This paper is aimed at modelling a GDP growth rate in Ireland in order to separate the periods of particularly intense growth which are particularly important from the perspective of economic miracle definition. We applied a threshold error correction approach to cover several perspectives of the growth dynamics using different thresholds. A threshold cointegration approach allows to identify a long-run equilibrium within the context of different regimes, which provides a way of identification of asymmetric adjustment in both: short and long horizons. We extended the procedure of threshold identification by using individual economic variables as threshold variables and we further used a model with statistically significant parameters as a basis of testing. Enders and Siklos (2001) introduced the methodology to measure the long-run equilibrium in different ways, i.e., as SETAR and Momentum TAR. In general, GDP growth rate observed in 1980—2014 is the subject of analysis but we validate the results using a longer sample starting from 1973. We find that structural changes are most often identified in the period of recession of 2008—2009. Best models are obtained with the following thresholds: net income from the EU and GDP growth rate. This stresses the important role of investment and the source of its funds.


The paradox of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is that the low-power, miniaturized sensors that can be deeply embedded in the physical world, are too resource-constrained to capture high frequency phenomena. In this paper, we propose RHA, a robust hybrid architecture for information processing to extend sensing capacity while conserving energy, storage and bandwidth. We evaluate RHA with two real world applications, bio-acoustic monitoring and spatial monitoring. RHA provides accurate signal reconstruction with significant down sampling compared to traditional multi-rate sampling, is robust to noise, enables fast triggering and load balancing across sensors.


Using breed differences effectively facilitates high productivity and profitability. Thus, the objective of the study was to estimate direct and maternal additive and heterosis effects for growth traits (birth weight, weaning weight, 19-month weight of heifers and cow weight) from five purebred and 24 crossbred breed types. Afrikaner (A), Brahman (B), Charolais (C), Hereford (H) and Simmentaler (S) were evaluated as purebreds and as sire breeds on A and F1 BA, CA, HA and SA females. Breed additive effects were expressed as deviations from A. Effects of intra-breed genetic trend were assumed to be zero throughout. Solutions for the breed additive and heterosis effects were used to predict performance of the crossbred breed types to verify the adequacy of the genetic model. Correlations of observed and predicted means ranged from 0.87 for weaning weight to 0.94 for 19-month weight. Breed direct effects were consistently greatest for C and least for A across all traits, and maternal effects were greatest for S (except for 19-month weight) and least for C. Direct and maternal heterosis, on average, were positive for all weights. The indicus x sanga and indicus x taurus direct heterosis effects on all weight traits were greater than either the taurus x sanga or taurus x taurus effects, whereas the indicus x sanga maternal heterosis effect was consistently less than the estimated taurus x sanga maternal heterosis effect. ________________________________________________________________________________


This paper will report on the development of a university-wide framework to embed communication skills in learning, teaching and assessment at Murdoch University. The framework is based on a multi-layered approach that aims to support both staff and students through an integrated set of services and resources. These include communication skills rubrics, professional development workshops and online resources for staff, and diagnostic assessment and online modules for students. Although the project has been driven by pragmatic, institutional needs, it has aimed to contribute to theoretical understandings concerning ways of embedding the teaching, learning and assessment of communication skills in higher education curricula. Alongside the development of a practical, university-wide Communication Skills Framework, the project has followed a design-based research approach to generate guiding principles for embedding communication skill across the curriculum in higher education.


Recently, Zhao et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2011, 108, 2684] reported the phase behavior of monolayers of polymeric Brownian squares platelets. As the density is increased, this system exhibits the formation of two crystal structures not expected for particles with square symmetry, namely, a hexagonal rotator crystal phase and a rhombic crystal phase. Molecular simulations by Wojciechowski and Frenkel [Comp. Met. Sci. Technol., 2004 10, 235] had predicted instead the formation of tetratic and square crystal phases. In this work, we report Monte Carlo simulation results of rounded hard squares of varying degrees of roundness, hence interpolating between disks and perfect squares. Our simulations show that the roundness of the particles gives rise to the phases observed by Zhao et al. and further provide a roadmap for the regions of stability of different ordered phases as a function of particle roundness. In particular, our results suggest that depending on the degree of roundness, the isotropic phase would transition either into a hexagonal rotator phase through a hexatic-like intermediate, into a square phase through a tetratic-like intermediate, or (in a narrow range of crossover values of roundness) into a novel polycrystalline phase containing domains with square order in coexistence with clusters of particles having a weak hexagonal order.


Many applications in the petroleum industry require both an understanding of the porous flow of reservoir fluids and an understanding of reservoir stresses and displacements. Historically reservoir simulation has accounted for geomechanical effects by simple use of a rock compressibility. This assumption results in pore volume to change only with pore pressure. On the other hand, according to the poroelasticity theory, pore volume should change not only with pore pressure but also with confining stresses or volumetric strains induced by rock deformation. This difference in the governing equations poses a great challenge when coupling reservoir flow and geomechanics models.
 In this study, we develop a mathematical expression that relates the pore volume compressibility used in the porous flow equation to poroelasticity parameters defined in the geomechanics model. Secondly, in order to implement consistent pore volume changes between the reservoir flow and geomechanics models, we derive a pore volume correction term for the porous flow equation, which accounts for volumetric strain changes and rock matrix deformation. As demonstrated in the paper, the correction term can be easily implemented in sink/source terms (or "fictitious well" term), which are readily available for most commercial reservoir flow models. With this simple implementation, virtually any existing commercial reservoir simulation models can account for geomechanical effects via modular coupling techniques.
 In this work, we compare three different techniques for coupling reservoir flow and geomechanics. One technique uses an explicit algorithm to couple reservoir flow and displacements in which flow calculations are performed every time step followed by displacement calculations (i.e., One-way coupling method). A second technique uses an iteratively coupled algorithm in which flow calculations and displacement calculations are performed sequentially for the nonlinear iterations during each time step (i.e., Iterative partitioned coupling method). The third technique uses a fully coupled approach in which the program's linear solver must solve simultaneously for fluid-flow variables and displacement variables (i.e., Monolithic coupling method). Using Mandel's problem, example simulations are presented to highlight accuracy and computational efficiencies in these coupling techniques.
 To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first paper to present a coupling technique to consider rigorous geomechanical effects in the porous flow equations. The coupling method proposed in this study can be applicable for virtually any existing reservoir and geomechanics simulation models. The proposed coupling techniques are easily extended to multiphase flow and poroelastoplastic problems. All problems in this paper are described in detail, so the results presented here may be used for comparison with other geomechanical / porous-flow simulators.


Assuming that quality science education plays a role in economic growth within a country, it becomes important to understand how education policy might influence science education teaching and learning. This integrative research review draws on Cooper's methodology (Cooper, 1982; Cooper & Hedges, 2009) to synthesize empirical findings on the relationship between science education and test-based accountability policies. Current accountability policy, particularly at the federal level, is intended to influence educators to more fully consider the needs of all students; however, research suggests that, under these policies, many research-based reform efforts in science become sidetracked, teacher practice becomes more fact based, science is taught less, teachers become less satisfied, and many students' needs are not met. Therefore, a clear understanding of educators' perceptions of the impacts of current test-based accountability policies should guide the development and implementation of the next generation of national science standards and subsequent large-scale assessments. By also delineating the limitations of the research into the perceived connections between test-based accountability and science education, this synthesis reveals further research to be done. Finally, this paper details what the reviewed research suggests for improvements to K-12 science education accountability policies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed96:104–129, 2012


Regular airtightness tests were performed on 24 new houses, over periods of up to three years, to evaluate their air barrier systems and to search for evidence, air barrier degradation. Ten of the houses were constructed with polyethylene air barriers while the remaining 14 used an early version of the Airtight Drywall Approach (ADA). The 24 project houses were architecturally similar and of approximately equal size and general layout; stucco was the predominate exterior wall finish. All were exposed to similar terrain shielding. The study found that the airtightness of the polyethylene air barrier houses remained stable over their respective monitoring periods. Although two of the ten houses demonstrated possible, albeit slight, evidence of airtightness degradation, the magnitude of these changes was small and judged not to be of practical significance. With respect to the critical issue of air barrier degradation, no evidence could be found to indicate polyethylene is unsuited for use as an air barrier material in residential construction. For example, all but one of the polyethylene houses met the airtightness requirements of the Canadian R-2000 Standard for energy efficient housing at the end of their monitoring periods. The study found that the airtightness of the 14 ADAmore » houses also remained stable over their monitoring periods. Although six of the 14 houses displayed possible, but slight, evidence of airtightness degradation, the magnitude of the changes was small and not of practical significance. It was concluded that no evidence could be found to indicate that the ADA system is unsuited for use in residential construction. All 14 ADA houses met the airtightness requirements of the R-2000 Program at the end of their respective monitoring periods.« less


When a wave passes through a large thickness of a non-absorbing medium containing weak random irregularities of refractive index, large amplitude and phase fluctuations of the wave field can develop. In a previous paper it was shown how to calculate the probability distributions and average values of these fluctuations. An essential feature of the treatment was that it took into account waves which have been scattered many times (multiple scatter). The present paper considers the spatial autocorrelation functions of the intensity and phase fluctuations in a plane parallel to the wave front of the incident wave for conditions of multiple scatter. These autocorrelation functions are important since they are used in studying the scintillation of radio signals from stellar sources, and yield information about the scattering medium causing the scintillations. The autocorrelation functions of the field quantities depend on the moment matrix of a four-dimensional joint probability distribution. The moments, which are elements of the matrix, are certain average values of the scattered field. A set of integro-differential equations is formulated for the moments and solved analytically for some special cases. General solutions for the moments are obtained by numerical integration, in the case where the irregularities of refractive index have a Gaussian autocorrelation function. Curves for the spatial autocorrelation functions of intensity and phase in this case are given for different distances in the medium.


A systematic study of the angle-resolved photonic stop band of three-dimensionally (3D) ordered polymeric photonic crystals fabricated using a colloidal self-assembling method is presented. The first-order photonic stop band shows a single peak in reflection and shifts toward shorter wavelengths for larger angles of incidence. Beyond an angle of incidence of 45 degrees , a new peak arises in the reflection spectrum due to the coupling of the incident light into other directions of the fcc Brillouin zone. The predominant contribution is identified as being due to reflection from the (200) plane.


: Directional crystallization of binary melts is one of the ways of obtaining solid materials, the quality of which is completely determined by the physical and regime parameters of the solidification process. It is well known that, under certain conditions, the solid-liquid interface becomes morphologically unstable and the constitutional supercooling occurs ahead of the planar solidification front, which leads to the appearance of a metastable region. In this supercooled region, crystals can grow in the form of dendrites, grow on impurity inclusions, etc. As this zone is transitional between the already formed crystal and the melt, it is called a two-phase zone. In this paper, we present the results of numerical experiments carried out in accordance with the model taking into account the formation of a two-phase zone. In particular, qualitative and quantitative patterns of the time dependence of the formation of a two-phase zone in the Fe-Ni melt are obtained under two different regimes of active and passive cooling. Based on the results of calculations, it can also be concluded that, in both cases, there are such values of the cooling parameters, under which a two-phase zone is formed very close to the right boundary of the sample, i.e. practically the whole sample remains homogeneous. Choosing the appropriate cooling mode and its parameters makes it possible to optimize the directional crystallization process both in the quality of the obtained alloys and in the speed of their production.


While the interest in Short Food Supply Chains (SFSCs) is growing, we still await management studies that explore the impact of stakeholders of SFSCs in substantial numbers. This article investigates the differences in the business models of SFSCs that may be attributed to the initiator-stakeholder, interacting with other stakeholders. Essential to business models are the value proposition, value creation and value capture, but it is the ambition of the initiator-stakeholder that starts a SFSC. Initiator-stakeholders of 57 SFSCs were interviewed on a combination of both multiple choice and open questions. The data converges on three categories of business models. First and foremost, a large majority of SFSCs is driven by the aim of the initiator-stakeholder to increase economic viability, uses the market as governance structure, resulting in profit margins likely to be above margins in conventional business. Two other categories of business models of SFSCs group around the theme of producer-support, and, producer-consumer interaction, respectively.


This chapter considers the way in which linguistic theories develop (or 'evolve'). Taking the 'Research Program' model of scientific theory development as a starting point, the discussion focuses on the intricate relationship between Generative Grammar and Relational Grammar during the period 1965–1988. In particular, the emergence of both the Unaccusative Hypothesis and the Universal Alignment Hypothesis in the Relational Grammar framework is discussed at length, and the subsequent incorporation of both these hypotheses into mainstream Generative Grammar during the early 1980s is closely scrutinised. This case study raises diffi cult questions about the circumstances in which particular linguistic propositions are able to migrate between distinct Research Programs. Explorations such as this inevitably rely greatly on the careful analysis of specific historical examples of theory construction. Consequently, this chapter argues that historiographical investigations must necessarily form an essential part of any general and theoretical assessments of the mechanisms of linguistic theory development.


To the Editor,

Implantation of drug-eluting stents at atherosclerotic ostial lesions of the coronary arteries is currently considered a reasonable treatment strategy, and sirolimus-eluting stents (SESs) have been widely used for intervention in ostial lesions. There have been several reports of SES migration after stent fracture [1,2]. However, SES migration without fracture is very rare. We describe a patient who experienced migration of a SES without fracture from the ostium of the left main coronary artery (LM) to the right deep femoral artery (RDFA).

A 67-year-old male presented with complaints of exertional dyspnea and chest discomfort to our cardiovascular center in April 2011. He had coronary risk factors including hypertension and an episode of treatment with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a 3.5 × 13 mm SES (Cypher, Cordis, Johnson & Johnson, Miami Lakes, FL, USA) at the ostium of the LM 2 years earlier. At that time, coronary angiography (CAG) revealed an 80% stenosis at the ostium of the LM (Fig. 1A), and the minimal luminal area was 4.2 mm2 on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) (Fig. 1B). The lesion was predilated by a 3.5 × 10 mm balloon inflated at 10 atmospheric pressure (atm), and an SES was deployed at a pressure of 18 atm. Adjuvant balloon angioplasty was performed at a pressure of 20 atm. Thereafter, both CAG and IVUS showed optimal stent expansion and apposition to the vessel wall (Fig. 1C and 1D). Two years later, cardiac computed tomography performed at his hospital visit with symptoms revealed the absence of the SES in the LM, and the SES was found in the RDFA on fluoroscopy (Fig. 2A). IVUS performed in the RDFA showed a decreased stent area at the proximal edge of the migrated SES (Fig. 2B). CAG showed a 90% stenosis at the ostium of the LM, and the minimal luminal area of the LM was 4.0 mm2 on IVUS. Therefore, a 3.5 × 8 mm biolimus A9-eluting stent (Biomatrix, Biosensors Interventional Technologies Pte Ltd., Singapore) was placed at the ostial lesion in the LM. The patient was discharged 2 days after PCI without complications.

Figure 1

Pre- and postintervention imaging findings. (A) Coronary angiography (CAG) demonstrating tubular eccentric 80% stenosis at the proximal portion of the left main coronary artery (LM). (B) Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) demonstrating significant luminal ...

Figure 2

Migrated coronary sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) in the right deep femoral artery (RDFA). (A) A lower extremity fluoroscopy demonstrating the SES (arrow) that had migrated from the left main coronary artery to the RDFA. (B) Intravascular ultrasound performed ...

Recently, there have been several reports related to SES migration after stent fracture [1,2]. However, migration of SES at the ostium of the LM without fracture has to our knowledge been reported only rarely [3], and the incidence is not available. Several factors may contribute to migration of SES placed at an ostial lesion of the LM. At the ostium of the LM, implanted stents might be affected by perpendicular shear stress caused by blood flow or mechanical forces due to vessel movement during the cardiac cycle. Torsional stress also might be important with respect to stent deformation. Additionally, the effects of mechanical stress on an implanted stent are thought to vary depending on the stent design because differences of strut thickness and mesh architecture would alter the shape of the cells and the links [4]. Since SES have thick struts, dense links, and a wavy open mesh that can be compressed easily, it might be possible to show some plastic deformation after exposure to torsional stress. In our case, IVUS showed optimal stent expansion and apposition to the vessel wall of the LM after SES implantation. However, IVUS performed in the RDFA showed a decreased stent area with a deformed proximal edge of the migrated SES. We believe that contributory factors to SES migration include hinge stress, the shortening of post-dilatation, and the lack of neointimal growth [5]. We performed secondary PCI of the LM with Biomatrix because this stent has several advantages such as quadrature-link design for increased flexibility, a biodegradable polymer, and proven ability in stent placement after SES migration.

This case indicates that SES implantation for ostial lesions in the LM should be performed with great care, and coronary stents that have more flexible designs might be necessary for implantation in LM ostial lesions.


In May 1758, a bailiff named Jean Moriceau de La Motte was arrested for carrying seditious flyers and uttering mauvais discours against Louis XV. When he was questioned at the Bastille over the next several months, La Motte was unequivocal in his loyalty to the king, but his insistence failed to convince the police and probably hurt his case more than would have a simple admission of guilt. He was sentenced to be hanged on the Place de Greve after making his amends on the steps of Notre Dame. His punishment seemed severe, if not unwarranted, to an increasingly literate and informed Parisian populace that found censorship hard to support, either theoretically or practically, in the face of intellectual and cultural changes wrought by the Enlightenment.By looking at the police files for cases such as La Motte's, Lisa Jane Graham uncovers fascinating clues to the conflicting attitudes of eighteenth-century French subjects toward royal authority. Individuals like La Motte often failed to see the subversive implications of their words and protested their fidelity to the king in impassioned language. The crown's inability or refusal to accommodate a wider range of political speech turned the opinions of these indivduals into bitter grievances and sometimes crimes. Ironically, the decision to repress seditious speech not only alienated essentially loyal French men and women; by marking them as opponents of monarchical authority, it strengthened their sense of their own autonomy and legitimacy as social actors.The complex and surprising web of motivations lying at the heart of such loyalty, as revealed in the police files Graham examines, undermines some deeply rooted assumptions about the Enlightenment and its links to modernity. Graham's book presents the eighteenth century as the critical historical moment for studying how the premodern virtue of loyalty gave way to new ideas and vocabularies about the relationship between individuals and government. If the King Only Knew attests to the powerful emotional and ideological conflicts this difficult transition unleashed.


The online availability of public data using unstructured documents and non-open file formats is still found in ma-ny government agencies what hampers so-ciety to consume data, as unlocking da-ta from them is not a trivial task di-rected to everyone. This in progress work aims at expanding a previous pro-posal by elaborating an important as-pect of a conceptual software architec-ture which is the collaborative ap-proach in the context of open govern-ment data. The contribution of this work is shown in the form of software requirements that make it possible for users in the open data community be in-volved with the entire data structuring process while government agencies pre-pare themselves to publish open data by default.


Background Persistent post-traumatic headache most commonly has symptoms that overlap those of migraine. In some cases, it can be clinically difficult to differentiate persistent post-traumatic headache with a migraine phenotype from migraine. The objective of this study was to develop a classification model based on questionnaire data and structural neuroimaging data that distinguishes individuals with migraine from those with persistent post-traumatic headache. Methods Questionnaires assessing headache characteristics, sensory hypersensitivities, cognitive functioning, and mood, as well as T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor data from 34 patients with migraine and 48 patients with persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury were included for analysis. The majority of patients with persistent post-traumatic headache had a migraine/probable migraine phenotype (77%). A machine-learning leave-one-out cross-validation algorithm determined the average accuracy for distinguishing individual migraine patients from individual patients with persistent post-traumatic headache. Results Based on questionnaire data alone, the average classification accuracy for determining whether an individual person had migraine or persistent post-traumatic headache was 71.9%. Adding imaging data features to the model improved the classification accuracy to 78%, including an average accuracy of 97.1% for identifying individual migraine patients and an average accuracy of 64.6% for identifying individual patients with persistent post-traumatic headache. The most important clinical features that contributed to the classification accuracy included questions related to anxiety and decision making. Cortical brain features and fibertract data from the following regions or tracts most contributed to the classification accuracy: Bilateral superior temporal, inferior parietal and posterior cingulate; right lateral occipital, uncinate, and superior longitudinal fasciculus. A post-hoc analysis showed that compared to incorrectly classified persistent post-traumatic headache patients, those who were correctly classified as having persistent post-traumatic headache had more severe physical, autonomic, anxiety and depression symptoms, were more likely to have post-traumatic stress disorder, and were more likely to have had mild traumatic brain injury attributed to blasts. Discussion A classification model that included a combination of questionnaire data and structural imaging parameters classified individual patients as having migraine versus persistent post-traumatic headache with good accuracy. The most important clinical measures that contributed to the classification accuracy included questions on mood. Regional brain structures and fibertracts that play roles in pain processing and pain integration were important brain features that contributed to the classification accuracy. The lower classification accuracy for patients with persistent post-traumatic headache compared to migraine may be related to greater heterogeneity of patients in the persistent post-traumatic headache cohort regarding their traumatic brain injury mechanisms, and physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.


A significant number of studies highlight the importance of informal interaction and social networks for second language acquisition and social support during study abroad. Many also indicate the importance of study abroad for providing language learners with opportunities to meet, interact, and establish social networks with other target language (TL) speakers. However, although an increasing amount of research has investigated the development of language learners' social networks during study abroad, research examining learners' ongoing network maintenance and development with TL speakers after their program completion remains scarce. The current study aims to address this gap in the literature by investigating the impact of study abroad on language learners' engagement with the host country, its language and its speakers. In particular, focus is placed on interaction and social networks with TL speakers during study abroad and onwards throughout their life trajectories. The study employed a qualitative, semi-longitudinal and cross-sectional approach, focussing on 134 learners of Japanese language who had participated in a university-level study abroad program. Eight focal informants completed a series of in-depth interviews and one-week interaction journals, and online questionnaire data collected from 126 respondents further validated and expanded upon this data. The analytical frameworks that guided this study were based upon Boissevain's (1974) criteria of network analysis, Fehr's (1996; 2000) factors influencing friendship development, and Grosjean's (1972) factors influencing language selection. Additionally, Norton's (2000) notion of investment and Markus and Nurius' (1986) possible selves theory were also drawn upon. This study increases our understanding of the nature of learners' interaction and social networks both during and post-study abroad. It provides insight into the development and maintenance of TL-speaking networks, patterns of language use within them, and the various personal, environmental and situational factors influencing these practices. Of primary importance to network development/maintenance and language use both during and post-study abroad were the environments in which the informants engaged, and their ongoing investment in the TL. One of the key findings was that, for the majority of informants, study abroad was a seminal event that positively influenced their L2 self-concept and ongoing engagement with TL-speaking networks throughout the life trajectory. In particular, it was found that study abroad experiences often resulted in a shift in L2 identity from language learner to user, and that established patterns of TL use during study abroad were, in the majority of cases, maintained once informants returned to their home countries. The current study also increases our understanding of the role of Interactive Communications Technologies (ICTs), such as social network sites (SNSs) and smart phone applications, in post-study abroad contexts. An important finding was that in addition to increasing the ease with which networks could be maintained, SNSs such as Facebook in particular facilitated more frequent engagement with network members, providing enhanced opportunities for continued TL use and learning. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for study abroad programs and future program participants, as well as for future theoretical and empirical/applied research concerning the analysis of social networks and language selection.


The combined use of several geological, geochemical and geophysical observations during six years enabled the detection of a very faint halo of chemical contamination induced by the operation of a young waste disposal facility in Northern Portugal. The halo does not classify as pollution by any standards, but is observed to be intensifying and thus signals a potential hazardous situation in future years. The approach used shows that a comprehensive and diverse monitoring programme, although relatively inexpensive and easy to carry out, may detect concealed leaks long before any environmental concern is justified, and thus may help avert future complex remediation needs caused by the uncontrolled growth of undetected underground pollution plumes.


This study presents a probabilistic radar rainfall estimation (PRRE) model to quantify the reliability and accuracy of the resulting radar rainfall estimates at ungauged locations from a radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) model. This model primarily estimates the quantiles of the radar rainfall errors at ungauged locations by incorporating seven spatiotemporal variogram models with a nonparametric sample quantile estimate method based on the radar rainfall errors at rain gauges. Then, by adding the resulting error quantiles to the radar rainfall estimates, the corresponding radar rainfall quantiles can be obtained. The QPE system Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Using Multiple Sensors (QPESUMS) provides hourly observed and radar precipitation for three typhoons in the Shinmen reservoir watershed in Northern Taiwan, which are used in the model development and validation. The results indicate that the proposed PRRE model can quantify the spatial and temporal variations of radar rainfall estimates at ungauged locations provided by the QPESUMS system. Also, its reliability and accuracy could be evaluated based on a 95% confidence interval and occurrence probability resulting from the cumulative probability distribution established by the proposed PRRE model.


Due to the overarching and related concepts involved in interpersonal sensitivity, this study aimed to look at the differences between, and relationships of, some of its concepts by explaining the mediating effect of experiential avoidance on rejection sensitivity and social interaction anxiety. One hundred fifty-nine undergraduates within the National Capital Region, aged 16 to 40 (M = 19.29, SD = 2.89), and comprising 89 females and 70 males participated in the study. Results show that both rejection sensitivity and experiential avoidance significantly affect social interaction anxiety. Also, a full mediation occurs when experiential avoidance serves as a mediator. This is explained through the occurrence of habitual coping, whereby the cognitive aspect of behavior (in this case, rejection sensitivity) becomes dormant and unnecessary. Some variables which may have possibly accounted for the relationship between these concepts may be considered for future research to validate and better understand the findings of this study.


Cassia fistula L. and Duranta repens L. are medicinal plants which are widely used in treating a variety of diseases, including malaria. The purpose of this study is to synthesize chitosan nanoparticles of Cassia fistula L. leaves and Duranta repens L. fruit methanol extract as antimalarial drug and to determine the in vitro IC50 values. Plant chlorophyll and tannin contents of both extracts were eliminated, because they do not have antiplasmodium activity (IC50>100 mg/ml). Synthesis formula A, B, and P falls within the criteria of nanoparticles with particles size range of 80-475 nm. The formula with poloxamer 188 produced better particles sizes and uniformity than the formula with oleic acid. IC50 of BCP and BDP formulas are, respectively, 0.004 and 0.08 mg/ml, which indicates the potential as antiplasmodium drugs.


This article discusses the topic of representations of memories through art using an interdisciplinary approach that connects contributions from the fields of anthropology and art history to the research problems of art and creative processes. Considering the artistic world of the Croatian painter Zdravko Dučmelić in Argentina as a case study, the main aim of the article is to explore how the sum of the acquired artistic/aesthetic habitus that mediated his artistic activities, memories and personal experiences was combined in the artist's creative process. To this end we will present the formation of Dučmelić's artistic and aesthetic habitus, and his insertion into the Argentinian sociocultural and artistic context, in order to explore Dučmelić's creative process, paying special attention to the way that personal experiences, emotional stimuli and memories were resignified into artistic, symbolic and oneiric images.


Deep nueral networks (DNNs) have become popular due to their predictive power and flexibility in model fitting. In unsupervised learning, variational autoencoders (VAEs) and generative adverarial networks (GANs) are two most popular and successful generative models. How to provide a unifying framework combining the best of VAEs and GANs in a principled way is a challenging task. In supervised learning, the demand for high-dimensional data analysis has grown significantly, especially in the applications of social networking, bioinformatics, and neuroscience. How to simultaneously approximate the true underlying nonlinear system and identify relevant features based on high-dimensional data (typically with the sample size smaller than the dimension, a.k.a. small-n-large-p) is another challenging task.In this dissertation, we have provided satisfactory answers for these two challenges. In addition, we have illustrated some promising applications using modern machine learning methods.In the first chapter, we introduce a novel inferential Wasserstein GAN (iWGAN) model, which is a principled framework to fuse auto-encoders and WGANs. GANs have been impactful on many problems and applications but suffer from unstable training. The Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) leverages the Wasserstein distance to avoid the caveats in the minmax two-player training of GANs but has other defects such as mode collapse and lack of metric to detect the convergence. The iWGAN model jointly learns an encoder network and a generator network motivated by the iterative primal dual optimization process. The encoder network maps the observed samples to the latent space and the generator network maps the samples from the latent space to the data space. We establish the generalization error bound of iWGANs to theoretically justify the performance of iWGANs. We further provide a rigorous probabilistic interpretation of our model under the framework of maximum likelihood estimation. The iWGAN, with a clear stopping criteria, has many advantages over other autoencoder GANs. The empirical experiments show that the iWGAN greatly mitigates the symptom of mode collapse, speeds up the convergence, and is able to provide a measurement of quality check for each individual sample. We illustrate the ability of iWGANs by obtaining a competitive and stable performance with state-of-the-art for benchmark datasets. In the second chapter, we present a general framework for high-dimensional nonlinear variable selection using deep neural networks under the framework of supervised learning. The network architecture includes both a selection layer and approximation layers. The problem can be cast as a sparsity-constrained optimization with a sparse parameter in the selection layer and other parameters in the approximation layers. This problem is challenging due to the sparse constraint and the nonconvex optimization. We propose a novel algorithm, called Deep Feature Selection, to estimate both the sparse parameter and the other parameters. Theoretically, we establish the algorithm convergence and the selection consistency when the objective function has a Generalized Stable Restricted Hessian. This result provides theoretical justifications of our method and generalizes known results for high-dimensional linear variable selection. Simulations and real data analysis are conducted to demonstrate the superior performance of our method.In the third chapter, we develop a novel methodology to classify the electrocardiograms (ECGs) to normal, atrial fibrillation and other cardiac dysrhythmias as defined by the Physionet Challenge 2017. More specifically, we use piecewise linear splines for the feature selection and a gradient boosting algorithm for the classifier. In the algorithm, the ECG waveform is fitted by a piecewise linear spline, and morphological features related to the piecewise linear spline coefficients are extracted. XGBoost is used to classify the morphological coefficients and heart rate variability features. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated by the PhysioNet Challenge database (3658 ECGs classified by experts). Our algorithm achieves an average F1 score of 81% for a 10-fold cross validation and also achieved 81% for F1 score on the independent testing set. This score is similar to the top 9th score (81%) in the official phase of the Physionet Challenge 2017.In the fourth chapter, we introduce a novel region-selection penalty in the framework of image-on-scalar regression to impose sparsity of pixel values and extract active regions simultaneously. This method helps identify regions of interest (ROI) associated with certain disease, which has a great impact on public health. Our penalty combines the Smoothly Clipped Absolute Deviation (SCAD) regularization, enforcing sparsity, and the SCAD of total variation (TV) regularization, enforcing spatial contiguity, into one group, which segments contiguous spatial regions against zero-valued background. Efficient algorithm is based on the alternative direction method of multipliers (ADMM) which decomposes the non-convex problem into two iterative optimization problems with explicit solutions. Another virtue of the proposed method is that a divide and conquer learning algorithm is developed, thereby allowing scaling to large images. Several examples are presented and the experimental results are compared with other state-of-the-art approaches.


Abstract This paper describes the design and construction of an extended-range multisphere neutron spectrometer (ERMNS), also called a Bonner sphere spectrometer, created to measure the spectrum of cosmic-ray-induced neutrons on container ships. Such measurements require a highly sensitive neutron spectrometer and can benefit from improved energy resolution. To obtain high sensitivity, spherical 3 He gas proportional counters with a diameter of 152 mm (6 in.) were developed and used. The goal for designing the moderator assemblies of the new ERMNS was to optimize its energy resolution where it is typically worst for such spectrometers—at high and medium-low energies. Absorber shells containing boron carbide were used to improve resolution at medium-low energies. The response functions of various sizes and designs of plain and modified spheres were calculated using the radiation transport code MCNPX 2.6b. The resolution of combinations of 16 spheres of candidate designs was then determined using Reginatto's RESPOW code, and the sphere designs that gave the smallest standard deviations of the RESPOW averaging kernels were selected. Compared to an ERMNS used earlier for similar measurements, resolution improved by 7 to 17% from 10 eV to 0.1 MeV and 24 to 39% from 10 MeV to 10 GeV. Bayesian parameter estimation was also used to characterize the uncertainties in spectra measured with the old and new spectrometers. The uncertainties in the fluence rates and peak energies of a typical terrestrial cosmic-ray neutron spectrum improved by 15 to 85% and 56 to 400%, respectively. These results demonstrate the utility of RESPOW and Bayesian parameter estimation for designing ERMNSs.


The role of public bureaucracy has been one of the most discussed
 characteristics of a state, especially if the political system of a particular state is in a
 developing stage. In Nepal, up to 1990 the absolute power of monarchy was maintained through a
 traditional or a pre-modern bureaucracy typically comprised of the caste and class elites. Merit
 was a superficial criterion. According to Riggs (1994) when non-merit appointees are able to
 retain their status as bureaucrats, they typically become a powerful political force. Compounded
 by their want of administrative qualifications, they start forming self protective networks in
 order to safeguard their special interests, especially their right to stay in office. Riggs
 calls these bureaucrats "retainers" and goes on to explain that after these retainers have held
 office for a long enough time, they become so well entrenched that they can successfully resist
 all efforts to accomplish significant reforms. Although Nepal has ushered in a modern system of
 government, the bureaucracy has hardly changed its pre-modern color. Today Nepal teeters
 dangerously towards political chaos. Corruption is rampant, unaccountability is rife and there
 is a gaping socio-political inequality. The reason why the Nepalese case is so interesting is
 that although the governing mechanism has a fairly modern, legal-rational base, the bureaucracy
 still holds its "traditional" hue. Is it theoretically possible to have a legal rational
 political system and a pre-modern bureaucracy at the same time? Does the traditionally inclined,
 un-evolving retainer bureaucracy act as an impediment to smooth functioning of a democratically
 elected, legal rational government? The paper seeks to answer these questions.


Federations promise to provide autonomous, representative governance that is flexible enough to overcome potential internal conflict resulting from the dual stresses of governing diverse populations and power overreach. India is the world's biggest federation but also hosts the most violent revolution in modern history against a federal state. Since 2004, 150,000 people have been killed or displaced in the war between the Communist Party of India-Maoist and India's government. Conflict management efforts led not to resolution but catastrophe across Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand as state responses contradicted each other and the centre's efforts. The differences illustrated how institutional mechanisms of decentralisation create, sustain and otherwise alter internal revolutionary conflicts that cross subunit boundaries. Three unique characteristics come into play when federal governments tackle revolutionary conflict: picking from subunit actions like policy buffets, exacerbation of state–subunit fissures and empowerment of local elites who put political self-interest above conflict resolution.


BACKGROUND
A high incidence of abnormal pulmonary function tests has been reported in cross-sectional studies among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Few patients have been enrolled in longitudinal studies.

OBJECTIVES
To perform PFT in rheumatoid arthritic patients without pulmonary involvement and to identify variables related to changes in PFT over 5 years of follow-up.

METHODS
Consecutive RA patients underwent PFT according to recommendations of the American Thoracic Society. All surviving patients were advised to repeat the examination 5 years later.

RESULTS
PFT was performed in 82 patients (21 men, 61 women). Their mean age was 55.7 (15.9) years and the mean RA duration was 11.1 (10) years. Five years later 15 patients (18.3%) had died. Among the 67 surviving patients, 38 (56.7%) agreed to participate in a follow-up study. The initial PFT revealed normal PFT in only 30 patients (36.6%); an obstructive ventilatory defect in 2 (2.4%), a small airway defect in 12 (17%), a restrictive ventilatory defect in 21 (25.6%), and reduced DLco in 17 (20.7%). Among the 38 patients participating in the 5 year follow-up study, 8 developed respiratory symptoms, one patient had a new obstructive ventilatory defect, one patient developed a restrictive ventilatory defect, and 5 patients had a newly developed small airway defect. The DLco had improved in 7 of the 8 patients who initially had reduced DLco, reaching normal values in 5 patients. Over the study period a new reduction in DLco was observed in 7 patients. Linear regression analyses failed to identify any patient or disease-specific characteristics that could predict a worsening in PFT. The absolute yearly decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec among our RA patients was 47 ml/year, a decline similar to that seen among current smokers.

CONCLUSIONS
Serial PFT among patients with RA is indicated and allows for earlier identification of various ventilatory defects. Small airways disturbance was a common finding in our RA patients.


This article examines the relationship between the form of fiscal decentralization in Spain and the rise in tensions between the Spanish and Catalan governments during the financial crisis, in particular from mid 2010 to mid 2013. As a profound budgetary crisis unfolded at regional government level in Spain, longstanding disputes over the regional financing system and its methods of redistribution among the seventeen autonomous communities escalated. Most notably, Catalonia, one of the most indebted regions, attributed its financial woes in part to over-redistribution. This is not a straightforward connection, but the lack of clarity regarding both the workings of the regional financing system and the causes of the regions' varying levels of fiscal (in)compliance reduced accountability and fuelled disputes among central and regional governments, giving both sides scope to offer different interpretations. The smoke and mirrors regarding regional finances combined with the nature of intergovernmental dynamics in Spain contribute to explaining the persistent inability to resolve regional fiscal problems and agree a long-lasting reform of the regional financing system.


Animals move through a complex environment and therefore constantly need to adapt their behavior to the surroundings. For this purpose, they use sensory information of various kind. As one strategy to gain tactile cues, animals perform leg searching movements when loosing foothold. The kinematics of these searching movements have been well investigated in the stick insect. In this thesis, the modification of stick insect searching movements following a tactile cue are explored as an example of a sensory-motor system that adapts to environmental conditions. Furthermore, the premotor neuronal network underlying the generation of searching behavior is investigated.

Searching movements were studied in animals with a single intact leg that was free to move in the vertical plane. After several cycles of searching movements, a stick was introduced into the plane of movements such that animals would touch it with its distal leg. As is known from previous studies, in such a situation stick insects try to grasp the object that they touch. In my experiments, the stick was retracted as soon as a brief contact with the animals' leg had occurred. Therefore, animals could not grasp the stick.

I could show that following this short tactile cue, stick insects modify their searching movements to target the former position of the object (PO). Targeting occurs by a change in two parameters of searching movements: animals (i) shift the average leg position of their searching movements towards the PO and (ii) confine searching movements to the PO by a reduction in movement amplitude. These two parameters, position and amplitude, can be changed independently of each other. Searching movements are flexibly adjusted to different locations of the object which demonstrates the targeted response to be a situation-dependent adaptive behavior. The targeted response outlasts the tactile stimulus by several seconds suggesting a simple form of short term memory of the PO as proposed for targeted movements of other insects.

Vision is not necessary for a targeted response. Instead, tactile cues from leg sensory organs are important. Two proprioceptive organs, the trochanteral hairplate (trHP) and the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO), are crucial for targeting. Other sensory organs like tactile hairs and campaniform sensilla are dispensable. The brain is not necessary for a targeted response, therefore the adaptation of searching movements is likely to be mediated on the thoracic level.

The premotor neuronal network underlying searching movement generation was investigated using the same single-leg preparation as described above. Nonspiking interneurons (NSIs) of the premotor network were recorded intracellularly during searching movements. Additionally, EMG recordings of the four main leg muscles that generate searching movements in the vertical plane were recorded.

The membrane potential of previously described, as well as newly identified NSIs providing synaptic drive to leg motoneurons is shown to be phasically modulated during searching. Therefore, NSIs are part of the premotor network for the generation of searching movements. NSIs that were previously described to contribute to the generation of walking behavior are shown to contribute to the generation of searching behavior. When artificially de- or hyperpolarized by current injection, several NSIs are able to induce changes in searching movement parameters like position, amplitude, velocity of movements, or inter-joint coordination. One NSI is able to drive or stop searching movements. Each NSI acts on a specific set of parameters.

The same NSIs that were recorded during searching also were recorded during walking behavior. In comparison, NSI membrane potential modulations during searching are smaller in amplitude and more undulated than during walking. In contrast, fast transitions in NSI membrane potential are closely coupled to step phase transitions during walking. The most prominent difference in NSI membrane potential occurs during step phase (when walking) as compared to flexion phase (during searching). This difference might be attributed to load signals from campaniform sensilla. Analogous to results of previous studies in the stick insect, this highlights the importance of sensory feedback in shaping the motor output.

Finally, NSIs were recorded intracellularly while animals with their searching leg made contact with the stick that was introduced into the plane of movement. First results indicate that the response of a given NSI to this contact is characteristic and depends on the direction of touch.


This thesis extends the standard New Keynesian framework to incorporate asset pricing capabilities. An economic model which includes CRRA utility, nominal price rigidity, due to Calvo (1983), capital adjustment costs due to Jermann (1998) and monetary policy using a simple Taylor rule is calibrated to match the moments observed in US economy from 1955 to 2008. It also incorporates an equation for real wage rigidity that previously has not been used in such a framework. The thesis investigates the capability of the model to jointly replicate asset pricing and business cycle facts. It also investigates whether the model can provide a theoretical link between monetary policy and asset prices. Lastly, the thesis also studies whether the form of real wage rigidity used here could be useful for future work. I find that while the model is able to replicate business cycle moments for consumption, investment and output, it fails to match the moments for hours worked, wages, wage bill or labor share. The model also fails to capture important asset pricing moments. While the model dynamics and results fail to show that real wage rigidity can provide a direct theoretical link between monetary policy and asset prices, they do show that real wage rigidity is an important part of the model. Lastly, the results also show that the particular wage equation presented in this thesis may not be viable in the future because it does not break the link between wages and marginal product of labor. Norwegian School of Economics (NHH), NO-5045 Bergen, Norway. The main programming for this thesis was done in Dynare. Code available from the author upon request.


The DYNAMO project is concerned with assembling high-assurance systems from components , and, specifically, with guaranteeing correct interaction of sets of large, heterogeneous components. Several problems must be overcome to provide such guarantees: 1) dealing with the sheer complexity of the individual components and their interoperation; 2) maintaining design integrity and information hiding in the individual components; 3) providing the desired guarantees; and 4) not compromising efficiency while accomplishing the other goals. DYNAMO addresses these problems with several techniques: 1) a lay-ered, implicit-invocation architecture limits complexity by reducing the quantity and nature of allowed interactions; 2) a declarative specification mechanism abstracts away low-level details such as event dispatch and handling and variable updates; and 3) compile time component wrapper generation removes expensive, inter-layer procedure calls.


Hydrogen can be produced using microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and algae); algal production has the additional ecological benefit of carbon dioxide fixation. The conversion of hydrogen to electricity via fuel cells may be more efficient compared to other energy sources of electricity. However, the anode of biofuel cells requires the immobilization of microorganisms or enzymes. In this work, poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVAL), was coated on the electrode, and green algae was microcontact imprinted onto the EVAL film. The readsorption of algae onto algae-imprinted EVAL thin films was compared to determine the ethylene content that gave highest imprinting effectiveness and algal binding. Scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence spectrometry were employed to characterize the surface morphology, recognition capacity, and reusability of the algae-imprinted cavities. The recognition of an individual algal cell by binding to the imprinted cavities was directly observed by video microscopy. Finally, the power and current density of the algal biofuel cell using the algae-imprinted EVAL-coated electrode were measured at about 2-fold higher than electrode sputtered platinum on poly(ethylene terephthalate).


The Cydra 5 is a heterogeneous multiprocessor system that targets small work groups or departments of scientists and engineers. The two types of processors are functionally specialized for the different components of the work load found in a departmental setting. The Cydra 5 numeric processor, based on a directed-data-flow architecture, provides consistently high performance on a broader class of numerical computations. The interactive processors offload all nonnumeric work from the numeric processor, leaving it free to spend all its time on the numeric application. The I/O processors permit high-bandwidth I/O transitions with minimal involvement from the interactive or numeric processors. The system architecture and data-flow architecture are described. The numeric processor decisions and tradeoffs are examined, and the main memory system is discussed. Some reflections on the design issues are offered.<<ETX>>


There are a number of studies on using directional antennas in wireless networks. Many of them concentrate on analyzing the theoretical capacity improvement by using directional antennas. Other studies focus on designing proper Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols to improve the practical network throughput. There are few works on the security improvement using directional antennas. In this paper, we explore the benefits of directional antennas in security improvements on both single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks. In particular, we found that using directional antennas in wireless networks can significantly reduce the eavesdropping probabilities of both single-hop transmissions as well as multi-hop transmissions and consequently improve the network security.


ABSTRACT The Madeira River, which drains one of the major tributary river basins of the upper Amazon, contributes to small-scale fisheries in Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. This paper provides a base-line of fisheries resources and their status in six sub-basins of the Madeira River: upper Madre de Dios River basin (Peru), Beni and Mamoré River basins (Bolivia), Iténez or Guaporé River basin (Bolivia and Brazil), middle Madeira, and (two sections of the) lower Madeira River (Brazil). Data were collected between 2009 and 2011, before the completion of two hydroelectric dams in the Brazilian portion of the basin. Biophysical, social, and biological indicators were used to characterize the fisheries. The results show an overall small-scale multispecies fisheries pattern but with notorious differences between the Madeira sub-basins. The Beni and Mamoré sub-basin shows the largest flooded area, with associated higher total fisheries yields. Trophic level of the catch, diversity, and mean weight of fish caught were shown to be very sensitive to exploitation level, river water type (white or clear water), flooded area, and the introduction of Arapaima gigas in Bolivia. The Bolivian fisheries are characterized by less exploited stocks, whereas stocks in Peru and Brazil show signs of intensive exploitation, resulting in fisheries of smaller bodied, lower trophic-level species. Landing data in the upper basin show a predominant reliance on migrating fish resources, which might be vulnerable to the construction of dams. These data serve as a baseline to evaluate anthropogenic impacts on the Madeira River basin fisheries in the future.


Soil-moisture tension has been measured beneath an artifical-recharge basin in Suffolk County, Long Island, N.Y., with water-manometer tensiometers that can be installed and read from the land surface. The manometer-tensiometer unit is buried at the desired depth, and soil-moisture tension is measured from the land surface with a simple wire probe and electrical circuit that detect the level of water in the manometer. The water manometer is more sensitive than other common methods for determining unsaturated pressure head or soil-moisture tension over small ranges and is most helpful in situations where small changes in soil-moisture tension can reflect significnat changes in hydraulic conductivity. Although the configuration may not be appropriate for installation at great depth (greater than 6 m) or in extremely coarse or fine soils, it provides rapid, reliable measurement of soil-moisture tension. (Author)


Background Long-term side effects associated with the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) have frequently been reported during the last decades. Studies have shown increased mortality in HL survivors. Following Hodgkin's lymphoma, second malignancies (SM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are the most common causes of death in individuals treated for HL. This study investigates the incidence of side effects such as SM, CVD and infections in a cohort diagnosed with HL in Sweden between 1965 and 1995. In addition, this study identifies covariate risk factors for late side effects in order to develop strategies that prevent morbidity and mortality in HL survivors. Methods Using the Swedish Cancer Registry (SCR) at the National Board of Health and Welfare and the Multi-Generation Registry at Statistics (MGR) Sweden, we identified 6946 individuals diagnosed with HL between the years 1965 and 1995, and their first degree relatives (FDR) (n=17 858). In addition we identified the malignancies and inpatient care for CVD and infections for the HL cohort and their FDR. The standard incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated for the risk of SM, CVD and infections. For SM and CVD the risk also was stratified and calculated for family history of disease. The Swedish Hodgkin Intervention and Prevention study (SHIP), a prospective study, invited 702 individuals treated for HL at the age of 45 years or younger and who were treated in the region of Skane, Uppsala or Umea. The participants completed a questionnaire and were invited to an out-patient visit to an oncologist with clinical examination and blood tests. Any pathological findings were referred for further investigation. Results An increased risk for SM in HL long-term survivors was observed and seems to increase with the number of FDRs with cancer. There was also an increased risk for inpatient care due to congestive heart failure (CHF) and coronary artery disease (CAD). A family history of CHF and CAD further increased the risk for these diseases. The risk for inpatient care due to infections was increased and remained increased after 20 years or longer. The risk for infections was associated with splenectomy and hypothyroidism. Radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the cohort of the prospective study. ConclusionLong-term survivors from HL have an increased risk for developing late side effects such as SM, CVD and infections. Since many HL patients are young and the cure rate from the disease is high, it is of great importance to offer focused surveillance programs to selected individuals who are at high risk, e.g. individuals who received radiotherapy as part of their treatment and who have other known risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, family history and smoking.


Study of liquid film dynamics is of significant importance to the understanding and control of various industrial processes that involve spray cooling (condensation), heating (boiling), coating, cleaning and lubrication. For instance, the critical heat flux (CHF) of boiling heat transfer is one of the key parameters ensuring the efficiency and safety of nuclear power plants under both operational and accident conditions, which occurs as the liquid layers (microlayer and macrolayer) near the heater wall lose their integrity. However, an experimental quantification of thin liquid film dynamics is not straightforward, since the measurement at micro-scale is a challenge, and further complicated by the chaotic nature of boiling process. The object of present study is to develop experimental methods for the diagnosis of liquid film dynamics, and to obtain data for the film instability under various conditions. A dedicated test facility was designed and constructed where micro conductive probes and confocal optical sensors were used to measure the thickness and dynamic characteristics of a thin liquid film on various heater surfaces, while a high speed camera was used to get visual observation. Extensive tests were performed to calibrate and verify the two thickness measuring systems. The micro conductive measuring system was proven to have a high reliability and repeatability with maximum system error less than 5µm, while the optical measuring system is capable of recording the film dynamics with spatial resolution of less than 1 mm. The simultaneous measurement on the same liquid film shows that the two techniques are in a good agreement with respect to accuracy, but the optical sensors have a much higher acquisition rate up to 30 kHz, which are more suitable for rapid process. The confocal optical sensors were therefore employed to measure the dynamic thickness of liquid films (ethanol, hexane and water) evaporating on various horizontal heater surfaces (aluminum, copper, silicon, stainless steel and titanium) to investigate the influences of heat flux, the surface and liquid properties on the film instability and the critical thickness. The critical thickness of water film evaporating on various surfaces was measured in the range of 60-150 mm, increasing with the increased contact angle or increased heat flux (evaporating rate) and also with the decreased thermal conductivity of the heater material. The data suggest the conjugate heat transfer nature of the evaporating liquid film dynamics at higher heat fluxes of interest to boiling and burnout. In the case of hexane on the aged titanium surface with contact angle of ~3o, the liquid film is found resilient to rupture, with film oscillations at relatively large amplitude ensuing as the averaged film thickness decreases below 15 µm. To interpret our experimental findings on liquid film evolution and its critical thickness at rupture, a theoretical analysis is also performed to analyze the dynamics of liquid films evaporating on heater surfaces. While the influences of liquid properties, heat flux, and thermal conductivity of heater surface are captured by the simulation of the lubrication theory, influence of the wettability is considered via a minimum free energy criterion. The thinning processes of the liquid films are generally captured by the simulation of the lubrication theory. For the case with ideally uniform heat flux over the heater surface, the instability of the liquid film occurs at the thickness level of tens micro meters, while for the case of non-uniform heating, the critical thicknesses for the film rupture are closer to the experimental data but still underestimated by the lubrication theory simulation. By introducing the minimum free energy criterion to considering the influence of surface wettability, the obtained critical thicknesses have a good agreement with the experimental ones for both titanium and copper surfaces, with a maximum deviation less than ±10%. The simulations also explain why the critical thickness on a copper surface is thinner than that on a titanium surface. It is because the good thermal conductivity of copper surface leads to uniform temperature distribution on the heat surface, which is responsible for the resilience of the liquid film to rupture. A silicon wafer with an artificial cavity fabricated by Micro Electronic Mechanical System (MEMS) technology was used as a heater to investigate the dynamics of a single bubble in both a thick and thin liquid layer under low heat flux (<60 kW/m2). The maximum departure diameter of an isolated bubble in a thick liquid film was measured to be 3.2 mm which is well predicted by the Fritz equation. However, in a thin liquid layer with its thickness less than the bubble departure diameter, the bubble was stuck on the heater surface with a dry spot beneath. A threshold thickness of the liquid film which enables the dry spot rewettable was obtained, and its value linearly increases with increasing heat flux. In addition, another test section was designed to achieve a constant liquid film flow on a titanium nano-heater surface which helps to successfully carry boiling in the liquid film from low heat flux until CHF. Again, the confocal optical sensor was employed to measure the dynamics of the liquid film on the heater surface under varied heat flux conditions. A statistical analysis of the measured thickness signals that emerge in a certain period indicates three distinct liquid film thickness ranges: 0~50 µm as microlayer, 50~500 µm as macrolayer, 500~2500 µm as bulk layer. With increasing heat flux, the bulk layer disappears, and then the macrolayer gradually decreases to ~105 µm, beyond which instability of the liquid film may lose its integrity and CHF occurs. In addition, the high-speed camera was applied to directly visualize and record the bubbles dynamics and liquid film evolution. Dry spots were observed under some bubbles occasionally from 313 kW/m2 until CHF with the maximum occupation fraction within 5%. A dry spot was rewetted either by liquid receding after the rupture of a bubble or by the liquid spreading from bubbles' growth in the vicinity. This implies that the bubbles' behavior (growth and rupture) and their interactions in particular are of paramount importance to the integrity of liquid film under nucleate boiling regime.


LISTENING TO MUSIC OFTEN EVOKES affective states that are accompanied by distinctive subjective experiences and specific physiological changes. In this study, we examined the phenomenon of chills and its concomitant physiological reactions. In a preliminary study, experimenter-selected music excerpts were played to 27 participants, and musical passages especially apt toelicit chill experiences were identified on the basis of subjective ratings. In a subsequent study with 27 new participants, subjective chill experiences and physiological responses were recorded in real time. The highest numbers of chills were experienced during musical passages characterized by similar dynamic, harmonic, and structural characteristics, which coincided with distinct patterns of heart rate and skin conductance increases. For participants experiencing a chill during these passages, increases in skin conductance were significantly larger than for participants without chills. The heart rate response did not differ between groups.


Nanocrystalline nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) powder of crystallite size 20 nm was synthesized by refluxing method. Electrically conductive polyaniline-nickel ferrite (PANI/NiFe2O4) nanocomposites have been synthesized by an in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer in the presence of as-prepared NiFe2O4 in different weight percentage (5%, 10%, and 15%). These nanocomposites were subsequently characterized for morphological, crystalline, structural, electrical and magnetic properties by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Four Probe Resistivity (FPR) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). Existence of NiFe2O4 in the nanocomposites was confirmed by XRD, FTIR and TEM analysis. The change in morphology with crystallite size  50 nm was observed for the nanocomposites clearly indicate the coating of PANI on NiFe2O4. Nanocomposites showed increase in saturation magnetization as compared to that of PANI and increase in electrical conductivity as compared to that of NiFe2O4 indicating the synergistic effect of individual components. The saturation magnetization drastically increased as nickel ferrite content changed from 5 to 15% in nanocomposites. The conductivity of nanocomposites increased with temperature, exhibiting typical semiconductor behavior. The nanocomposites show semiconducting and ferromagnetic behavior. The electrical conductivity of nanocomposites decreased from 1.089 to 0.268 S/cm, but saturation magnetization increased from 0.97 to 2.803 emu/g, when ferrite content changed from 5 to 15 wt%, indicates such nanocomposites are good for electromagnetic devices. Copyright © 2014 VBRI press.


Periodontal diseases affect the majority of the population either as gingivitis or periodontitis. Recently there have been many studies that link or seek to find a relationship between periodontal disease and other systemic diseases including, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. For adverse pregnancy outcomes, the literature is inconclusive and the magnitude of the relationship between these 2 has not been fully decided. The goal of this paper is to review the literature regarding periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and provide oral health care providers with resources to educate their patients. Alternatively, this paper will also discuss what is occurring to help increase the availability of care for pregnant women and what oral health care providers can do to help improve these issues.


The United Nations has made access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) a primary objective for the developing world. Several policies have been implemented to transfer technology from the developed to the developing world, specifically to increase Internet access. Unfortunately, there is little direct evidence that Internet usage has a positive impact on national income. This paper investigates the impact of Internet usage on national income using a cross section of 110 countries from 1999 through 2001. The results indicate that national income has a positive impact on the number of Internet users and the number of Internet users has a positive influence on national income. Using a sub-sample of 28 African countries, the empirical results suggest that policies intended to provide exogenous increases in ICT, specifically increased numbers of personal computers, are expected to have limited impacts on national income in the short-run. However, the long-run benefits of these transfers could be positive. JEL Classifications: O1, O3, L5, L9


We study numerically the propagation of two-color light pulses through a metamaterial doped with active atoms such that the carrier frequencies of the pulses are in resonance with two atomic transitions in the Λ configuration and that one color propagates in the regime of positive refraction and the other in the regime of negative refraction. In such a metamaterial, one resonant color of light propagates with positive and the other with negative group velocity. We investigate nonlinear interaction of these forward- and backward-propagating waves and find self-trapped waves, counterpropagating radiation waves, and hot spots of medium excitation.


A growing appreciation of the relationship between the immune system and the tumorigenesis has led to the development of strategies aimed at "re‐editing" the immune system to kill tumors. Here, a novel tactic is reported for overcoming the activation‐energy threshold of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and mediating the delivery and presentation of tumor neoantigens to the host's immune system. This nature‐derived nanocage not only efficiently presents ligands that enhance cancer cell phagocytosis, but also delivers drugs that induce immunogenic cancer cell death. The designed nanocage‐therapeutics induce the release of neoantigens and danger signals in dying tumor cells, and leads to enhancement of tumor cell phagocytosis and cross‐priming of tumor specific T cells by neoantigen peptide‐loaded antigen‐presenting cells. Potent inhibition of tumor growth and complete eradication of tumors is observed through systemic tumor‐specific T cell responses in tumor draining lymph nodes and the spleen and further, infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the tumor site. Remarkably, after removal of the primary tumor, all mice treated with this nanocage‐therapeutics are protected against subsequent challenge with the same tumor cells, suggesting development of lasting, tumor‐specific responses. This designed nanocage‐therapeutics "awakens" the host's immune system and provokes a durable systemic immune response against cancer.


Paul, Monotheism and the People of God: The Significance of Abraham Traditions for Early Judaism and Christianity, by Nancy Calvert-Koyzis. JSNTSup 273. London: T&T Clark, 2005. Pp. riv + 173. $115.00 (hardcover). ISBN 0567083780. This investigation of the figure of Abraham in early Jewish and Pauline texts represents a revised version of the author's 1993 dissertation at the University of Sheffield, supervised by Philip R. Davies and Andrew T. Lincoln. In traditional form, the first 60 percent of the research surveys Jewish texts, and the balance applies the conclusions to the interpretation of texts from Paul. The investigation of Jewish texts includes chapters devoted to Jubilees, several writings by Philo, Pseudo-Philo's Biblical Antiquities, Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews, and the Apocalypse of Abraham. The Pauline texts studied are Galatians and Romans, and the book closes with a brief conclusion. The price per page for this volume is remarkable. Nancy Calvert-Koyzis uses "monotheism" to denote "the doctrine or belief that there is only one God." She cites Larry Hurtado for this language decision and otherwise eschews discussion of the current debates about the appropriateness of the terminology and concepts associated with this language. One of the results of this decision is that she begins from Paul's "redefinition of monotheism and thereby Abraham" (pp. 3-5, italics added), instead of considering a redefinition of the contemporary scholar's taxonomy and conceptualization of belief in the one God for Paul and other Jews of his period. Calvert-Koyzis sets out to show that Jewish traditions built around Abraham's rejection of idolatry and turning to faith in the one God provide the basis for understanding Paul's arguments as well as the matters at issue in the communities to which he writes. Rabbinic texts are not discussed, because Calvert-Koyzis wants to work with traditions she can be reasonably certain were active for Paul. Moreover, she undertakes to understand these texts "from the standpoint of Jewish concerns rather than from the standpoint of Pauline categories" (p. 4). The endeavor to listen to Jewish texts "in their own right" is to be applauded, of course, although one notes here that this introductory language is set already in contrast to "Pauline categories." Does this language not reveal a working assumption that adumbrates a traditional portrait of the "Christian" Paul of later "Paulinism" with which she will work? From the start can one know that Paul's categories are not shaped by Jewish concerns, in contrast to the other (Jewish) writings she explores? After all, are not the "Pauline" categories to which Calvert-Koyzis refers the product of later (non-Jewish) Christian traditions, which themselves should be subject to criticism, rather than fixed in the traditional ways they have been approached by interpreters? Should not the texts of Paul also be listened to "in their own right," and not first (and only) in later Christian, bifurcated categories? Should one not at least hypothesize that the Jewish arguments about Abraham and the one God upon which Paul depends might arise because of Jewish concerns that still guide him and his communities? Could they be his and their own, and not simply arise in order to address the categories and concerns he is (supposedly) forced to deal with-and thus to seek to subvert-because they are essential to his supposed Jewish opponents' arguments? What Calvert-Koyzis finds in the Jewish texts is that Abraham is the ideal example of a person who forsakes idolatry for faith in the one God, exemplified by obedience to the Mosaic legislation. She discusses the way the figure of Abraham is shaped and used by the various authors to express each one's rhetorical concerns. In Jubilees, Abraham is the ideal Jew, worshiping the Creator God, willing to destroy idols at the risk of losing his life. He is the one who remains faithful to God in the midst of the surrounding Gen tile idolaters, even in the midst of other Jews who compromise faith and Torah observance. …


This Article analyzes the global phenomenon of the Internet of Things ("IOT") and its potential impact on consumer contracts for the sale of goods. Recent examples of IOT products include Amazon's Dash Replenishment Service, which allows household devices to automatically reorder goods. By 2025, the IOT is estimated to have an economic impact of as much as $11.1 trillion. To date, there are approximately fifteen billion interconnected devices, and by 2020, there will be fifty billion such devices worldwide. IOT devices will revolutionize the way that consumers shop for consumable supplies and other goods. Consumers will no longer need to log on to a company's website or use a mobile application to purchase goods but will be able to conclude contracts for the sale of goods by using IOT devices. This Article contends that the legion of IOT data expected to be generated about consumers and their preferences will worsen preexisting information asymmetry in consumer contracts to the benefit of companies; increase the lack of proximity between consumers and the contract formation process; further encourage consumers' failure to read and understand contract terms prior to contracting; and likely lead businesses to further take advantage of consumer ignorance and apathy by including one-sided contract terms, such as unilateral amendment provisions and terms that restrict consumer access to judicial process. Common law agency principles, e-commerce statutes, contract law, and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code ("Article 2") are unlikely to effectively address these concerns. This Article suggests important amendments to Article 2 and argues that courts should adjust their application of existing contract law and agency principles to account for the new automatic and interface-free contracting environment that the age of the IOT will herald.


In this paper we examine Sub-Saharan Africa's (SSA) bilateral trade and cost competitiveness with China. We review patterns of bilateral trade between SSA and China, showing an extraordinary imbalance in the structure of trade, in that China overwhelmingly exports manufactured products to SSA and almost exclusively imports primary products in return. Our principal means of assessing the competitiveness of SSA's manufacturing sector, vis-a-vis China, are measures of relative unit labor costs (RULC). We find that African RULC levels have generally been very high relative to China, but declined over the 2000s as China's wages have risen faster than Chinese productivity, while the reverse is true for the SSA countries in our sample. Nevertheless, RULC vis-a-vis China remained elevated for many SSA countries as of 2010. Generally high RULC along with weaknesses in the business climate suggest that most SSA countries are unlikely to be competitive in labor-intensive manufacturing any time soon.


The paper used within this publication has been sourced from Chain-of-Custody certified manufacturers, operating within international environmental standards, to ensure sustainable sourcing of the raw materials, sustainable production and to minimise our carbon footprint. The British Journal of Nursing is published by MA Healthcare Ltd, St Jude's Church, Dulwich Road, London SE24 0PB Tel: 020 7738 5454 Editorial: 020 7501 6716 Sales: 020 7501 6726 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Websites: www.britishjournalofnursing.com


Strategic management theories invoke the concept of competitive advantage to explain firm performance, and empirical research investigates competitive advantage and describes how it operates. But as a performance hypothesis, competitive advantage has received surprisingly little formal justification, particularly in light of its centrality in strategy research and practice. As it happens, the core hypothesis - that competitive advantage produces sustained superior performance - finds little support in formal deductive or inductive inference, and the leading theories of competitive advantage incorporate refutation barriers that preclude meaningful empirical tests. The logical and philosophical foundations of the competitive advantage hypothesis are explored, locating its philosophical foundations in the epistemologies of Bayesian induction, abductive inference and an instrumentalist, pragmatic philosophy of science.


Artists in the Photo League, active from 1936 to 1951, were known for capturing sharply revealing, compelling moments from everyday life. Their focus centered on New York City and its vibrant streets-a newsboy at work, a brass band on a bustling corner, a crowded beach at Coney Island. Though beautiful, the images harbor strong social commentary on issues of class, child labor, and opportunity. The Radical Camera explores the fascinating blend of aesthetics and social activism at the heart of the Photo League, tracing the group's left-leaning roots and idealism to the worker-photography movement in Europe. Influenced by mentors Lewis Hine, Berenice Abbott, and Paul Strand, artists in the Photo League worked within a unique complex comprising a school, a darkroom, a gallery, and a salon, in which photography was discussed as both a means for social change and an art form. The influence of the Photo League artists on modern photography was enormous, ushering in the New York School. Presenting 150 works of the members of the Photo League alongside complementary essays that offer new interpretations of the League's work, ideas, and pedagogy, this beautifully illustrated book features artists including Margaret Bourke-White, Sid Grossman, Morris Engel, Lisette Model, Ruth Orkin, Walter Rosenblum, Aaron Siskind, W. Eugene Smith, and Weegee, among many others.


A Complete Roadmap to Wireless Mesh Network Design Principles and Practices Using WiFi, WiMAX, and ZigBEE! Wireless Mesh Networking provides everything needed to create in-demand wireless mesh networks that provide wireless broadband access over wide areas. This resource presents a complete roadmap to the design and operation of wireless mesh networks, covering basic principles, key standards, and all aspects of network operation-from antenna technologies to software to energy management. This skills-building tool is packed with 100 detailed illustrations. Wireless Mesh Networking features: Expert guidance on integrating WiFi, WiMAX, and ZigBEE into seamless wireless networks The latest methods for ensuring security across the wireless network In-depth coverage of data fusion principles Vital information on SmartMesh networking in SensorNets Autonomic selfware and bio-inspired communication artifacts Inside This One-Stop Guide to Wireless Mesh Networks Wireless mesh communications paradigms Wireless mesh network theory and models Wireless mesh architectures and protocols Wireless mesh network standards (WiFi, WiMAX, ZigBEE) Use of advanced antenna technologies Mechanisms for secure communications Software and middleware Wireless sensor networking Foundations of data fusion, gathering, and processing Energy management Autonomic selfware communications Selfware networking


One of the most important challenges of the hydrogen peroxide technology has traditionally been the material compatibility. The high oxidation potential of the compound is the main driver of the microorganism deactivation, but it is also, in some cases, the main driver of the damage that the materials could undergo when treated with this chemical. This study has demonstrated that, even though there is oxidation in materials such as copper or POM, the most common materials found in the pharmaceutical industry are not affected by a low concentrated solution. It emphasizes the importance of the type of injection technology as well as the sterilant formulation when discussing about hydrogen peroxide material compatibility.


The Bali Action Plan (UNFCCC, 2007a) acknowledges the central roles of finance and technology in the successful implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ('the Convention'). They form two of the four building blocks for a post-2012 international climate change agreement. For developing countries, the conclusion of negotiations for an acceptable and successful agreement hinges upon the provision of financial and technology sup-port from developed countries, commensurate with the identified needs, in accordance with the polluter pays principle and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and reflecting the full agreed incremental costs of meeting the objectives of the Convention.

This dissertation presents research undertaken in support of these negotiations and the design of new financing and technology development and transfer policies to underpin the mitigation and adaptation efforts of the post-2012 agreement, as mandated by decision 3/CP.13 of the Conference of the Parties. The research contained within this dissertation draws and builds upon the re-ports of the Expert Group on Technology Transfer (UNFCCC, 2008a; 2009a;b) which were pre-pared in response to the mandate of the Conference of the Parties.

Financing for technology will need to be scaled up by an order of magnitude, across all technologies and in all nations (UNFCCC, 2009b). In the order of USD 1 trillion in investment, both public and private, needs to be mobilized each year (IEA, 2008a). Using estimates of the incremental costs for developing countries, the cost for Annex II Parties is estimated at an additional USD 262–670 billion per year for mitigation technologies and USD 33–163 billion per year to adapt to climate change (see UNFCCC, 2009a, pp 31–33). A wide range of financing options and technology development and transfer policies are avail-able, some with greater potential than others to mobilise the necessary financial resources. Effectiveness varies across policy instruments. Combining policy options so as to exploit synergies, and matching of policy responses to local and national circumstances can be significant determinants of a successful regime.

This dissertation attempts to assess and compare the possible public and private financing needs, based on the policy concept of 'leveraging the private sector', which is commonly touted within the negotiations by many national governments as an essential policy objective for finance and technology. Available options are described and proposals are analysed according to their effectiveness.

Scenarios of public and private financing for technology development and transfer are developed based on the average leveraging ratios achieved by a wide range of policies and programmes at the national, regional and international level. Policies under consideration both at the international and national levels are included where estimates of their leveraging potential can be made. The assessment is made for each stage of the technology innovation cycle (research and development, demonstration, deployment, diffusion) and estimates are made of the amounts of public financing required.

The results of this dissertation point to the significant role that public finance will play in achieving the objectives of the Convention. Scenarios that involve a significant increase in the leveraging effect of public policies and investment programmes on the private sector will still require substantial public investment, in the order of USD 30–160 billion per annum. It is estimated that, under this scenario, the private sector share of total investment would be increased from the current levels of approximately 60 per cent to 75–80 per cent. The results also suggest that the financial mechanism of the Convention needs to take a more prominent role in coordinating the overall delivery of financing and to help optimize the potential for private sector financing. Integrated design of public policies and investment programmes will be important and a wide range of innovative financing instruments and types of finance will need to be deployed in a targeted way to address qualitative and quantitative gaps in the existing financial arrangements.


Emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (GHGs) are believed to be a major driver of climate change. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important greenhouse gas, according to latest available studies and one of the most prominent strategies to lower its emissions is carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). CO2 can be stored in geological repositories, such as hydrocarbon reservoirs in which sodium chloride (NaCl) is the most common dissolved salt. For the optimum design of any CCS process, accurate experimental data and computational models are necessary that can provide reliable prediction of primary and derivative thermodynamic properties as well as transport properties. Despite the increasing importance of CCS processes, the lack of reliable physical property data cause significant uncertainties and create barriers toward the optimum design of the process. This study focuses on generating and validating molecular-based models and methodologies to allow for reliable prediction of the thermodynamic and transport properties of CO2-brine mixtures over a broad range of temperatures and pressures relevant for geological storage. Atomistic Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed for the calculation of diffusion and viscosity coefficients in the CO2 - H2O and H2O - NaCl mixture. Various combinations of existing force fields for H2O (SPC, SPC/E, SPC/E-flexible, TIP4P/2005 and Exponential-6), CO2 (EPM2, TraPPE, Zhang, Merker and Exponentian-6) and NaCl (Joung-Cheatham, Smith-Dang and Tosi-Fumi) were tested over a wide range of temperatures (283.15 K < T < 623.15 K), pressures (0.1 MPa < P < 100.0 MPa) and molalities (0-4). The MD results were compared with the respective experimental studies and useful comparisons about the models precision were drawn. Our group takes advantage of recent developments of efficiently parallelized codes that allow significant reduction of computer time compared to serial executions and for this reason we use highly optimized open-source codes such as LAMMPS and GROMACS. Acknowledgments This study was made possible by NPRP grant number 6-1157-2-471 form the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation). The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors [1] Metz B, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group III. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press (2007). [2] International Energy Agency, A Policy Strategy for Carbon Capture and Storage (2012). [3] Berendsen, H. J. C.; Grigera, J. R.; Straatsma, T. P. J. Phys. Chem. 1987, 91, 6269. [4] Abascal, J. L. F.; Vega, C. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 234505. [5] Harris, J.G. and Yung, K.H. J. Phys. Chem. 1995 , 99 (31), 12021. [6] Potoff, J.J. and Siepmann, J.I. AlChE J. 2001, 47(7), 1676. [7] I. Joung and T. Cheatham, J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 9020. [8] D. E. Smith and L. X. Dang, J. Chem. Phys. 1994, 100, 3757. [9] F. Fumi and M. Tosi, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1964, 25, 31. [9] Cadogan, S. P.; Maitland, G. C.; Trusler, J. P. M. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2014, 59, 519. [10] Moultos, O. A.; Tsimpanogiannis, I. N.; Panagiotopoulos, A. Z.; Economou, I. G. J. Phys. Chem. B 2014, 118, 5532. [11] See: http://lammps.sandia.gov/ and http://www.gromacs.org/