Cosmological N-body simulations are now being performed using Newtonian gravity on scales larger than the Hubble radius. It is well known that a uniformly expanding, homogeneous ball of dust in Newtonian gravity satisfies the same equations as arise in relativistic FLRW cosmology, and it also is known that a correspondence between Newtonian and relativistic dust cosmologies continues to hold in linearized perturbation theory in the marginally bound/spatially flat case. Nevertheless, it is far from obvious that Newtonian gravity can provide a good global description of an inhomogeneous cosmology when there is significant nonlinear dynamical behavior at small scales. We investigate this issue in the light of a perturbative framework that we have recently developed, which allows for such nonlinearity at small scales. We propose a relatively straightforward "dictionary"---which is exact at the linearized level---that maps Newtonian dust cosmologies into general relativistic dust cosmologies, and we use our "ordering scheme" to determine the degree to which the resulting metric and matter distribution solve Einstein's equation. We find that Einstein's equation fails to hold at "order 1" at small scales and at "order $\epsilon$" at large scales. We then find the additional corrections to the metric and matter distribution needed to satisfy Einstein's equation to these orders. While these corrections are of some interest in their own right, our main purpose in calculating them is that their smallness should provide a criterion for the validity of the original dictionary (as well as simplified versions of this dictionary). We expect that, in realistic Newtonian cosmologies, these additional corrections will be very small; if so, this should provide strong justification for the use of Newtonian simulations to describe relativistic cosmologies, even on scales larger than the Hubble radius.


Analog integrated circuit design techniques for high-speed signal processing in communications systems (Dec 2006) David Hernandez Garduño Chair of Advisory Committee: Jose Silva-Martinez This work presents design techniques for the implementation of high-speed analog integrated circuits for wireless and wireline communications systems. Limitations commonly found in high-speed switched-capacitor (SC) circuits used for intermediate frequency (IF) filters in wireless receivers are explored. A model to analyze the aliasing effects due to periodical non-uniform individual sampling, a technique used in high-Q high-speed SC filters, is presented along with practical expressions that estimate the power of the generated alias components. The results are verified through circuit simulation of a 10.7MHz bandpass SC filter in TSMC 0.35mu-m CMOS technology. Implications on the use of this technique on the design of IF filters are discussed. To improve the speed at which SC networks can operate, a continuous-time common-mode feedback (CMFB) with reduced loading capacitance is proposed. This increases the achievable gain-bandwidth product (GBW) of fullydifferential amplifiers. The performance of the CMFB is demonstrated in the implementation of a second-order 10.7MHz bandpass SC filter and compared with that of an identical filter using the conventional switched-capacitor CMFB (SC-CMFB). The filter using the continuous-time CMFB reduces the error due to finite GBW and slew rate to less than 1% for clock frequencies up to 72MHz while providing a dynamic range of 59dB and a PSRR> 22dB. The design of high-speed transversal equalizers for wireline transceivers requires the implementation of broadband delay lines. A delay line based on a third-order linear-phase filter is presented for the implementation of a fractionallyspaced 1Gb/s transversal equalizer. Two topologies for a broadband summing node which enable the placement of the parasitic poles at the output of the transversal equalizer beyond 650MHz are presented. Using these cells, a 5-tap 1Gb/s equalizer was implemented in TSMC 0.35mu-m CMOS technology. The results show a programmable frequency response able to compensate up to 25dB loss at 500MHz. The eye-pattern diagrams at 1Gb/s demonstrate the equalization of 15 meters and 23 meters of CAT5e twistedpair cable, with a vertical eye-opening improvement from 0% (before the equalizer) to 58% (after the equalizer) in the second case. The equalizer consumes 96mW and an area of 630mu-m x 490mu-m.


Households buy life insurance as part of their liquidity management. The option to surrender such a policy can serve as a buffer when a household faces a liquidity need. In this study, we investigate empirically which individual and household specific sociodemographic factors influence the surrender behavior of life insurance policyholders. Based on the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), an ongoing wide-ranging representative longitudinal study of around 11,000 private households in Germany, we construct a proxy to identify life insurance surrender in the data. We use this proxy to conduct fixed effect regressions and support the results with survival analyses. We find that life events that possibly impose a liquidity shock to the household, such as birth of a child and divorce increase the likelihood to surrender an existing life insurance policy for an average household in the panel. The acquisition of a dwelling and unemployment are further aspects that can foster life insurance surrender. Our results are robust with respect to different models and hold conditioning on region specific trends; they vary however for different age groups. Our analyses contribute to the existing literature supporting the emergency fund hypothesis. The findings obtained in this study can help life insurers and regulators to detect and understand industry specific challenges of the demographic change.


ABSTRACT: Dawning neutron physics was more complex than one might expect. The chance that the neutron comprised a proton and an electron was diffusely taken into account after the discovery of the neutron. Moreover, uncertainties persisted about the composition of beryllium radiation until it was realized that the latter comprised both neutrons and γγ-rays. The interaction of neutrons with matter and nuclei was soon investigated. Both a spatial symmetry, a symmetry of charge, and a symmetry in the nuclear reactions soon emerged. The relation of negative ββ-decay to the neutron abundance in nuclei was moreover reviewed. Positive ββ-radioactivity induced by αα-particles was eventually announced, having been foreseen some weeks before. Accelerated deutons and protons shortly afterwards revealed to be efficient in inducing radioactivity. The physics institute in Rome got ready to start research on neutrons, but apparently it only planned to go through αα-induced radioactivity, at first. If so, it is then plausible that some new results achieved by foreign laboratories eventually bent Fermi to neutrons. Fermi9s discovery of neutron-induced radioactivity is reviewed with regard to investigations then current, once more showing simplicity as a distinctive trait of Fermi9s way of doing physics.


This thesis explores the impact of lifestyle factors on the development of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Saudi Arabian women. A survey of a snowball sample was used to recruit 258 female and explored factors influencing physical activity (PA) and food intake and their effects on BMI in women living in the KSA and the UK. Participants completed a self-reporting questionnaire relating to knowledge, attitudes, barriers and levels of PA, sedentary activity and eating habits. Excessive energy intake, physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle were all prevalent in Saudi women, resulting in 80%, over the age of 35y, being overweight or obese. BMI was associated with both energy intake and PA, though the relationship with the former was stronger. The most common barriers to regular exercise were transportation and lack of time. Findings were generally similar between women living in Saudi Arabia and the UK. The efficacy of reducing energy intake, with or without increased PA, on risk factors associated with MS in overweight Saudi women was investigated in a pilot study. After a four-week program, incorporating dietary modification alone (D) or in combination with regular vigorous aerobic exercise (D+E), improvements were seen in body composition and a range of metabolic risk factors. Both groups lost weight, but, paradoxically, those in D lost significantly more than those in D+E (5.3 vs. 3.3%, p=0.016). Moreover, significant reductions were also found in blood pressure, plasma triacylglycerol, insulin, total and LDL cholesterol, with no significant differences between the two groups. Plasma glucose and HDL cholesterol remained unaltered. Overall, these changes led to a decline in the prevalence of MS from 20% to 5% and 21% to 7% for the D and D+E groups, respectively. Thus, reducing energy intake appears, at least in the short term, more important than increasing PA in reducing body weight and associated metabolic risk factors. These studies confirm that excessive dietary intake and physical inactivity both contribute to overweight and obesity in Saudi Arabian women. With appropriate support, it is possible to both reduce energy intake and increase PA, although, in the short -term, the former appears to be most important. It remains to be established whether longer-term improvements in PA would further improve metabolic health.


Background There are few studies which compare the experiences of clinical staff and bereaved relatives about sedation use in end of life care. Aim To report aspects of the UNBIASED study (UK, Netherlands and Belgium International Sedation Study), comparing how UK clinicians and bereaved relatives recall the use of sedation in end of life care. Methods Qualitative case study design using face to face interviews. Setting: Hospitals, the domestic home, and hospices. Participants: doctors, nurses and bereaved relatives involved in care of cancer patients who received continuous sedation until death. Senior clinical staff identified eligible decedents and then nominated the physicians and nurses most involved in their care; they then used their discretion to invite bereaved relatives to take part, at least three months after the death. Findings 22 case studies were completed in the UK arm of the project. Seven cases were complete, in that they had perspectives from at least one nurse (n=10), one doctor (n=9) and one relative (n=7). This presentation focuses on these 7 cases. Relatives recalled that gaining control of some patients' symptoms was difficult to achieve and they regretted the time taken to gain this. Clinicians reported that the movement towards continuous sedation unfolded over time with no particular 'moment' of decision making. Careful use of medications to control difficult symptoms without making the patient completely unconsciousness was seen as the ideal by both relatives and clinicians. Some relatives and clinicians were concerned about hastening death; some relatives regretted that this was not possible in UK practice. Relatives expressed a range of understandings about how sedative medications worked. Understanding patients' wishes was important for both relatives and clinicians. Conclusion Detailed case studies can illuminate difficult areas of practice and provide pointers for practice development. Implications for communication and decision-making practice will be explored.


In (2), Bruce Shawyer proved the following result : "At the midpoint of each side of a triangle, we construct the line such that the product of the slope of this line and the slope of the side of the triangle is a fixed constant. We show that the three lines obtained are always concurrent. Further, the locus of the points of concurrency is a rectangular hyperbola. This hyperbola intersects the sides of the triangle at the midpoints of the sides, and each side at another point. These three other points, when considered with the vertices of the triangle opposite to the point, form a Ceva configuration. Remarkably, the point of con- currency of these Cevians lies on the circumcircle of the original triangle". Here, we extend these results in the projective plane and give a short synthethic proof.


The article investigates improvement of the supply chain according to the requirements of nowadays, particularly impact of natural disasters. The main role in this process is given to humanitarian logistics. The phases of the disaster and the actions of humanitarian supply chain during these phases are analyzed. It is very important to understand in which cases more appropriate using particular type supply chains. From this point of view authors analyzed the main differences between commercial and humanitarian supply chains. The most important role in the supply chain during the crisis situations played humanitarian organizations. For the purpose of comprehensive understanding peculiarities and
involve members were identified main participants of humanitarian supply chain. The ranking of donor countries that are in the top 10, and examples of humanitarian operations and logistics companies in the aftermath of disasters are shown. Authors analyze usage of model of disaster management by
logistics companies and humanitarian organizations in different disaster stages. The main advantage of proposed approach is getting clear criterion which arises during the recovery phase of the disaster and enables logistics companies, humanitarian organizations and the military to integrate their efforts and logistics performance, and adapt them to the specific needs.


Candida species are a natural commensal of humans and when the immune system is com- promised it can cause candidiasis. C. albicans is the main etiological agent of candidiasis, representing nearly 60% of the total cases worldwide. The cell wall provides protection against several physical and chemical aggressions and is responsible for the different shapes displayed by C. albicans . The cell wall is not a static structure, but a dynamic one, having great plasticity to allow different cell morphologies, molecular remodeling and changes in the cell wall composition as a result from adaptation to the surrounding environment. It is mainly composed of chitin, β-glucan and mannoproteins. Therefore, the cell wall components are putative targets for the discovery and development of new drugs. The cell wall reprogram- ing in response to several conditions, including a host carbon source, blood, serum, high temperature, acidic environment, and morphogenesis, have a direct impact on the man- noprotein content and might be involved in adherence, drug resistance and virulence of C. albicans . In this chapter, we performed an analysis of the proteins that have been identi- fied in the C. albicans cell wall by our group and others, which allowed the identification of proteins from different intracellular compartments .


An ancient link between cell death control and innate immune receptor function has been discovered in plants. The function of plant metacaspases, identified by limited sequence homology to the animal caspases that control cell death, has remained elusive. Coll et al. have now elucidated the actions of two metacaspases in the small plant Arabidopsis. One metacaspase, AtMC1, promoted cell death, and the other, AtMC2, acted antagonistically to stall cell death. The results help to elucidate the mechanisms by which plants control cell survival during development and defend against pathogen attack. N. S. Coll, D. Vercammen, A. Smidler, C. Clover, F. Van Breusegem, J. L. Dangl, P. Epple, Arabidopsis type I metacaspases control cell death. Science 330, 1393–1397 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Reconciliation is a central goal of transitional justice. Yet, its importance for democratization can give reconciliation a coercive edge, pressuring victims to abandon legitimate grievances for the good of the nation to come. This article considers struggles over popular sovereignty in Tunisia's democratic transition, by examining the anticorruption campaign Manish Msamah ("I do not forgive"). Manish Msamah was formed in 2015 to defeat the Project Law on Economic and Financial Reconciliation, legislation that proposed amnesty for crony capitalists who profited from the Ben Ali dictatorship. Drawing on participant observation, media analysis, and activist interviews, the author shows how Manish Msamah debunks the ruse of consent at the heart of reconciliation, and in doing so maintains fidelity to the ideals of the 2011 Revolution. The campaign is revealed as an early participant in the "second wave" of the Arab Spring, which has refused the lure of procedural democracy in favor of deeper structural change.


The analytical framework presented herein is based on the identification of social groups with distinct patterns in their energy-relevant behaviour. This was achieved by clustering individuals according to their primary energy demands in six main areas of life. Due to the close relationship between energy-relevant behaviour and associated impacts, the suggested approach is considered better suited for the identification of groups with actual differences in their climate and energy-related behaviour than conventional approaches that cluster individuals based on their psychological or sociodemographic characteristics. Moreover, it is assumed that this focus on energy-relevant behaviour leads to a higher measuring equivalence in a country comparison or in a longitudinal setting. From an analytical point of view, the most significant benefit of the presented method over conventional lifestyle typologies is that all psychological, cultural and sociodemographic factors can be used as explanatory variables without resulting in circular reasoning. In terms of required data, the approach was designed around what could be collected by conventional survey methods. Variables such as energy use and emissions were calculated by the means of life cycle assessment (LCA) based on self-reported behaviour and equipment use.


Binary logit and bivariate probit models were used to investigate the investment behavior of farmers relative to two energy-conserving assets, heat-recovery systems and precoolers. The bivariate probit procedure was useful in correcting for self-selectivity bias. Holdout samples and cross-validation procedures were used to develop true model statistics. Farm size, educational level of the operator, and the type of milking system in use were the important factors influencing investment behavior.


A new species of Gesneriaceae, Paraboea guilinensis L. Xu Y. G. Wei, is described from Guangxi, China. The new species is similar to P. crassifolia (Hemsl.) Burtt in its habit and leaf form, but differs by its leathery leaves, glabrous peduncles, pedicels and calyx, distinctly bilabiate corollas, and capsules not spirally twisted.


For several centuries prior to the founding of the Theosophical Society in 1875, individual 'theosophers' in Britain and Europe were quietly in touch with one another all seekers of the inward way. "Theosophic Correspondence" (1792-1797) is a series of inspiring letters, personal and philosophic, exchanged during the climactic days of the French Revolution between Kirchberger, member of the Sovereign Council at Berne, Switzerland, and Saint-Martin, whom Kirchberger regarded as 'the most eminent writer ...and most profound of his age'.


The Relationships Between Real Time Energy Balance, Hunger, and Body Composition Delk A, Benardot D, Nucci A, & Thompson WR. Georgia State University Introduction: Previous research has indicated that hunger is associated with the quantity, volume, and macronutrient composition of food intake. Hunger has never been assessed from the viewpoint of real time energy balance, although there is limited research on hunger and eating frequency. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between real time energy balance, hunger, and body composition in college students between the ages of 18-30. Methods: Participants were assessed for body composition using a Tanita scale and energy balance was determined on an hourly basis using NutriTiming® software. A hunger scale was used to assess participant hunger every hour. Results: There is a statistically significant relationship for the entire population between energy balance average and body fat percent (R= -0.376; P=0.037). Hours spent in energy deficient is positively associated with body fat percent (R=0.467; P=0.008), while hours spent in an optimal energy balance is negatively associated with body fat percent (R= -0.465; P=0.009). Hours spent in an energy balance surplus (+400 kcals) were not significantly associated with body fat percent. However, hours spent in an anabolic state (>0 kcals) was negatively associated with body fat percent (R=-.457; P=.010). Conversely, hours spent in a catabolic state (<0 kcals) were positively associated with body fat percent (R=.457; P=0.10). Using linear regression analysis with body fat percentage as the dependent variables and age, height, weight, gender, and hours in optimal energy balance, we determined that we could predict a large amount of variance in body fat percentage (R= .931; P= <.001). The only time during the day that there was a significant correlation between body fat percent and hunger was at 5pm (R= -0.391, P = 0.029). Conclusions: These data suggest that that the more time spent in energy deficit is associated with a higher body fat percent. This should encourage college students between the age of 18-30 to avoid restrictive eating patterns and strive to maintain optimal energy balance in order to achieve a low body fat percent.


We present techniques to prove termination of cycle rewriting, that is, string rewriting on cycles, which are strings in which the start and end are connected. Our main technique is to transform cycle rewriting into string rewriting and then apply state of the art techniques to prove termination of the string rewrite system. We present three such transformations, and prove for all of them that they are sound and complete. In this way not only termination of string rewriting of the transformed system implies termination of the original cycle rewrite system, a similar conclusion can be drawn for non-termination. Apart from this transformational approach, we present a uniform framework of matrix interpretations, covering most of the earlier approaches to automatically proving termination of cycle rewriting. All our techniques serve both for proving termination and relative termination. We present several experiments showing the power of our techniques.


Self-assembled quantum-dots (QDs) represent a distributed ensemble of zero dimensional structures with a near-singular density of states. Implemented as the active medium in a diode laser their unique properties lead to improved and often novel characteristics as compared to bulk or quantum-well (QW) devices. In particular In(Ga)As QD lasers on GaAs substrates are of largest interest as the spectral range of their emission wavelength reaches further into the infrared than that of QW lasers of the same material system. The emission wavelength of strained InGaAs QW lasers is limited to about 1150nm, whereas in In(Ga)As QD lasers an emission wavelength beyond 1.3µm is feasible. In the recent past ultralow threshold current densities combined with decreased temperature sensitivity, high modulation bandwidth and low chirp were reported on these 1.3µm QD lasers - as predicted many years ago. The differential efficiency of these devices is to date lower than expected. There are, however, difficulties associated with the random shape and size distribution of the QDs, and a strongly reduced density of states. The latter facilitates a low transparency current and consequently a low threshold current. But it is also accompanied by a smaller modal gain than it is usual in a QW laser, which has severe consequences for both the technical feasibility and the functionality of such a device. Particularly in applications demanding laser structures with larger total loss - e.g. for short cavity lengths and without high reflection coatings at the facets - the modal gain that can be obtained from a single layer of QDs is insufficient. One major goal of this thesis has been to realize In(Ga)As QD lasers emitting at 1.3µm. To achieve this, various QD growth structures have been analyzed in photoluminescence experiments, in order to optimize the QD properties with respect to emission wavelength and material gain. In addition comparative studies with other material systems emitting at 1.3µm have been conducted, e.g. GaInNAs QWs. In this context the major advantages and drawbacks of QDs appeared very clearly - the much better efficiency and the much lower density of states. Further on the QD efficiency has been tested in various light emitting diode (LED) structures, in order to optimize the design of the laser structures. During the characterization of the first fabricated broad-area QD lasers a novel and intriguing behavior became apparent: under certain conditions the devices operate at two well separated wavelengths, corresponding to a ground-state and an excited-state transition. In order to understand this behavior a comprehensive numerical model based on a rate equation system has been developed. The effect of simultaneous two-state lasing has then been attributed to incomplete clamping of the excited-state population above ground-state lasing threshold. The exact behavior of the energy level populations during lasing operation have been studied further in spontaneous emission spectra detected from a µm-sized hole on the top contact of the devices. In a very fruitful collaboration with Opto+, Alcatel CIT (Marcoussis, France) the dynamical properties of single transverse-mode lasers based on the same device structure have been investigated. Also here the QD lasers showed a different behavior as compared to QW devices: (1) The linewidth enhancement factor increases dramatically above threshold. (2) The modulation performance is degraded when the second lasing line appears. (3) Indications for the absence of relaxation oscillations on the ground state transition have been found. To a certain extent the experimentally found behavior could be explained in the framework of the rate equation model. For example the increase of the linewidth enhancement factor is well explained by an increasingly asymmetric gain spectrum due to the increase of excited state population above threshold. Finally quantum dot lasers including an intracavity quantum dot absorber section have been fabricated and characterized. In such a device the total loss can be manipulated by changing the bias on the absorber section. The basic idea was to achieve an efficient wavelength switch between the lasing lines of the ground state energy transition and the excited state energy transition, by electrically manipulating the total loss. This effect could not be demonstrated. The characteristics of this device could be qualitatively described in a traveling-wave rate equation model. This model also predicts the occurrence of self-sustained pulses in this device - a behavior that could not be investigated experimentally during this thesis.


Younger people are considered at greater risk of vulnerability at work (Jayaweera & Anderson, 2008). They are more likely to receive lower wages and tend to be less aware of their entitlements (TUC, 2008). Tourism workplaces rely on temporary, transient and flexible labour. Nearly half of the UK tourism and hospitality workforce is employed part-time (People 1st, 2013). Many students are transient workers on zero hour contracts, often employed in front-of-house occupations. For example, 41% of waiting staff and 27% of bar staff are students (People 1st, 2013). With the introduction of higher tuition fees, UK students increasingly find themselves working part-time (Richardson et al., 2013). Tourism workplaces, due to their flexibility, are an attractive option, enabling students to combine full-time study with work. However, these are also considered as precarious places to work, with high risks of violence, particularly for vulnerable workers such as students (Hoel & Einarsen, 2003).

Yet, the experiences of students working part-time in tourism have been largely overlooked in industry and academia. Little is known about the inequalities they experience at work, how the categories of age, gender and ethnicity intersect, and most importantly what strategies they adopt to challenge inequality. This paper addresses these gaps by examining the employment experiences of students working part-time in tourism. It discusses workplace vulnerabilities and inequalities, and the challenges of combining work with university. It also explores the coping strategies students adopt.

This is a participatory study conducted in collaboration with students and is embedded within critical tourism. The data was collected through a research-based learning project with fourteen Year 3 students (details aimed to be discussed in another paper at CTS). These students-researchers participated in all stages of the project, including conducting semi-structured interviews with students who work part-time in tourism.


When Albertans think about human rights in the context of oil and gas development, many think of Africa, and for good reason. Indeed, the tragic events that have unfolded in Sudan in recent years may come to mind. Few, however, will turn their minds to the possibility of human rights violations occurring in their own province. And yet, in at least three court applications over the past year or so, landowners have raised the spectre of the applicability of human rights law in the context of oil and gas development in Al- berta. Specifically, the possibility of the applica- tion of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is at issue. 1 Arguments have been based on both aspects of section 7 — the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accor- dance with the principles of fundamental justice (or procedural fairness), including rights to a fair hearing, to reasonable notice, and to reasons for a decision. Although no definite ruling has yet emerged, in none of these cases was it suggested that section 7 is inapplicable in the context of the actual and potential environmental and health impacts of oil and gas development (or other industrial development for that matter). Where there might have been doubt about this issue be- fore, there does not appear to be any now.


A compilation of species occurrences in a chronostratigraphic framework of depositional sequences from a 250,000 km2 area in the eastern United States is used to test for coordinated stasis in Middle and Upper Ordovician articulate brachiopods. Two rapid pulses of turnover in brachiopod species separate three periods of relatively lower turnover (ecologic-evolutionary [EE] subunits) that range from 3 to 9 m.y. in duration. Turnover within these EE subunits is characterized by high levels of percent species origination (ca. 60%) and percent species extinction (ca. 80%) and low levels of percent species persistence (<10%), all of which fall outside the range reported for coordinated stasis. Turnover between EE subunits is characterized by low levels of percent species holdover and percent species carryover (ca. 10% or less) and is consistent with coordinated stasis, although turnover pulses are driven largely by pulses in either extinction or origination, and not by pulses in both, as reported for coordinated stasis. Taken together, although these data display a marked bimodality in turnover, high levels of turnover within EE subunits is inconsistent with a pattern of coordinated stasis. Turnover rates within these EE subunits are much higher than previous global estimates for Cambro-Ordovician brachiopods or Phanerozoic marine species and indicate that local extirpation and migration play a significant role in regional biodiversity dynamics. Despite the high level of turnover observed within these EE subunits, some level of ecologic stability occurs because abundant genera persist throughout entire EE subunits. Ordovician species in this study behaved relatively independently of other taxa and were not tightly integrated as suggested by the broadly overlapping taxon abundance curves, the shifting habitat preference of some taxa, the piecemeal turnover between EE subunits, and the continuous creation of new species associations due to background levels of turnover within EE subunits. Turnover within EE subunits was associated with relatively stable or only mildly fluctuating environments. Rapid turnover between EE subunits was caused by extreme perturbations to the regional or possibly global ocean-climate system.


Acclaimed by students and instructors alike, "Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry "is now in its Seventh Edition, featuring updated chapters plus new material that meets the needs of today's medicinal chemistry courses. This latest edition offers an unparalleled presentation of drug discovery and pharmacodynamic agents, integrating principles of medicinal chemistry with pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical pharmacy. All the chapters have been written by an international team of respected researchers and academicians. Careful editing ensures thoroughness, a consistent style and format, and easy navigation throughout the text.


In theory, one of the main benefits of financial globalization is that it should allow for more efficient international risk sharing. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive empirical evaluation of the patterns of risk sharing among different groups of countries and examine how international financial integration has affected the evolution of risk sharing patterns. Using a variety of empirical techniques, we conclude that there is at best a modest degree of international risk sharing, and certainly nowhere near the levels predicted by theory. In addition, only industrial countries have attained better risk sharing outcomes during the recent period of globalization. Developing countries have, by and large, been shut out of this benefit. The most interesting result is that even emerging market economies, which have witnessed large increases in cross-border capital flows, have seen little change in their ability to share risk. We find that the composition of flows may help explain why emerging markets have not been able to realize this presumed benefit of financial globalization. In particular, our results suggest that portfolio debt, which has dominated the external liability stocks of most emerging markets until recently, is not conducive to risk sharing.


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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss existing literature and available research findings related to understanding elder abuse and neglect in culturally diverse communities, particularly the Chinese immigrant community in Canada. The conceptual understandings of elder abuse are examined, based upon the socio-cultural context and challenges faced by aging Chinese immigrants. Design/methodology/approach – Previous literature and research publications related to elder abuse and neglect related to Chinese in Canada were reviewed and synthesized. Statistical information and research findings were summarized to illustrate the socio-cultural context that defines elder abuse and neglect experienced by aging Chinese immigrants in Canada. Findings – From a culturally diverse perspective, influence of race, ethnicity, immigrant status, and cultural norms on the recognition, identification, prevention and intervention of elder abuse and neglect are important to consider. A key message for professionals working with the aging population, particularly older immigrants from ethno-cultural minority background, is that understanding the social cultural context in which elder abuse or neglect emerges is critical. For many of the aging Chinese immigrants in Canada, the socio-cultural circumstances that they have experienced, their social environment, and various barriers and challenges further prevent them from being aware of this emerging concern. Cultural norms and practices have played a critical role in their access to preventive and intervention services. Research limitations/implications – Although this paper is not based upon a particularly empirical research study, the research and literature synthesized are both empirically and conceptually based. As indicated in the review of previous research publications on the subjective matter of elder abuse and neglect in aging Chinese immigrants in Canada is limited. Research on various issues related to elder abuse and neglect in ethno-cultural minority communities is also relatively scant. Evaluation research on prevention and intervention programs is desperately needed so as to facilitate the further establishment of best practice prevention and intervention models that are culturally appropriate and effective. While research engagement with minority groups such as the aging Chinese immigrants who do not speak English or are not familiar with the research culture in the western civilization could be challenging, academic researchers and service providersin both the mainstream and ethno-cultural minority communities should further align themselves in practice-research partnership endeavors to ensure the safety and wellbeing of the aging vulnerable individuals could be better maintained. Practical implications – In order to provide culturally competent services, service providers should be aware of cultural differences in attitudes towards elder mistreatment, including the ways in which specific types of abuse (e.g. financial abuse) are defined within ethno-cultural communities, and the cultural values and experiences that shape these understandings and determine attitudes or barriers towards reporting, intervention, and service use. Originality/value – This paper is a first attempt in the research community to synthesize a few critical issues related to elder abuse and neglect in the aging Chinese immigrant community in Canada. The paper has connected previous empirical findings related to Chinese older adults as well as other culturally diverse aging populations to the conceptualization of elder abuse and neglect by considering the unique socio-cultural context faced by the ethnocultural older adults.


Significant suppression of resonant properties of single gold nanoparticles at the surface plasmon frequency during heating and subsequent transition to the liquid state has been demonstrated experimentally and explained for the first time. The results for plasmonic absorption of the nanoparticles have been analyzed by means of Mie theory using experimental values of the optical constants for the liquid and solid metal. The good qualitative agreement between calculated and experimental spectra support the idea that the process of melting is accompanied by an abrupt increase of the relaxation constants, which depends, beside electron-phonon coupling, on electron scattering at a rising number of lattice defects in a particle upon growth of its temperature, and subsequent melting as a major cause for the observed plasmonic suppression. It is emphasized that observed effect is fully reversible and may underlie nonlinear optical responses of nanocolloids and composite materials containing plasmonic nanoparticles and their aggregates in conditions of local heating and in general, manifest itself in a wide range of plasmonics phenomena associated with strong heating of nanoparticles.


ABSTRACT Recent debates about the concept of planetary boundaries recall longstanding concerns about whether ecological limits are compatible with ecological democracy. The planetary boundaries framework (originally set out in Rockström et al., 2009a, 2009b) defines values for key Earth-system processes such as climate change and biodiversity that aim to maintain a 'safe' distance from thresholds or levels that could endanger human wellbeing. Despite having a significant impact in policy debates, the framework has been criticised as implying an expert-driven approach to governing global environmental risks that lacks democratic legitimacy. Drawing on research on deliberative democracy and the role of science in democratic societies, we argue that planetary boundaries can be interpreted in ways that remain consistent with democratic decision-making. We show how an iterative, dialogical process to formulate planetary boundaries and negotiate 'planetary targets' could form the basis for a democratically legitimate division of labour among experts, citizens and policy-makers in evaluating and responding to Earth-system risks. Crucial to this division of evaluative labour is opening up space for deliberative contestation about the value judgments inherent in collective responses to Earth-system risks, while also safeguarding the ability of experts to issue warnings about what they consider to be unacceptable risks.


Policy based Security Management in an accepted practice in the industry, and required to simplify the administrative overhead associated with security management in complex systems. However, the growing dynamicity, complexity and scale of modern systems makes it difficult to write the security policies manually. Using AI, we can generate policies automatically. Security policies generated automatically can reduce the manual burden introduced in defining policies, but their impact on the overall security of a system is unclear. In this paper, we discuss the security metrics that can be associated with a system using generative policies, and provide a simple model to determine the conditions under which generating security policies will be beneficial to improve the security of the system. We also show that for some types of security metrics, a system using generative policies can be considered as equivalent to a system using manually defined policies, and the security metrics of the generative policy based system can be mapped to the security metrics of the manual system and vice-versa.


: Mononuclear complexes of o -vanillin and 2-aminophenol with Zn(II) and Cd(II) were used as precursor to obtain new homo and heterodinuclear imine complexes. The complexes obtained by this new route using inter-complex reaction were then characterized by methods like elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The powder x-ray diffractogram indicated crystalline nature with tetragonal symmetry of the complexes. The molecular ion peaks in the mass spectra supported the structures of dinuclear complexes. Finally, the structures of the complexes were confirmed using 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. A mechanism of the complex formation was proposed.


Objective: The study investigates how partner support affects different types of work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts in dual-earner couples divided by gender and parenthood.
Background: In Germany, as in other Western Countries, interrole conflicts between work and family increase, especially within dual-earner couples. Only few studies focused on the effects of partner support on different types of these conflicts.
Method: We use longitudinal data deriving from waves 6 to 10 of the German Family Panel (pairfam) to uncover the extent to which the perception of having a supportive partner reduces time- and strain-based work-to-family and family-to-work conflicts. We conduct longitudinal structural equation models based on information of 1,252 persons, which are full-time employed and live in a dual-earner relationship.
Results: Whereas for men partner support helps reduce stress-based work-to-family conflicts, for women perceived partner support is not beneficial. Within a subsample of parents, the experience of work-to-family conflicts is likely irrespective of partner support. Overall, women's family-to-work conflicts appear to be reduced by their partners' support whereas for men this detrimental effect only applies in the case of stress-based family-to-work conflicts.
Conclusion: To sum up the findings, the differences for men and women in the effect of partner support on different types of interrole conflicts indicate a still existing impact of traditional gender norms that connect femininity to house work and masculinity to employed work.


The concern for quality in English education has resulted in pressure on educational institutions to evaluate their curricula as a matter of normal professional practice. This thesis consists of a critical account of the development, design and testing of a curriculum evaluation process which could be used by teaching staff to evaluate the curricula of their own institutions. Curriculum problems are practical ones, decisions have to be made about what to do. it is argued that a deliberative approach is an appropriate one for such problems.That is, an approach which identifies the issue(s), seeks to discover the perspectives of those involved, generates a range of possible solutions, and leads to decisions as to what solutions might be most appropriate for that context. In 1976, the author had developed an evaluation process based on personal construct theory and the related repertory grid methodology. He found this process encouraged active participation, together with the identification and exploration of the perspectives of those involved. The experience gained in this research encouraged the author to investigate whether personal construct theory and repertory grid methodology might assist in the design and development of a curriculum evaluation process for use in a wider range of educational settings. In this research the author has been able to demonstrate that personal construct theory and repertory grid methodology has assisted in the design of a curriculum evaluation process and that the process has been successfully carried through in a range of educational settings. However, the author did not find that extending the process by giving participants a statistical analysis (in a particular form of a cluster analysis) of their own data added to its usefulness.


403 As the last great philosopher of the will, Albert Schweitzer rejected the radical individualism of Nietzsche and the pessimistic-mystical detachment of Schopenhauer, and instead sought to create a true social ethic. Schweitzer's particular contribution was to move further than Nietzsche to reconcile philosophy with natural science while simultaneously preserving and transforming the sense of mysticism and higher world-order principles from Schopenhauer. He joined this new cosmology to the virtue ethics of Aristotle, and recovered one key element of his ontology of becoming to transcend the Humean "is/ought" gap for ethics. The result is a philosophy that is as much biographical of Schweitzer himself as it is systematic. This result is both the strength and greatest weakness of his reverence-for-life ethic. It is tailor-made for contemporary environmental ethics: it has applications in many strands of environmental thought, including deep ecology, ecofeminism, and ecotheology, and may attract considerable interest from environmental movements that seek to cultivate deep personal conviction. Schweitzer Reconsidered: The Applicability of Reverence for Life as Environmental Philosophy


In much of Africa, the simultaneous contestation over sub-national demarcations, political identities and the locus of authority has activated a territorial politics. In such contexts of uncertainty, state rulers and other social forces advance competing notions of the relevant and legitimate boundaries of territories and identities. This collection of articles examines how, across the continent, struggles over territory are linked to divergent understandings of identity and authority, with significance for territorial integrity, national identity and conflict.


Background : Around 1.5 million of children dying annually due to diarrhea. Contaminated food is one of the sources of the diarrhea incidence (food borne diseases). Eggs are one of the least expensive forms of protein which is affordable by the community and is easily to find in either traditional or modern market/supermarkets.The objective of this study was to identify enteropathogenic bacteria contamination on non-broiler (ayam kampung) egg shell and to compare the findings between eggs sold in traditional and modern markets. Methods : This was a descriptive study performed at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran. A total of 40 eggs were used, 20 from two traditional markets and 20 from two modern markets. The eggs were swabbed using saline, dipped in tryptic soy broth and streaked on Mac Conkey agar. The collected data were analyzed and presented in tables. Results : Out of 40 samples, there were 19 positive cultures found from the traditional market and 16 from the modern market. There were 30 pink colonies indicating that they were lactose fermented, 5 transparent colonies indicated non-lactose fermentation, 4 showed no colony growth, and 1 grew an unidentified colony. The most found bacteria were Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. in both market. Conclusions : Eggs shells from traditional and modern markets are contaminated with Enteropathogenic microbes. DOI : 10.15850/amj.v2n3.487


Let a team of water treatment plant design experts . with contributions from more than 30 international authorities -- give you comprehensive guidance on modernizing existing water treatment facilities and planning new ones from initial plans and permits through design, construction, and start-up. This classic reference has been completely updated to include hot topics such as security and design, vulnerability assessments, and planning against vandalism and sabotage, as well as the latest information on codes, regulations, and water quality standards. In addition, you'll learn about flexible design that can meet anticipated requirements, and find a wealth of information on instrumentation and control and structural, electrical, and design reliability developments -- plus updates on water treatment methods, such as aeration, coagulation, flocculation, clarification, filtration, oxidation, and disinfection. TOPICS INCLUDE: Environmental impact and project permitting; Site selection; Master planning and treatment process selection; Ion exchange; Membrane processes; Activated carbon processes; Hydraulics; Architecture; Pilot plant design; Construction costs; Operations and maintenance; and more.


This study utilises survey research to describe and explain the role of the primary agencies, emergency managers and media reporters in agency coordination in disaster preparedness and response in Hawaii. An administrative case study is also utilised, based on an extensive review of Hawaii government documents and interviews with key personnel of the Hawaii Emergency Preparedness Committee (EPC), civil defense and other relevant government officials. Based on the perceptions of emergency managers and media reporters of the extent and role of interagency coordination at the Federal, State, and County, and community level, the study provides recommendations on how to improve capability in agency coordination and disaster management. The study further recommends increased funding for family emergency preparedness and local community response teams, and suggests that continuous training by emergency response coordinators could improve state and county disaster preparedness, and that coordination with the media reporting on disasters could be improved.


The author of the following publication, aware of the shortage of specific literature concerning links between acoustics, architecture and building's design, sets himself an aim: to depict general problems relevant to architect design of sacred interior reflecting acoustic qualities of each room and to convey useful and basic knowledge to architects, acousticians and clerics referring to the church's building stage. In the following thesis the most important factors of church's interior acoustic design are shown because through centuries the discipline caused numerous problems, being difficult to research, recount and neglected. Additional ideas of using natural acoustics of different sacred objects or electro acoustic equipment cause that the following subject area can be adapted in houses of prayer built throughout the years. Therefore the subject of the following article seems to be vitally important and up-to-date because it refers to a specialized field of knowledge of which thorough cognoscence broadens versatility and workshops of the architects, acousticians and clerics, not without influence upon high quality results.


This thesis includes three self-contained chapters whose common theme is the analysis of house price and rent movements, and how these movements influence the economic actions of individuals. In Chapter 1, I analyse a micro dataset on housing sales and rentals in Central London.
I show that the ratio between prices and rents differ across property types: bigger and better located properties have higher price-rent ratios. These differences in price-rent ratios can be explained through a hedging model where households avoid rent risk by increasing their demand for homeownership. Consistently with this hypothesis, I find that rental prices for bigger properties and properties in more expensive neighbourhoods are not growing significantly faster than for other properties, but are more volatile. In Chapter 2, together with my two co-authors Christian Hilber and Olmo Silva, I study the relationship between homeownership and entrepreneurship by exploiting the longitudinal dimension of the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and constructing a detailed monthly-spell dataset that tracks individuals' job histories and tenure choices, coupled with other time-varying characteristics. Our fixed-effect estimates show that purchasing a house
reduces the likelihood of starting a business by 20-25%. This result is driven by homeowners with mortgages and persists for several years after entering homeownership. The negative relationship can be rationalised by portfolio considerations: leveraged housing investments crowd out entrepreneurial investments. Alternative explanations based on credit constraints find little support in our data.
In Chapter 3, I analyse the duration of house price upturns and downturns in the last 40 years for 19 OECD countries and provide two results. First, upturns display duration dependence: they are more likely to end as their duration increases. Second, downturns display lagged duration dependence: they are less likely to end if the previous upturn was particularly long. Both these facts are consistent with a boom-bust view of housing price
dynamics, where booms represent departures from fundamentals that are increasingly difficult to sustain, and busts serve as readjustment periods.


Mobile device authentication has been a highly active research topic for over 10 years, with a vast range of methods proposed and analyzed. In related areas, such as secure channel protocols, remote authentication, or desktop user authentication, strong, systematic, and increasingly formal threat models have been established and are used to qualitatively compare different methods. However, the analysis of mobile device authentication is often based on weak adversary models, suggesting overly optimistic results on their respective security. In this article, we introduce a new classification of adversaries to better analyze and compare mobile device authentication methods. We apply this classification to a systematic literature survey. The survey shows that security is still an afterthought and that most proposed protocols lack a comprehensive security analysis. The proposed classification of adversaries provides a strong and practical adversary model that offers a comparable and transparent classification of security properties in mobile device authentication.


These notes are an elaboration on: (i) a short course that I gave at the IPhT-Saclay in May-June 2012; (ii) a previous letter on reversibility in quantum mechanics. They present an introductory, but hopefully coherent, view of the main formalizations of quantum mechanics, of their interrelations and of their common physical underpinnings: causality, reversibility and locality/separability. The approaches covered are mainly: (ii) the canonical formalism; (ii) the algebraic formalism; (iii) the quantum logic formulation. Other subjects: quantum information approaches, quantum correlations, contextuality and non-locality issues, quantum measurements, interpretations and alternate theories, quantum gravity, are only very briefly and superficially discussed. Most of the material is not new, but is presented in an original, homogeneous and hopefully not technical or abstract way. I try to define simply all the mathematical concepts used and to justify them physically. These notes should be accessible to young physicists (graduate level) with a good knowledge of the standard formalism of quantum mechanics, and some interest for theoretical physics (and mathematics). These notes do not cover the historical and philosophical aspects of quantum physics.


By isolating the first glutamine and glutamate auxotrophs of Klebsiella aerogenes, the author's research group discovered that the glutamate dehydrogenase activity could be eliminated without major consequence to cell growth. They showed that an additional mutation was needed to inactivate a second enzyme, glutamate synthase, to create a glutamate requirement. Recombinant DNA methods changed more than our ability to unravel the mysteries of microbial genetics. Microorganisms were used to make a panoply of products from interleukins for treating cancer to phenylalanine for manufacturing the sweetener aspartame to enzymes for cleaning drains. The study of cold-active enzymes could lend insight into the basic features that set an enzyme's thermostat for activity. Some isolates belong to previously undiscovered bacterial genera and species based on their physiological properties and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences. The group screened the isolates for cold-active enzymes such as glycosidases, phosphatases, and proteases. In one case, three different genes were cloned, each encoding an unusual β-galactosidase, from one Arthrobacter isolate. The study of psychrophilic organisms is just one example of an understudied but important area just waiting for future microbiologists to probe. Discoveries through basic research of unique lifestyles continually amaze us, and new biotechnology products await adventurers with the skill to develop them.


The central assumption underlying the cloze procedure is that context can be used inferentially to predict deleted words (or other graphic units). The importance of this assumption suggests that an adequate understanding of the cloze task is impossible without an analytical knowledge of the role inference must play. The present discussion embodies a stepwise analysis of this role, from the point at which the context is read to the point at which the reader is able to distinguish acceptable responses. INFERENTIAL ASPECTS OF THE CLOZE TASK


We discuss transmission using homogeneous, single-mode, multi-core fibers. We first describe the key fiber properties that can affect transmission, such as inter-core crosstalk and the variation of propagation delay between cores, and the consequences of these properties on spatial super-channel transmission. We then describe a series of experiments and demonstrations of system features including self-homodyne detection and joint spatial super-channel modulation before discussing their suitability to high-capacity transmission.


Many of the recent additions to the US Cotton Germplasm collection are uncharacterized for common germplasm descriptors. The objective of this study was to evaluate a subset of cotton germplasm for their potential to contribute to future plant improvement efforts. One hundred fifty four cotton germplasm accessions from the former USDA cotton breeding program at Shafter, California were evaluated in the field (LSU AgCenter Northeast Research Station, Saint Joseph, LA) in 2003 along with three modern commercial check varieties (Delta and Pine Land 'DeltaPearl', 'Fibermax 958', and 'Phytogen 355') using an unreplicated modified augmented statistical design-2. The following descriptors were considered: leaf and calyx pubescence; flower maturity; leaf, pollen and petal color; petal spot; glanding; presence of extra floral nectarines; and bract shape. Fiber properties as determined by High Volume Instrumentation: length, strength, micronaire, uniformity, and elongation; and cotton fiber yield were also recorded. Eleven germplasm accessions produced yields within 10% of the check average. The top three highest yielding germplasm accessions, SA 1961, SA 1962 and SA 1960 produced 1833, 1656, and 1613 kg h -1 , respectively. Many of the accessions had a long fiber with three accessions, SA 2093, SA 1983, and SA 2091, having fiber lengths greater than 31.8 mm. Much of the germplasm (82%) was characterized as having very strong fiber. Over half of the germplasm evaluated (55%) had micronaire between 3.8 and 4.6. In summary, these recent additions to the US Cotton Germplasm Collection provide a valuable genetic resource for improving yield, fiber quality and other agronomic traits of modern cotton varieties.


Pocket Switched Networks take advantage of social contacts to opportunistically create data paths over time. This work employs empirical traces to examine the effect of the human contact process on data delivery in such networks. The contact occurrence distribution is found to be highly uneven: contacts between a few node pairs occur too frequently, leading to inadequate mixing in the network, while the majority of contacts occur rarely, but are essential for global connectivity. This distribution of contacts leads to a significant variation in the fraction of node pairs that can be connected over time windows of similar duration. Good time windows tend to have a large clique of nodes that can all reach each other. It is shown that the clustering coefficient of the contact graph over a time window is a good predictor of achievable connectivity. We then examine all successful paths found by flooding and show that though delivery times vary widely, randomly sampling a small number of paths between each source and destination is sufficient to yield a delivery time distribution close to that of flooding over all paths. This result suggests that the rate at which the network can deliver data is remarkably robust to path failures.


Under the influence of climate change, wildfire regimes are expected to intensify and expand to new areas, increasing threats to natural and socioeconomic assets. We explore the environmental and economic implications for the forest sector of climate‐induced changes in wildfire regimes. To retain genericity while considering local determinants, we focus on the regional level and take Mediterranean France as an example. Coupling a bioeconomic forest sector model and a model of wildfire activity, we perform spatially explicit simulations under various levels of radiative forcing. By using a probabilistic framework, we also assess the propagation of several sources of uncertainty to the forest sector, considering both climate‐induced uncertainty and the intrinsic stochasticity of the fire process. By the end of the century, summer burned areas increase by up to 55%, causing moderate losses of merchantable timber and forest carbon stocks, with cascading impacts for industrial activities and climate mitigation in the forest sector. Implications for industries remain limited, but we observe price increases, especially for softwoods, as well as spatially differentiated changes in producer welfare. Inter‐annual fluctuations explain most of uncertainty in wildfire activity, but their impacts on the forest sector are quickly dampened. Over time, owing to the cumulative nature of wildfire impacts on forest resources, uncertainty related to climate warming, climate models' response and stochasticity intrinsic to the wildfire phenomenon strongly increase in relative importance. Results reassert the need to consider multiple futures in prospective assessments, including uncertainty inherent to natural processes, often omitted in large‐scale economic assessments.


A nodding thistle (Carduus nutans L.) population had been reported from Argyll in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, which had poor susceptibility to MCPA and 2,4-D. Plants from the Argyll population were grown beside another Hawkes Bay nodding thistle population in a glasshouse and their dose response curves for MCPA were compared in three separate experiments. The Argyll population was significantly less susceptible to MCPA in all experiments, though the magnitude of resistance varied between experiments from 5-fold to 14-fold. When grown beside each other in the field, the Argyll population was 7 times more resistant to MCPA than the other population. A range of other herbicides was applied to the Argyll nodding thistle population. Cross-resistance was detected for 2,4-D and MCPB, but no significant decreases in susceptibility were detected with mecoprop, clopyralid, picloram, dicamba, paraquat/diquat or glyphosate. A significant reduction in susceptibility to tribenuron methyl was measured in a field experiment, but this difference was not apparent when the experiment was repeated in a glasshouse. The cross-resistance to MCPA, MCPB and 2,4-D meant selective control of nodding thistle at Argyll in clover-based pastures was now very difficult to achieve. Nodding thistle populations from 20 Hawkes Bay and 7 Waikato properties were tested for resistance to MCPA, and significant levels of resistance were detected in 14 of these populations. Interviews of property owners indicated that resistance had developed where 2,4-D or MCPA had been applied annually for many years, whereas properties without resistance had been sprayed less regularly. Resistant and susceptible nodding thistle seedlings were grown together at a 1: 1 ratio under conditions of nutrient stress to determine whether herbicide-resistant nodding thistle plants are less competitive than normal. No difference was detected between the resistant and susceptible biotypes used. Under some conditions, susceptible plants were more likely to have high trichome densities on their leaves, but this trait was found to be too variable and not correlated closely enough with herbicide susceptibility to be useful in distinguishing between resistant and susceptible biotypes. Significant differences in susceptibility to MCPA were maintained between resistant and susceptible biotypes even when leaf surfaces were damaged to allow better foliar penetration of the herbicide, or when herbicide was applied to plants via the root system. Thus the mode of resistance did not appear to involve difficulties with foliar uptake. iii Studies with radiolabelled 2,4-D confirmed that resistance did not relate to poor leaf penetration. These experiments indicated that 2,4-D was broken down more rapidly in resistant plants. Other findings were that 2,4-D or its metabolites were released in greater quantities from the root systems of susceptible plants, and that herbicide molecules were more difficult to extract from the interior of susceptible plants, possibly due to increased binding. Reasons why resistance to phenoxy herbicides has developed in nodding thistle are discussed, and techniques for controlling resistant populations selectively in pastures and preventing further resistance from developing are also analysed.


In this paper a real time obstacle detection system for robots is presented. The technique is based on a single camera and no further sensors or encoders are required. The algorithm is independent of geometry and even moving objects can be detected. The system provides a top view map of the robotpsilas field of view in real-time. First, the images are segmented reasonably. Ground motion estimation and stereo matching is used to classify each segment either belonging to the ground plane or belonging to an obstacle. The resulting map is used for further navigational processing like obstacle avoidance routines, path planning or static map creation. The algorithm has been tested successfully on several platforms.


The article aims at explicating the emergence of human interactional sense‐making process within educational leadership as a complex system. The kind of leadership is understood as a holistic entity called collaborative leadership. There, sense‐making emerges across interdependent domains, called attributes of collaborative leadership. The attributes give rise to the complex system. They are suggested to be the very agents, i.e. both the source and the outcome of the synergetic sense‐making process. Hence, the agents are not the single persons involved who, however, supply the collective attributes that are modified through human interaction in a holistic way. For studying the emergence process in reality, a long‐term development process within an educational executive team was exploited. The team aimed at co‐creating novel leadership thinking and working practices for its new unit after a merger of separated schools. The emergent sense‐making process was examined through such agent‐attributes that were identified as attractors within the complex system. Moreover, it is argued that illuminating the complex system of collaborative leadership, this can help other leadership teams to better understand their own sense‐making processes in the increasingly complex settings of today.


STUDY DESIGN
Case series.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary spine surgery indications conference (MSSIC) on surgical planning for elective spine surgeries.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA
Identifying methods for pairing the proper patient with the optimal intervention is of the utmost importance for improving spine care and patient outcomes. Prior studies have evaluated the utility of multidisciplinary spine conferences for patient management, but none have evaluated the impact of a MSSIC on surgical planning and decision making.

METHODS
We implemented a mandatory weekly MSSIC with all spine surgeons at our institution. Each elective spine surgery in the upcoming week is presented. Subsequently, a group consensus decision is achieved regarding the best treatment option based on the expertise and opinions of the participating surgeons. We reviewed cases presented at the MSSIC from September 2019 to December 2019. We compared the surgeon's initial proposed surgery for a patient with the conference attendees' consensus decision on the best treatment and measured compliance rates with the group's recommended treatment.

RESULTS
The conference reviewed 100 patients scheduled for elective spine surgery at our indications conference during the study period. Surgical plans were recommended for alteration in 19 cases (19%) with the proportion statistically significant from zero indicated by a binomial test (p < 0.001). The median absolute change in the invasiveness index of the altered procedures was 3 (interquartile range [IQR] 1-4). Participating surgeons complied with the group's recommendation in 96.5% of cases.

CONCLUSION
In conjunction with other multidisciplinary methods, MSSICs can lead to surgical planning alterations in a significant number of cases. This could potentially result in better selection of surgical candidates and procedures for particular patients. Although long-term patient outcomes remain to be evaluated, this care model will likely play an integral role in optimizing the care spine surgeons provide patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
4.


How involved are VGDs in the process of regulating their workplace? We are interested in building a more general framework of the new regulation mode(s) taking place in project-based knowledge organisations typical of the knowledge economy and their forms of contemporary work citizenship.
From a labour relations standpoint, as a benchmark for the evolution of the collective regulation of labour, we stress four practical assets of what was called the new industrial citizenship emerging during the 1950-60s:
1) Protection against arbitrary treatment by employers;
2) Protection against economic insecurity and the risks of losing one's working capacity;
3) Participation in local regulation of labour (negotiation of collective agreements);
4) Broader social participation in State regulation of work (for the labour movement).
This allows us to compare three milestones in the young life of this industry. Our aim is twofold:
- To first take stock of the evolution in the international industry's working problems, of satisfaction and dissatisfaction among developers. Many issues about working conditions besmirch the industry's image. The paramount issue is working time and its compensation; then there are discretionary rules in establishing wage levels, in appointing to projects, in attributing credits, intellectual property and funds for updating knowledge; lack of job security and arbitrary hiring and firing decision processes; and non-disclosure and non-competition agreements that may end up in legal proceedings.
- We also wish to document actions taken and not taken in response to challenges in working conditions, be they individual or collective, and also explore positions on representation of interests in this non-unionised industry. What do developers want? By this, we want to shed some light on the representation issue in the international videogame industry, and in the Canadian one in particular, and to relate it to the broader theoretical debate on the representation gap in the labor studies community. We begin by laying out in this document the plain raw results without any theoretical framework.
The data used for this report was collected through an industry and university partnership
between the International Game Developers Association (IGDA), Western
University and TELUQ.


Of the human blood that flows through arteries and veins, plasma is the liquid that is most abundantly present and in which the cellular components red cells, leucocytes and platelets are suspended. Fifty-five percent of whole blood is plasma of which 89% water, 2% salts, 3% lipids and 6% proteins. The plasma proteins (60 g/L) consist of 2,000–4,000 different proteins in a concentration ranging from ng/mL (hormones) to ±40 mg/mL (albumin). Each protein constituent has a specific function in the homeostasis of the human body and a lack or a deficiency of a plasma protein might be life-threatening. In a number of clinical pathological situations, plasma proteins are observed as not present or malfunctioning. In others where non-plasma protein laboratory parameters are indicative for the disorder, clinical evidence has shown that plasma protein therapy might be efficacious. Unfortunately, in a number of these diseases and disorders the underlying mechanisms of pathology and treatment are still unknown and the effect of plasma protein therapy can be found only clinically present without or with limited supportive evidence shown by plasma protein laboratory parameters.


An accumulation of blocks of thick-bedded sandstones and marls, interpreted as olistoliths, was found in the Beloveža Formation in the SE part of the Beskid Wyspowy range (Polish part of the Outer Western Carpathians). The host sediments are bluish shales and thin-bedded fine-grained sandstones. Some bodies of marls and sandstones, up to several millions of cubic meters in volume and standing out in relief, are also interpreted as olistoliths. The olistoliths were deposited during synsedimentary shortening of the Magura Basin, by submarine slumps moving down the slope of an accretionary prism, across depositional zones. The olistoliths described here resemble in their charac- teristics and geological position those known from the Kamienica Nawojowska valley. This similarity may suggest that olistoliths may have wider extent in this part of the Magura Nappe.


OBJECTIVES: To compare postoperative healing of split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor sites using traditional dressings (paraffin gauze) or modern wound dressings (alginate dressing and polyurethane film) in a randomized controlled trial. METHOD: Thirty patients were randomly assigned to treatment of an STSG donor site with an alginate dressing and a polyurethane film or nonadherent paraffin gauze. Outcome variables were pain (measured with a visual analog scale), amount of dressing changes, healing time, cosmetic outcome, treatment costs, and overall satisfaction with the procedure. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in pain (postoperative day 1: 2.1 vs 1.2, P = .26; postoperative days 5–7: 1.0 vs 0.9, P = .47; final removal: 1.9 vs 1.0, P = .19) and time to healing (18.1 vs 15.4 days, P = .29) between alginate/polyurethane film dressing and nonadherent paraffin gauze. The semiocclusive dressings with polyurethane film required multiple dressing changes, whereas the nonadherent paraffin gauze could be left in place until complete epithelialization. Treatment costs were substantially lower for paraffin gauze. CONCLUSIONS: Semiocclusive dressings with alginate dressings and polyurethane film showed no advantages over treatment with paraffin gauze. With lower costs and better patient acceptance, paraffin gauze dressings were the preferred treatment for STSG donor sites.


B and T cells expand clonally in response to pathogenic infection, and their descendants, which share the same receptor sequence, can persist for years, forming the basis of immunological memory. While most T cell receptor (TCR) sequences are seen very rarely, 'public' TCRs are present in many individuals. Using a combination of high throughput immunosequencing, statistical association of particular TCRs with disease status, and machine learning, we identified of a set of public TCRs that discriminates cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection status with high accuracy. This pathogen-specific diagnostic tool uses a very general assay that relies only on a training cohort coupled with immunosequencing and sophisticated data analysis. Since all memory T cell responses are encoded in the common format of somatic TCR rearrangements, a key advantage of reading T cell memory to predict disease status is that this approach should apply to a wide variety of diseases. The underlying dataset is the largest collection of TCRs ever published, including ∼300 gigabases of sequencing data and ∼85 million unique TCRs across 640 HLA-typed individuals, which constitutes by far the largest such collection ever published. We expect these data to be a valuable public resource for researchers studying the TCR repertoire.


ABSTRACT This article explores the Cold War history of the Australia-U.S. alliance, and then uses this knowledge to contextualise more recent developments in the bilateral relationship. At several crucial moments in the first half of the Cold War, Australia disagreed with the U.S. about the wisdom of its policy toward China, and worked to moderate Washington's aggressive impulses. However, from the 1960s onwards, Australian leaders began to internalise a schema of alliance loyalty: they believed that only loyalty to the U.S. would ensure reciprocal loyalty from Washington. Although events have challenged the validity of this hypothesis, it became a powerful and pervasive influence which led, over time, to Canberra thinking less carefully about the costs and benefits of prospective alliance action. This intellectual lethargy explains why Canberra has found it difficult to adapt to a period of more intense strategic competition between China and the U.S today.


This rich and intricate collection of poems chronicles the various experiences of American slaves. Drawn together through imagery drawn from quilting and fiber arts, each poem is spoken from a different perspective: a house slave, a mother losing her daughter to the auction block, a blacksmith, a slave fleeing on the Underground Railroad. This moving and eloquent set of poems, brought to life by vivid and colorful artwork from Michele Wood, offers a timeless witness to the hardship endured by America's slaves. Each poem is supplemented by a historical note.


SUMMARY Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is a recessive disorder resulting in multiple birth defects that are associated with mutations affecting ciliogenesis. We recovered a mouse mutant with a mutation in the Mks1 gene (Mks1del64-323) that caused a 260-amino-acid deletion spanning nine amino acids in the B9 domain, a protein motif with unknown function conserved in two other basal body proteins. We showed that, in wild-type cells, Mks1 was localized to the mother centriole from which the cilium was generated. However, in mutant Mks1del64-323 cells, Mks1 was not localized to the centriole, even though it maintained a punctate distribution. Resembling MKS patients, Mks1 mutants had craniofacial defects, polydactyly, congenital heart defects, polycystic kidneys and randomized left-right patterning. These defects reflected disturbance of functions subserved by motile and non-motile cilia. In the kidney, glomerular and tubule cysts were observed along with short cilia, and cilia were reduced in number to a near-complete loss. Underlying the left-right patterning defects were fewer and shorter nodal cilia, and analysis with fluorescent beads showed no directional flow at the embryonic node. In the cochlea, the stereocilia were mal-patterned, with the kinocilia being abnormally positioned. Together, these defects suggested disruption of planar cell polarity, which is known to regulate node, kidney and cochlea development. In addition, we also showed that Shh signaling was disrupted. Thus, in the neural tube, the floor plate was not specified posteriorly even as expression of the Shh mediator Gli2 increased. By contrast, the Shh signaling domain was expanded in the anterior neural tube and anterior limb bud, consistent with reduced Gli3-repressor (Gli3R) function. The latter probably accounted for the preaxial digit duplication exhibited by the Mks1del64-323 mutants. Overall, these findings indicate that centriole localization of Mks1 is required for ciliogenesis of motile and non-motile cilia, but not for centriole assembly. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize a role for the B9 domain in mother centriole targeting, a possibility that warrants further future investigations.


ABSTRACT In this article I examine Merleau-Ponty's understanding of the relation between literature, being and perception. I focus especially on two of Merleau-Ponty's courses at Collège de France: the first course, Le monde sensible et le monde de l'expression, and the unpublished course Sur le problème de la parole. In the former Merleau-Ponty presents a new understanding of perception, according to which being is expressed in perception through the style of movement of the perceived phenomenon. In the latter he advances a notion of literary writing as an expression of the being that is itself expressed to us in perception. Through a reading of Proust's work, he discusses how the literary writer makes his experience expressive by means of a stylization of what is experienced. Hence, literature expresses perception through an enhancement of the expressiveness that it already contains. This capacity of literature will be the main focus of my investigation.


Environmental studies often employ data collected over large spatial regions. Although it is convenient, the conventional single model approach may fail to accurately describe the relationships between variables. Two alternative modeling approaches are available: one applies separate models for different regions; the other applies hierarchical models. The separate modeling approach has two major difficulties: first, we often do not know the underlying clustering structure of the entire data; second, it usually ignores possible dependence among clusters. To deal with the first problem, we propose a model-based clustering method to partition the entire data into subgroups according to the empirical relationships between the response and the predictors. To deal with the second, we propose Bayesian hierarchical models. We illustrate the use of the Bayesian hierarchical model under two situations. First, we apply the hierarchical model based on the empirical clustering structure. Second, we integrate the model-based clustering result to help determine the clustering structure used in the hierarchical model. The nature of the problem is classification since the response is categorical rather than continuous and logistic regression models are used to model the relationship between variables.


This book is the first comprehensive comparative study of the thought of the Russian philosopher and literary theorist, Mikhail Bakhtin (1895-1975), and his German counterpart, Walter Benjamin (1892-1940). At its heart is the question of the extent to which our experience of the modern world is compatible with the forms that we use to make sense of that experience. Examining both thinkers' conceptions of art, habit, tradition, and language, it explores the tensions between lived experience and abstract form, openness and closedness, and fragmentation and totality, investigating parallels between Bakhtin's theories of responsibility, dialogue, and the novel, and Benjamin's theories of translation, montage, allegory, and the aura. This study results in a radical reconsideration of received views about both thinkers and their relation to politics, ethics, theology, and their European philosophical inheritance. It also reconsiders the ambivalent experience of the modernity that Bakhtin and Benjamin lived in and that we continue to inhabit now.


This work deals with an analysis of isotropic or orthotropic girders subjected to transient dynamic loads. The duration of dynamic loading was assumed to be equal to a period of the natural fundamental flexural vibrations of a structure under analysis. Numerical calculations were performed with the finite element method using ANSYS R ⃝ 11.0 software. The results of computations were presented as maximum angle of the rotation of the girder in a function of the dynamic load factor, DLF (the ratio of pulse loading amplitude to static critical load). In study it has been taken into account apart from the elastic–plastic range of material with isotropic hardening as well as the strain rate effect described by Perzyna model.


Multi-task feature selection methods often make the hypothesis that learning tasks share relevant and irrelevant features. However, this hypothesis may be too restrictive in practice. For example, there may be a few tasks with specific relevant and irrelevant features (outlier tasks). Similarly, a few of the features may be relevant for only some of the tasks (outlier features). To account for this, we propose a model for multitask feature selection based on a robust prior distribution that introduces a set of binary latent variables to identify outlier tasks and outlier features. Expectation propagation can be used for efficient approximate inference under the proposed prior. Several experiments show that a model based on the new robust prior provides better predictive performance than other benchmark methods.


In this study, porous ceramsite carrier was modified using magnetic material as raw material. The magnetic porous ceramsite carrier was applied to the treatment of municipal landfill leachate. The results showed that the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3-N and Cr6+ in the supernatant were all more than 90% after 30 days with the aeration rate of 3 L/h, the aeration time of 16 h/d and the temperature of 20–30 °C. The output concentration met the national life Landfill Pollution Control Standard (PR China GB16889-2008) requirements. The magnetic properties significantly improved the carrier biofilm formation, compared with the conventional activated sludge process and non-magnetic carrier. The COD, NH3-N and Cr6+ removal efficiency were 5–10%, 5–7% and 5–10%, respectively.


Currently available assessment tools and procedures are lacking one important dimension in providing full understanding of language learners' potential ability. This article focuses on the pedagogical application of emotional intelligence (EI) activities integrated by Dynamic Assessment (DA, henceforth), a testing approach nurtured by Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, to second language reading instruction. Our main goal is to gain some insights into learner's abilities and find those forms of mediation during emotionally-based dynamic assessment (EDA) intervention that best nurture the development of reading achievement. In this article, learners' improvement in second language (L2) reading comprehension is illustrated with examples of intermediate learners of English completing reading tasks with support from a mediator. The article concludes with recommendations for future research on DA and EI in L2 development.


A number of studies have identified the school principal as a critical and pivotal person for establishing and maintaining learning environments driven by technology. This paper examines the function of school principals as institutional managers and the role they play in the adoption and integration of Information and Communication Technologies in the process of teaching and learning. It was conceptualized that presence of ICT integration plans, maintenance and renewal plans, extent of community access to ICTs and proficiency in ICTs of school managers have an influence on extent of ICT integration in teaching and learning . To obtain a detailed and clear picture of the use of ICT, the mixed methods approach was used. Semi directed interviews, focus group discussions audiotapes of discussions, videotaped classroom observations and photographs of school environments, review of school documents on ICT and teacher and student productions were used to collect data. Out of the ten schools studied, five schools had ICT integration and maintenance and renewal plans, while only two schools shared their computers with the community and eight head teachers reported that they had the ability to use ICT skills. From the findings, it appears the development of ICT skills and knowledge among school principals is slow and may explain the low levels of ICT integration in the selected schools. It seems the success or failure of integration of ICT in teaching and learning rests largely on institutional managers and school managers need to take professional responsibility and accountability to ensure that they are well trained in ICT and that their institutions have management strategies to enable them achieve appropriate ICT integration in teaching and learning.


After the military conquest of the Kazakh Steppe in 1920, Russian and Kazakh Bolsheviks implemented policies of hard decolonization (1921–1922): tens of thousands of Slavic settlers were expropriated and land was distributed to nomads. During the period of 1923–1927, soft decolonization prevailed: Kazakhstan was created as an ethnonational administrative region and agricultural immigration was prohibited. Kazakhs were given priority in access to land and water and they were included in the state and party administrations. No sedentarization plans were drafted. With the Soviet economic policy turn of 1928, Kazakhstan became the object of plans for expansion of grain cultivation (to this end, peasant colonization from Russia was made legal again) and of industrialization. Moscow lunched an offensive in order both to subjugate and to incorporate Kazakh society: Kazakh pastoral elites and former Tsarist administrators were expropriated and deported; and young Kazakh men were drafted into the Red Army for the first time. In 1929, plans for the total sedentarization of Kazakh nomadic pastoralists were suddenly proclaimed, then rapidly became of secondary concern as they were merged with the total collectivization drive. Policies toward nomadic pastoralists were dependent and auxiliary to grain production policies from 1928 to early 1930. Then, from late 1930 to 1932, Kazakh livestock was requisitioned in order to feed Moscow, Leningrad, and the army, as the Soviet peasants had slaughtered their animals during collectivization. Procurements turned an ongoing starvation crisis into a calamitous famine that killed one-third of the Kazakhs. When no livestock were left, procurements were discontinued in Kazakhstan. Private ownership of animals and pastoral nomadic ways were explicitly allowed again. Kazakh mobile pastoralism had been transformed: pastoral routes were shortened; pastoralists were a smaller share of the population; and their work was organized within state and collective farms. The famine turned the Kazakhs into a minority in Kazakhstan and forced them into Soviet state institutions.


Image Processing ToolboxTM provides a comprehensive set of reference-standard algorithms, functions, and apps for image processing, analysis, visualization, and algorithm development. You can perform image analysis, image segmentation, image enhancement, noise reduction, geometric transformations, and image registration. Many toolbox functions support multicore processors, GPUs, and C-code generation. Image Processing Toolbox supports a diverse set of image types, including high dynamic range, gigapixel resolution, embedded ICC profile, and tomographic. Visualization functions and apps let you explore images and videos, examine a region of pixels, adjust color and contrast, create contours or histograms, and manipulate regions of interest (ROIs). The toolbox supports workflows for processing, displaying, and navigating large images.


Based on ethical, ecological, and economics considerations, the writers conclude that it is not acceptable to consider nuclear energy as part of national's energy mix, especially for developing countries, because of many reasons, including: radiation risks of radioactive waste, the capital-intensive development cost of a NPP which may cause heavy foreign loan to that nation, and also the risks of contamination of water and environment during uranium mining and spent fuel storage. Because of the above mentioned reasons, Christian people and common people should suggest to their governments to push forward the use of renewable energies especially WWS. For the short term, coal and natural gas can be considered as a temporary alternative.


This investigation sought to identify gaps in patients' knowledge about hypercholesterolemia and lipid-lowering therapy in an inner-city US population. Chart reviews and interviews were conducted for drug-treated hypercholesterolemic patients at 3 hospital-based cardiology practices in Bronx, NY. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess whether race/ethnicity, sex, and age were predictors of knowledge. Subjects (n = 467, age 65.3 years) were 55% female, 38% Hispanic, 32% black, and 25% white. Most recognized hypercholesterolemia as a cause of heart disease (88%) and stroke (76%), although older subjects (>70 years) and Hispanic subjects, particularly non–English speakers, were significantly less likely to know about cardiovascular disease risks associated with hypercholesterolemia. Only 14% recalled their recent cholesterol levels, and recall was significantly lower among black, Hispanic, and older subjects. Overall, 31% expected to require lipid-lowering medications indefinitely in the future, while 66% did not know how long they would need to continue using medications. Blacks and Hispanics were significantly less likely to believe that they would need to continue taking medications indefinitely. Achieved lipid levels and self-reported medication adherence were relatively favorable although were unrelated to knowledge levels. In summary, among hypercholesterolemic patients in an urban population, relatively few knew their own cholesterol levels or expected to require medications indefinitely in the future. Older patients, black and Hispanic patients, and non–English speakers were significantly less likely to have accurate knowledge about hypercholesterolemia. Therefore, patient and community education efforts targeted to specific populations may lead to improved management of hypercholesterolemia in inner-city regions.


Advanced accelerator-based radiographic diagnostics require multiple high-current electron beam pulses for temporal resolution. The use of "kicked" beams or the failure of a transport element on a prior pulse can result in the production of a plasma plume from locations where the beam sweeps across the beam pipe, due to high thermal deposition by the beam. It is possible for this plasma to evolve to significant sizes (a substantial fraction of the pipe radius) over the course of several pulses. This asymmetric plume can then have deleterious effects on the transport of subsequent beam pulses due to dynamic image charge and current effects, as well as ion emission into the beam, even if the beam does not pass directly through the plume. Some of these effects on beam deflection and emittance will be examined as a demonstration of three-dimensional numerical studies using highly customized desktop-based tools.


Community-engaged research can be effective in directly improving justice for individuals and communities, and to guide policies and practices. Given the challenges to accessing some populations of interest, such as with rural victims of crime, community-engaged approaches provide a means to support ethical and culturally competent research that can improve justice in a meaningful way. In this article, we discuss a collaborative research partnership between academic researchers and a victim service agency that sought to connect rural victim advocacy with a data-driven research methodology for improved justice delivery in two communities with differing rural dynamics. Researchers and practitioners can benefit from recognizing the unique, yet varied, victimization experiences within rural communities, and an understanding of this variability among rural victims and contexts can inform justice practice. We provide best practice recommendations from both researcher and practitioner perspectives for the successful implementation of a project that serves victims in the community and through policy. Implications for justice-related policy and practice for rural and American Indian crime victims are discussed.