed investigations excluded the effect of possible structural changes in the CuS nanoplatelets during the hybridization process and a possible effect on the plasmon resonance arising from the chemical bonding of surface ligands. Charge transfer was considered to be the main reason for the almost complete disappearance of the plasmon resonance, which was further confirmed by terahertz (THz) time-domain spectrometry and THz time-resolved spectrometry measurements performed on the CuS-MWCNT nanohybrids. By extracting the rising and relaxation constants through fitting a single-exponential rising function and a bi-exponential relaxation function, in combination with the results of THz differential transmission as a function of the NIR pump fluence, it was found that hole injection changed the electronic properties of the MWCNTs only subtly on a short picosecond time scale, whereas the nature of the band structure of the MWCNTs remained largely unchanged. These findings aid our understanding of recently emerging semiconductor plasmonics and will also help in developing practical applications.


In this philosophical biography, Liel Leibovitz looks at what it is that makes musician/philosopher/poet Leonard Cohen an enduring international figure in the cultural imagination. Born into a Canadian religious Jewish family, for years a reclusive lyricist on the Greek island of Hydra, known for his bold political commentary, his devotion to Buddhist thought and his later despair over contemporary Zionism, Cohen hardly follows the rules of a conventional rock star. Yet the prophetic themes of his music, often filled with pessimism and apocalyptic visions, prove redemptive to an audience that spans generations, from those who listened in the 1960's to today. As Leonard Cohen requires, this is a passionate and personal evocation of a man who appeals to the inner spirit of his fervent followers


Mark Zuckerberg, founder and CEO of Facebook and owner of the virtual reality company Oculus, posted the following on Facebook on October 6, 2016: "Here's the crazy virtual reality demo I did live on stage at Oculus Connect today. The idea is that virtual reality puts people first. It's all about who you're with. Once you're in there, you can do anything you want together travel to Mars, play games, fight with swords, watch movies or teleport home to see your family. You have an environment where you can experience anything."Virtual Reality has become hyped in recent years, thanks especially to new hardware and software packages. However, this hype already existed in the 1990s, and it was being speculated that Virtual Reality would soon enter the classroom. Aaron Walsh founded the Immersive Education Initiative (http://immersiveeducation.org/) at universities where the possibilities of VR were being investigated (e.g., Virtual Harlem at the University of Arizona). But the technology didn"t manage to establish itself in the teaching/learning context. The Internet bandwidths were too low, the technical requirements for schools and university much too high. This has changed in recent years. The development of new, cheaper technologies as well as fast Internet connections have created the prerequisites for the use of virtual and augmented reality in the teaching/learning process. The aim of this article, following a general description and overview, is to consider Virtual and Augmented Reality in the teaching and learning context of schools and universities. Starting from the principles of learning and action theory according to Baumgartner and Kalz 2004, possible potential applications of VR/AR in the teaching/learning context are described and linked to the theoretical teaching/learning paradigm. The article concludes with a short summary.


PART OF THE NEW JONES & BARTLETT LEARNING INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY & ASSURANCE SERIES! Security Strategies in Web Applications and Social Networking provides a unique, in-depth look at how to secure mobile users as customer-facing information migrates from mainframe computers and application servers to Web-enabled applications. Written by an industry expert, this book provides a comprehensive explanation of the evolutionary changes that have occurred in computing, communications, and social networking and discusses how to secure systems against all the risks, threats, and vulnerabilities associated with Web-enabled applications accessible via the Internet. Using examples and exercises, this book incorporates hands-on activities to prepare readers to successfully secure Web-enabled applications.


We use the concept of intersectionality to explore the psychological meaning of social class and upward mobility in the lives African Americans. Throughout, we pay special attention to the context of education, a site which many Black Americans feel represents their best hope for upward mobility. Literature related to three themes is reviewed and discussed: (a) the history and significance of class divisions within the Black community, (b) experiences of educational institutions as entryways to upward mobility, and (c) the hidden costs of mobility. It is suggested that future research should address the intersection of gender with class and race, the relevance of class to racial identity, and the experience of downward mobility among Black Americans.


This paper presents the dynamic scaling technique (DST), a method for control in large environments that dramatically reduces the resources required to achieve highly accurate movements. The DST uses a low resolution representation of the environment to calculate an initial approximately optimal trajectory and refines the control signal as the target is neared. Simulation results are presented and the effect of representation resolution on accuracy and computational efficiency is analyzed.


This article sets out to synthesize the contribution of feminist economics to economic analysis by expounding, explaining and highlighting the functional role of domestic and care work. It notes the inadequacy of the treatment given to this subject over the years by the different schools of economics, before going on to set out just why this dimension is essential to an understanding of system functioning. It also deals with the conceptual, methodological and economic policy implications of incorporating this dimension of analysis, and with its relevance to the effort to carry forward an agenda that addresses the economic dimensions of gender inequity.


If you're in the business of marketing or developing products and programs for kids, "What Kids Buy and Why" belongs in your office. How can you create outstanding products and programs that will win in the marketplace and in the hearts of kids and parents? Dan S. Acuff and Robert H. Reiher have invented a development and marketing process called Youth Market Systems that puts the needs, abilities, and interests of kids first. This system makes sure you won't miss the mark whether you're trying to reach young children or teens, boys or girls, or whether you're selling toys, sports equipment, snacks, school supplies, or software. Based on the latest child development research, "What Kids Buy and Why" is chock-full of provocative information about the cognitive, emotional, and social needs of each age group. This book tells you among other things-- why 3-through-7-year-olds love things that transform, why 8-through-12-year-olds love to collect stuff, how the play patterns of boys and girls differ, and why kids of all ages love slapstick. "What Kids Buy and Why" is the result of Acuff and Reiher's almost twenty years of consulting with high-profile clients including Johnson & Johnson, Nike, Microsoft, Nestle, Tyco, Disney, Pepsi, Warner Brothers, LucasFilm, Amblin/Spielberg, Mattel, Hasbro, Kraft, Coca-Cola, Quaker Oats, General Mills, Broderbund, Bandai, Sega, ABC, CBS, I-HOP, Domino's, Hardee's, and Kellogg's. Special features include: an innovative matrix for speedy, accurate product analysis and program development a clear, step-by-step process for making decisions that increase your product's appeal to kids tools and techniques for creating characters that kids love Here is the complete one-stop tool for understanding what children of all ages want to buy.


Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs—the Iraqi Connection (2002), a film by the son of an Iraqi political exile living in Europe, was broadcast several times on prime-time television on the most popular Arab satellite television news channel, Al-Jazeera. As part of a budding new Arab cinema with an eye for accentuating a heterogeneous Arab identity, this émigré film was a turning point in its unequivocal focus on Jews as part of Arab national identity.With the creation of the state of Israel, allusion to Jews as part of the Arab social mosaic increasingly became a taboo in Arab cinema. While various Arab films occasionally challenged this taboo, particularly over the past thirty years, Forget Baghdad essentially brought forward an original approximation of the topic. It inadvertently entwined Arab émigrés (both Jewish and Muslim) from different Arab diasporas, analogous geographic origins, and multiple displacement fluxes.Through a collage of interviews, still photographs, old newspapers documents, and a rich array of archival film footage, Forget Baghdad interweaves a dialectic between three Arab diasporas. The first is that of four Arab Jews living with their families in Israel; the second is that of Ella Shohat, a film and cultural studies scholar of an Israeli Iraqi Arab origin who now lives in the United States; and the third is that of the filmmaker himself as the son of an Iraqi Arab Communist exiled in Europe.This essay looks at how the film takes a cinematic journey through various diasporas through time; through memory; through the relationship of the past, the present, and the future; through continuity and rupture; and through the personal to the historical. The essay then surveys how the intricate structure of the film, the circularity of its form, and the boldness of its syntax result in creating a cinematic disquisition about a heterogeneous Arab national identity tested in the homeland by arbitrary postcolonial border, ethnic, racial, and religious divides and reconciled in exile by the reality of alienation and displacement.


Many bankers, while gratified by high volumes and robust earnings from mortgage lending during the refinance boom, view 1994 with apprehension. A sustained rise in long-term interest rates could produce fewer lending opportunities, because refinancings will slow dramatically and purchase-money mortgages will likely decline. How can the local bank produce profits in this new environment? Three strategies Currently, competition is fierce for new business. In any given location, consumers have numerous borrowing options available to them. Among the major players are mortgage bankers, mortgage brokers, bank and nonbank correspondent lenders, local and out-of-market banks, thrifts, and even credit unions. In recent years, the market share of banks and thrifts has slipped (from 65% in 1990 to 51% in 1992). The main weapons used by competitors are rate, product features, processing speed, and service quality. When rates rise, competing firms will rapidly place themselves into one of three categories, depending on their response to the new environment: 1. Exiters--opportunistic firms who will leave the industry to pursue more attractive opportunities. 2. Downsizers--who will slash staff and operations to fit the new, lower, volumes. 3. Market Share Seekers--who will grow their business in a declining market. The challenge of the local bank will be to succeed as a market share seeker. Bank strengths Certain strengths and weaknesses tend to be prevalent in bank mortgage lending operations. First, the strengths. Over the years, banks have developed institutional qualities that have supported the success of the mortgage lending operation: a reputation for quality customer service; a long-term employee base; well-known local "brick and mortar" presence; an understanding of local real estate markets; local processing, closing, and loan servicing capabilities; an established customer base; community involvement; name recognition; and the ability and willingness to offer portfolioed mortgage products. Another natural advantage for banks in a higher rate environment is that they can offer adjustable-rate portfolio loans to consumers on favorable terms. Further, banks have the advantage of owning a customer base for whom they provide daily bank services, creating continuous selling opportunities. Bank weaknesses However, some banks have exhibited weaknesses that have partially contributed to their recent losses in market share. A representative list: reactive strategic plans; insufficient capital expenditures on newer product lines; (and thus) a limited product line; relatively few sources of loan originations; failure to make efforts to attract many customer segments; relatively high servicing costs; insufficient automation; poor profitability and productivity management systems; few options for selling loans; and a high degree of manual processing. Some banks struggle with setting a strategy for secondary market mortgage lending, only to settle for a passive, low-cost option, which results in only attracting a portion of the bank's customers interested in a limited product line. No effort is made to meet the demands of other customers shopping for innovative products or to compete aggressively for non-customers. While these banks avoid the capital expenditures a more aggressive effort would require, they have effectively abandoned the battlefield. Note that many banks have traditionally provided superior service to their customers. However, this service has been achieved at a high cost, particularly because routine procedures haven't been automated. Leveraging strengths Banks can add volume and increase profits by building on the positives they already have established. Here are three ways: * Leverage employees, Marshall the troops more effectively. …


The analysis in a therapeutic picture assumes an imperative part highlighting on operations as picture rebuilding, include extraction and protest acknowledgment. These operations may end up plainly chaotic if the pictures are debased with clamors. So formulating a proficient calculation for clamor evacuation is a vital and testing research range in nowadays even with plenteous existing de-noising calculation. Creating Image de-noising calculations is a bulky assignment since vital subtle elements in a therapeutic picture inserting symptomatic data ought not be destroyed while expelling the commotion. This paper proposes an altered de-noising approach for retinal Optical Tomography Images by fusing un-annihilated Wavelet Transform to the current piece coordinating three measurement calculation, which that its uses in The outcomes demonstrates that the de-noised picture utilizing adjusted BM3D(Block Matching three measurement) have an enhanced PSNR and visual quality when contrasted with the condition of craftsmanship BM3D calculation which in turns will help the specialists to finding the malady better.


We introduce a method for proving lower bounds on the efficacy of semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxations for combinatorial problems. In particular, we show that the cut, TSP, and stable set polytopes on n-vertex graphs are not the linear image of the feasible region of any SDP (i.e., any spectrahedron) of dimension less than 2nδ, for some constant δ > 0. This result yields the first super-polynomial lower bounds on the semidefinite extension complexity of any explicit family of polytopes. Our results follow from a general technique for proving lower bounds on the positive semidefinite rank of a matrix. To this end, we establish a close connection between arbitrary SDPs and those arising from the sum-of-squares SDP hierarchy. For approximating maximum constraint satisfaction problems, we prove that SDPs of polynomial-size are equivalent in power to those arising from degree-O(1) sum-of-squares relaxations. This result implies, for instance, that no family of polynomial-size SDP relaxations can achieve better than a 7/8-approximation for max-sat.


Given the significant literature supporting the use of curriculum-based measurement (CBM) for data-based decision making, it is critical that teacher candidates learn about it prior to student teaching and entry into the field as full-time teachers. The authors of this study used a content acquisition podcast (CAP), a multimedia-based instructional tool, to deliver information regarding CBM to teacher candidates. A second set of students received a practitioner-friendly text containing the same content as the CAP. Participants from three universities (N = 270) were randomly assigned to condition and completed pretest, posttest, and maintenance probes of CBM knowledge and ability to apply skill. In addition, participants completed a measure of motivation during their instruction. Results showed that participants who learned using the CAP scored significantly higher on the knowledge and application measures and reported being more motivated during instruction than peers in the text-only condition. The authors discuss implications for teacher education instruction and future research.


With an explosion in the proliferation of user-generated content in communities, information overload is increasing and quality of readily available online content is deteriorating. There is an increasing need for intelligent systems that make use of implicit user generated knowledge in communities for community engagement. We describe our approach based on modeling user utterances in communities to proactively target the community for exchange of questions and answers. We envision a system that automatically encourages user engagement and participation by routing relevant conversations to users based on individual and community activity levels. In this paper, we analyze health forum conversations from WebMD, a popular health portal consumer site, and classify them in different acts of speech using Verbal Response Modes (VRM) theory. We describe our approach for modeling an intelligent community recommender to engage participants based on observations from our analysis.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the use of a complex ecosystem model along with near real-time in situ data and a sequential data assimilation method for state estimation. The ecosystem model used is the European Re- gional Seas Ecosystem Model (ERSEM; Baretta et al., 1995) and the assimilation method chosen is the Ensemble Kalman Filer (EnKF). Previously, it has been shown that this method captures the nonlinear error evolution in time and is capa- ble of both tracking the observations and providing realistic error estimates for the estimated state. This system has been used to assimilate long time series of in situ chlorophyll taken from a data buoy in the Cretan Sea. The assimilation of this data using the EnKF method results in a marked improve- ment in the ability of ERSEM to hindcast chlorophyll. The sensitivity of this system to the type of data used for assimila- tion, the frequency of assimilation, ensemble size and model errors is discussed. The predictability window of the EnKF appears to be at least 2 days. This is an indication that the methodology might be suitable for future operational data assimilation systems using more complex three-dimensional models.


A chloride-based chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) process has been successfully used to grow very high quality 3C-SiC epitaxial layers on on-axis α-SiC substrates. An accurate process parameters study was performed testing the effect of temperature, in situ surface preparation, precursor ratios, nitrogen addition, and substrate polytype and polarity. The 3C layers deposited showed to be largely single-domain material of very high purity and of excellent electrical characteristics. A growth rate of up to 10 µm/h and a low background doping enable deposition of epitaxial layers suitable for MOSFET devices.


This article contributes to the understanding of relations between occulture and Decadence in Finnish art at the turn of the twentieth century, focussing on occulture and Decadence in the works of the Finnish artist Oscar Parviainen (1880–1938). The aim is to understand what are the relations between Parviainen's art, the Decadent art movement and occulture, and what are the aspects and cultural phenomena of his time that share similar lines of thought as Parviainen? In which ways did Parviainen address questions of higher truths about human existence, and what kind of role did they play in his thinking?


Introduction to Computational Modeling Using C and Open-Source Tools presents the fundamental principles of computational models from a computer science perspective. It explains how to implement these models using the C programming language. The software tools used in the book include the Gnu Scientific Library (GSL), which is a free software library of C functions, and the versatile, open-source GnuPlot for visualizing the data. All source files, shell scripts, and additional notes are located at science.kennesaw.edu/~jgarrido/comp_models The book first presents an overview of problem solving and the introductory concepts, principles, and development of computational models before covering the programming principles of the C programming language. The author then applies programming principles and basic numerical techniques, such as polynomial evaluation, regression, and other numerical methods, to implement computational models. He also discusses more advanced concepts needed for modeling dynamical systems and explains how to generate numerical solutions. The book concludes with the modeling of linear optimization problems. Emphasizing analytical skill development and problem solving, this book helps you understand how to reason about and conceptualize the problems, generate mathematical formulations, and computationally visualize and solve the problems. It provides you with the foundation to understand more advanced scientific computing, including parallel computing using MPI, grid computing, and other techniques in high-performance computing.


Abstract. As there usually exist widespread crack, decay, deformation and other damages in the wooden architectural heritage (WAH). It is of great significance to detect the damages automatically and rapidly in order to grasp the status for daily repairs. Traditional methods use artificial feature-driven point clouds and image processing technology for object detection. With the development of big data and GPU computing performance, data-driven deep learning technology has been widely used for monitoring WAH. Deep learning technology is more accurate, faster, and more robust than traditional methods.In this paper, we conducted a case study to detect timber-crack damages in WAH, and selected the YOLOv3 algorithm with DarkNet-53 as the backbone network in the deep learning technology according to the characteristics of the crack. A large timber-crack dataset was first constructed, based on which the timber-crack detection model was trained and tested. The results were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, showing that our proposed method was able to reach an accuracy of more than 90% through processing each image for less than 0.1s. The promising results illustrate the validity of our self-constructed dataset as well as the reliability of YOLOv3 algorithm for the crack detection of wooden heritage.


The Arctic net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 between the land surface and the atmosphere is influenced by the timing of snow onset and melt. The objective of this study was to examine whether uncertainty in model estimates of NEE could be reduced by representing the influence of snow on NEE using remote sensing observations of snow cover area (SCA). Observations of NEE and time-lapse images of SCA were collected over four locations at a low Arctic site (Daring Lake, NWT) in May–June 2010. Analysis of these observations indicated that SCA influences NEE, and that good agreement exists between SCA derived from time-lapse images, Landsat and MODIS. MODIS SCA was therefore incorporated into the vegetation photosynthesis respiration model (VPRM). VPRM was calibrated using observations collected in 2005 at Daring Lake. Estimates of NEE were then generated over Daring Lake and Ivotuk, Alaska (2004–2007) using VPRM formulations with and without explicit representations of the influence of SCA on respiration and/or photosynthesis. Model performance was assessed by comparing VPRM output against unfilled eddy covariance observations from Daring Lake and Ivotuk (2004–2007). The uncertainty in VPRM estimates of NEE was reduced when respiration was estimated as a function of air temperature when SCA ≤ 50% and as a function of soil temperature when SCA > 50%.


Purpose: This study analyzes work safety perceptions among workers and safety experts in the construction industry. Furthermore, we evaluate whether experiential learning—i.e., labor experience—and knowledge-enhancing practices—that we link to safety training—explain the differences in work safety perceptions of workers and safety experts by triggering different types of overconfidence biases. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed hypothesis are tested by applying ordered probit models on a unique dataset comprising information for 558 employees and 215 safety experts working in the Spanish construction sector. Findings: The results reveal that previous labor market experience has a significantly negative effect on perceived work safety, that is, risk awareness decreases with respect to labor experience. However, the findings indicate that differences in perceived work safety between workers and safety experts are not explained by previous labor experience. Furthermore, the results suggest that higher levels of safety training—which we link to the acquisition of codified knowledge—negatively impacts workers' safety perceptions, while this effect turns positive among safety experts. This result suggests that safety experts' perceived work safety is affected by overconfidence that results from their greater safety-specific training (over-precision bias). Originality/value: Work safety constitutes a relevant key performance indicator. The proposed analysis of the role of labor experience and safety training on perceived work safety in different types of employees contributes to better understand how organizations can improve the management of their workforce by triggering specific actions—such as the design of customized training programs—that may help in reducing the safety disconnect between employees, in terms of perceived work safety.


We present first-time-ever results of active seismic measurements on an ice shelf with a vibroseismic source. The measurements were conducted in the 2009/10 field season in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. A Failing Y-1100 on skis with a mass of 16 t was used on the Ekstromisen ice shelf where ice is about 100-200 m thick and overlies about the same amount of water. The goal was to investigate the feasibility of vibroseismic operations on a porous firn layer to image the internal structure of the ice and the underlying sediments as well as ice and water column thickness. In comparison with conventional explosive seismics, where explosives are detonated in 20-m deep boreholes, vibroseimics does not require any drilling and can thus be considered a true surface measurements. In combination with a snow streamer the vibroseismic operation would enable long seismic traverses in comparably short time periods. vibroseismics seems a promising site survey method for core drilling campaigns like the ANDRILL project but also to map the nature of the ice bed contact over long traverses. In addition to comparison with conventional explosive shots we also recorded the signals and the PALAOA observatory at two calibrated hydrophones underneath the ice shelf, which enables the determination absolute amplitudes and absorption.


The hydrogen charge time in metal hydride vessel (MHV) is strongly influenced by the heat transfer from hydride vessel. In this study, the effect of parameters such as reactor geometry and alloy characteristics on hydrogen charge procedure is studied experimentally. In the experimental setup two different types of hydride vessel are designed and manufactured. Both vessels have the same interior volume; the un-finned type vessel cooled with natural convection and the second one was manufactured with fins around the vessel. The temperature variations of the vessel at four locations were measured charging with a range of pressure from 2 to 8 bar. The finned vessel show the lowest temperature increase with the fastest charging time under all charging pressures investigated. The stored hydrogen mass was measured as 0.82, 0.94, 1.15 wt% on un-finned vessel and 0.91, 1.01, 1.24 wt% on finned vessel at 2, 6 and 10 bar respectively. The experimental results show that the charge time of the vessel is considerably reduced, when the used fins manufacture on vessel. Furthermore, the addition of Al to the LaNi5 alloys has caused to reduce the hydrogen charge time and decreased of the stored hydrogen mass. Keywords: Hydrogen storage, Metal hydride, Vessel design, charge pressure, LaNi4.75Al0.25


In this article, pain due to musculoskeletal disorders is often regularly ignored by the general public; however, it is one of the most significant reasons for weight to the general public as far as incapacity around the world. The present investigation is meant to evaluate the degree of torment in musculoskeletal issue through evidence-based research. Cold and compression are routinely applied or immediately after acute injury to help in relieving pain, and it will reduce swelling and speed functional recovery. Literature review is to describe the published clinical findings regarding combined cold and compression therapy in the management of pain in musculoskeletal disorders. Cold compression therapy provides better outcomes such as pain relief compared to alternative interventions. The efficacy of oxygen-compressed cold application in pain reduction in patients with musculoskeletal disorders was also studied. These observations have resulted in technological advances directed toward combining these modalities in an effort to effectively manage and prevent musculoskeletal injury and disorders. In this review, the scientific basis for thermal-based therapeutic modalities, both alone and in conjunction with soft-tissue massage and compression, will be discussed. Additionally, the advantages of the effective device for the treatment and prevention of pain among patients with musculoskeletal disorders will be considered.


To escape immune recognition in previously infected hosts, viruses evolve genetically in immunologically important regions. The host's immune system responds by generating new memory cells recognizing the mutated viral strains. Despite recent advances in data collection and analysis, it remains conceptually unclear how epidemiology, immune response, and evolutionary factors interact to produce the observed speed of evolution and the incidence of infection. Here we establish a general and simple relationship between long-term cross-immunity, genetic diversity, speed of evolution, and incidence. We develop an analytic method fusing the standard epidemiological susceptible-infected-recovered approach and the modern virus evolution theory. The model includes the factors of strain selection due to immune memory cells, random genetic drift, and clonal interference effects. We predict that the distribution of recovered individuals in memory serotypes creates a moving fitness landscape for the circulating strains which drives antigenic escape. The fitness slope (effective selection coefficient) is proportional to the reproductive number in the absence of immunity R0 and inversely proportional to the cross-immunity distance a, defined as the genetic distance of a virus strain from a previously infecting strain conferring 50% decrease in infection probability. Analysis predicts that the evolution rate increases linearly with the fitness slope and logarithmically with the genomic mutation rate and the host population size. Fitting our analytic model to data obtained for influenza A H3N2 and H1N1, we predict the annual infection incidence within a previously estimated range, (4-7)%, and the antigenic mutation rate of Ub = (5 − 8) ⋅ 10−4 per transmission event per genome. Our prediction of the cross-immunity distance of a = (14 − 15) aminoacid substitutions agrees with independent data for equine influenza.


Evaluation is usually an internalized process that is intrinsic to the activities of market actors. Producers evaluate what goods to produce, intermediaries such as distributors and retailers evaluate what goods to promote and stock, while consumers evaluate what goods to buy. In some cases, however, a secondary evaluation market controlled by an external evaluator can emerge as a de-facto gatekeeper exerting a powerful influence over the activities of market actors in the primary market. This article develops a conceptual model of external evaluation that describes: (i) the factors common to primary markets that are dominated by evaluation markets; (ii) the characteristics common to dominant evaluators and their evaluation markets; and (iii) the dynamic processes through which an evaluator can become entrenched in a position of dominance over other market actors. This conceptual model is illustrated through examples drawn from three dominant evaluators and the markets they dominate.


Many components and structures require protection against corrosion, oxidization, excessive heat and wear. This is achieved by applying various types of coatings on the component base material, hence providing the necessary protection and improving performance of aircraft systems. For example, the application of the thermal barrier coatings (TBC), in the last decade, on the aircraft turbine blades, vanes and combustors brought up a substantial increase in the aircraft engine efficiency and reduction of NOx. Coatings are produced using various deposition techniques of which, thermal spraying technologies play a significant role. This paper presents a thermal spraying system developed on the principles of the High Velocity Air Flame (HVAF) process, as well as the results of thermal spraying of various materials, such as Zn-Al alloys, 316L stainless steel and WC-Co carbide powders. The anticorrosion Zn-Al coatings sprayed with the HVAF system showed considerably higher bond strength than coatings obtained by the conventional methods, indicating the advantage of this method in areas where the adhesion strength is critically important. The highly dense structure of the coating obtained with HVAF eliminates a need for a top paint coat for anticorrosion protection, which is typically applied on metal sprayed coatings to extend service life. The developed HVAF system produced high quality coatings of 316L stainless steel and WC-Co carbides as shown by the coating analysis and test results. In addition, the developed HVAF thermal spray system provides competitive spray rates, high deposition efficiency, and the process can be easily performed on-site. Lower operating costs of the HVAF process, in comparison with other high velocity systems, make this technology viable for anticorrosion protection and wear


Along with the evolution of cloud computing and cloud storage towards matu-
rity, researchers have analyzed an increasing range of cloud computing security
aspects, data security being an important topic in this area. In this paper, we
examine the state of the art in cloud storage security through an overview of
selected peer reviewed publications. We address the question of defining cloud
storage security and its different aspects, as well as enumerate the main vec-
tors of attack on cloud storage. The reviewed papers present techniques for key
management and controlled disclosure of encrypted data in cloud storage, while
novel ideas regarding secure operations on encrypted data and methods for pro-
tection of data in fully virtualized environments provide a glimpse of the toolbox
available for securing cloud storage. Finally, new challenges such as emergent
government regulation call for solutions to problems that did not receive enough
attention in earlier stages of cloud computing, such as for example geographical
location of data. The methods presented in the papers selected for this review
represent only a small fraction of the wide research effort within cloud storage
security. Nevertheless, they serve as an indication of the diversity of problems
that are being addressed.


The seventh book in ASTD's E-Learning Series will help you build a powerful implementation and marketing strategy for your e-learning program. This book will show you how to think like a marketing and change management professional by generating awareness for your e-learning brand; position well designed e-learning for maximum effect; develop and implement an effective two-way communication plan; and get your organization ready to accept e-learning. This book is a guide that will enable you to successfully implement e-learning by applying proven techniques from change management and consumer marketing with the ultimate goal of real business results for your organization.


Despite being a critical environmental problem, soil pollution is not usually considered as a relevant issue by the general public. This disinterest derives from traditional procedures to assess soil pollution that are quite complex and costly, not considering any form of citizen involvement. Seeking to challenge this situation, the project "Nuestros Suelos" (Our Soil) aimed at designing and testing a low-cost participative soil pollution assessment toolkit. The final prototype included several participative modules, going from an assessment of the history of local soils to measuring heavy metals such as Arsenic and Copper. Tested with low-income communities in northern Chile, the toolkit was able not only to produce multiple kinds of data but also a public that started to understand and care about the issue. Abstract


Normative time is disciplined through what Freeman calls chrononormativity, and this disciplining is particularly evident in the experiences of disabled children. Despite the constant regimenting of the present reality for disabled children in time, they are essentially denied a future, the future generally being figured without people with disabilities. Exploring Munoz's critiques of Edelman, we emphasize the importance of futurity for children with disabilities, particularly one which they get to construct themselves rather than being constructed for them. We turn to Foucault's discussion of the Ship of Fools in order to begin to imagine an alternative, queer time that is "steered" by children (and adults) with disabilities towards their own ends and goals.


This article uses primary sources to evaluate how Harold Pinter's screenwriting for the film The Quiller Memorandum (1966) operated in the business context of film production in Britain. In the mid-1960s, British cinema both claimed forms of national distinctiveness and also sought internationalization by drawing on financial and creative resources from both continental Europe and the USA. The Pinter 'brand', choices of cast and production personnel, and links with the ascendant spy genre of the period are argued to be aspects of a business risk reduction strategy, mitigating against such risks as working on location in Berlin and expectations set from a distance by US investors, leading to the constant requirement for budgetary management during production. These forces can be regarded as interactions between the film production company as an entrepreneurial organization, the contingent role of brands as repositories of value, and the relatively stable structures of corporate investment by large firms like Rank in the UK and National General Productions in the USA. The article draws on materials in the British Library's Pinter Archive and the Film Finances Archive.


Social insurance in the United States-including the Social Security Act of 1935 and the Medicare, Medicaid, and disability insurance programs that were added later-may be the greatest triumph of American domestic policy. But true security has not been achieved. As Michael J. Graetz and Jerry L. Mashaw show in this pathbreaking book, the nation's system of social insurance is riddled with gaps, inefficiencies, and inequities. Even the most popular and successful programs, Medicare and Social Security, face serious financial challenges from the coming retirement of the baby boom generation and the aging of the population. This book challenges the notion that American social insurance must remain inadequate, unaffordable, or both. In sharp contrast to policymakers and analysts who debate only one income security program at a time, Graetz and Mashaw examine social insurance whole to assess its crucial role in providing economic security in a dynamic market economy. They recognize that, notwithstanding a proper emphasis on individual freedom and responsibility, Americans share a common fate that binds them together in a common enterprise. The authors offer us a new vision of the social insurance contract and concrete proposals to make the nation's families more secure without increasing costs.


Boyd's new book, The Right to a Healthy Environment, attempts to prove that Canadians would benefit if they amended their constitution to recognize the right to a healthy environment. Throughout this work, he emphasizes the general benefits of recognizing environmental rights as human rights and the positive impact recognizing these rights in the Canadian constitution would have on the lives of Canadian citizens. He examines the gradual domestic emergence of environmental rights both in Canadian law and from a global perspective. By including both viewpoints, Boyd attempts to identify the complexities and intricate questions that arise regarding various environmental issues both at local and global levels. He asserts that the environmental rights of today will affect future generations and encourages Canadians to think of what they will be passing on to their children.


The study of the retail gasoline market is of great interest in financial economics, since it allows many theories about price formation, oligopolistic markets, and consumer search to be tested. In addition, the risk management of gasoline prices is an important instance of the management of any consumable commodity cost. For the retailer, the tool of dynamic pricing may be found to be useful. This thesis contributes to the study of retail gasoline markets in three main ways, each in its own paper. The first paper tests various economic models to confirm earlier results about pricing behavior in retail gasoline markets and the setting of optimal pricing strategies. The second paper presents optimal refueling strategies, analysis of optimal swap contracts. It also proposes and analyzes a price guarantee "gasoline option" based on loyalty programs and financial swap structures. The final paper presents optimal refueling strategies using empirical data, and compares the value obtained using a simulated approach with the value using an empirical approach.


Synodus orientalis, a new lizardfish (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) from Taiwan and Japan, with correction of the Asian records of S. lobeli. Zoological Studies 47(5): 657-662. The lizardfish Synodus orientalis is described as a new species from a specimen 205.5 mm in standard length (SL) taken at a depth of 80 m off southwestern Taiwan and one 233.6 mm SL, from 140 m in the Ogasawara Is., Japan, both previously misidentified as S. lobeli Waples and Randall, type locality Hawaii. Synodus orientalis differs from S. lobeli in a larger size (largest of 33 specimens of S. lobeli, 121 mm SL, including a fully mature female, 76 mm SL), 13 instead of 10 or 11 peritoneal spots, 39 or 40 instead of 18-22 gill rakers on the ceratobranchial of the 1st gill arch, and in color. The range of S. lobeli is extended to the Marshall Is, and Ogasawara Is., the latter locality by 2 specimens, 68-69 mm SL, first reported as Synodus sp. in a checklist of the shore fishes of the Ogasawara Is. The specimens of S. lobeli from the 3 known localities were collected at depths of 2.5-32 m.


A state is said to be politically viable only when its territory and humanity are organized together, as a single unit in terms of a particular, distinctive idea, i.e. the 'state-idea' which justifies the existence of the particular state incorporating the diverse regions into it; the state must have a raison d'etre-reason for existence. Viability is a measure of the effectiveness with which a state can be administered to fulfill the purposes to which the state was created. Each state, on being created, is required to formulate a set of purposes to which its citizenry must adhere, or can subscribe, which commands widespread support in the state, and is different from the purposes formulated by other states. Such a statement of purposes, with which the citizenry of the state can identify itself, constitutes the 'stateidea'. It is the 'state-idea' that keep the state geopolitically organized, and resists the centrifugal forces, or the forces of disintegration to become active to cause geopolitically disintegration of the state. The present paper aims to study the level of political viability of the South Asian States, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim and Sri-Lanka, in terms of the fulfillment of the purposes, for which they were created. It, also, studies their raison d'etre. The paper examines this aspect of the viability, in politico-geographical context, and


What determines partisan portfolio allocation in African democracies? Despite the vast literature on government formation in Europe and Latin America, there have been no studies of partisan portfolio allocation in Africa. Although coalition governments are increasingly common in Africa, most studies focus on national leaders, and, thus, we know little about how ministerial posts are divided among cabinet parties. Using an original dataset of coalition governments in Africa from 1990 to 2014, we show that existing theories of partisan portfolio allocation can be successfully applied to African democracies. We find that African parties receive ministerial portfolios in rough proportion to their size, that formateur parties in Africa receive more ministerial portfolios than their European counterparts, and that the "formateur bonus" is greater in Africa's presidential democracies than in its parliamentary ones. Our analyses suggest that scholars can benefit from paying more attention to both coalition governments and legislatures in their analyses of African politics.


In this paper, we study problems related to supporting unicast and multicast connections with quality of service (QoS) requirements. We investigate the problem of optimal routing and resource allocation in the context of performance dependent costs. In this context, each network element can offer several QoS guarantees, each associated with a different cost. This is a natural extension to the commonly used bi-criteria model, where each link is associated with a single delay and a single cost. This framework is simple yet strong enough to model many practical interesting networking problems. An important problems in this framework is finding a good path for a connection that minimizes the cost while retaining the end-to-end delay requirement. Once such a path (or a tree, in the multicast case) is found, one needs to partition the end-to-end QoS requirements among the links of the path (tree). We consider the case of general integer cost functions (where delays and cost are integers). As the related problem is NP complete, we concentrate on finding efficient epsiv-approximation solutions. We improve on recent previous results by Erguumln Lorenz and Orda, and Raz and Shavitt, both in terms of generality as well as in terms of complexity of the solution. In particular, we present novel approximation techniques that yield the best known complexity for the unicast QoS routing problem, and the first approximation algorithm for the QoS partition problem on trees, both for the centralized and distributed cases


Low temperature fluids of diverse origin are widely believed to have played a dominant role in the formation of both primary kaolin and iron vein deposits in S.W. England. Most workers believe that dilute, low temperature fluids of dominantly meteoric origin were responsible for the extensive kaolinization of the Comubian batholith. Recent fluid inclusion studies undertaken at Goonbarrow china clay pit by Bray (1980) suggest however, that kaolinization was linked to the infiltration of a hot (400-450[degrees]C), low density vapour phase. Some uncertainty exists therefore, as to the precise nature and origin of the kaolinizing fluids at this locality. In order to investigate these aspects and additionally ascertain how kaolinizing fluids were able to pervasively infiltrate the Comubian granites, detailed petrographic, fluid inclusion and microstructural studies have been undertaken at Goonbarrow during the current study.
In the St. Austell region of S. W. England kaolinization is spatially associated with iron vein mineralization. This spatial relationship is noted on two markedly different scales. On a pit scale, "economic" kaolinization is frequently spatially coincident with quartz-haematite-amethyst) veins exhibiting "epithermal" type textures. On a regional scale, larger analogues of these veins, known locally as iron lodes, are disposed about the extensively kaolinized St. Austell granite. This recurrently observed spatial association between kaolinization and iron-bearing veins has led several workers (Hawkes, 1974; Jackson et al., 1989; Bristow, 1989) to speculate that Fe-mineralization and argillic alteration were genetically linked. To investigate this potential link, detailed petrographic, fluid inclusion, D-ICP, stable isotope and bulk geochemical analyses have additionally been undertaken on both vein and lode samples.
In contrast to the previous findings of Bray, studies of secondary fluid inclusions in granite quartz from Goonbarrow, indicate that kaolinization was associated with the influx of large volumes of dilute, low temperature fluids (Th usually <200[degrees]C, salinity <5 wt% NaCl eq.). The phenomenal abundance of low temperature, secondary inclusions in granite samples suggests that kaolinizing fluids utilised an extensive micro fracture network to pervasively infiltrate the granite. Combined fluid inclusion-microstructural studies indicate that this microfracture network developed during at least two distinct episodes of microfissuring.
Two distinct primary fluids have been distinguished in both vein and lode samples from S.W. England; (1) an early, dilute, moderate to low temperature fluid that is thought to represent heated meteoric fluids and (2) a younger, saline, low temperature Ca-enriched fluid that is thought to represent trapping of a basinal brine. The latter fluids are thought to have been tapped from compacting offshore sedimentary basins via major NW-SE oriented wrench faults. The currently available data suggests that basinal brines were the most likely iron mineralizing fluids, negating the speculated genetic link between kaolinization and iron mineralization. The source of the iron is uncertain, but geological considerations suggest it was probably derived from red-bed sequences within the flanking sedimentary basins. Mixing between the iron enriched basinal brines and dilute groundwaters at structural intersections is inferred to have been the trigger for iron precipitation in S.W. England.


It is shown from basic principles that the core modes of an air-core photonic-bandgap fiber (PBF) exhibit similar qualitative and quantitative behavior as the linearly polarized (LP) modes of an equivalent conventional fiber whose step-index profile is entirely determined by the band edges of the PBF. This analogy leads to the concept of effective numerical aperture (NA), which is used to provide an intuitive interpretation of the qualitative behavior of PBF modes. By using this equivalence, several key properties, including the number of modes, their cutoff, effective index, size, and divergence, and the dependence of these quantities on the PBF core and cladding parameters, can be predicted approximately by simulating the LP modes of the equivalent step-index fiber using standard LP-mode simulators or well-known formula. Besides providing a convenient tool to model the modes of a PBF, this analogy gives new physical insight into the fundamental characteristics of these complex waveguides.


Himawari-8/9 –a new generation of Japanese geostationary meteorological satellites–carry state-of-the-art optical sensors with significantly higher radiometric, spectral, and spatial resolution than those previously available in the geostationary orbit. They have 16 observation bands, and their spatial resolution is 0.5 or 1 km for visible and near-infrared bands and 2 km for infrared bands. These advantages, when combined with shortened revisit times (around 10 min for Full Disk and 2.5 min for sectored regions), provide new levels of capacity for the identification and tracking of rapidly changing weather phenomena and for the derivation of quantitative products. For example, fundamental cloud product is retrieved from observation data of Himawari-8 operationally. Based on the fundamental cloud product, Clear Sky Radiance and Atmospheric Motion Vector are processed for numerical weather prediction, and volcanic ash product and Aeolian dust product are created for disaster watching and environmental monitoring. Imageries from the satellites are distributed and disseminated to users via multiple paths, including Internet cloud services and communication satellite services.


Learning-based binary hashing has become a powerful paradigm for fast search and retrieval in massive databases. However, due to the requirement of discrete outputs for the hash functions, learning such functions is known to be very challenging. In addition, the objective functions adopted by existing hashing techniques are mostly chosen heuristically. In this paper, we propose a novel generative approach to learn hash functions through Minimum Description Length principle such that the learned hash codes maximally compress the dataset and can also be used to regenerate the inputs. We also develop an efficient learning algorithm based on the stochastic distributional gradient, which avoids the notorious difficulty caused by binary output constraints, to jointly optimize the parameters of the hash function and the associated generative model. Extensive experiments on a variety of large-scale datasets show that the proposed method achieves better retrieval results than the existing state-of-the-art methods.


We examine how executives' ambivalent evaluation of a strategic issue relates to organizational actions taken in response. Ambivalence occurs when a decision maker evaluates an issue as simultaneously positive and negative, a state that has received scant attention in organizational research. We integrate findings in social psychology with the behavioral theory of the firm to suggest how executives' ambivalence prompts wider and more vigorous search for action responses and enables broader participation. Data from a two-wave survey of 104 German CEOs who evaluated the enlargement of the European Union in 2004 and reported their organizations' responses show that organizations whose CEOs evaluated the event as both positive and negative were more likely to take action when both evaluations were also strongly held. The reported actions were also of greater scope, novelty, and riskiness. The study contributes to research on organizational decision making by theorizing the role of top executives' ambivalence and by providing a first systematic test of how ambivalence affects responses to strategic issues.


Background : Few studies have compared anthropometric characteristics among national class athletes from different resistance training disciplines, such as Olympic Weightlifting (OL), Power Lifting (PL), and Bodybuilding (BB).
Objective : The purpose of the current study was to determine if significant differences exist in the relationship between thigh muscle cross-sectional area and back squat strength among national class athletes from the sports of OL, PL, and BB.
Methods : Fifteen national class athletes were assessed for back squat strength, mid-thigh circumference, and mid-thigh skinfold from which total thigh cross-sectional was estimated. A series of One-Way ANOVAs and Pearson Product Moment Correlations were used to compare groups and assess the relationship between variables.
Results : The OL (200.18 + 25.16kg) and PL (205.45 + 17.28kg) groups were significantly stronger than the BB (160 + 16.80 kg; p < 0.05) group. However, mid-thigh skinfold thickness (p = 0.36), mid-thigh circumference (p = 0.87), and estimated thigh cross-sectional area (p = 0.34) were not significantly different between groups. Thigh muscle cross-sectional area was weakly correlated to back squat strength in the OL (r = .42) and PL (r = .12) groups, but moderately correlated in the BB (r = .70) group.
Conclusion : Thigh cross-sectional area was of relatively minor importance in determining back squat strength for the OL and PL groups, despite these groups being significantly stronger than the BB group. Specific training protocols will elicit different outcomes with regard to muscular hypertrophy that may or may not contribute to a functional increase in back squat strength.


Conveying scientific information with high intrinsic cognitive load to students is a challenge. Often, students do not have the existing schema to incorporate the information in a comprehensive manner. One method that has shown promise is storytelling. Storytelling has been successfully used to convey public health information to non-experts. Therefore, it was of interest to determine whether storytelling could be used in the classroom to present information with high intrinsic load to students in a meaningful manner. This study used a post-test only quasi-experimental study design to explore the utility of storytelling as an instructional strategy in anatomy and physiology classes at a community college. Students in the treatment group received instruction that used storytelling to present examples of application. Both control and experimental groups were assessed through the use of a proximal formative quiz, distal multiple-choice questions, and a novel critical thinking exercise administered after the instruction. Results suggest that storytelling was as effective as the instructional methods delivered to the control group. These findings suggest that storytelling may be used as a means to convey complex scientific information in the classroom.


A great deal of literature by and about Muslim immigrants has been written during the last decade; these texts constitute a growing field of interest and inquiry. This is undoubtedly a result of a cultural climate that hungers for insight into Muslim communities and Islam. Because Islam is currently still considered foreign to America, much of the literature can be considered immigrant fiction. It is no surprise, then, that Muslim fiction tends to adhere to the general narrative trends of other immigrant writings: to establish a coherent identity characters must negotiate the difference between the "old" world and the "new" one. Generally, authors choose between depictions of assimilation, acculturation, or cultural hybridity. This negotiation is of course influenced by cultural climate. Narratives that espouse retaining difference and cultural exchange do not work well when the cultural climate requires that the audience be unified against a common enemy. In these situations, narratives that present a trajectory of assimilation are more acceptable because assimilation, in these situations, is related to allegiances. The current anti-Islam/anti-Muslim political and cultural climate in America complicates the choice between expressing Muslim otherness and assimilating. Furthermore, since Islam is considered foreign, Muslim writers are left with very few choices in terms of content. The current trends in fiction about immigrant Muslims seem to fall into two categories: fiction that focuses on culture and assimilation, rather than religion, and fiction that focuses on the oppressive nature of religion and assimilation. (1) In either case, readers witness the opposition of the old world and the new. When the literature focuses on religion, religion is treated as a culture that needs to be left behind because it does not correlate with being American. When Islam is considered solely a cultural affiliation, narratives of immigration become bifurcated along gender lines. Immigrant narratives that focus on religion have the potential to follow the same patterns as normative immigration novels. However, when Muslim women are placed at the center of these oppositions, the patterns are revised. The oppositions become stauncher--and the divisions between "us and them" are relied upon more heavily. Islam becomes the religion of the "other" and the culture from which women need to be liberated. In these narratives, women are held accountable for both religious and cultural traditions of the old country. This trend correlates with many immigrant stories (fictional and real) because women are often "assigned the role of bearers of cultural values, carriers of traditions, and symbols of the community" (Moghadam 4), meaning that women are often "compelled to assume the burden of the reproduction of the group" (Moghadam, qtd. in Kopp 69). But when Islam is conflated with cultural practices and is seen as oppressive, the female protagonists must consider compromising both religion and culture to incorporate themselves into American society. However, immigrant narratives by Muslim women who choose to veil fall in a different category because their bodies cannot escape being marked as other and they, therefore, cannot reach the endpoint of being fully incorporated into American society. In these texts, women who wear hijab, by virtue of their adherence to a practice that is clearly not American, can never construct a narrative in which comfortable assimilation is the denouement. As a result, immigrant Muslim women who veil must create a new genre that defies the demands American culture places on conformity. This article focuses on the image of the veil as the "most visible marker of [difference]" (Ahmed 152) between veiled Muslim women and the "Western" world. As Leila Ahmed writes, "Veiling--to Western eyes ... became the symbol now of both the oppression of women (or, in the language of the day, Islam's degradation of women) and the backwardness of Islam" (152). …


The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) belongs to Family B1 of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, and its natural agonist ligand is the peptide hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is involved in glucose homeostasis, and activation of GLP-1R in the plasma membrane of pancreatic β-cells potentiates glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The N-terminal extracellular domain (nGLP-1R) is an important ligand binding domain that binds GLP-1 and the homologous peptide Exendin-4 with differential affinity. Exendin-4 has a C-terminal extension of nine amino acid residues known as the "Trp cage", which is absent in GLP-1. The Trp cage was believed to interact with nGLP-1R and thereby explain the superior affinity of Exendin-4. However, the molecular details that govern ligand binding and specificity of nGLP-1R remain undefined. Here we report the crystal structure of human nGLP-1R in complex with the antagonist Exendin-4(9–39) solved by the multiwavelength anomalous dispersion method to 2.2Å resolution. The structure reveals that Exendin-4(9–39) is an amphipathic α-helix forming both hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with nGLP-1R. The Trp cage of Exendin-4 is not involved in binding to nGLP-1R. The hydrophobic binding site of nGLP-1R is defined by discontinuous segments including primarily a well defined α-helix in the N terminus of nGLP-1R and a loop between two antiparallel β-strands. The structure provides for the first time detailed molecular insight into ligand binding of the human GLP-1 receptor, an established target for treatment of type 2 diabetes.


A close look at Elgin analysis shows that science has been unable to get beyond the three-fold archetype (receiving, sending, and middle-term), and it is this archetype that hints at Elgin`s conclusion. Elgin gives the false impression that most scientists will welcome his conclusion (or rediscovery). No, only some will have the level of maturity to find something significant in Elgin`s work. Many will accuse Elgin of being pseudo-scientific, but they are wrong. True, Elgin`s account is less about science as it is known traditionally, but his interpretation of the evidence is the correct one (in my view). Elgin presents a philosophical and spiritual treatment that recognizes the scientific evidence that is found beholding to the three-fold archetype. And this is not to say that all presented evidence is valid enough to give its support to Elgin`s thesis. For example, Elgin (page 103) mentions sting theory: "the particle nature of matter gives way to unimaginably small, vibrating loops of non-material strings." But string theory remains a wild speculation, and it adds little value to Elgin`s worthy insights. You can find this book at Amazon: The Living Universe: Where Are We? Who Are We? Where Are We Going?


A digital computer was programed to calculate the concentrations required to produce a given transparent color by mixing soluble dyes. The computation is based on Beer's law calculations at 65 wavelengths across the visible spectrum. The color to be formulated is specified in terms of CIE tristimulus values derived from instrumental measurement. The computer formulation technique was tested by making up to computed formulas a series of mixtures of dyes in a solvent and in an acrylic resin. The correspondence was good between the measured colors of the mixtures and those for which the formulations were calculated, as indicated by color differences averaging about 1 NBS unit (Adams chromatic value formula, normalized as in ASTM Method D 1482-57T).


This research was about a noise and hopefully gives a valuable input for determining the appropriate policy functioned as consideration to determine the line of street edge.
This research was conducted in PT. Dwipa Indonesia KaryaGupta located on
5 kilometers of. Kaligawe street Semarang (155 m from three junction, there was en entrance to the Terboyo bus station). The front fence was made of wall distant in 21,6 m from the edge of Kaligawe Street Semarang and its height is 2,6 m. Near the company, there wais Sultan Agung High School, which is located on Kaligawe Km 4 Semarang (720 m from the entrance to Terboyo bus station). The fence of the school was made of BRC, which its height is 1,2 and assumed not to influence on the measure of noise level. In other words, there is no barrier.
The application of double regression linear equation shows that the noise level wais not only influenced by vehicles traffic, vehicle velocity or wind velocity, but also influenced by other factors. In the equation, it was seen that the constant number derived was back round noise value in case that in the location there was no vehicle passing.
The variables that influence much on the noise level are heavy vehicles (HV) 80,30 dBA; it was followed by the variable of wind velocity (VA) 79,51 dBA; vehicles velocity (VK) 75,68 dBA; light vehicles (LV) 72,94 dBA and motorcycle (MC) 69,74 dBA.
To find out distance (X m) in accordance to the noise level (Y dBA) respectively, the equations bellow are used:
The no barrier one uses the following equation:
Y = 78,67 e4.`""
The barrier one uses the following equation:
Y = 71,33 e-0.0044"
The analysis shows that from the distance of 26 m from the edge of Kaligawe street, the noise level under 70 dBA was 69.98 dBA. Meanwhile, from the distance of 80 m from the edge of Kaligawe street, the noise level under 55 dBA was 54,89 dBA.
By using the wall barrier height in 2,6 m, it was shown that from the distance of 5 m from the edge of Kaligawe street, the noise level under 70 dBA was 69.78 dBA. Meanwhile, from the distance of 60 m from the edge of Kaligawe street. the noise level under 55 dBA was 54,78 dBA.


The past decade witnessed major strides in our understanding and treatment of affective disorders in adults, children and adolescents. One of the baffling problems in child and adolescent psychiatry was the question of psychiatric illness spanning a lifetime. The existence of depressive disorders in prepubertal children has been generally recognized and acknowledged since the 1960s; however, only in the last decade did evidence become available that supports the notion that depression in different ages represents the same entity, albeit manifesting different clinical symptoms in each developmental period (Cytryn and others 1986).


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate societal costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) of treatment strategies for patients with recent-onset active rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS
Patients (n = 508) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment strategy groups: sequential monotherapy, step-up combination therapy, initial combination therapy with prednisone, or initial combination therapy with infliximab. For 2 years, patients reported cost and utility measures.

RESULTS
Average QALYs (ideally 2.00) for groups 1-4 were 1.29, 1.31, 1.32, and 1.41, respectively, for the British EuroQol (P <or= 0.05 for group 4 versus groups 1-3); 1.41, 1.43, 1.44, and 1.52, respectively, for the Dutch EuroQol (P <or= 0.05 for group 4 versus groups 1-3); and 1.38, 1.38, 1.39, and 1.44, respectively, for the Short Form 6D (P <or= 0.05 for group 4 versus groups 1-3). The Time Trade-Off showed no significant differences. In the primary analysis, using the friction cost method to value productivity, the cost-utility ratio for group 4 against the next best alternative was estimated at euro 130,000 (95% confidence interval euro 27,000, euro 3,000,000) per QALY. Using the human capital method, the value of sustained productivity in group 4 largely compensated for the extra medication costs.

CONCLUSION
Initial combination therapy with infliximab for patients with recent-onset active RA resulted in significantly better quality of life than other strategies. Using the friction cost method, costs to achieve this improvement are generally considered too high, and initial combination therapy with prednisone should be preferred. However, depending on the extent to which productivity is valued, infliximab costs could be largely compensated for by savings on productivity. Since patterns of infliximab use had not yet stabilized after 2 years, longer followup may change the economic conclusions.


This paper draws attention to a subtle, but concerning, empirical challenge common in panel data models that seek to estimate the relationship between student transfers and district academic performance. Specifically, if such models have a dynamic element, and if the estimator controls for unobserved traits by including district-level effects, then model validity does not allow for a district's academic performance, in turn, to impact future transfers. Yet it seems reasonable that families, having access to publicly available aggregated information on standardized test results, seek to move their children to better-performing districts. In this paper, we demonstrate that, not only is such feedback quantitatively and qualitatively important, but also that allowing for such feedback substantially alters the estimated relationship between transfers and district performance.


Soon after the 2016 election of Donald Trump as President, while Republicans controlled Congress, opponents of the fledgling Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) opened a campaign against the Bureau. Their target was less the substance of federal consumer financial laws than the structure of the CFPB itself. This emphasis on structure was a response to the fact that Congress in 2010 had given special thought to the design of the CFPB to safeguard the Bureau and its mission.

In 2017, after legislation to weaken the Bureau's structure failed in Congress and constitutional challenges to the CFPB's structure became bogged down in the courts, the leadership turned to the White House to dismantle the CFPB from within. Following President Trump's appointment of Mick Mulvaney, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, as CFPB Acting Director, Mr. Mulvaney executed on the strategy by halting implementation of CFPB rules, suspending parts of supervision, and drastically slowing enforcement.

This inside strategy to immobilize the CFPB's operations will severely harm consumers in the short term. But longer term, the structure of the CFPB will likely survive and so will federal consumer financial protection, subject to three caveats. First, this analysis assumes that the pending constitutional litigation will not succeed in a way that cripples the Bureau. Second, it assumes that mortgage regulation will remain strong enough to avoid a repeat of the mortgage crisis, resulting in devastating long-term damage. Finally, it assumes that the CFPB's leadership under President Trump does not subvert the laws establishing the architecture of the CFPB sufficiently to undermine that structure.


Abstract Clasts of metamorphosed Cadomian granites from the ~50−60 Ma Carpathian flysch in Gródek near the Rożnowskie Lake (Silesian Unit, SE Poland) are studied. They are considered to represent the Silesian Ridge, one of the hypothetical, currently unexposed source areas that supplied Carpathian sedimentary basins with clastic material. The gneisses preserve several examples of corona textures that include cores of primary monazite surrounded by polygonal grains of secondary apatite with thorianite inclusions, with intermediate zones of lamellar grains of secondary monazite and outermost rims of clay minerals, or various combinations thereof. Preservation of the complete textures is rare with polygonal apatite with thorianite inclusions, lamellar grains of monazite and clay minerals being particularly prevalent. Locally, polygonal apatite with thorianite inclusions surrounded by allanite and REE-epidote corona with a bastnäsite-synchysite phase occurs also. The textures observed developed during primary monazite breakdown and replacement by secondary minerals. The variation in reaction products indicates that alteration was strictly dependent on the local chemical system.


I. INTRODUCTIONOn May 13, 2011, the Texas Supreme Court, in construing the Texas Arbitration Act, rejected the U. S. Supreme Court's analysis in Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc} At issue was whether the parties may by agreement expand judicial review of an arbitration award beyond the specific grounds for vacatur or modification set forth in the Federal Arbitration Act. In NAFTA Traders, Inc. v. Quinn* 1 2 the Texas Supreme Court held that the Texas Arbitration Act does not preclude the parties from supplementing judicial review by contract. A discussion on the reasoning of the Texas Court and others that have addressed this issue, together with implications, is vital to moving forward with contractual arbitration domestically and internationally.The Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA") of 19253 prescribes the grounds for confirmation, vacatur, or modification of an arbitration award. The statutory grounds are set forth in §§ 9, 10 and 11 of the FAA.4 In Hall Street Associates L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., the U. S. Supreme Court stated of these statutory grounds:Sections 10 and 11, after all, address egregious departures from the parties' agreed-upon arbitration: "corruption," "fraud," "evident partiality," "misconduct," "misbehavior," "exceeding] . . . powers," "evident material miscalculation," "evident material mistake," "award[s] upon a matter not submitted;" the only ground with any softer focus is "imperfect[ions]," and a court may correct those only if they go to "[a] matter of form not affecting the merits."5In addition, a non-statutory ground for vacating an arbitral award was developed in the courts as the doctrine of "manifest disregard." The doctrine arose in 1953 from language in Wilko v. Swan,6 where the Supreme Court stated, "the interpretations of the law by the arbitrators in contrast to manifest disregard are not subject, in the federal courts, to judicial review for error in interpretation."7 Generally, under the "manifest disregard" doctrine a court manifestly disregards the law when an arbitrator knows of a clear legal principle and refuses to apply it.8 In addition to "manifest disregard of the law," the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals has recognized a non-statutory ground based on "public policy."9In Hall Street the U.S. Supreme Court ostensibly abolished all nonstatutory grounds for judicial review, including "manifest disregard" and "public policy," and held that, "[t]he FAA's grounds for prompt vacatur and modification of awards are exclusive for parties seeking expedited review under the FAA."10 In reaching this conclusion, the Court suggested that '"manifest disregard' can be read as merely referring to the § 10 grounds collectively, rather than adding to them ... or as shorthand for the § 10 subsections authorizing vacatur when arbitrators were 'guilty of misconduct' or 'exceeded their powers.'"11The Circuit courts were in conflict over the exclusiveness of the FAA provisions and the non-statutory doctrine of "manifest disregard" before Hall, and some still question whether "manifest disregard" survived the Hall Street decision.12 More importantly, the ruling in Hall Street is of great significance to arbitration as an ADR process. Arbitration is a matter of contract between the parties, and parties typically provide for judicial review of the arbitral award in their agreement. The Supreme Court's ruling in Hall Street precludes any such agreement, and now the statutory grounds for vacating or modifying an arbitration award under the FAA "are exclusive and cannot be supplemented by contract."13 The Court went on to say, however, that:In holding that §§10 and 11 provide exclusive regimes for the review provided by the statute, we do not purport to say that they exclude more searching review based on authority outside the statute as well. The FAA is not the only way into court for parties wanting review of arbitration awards: they may contemplate enforcement under state statutory or common law, for example, where judicial review of different scope is arguable. …


While India, after independence has made tremendous progress in several areas of technology such as - atomic energy, space, electronics, information, communications and so on, it is a woeful fact that in terms of providing basic necessities of life like food,water,health facilities,education and electrical power it is still reeling at atrocious levels. It is a regrettable fact that nearly 40% of the population is still below the poverty level. There is no electricity for majority of the villages. Even in most of the cities nearly 20% of the population is without the electricity. The governmental agencies are fully aware of this situation and ambitious plans have been drawn up to remedy this situation. Strategies for long term energy security are shown in Figure 1 [1]. At the present time (2012), thermal and hydroelectric sources dominate the power scenario. While nuclear power is less than 3% (4.78 GWe) today, it is hoped that it will reach about 25% (GWe) by 2050 using only the indigenous Uranium. This share will be doubled to about 50% (600 GWe) by importing 40 GWe LWRs along with requisite uranium fuel, for them during the period 2012-2020.


Food is significant as an agent of social change as well as being the subject of activism. The focus of this paper is on nature's "perfect food", milk, in the 1950s, a period of social transition that offers fertile space for reconstructing food activism and giving it a history. Australia's dairy industry is the country's largest processed food industry and the fourth largest of the nation's rural industries. Milk is a fruitful site to consider the relationship between people and their food, production and consumption, the intimate way we bring our food into our bodies and the experience of farmers with personal connections to the ecosystems in which they live. Dense networks connect farm producers and consumers. The dairy industry will be considered as a site of production and consumption where considerable political activity was concentrated in the 1950s. These themes are illuminated in the paper by briefly considering two groups of women caught up in very different family labour systems defined by their relationship to milk – housewives active in the state associations campaigning around milk prices and quality and farm women. The transformation of rural life, home and food culture during this period impacted on both groups of women, it was from their work that they expressed a position and identified, and both engaged in complex processes of negotiation that, I argue, have generated and sustained other movements.


Fault tolerance is a basic necessity to make today's complex systems reliable. Adequate fault tolerance, however, demands a high degree of redundancy, possibly wasting resources when the fault probability is low or when some applications do not require fault tolerance. Under the term adaptive fault tolerance, we investigate means to instead provide on-demand fault tolerance on multi-core systems dynamically and according to application and environmental needs. Such means are provided on a per-application basis by invasive computing, a recent paradigm for resource-aware programming and design of parallel systems: applications request resources in an invade phase, infect the acquired resources with code and data, and finally release them in a retreat phase. We show how to use these simple but powerful constructs to adaptively tolerate faults and that invasive computing harmonizes well with many existing fault tolerance approaches. Finally, a case study on adaptively providing fault tolerance for loops demonstrates how effective invasive computing is for adapting to a varying soft error rate and handling of faults.


The Chandra X-Ray Observatory was launched early in the morning of 1999, July 23 by the Space Shuttle Columbia. The Shuttle launch was only the first step in placing NASA's latest great observatory into orbit. After release from the cargo bay, the Inertial Upper Stage performed two firings and separated from the observatory as planned. Finally, after five firings of Chandra's own Integral Propulsion System - the last of which took place 15 days after the initial launch - the observatory was placed in its highly elliptical orbit of 140,000 km apogee and 10,000 km perigee. After Observatory activation, the first x-rays focussed by the telescope were observed on 1999, August 12. Beginning with this initial observation one could conclude that the telescope had survived the launch environment and was operating as expected. The month following the opening of the sunshade door was spent adjusting the focus for each set of instrument configurations, determining the optical axis, calibrating the star camera, establishing the relative response functions, determining the energy scale(s), and performing a series of "publicity" images. Each observation proved to be far more revealing than was expected. Preliminary results will be presented and the status of the instrumentation on the observatory will be discussed.


SOMMARIO: 1. Il matrimonio nella teologia ortodossa - 2. I caratteri essenziali del matrimonio ortodosso - 3. Il principio di oἰκονομία - 4. Oἰκονομία e indissolubilita del matrimonio. Divorce and oikonomia i n Orthodox canon law: the merciful application of the law ABSTRACT: Despite the fact that the principles of the unity and indissolubility of the conjugal bond represent constituent and essential properties of the sacrament of marriage in Eastern law, Orthodox theology allows some exceptions due to the schlerocardia of man, permitting the "economic" application of the rule. The paper aims to outline the ontological essence of oikonomia as a transposition in the human dimension of the redeeming force of the divine condescension. According to tradition, the institution finds its privileged application in marriage; therefore, the intention is to demonstrate that Orthodox ecclesiology tolerates second marriages as the "lesser evil" compared to fornication. This applies both to second marriages of divorcees and widows/widowers, since the sacrament of marriage survives the physical death of the spouse and remains a real image of the Mystery of the Incarnation. The paper will then analyse the circumstances that justify the "economic" interpretation of the precept: the "moral death" of the marriage due to a serious and despicable act, collective good, the worse damage that could derive from the rigid interpretation of the rule (akribeia)


We used oven-dried mass to calculate leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio and root weight ratio for each sample plant. Our findings indicate that, regardless of stand condition, artificially established Nuttall oak seedlings differed little in biomass accumulation and distribution of accumulated biomass among tissues. While trends in the data indicate that seedlings established under zero percent stocking tended to increase biomass accumulation, high error terms associated with treatment means precluded definitive delineation of differences in seedling biomass accumulation among tissue types under the various stand conditions. However, root weight ratios and stem weight ratios suggest that seedlings established beneath partial canopies may have experienced more moisture stress than seedlings established under zero percent stocking.