INTRODUCTION The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) provides for the enforceability of a written arbitration provision in any maritime transaction or contract involving interstate commerce, and declares that such agreements "shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract" (9 U.S.C. [section] 2, 2007). Supreme Court precedent sanctions arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism, as well (Carrington, 2002). Commercial business, consumer, and employment disputes are arbitrated by organizations such as the National Arbitration Forum (NAF) and the American Arbitration Association (AAA). Initially, arbitration was touted as a cheaper and more efficient alternative to litigation. Additionally, advantages to arbitration over the primary alternative (civil litigation) presumably include control, confidentiality, cost and time savings, finality, and more predictability for managing risk than litigation (Leasure, 2009). Some studies suggest that the time period from the commencement of the dispute to its resolution is shorter in arbitration than litigation (Rutledge, 2008). Others suggest that whether or not arbitration is cheaper than litigation or more expensive, or which forum provides greater access to justice, may be dependent upon the type of dispute (Drahozal, 2008). Nevertheless, many disputants today are disenchanted with arbitration as a means of resolving disputes, and complain that the complex process shares many of the characteristics of litigation (Stipanowich, 2010). Arbitration has become more formal, and arbitrators follow traditional rules of procedure and evidence, resulting in the arbitration process looking and costing about the same as litigation (Sternlight, 2000). Arbitration as a means of dispute resolution now can be quite expensive as well, particularly since attorneys' should be included in the calculation of costs (Rutledge, 2008). The American Arbitration Association charges a filing fee per case that ranges anywhere from $125-$7,000 depending upon the amount of the claim. The AAA also requires a hearing fee that can be as much as $250 per party, per case. Public Citizen's statistics in 2002 revealed that an $80,000 consumer claim brought to the Circuit Court of Cook County, Illinois carried a forum fee of $221. However, the same claim brought to the National Arbitration Forum would cost approximately $11,625, and if brought to the American Arbitration Association would result in estimated payments in excess of $6,600. Additionally, many costs associated with arbitration, such as the administrative fees as well as the compensation of the arbitrators, must be paid upfront, which can be a substantial financial burden, making it less likely that some disputants will be able to proceed in that forum (Alleyne, 2003). Comparatively, court costs are relatively insignificant to the cost of arbitration proceedings, many expenses associated with litigation need not be paid in advance, and the salary of the judges are paid by the government in the civil justice system. In addition to filing and hearing fees, the arbitrator(s) who hear the case charge their own individual service fees. In the state of North Carolina, the average compensation for an AAA arbitrator is $1,225.00 per day (Tillman v. Commercial Credit Loans, Inc., 2008). If a panel of three arbitrators is specified in the arbitration clause, as under AAA complex commercial rules, then that amount is trebled. Arguably, contingent fee contracts provide a mechanism for overcoming possible liquidity and risk aversion problems caused by arbitration costs (Drahozal, 2006). However, if the transaction costs of hiring arbitrators become astronomical in protracted proceedings, and that likelihood is foreseeable, then the contingency arrangement is meaningless as an incentive. Moreover, contingency arrangements, while lucrative and enticing in tort actions, are not a sufficient incentive in the relatively small recovery world of consumer complaints. …


Background & objectives: Association between polymorphisms in the natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) gene and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been demonstrated worldwide; however, the reported results were inconsistent. This study aimed to determine the association of NRAMP1 variants with susceptibility to CL infection and patients' response to treatment in Isfahan province of Iran. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from 150 patients with CL and 136 healthy controls. The CL patients were treated with intralesional injection of meglumine antimoniate. The polymorphic variants at NRAMP1 (A318V and D543N) were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare frequencies of alleles and genotypes of polymorphisms between patient and healthy control populations. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the D543N (rs17235409) polymorphism between the CL patients and healthy controls (p=0.008). However, no significant association was detected for A318V (rs201565523) polymorphism between groups (p=0.26). In addition, there was a lack of association between D543N and A318V genotypes with response to treatment (p=0.54 and p=0.31, respectively). Interpretation & conclusion: The results indicated that genetic variations of D543N (rs17235409) might be associated with susceptibility to CL infection. These data may be used for detection of sensitive individuals and prevention of CL in endemic areas.


This popular textbook regards the Pentateuch as a literary whole, with a single theme that binds it together. The overarching theme is the partial fulfilment of the promises to the patriarchs. Though the method of the book is holistic, the origin and growth of the theme is also explored using the methods of traditional source analysis. An important chapter explores the theological function of the Pentateuch both in the community for which the Pentateuch was first composed and in our own time. For this second, enlarged edition, the author has written an Epilogue reassessing the theme of the Pentateuch from a more current postmodern perspective.


On first viewing, the image appears to be an eccentric map of an uncharted world. The filigree-like coastlines of these unfamiliar islands are realistically defined and clearly delineated, whilst the land mass – albeit in a reversal of traditional maps – is a clear-blue aquamarine. Study the picture further, however, and this inverted map resolves into something other than it first appeared to be. As to what that something else is, there is still some doubt until we read the accompanying title: Container 1 – Rust holes in the top of a shipping container – Tangiers (2003). The blue of these 'regions' is in fact the colour of a sky seen from the inside of a rusting shipping container; a corralled sky not so much boundless as claustrophobic. The photograph, now less visually ambiguous, becomes an illustration of confinement and restriction rather than exploration or travel. And it is between these two often reciprocal poles – stasis and movement – that Yto Barrada's photographs address the state of conditional ennui that pervades Tangiers, a city both the nodal point for the illegal passage of Africans entering Europe and stagnation for those who remain there.


Using the GigaPan imaging and discussion platforms, two Pittsburgh-area schools have shared each others' environmental learning experiences, virtually exploring a mine drainage remediation facility and sharing water analysis experiences. In addition to enhancing the existing environmental science curriculum with new spaces, the project saw students grow in initiative taking, collaboration, reflection, and communications skills. Educators found that the experience added to their repretoire of classroom approaches and that student enthsiasm and facility with the technology fostered a collaborative relationship between student and teacher. Key cross-curricular connections were made as students from both schools reflected on an issue close to home: drilling of Marcellus Shale.


This paper presents new updated and improved estimates of various components of governments' contribution to national wealth and its growth in the post-war period. The primary conclusions drawn are: (1). The federal government's assets, tangible and financial, are substantial; they grew more rapidly than the national debt in the 1970s. By 1980, federal tangible assets amounted to $1.7 trillion and financial assets $940 billion, compared to liabilities of $1.5 trillion (in 1985 dollars) ; (2). Since 1980, conventional liabilities have grown much faster than assets, causing about a $727 billion decline in federal "net worth"; (3). The state-local government sector contributes importantly to government and national wealth. State-local fixed reproducible capital is twice the federal amount, about $1.9 trillion in 1985. The difference between assets and liabilities is both larger and more stable for state-local governments than for the federal government. The estimated "net worth" of state-local governments is $2.5 trillion in both 1980 and 1985; 4. Total government reproducible capital was about 55% of the corresponding private non-residential capital stock in 1985; 5. Government net investment has often been sufficient to turn the government sector into a net saver despite large budget deficits; 6. Extending the traditional National Income Accounts to include imputed returns to government capital and consumer durables while treating government net investment and durables purchases as saving indicate that the share of national output devoted to consumption has risen substantially, while that devoted to net saving has fallen sharply in the period 1951-85. The private consumption rate has risen from 63% to 69% over this period while the government consumption rate has fallen slightly; 7. The inclusion of consumer durables and government tangible investment raises the national saving rate substantially. In 1985, the gross and net saving rates rise from a traditionally measured 13.8% and 3.2% to 24.5% and 8.8%, respectively (about one and a half percentage points of this increase is due to our different depreciation methodology). Thus, the data presented in this paper reveal much about the post-war fiscal history of the United States. In addition to their importance in understanding trends in national wealth, they may also prove important inputs into future studies of the long-term growth of the economy and to the short-run effects of fiscal policy.


The world is grappling with the issue of juvenile crime as millions of children are involved in crime. Studies show that 90% of juvenile crime is committed by male child offenders, which points to gender imbalance. There is need to investigate why boys are more likely to commit crimes as compared to girls. The objectives of the study were; to document the number of boys and girls involved in juvenile crime in Nyahururu district in the year 201 I, to identify differences in crimes committed between boys and girls in yahururu district, to investigate the factors predisposing boys to crime within Nyahururu district and to suggest strategies that can reduce juvenile crime in Nyahururu district. The study focused on child offenders and their respective parents/guardians and professionals handling the former within Nyahururu district. The study was guided by the Power-Control Theory of Gender and Delinquency as propounded by Hagan (1985) and Gillis and Simpson (1987) and correlational research design. It established that there were 94 child offenders, 83 were boys and II girls. which meant that in every 10 child offenders, 9 are boys and only I is a girl. Stealing was the most common crime in Nyahururu district among both boys and girls with 23 out of 94 incidences, boys commit more offences than girls the reason was because boys have more freedom. Peer pressure and family related problems were dominant factors predisposing boys into crime. Within the family unit, lack of satisfaction of basic needs was one of the reasons that cause children to be involved in crime. Most respondents indicated that there was a link between child neglect and juvenile crime. Three quarters of child offenders had been influenced by their peers into crime and that drug abuse and prevalence in crime are synonymous. Suggested strategies to that can address' the issue or juvenile crime include unconditional positive regard for children. counseling. positive role modeling and promotion of talent among children. The study has drawn some conclusions; crime is dominated by males as compared to females. stealing is the most common type of crime among both boys and girls, most of the crimes committed by girls are done within the domestic sphere while those by boys are both within the home and outside the home, there is a relationship between child neglect and juvenile crime, most child offenders come from nuclear families. Some or the recommendations from the study are; there is need lor urgent intervention to save boys from crime, gender analysts need to develop different approaches for the two sexes when handling them in the juvenile justice system and also during planning of intervention measures, restructuring in the socialization process within the family is necessary, it is suggested that there is need for establishment of an academic discipline in parenting studies, making basic needs more accessible is a multi-pronged strategy to prevention of juvenile crime.


Although T lymphocytes are the ultimate effectors of pancreatic beta cell destruction in autoimmune insulin-dependent diabetes, previous work has established that beta cell autoreactive T cells are generated in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice as a result of APC dysfunctions. To determine if APC dysfunctions could result from developmental defects, we analyzed if macrophages (M phi) develop normally from NOD bone marrow stimulated with CSF-1 in the presence and absence of IFN-gamma. Due to interactions between the diabetogenic H-2g7 haplotype and background modifiers, NOD bone marrow cells were found to proliferate poorly to CSF-1 stimulation. IFN-gamma aberrantly increased CSF-1-stimulated proliferation of H-2g7 expressing bone marrow cells, although decreasing proliferation of bone marrow cells expressing diabetes resistant MHC haplotypes. FACS analysis indicated the diminished sensitivity of NOD hematopoietic precursors to CSF-1 was associated with a quantitative inability to generate phenotypically mature M phi. In addition to developmental defects, NOD M phi were also found to be functionally defective. Total MHC class I expression was aberrantly down-regulated in a tissue specific fashion in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOD mice, whereas MHC class I expression increased as expected in M phi from C57BL/KsJ (BKs) control mice. Total MHC class I expression also increased in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOR mice, a diabetes-resistant control strain that shares the H-2g7 haplotype of NOD, but contains BKs-derived genomic elements on chromosomes 2, 4, 11, and 12. This demonstrates differential trans-regulation of class I loci within the diabetogenic H-2g7 haplotype in NOD vs diabetes-resistant NOR mice. Aberrant down-regulation of MHC class I content in IFN-gamma-treated M phi from NOD mice was associated with decreased ability to activate CTL function. We propose these defects in M phi differentiation and function may interact with H-2g7 to generate APC in NOD mice that are unable to activate tolerogenic mechanisms, but remain capable of activating low level effector responses.


1. Seasonal geophysical cycles strongly influence the activity of life on Earth because they affect environmental conditions like temperature, precipitation, and daylength. An increase in daylight availability during summer is especially enhanced when animals migrate along a latitudinal gradient. Yet, the question of how daylength (i.e. daylight availability) influences the activity patterns of long-distance, latitudinal migrants is still unclear. 2. Here, we ask whether migration provides benefits to long-distance migrants by enabling them to increase their diurnal movement activities due to an increase in daylight availability. To answer this question, we tested whether four vastly different species of long-distance migratory birds - two arctic migrants and two mid-latitude migrants - can capitalise on day length changes by adjusting their daily activity. 3. We quantified the relationship between daily activity (measured using accelerometer data) and day length, and estimated each species' daily activity patterns. In addition, we evaluated the role of day length as an ultimate driver of bird migration. 4. All four species exhibited longer activity periods during days with more daylight hours, showing a strong positive relationship between total daily activity and day length. The slope of this relationship varied between the different species, with activity increasing 1.5-fold on average when migrating from wintering to breeding grounds. Underlying mechanisms of these relationships reveal two distinct patterns of daily activity. Flying foragers showed increasing activity patterns, i.e. their daytime activities rose uniformly up to solar noon and decreased until dusk, thereby exhibiting a season-specific activity slope. In contrast, ground foragers showed a constant activity pattern, whereby they immediately increased their activity to a certain level and maintained this level throughout the day. 5. Our study reveals that long days allow birds to prolong their activity and increase their total daily activity. These findings highlight that daylight availability could be an additional ultimate cause of bird migration and act as a selective agent for the evolution of migration.


One of the most successful phase-unwrapping algorithms uses branch cuts to join discontinuity sources that mark the beginning or the end of a 2π phase discontinuity. Here, using phase-stepping speckle interferometry, we verify that these sources coincide with points of very low or zero modulus and that the displacement of sources as a result of speckle decorrelation between measurements of two phase maps leads to closely spaced dipole pairs of sources in the phase-difference map. By measuring the movement of sources at high magnification, we find that the length distribution of correct branch cuts needed to unwrap a phase-difference map is approximately Gaussian. This provides a theoretical justification for unwrapping with the set of branch cuts that minimizes the sum of squares of cut lengths.


Acousto-optic diffraction of light in optically active cubic crystals is analyzed from the viewpoint of conservation of optical angular momentum. It is shown that the availability of angular momentum in the diffracted optical beam can be necessarily inferred from the requirements of angular momentum conservation law. As follows from our analysis, a circularly polarized diffracted wave should bear an orbital angular momentum. The efficiency of the spin-to-orbit momentum conversion is governed by the efficiency of acousto-optic diffraction.


This is an update to the article Delayed herbicide options for emerged corn, published in the May 17, 2004 ICM Newsletter. Define herbicide recently received EPA registration for use postemergence in corn. Define can be used through the 5th leaf collar stage of corn. Define does not control emerged weeds; so, it should be applied either prior to weed emergence or tank mixed with approved postemergence herbicide products.


It is shown that the full four-dimensional Wigner transform of a coherent, rotationally symmetric light beam can be completely recovered by measurement, in one step, of the Wigner transform of an equivalent one-dimensional light beam. The method of generating this equivalent light beam from a two-dimensional circular light beam is presented.


Film Theory addresses the core concepts and arguments created or used by academics, critical film theorists, and filmmakers, including the work of Dudley Andrew, Raymond Bellour, Mary Ann Doane, Miriam Hansen, bell hooks, Siegfried Kracauer, Raul Ruiz, P. Adams Sitney, Bernard Stiegler, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. This volume takes the position that film theory is a form of writing that produces a unique cinematic grammar; and like all grammars, it forms part of the system of rules that govern a language, and is thus applicable to wider range of media forms. In their creation of authorial trends, identification of the technology of cinema as a creative force, and production of films as aesthetic markers, film theories contribute an epistemological resource that connects the technologies of filmmaking and film composition. This book explores these connections through film theorisations of processes of the diagrammatisation (the systems, methodologies, concepts, histories) of cinematic matters of the filmic world.


Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) the causative agent of three cancers: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and the plasmablastic form of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) shares many characteristics with other herpesviruses including the unique ability to maneuver between latent and lytic modes of infection. During a latent stage of infection viruses remain dormant with very few genes being expressed. Alternatively lytic infection is distinguished by the production of infectious virions and virus dissemination. In KSHV pathogenesis the majority of infected cells support latent infections while less than 3% of them support spontaneous lytic replication. Regulation of latent and lytic infections involves interactions between virus-encoded and cellular factors. However the exact mechanism(s) supporting it is poorly understood. In the following study we provide evidence supporting the role for KSHV-encoded glycoprotein B (gB) a structural protein to inhibit KSHV reactivation from latency via altering the expression of the cellular transcription factor Early growth response-1 (Egr-1). We observed Egr-1 to specifically bind to two separate locations on the KSHV-encoded ORF50 promoter which plays a significant role in KSHV reactivation. Furthermore we provide evidence supporting the potential mechanism for KSHV gB to regulate KSHV reactivation. These studies provide new insights and appreciation for the role of virus-encoded structural proteins to support virus latency and may contribute to the development of future therapies.


As the amount of instruction-level parallelism required to fully utilize VLIW and superscalar processors increases, compilers must perform increasingly more aggressive analysis, optimization, parallelization and scheduling on the input programs. Traditionally, compilers have been built assuming functions as the unit of compilation. In this framework, function boundaries tend to hide valuable optimization opportunities from the compiler. Function inlining may be applied to assemble strongly coupled functions into the same compilation unit at the cost of very large function bodies. This paper introduces a new technique, called region-based compilation, where the compiler is allowed to repartition the program into more desirable compilation units. Region-based compilation allows the compiler to control problem size while exposing inter-procedural optimization and code motion opportunities.


Insurers use actuarial statistics as rating variables to differentiate and distinguish for the purposes of risk classification. They justify their use of actuarial statistics due to its accuracy as a predictor of risk. South African motor-vehicle insurers use gender, inter alia , as a rating variable to classify risks into certain classes and to determine insurance premiums. Depending upon whether the insured is male or female, it could have a significant impact on the cost of his or her premium.  Women drivers pay less for motor-vehicle insurance because actuarial statistics indicate that women are more careful drivers and are involved in 20 per cent fewer accidents than men.  Men pay higher premiums because the statistics indicate that they are less responsible drivers than women. Should a South African court decide that the use of gender as a motor-vehicle insurance rating variable is unfair discrimination, this would benefit male drivers, as it would lower their premium. Women, on the other hand, would be disadvantaged as they would be required to pay higher premiums to subsidise men. The article examines the impact that the removal of gender as a rating variable in motor-vehicle insurance would have on women, and asks if the effects thereof would influence a South African Court's decision in determining if the use of gender as a rating variable amounts to unfair discrimination.  The article first considers the findings of American and Canadian Courts in determining this same issue and then considers South African equality legislation, particularly the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 ("the Equality Act "). Thereafter, the article provides recommendations for a South African Court. As the Equality Act indicates that the discriminatory insurance practice of placing a disadvantage or advantage on persons based inter alia on their gender may possibly be unfair, it is suggested that South African insurers would have to consider alternative methods of risk assessment. In the light of the American and the Canadian case law, the article suggests that there should be a change of approach to insurance risk assessment. Rather than using gender as a rating variable the insurer could assess the risk of the individual insured, using appropriate, neutral rating variables suited to the particular circumstances of the insured. This would require a much more intensive and individualised risk evaluation and would require the insurer to "tailor-make" insurance for each individual. It is submitted that such an approach would give effect to the right to equality by disallowing the use of gender as a rating variable without producing the undesirable consequence that women drivers would have to subsidise men.


Court interpreting is a rather complex task. Inaccuracies in legal interpreting or translation can have serious consequences. Using oral interviews and a written questionnaire, this study set out to establish the problems faced by court interpreters in Botswana in the course of their duties, the kind of training offered to court interpreters in Botswana, the court interpreters' familiarity with court procedure, etiquette and legal terminology; to find out the interpretation and translation techniques that court interpreters use; and, to establish the problems that may make the dispensing of justice difficult in the courts in Botswana. The findings show that interpreters in the Magistrate and High Courts in Botswana perform their duties under very difficult circumstances which have serious implications on the delivery of justice. The problems established include lack of training for interpreters, the absence of a job description and guidelines for interpreters, long hours of work, lack of a forum for interpreters to share ideas on their job, lack of security for case files as most of the offices used by interpreters in the magistrate courts are also used by other staff, and lack of equipment such as microphones during interpreting. Recommendations to ameliorate these problems are also made.


Internationally and in Australia, more and more education and care institutions are referring to 'trauma-aware practice' to recognise and address concerns for children and young people living with the outcomes of complex trauma (abuse, neglect, violence). It is now known that complex trauma can have a worrying effect on growing bodies and brains, which can lead to children experiencing difficulties with relationships, emotions, behaviours and learning. If not addressed, this can worsen educational and life outcomes for these vulnerable young children. This book provides strategies to help early childhood professionals address the harm of early trauma. It explains how they might use purposeful trauma-aware practice and incorporate it into their policies and processes. Besides providing examples of trauma-aware practice in early childhood education and care, the book examines: a) the extent of complex childhood trauma in Australia the effects of complex trauma; b) intergenerational transmission of complex trauma; c) the importance of maintaining the wellbeing of educators. The more we understand the development and functioning of the brain and the impact of complex trauma on development, the more we will be able to recognise the value of early intervention. The earlier trauma-impacted children get help, the better.


Abstract: Research into female offending has begun to explore the utility of different offending trajectories for females. The current research extends this new line of inquiry by employing both population heterogeneity and state dependent interpretations of offending. Using data on a sample of females collected from a southwestern prison, the results indicate that there are significant differences between persistent and late onset offenders. While many theoretical variables did not distinguish between late onset and persistent offenders, sexual abuse did. This research further suggests that prior sexual abuse may be a key factor in explaining the persistence of female offending. Additionally, substance abuse problems and affiliation with deviant peers were also important factors in explaining female persistence. The results also find support for both population heterogeneity and state dependent approaches to understanding female criminality. Keywords: persistent offending, late onset offending, female offending, population heterogeneity, state dependent, sexual abuse Over the past several decades, female offenders have been receiving increased attention in the criminological literature (Belknap 2007; Belknap and Holsinger 2006; Chesney-Lind and Pasko 2004; Chesney-Lind and Shelden 2004; Gunnison and McCartan 2005; Naffine 1996; Pollock 2002; Steffensmeier and Haynie 2000). While early researchers viewed female offenders as a product of their sexual promiscuity (see Odem 1995), currently, female offending is viewed within the context of traditional criminological theories. Research on female offending highlights two consistent findings: First, females offend at lower rates than their male counterparts although their rates are increasing (Chesney-Lind & Pasko 2004; FBI 2009); and second, female offenders report 2-3 times higher rates of sexual abuse than the general population (Harlow 1999). In addition, there is an emerging third research area that is consistent with the findings within the literature on male offending: there may be discrete groups of female offenders. While there is still some debate as to the exact number of discrete offender groups, with estimates ranging from two to five (see Fergusson and Horwood 2002), several researchers agree that there are at least two: chronic or persistent offenders and late onset offenders (Blumstein, Cohen, and Farrington 1988; Moffitt 1993; Patterson and Yoerger 1993).1 Persistent offenders are offenders who begin offending earlier in the life course and who generally fail to age out of crime with their peers (Blumstein et al. 1988). Late onset offenders, on the other hand, begin offending later in the life course (Blumstein et al. 1988). Research into offending trajectories, largely guided by the work of Moffitt (1993), Sampson and Laub (1993), and Patterson and Yoerger (1993), have substantiated the existence of these discrete groups, with mostly male samples. Research into female offending has also begun to extend into the identification of discrete groups of offenders (see Aguilar et al. 2000; Fontaine et al. 2009; Gunnison and McCartan 2005; Landsheer and van Dijkum 2005; Odgers et al. 2008; Silverthorn and Frick 1999). As is the case with male offenders, these discrete groups of offenders are qualitatively different from one another and demonstrate different offending trajectories.2 Landsheer and van Dijkum (2005:744) have identified persistent female offenders in their examination of male and female adolescent delinquency trajectories. The researchers found that persistent female offenders are a smaller group when compared to persistent male offenders; however, they are "strongly involved in delinquent activities." Most recently, Haapanen, Britton, and Croisdale (2007:142) noted that the "rate of arrest for females is also very high suggesting that persistence is not simply a male phenomenon." The current paper seeks to extend research on the differing female offending groups by employing both state dependence and population heterogeneity interpretations of offending trajectories. …


Objective Skeletal muscle is unique among organs in that its blood flow, thus oxygen supply that is critical for muscular function, can change over a remarkably large range. Compared to the rest, muscle blood flow can increase over 20-fold during intense exercise. Positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]-H2O tracer provide a unique tool for the direct measurement of muscle blood flow in specific muscle regions. Quantification of PET blood flow requires knowledge of the arterial input function, which is usually provided by arterial blood sampling. However, arterial sampling is an invasive approach requiring arterial cannulation. In the current study, we aimed to explore the analysis and error estimation based on non-invasive, PET image-based input function for skeletal muscle blood flow in PET [15O]-labeled radiowater study.
Methods Thirty healthy untrained men volunteered to participate in this study. [15O]-labeled radio water PET perfusion scans were performed at rest and right after cycling exercise. GE Discovery PET-CT scanner was used for image acquisition. The 15O isotope was produced with a Cyclone 3 cyclotron (IBA Molecular, Belgium). After 455 MBq of 15O-H2O was injected intravenously and after 20 seconds, dynamic scanning images were performed in following frames: 6x5 seconds, 12x10 seconds, 7x30 seconds and 12x10 seconds. Arterial blood was sampled continuously from radial artery during imaging for radioactivity with a detector during PET scanning. All the data analysis was performed using all in-house developed programs. Arterial input function was preprocessed with delay correction. Image-based input function was defined based on sum image of dynamic images. Blood flow was calculated using the 1-tissue compartment model, k1 is considered as blood flow without any further correction. All data analysis was performed by Carimas software (http://www.turkupetcentre.fi/carimas).
Data analysis was performed in five parts: 1) Modelling data using input function from artery. 2) By defining femoral artery Volume Of Interest (VOI) on PET images. 3) Modelling data using image-based input function. 4) Calculating the correlation for blood flow between artery (blood) input function and image-based input function. 5) Predicted true blood flow was calculated based on correlation based on the initial linear relationship between blood and image-based input functions.
Results Skeletal muscle blood flow had a good linear relationship calculated by femoral artery VOI and by arterial (blood) input function (y = 2,9587x - 0,096, R² = 0,8852, p<0.0001).
Further, by using the prediction equation obtained by the linear relationship between VOI-determined (femoral) artery blood flow and direct gold standard (radial) artery input function determined blood flow, image-based input function determined blood flow was well predicted using this non-invasive approach (y = 1,1812x + 0,1219, R² = 0,9259, p<0.0001).
Conclusions It is concluded that there is a strong linear correlation between gold standard invasive approach and non-invasive image-based approach to measure skeletal muscle blood flow by PET, but if no further corrections are made, image-based approach overestimates correct blood flow. However, this can be corrected by linear prediction equation, suggesting that invasive arterial input function may not always be needed in the future when measuring skeletal muscle blood flow by PET. This will be of benefit particularly for exercise studies.


We present photometric redshifts and spectral energy distribution (SED) classifications for a sample of 1542 optically identified sources detected with XMM in the COSMOS field. Our template fitting classifies 46 sources as stars and 464 as nonactive galaxies, while the remaining 1032 require templates with an active galactic nucleus (AGN) contribution. High accuracy in the derived photometric redshifts was accomplished as the result of (1) photometry in up to 30 bands with high-significance detections, (2) a new set of SED templates, including 18 hybrids covering the far-UV to mid-infrared, which have been constructed by the combination of AGNs and nonactive galaxies templates, and (3) multiepoch observations that have been used to correct for variability (most important for type 1 AGNs). The reliability of the photometric redshifts is evaluated using the subsample of 442 sources with measured spectroscopic redshifts. We achieved an accuracy of for i*AB < 22.5 ( for i*AB < 24.5). The high accuracies were accomplished for both type 2 (where the SED is often dominated by the host galaxy) and type 1 AGNs and QSOs out to z = 4.5. The number of outliers is a large improvement over previous photometric redshift estimates for X-ray-selected sources (4.0% and 4.8% outliers for i*AB < 22.5 and i*AB < 24.5, respectively). We show that the intermediate band photometry is vital to achieving accurate photometric redshifts for AGNs, whereas the broad SED coverage provided by mid-infrared (Spitzer/IRAC) bands is important to reduce the number of outliers for normal galaxies.


Achieve seamless discovery of materials by aggregating disparate data sources into a single discovery interface through the creation of pipes. We will present our process of selecting, curating, configuring, and harvesting from our institutional repository, digital collections, subject guides, and archival finding aids, in order to provide a streamlined user experience and increased discovery. This presentation will share our workflows, including mapping to Dublin Core, configuring the pipes, testing new resources in the Primo Sandbox, and then deploying in our Production instance.


Molecular dynamics is fundamentally the integration of the equations of motion over a representation of an atomic and molecular system. The most rigorous choice for performing molecular dynamics entails the use of quantum‐mechanical equations of motion and a representation of the molecular system through all of its electrons and atoms. For most molecular problems involving at least hundreds of atoms, but generally many more, this is simply computationally prohibitive. Thus the art of molecular dynamics lies in choosing the representation and the appropriate equations of motion capable of addressing the requisite measurables. When used adroitly, it can provide both equilibrium (averaged) and time‐dependent properties of a molecular system. Many computational packages now exist that perform molecular dynamics simulations. They generally include force fields to represent the interactions between atoms and molecules (smoothing out electrons through the Born‐Oppenheimer approximation) and integrate the remaining particles classically. Despite these simplifications, all‐atom molecular dynamics remains computationally inaccessible if one includes the number of atoms required to simulate mesoscopic solvents. Here we use analytical models to demonstrate how molecular dynamics can be used to limit the solvent size in systems experiencing either equilibrium or nonequilibrium conditions. It is equally important to address the measurables (such as reaction rates) that are to be obtained prior to the generation of the data‐intensive trajectories. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:541–561. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1190


Abstract. Concentrations of oxygen (O2) and other dissolved gases in the oceanic mixed layer are often used to calculate air-sea gas exchange fluxes. The mixed layer depth (zmix) may be defined using criteria based on temperature or density differences to a reference depth near the ocean surface. However, temperature criteria fail in regions with strong haloclines such as the Southern Ocean where heat, freshwater and momentum fluxes interact to establish mixed layers. Moreover, the time scales of air-sea exchange differ for gases and heat, so that zmix defined using oxygen may be different than zmix defined using temperature or density. Here, we propose to define an O2-based mixed layer depth, zmix(O2), as the depth where the relative difference between the O2 concentration and a reference value at a depth equivalent to 10 dbar equals 0.5 %. This definition was established by analysis of O2 profiles from the Bellingshausen Sea (west of the Antarctic Peninsula) and corroborated by visual inspection. Comparisons of zmix(O2) with zmix based on potential temperature differences, i.e., zmix(0.2 °C) and zmix(0.5 °C), and potential density differences, i.e., zmix(0.03 kg m−3) and zmix(0.125 kg m−3), showed that zmix(O2) closely follows zmix(0.03 kg m−3). Further comparisons with published zmix climatologies and zmix derived from World Ocean Atlas 2005 data were also performed. To establish zmix for use with biological production estimates in the absence of O2 profiles, we suggest using zmix(0.03 kg m−3), which is also the basis for the climatology by de Boyer Montegut et al. (2004).


Objective: To encourage psychiatrists to publish high-quality articles in peer-reviewed journals by demystifying the publishing process. Methods: This paper will describe the publishing process and outline key factors that ensure that publishing is an achievable goal for psychiatrists. Results: The publishing process can be long and often this is related to delays associated with obtaining reviewers and their comments. Negative reviewer comments often relate to grammatical and typographical errors, an insufficient literature review, failure to adequately discuss limitations and conclusions that are not adequately supported by the results. Authors who systematically respond to their paper's reviewer comments are usually successful in having their papers accepted. Success in publishing is usually determined by a topic that appeals to the readership of a journal, a credible methodology and a paper that is well-written. Conclusions: Publishing is achievable for all psychiatrists providing they can write a paper that delivers a clear and concise message, are willing to address reviewer comments and that their paper is tailored to the readership of the journal.


Editor's Note: These short reviews of recent JNeurosci articles, written exclusively by students or postdoctoral fellows, summarize the important findings of the paper and provide additional insight and commentary. If the authors of the highlighted article have written a response to the Journal Club, the response can be found by viewing the Journal Club at www. jneurosci.org. For more information on the format, review process, and purpose of Journal Club articles, please see http:// jneurosci.org/content/jneurosci-journal-club.


Abstract. Biochar application has received increasing attention as a means to trap recalcitrant carbon and enhance soil fertility. Hydrolytic enzymatic assays, such as β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, are used for the assessment of soil quality and composting process, which are based on use of p-nitrophenol (PNP) derivatives as substrate. However, sorption capacity of biochar can interfere with colorimetric determination of the hydrolysed PNP, either by the sorption of the substrate or the reaction product of hydrolysis into biochar surface. The aim of the present work is to study the biochar sorption capacity for PNP in biochar-blended composting mixtures in order to assess its impact on the estimation of the colorimetric-based enzymatic assays. A retention test was conducted by adding a solution of known amounts of PNP in universal buffer solution (pH = 5, 6.5 and 11, corresponding to the β-glucosidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity assays, respectively), in samples taken at the initial stage and after maturation stage from four different composting piles (two manure composting piles; PM: poultry manure, CM: cow manure and two other similar piles containing 10% of additional biochar (PM + B, CM + B)). The results show that biochar-blended composts (PM + B, CM + B) generally exhibited low enzymatic activities, compared to manure compost without biochar (PM, CM). In terms of the difference between the initial and maturation stage of composting process, the PNP retention in biochar was shown higher at maturation stage, caused most probably by an enlarged proportion of biochar inside compost mixture after the selective degradation of easily decomposable organic matter. TThe retention of PNP on biochar was influenced by pH dependency of sorption capacity of biochar and/or PNP solubility, since PNP was more efficiently retained by biochar at low pH values (5 and 6.5) than at high pH values (11).


Amartya Sen reconsiders the idea of 'the standard of living'. He rejects the more conventional economic interpretations in terms of 'unity' and of wealth or 'opulence', and suggests an interpretation in terms of the 'capabilities and freedoms' that states of affairs do or do not allow. His argument is conceptual, but it refers to a wide range of examples. In elaborations of it, John Muellbauer explains how parts of it might be applied; Ravi Kanbur discusses the difficulties raised by choice ex ante, under uncertainty, and choice ex post; Keith Hart discusses the ways in which one might think about living standards in societies in which there is a substantial amount of what he calls 'self provisioning' outside the market; and Bernard Williams reflects on some of the moral and political implications of Sen's argument. There is a bibliography of most of the more important works on the subject. The book will be of interest to economists, sociologists, students of development and moral and political philosophers; it will also be of interest to those concerned with public policy.


Two types of unemployment insurance systems are studied. In one, unemployed workers receive benefits while those on reduced hours do not, as in North America (at least until recently). In the other, short-time compensation is paid to workers on reduced hours, as in Europe. With incomplete experience-rating of unemployment insurance taxes, the first system leads to inefficient temporary layoffs. The latter system does not lead to layoffs but does lead to inefficient hours per worker. Some cross-country evidence is presented regarding these effects. The implication of the analysis is that policy reform on the tax, not the benefit, side of the system is the best way to reduce the inefficiencies implied by both types of unemployment insurance.


This is a study of the letters from His Majesty the King to the county governor of Gotland in 1735. In the Age of Liberty the king had limited power. Royal decisions were made with the Council of the Realm where the King only had the advantage of having two votes and a casting vote. Furthermore, the Council had to act according to the decisions of the Estates of Parliament, if at least three of the four Estates were in agreement. The duties of the county governor were set out in a detailed instruction of which the most recent version was issued in 1734. The county governors also received tasks in laws and royal ordinances I have examined in full the thirty letters from the King that have been entered in the diary of the county secretariat of Gotland in 1735. My aim has been to examine the nature of the letters, what kind of action that was expected of the county governor and how the letters compared to the County Governor Instruction. Although the letters ostensibly came from the King, there are frequent reminders that the Council of the Realm and the Estates were those who had the real power. Most of the letters were circular letters. Presumably letters with the same contents were sent to all county governors. About a third of the letters had printed enclosures which the county governor was asked to make public. In some cases the Estates had first sent a letter to the King in Council asking them to make a certain decision. Only one of the letters was without doubt sent only the county governor in Gotland and this was also the only letter which had a reply sent back to the King. The county governor was expected to respond to the letters, which he usually did by sending information to one of the civil service departments, by communicating ordinances to the public, or by taking other measures. Two of the letters contained instructions that could be interpreted as additions to the County Governor Instruction. On the whole, the correspondence for the year of 1735 covered all the main parts of the county governor's responsibilities.


Analytic flexibility is known to influence the results of statistical tests, e.g. effect sizes and p-values. Yet, the degree to which flexibility in data-processing decisions influences the reliability of our measures is unknown. In this paper I attempt to address this question using a series of reliability multiverse analyses. The methods section incorporates a brief tutorial for readers interested in implementing multiverse analyses reported in this manuscript; all functions are contained in the R package splithalf. I report six multiverse analyses of data-processing specifications, including accuracy and response time cutoffs. I used data from a Stroop task and Flanker task at two time points. This allowed for an internal consistency reliability multiverse at time 1 and 2, and a test-retest reliability multiverse between time 1 and 2. Largely arbitrary decisions in data-processing led to differences between the highest and lowest reliability estimate of at least 0.2. Importantly, there was no consistent pattern in the data-processing specifications that led to greater reliability, across time as well as tasks. Together, data-processing decisions are highly influential, and largely unpredictable, on measure reliability. I discuss actions researchers could take to mitigate some of the influence of reliability heterogeneity, including adopting hierarchical modelling approaches. Yet, there are no approaches that can completely save us from measurement error. Measurement matters and I call on readers to help us move from what could be a measurement crisis towards a measurement revolution.


The central question put in this paper is: what is the contribution Malachi makes to a theological appreciation of the OT? Four dimensions in determining the theology of the book of Malachi have been detected: a theological dimension portraying the God active in the book, a cultic dimension emphasising the way in which YHWH demands to be worshipped; an ethical dimension highlighting the expected behaviour of the people of God and finally an eschatological dimension opening up a vision of a future to come.


In this work we present Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm secondary eclipse observations of five new cool ( < 1200 ?> K) transiting gas giant planets: HAT-P-19b, WASP-6b, WASP-10b, WASP-39b, and WASP-67b. We compare our measured eclipse depths to the predictions of a suite of atmosphere models and to eclipse depths for planets with previously published observations in order to constrain the temperature- and mass-dependent properties of gas giant planet atmospheres. We find that the dayside emission spectra of planets less massive than Jupiter require models with efficient circulation of energy to the night side and/or increased albedos, while those with masses greater than that of Jupiter are consistently best-matched by models with inefficient circulation and low albedos. At these relatively low temperatures we expect the atmospheric CH4/CO ratio to vary as a function of metallicity, and we therefore use our observations of these planets to constrain their atmospheric metallicities. We find that the most massive planets have dayside emission spectra that are best-matched by solar metallicity atmosphere models, but we are not able to place strong constraints on metallicities of the smaller planets in our sample. Interestingly, we find that the ratio of the 3.6 and 4.5 μm brightness temperatures for these cool transiting planets is independent of planet temperature, and instead exhibits a tentative correlation with planet mass. If this trend can be confirmed, it would suggest that the shape of these planets' emission spectra depends primarily on their masses, consistent with the hypothesis that lower-mass planets are more likely to have metal-rich atmospheres.


The Opening of the Debate In 1998, the first issue of the newly renamed journal of the Canadian Folklore Association, Ethnologies, included an article by Donald H. Frew, a Californian terming himself an "independent scholar writer." It represented a historiographical landmark, being only the second contribution to one of the key scholarly debates in the history of contemporary religions, that concerning the origin of Wicca, the first of the various traditions of modern pagan witchcraft to emerge into the public eye (Frew 1998). During the 1980s, British writers working within that tradition, such as Janet and Stewart Farrar and Doreen Valiente, had done valuable work in providing anecdotal material for its history and commencing the textual analysis of its liturgy (Farrar and Farrar 1981; 1984; Valiente 1989). Systematic discussion of the issue, however, only began in 1991, with the publication of a book by another Californian, Aidan Kelly. This made an analysis of certain key texts to suggest that Wicca had essentially been created by one man, a retired colonial official called Gerald Gardner, who had in turn been heavily influenced by the thesis propounded by the Egyptologist Margaret Murray. Murray had argued that the people persecuted for the alleged crime of witchcraft in early modern Europe had been practitioners of a persisting pagan religion, then being finally exposed and rooted out by Christian authorities. Gardner declared that the religion concerned had survived in secret until the twentieth century, and that he was drawing the attention of the public to its continued existence, and to its rites and beliefs. Aidan Kelly argued that Gardner had himself founded the religion to which he was giving this publicity (Kelly 1991). Donald Frew's essay is essentially a defence of Murray and Gardner against Dr Kelly and two other writers who have questioned their claims, Jacqueline Simpson and myself. He produces no decisive piece of evidence in support of this enterprise. Instead, his principal tactic is to attempt to catch out the three of us in mistakes of detail, and so to convey the impression that our work as a whole is unsound--at least in this area--and can therefore be disregarded. By this negative process, he suggests that Murray and Gardner have been unfairly treated, and so should be given credence. At no point does he grant any of his victims credit for virtues in other writings, or leave them any dignity as scholars; the destructive effect is apparently intended to be total. This being so, the temptation to reply to his attack is pretty well irresistible, but a rejoinder based on mere rebarbative pedantry would be tedious to many readers. Instead, I regard the opportunity as one to review the main points in contention over the origins of modern pagan witchcraft, and make them clearer for those not directly concerned in the debate. In the process, perhaps, some insights can be provided of the way in which history is written in this field, or even in general. The issues cover three very different areas of research--ancient paganism, the early modern witch trials, and modern witchcraft--and each will be treated here in turn. That they can be surveyed in the journal of the society of which Margaret Murray was once president, and Gerald Gardner once a council member, provides a very neat sense of historical continuity. Ancient Paganism and Wicca: General Considerations In 1991, I drew a stark contrast between Wicca and what is known of the pagan religions of ancient Europe, when concluding a survey of the evidence for those in the British Isles (Hutton 1991, 335-71). This had the effect of emphasising the essential modernity of Wicca and its distance and difference from the paganism of antiquity. As such, it was inevitably opposed to Donald Frew's purpose, which is to stress instead the similarity of Wicca to ancient paganism, and therefore both to advance the claims of the former to be a representation of the latter and to present the possibility of a direct process of transmission between them. …


In the competitive world, time to market, new technology and innovation are the measures of the performance of New Product Development (NPD). Companies tend to use a conventional approach to NPD by assigning representatives from their own support functions to review and recommend changes as projects evolve. In recent years, this approach has been questioned since it is a costly and time-consuming approach due to its iterative nature. Researchers argue that the time to market process and the cost of NPD can be reduced considerably by involving the support functions of the supply chain to a greater extent and also earlier in the NPD process. There is a potential industrial requirement for a collaborative framework that facilitates the linkage between Supply Chain Management (SCM) and New Product Development (NPD).

This research project focuses on the early stages of the collaborative product development process in the extended enterprise. The research output includes the functional requirements of a framework and a developed prototype methodology with tools and technologies that are tested from case studies within industry. The research also introduces the development and analysis of the framework that allows the integration of the flow of product development related activities within original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and suppliers providing future business benefits. An industrial investigation of an OEM in the automotive industry within the research identified that there are different decision making points in product development and manufacturing. The proposed methodology and framework use key drives to predict and quantify its impact on four main criteria namely: feasibility, time, cost and capability that support or advise on key decision making of OEM's product development and management process.


Abstract Critical heat flux (CHF) tests using rod bundles were performed under low-flow conditions to supplement the CHF database for HANARO fuel. The test rod had the same geometric configuration as the HANARO fuel, and its aluminum cladding with fins was made by coextrusion on the stainless steel heating tube. Three types of test sections were used: hexagonal with seven rods, triangular with three rods, and rectangular with four rods. Each test bundle has three spacers axially, and a view window is located in the upper region of the test section. Flow patterns until the CHF condition are typically varied from bubbly flow to annular flow, and then CHF occurs through the long annular flow period. A total of 36 bundle CHF data were obtained from the 3 test sections. The results showed that the CHFs for bundles are larger than those for a single rod with the same geometrical dimension by a maximum 26% as the mass flux changes. It is considered that these results are induced by the enhancement of the turbulence and thermal mixing generated by the spacers. In addition, measurement of the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) in the rectangular bundle was attempted using sound signals. A hydrophone was attached near the outlet wall of the test section. Hydrophone signals around the ONB point were measured and analyzed based on the frequency through the real fast Fourier transform. Frequency analysis showed clear differences in the power spectral densities for two different frequency ranges before and after ONB, which verifies the usefulness of sound signals for ONB detection.


Drawing on the theory of a cultural schema, this work focuses on the effect of age as a social variable on the instantiation of Persian cultural schema referred to as Shekaste-nafsi (modesty) in compliment responses. The schema motivates speakers to evade the compliment by lowering themselves and raising the other. This study seeks to quantitatively and qualitatively examine the pattern of schema activation in Persian cultural setting. The thrust of the study is to see 'how' the schema is practiced in young and old Persian speakers. Data were collected from a corpus of 63 hours of audio-taped conversations analyzed through a conversation analytic (CA) methodology. The results of analysis revealed that age has a significant effect on the distribution and frequency of this schema in the sense that age effect makes the speech of the young fairly similar to the globalized culture of speech and less similar to that of their previous generation. The underlying causes were attributed to globalization and socio-economic status of Iran.


Cancer is the leading cause of death in developed and developing countries. Cancer mortality is expected to rise to an estimated 13.1 million deaths annually by 2030.1 However, certain types of cancer have a high chance of cure if they are detected at an early stage and adequately treated.2

The delays in cancer diagnosis may occur throughout the diagnostic pathway: patient, primary care, and secondary care. Patient delays may occur when the patient fails to recognise and act on suspicious cancer symptoms.3 Poor public awareness for early symptoms of cancer is considered to be the predominant reason for delayed presentation, particularly if symptoms are atypical in nature.4 A recent community-based study measuring public awareness of cancer symptoms in Oman showed that the majority of Omanis were unable to identify common cancer symptoms. These included unexplained bleeding, difficulty swallowing, change in bowel or bladder habits, sores that did not heal, unexplained pain, cough or hoarseness, unexplained lump or swelling, change in the appearance of a mole, and unexplained weight loss. The study also showed that the most reported barriers to seeking timely medical help included being too busy to make an appointment, concern about what the doctor might find, and difficulty talking to the doctor. The study concluded that urgent strategies are needed to increase public awareness in Oman for
cancer symptoms.5

The Oman Cancer Association (OCA) is a non-governmental organization working to increase public awareness of cancers using community-based programs. The association works to educate the community about early symptoms of cancer, promote self-examination for cancer (e.g., breast cancer) and promote proper, timely intervention. However, still more public educational activities are needed, particularly in the rural communities.

Although the school science curriculum in Oman covers many concepts related to health education, none of them are related to awareness of risk factors for cancer or cancer symptoms.6 Thus, curriculum-based health education regarding the prevention of cancer and motivation of children to incorporate healthy lifestyle practices into their daily lives are needed. Using media such as TV broadcasts, life lectures, seminars, and social media could improve cancer awareness among adolescents.

Primary care delays may occur in the recognition, investigation, and referral for symptoms suspicious of cancer.3 Although primary care is the first point of contact for patients using national health services in many countries around the world, delay in cancer diagnosis remains as an ongoing problem at this level. Primary care physicians are expected to identify patients with possible cancer at an early stage, but the diagnosis of cancer is relatively uncommon for individual primary care physician as more than 80% of patients present with non-specific symptoms.7 Indeed, the main concern of a primary care physician is to differentiate the minority of patients who need urgent attention from the majority of patients who are likely to have self-limiting conditions.8

Primary health care services in Oman, similar to the most Arabic countries, are provided by a network of local health centres. However, patients can access medical services at different places, including private clinics and hospitals. Also, some patients may travel abroad for investigations, treatments, medical check-ups, and to obtain a second opinion.9 As a result, there is a serious lack of continuity of care. Continuity of care with a particular physician has been found to increase early detection of cancer and the likelihood of cancer testing.10 Thus, support is needed to increase continuity of care through promoting appointment systems and limited access to a specific primary care physician for non-urgent conditions.

Although the Ministry of Health in Oman developed a guideline for early detection and screening of breast cancer in 2010, there is also a need for guidelines to identify alarming symptoms for other types of cancer and to refer suspected patients to a specialist within a specific period.11 A policy has been adopted in the UK to refer patients who are suspected of having cancer to a specialist within two weeks.12 Therefore, availability of guidelines for primary care physicians in Oman to identify suspected symptoms of cancer and refer them early to specialists are important to shorten the appointment waiting time and improve cancer prognosis.

In the hospital, delays can be due to the doctors' delay in making a diagnosis and starting treatment. A doctors' delay in making a diagnosis is defined as the time taken from primary care referral to diagnosis. Delay of treatment is defined as the interval between diagnosis and the start of treatment.13 Considerable diagnostic delay might occur if several invasive procedures are needed to confirm the diagnosis and the suitability for surgical treatment.14

In summary, a delay in cancer diagnosis can occur at various levels. The patient may fail to recognise suspicious cancer symptoms or act on them. The primary care physician may not recognise patients with suspicious cancer symptoms and investigate them appropriately or refer on time. Patients with suspicious cancer in secondary care may not be seen on time, or they may be referred to the wrong specialty. Thus, using media to broadcast the message of awareness in the community should increase public knowledge of cancer symptoms and the importance of seeking timely medical attention. Regularly updating primary care physicians about alarming symptoms of cancer, developing guidelines to identify these symptoms, promoting continuity of care, and enabling access to specialist expertise through prompt referrals should all help to prevent delays in cancer diagnosis.


Due to their ease of use, relative low cost, and excellent spatial sampling, distributed fibre-optic- based seismic acquisition systems are gaining increased attention, particularly in vertical seismic profile (VSP) surveys. Data recorded using such systems clearly exhibit a radiation pattern effect whose characteristics depend on the effective length of the section of fibre being used for sampling. The use of long gauge lengths results in the attenuation of high frequencies and high wavenumber whereas the use of short gauge lengths results in the attenuation of low frequencies and low wavenumbers. One solution to this problem would be to process data with a variety of different gauge lengths and merge the data at a later time. Unfortunately many of the systems currently available cannot offer this option because the length is fixed either by the hardware or within the initial processing.


Professor Moon Joo, Dean of Fine Art at Seoul National University and I followed a highly prestigious, worldwide call for an art competition, which attracted entries from all continents.The task was to develop an artistic work and strategy for the landmark outdoor sculpture in the PyeongChang Olympic Plaza, 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games in South Korea. It was in its initial stages anonymous, blind peer reviewed by highly esteemed artists and theorists.The South Korean Ministry of Culture, Sport and Tourism selected the work through a public art competition co-hosted by the Ministry of Culture and Arts. During the design process Professor Moon and I identified the lack of democratic discussion and community involvement in public art as an issue to be solved and decided finally that the design will be based on an inquiry of interested community and stakeholders. We followed a statistic evaluation, the result is Connected One. Most people asked during the inquiry were identifying the Olympic rings, energy, colour and representations of major winter-sport disciplines as key elements, all of which are exemplified in the finished product.The horizontal Olympic Rings symbolize the five participating continents, Africa, Asia, America, Australia and Europe, with six life size figures skiing on a large vortex of colour. Professor Moon Joo and I may have put the project into motion, but the sculpture is a democratic design that intends to engage people of the host country and the rest of the world based on the Olympic values.Using the data baseline and methodological framework established by the my impact of public art research programme — a five-year study on the economic, environmental, social and cultural impacts of art in public. As in a number of former projects the aim is to gain deeper insight in processes around public art and to experiment with different forms of commissioning and final shapes of art in public. This object is highlighted on the global stage and seen by millions. The Culture Olympiad was a shared project between North and South Korea and had significant impact on the peace process and our wellbeing and security today.


Plasmodium falciparum chemosensitivity to the various antimalarial drugs is presently determined in the laboratory by setting up multiple microcultures of the parasite and estimating the amount of growth inhibition caused by known concentrations of drug. Parasite growth inhibition is assessed either by microscopy, radiolabeled substrate uptake, or calorimetrically. The obligate requirement for serum in this assay presents difficulties in the direct comparison of results among laboratories. We now have evidence that antimalarial drug sensitivity assays can be reliably performed in a serum-free medium. The overall comparison of 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values obtained with serum-free media (bovine albumin, Cohn fraction V [BAM] and BAM combined with glucose and lipids-cholesterol-rich mixture) and those obtained in serum-supplemented medium was r = 0.56; n = 60; P < 0.01.


Gender relations are a key institution governing important aspects of production and reproduction of societies. They are guided by formal institutions as well as informal norms and values. As this survey shows, there is great regional heterogeneity in gender inequality in formal and informal social institutions. The literature on long‐term drivers of gender gaps suggests that those gender gaps are related to long‐standing and regularly reproduced gender norms and values related to differences in women's economic opportunities and constraints. The paper also shows that these gender gaps not only affect gender equity but overall development outcomes such as economic growth and reductions in mortality. This is best documented in the case of gender gaps in education but there is also evidence for the negative effects gender of gaps in employment, political and economic empowerment, access to resources, and social institutions on development outcomes. The paper then shows that there has been a large and heterogeneous change in gender gaps. While gender gaps in education (and legal rights) have closed very rapidly, gender gaps in labor force participation, health, political participation, and time use have closed much less rapidly, and there has been virtually progress in reducing occupational and sectoral segregation, unexplained gender pay gaps, and violence against women. The paper presents some hypotheses that might explain this differential performance and also contribute to understanding regional dynamics, before pointing towards a forward‐looking research agenda on better understanding the linkages between institutions and their change, gender inequality, and economic development.


Solution conditions significantly affect sufhydryl (SH) group reactivity of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of solution conditions on SH-reactivity. Conditions were varied in pH, temperature and the assortment of additives used. Changes in SH-group reactivity, defined in terms of a second order rate constant for SH- disulfide exchange (k, M-1s-1), were measured calorimetrically using 5,5'-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoate (DTNB2-). All results were compared to BSA under standard conditions (pH 7.0, 50mM ionic strength, 250C). SH-reactivity increased from 0.49 M-1s-1 at pH 6, to 1.74 M-1s-1 at pH 7 and to 14.48 M-1s-1 at pH 8. This increase can be attributed to the pH microenvironment approaching the isoelectric point of cysteine. A 100C increase in temperature from 250C to 350C doubled the rate of SH-group reactivity from 1.74 M-1s-1 to 3.37 M-1s-1. When additives were used, sodium chloride (0.1M) and urea (8M) were found to increase SH-group reactivity from 1.74 M-1s-1 to 23.15 M-1s-1 and 12.03 M-1s-1 respectively; whilst addition of ethanol (10%) did not have any effect on SH-reactivity (k=1.77 M-1s-1). Increase of reactivity upon the addition of sodium chloride (1.0M) may be due to suppression of electrostatic repulsion between BSA and DTNB2-. The increase of SH-group reactivity upon addition of urea is due to the denaturation of BSA's tertiary structure to expose the hidden SH-group. Findings from this study are important for better understanding of BSA structure and also characterization of SH-group location and reactivity.


LHCf is an experiment dedicated to the measurement of neutral particles emitted in the very forward region of LHC collisions. The physics goal is to provide data for calibrating the hadron interaction models that are used in studies of extremely high-energy cosmic rays. LHCf can discriminate the existing models by the measurement of gamma-rays. Furthermore, because measurement of neutrons gives information of elasticity, it is complementary to the measurement of gamma-rays. The performances of the LHCf detectors for hadron showers were investigated at the CERN SPS H4 beam line in 2007. The tests were performed using 150 MeV and 350 GeV protons. The detection efficiencies of 11 % and 26 %, the energy resolutions of 21 % and 27 % are obtained for each energy. These results are in agreement with the results of full Monte Carlo simulation. We also simulated for the energy range at the LHC operation and found the efficiency and resolution are almost independent of incident energy over 1 TeV. At 3 TeV, the detection efficiency and the resolution were about 20 % and 40 %, respectively. We also found that the number of shower particles contained in a neutron event is approximately 30 % with respect to that of an electron induced shower with the same energy.


Mirror sites enable client requests to be serviced by any of a number of servers, reducing load at individual servers and dispersing network load. Typically, a client requests service from a single mirror site. We consider enabling a client to access a file from multiple mirror sites in parallel to speed up the download. To eliminate complex client-server negotiations that a straightforward implementation of this approach would require, we develop a feedback-free protocol based on erasure codes. We demonstrate that a protocol using fast Tornado codes can deliver dramatic speedups at the expense of transmitting a moderate number of additional packets into the network. This scalable solution extends naturally to allow multiple clients to access data from multiple mirror sites simultaneously. The approach applies naturally to wireless networks and satellite networks as well.


The variability of responses of sensory neurons constrains how reliably animals can respond to stimuli in the outside world. We show for a motion-sensitive visual interneuron of the fly that the variability of spike trains depends on the properties of the motion stimulus, although differently for different stimulus parameters. (1) The spike count variances of responses to constant and to dynamic stimuli lie in the same range. (2) With increasing stimulus size, the variance may slightly decrease. (3) Increasing pattern contrast reduces the variance considerably. For all stimulus conditions, the spike count variance is much smaller than the mean spike count and does not depend much on the mean activity apart from very low activities. Using a model of spike generation, we analyzed how the spike count variance depends on the membrane potential noise and the deterministic membrane potential fluctuations at the spike initiation zone of the neuron. In a physiologically plausible range, the variance is affected only weakly by changes in the dynamics or the amplitude of the deterministic membrane potential fluctuations. In contrast, the amplitude and dynamics of the membrane potential noise strongly influence the spike count variance. The membrane potential noise underlying the variability of the spike responses in the motion-sensitive neuron is concluded to be affected considerably by the contrast of the stimulus but by neither its dynamics nor its size.


On January 7, 1835 a group of landowners, artisans, soldiers, and peasants stormed Belém, the capital of the Amazon region. Now known as the Cabanagem, this rebellion occurred during a time of social upheaval in not just Pará but also Brazil. On that first day a prominent landowner, Felix Malcher, was released from prison and declared the new president by popular proclamation. The administration in Rio refused to recognize him, despite his statement of allegiance to the Empire of Brazil. Soon factions erupted, aligned with differences between the local elites and their poorer allies; Malcher and a subsequent president were killed. After battles with imperial forces the third rebel president, Eduardo Angelim, was adopted by a victorious crowd in August 1835. The capital reverted to imperial hands on May 13, 1836; however, the rebellion had not been quelled as the rest of the region became embroiled in conflict. As it developed, ethnic and class alliances changed, and the battles continued for four more years. While rebels gradually lost towns and fortified rural encampments, they were never defeated militarily. Organized attacks continued until a general amnesty was granted to all rebels by Emperor Pedro II in July 1840. The Cabanagem, which involved indigenous people, was a broad and fragile alliance composed of different interests with an international dimension. Radical liberal ideas brought together those living in rural and urban districts and appealed to long-standing animosities against distant control by outsiders, the inconsistent use of the law to protect all people, and compulsory labor regimes that took people away from their families and lands. Yet the regency administration feared the break-up of the newly independent Brazil. The violent pacification of the region was justified by portraying the movement as a race war, dominated by "people of color" incapable of ruling themselves.


The essays in this book represent a contribution of the Historic Peace Churches (HPC) to the work of the World Council of Churches' Decade to Overcome Violence. They are divided into four sections: the first introduces the ecumenical context of this discussion, the history of HPC relations, and the globalised reality in which contemporary violence occurs. The second is written from three geo-social settings and engages the notion of globalisation from three viewpoints: biblical studies, theological ethics and historiography. The third section engages the gospel and our traditions within the contexts of HPC communities in North America, Nigeria and Colombia. And the fourth discusses resources in HPC tradition for action, reflection and critique in building a future of justice and peace. An appendix reproduces a statement prepared at a 2001 consultation of interested members of the Brethren, Quaker and Mennonite communities, entitled "Just Peace-making: Towards an Ecumenical Ethical Approach from the Perspective of the Historic Peace Churches. A Study Paper for Dialogue with the Wider Church". Readership: Christian social thought and activity; globalisation; justice; peace churches; peace-making; power; reconciliation.


Collecting well-annotated image datasets to train modern machine learning algorithms is prohibitively expensive for many tasks. One appealing alternative is rendering synthetic data where ground-truth annotations are generated automatically. Unfortunately, models trained purely on rendered images fail to generalize to real images. To address this shortcoming, prior work introduced unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms that have tried to either map representations between the two domains, or learn to extract features that are domain-invariant. In this work, we approach the problem in a new light by learning in an unsupervised manner a transformation in the pixel space from one domain to the other. Our generative adversarial network (GAN)-based method adapts source-domain images to appear as if drawn from the target domain. Our approach not only produces plausible samples, but also outperforms the state-of-the-art on a number of unsupervised domain adaptation scenarios by large margins. Finally, we demonstrate that the adaptation process generalizes to object classes unseen during training.


Cu Kβ2,5 X-ray emission and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering measurements were performed on monovalent and divalent copper compounds. The data were compared with the results of local-density-approximation calculations. The methods were found to be efficient tools for studies of Cu 4p states in the valence band and for distinguishing between different monovalent copper compounds. This is of particular importance for the debate concerning copper corrosion in oxygen-free water.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the diagnostic value of 2 intraoral bisecting angle radiographic views in comparison with periodontal probing for the assessment of periodontal attachment of the canine teeth in dogs.

STUDY POPULATION
466 canine teeth from 117 dogs.

PROCEDURE
Periodontal probing measurements were recorded, and clinical attachment levels (CAL) were calculated at the mesial, buccal, distal, and lingual (or palatal) surfaces on each canine tooth. Occlusal and lateral radiographs of the canine teeth were obtained. Alveolar margin height (AMH) was measured at the same 4 surfaces. Values for AMH and CAL were compared on the basis of tooth surface, dental arch, and radiographic view.

RESULTS
The AMH at the mesial and distal surfaces of the mandibular canine teeth was measurable on the lateral view and was significantly correlated with CAL. Similar results were found for the mesial and distal surfaces of the maxillary canine teeth. Buccal and lingual AMH were measured on the mandibular occlusal radiographic view, and values were significantly correlated with CAL, but only the buccal AMH could be assessed on the occlusal radiographic view of the maxilla with values that correlated significantly with CAL.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The lateral radiographic view is suitable for evaluating periodontal attachment at the mesial and distal surfaces of the canine teeth in dogs. The occlusal radiographic view is suitable for assessing buccal surfaces as well as the lingual surface of mandibular canine teeth but not the palatal surface of maxillary canine teeth in dogs.


In recent years, with the continuing progress of aging social infrastructures such as bridges and tunnels, there has been high demand for the assessment of deterioration of their performance and conditions. Since current inspection methods for those structures have mainly relied on human resources, it is important to reduce their increasing maintenance cost. One of the key methods for achieving effective maintenance without expensive human costs is to use sensors to discriminate between healthy and unhealthy conditions. In this paper, a MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) wideband frequency sensor, which is referred to as a super acoustic (SA) sensor, is evaluated through the pencil lead break (PLB) test. Due to its wideband frequency characteristics, the SA sensor is expected to be a promising alternative to the existing vibration sensors, including acoustic emission (AE) sensors. Several PLB signals were generated on an aluminum plate (5 mm thick), and propagating Lamb waves were detected by both AE and SA sensors. SA sensors were able to identify the location of PLB sources on the plate by measuring time differences between each sensor. By comparing the wave spectrums of both the AE and SA sensors analyzed by wavelet transform, the applicability of SA sensor for AE measurement is verified.


Puzzles and brain twisters to keep your mind sharp and your memory intact are all the rage today. More and more people -- Baby Boomers and information workers in particular -- are becoming concerned about their gray matter's ability to function, and with good reason. As this sensible and entertaining guide points out, your brain is easily your most important possession. It deserves proper upkeep. Your Brain: The Missing Manual is a practical look at how to get the most out of your brain -- not just how the brain works, but how you can use it more effectively. What makes this book different than the average self-help guide is that it's grounded in current neuroscience. You get a quick tour of several aspects of the brain, complete with useful advice about: Brain Food: The right fuel for the brain and how the brain commands hunger (including an explanation of the different chemicals that control appetite and cravings)Sleep: The sleep cycle and circadian rhythm, and how to get a good night's sleep (or do the best you can without it)Memory: Techniques for improving your recallReason: Learning to defeat common sense; logical fallacies (including tactics for winning arguments); and good reasons for bad prejudicesCreativity and Problem-Solving: Brainstorming tips and thinking not outside the box, but about the box -- in other words, find the assumptions that limit your ideas so you can break through themUnderstanding Other People's Brains: The battle of the sexes and babies developing brains Learn about the built-in circuitry that makes office politics seem like a life-or-death struggle, causes you to toss important facts out of your memory if they're not emotionally charged, and encourages you to eat huge amounts of high-calorie snacks. With Your Brain: The Missing Manual you'll discover that, sometimes, you can learn to compensate for your brain or work around its limitations -- or at least to accept its eccentricities. Exploring your brain is the greatest adventure and biggest mystery you'll ever face. This guide has exactly the advice you need.


This paper examines the physical basis of two types of phonological iconicity from a phonetic viewpoint and attempts to unravel the mechanism of phonological iconicity in its entirety. Many researchers consider the basis of association in indirect phonological iconicity (e.g. high-front vowels being associated with smallness) to be acoustic resonance frequency, size of oral cavity, and kinesthetic sensation. The first two bases appear closely related when examined in the light of the general principle in direct phonological iconicity (e.g. BOW-WOW ). The bases both involve the front oral cavity (FOC), the resonance frequency of which is also the key factor in direct phonological iconicity (Masuda 2003; 2005). Therefore FOC may be one of the most influential bases of phonological iconicity.


During spring 2014, we drilled an ice core on the northwestern Greenland Ice Sheet, recovering a core of total length 225 m. We also conducted stratigraphic observations, measurements of the density of the ice core, near-infrared photography of the ice core, preparation of liquid samples for chemical analysis, and measurements of borehole temperature. The pore close-off depth was 60 m, and the temperature in the borehole was -25.6 °C at a depth of 10 m. In addition, we conducted snow-pit observations, ice-velocity and surface-elevation measurements using the global positioning system (GPS), meteorological observations, and installation of an automated weather station (AWS).


Vicki Coppock, from Great Britain, a critical social scientist whose work aims to give to voice to children, talks with me about psychiatry, mental health, family life, and the needs of children. From feminism to individualism, from behaviorism to relationship, she brings wisdom to a panorama of subjects.


The individual mandate provision in the Affordable Care Act requires individuals to obtain minimum essential health insurance coverage. This provision has been the focus of legal attacks on the Act. Opponents of the mandate have contended that Congress lacks power to compel individuals to engage in a private, commercial transaction. These claims are most sensibly understood as libertarian objections - that is, objections to government attempts to regulate certain personal decisions or actions, on the ground that those decisions or actions are for the individual, and only the individual, to make or take. As such, as a doctrinal matter this objection flows most logically from the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, as a species of substantive due process. Opponents of the individual mandate, however, have framed their claims in terms of federalism, contending that Congress lacks power under Article I to regulate "inactivity." But the libertarian objection has simply nothing to do with federalism - that is, a system for allocating power between the federal government and the states. Whether the object of regulation is passive or instead active tells us nothing about whether it is more properly regulated at the state or federal level. Incorporating a categorical libertarian limitation into federalism doctrine, moreover, would limit federal authority even when the government's interests in regulation are compelling, and even when the states are simply unable, because of collective action problems, to address a problem of national scope and importance. Smuggling a libertarian-based limitation into constitutional law by concealing it in the garb of federalism can only deepen the suspicions of those who are already inclined to view arguments about federalism as simply a guise for some other policy agenda. If opponents of the individual mandate wish to raise a libertarian objection, then they are free to do so; but they should do so in an intellectually coherent way, and they should be clear about the consequences - both for state and federal authority - that inevitably would follow.


Abstract. This paper presents analytical solutions to estimate at
any scale the fracture density variability associated to stochastic Discrete
Fracture Networks. These analytical solutions are based upon the assumption
that each fracture in the network is an independent event. Analytical
solutions are developed for any kind of fracture density indicators. Those
analytical solutions are verified by numerical computing of the fracture
density variability in three-dimensional stochastic Discrete Fracture
Network (DFN) models following various orientation and size distributions,
including the heavy-tailed power-law fracture size distribution. We show
that this variability is dependent on the fracture size distribution and the
measurement scale, but not on the orientation distribution. We also show
that for networks following power-law size distribution, the scaling of the
three-dimensional fracture density variability clearly depends on the
power-law exponent.


Empirical research inevitably includes constructing a data set by processing raw data into a form ready for statistical analysis. Data processing often involves choices among several reasonable options for excluding, transforming, and coding data. We suggest that instead of performing only one analysis, researchers could perform a multiverse analysis, which involves performing all analyses across the whole set of alternatively processed data sets corresponding to a large set of reasonable scenarios. Using an example focusing on the effect of fertility on religiosity and political attitudes, we show that analyzing a single data set can be misleading and propose a multiverse analysis as an alternative practice. A multiverse analysis offers an idea of how much the conclusions change because of arbitrary choices in data construction and gives pointers as to which choices are most consequential in the fragility of the result.


By Randall J. Black* *CONCLUSION TO AN ARTICLE BEGUN IN VOL. 10, NO. 2 CHAPTER III THE SAVINGS AND LOAN CRISIS - WOULD MARKET VALUE ACCOUNTING HAVE PREVENTED THE RED INK? $500 Billion is a price tag many have placed on the savings and loan cr sis.1 Whenever discussions about market value accounting occur, market value accounting advocates believe the savings and loan crisis and its cost would have been prevented if thrifts had used market value accounting. More specifically, they believe that the use of historical cost accounting, instead of market value accounting, failed to expose the industry's true financial condition. If thrifts had used market value accounting, regulators and investors would have known about the precarious nature of the industry, acted to minimize future losses, and prevented the massive government bailout by the Resolutions Trust Corporation. But, would market value accounting truly have prevented the savings and loan crisis? Granted, there were problems with the way savings and loans reported the results of operations and financial condition. But there were also other factors that contributed to the failure of the thrift industry. Rising interest rates, the deregulation of the financial services industry, government intervention, and the collapse of the real estate market all contributed to the demise of the thrift industry. Insider abuse also contributed to the industry's failure. The way in which savings and loans reported the impact of these items was only one factor in the crisis. A full understanding of all of the reasons for the savings and loan crisis must be explored before concluding that market value accounting would be better for the banking industry. What Caused the Crisis? The root cause of the savings and loan crisis lies in the deregulation and evolution of the financial services industry as the regulated thrift industry struggled to compete against its unregulated competition. In the early 1980s, the interest rate environment surged to extraordinarily high levels. Interest rates in the high teens were not uncommon. In addition, new investment opportunities, mutual fund competition, and the rapid evolution of financial services and products on Wall Street changed the environment thrifts had grown up in.2 Previously, the thrift industry had almost been guaranteed a profit. Interest rates on deposit products were set by regulation, and tax incentives for thrifts that invested in long-term mortgage products protected the industry. However, competition emerged in the financial services industry as banks, insurance companies, mortgage brokers, brokerage houses, and even international financial players began to offer similar products and compete for the thrift industry's customers. Deregulation of interest rates and lending products eliminated the safe haven in which thrifts had previously operated. Now a customer of a savings and loan could shop for the best prices for the services he or she wanted. If the customers wanted to make an investment in certificates of deposit, they could look at the mutual fund industry. If the customers needed a loan for the purchase of a new home, they could visit one of the mortgage brokers to obtain their mortgage loan without ever entering a savings and loan. Before deregulation, thrifts enjoyed almost a monopoly on many of these items. The rising interest rate environment and increasing competition affected the industry's ability to obtain funding and to prudently invest those funds it did receive. First, as rates rose, depositors, the lifeblood of the industry's funding source, sought out ever higher returns on their investment. As a result, depositors began to prematurely withdraw the deposits they had invested in their local thrift and reinvest the funds in higher yielding instruments at other competitor savings and loans, or to withdraw the funds from the savings and loan industry entirely. …


Market-based instruments (MBIs) for resource management create financial incentives for people and businesses to use resources more efficiently, within a regulatory context designed to ensure that ecological, social and cultural objectives are also met. Three case studies were done to identify factors influencing the adoption or rejection of market-based instruments in New Zealand. Case studies included Individual Transferable Quota (ITQ) for New Zealand's inshore fisheries, Transferable Water Permits (TWPs) in Tasman District and Waikato Region, and charges for occupation of coastal space at both the national and regional levels in New Zealand. This paper provides a summary of findings from these case studies. These include: MBIs are difficult to implement if they threaten the position of existing users. It is important to have clear objectives. Norms and values can be an obstacle to MBIs, especially where they help to protect the interests of key stakeholders, but value-based opposition can be overcome if practical concerns are addressed.