An imaginative and elaborate parody on the upcoming 1844 presidential campaign. The artist favors Whig nominee-apparent Henry Clay and is highly critical of incumbent John Tyler. The "chase" for the presidency leads to the White House (upper left) where Robert Tyler arouses his sleeping father saying, "Come wake up old Sampson, the Philistines are upon you!" President Tyler replies with a yawn: "Why Bobby my Pippin! I do believe I've been asleep! no matter I'm the People's favorite and belong to no Party. They will reelect me! If they don't I'll veto the whole concern d--n me!" His statement and the presence of a "Veto" paper on his desk allude to his liberal use of the presidential refusal to stymie Whig congressional efforts to establish a National Bank. In Robert Tyler's pocket is a scroll "Irish Repeal," referring to his support of that international movement. Approaching the steps of the White House, riding a beast which is half-horse and half-alligator (a mythical animal associated in popular lore with Clay's Kentucky), is Henry Clay. He exclaims triumphantly, "Hurrah! Old Kentuck will distance them all yet, and then the views of the lamented Harrisson will be carried out in full, and treachery will meet its reward." The sun rises behind him and an eagle with a streamer reading "E pluribus unum" flies ahead. Clay is followed by South Carolina Democrat John Calhoun, who remarks, "My old nullification Coota Turtle is rather a slow Coach! I am afraid he won't get out of this Clay Bank!" Taking the lower road (in keeping with his reputation for intrigue) is Martin Van Buren, riding a fox and exclaiming, "Confound Calhoun! He is right in my way! I'll take a short cut and though the path is crooked and rather dirty, I don't care so that I get in." Van Buren was derisively nicknamed "the Kinderhook fox." On the same path are two more presidential aspirants, James K. Polk(?) and Richard M. Johnson. The first, sitting on a donkey and waving a club, yells, "I'am an Old Soldier, but I shall never get in unless I can turn this Donkeys head the right way." Johnson, who has fallen off his horse, exclaims, "My old amalgamation Nag has got the blind staggers! and I can stump it no longer!" "Amalgamation" was common parlance for the melding of races, more specifically referring here to Johnson's common-law marriage and offspring with a mulatto woman, Julia Chinn. Off to the right, Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster sits by an open fire, cooking a cauldron of "Chowder" (a staple of his native New England), vowing, "I shant leave my Chowder! unless my country calls me." Behind him on horseback is Gen. Winfield Scott who calls over to War of 1812 Commodore Charles Stewart, seated in a boat on a lake, "Odds bullets and bayonets! I don't care about being President but if my friends insist upon it I'll serve! I say Commodore, cant you or I get in by a Coup-de-main!" Stewart replies, "I think not General! so I'll haul my wind! I am better fitted to govern the helm of old Ironsides than the helm of State." In the lower right corner, a man (possibly Supreme Court Justice John McLean) falls head first down an incline, saying, "If I thought I had a drop of Democratic blood in my veins I would let it out."


The two-dimensional scattering and diffraction of SH waves of arbitrary angle of incidence from irregular, canyon-shaped topography is formulated in terms of an integral equation. Taking advantage of the simple boundary conditions of SH-wave problems, the method of images is applied to reduce the integral equation to one with a finite integral, which can readily be solved numerically by available methods.

The method is first applied to the analytically solved case of a cylindrical canyon to verify its accuracy, and then to two idealized cross sections based upon Pacoima Canyon to investigate the effects of topography in a more realistic case. The results of the harmonic analysis include wave amplification patterns and transfer functions for different wavelengths and for different angles of incidence. The study also includes analysis of transient motions. With the N76°W component of the Pacoima Dam accelerogram specified to occur at one point in the cross section, the effects of different angles of incidence upon the required input motion and upon the motion at several other points in the cross section were examined by calculating accelerograms and response spectra.

The effects of canyon-shaped topography are seen most prominently in the amplification patterns and transfer functions for harmonic response, wherein shielding and focusing can cause variations up to a factor of six for wavelengths comparable to, or shorter than, the canyon width. In the case of transient motions, the accelerograms at different points show significant differences, but not as large as seen in the harmonic analysis. The response spectra show the smallest differences; significant effects are confined to the higher frequencies.


Restriction factors interfere with retroviral infection, blocking the viral life cycle after cell entry, but prior to integration into the chromosomal DNA. Fv1 restricts murine leukaemia virus (MLV), whereas TRIM5α (T5) restricts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other retroviruses.
The mechanism of restriction is still poorly understood, but a key factor is the interaction between restriction factors and the viral capsid (CA). Development of reliable and efficient binding assays would greatly enhance our understanding of this process. This thesis describes the development of a novel MLV binding assay.
Such an assay has been described for HIV, using in vitro polymerised CA-NC and lysate from cells expressing T5 (Stremlau et al., 2006), however, initial attempts to use this method to explore binding of T5 found the assay to be somewhat unreliable. The interaction between T5 and HIV CA is thought to be one of low affinity, and so binding could be aided by using a higher concentration of T5. Following the purification of T21T5 fusion protein from baculovirus, it was possible to demonstrate an interaction with HIV CA-NC. In contrast to T5, binding of CypA, Fv1Cyp and T5Cyp to HIV CA-NC could be consistently demonstrated, regardless of whether cell lysate or purified protein was used.
To generate an MLV binding assay, it was first necessary to develop a novel method for the in vitro polymerisation of CA. By incubating HIS-tagged CA protein with Ni-chelating lipid nanotubes it was possible generate CA-coated tubes. Analysis of these tubes by electron microscopy confirmed that the CA molecules were arranged in a regular lattice, and using these CA-coated tubes, it was possible to show an interaction with Fv1. Investigation of a number of Fv1 and CA variants revealed a good correlation between restriction and binding specificity. It was also possible to confirm that multimerisation of both Fv1 and CA were necessary requirements for a binding interaction to occur. With further development, it should be possible to use this assay to investigate the binding for other retroviral CAs.


Artemisinin-based combination therapies are the most effective drugs to treat Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Reduced sensitivity to artemisinin monotherapy, coupled with the emergence of parasite resistance to all partner drugs, threaten to place millions of patients at risk of inadequate treatment of malaria. Recognizing the significance and immediacy of this possibility, the Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the U.S. National Institutes of Health convened a conference in November 2010 to bring together the diverse array of stakeholders responding to the growing threat of artemisinin resistance, including scientists from malarious countries in peril. This conference encouraged and enabled experts to share their recent unpublished data from studies that may improve our understanding of artemisinin resistance. Conference sessions addressed research priorities to forestall artemisinin resistance and fostered collaborations between field- and laboratory-based researchers and international programs, with the aim of translating new scientific evidence into public health solutions. Inspired by this conference, this review summarizes novel findings and perspectives on artemisinin resistance, approaches for translating research data into relevant public health information, and opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration to combat artemisinin resistance.


ABSTRACT/RESUME This article provides an analysis of the origins, evolution, provisions, and value of provincial multiculturalism policies during the past three decades as well as some prognostications on their continued evolution and future value. It suggests that although such policies have been overshadowed by national multiculturalism policies, their past, present, and future importance in supplementing that policy should not be underestimated, since such policy supplementation helps to reinforce the shared commitment of all Canadians to the multicultural ethos. It also suggests that more intergovemmental collaboration involving the federal, provincial, municipal, and Aboriginal governments is required to ensure that this policy supplementation function maximizes the consonance and coordination of their joint efforts to strengthen the multicultural ethos for purposes of advancing social cohesion and the public good across Canada. Ce document analyse les origines, l'evolution, les dispositions et la valeur des politiques provinciales sur le multiculturalisme au cours des trois demieres decennies et presente des pronostics sur leur evolution et leur valeur dans l'avenir. Il suggere que, meme si les politiques provinciales sont eclipsees par la politique nationale du multiculturalisme, il ne faudrait pas sous-estimer leur role passe, actuel et futur de complementarite. En effet, ces politiques contribuent a renforcer l'engagement commun de tous les Canadiens envers la philosophie du multiculturalisme. Le document souligne aussi que les gouvernements federal, provinciaux, municipaux et autochtones doivent collaborer davantage pour s'assurer que cette fonction de soutien de la politique federale vient maximiser l'harmonisation et la coordination de leurs efforts visant a renforcer la philosophie du multiculturalisme, dans le but de promouvoir la cohesion sociale et le bien public dans tout le Canada. INTRODUCTION A core element of Canadian identity and pride is the multicultural ethos which values not only the preservation and perpetuation of various cultures, but also cross-cultural understanding and harmonious cultural coexistence. This ethos relating to cultural diversity, cross-cultural understanding, and cultural coexistence has been, and remains, a central component of Canadian political culture and the public philosophies which have shaped public discourse and public policies and programs in this country in recent decades. This includes the multiculturalism or, as in the case of Quebec, intererculturalism (1) policies and programs at the national, provincial, and local levels (Kymlieka 1998; Fleras and Elliott 1992, 2002). Despite the value that the majority of Canadians place on the multiculturalism ethos, they are by no means unanimous in their support for the multiculturalism policies and programs adopted by governments at the national, provincial, and local levels. Indeed, such policies and programs have been contested over the past three decades, and they remain so (Abu-Laban and Stasiuslus 1992; Abu-Laban 1994; Kymlicka 1998; Jedwab 2005). Unfortunately, they are contested in the absence of much information or understanding regarding their precise nature or purpose (Biles 2002; Jansen 2005). The central objective of this paper is to provide an analysis of the origins, evolution, and provisions of the provincial multiculturalism policies promulgated from 1974 to 2004, as well as their prospects and potential value in the future. An analysis of the multiculturalism policies of the three northern territories is beyond the scope of this work largely because none have a singular policy explicitly devoted to multiculturalism. Their focus has been less on advancing the goals of multiculturalism comparable to those of the provinces than on advancing four other important policy goals that are rooted in their unique ethnocultural configuration. The first two goals have been cultural preservation and acculturation designed to ensure that indigenous languages, customs, and values survive. …


Award-winning writer Paul Theroux tells a bewitching tale of circus magic and hypnotism which seems to hide a more sinister objective in his exquisite novel "Millroy the Magician". Fourteen-year-old Jilly Farina walks into the tent at the County Fair and finds her life transformed. Fixing her with her hypnotic gaze, "Millroy the Magician" performs astonishing miracles. When she is later magicked into his trailer and Millroy promised to train her as his assistant, Jilly feels safe for the first time her her short life. But Millroy is more than a mere stage-show magician. A vegetarian and health fanatic, a possessor of healing and hypnotic powers, Millroy is on a mission to change the eating habits og an entire nation. And through Jilly he has found the strength to preach his evangelical message. With Millroy's messianic fervour ever growing, Jilly begins to have doubts - but Millroy knows that without Jilly there will be no magic..."Brilliantly done. Theroux's best book for a very long time". (Jonathan Raban, "The Times Literary Supplement"). "Fresh and unexpected...among Theroux's best". (Philip Hensher, "Guardian"). "Magical". ("Daily Telegraph"). American travel writer Paul Theroux is known for the rich descriptions of people and places that is often streaked with his distinctive sense of irony; his novels and collected short stories, "My Other Life", "The Collected Stories", "My Secret History", "The Lower River", "The Stranger at the Palazzo d'Oro", "A Dead Hand", "The Elephanta Suite", "Saint Jack", "The Consul's File", "The Family Arsenal", "The Mosquito Coast", and his works of non-fiction, including the iconic "The Great Railway Bazaar" are available from Penguin.


English place-names have frequently been used in recent decades by researchers in different historical fields. In the case of the study of linguistic evolution, the publication in 1913 of Eilert Ekwall's innovative article "Die Ortsnamenforschung cin Hilfsmittel fur das Studium der englischen Sprachgeschichte" opened up a new branch of investigation that has been especially fruitful. However, the differing interpretations of this type of evidence for the reconstruction of Old and Middle English dialects that have been proposed since the publication of the above mentioned article provide a clear illustration of the problematical nature of this material. In spite of this, it is clear that the onomastic evidence must not be categorically excluded from the materials used by the linguist engaged in the painstaking task of reconstructing the linguistic features of Old and Middle English. Given the unreliability of other types of evidence (such as literary records), place-names should be regarded as the most reliable source available to us of the phonemic reality of previous periods in the history of the language; furthermore, Old and Middle English phonemes reconstructed through the study of onomastic material tend to show regular patterns of geographical spread, while the diffusion of the written forms recorded by the scribes in their copies of literary texts is usually subject to social and cultural processes. (1) Taking J. Fisiak's (1984, 1985, 1990) and G. Kristensson's (1967, 1986) previous works on Domesday Book (1086) (hereinafter: DB) and thirteenth and fourteenth century Lay Subsidy Rolls (hereinafter LSR) as my model, I am proposing a diachronic approach to the onomastic material recorded in these documents, which accounts for some of the numerous phonological changes experienced by the English language in the period immediately after the Norman Conquest of 1066. Both documents have proven extremely useful for the historical dialectologist in recent times and, in spite of the methodological differences in the treatment of the place-names recorded in each one of them, I would like to focus on their complementary character as informants of processes of linguistic change in early Middle English. In this paper, I am going to focus on the phonetic process traditionally known as second fronting and its significance for the study of the early Middle English dialect of the South West Midlands. According to classical accounts on this change, the palatalization of West Germanic a into OE ae and its later development into e took place in the dialects spoken in the Mercian dialects of the West Midland area and in Kentish. However, the quality of this sound, which is usually represented by the grapheme in the Vespasian Psalter and other Mercian texts, was slightly different from the one derived from Germanic e, as can be seen from the subsequent levelling of West-Saxon ae and Mercian e (from West Germanic a) during the twelfth century (Campbell 1959: 62-64). Early Middle English texts produced in the South-West Midlands in the years immediately after the beginning of the thirteenth century show a great deal of inconsistency in their use of the spellings , (both for West-Saxon ae) and (rendering Mercian e) in this group of words. As I have pointed out elsewhere (Diaz 1994: 450 and Appendix B), the distribution of the three spellings corresponds to the following patterns: (a) Copies of West-Saxon documentary and literary texts produced in the South-West Midlands between 1200 and 1300 show high degrees of retention of . Scribes systematically use only when dealing with copies of Old Mercian texts (such as St Chad), or when consciously holding on to the orthographic tradition of their own region, as in the case of the famous "Worcester tremulous hand" of the early thirteenth century (Franzen 1991). (b) However, contemporary copies of literary texts produced in this same region show a prevalence of the grapheme , being the copyist of the Caligula manuscript of Lazamon the only one who alternates this spelling with ; further, the double graph is sporadically found in the group of texts copied in the AB-language. …


This paper proposes an accurate and computationally efficient implementation of the IEEE Standard 1459-2000 for power measurements. The algorithm has two stages. In the first algorithm stage, the voltage and current signals are processed in parallel, and their spectrums are estimated independently of each other. Signal harmonics are estimated in a wide range of frequency using an efficient algorithm with reduced complexity. The algorithm is based on a recently introduced common structure for recursive discrete transforms and consists of digital resonators embedded in a common negative feedback loop. In the second algorithm stage, the unknown power components and other power quality indices are calculated according to definitions in the IEEE Standard 1459-2000. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm, the results of computer simulations and laboratory testing are presented. The laboratory results show accurate input power component estimates for a nonlinear load with rapid input current amplitude changes. In addition, a simple LabView implementation, based on the point-by-point processing feature, demonstrates the technique's modest computation requirements and confirms that the proposed algorithm is suitable for real-time applications.


Much of the recent progress made in image classification research can be credited to training procedure refinements, such as changes in data augmentations and optimization methods. In the literature, however, most refinements are either briefly mentioned as implementation details or only visible in source code. In this paper, we will examine a collection of such refinements and empirically evaluate their impact on the final model accuracy through ablation study. We will show that, by combining these refinements together, we are able to improve various CNN models significantly. For example, we raise ResNet-50's top-1 validation accuracy from 75.3% to 79.29% on ImageNet. We will also demonstrate that improvement on image classification accuracy leads to better transfer learning performance in other application domains such as object detection and semantic segmentation.


Underground objects are by nature often severely obscured although the general character of the intervening random media may be reasonably understood. The task of detecting these underground objects also implies that their exact location and or orientation is not known. To partially counter these difficulties, one may; however, be given a model of the target of interest, e.g. a particular tank type, a water pipe, etc. To set up a quality framework for solution of the above problem, this paper utilizes the paradigm of Bayesian decision theory that promises minimum error detection given that certain probability density functions can be found. Within this framework, mathematical techniques are shown to handle the uncertainties of target location and orientation, many of the random obscuration problems, and how to make best use of the target model. The approach taken can also be applied to other synergistic cases such as seeing through obscuring vegetation.


DEAN CRISTOL is the Academic Coordinator at The Ohio State University at Lima. His interests are in social studies, university-school partnerships, and alternative licensure for teachers. Currently, he is making a transition from Old Dominion University to The Ohio State University at Lima. His recent publications include Cristol, D. and Gimbert, B. (2004), Learning to teach with technology: Designing and implementing technology-enhanced curriculum during teacher preparation, in C. Vrasidas and G. Glass (Eds), Current Perspectives on Applied Information "Technologies: Preparing "Teachers to "Teach with Technology, Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, and Gimbert, G., Cristol, D., Sene, A. and Wallace, D. (2005), A case study of a competency-driven alternative route to teacher licensure in an urban "hard-to-staff" school system, Action in "Teacher Education 27(1): 53-71.


Why do young firms pay less? Previous studies have argued that employees willingly accept lower wages at new firms in response to offsetting benefits. A second literature argues that lower wages at new firms are driven by the selection of lower quality workers into new firms, firms which are likely to be of lower productivity or financially constrained. Using US Census employer-employee matched data, we show new evidence consistent with the selection argument. After including worker fixed effects, nearly three quarters of the new firm wage difference disappears. Moreover, once we control for firm fixed effects, absorbing time-invariant firm quality, the wage difference between new and established firms becomes economically unimportant. Overall, our findings indicate that, for a given worker who has job opportunities at similar quality new and established firms, the expected wage penalty of working at the new firm is, on average, economically insignificant. Moreover, young firms that can hire high quality workers have higher future survival rates and total employment, suggesting that human capital is an important predictor of young firm success.


Pennsylvanian rocks of the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains are mature quartzose sandstones. This paper uses detrital zircon geochronology on seven samples from the Wood River Formation, Tensleep Sandstone, and Weber Sandstone to determine if these sandstones have a common provenance, representing eastern Laurentian and Appalachian sand reworked within shallow-marine and eolian environments from the Wyoming craton westward to the Pioneer thrust plate of south-central Idaho. Our work suggests that this continental sand blanket was mixed with local sources on the south in the Yavapai-Mazatzal provinces of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains and in samples from the western Cordilleran thrust belt in south-central Idaho. In total, these Pennsylvanian sandstones contain a broad spectrum of detrital zircon U-Pb ages including, from old to young: A) minor Archean-age (3300–2550 Ma) populations; B) Paleoproterozoic (2000–1600 Ma), Mesoproterozoic (1470–1350 Ma), and major "Grenvillian" (1250–950 Ma) populations; and C) Cryogenian- to Ediacaran-age (665–565 Ma) and minor Paleozoic (495–410 Ma) populations. We interpret these detrital zircon ages to represent provenance mainly from the Appalachian mountain belt of eastern North America; however, central Appalachian versus northern Appalachian derivation is not clearly distinguished. The Weber Sandstone from the north flank of the Uinta Mountains in northeast Utah contains a strong 1700–1640 Ma age population derived from the Yavapai-Mazatzal provinces in the adjacent Ancestral Rocky Mountains. The shallow-marine Hailey Member of the Wood River Formation in south-central Idaho yields a population of >1800 Ma detrital zircons reworked from the uplifted Mississippian Copper Basin Formation. Both the Hailey and Wilson Creek Members of the Wood River Formation contain unique 640–490 Ma grains that may represent provenance from the Big Creek-Beaverhead plutonic belt of east-central Idaho and/or eastern Klamath terrane in the Klamath Mountains of northwest California and southwest Oregon. These new data support published models for Pennsylvanian–Permian transport of siliciclastic sediment with sources mainly from the North American craton, north of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, into continental margin basins.


Abstract. A chemical reaction chamber system has been developed for the processing of oleic acid aerosol particles with ozone under two relative humidity conditions: dry and humidified to 65 %. The apparatus consists of an aerosol flow tube, in which the ozonolysis occurs, coupled to a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) which measure the evolving particle size and composition. Under both relative humidity conditions, ozonolysis results in a significant decrease in particle size and mass which is consistent with the formation of volatile products that partition from the particle to the gas phase. Mass spectra derived from the ATOFMS reveal the presence of the typically observed reaction products: azelaic acid, nonanal, oxononanoic acid and nonanoic acid, as well as a range of higher molecular weight products deriving from the reactions of reaction intermediates with oleic acid and its oxidation products. These include octanoic acid and 9- and 10-oxooctadecanoic acid, as well as products of considerably higher molecular weight. Quantitative evaluation of product yields with the ATOFMS shows a marked dependence upon both particle size association (from 0.3 to 2.1 µm diameter) and relative humidity. Under both relative humidity conditions, the percentage residual of oleic acid increases with increasing particle size and the main lower molecular weight products are nonanal and oxononanoic acid. Under dry conditions, the percentage of higher molecular weight products increases with increasing particle size due to the poorer internal mixing of the larger particles. Under humidified conditions, the percentage of unreacted oleic acid is greater, except in the smallest particle fraction, with little formation of high molecular weight products relative to the dry particles. It is postulated that water reacts with reactive intermediates, competing with the processes which produce high molecular weight products. Whilst the oleic acid model aerosol system is of limited relevance to complex internally mixed atmospheric aerosol, the generic findings presented in this paper give useful insights into the nature of heterogeneous chemical processes.


The suitability of an oscillatory shear technique to distinguish the rigidity of carrot tissue of different maturity and morphological origin has been evaluated. The rigidity was related to apparent G' (G' = shear modulus) of tissues and growing regions showed greater rigidity than mature tissue. Despite these differences in raw tissue, all samples exhibited a rapid decline in apparent G' around 55–60°C when small discs of these tissues (2 mm thick × 13 mm dia) were heated from 20 to 80°C. Force-compression studies on carrot tissue were performed using a TA.XT2 texture analyser. Carrot discs (3 mm thick × 20.6 mm dia) showed a linear elastic region up to 37% of compression at 20°C. When discs of carrot tissue were heated in the range 20–80°C, they showed a gradual decline in modulus of elasticity (E) unlike apparent G'.

Heated-stage microscopic studies were carried out to examine the reasons for rapid changes in G' of carrot tissue during heating. As the temperature increased from 20 to 60°C, thickening of the cell wall was observed with disruption of plasma membrane and loss of cellular integrity evident around 60°C.

The relationship between sensory analysis and the rheological parameters was also studied. There was a gradual decline of both the apparent G' and E values as well as the sensory score as carrots were cooked in boiling water but, after 20 min. plateau values were observed. There was a linear relationship between sensory score and apparent G' and E values (r = 0.86 to 0.93) suggesting the instrumental methods used in this investigation were able to measure the same intensity of textural characteristics as perceived by a taste panel.


As a response to the recent global financial crisis, the main central banks implemented several programs of unconventional monetary policies. This paper assesses the announcement effects of the policy measures taken by the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and the Federal Reserve on European securities markets. We measure the impact of these announcements on government bond and stock prices and trading volumes. Using the event study methodology, we evaluate the reaction of some of the major European market indices around the announcement dates of unconventional monetary policies, over the period between 2008 and 2016. Our results show that the overall impact of the announcements of unconventional monetary policy measures is significant for European stock markets. Further, results suggest that the impact was more significant with the announcement of "Forward Guidance" and "Asset Purchases" policy measures, respectively, on stock prices and trading volumes. If events are categorized using a narrow definition of "Forward Guidance", the effects for this category are positive but not always statistically significant.


Before the advent of the automobile, users of city streets were diverse and included children at play and pedestrians at large. By 1930, most streets were primarily a motor thoroughfares where children did not belong and where pedestrians were condemned as "jaywalkers." In Fighting Traffic, Peter Norton argues that to accommodate automobiles, the American city required not only a physical change but also a social one: before the city could be reconstructed for the sake of motorists, its streets had to be socially reconstructed as places where motorists belonged. It was not an evolution, he writes, but a bloody and sometimes violent revolution. Norton describes how street users struggled to define and redefine what streets were for. He examines developments in the crucial transitional years from the 1910s to the 1930s, uncovering a broad anti-automobile campaign that reviled motorists as "road hogs" or "speed demons" and cars as "juggernauts" or "death cars." He considers the perspectives of all users--pedestrians, police (who had to become "traffic cops"), street railways, downtown businesses, traffic engineers (who often saw cars as the problem, not the solution), and automobile promoters. He finds that pedestrians and parents campaigned in moral terms, fighting for "justice." Cities and downtown businesses tried to regulate traffic in the name of "efficiency." Automotive interest groups, meanwhile, legitimized their claim to the streets by invoking "freedom" -- a rhetorical stance of particular power in the United States. Fighting Traffic offers a new look at both the origins of the automotive city in America and how social groups shape technological change.


This paper deals, from a Swedish point of view, with names for domestic animals that have been borrowed from other language areas and other cultures during the last two or three centuries. There are several different reasons for animals having or being given foreign names. These include imported animals being allowed to keep their original names; a desire to reflect an animal's origin or descent; a wish to praise the animal (or enhance its status) by giving it a name from a high-status language; a taste for the exotic; and a concern to give an animal a unique name. Similarities and differences between the naming of different species of agricultural livestock and household pets are discussed, and an attempt is made to explain why certain of these naming practices have become common in today's society.


Economics and environmental incentives, as well as advances in technology, are reshaping the traditional view of industrial systems. The anticipation of a large penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) into the market brings up many technical problems that are highly related to industrial information technologies within the next ten years. There is a need for an in-depth understanding of the electrification of transportation in the industrial environment. It is important to consolidate the practical and the conceptual knowledge of industrial informatics in order to support the emerging electric vehicle (EV) technologies. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the electrification of transportation in an industrial environment. In addition, it provides a comprehensive survey of the EVs in the field of industrial informatics systems, namely: 1) charging infrastructure and PHEV/PEV batteries; 2) intelligent energy management; 3) vehicle-to-grid; and 4) communication requirements. Moreover, this paper presents a future perspective of industrial information technologies to accelerate the market introduction and penetration of advanced electric drive vehicles.


Abstract In 2013, a group of British aviation archaeologists began excavating in Myanmar in search of some 140 mint-condition crated Royal Air Force (RAF) Spitfire Mk XIV aircraft. According to their story, at the end of the Second World War, Allied forces in Burma were left with these unassembled aircraft. Without the funds to send them home, but unwilling to let the planes fall into enemy hands, they buried the crated planes in Mingaladon, Meiktila and Myitkyina. Like legends of pirate treasure, the story of these buried Spitfires carries with it fantastic aura and intrigue. For aviation fans, the pirate's gold is an iconic aircraft, meaningful in patriotic narratives for its role in the Battle of Britain. This paper will discuss this story as a form of military history folklore which is stoked by the orientalist perception that Burma/Myanmar's decades of military regimes and purported isolation indirectly '"preserved" the crated aircraft in time. As this paper will demonstrate, Burmese and others in Southeast Asia have their own legends of buried war materiel and treasure. This point, though largely lost on British aviation enthusiasts in their quest for their Spitfire 'holy grail', nevertheless crucially enabled their quest to manifest itself.


Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with a five-year survival rate below 25% for patients with stages III and IV disease. Identifying key mediators of ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis is critical to the development of more effective therapeutic interventions. We previously identified Filamin A interacting protein 1-like (FILIP1L) as an important mediator of cell proliferation and migration. In addition, targeted expression of FILIP1L in tumors inhibited tumor growth in vivo. In our present study, we confirmed that both mRNA and protein expression of FILIP1L were downregulated in ovarian cancer cells compared with normal ovarian epithelial cells. FILIP1L expression was inversely correlated with the invasive potential of ovarian cancer cell lines and clinical ovarian cancer specimens. We also provide evidence that DNA methylation is a mechanism by which FILIP1L is downregulated in ovarian cancer. The CpG island in the FILIP1L promoter was heavily methylated in ovarian cancer cells. Methylation status of the FILIP1L promoter was inversely correlated with FILIP1L expression in ovarian cell lines and clinical ovarian specimens. Reduced methylation in the FILIP1L promoter following treatment with a DNA demethylating agent was associated with restoration of FILIP1L expression in ovarian cancer cells. A transcription activator, cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) was shown to bind to the CREB/ATF site in the CpG island of the FILIP1L promoter. Overall, these findings suggest that downregulation of FILIP1L associated with DNA methylation is related with the invasive phenotype in ovarian cancer and that modulation of FILIP1L expression has the potential to be a target for ovarian cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Res; 9(8); 1126–38. ©2011 AACR.


This chapter examines satire from the target's point of view: how to respond tosatire without losing dignity? The power of satire lies in its capacity to challengedignity, which threatens social position, political legitimacy and individualwell-being. Analysing concrete examples of satire, the essay reviews the merits,risks and limitations of possible responses: laugh, joke back, argue, retaliate,show anger, or withdraw. The capacity to respond with dignity is not distributedevenly: not everyone has the resources to do so. Moreover, there is notalways consensus on what counts as a dignified response. In today's increasinglydiverse and globalised societies, this makes satire increasingly contested andrisky, but also an increasingly important domain for intercultural encountersand negotiations.


Different types of microstructures including microchannels and microslots were made in optical fibers using femtosecond laser inscription and chemical etching. Integrated with UV-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings, these microstructures have miniature, robustness and high sensitivity features and have been used to implement novel devices for various sensing applications. The fiber microchannels were used to detect the refractive index change of liquid presenting sensitivities up to 7.4 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) and 166.7 dB/RIU based on wavelength and power detection, respectively. A microslot-in-fiber based liquid core waveguide as a refractometer has been proposed and the device was used to measure refractive index, and a sensitivity up to 945 nm/RIU (10−6/pm) was obtained. By filling epoxy in the microslot and subsequent UV light curing, a hybrid waveguide grating structure with polymer core and glass cladding was fabricated. The obtained device was highly thermal responsive, demonstrating a linear coefficient of 211 pm/°C.


Beginning in 1945, America rocketed through a quarter-century of extraordinary economic growth, experiencing an amazing boom that soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. At one point, in the late 1940s, American workers produced 57 percent of the planet's steel, 62 percent of the oil, 80 percent of the automobiles. The U.S. then had three-fourths of the world's gold supplies. English Prime Minister Edward Heath later said that the United States in the post-War era enjoyed "the greatest prosperity the world has ever known." It was a boom that produced a national euphoria, a buoyant time of grand expectations and an unprecedented faith in our government, in our leaders, and in the American dream--an optimistic spirit which would be shaken by events in the '60s and '70s, and particularly by the Vietnam War. Now, in Grand Expectations, James T. Patterson has written a highly readable and balanced work that weaves the major political, cultural, and economic events of the period into a superb portrait of America from 1945 through Watergate. Here is an era teeming with memorable events--from the bloody campaigns in Korea and the bitterness surrounding McCarthyism to the assassinations of the Kennedys and Martin Luther King, to the Vietnam War, Watergate, and Nixon's resignation. Patterson excels at portraying the amazing growth after World War II--the great building boom epitomized by Levittown (the largest such development in history) and the baby boom (which exploded literally nine months after V-J Day)--as well as the resultant buoyancy of spirit reflected in everything from streamlined toasters, to big, flashy cars, to the soaring, butterfly roof of TWA's airline terminal in New York. And he shows how this upbeat, can-do mood spurred grander and grander expectations as the era progressed. Of course, not all Americans shared in this economic growth, and an important thread running through the book is an informed and gripping depiction of the civil rights movement--from the electrifying Brown v. Board of Education decision, to the violent confrontations in Little Rock, Birmingham, and Selma, to the landmark civil rights acts of 1964 and 1965. Patterson also shows how the Vietnam War--which provoked LBJ's growing credibility gap, vast defense spending that dangerously unsettled the economy, and increasingly angry protests--and a growing rights revolution (including demands by women, Hispanics, the poor, Native Americans, and gays) triggered a backlash that widened hidden rifts in our society, rifts that divided along racial, class, and generational lines. And by Nixon's resignation, we find a national mood in stark contrast to the grand expectations of ten years earlier, one in which faith in our leaders and in the attainability of the American dream was becoming shaken. Grand Expectations is the newest volume in the prestigious Oxford History of the United States. The earlier releases were highly acclaimed, and one, Battle Cry of Freedom, was both a New York Times bestseller and a winner of the Pulitzer Prize. Patterson's volume takes its rightful place beside these distinguished works. It is a brilliant summation of the years that created the America that we know today, a time of setbacks amid unmatched and lasting achievements.


Biostratigraphical, lithostratigraphical and sedimentological studies of the Mid-Cretaceous series of the Palmyrides chain (Central Syria) yield new stratigraphical data for this region. This thick sedimentary series is now subdivided in stages and sub-stages. Several measured sections and lithostratigraphic data enable us to correlate sequences from the Palmyrides chain with those of neighbouring regions. The sedimentological study enables us to follow the lateral and vertical evolution of Middle Cretaceous environments in Palmyrides chain and to reconstruct the paleogeography of this region during this epoch. Our biostratigraphic results from these Palmyrides series are in good agreement with those of the same ages in the Mediterranean area. A correlation of the Mid-Cretaceous series with the adjacent area of Routbah in Iraq indicates that the Hamad Uplift which existed during the Jurassic period between the Palmyrean basin to the north-west and the Routbah basin to the south-east persisted in the Middle Cretaceous.


This paper presents empirical evidence on input and output equity of expenditures, teacher resources, and performance across 840 elementary and middle schools in New York City. Historically, researchers have studied interdistrict distributions, but given the large numbers of pupils and schools within many urban districts, it is important to learn about intradistrict distributions as well. The empirical work is built on a framework of horizontal, vertical, and equal opportunity equity. The results show that the horizontal equity distributions are more disparate than what would be expected relative to results of other studies, vertical equity is lacking, especially in elementary schools, and equality of opportunity is at best neutral but more often absent. Middle schools exhibit more equity than elementary schools. The paper is one of the first to measure output equity, using levels and changes in test scores to do so.  2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. JEL classification: I; 12; 122


The overall purpose of this thesis is to analyze power generation technology choices in the presence of climate policy. Special attention is paid to the diffusion of renewable power technologies following a carbon pricing policy, and this topic is analyzed in two self-contained papers. The overall objective of paper #1 is to analyze how future investments in the Swedish power sector can be affected by carbon pricing policies following the Kyoto Protocol. In the first part we focus on the price of carbon following the Kyoto commitments and to what extent this policy will affect the relative competitiveness of the available investment alternatives. The second part pays attention to the possible impacts of technology learning - and the resulting cost decreases - on the economics of power generation in the presence of climate policy. The first part considers the majority of power generation technologies available in Sweden, while the second part focuses solely on the competition between CCGT and the cheapest renewable power alternative, wind power. Methodologically, we approach the above issues from the perspective of a power generator who considers investing in new generation capacity. This implies that we first of all assess the lifetime engineering costs of different power generation technologies in Sweden, and analyze the impact of carbon pricing on the competitive cost position of these technologies under varying rate-of-return requirements. Overall the results indicate that in general it is not certain that compliance with the Kyoto commitments implies substantial increases in renewable power sources. If, therefore, renewable power sources are favored for reasons beyond climate policy additional policy instruments will be needed. The purpose of paper #2 is to analyze the costs for reducing CO2 emissions in the power-generating sectors in Croatia, the European part of Russia, Macedonia, Serbia and the Ukraine in 2020 by using a linear programming model. The model is based on the underlying assumptions of the so-called RAINS model frequently used to assess the potential and the costs for reducing air pollution in Europe. The results based on an exogenously given 15 percent reduction target for CO2 emissions show that the marginal cost for switching from a carbon intense fuel to either a low-carbon or to a renewable energy source differs significantly among the countries. The marginal costs range from 22 to 174 € per ton CO2, and are mainly due to country differences in the availability of renewables, existing technologies and costs. The results also indicate that although it is clear that the Eastern European countries are not homogenous in terms of CO2 abatement potential and costs, no single country emerges as particularly low cost. This may have important implications for future JI/CDM activities. For instance, risk factors such as policy uncertainty and institutional obstacles may become crucial in determining the future allocation of JI/CDM projects across the region.


Medical students need hands-on experience documenting clinical encounters as well as entering orders to prepare for residency and become competent physicians. In the era of paper medical records, students consistently acquired experience writing notes and entering orders as part of their clinical experience. Over the past decade, however, patient records have transitioned from paper to electronic form. This change has had the unintended consequence of limiting medical students' access to patient records. This restriction has meant that many students leave medical school without the appropriate medical record skills for transitioning to residency. In this article, the authors explore medical students' current access to electronic health records (EHRs) as well as policy proposals from medical societies, innovative models implemented at some U.S. medical schools, and other possible solutions to ensure that students have sufficient experiential learning opportunities with EHRs in clinical settings. They also contend that competence in the use of EHRs is necessary for students to become physicians who can harness the full potential of these tools rather than physicians for whom EHRs hinder excellent patient care. Finally, the authors argue that meaningful experiences using EHRs should be consistently incorporated into medical school curricula and that EHR-related skills should be rigorously assessed with other clinical skills.


Peak power consumption is a universal problem across energy control systems in electrical grids, buildings, and industrial automation where the uncoordinated operation of multiple controllers result in temporally correlated electricity demand surges (or peaks). While there exist several diferent approaches to balance power consumption by load shifting and load shedding, they operate on coarse grained time scales and do not help in de-correlating energy sinks. The Energy System Scheduling Problem is particularly hard due to its binary control variables. Its complexity grows exponentially with the scale of the system, making it impossible to handle systems with more than a few variables. We developed a scalable approach for fine-grained scheduling of energy control systems that novelly combines techniques from control theory and computer science. The original system with binary control variables are approximated by an averaged system whose inputs are the utilization values of the binary inputs within a given period. The error between the two systems can be bounded, which allows us to derive a safety constraint for the averaged system so that the original system's safety is guaranteed. To further reduce the complexity of the scheduling problem, we abstract the averaged system by a simple single-state single-input dynamical system whose control input is the upper-bound of the total demand of the system. This model abstraction is achieved by extending the concept of simulation relations between transition systems to allow for input constraints between the systems. We developed conditions to test for simulation relations as well as algorithms to compute such a model abstraction. As a consequence, we only need to solve a small linear program to compute an optimal bound of the total demand. The total demand is then broken down, by solving a linear program much smaller than the original program, to individual utilization values of the subsystems, whose actual schedule is then obtained by a low-level scheduling algorithm. Numerical simulations in Matlab show the e ectiveness and scalability of our approach.


Many people in Prague keep seeking a refuge in green areas within the city. Such a desire has inspired us to develop an app for cell phones that would be able to find natural areas in Prague. Users are navigated to the green spaces in real time and space. This article deals with the design and development of such app which has been aptly named DoPřirody! (To the Nature!). To create such an app requires a sound systemic design and also connection with a number of different components. Technically, it is a geoinformation community system composed of database, server, and mobile parts. First, it was necessary to define natural areas. Second, database of such areas containing exact position, description, type, photos, etc. was created. The server part includes application modules that secure users management, area search, routing, navigation, etc. The mobile part consists of user interface for cell phones. Special attention is given to the design and creation of algorithm that calculates the appropriate route within the road network which serves as a base for the navigation. DoPřirody! is also compared with competing projects like Googlemaps, Mapy.cz and OSM. Route length, time required, and computing time are the basic elements compared. DoPřirody! has all the features of a community system, i. e. logged-in users can contribute to further improvements. Anyone can update information on natural areas, upload more detailed descriptions, photographs, and comments. Thus, the whole system remains "live". At the present time there are some 80 users that have downloaded the free installation app on Google Play.


The γ-secretase inhibitor blocks Notch activity by preventing its cleavage at the cell surface. In the present study, the effect of the γ-secretase inhibitor on the viability of gastric cancer cells when administered in combination with cisplatin was investigated, with particular focus on CD44highLgr-5high cancer cells. The four gastric cancer cell lines, MKN45, MKN74, SC-6-JCK and SH-10-TC, were used for the experiments. In the MTT assay, treatment with 25 µM dipeptide γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) alone did not affect cell proliferation in any of the four cell lines. Gastric cancer cells subjected to combination treatment with DAPT and cisplatin exhibited decreased viability when compared with those treated with cisplatin alone. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)-44 and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr-5), two cancer stem cell markers in gastric cancers. Treatment with cisplatin alone significantly increased the proportion of CD44highLgr-5high cells. However, the addition of DAPT to cisplatin reduced the CD44highLgr-5high fraction, suggesting that DAPT reduced the number of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the synergistic effects of DAPT in combination with cisplatin by decreasing the survival of gastric cancer cells. In addition, combination treatment with DAPT reduced the number of CD44highLgr-5high cells, which are thought to exhibit cancer stem cell properties. These results highlight the therapeutic potential of DAPT in gastric cancer treatment.


In many neural systems, information about stimulus variables is often represented in a distributed manner by means of a population code. It is generally assumed that the responses of the neural population are tuned to the stimulus statistics, and most prior work has investigated the optimal tuning characteristics of one or a small number of stimulus variables. In this work, we investigate the optimal tuning for diffeomorphic representations of high-dimensional stimuli. We analytically derive the solution that minimizes the L2 reconstruction loss. We compared our solution with other well-known criteria such as maximal mutual information. Our solution suggests that the optimal weights do not necessarily decorrelate the inputs, and the optimal nonlinearity differs from the conventional equalization solution. Results illustrating these optimal representations are shown for some input distributions that may be relevant for understanding the coding of perceptual pathways.


A major agricultural sub-sector where achieving food security has become elusive in Nigeria is the fish production subsector. Demand for fish in Nigeria stands at about 1.5 million metric tonnes per annum while domestic production is just 511,700 metric tonnes. The nation spends about N150 billion (US$1billion) annually to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Consequently, several policy measures have been put in place to stimulate local fish farming. Till date, the results from the colossal investment and policy have not yielded the desired results. Hence, this study attempted to examine the factors determining the sustainability of fish farming in Nigeria with a view to stimulating private investment in the sector, meet national market demand through domestic production and export the excess to enhance the income of farmers. Regression and budgetary analyses were used to analyze data obtained from 100 fish farmers in ten local government areas of Osun State. The result showed that the average net income in the study area was N318,640.75 while the gross margin was N457,327.95. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.5 indicating that for every N100 invested, the enterprise yields additional N50. The regression analysis showed that experience of farmers in fish farming, quantity of feed used, access to credit and size of pond were significant determinants of fish farm production in Nigeria. Major challenges confronting fish farming in the study area are lack of access to credit, high cost of inputs and poor extension services.


This article helps explain the variation in political turmoil observed in the MENA during the Arab Spring. The region's monarchies have been largely spared of violence while the "republics" have not. A theory about how a monarchy's political culture solves a ruler's credible commitment problem explains why this has been the case. Using a panel dataset of the MENA countries (1950–2006), I show that monarchs are less likely than nonmonarchs to experience political instability, a result that holds across several measures. They are also more likely to respect the rule of law and property rights and grow their economies. Through the use of an instrumental variable that proxies for a legacy of tribalism, the time that has elapsed since the Neolithic Revolution weighted by Land Quality, I show that this result runs from monarchy to political stability. The results are also robust to alternative political explanations and country fixed effects.


Energy reduction is one of the goals of sustainability. Thermal comfort and sustainability refers to smart dealing with natural resources to be acceptable for people. In order to provide thermal comfort to occupants, it is necessary to prevent excessive thermal transfers from the building's envelope. To this end thermal insulation is provided and windows with low U values are installed in buildings. However, the orientation of living spaces in a building determines the amount of solar gains from the facades, which in turn influences the thermal conditions within. Thus, spaces facing different directions need different amount of thermal control to achieve thermal equality. On the other hand, the standard practice for reducing the energy loads of a building is to select the same type of thermal insulation and windows for the entire facade, regardless of the direction of the external walls. This state of affairs gives rise to an inequality in the thermal comfort conditions of residential units facing different orientations. The aim of this study was to eliminate this inequality through certain local interventions on the part of the residents themselves; e.g. increasing insulation, reducing U values of the windows and providing solar shading. To this end an apartment building was modelled with the aid of an energy simulation software: DesignBuilder. The heating and cooling loads obtained from the residential units facing North, South, East and West directions were compared for various intervention scenarios, based on the application of various thicknesses of insulation inside the external walls, improved U values for windows and solar shading devices; as well as natural ventilation. The simulated energy loads demonstrate the effectiveness of case based refurbishment interventions for achieving thermal equality and energy expenditures in all units regardless of their orientations. Keywords: Orientation, thermal insulation, U-value, heating load, cooling load


The articles included in this issue display a healthy scepticism towards any naïve parallelism between the changes in the party system, the electoral rules or political communication, and the changes that have taken place in the legislative process. The former are linked to the evolution of the legislative process in indirect, complicated ways which merit a more in-depth examination. All articles do share a common view of what the Italian political system is not: Montecitorio is clearly still quite some distance from Westminster. From the legislative perspective, the Italian political system during the second republic still appears to be a moving 'target'. The comparison between rough legislative figures for the 15th legislature and the equivalent information for previous legislatures does not really help understand in which direction that system is heading.


Measuring environmental variables over longer times in coastal marine environments is a challenge in regard to sensor maintenance and data processing of continuously produced comprehensive datasets. In the project "MOSES" (Modular Observation Solutions for Earth Systems), this procedure became even more complicated because seven large Helmholtz centers from the research field Earth and Environment (E&E) within the framework of the German Ministery of Educatiopn and Research (BMBF) work together to design and construct a large scale monitoring network across earth compartments to study the effects of short-term events on long term environmental trends. This requires the development of robust and standardized automated data acquisition and processing routines, to ensure reliable, accure and precise data.

Here, the results of two intercomparison workshops on senor accuracy and precicion for selected environmental variables are presented. Environmental sensors which were to be used in MOSES campaigns on hydrological extremes (floods and draughts) in the Elbe catchment and the adjacent coastal areas in the North Sea in 2019 to 2020 were compared for selected parameters (temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-A, turbidity and methane) in the same experimentally controlled water body, assuming that all sensors provide comparable data. Results were analyzed with respect to individual sensor accuracy and precision related to an "assumed" real value as well as with respect to a cost versus accuracy/precision index for measuring specific environmental data. The results show, that accuracy and precision of sensors do not necessarily correlate with the price of the sensors and that low cost sensors may provide the same or even higher accuracy and precision values as even the highest price sensor types.


A 10×10 half diallel examination was directed on groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to determine the quality activity and hereditary parameters of ten characteristics including half blooming, no. of units per plant, plant stature, collect file, case list, 100 case weight, 100 portion weight, case size, illnesses contamination and yield per plot. The investigations were completed in the Branch of Hereditary qualities and Plant Rearing, Bangladesh Farming College (BAU), Mymensingh during the trimming period of 2010-2011. The appraisals of quality impacts showed that criticalness of both added substance and nonadded substance change for unit size, 100 case weight and maladies disease among the characteristics and nearness of over strength fulfilling presumptions of diallel aside from lethargy. Be that as it may, both the added substance and non-added substance quality influences together significance to control of most quantitative attributes in the groundnut. The normal level of strength (H1/D) 1/2 (H1 = predominance change, D = added substance fluctuation) was higher than one, showing over strength for every one of the attributes. The tight sense heritability was high for half blossoming (38%), collect list (35%), unit size (52%), 100 case weight (35%) and yield per plot (41%) showing that extraordinary hereditary addition could be accomplish. Keywords— Added substance Fluctuation, Predominance Difference, Diallel, Groundnut.


Dogs, cats, parrots, and other pet animals play extremely significant roles in the lives of many individuals. People own pets for a variety of reasons – they love animals, they enjoy engaging in physical activity with the animal such as playing ball or going for walks, and they enjoy the giving and receiving of attention and unconditional love. Research indicates that pet ownership positively impacts the owner's life by lowering blood pressure, reducing stress and depression, lowering the risk of heart disease, shortening the recovery time after a hospitalization, and improving concentration and mental attitude.The primary goal of the pet owner's attorney is to carry out the pet owner's intent to the fullest extent allowed under applicable law. Accordingly, the attorney should select a method which has the highest likelihood of working successfully to provide for the pet after its owner's death. (The pet owner should also determine if any special arrangements need to be made to care for the pet if the owner becomes disabled.) After discussing the history of providing for a pet after the owner's death, this article discusses the variety of techniques currently available and comments on the advisability of each.Special features of this article include: sample pet trust provisions; "client-friendly" FAQs; summary of tax concerns with pet trusts; comprehensive appendix with links to all pet trust statutes (42 states plus D.C.).


Purpose: The paper presents the specifics of development, crises and the postulates of correcting and making modern the social, political, and post-industrial systems that have been shaped over the years. Around 200 years ago, three modern social regulation systems arose, the modern state, the market state, and the civil society. All these systems are currently undergoing a deep crisis. New questions are being asked about a vision for a system that would be able to replace or successfully reform them. Design/Methodology/Approach: The analysis will cover both theoretical and practical issues occurring at the state level and in the international dimension. In achieving the research goal, the authors systematized the systems for regulating the society. The undertaken analysis and an overview of the literature points to complementarity and an interdisciplinary approach to these problems. Findings: The above-selected fragments concerning the systems for regulating the society prompt us to present some general reflections and conclusions. They result from the research assumptions and systematizing the subject matter we come up with formulated answers to the questions. They are selected possibilities in summarizing the vision of society and its citizens. Practical Implications: Associations, foundations, social associations, and solidarity groups undertake their activities in the interests of the common good. The effectiveness of these entities is great. However, we can more and more often see the temptation to limit their role and subjectivity or even draw them into an often-barren political discourse, although, is not the best way. We can all do better in this area. Originality/Value: The conclusions are limited to the purpose and scope of the research presented in the article and can be a starting point for further similar analyzes.


The quality improvement is essential for every textile enterprise. The optimization of quality could be possible only by using the best materials. The quality of products for customer reflects the materials used in factory, the cycle of production, the processing of each technological line and also the maintenance of machines on the entire technological line. If one of these criterions is neglected, the quality expected by the customer won't be the optimal one. The notion of optimization is adopted relative because the company will be able to secure better materials, to hire a larger staff, to replace the parts of the machines more often. Only these measures will improve the quality, but the real rise of costs could catapult the company out from the market. The lab and the technical service have to be capable of supervising the whole cycle of production in different ways. The success of improving will be assured only by learning the causes of different imperfections of semi-finished products and goods. The main objective is the control of the causes and not of the effects. It is also necessary to out run the primary data a little over the general informing level. The statistics methods permit the value of every individual characteristic on each fabrication cycle. When the fabrication cycle is improved the statistic limits are also more precise. The STATTEX program is very useful for physical and mechanical labs for determination of the fibers physical-mechanical characteristics while the reception on new materials is done, for determination of the semi-finished products characteristics and also for processing of the data from analysis report elaborated for each 3000 kg lot of fibers or any time when it's necessary. The STATTEX program solved the following problems: - Reading of experimental data; - Arrangements of the pool data; - Elimination of the aberrant values using the Dixon or Grubbs tests depending on the sample volume and after then their visualization; - Presents a report for the remaining values; - Lists this report on printer; - Calculates the valid values and their classification; - Testing the concordance between experimental and normal distribution by using the concordance c2 or the Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests depending on sample volume; - Allows the option for listing a report on printer which contains the helping table for the concordance tests; - Graphic representations: - The histogram - The polygon of the relative frequencies - The polygon of the absolute frequencies - The diagram of the cumulate frequencies - Allows the option to list the graphic representations on the printer - Calculates the typical poll values (arithmetical average, median line, mood value, amplitude, dispersion, the average square deviation, the coefficient of variation, the absolute average deviation, the coefficient of linear irregularity, the coefficient of asymmetry, the coefficient of vaulting and the excess); - Allows the option for listing the VTS report that contains the typical poll values calculated previously for interpreting the results.


Significance Although fear can contribute to survival, difficulty regulating threat responses can interfere with goal-directed activities and is the hallmark of anxiety disorders. These disorders are the most common psychiatric illnesses, affecting up to one-third of the population. In parallel studies across species, we identify a pathway that engages the ventral hippocampus for the attenuation of threat responses through conditioned inhibition. Conditioned inhibition relies on the specific involvement of ventral hippocampal neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex in mice and homologous ventral hippocampal–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity in humans. These findings highlight a pathway for the inhibition of fear with the potential to enhance interventions for anxiety disorders by targeting an alternative neural circuitry through safety signal learning. Heightened fear and inefficient safety learning are key features of fear and anxiety disorders. Evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, primarily rely on mechanisms of fear extinction. However, up to 50% of clinically anxious individuals do not respond to current evidence-based treatment, suggesting a critical need for new interventions based on alternative neurobiological pathways. Using parallel human and rodent conditioned inhibition paradigms alongside brain imaging methodologies, we investigated neural activity patterns in the ventral hippocampus in response to stimuli predictive of threat or safety and compound cues to test inhibition via safety in the presence of threat. Distinct hippocampal responses to threat, safety, and compound cues suggest that the ventral hippocampus is involved in conditioned inhibition in both mice and humans. Moreover, unique response patterns within target-differentiated subpopulations of ventral hippocampal neurons identify a circuit by which fear may be inhibited via safety. Specifically, ventral hippocampal neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex, but not to the infralimbic cortex or basolateral amygdala, were more active to safety and compound cues than threat cues, and activity correlated with freezing behavior in rodents. A corresponding distinction was observed in humans: hippocampal–dorsal anterior cingulate cortex functional connectivity—but not hippocampal–anterior ventromedial prefrontal cortex or hippocampal–basolateral amygdala connectivity—differentiated between threat, safety, and compound conditions. These findings highlight the potential to enhance treatment for anxiety disorders by targeting an alternative neural mechanism through safety signal learning.


PURPOSE
Unscheduled treatment interruptions in SBRT/SRS can occur for a variety of reasons. As the fractional dose is much larger and the total treatment time much shorter, treatment prolongation may have larger influence in SBRT/SRS than in conventional radiotherapy.

METHODS
A biologically effective dose (BED) model was used to quantify the impact of interruptions with a daily equivalent repopulation constant K. The BEDs were calculated for regular daily treatment and interrupted treatments with various interruption schemes and K values. The dose required to compensate for the BED reduction due to interruption was then calculated.

RESULTS
For a typical five-fraction SBRT assuming (α/β) 10Gy for tumor and 2Gy for normal tissue, K 0.5Gy/day, and a seven-day gap, the dose per fraction required for the remainder of the treatments to compensate for treatment breaks (dnew) would be 103%, 104%, 106%, or 111% of the originally prescribed dose per fraction (d) with the gap after 1, 2, 3, or 4 fraction(s). For a four-fraction SBRT, the dnew would be 104%, 106%, or 111% with the gap after 1, 2, or 3 fraction(s). For a three-fraction SBRT, the dnew would be 106% or 111% with the gap after 1 or 2 fraction(s). With a fourteen-day gap and same K, the increase Δd=[(dnew-d)/d]×100% would double for the various scenarios respectively. If K increases from 0.5Gy/day to 1.0Gy/day, the Δd would roughly double for the various scenarios accordingly.

CONCLUSION
According to our BED model, significantly higher dnew would be needed to compensate for the reduction in local control with interruptions, particularly for the large gaps and the late occurrings. Therefore, for anticipated interruptions, it is better to interrupt the treatment sooner than later. As our model depends on K, more clinical data would be needed to substantiate its validity for various lesions treated by SBRT/SRS.


Introduction Prescribing of medication in children is a very complex process that involves an understanding of paediatric physiology, disease states, medication used and pharmacokinetics as well as patient specific details, their co-morbidities and their clinical condition. The most common medication errors have been identified as dosing, route of administration, and frequency of administration. Computerised provider order entry has been shown to reduce the number of prescribing errors related to chemotherapy as well as the likelihood of dose and calculation errors in paediatric chemotherapy prescribing. Locally, paediatric chemotherapy is prescribed on pre-printed paper prescriptions. Adaptation and implementation of ARIA electronic prescribing (EP) system for use in paediatric chemotherapy was undertaken by a Specialist Paediatric Oncology Pharmacist and was rolled out for use in January 2016 for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Method The United Kingdom National Randomised Trial for Children and Young Adults with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia and Lymphoma 2011 (UKALL, 2011) was developed for use on EP, with prescribing of all other chemotherapy remaining on paper. The number and type of prescribing errors were collected during a pre-implementation phase from January 2015 to June 2015. After the introduction of EP and following a 2 month acclimatisation period, a second period of data collection took place between March 2016 and July 2016. Overall prescribing error rates and the frequency of each error type were calculated both before and after implementation. Results Before the introduction of EP for paediatric chemotherapy, the overall error rate was 18.4% with a total of 16 different errors seen. Post implementation, overall error rate increased to 25.7% (p Conclusion The introduction of EP has resulted in a significant reduction in prescribing error rates compared to paper based prescribing for paediatric chemotherapy. Overall the prescribing error rate increased after the introduction of EP but this was related to an increased rate on the paper prescriptions. One possible reason for this was the use of dual systems for prescribing. In addition there was unforeseen relocation and building work within the paediatric cancer unit, which affected prescribing time allocation. There were also several staff shortages within the prescribing team after implementation and this resulted in an increased workload on the remaining chemotherapy prescribers. All these issues could have attributed to the increase in error rates. The most common errors seen with chemotherapy prescribing have been reduced with EP as protocols have been developed with a focus on prescribing safety. Further work is needed as more prescribing takes place on EP to assess the full impact it has on paediatric chemotherapy error rates.


With the recent publication of Signs and Machines by Maurizio Lazzarato and Critical Semiotics by Gary Genosko, the concept of asignifying semiotics introduced by Felix Guattari in the late 1960s is regaining attention. This revived interest responds largely to the rise and consolidation of new technologies of power based on algorithmic control and Big Data analysis. In the new context of informational capitalism, Guattari's asignifying semiotics appears as a powerful conceptual tool for exploring the role of information technologies in the reproduction of capitalist power relations. This article contributes to this discussion by introducing the notion of asignifyng images in order to explore the role that images acquire in this new age of algorithmic control. To achieve so, this article focuses on Harun Farocki's concept of operational images and reads some of his audiovisual work through the prism of Guattari's asignifying semiotics. More specifically, this article compares the representational account of labour in the film Workers Leaving the Factory (1995) with the non-representational perspective deployed by the video installation Counter-Music (2004). This distinction between a representational and a non-representational framework responds to the distinction between signifying and asignifying semiotics. By comparing these two perspectives this article attempts to delineate some key elements for a broader reflection upon the transformation of the role of images in the reproduction of contemporary capitalism.


- Corrosion in oil pipelines is one of the biggest problems in the oil sector companies because of the high cost resulted from repairing the corroded parts, or replace it with another non-corroded ones, so, in this research, we study the design of nano-inhibitor and study of its structural and electronic properties of dichlorobenzene molecule (C 6 H 4 Cl 2 ) and the effect of adding groups of Hydroxy on those properties, density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP level with (6-31G) basis sets. The study included four new molecules, which are including monohydroxy dichlorobenzene molecule, dihydroxy dichlorobenzene, trihydroxy dichlorobenzene, and tetrhydroxy dichlorobenzene. The structural and electronic calculations have been done by using Gaussian 09 program and Gaussian View in DFT calculations. The geometry optimization using both methods for dichlorobenzene (nano-inhibitor) and group's Hydroxy molecules has been found in good agreement with experimental data. While the electronic properties included calculate total energy, ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential, electronegativity, electrochemical hardness and electronic softness for molecules under study. These results show that the energy gap reduced with the increase of the number of groups; also, the electron affinity and electronegativity for dichlorobenzene molecule Ben-Cl-2OH are the lowest, while the chemical potential be the highest for the same inhibitor. Nano-inhibitor result reduces corrosion of internal surfaces of tubes that used for transporting oil and gas to the importance of these molecules in terms of their high ability for interaction. Those dichlorobenzene can restrain corrosion from claiming steel toward framing an inactive layer for this molecule on the metal's surface.


Recurrent neural networks have a strong inductive bias towards learning temporally compressed representations, as the entire history of a sequence is represented by a single vector. By contrast, Transformers have little inductive bias towards learning temporally compressed representations, as they allow for attention over all previously computed elements in a sequence. Having a more compressed representation of a sequence may be beneficial for generalization, as a high-level representation may be more easily re-used and re-purposed and will contain fewer irrelevant details. At the same time, excessive compression of representations comes at the cost of expressiveness. We propose a solution which divides computation into two streams. A slow stream that is recurrent in nature aims to learn a specialized and compressed representation, by forcing chunks of $K$ time steps into a single representation which is divided into multiple vectors. At the same time, a fast stream is parameterized as a Transformer to process chunks consisting of $K$ time-steps conditioned on the information in the slow-stream. In the proposed approach we hope to gain the expressiveness of the Transformer, while encouraging better compression and structuring of representations in the slow stream. We show the benefits of the proposed method in terms of improved sample efficiency and generalization performance as compared to various competitive baselines for visual perception and sequential decision making tasks.


This paper presents a historical socio-hydrological analysis of the Tarim River basin (TRB), Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, in Western China, from the time of the opening of the Silk Road to the present. The analysis is aimed at exploring the historical co-evolution of coupled human–water systems and at identifying common patterns or organizing principles underpinning socio-hydrological systems (SHS). As a self-organized entity, the evolution of the human–water system in the Tarim Basin reached stable states for long periods of time, but then was punctuated by sudden shifts due to internal or external disturbances. In this study, we discuss three stable periods (i.e., natural, human exploitation, and degradation and recovery) and the transitions in between during the past 2000 years. During the "natural" stage that existed pre-18th century, with small-scale human society and sound environment, evolution of the SHS was mainly driven by natural environmental changes such as river channel migration and climate change. During the human exploitation stage, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, it experienced rapid population growth, massive land reclamation and fast socio-economic development, and humans became the principal players of system evolution. By the 1970s, the Tarim Basin had evolved into a new regime with a vulnerable eco-hydrological system seemingly populated beyond its carrying capacity, and a human society that began to suffer from serious water shortages, land salinization and desertification. With intensified deterioration of river health and increased recognition of unsustainability of traditional development patterns, human intervention and recovery measures have since been adopted. As a result, the basin has shown a reverse regime shift towards some healing of the environmental damage. Based on our analysis within TRB and a common theory of social development, four general types of SHSs are defined according to their characteristic spatio-temporal variations of historical co-evolution, including primitive agricultural, traditional agricultural, industrial agricultural, and urban SHSs. These co-evolutionary changes have been explained in the paper in terms of the Taiji–Tire model, a refinement of a special concept in Chinese philosophy, relating to the co-evolution of a system because of interactions among its components.


In cystic fibrosis (CF), colonization of the airways with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with disease deterioration. The mechanism behind the disease progression is not fully understood. The present work shows that the antibacterial chemokine MIG/CXCL9 is present in the airways and in sputum of CF patients. MIG/CXCL9 showed high bactericidal activity against. P. aeruginosa, including some strains from the airways of CF patients. Full-length MIG/CXCL9 was detected in sputum from healthy controls and CF patients colonized with P. aeruginosa. However, degraded MIG/CXCL9 was only found in CF sputum. In vitro, elastase of P. aeruginosa cleaved off a fragment of similar size and two additional fragments from MIG/CXCL9. The fragments showed less bactericidal activity against P. aeruginosa compared with the full-length protein. The fragments did not activate the MIG/CXCL9 receptor CXCR3 (expressed e.g. by NK cells, mast cells, and activated T cells) but instead displayed noncompetitive inhibition. In vitro, a decrease in CXCR3-bearing cells was found within and in the proximity of the bronchial epithelium of CF lung tissue compared with controls. Taken together, both bactericidal and cell-recruiting activities of MIG/CXCL9 are corrupted by P. aeruginosa through release of elastase, and this may contribute to impaired airway host defense in CF.


We show a diffraction-based coupling scheme that allows a micro-resonator to directly manipulate a free-space optical beam at normal incidence. We demonstrate a high-Q micro-gear resonator with a 1.57-um radius whose vertical transmission and reflection change 40% over a wavelength range of only 0.3 nm. Without the need to be attached to a waveguide, a dense 2D array of such resonators can be integrated on a chip for spatial light modulation and parallel bio-sensing.


A 50 MHz E-region coherent backscatter radar was designed based on frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar techniques. This thesis presents the theory behind the FMCW technique and its implementation in a practical radar system. The system was designed and constructed at the University of Saskatchewan and was field tested at a radar site a few kilometres from the university. This thesis demonstrates that an FMCW radar is technically possible and functional as a research tool for E-region coherent backscatter studies. The primary goal of this research is to develop a better understanding of the plasma processes responsible for the radar echoes. FMCW techniques offer a compromise between the pulsed and continuous wave (CW) radar techniques, which have previously been used for E-region experiments. CW techniques provide excellent spectral measurements but are limited in their ability to determine range information. Pulsed techniques offer excellent range resolution but may be limited in their ability to make detailed high resolution Doppler measurements of E-region radar backscatter. The implementation of FMCW techniques provides a simple and effective method of simultaneously obtaining excellent Doppler and range measurements. The use of FMCW techniques is a novel approach to E-region coherent backscatter studies. Data analysis techniques were developed to extract the range and Doppler information from FMCW radar echoes. In the first few months of operation, the radar observed all four typical E-region radar signatures, Type I to Type IV, plus meteor trail echoes. Observations of each type of radar echo are presented, without interpretation, to illustrate the performance of the radar.


Designers of secure hardware are required to harden their implementations against physical threats, such as power analysis attacks. In particular, cryptographic hardware circuits need to decorrelate their current consumption from the information inferred by processing (secret) data. A common technique to achieve this goal is the use of special logic styles that aim at equalizing the current consumption at each single processing step. However, since all hiding techniques like Dual-Rail Precharge (DRP) were originally developed for ASICs, the deployment of such countermeasures on FPGA devices with fixed and predefined logic structure poses a particular challenge. In this work, we propose and practically evaluate a new DRP scheme (GliFreD) that has been exclusively designed for FPGA platforms. GliFreD overcomes the well-known early propagation issue, prevents glitches, uses an isolated dual-rail concept, and mitigates imbalanced routings. With all these features, GliFreD significantly exceeds the level of physical security achieved by any previously reported, related countermeasures for FPGAs.


In the last decades microwave remote sensing has proven its capability to provide
valuable information about the land surface. New sensor generations as e.g.
ENVISAT ASAR are capable to provide frequent imagery with an high information
content. To make use of these multiple imaging capabilities, sophisticated
parameter inversion and assimilation strategies have to be applied. A profound
understanding of the microwave interactions at the land surface is therefore
essential.
The objective of the presented work is the analysis and quantitative description of
the backscattering processes of vegetated areas by means of microwave
backscattering models. The effect of changing imaging geometries is investigated
and models for the description of bare soil and vegetation backscattering are
developed. Spatially distributed model parameterisation is realized by synergistic
coupling of the microwave scattering models with a physically based land surface
process model. This enables the simulation of realistic SAR images, based on bioand
geophysical parameters.
The adequate preprocessing of the datasets is crucial for quantitative image
analysis. A stringent preprocessing and sophisticated terrain geocoding and
correction procedure is therefore suggested. It corrects the geometric and
radiometric distortions of the image products and is taken as the basis for further
analysis steps.
A problem in recently available microwave backscattering models is the inadequate
parameterisation of the surface roughness. It is shown, that the use of classical
roughness descriptors, as the rms height and autocorrelation length, will lead to
ambiguous model parameterisations. A new two parameter bare soil backscattering
model is therefore recommended to overcome this drawback. It is derived from
theoretical electromagnetic model simulations. The new bare soil surface scattering
model allows for the accurate description of the bare soil backscattering coefficients.
A new surface roughness parameter is introduced in this context, capable to
describe the surface roughness components, affecting the backscattering
coefficient. It is shown, that this parameter can be directly related to the intrinsic
fractal properties of the surface.
Spatially distributed information about the surface roughness is needed to derive
land surface parameters from SAR imagery. An algorithm for the derivation of the
new surface roughness parameter is therefore suggested. It is shown, that it can be
derived directly from multitemporal SAR imagery.
Starting from that point, the bare soil backscattering model is used to assess the
vegetation influence on the signal. By comparison of the residuals between
measured backscattering coefficients and those predicted by the bare soil
backscattering model, the vegetation influence on the signal can be quantified.
Significant difference between cereals (wheat and triticale) and maize is observed in
this context.
It is shown, that the vegetation influence on the signal can be directly derived from
alternating polarisation data for cereal fields. It is dependant on plant biophysical
variables as vegetation biomass and water content.
The backscattering behaviour of a maize stand is significantly different from that of
other cereals, due to its completely different density and shape of the plants. A
dihedral corner reflection between the soil and the stalk is identified as the major
source of backscattering from the vegetation. A semiempirical maize backscattering
model is suggested to quantify the influences of the canopy over the vegetation
period.
Thus, the different scattering contributions of the soil and vegetation components
are successfully separated. The combination of the bare soil and vegetation
backscattering models allows for the accurate prediction of the backscattering
coefficient for a wide range of surface conditions and variable incidence angles.
To enable the spatially distributed simulation of the SAR backscattering coefficient,
an interface to a process oriented land surface model is established, which provides
the necessary input variables for the backscattering model. Using this synergistic,
coupled modelling approach, a realistic simulation of SAR images becomes possible
based on land surface model output variables. It is shown, that this coupled
modelling approach leads to promising and accurate estimates of the backscattering
coefficients. The remaining residuals between simulated and measured backscatter
values are analysed to identify the sources of uncertainty in the model. A detailed
field based analysis of the simulation results revealed that imprecise soil moisture
predictions by the land surface model are a major source of uncertainty, which can
be related to imprecise soil texture distribution and soil hydrological properties.
The sensitivity of the backscattering coefficient to the soil moisture content of the
upper soil layer can be used to generate soil moisture maps from SAR imagery. An
algorithm for the inversion of soil moisture from the upper soil layer is suggested
and validated. It makes use of initial soil moisture values, provided by the land
surface process model. Soil moisture values are inverted by means of the coupled
land surface backscattering model. The retrieved soil moisture results have an RMSE
of 3.5 Vol %, which is comparable to the measurement accuracy of the reference
field data.
The developed models allow for the accurate prediction of the SAR backscattering
coefficient. The various soil and vegetation scattering contributions can be
separated. The direct interface to a physically based land surface process model
allows for the spatially distributed modelling of the backscattering coefficient and
the direct assimilation of remote sensing data into a land surface process model.
The developed models allow for the derivation of static and dynamic landsurface
parameters, as e.g. surface roughness, soil texture, soil moisture and biomass from
remote sensing data and their assimilation in process models. They are therefore
reliable tools, which can be used for sophisticated practice oriented problem
solutions in manifold manner in the earth and environmental sciences.


Teaching at the academic level is rapidly changing because of the strong influence of the ICT on all aspects of life, especially in the way in which we communicate and learn. E-learning is one of the most promising and rapidly growing aspects of the information society nowadays. Education at all levels, but particularly at the academic level, is considered incomplete without e-learning and e-learning is unthinkable without information literacy. In this new environment the role of academic libraries is to redesign library services and introduce several innovative services to promote information literacy and e-learning. Academic libraries today have multiple roles and over the years have implemented numerous related operations and services. This has inevitably led to the expansion of support to e-learning. However, their fundamental purpose, i.e. provision of access to trustworthy and authoritative knowledge, has remained the same. All the resources in the digital library should be browsed and searched as a large repository of multimedia contents which uses structured metadata for the syntactic and semantic description of all the resources.


There are many factors which bias managers towards a myopic view of the world: pressures from financial markets, strategy techniques, and incomplete rules of financial evaluation. A major casualty of myopic rules is the underinvestment in new capabilities, such as increasing the speed to the market, or the quality delivery of product and services. Investments in new capabilities are investments in opportunity: to be a player in new but uncertain markets requires learning new ways of doing things. This article analyzes the costs of myopic rules and proposes an evaluation technique based on option pricing theory as a way to demonstrate the value of long-term investments in new capabilities as platforms into new markets. It examines investments in core technologies, joint ventures, flexible manufacturing, and entry into foreign markets in terms of their platform value.


As learning moves into a more innovative and technological environment, it becomes increasingly important that library education continues to adapt and understand the resources that are available. Advancing Library Education: Technological Innovation and Instructional Design aims to provide relevant theoretical frameworks, empirical research, and new understandings for those interested in Library and Information Science and the impact new techniques and technologies are having in this area. Librarians, academics, and researchers will benefit from this careful look into current advancements in their field.