Abstract Lake Pupuke provides a near‐complete, high‐resolution environmental record of the Holocene from northern New Zealand. Tephra beds constrain the timing of a range of proxy indicators of environmental change, and demonstrate errors in a radiocarbon chronology. Agathis australis forest progressively increases from c. 7000 yr BP and, in conjunction with indicators of reduced biomass productivity, support a model of long‐term climate change to drier conditions over the Holocene. However, except for Agathis, conifer‐hardwood forest dominated mainly by Dacrydium cupressinum shows little change throughout the pre‐human Holocene, suggesting environmental stability. Dramatic vegetation change occurred only within the last millennium as a result of large‐scale Polynesian deforestation by fire. This happened a short time before the local eruption of c. 638 cal. yr BP Rangitoto Tephra. The identification of two eruptions of tephra from Rangitoto volcano has implications for future hazard planning in the Auckland region, because the volcanoes were previously considered single event centres. Changes in atmospheric circulation since the Late Glacial, possibly causing lower frequency of distal ashfall in Auckland during the Holocene, complicates the use of long‐term records in hazard frequency assessment.


Remember when flying was glamorous and sexy, even fun? When airline food was gourmet, everyone dressed up for a flight, and stewardesses catered to our every need-at least in our imaginations? This classic memoir by two audaciously outspoken young ladies, who lived and loved the free-spirited stewardess life, jets you back to those golden days of air travel-from the captain who's as subtle as a 747 when he's on the make to the passenger who mistakes the overhead luggage rack for an upper berth; from the names of celebrities who were a pleasure to serve (and some surprising notables on the "bad guy" list) to the origins of some naughty stereotypes-Spaniards "are" the best lovers, actors the most foul-mouthed. This huge bestseller, a First Class jet-age journal, offers a hilarious gold mine of outrageous anecdotes from the high-flying and amorous lives of those busty, lusty, adventuresome young women of the swinging '60s known as "stews."


Semi-partitioned scheduling is a resource efficient scheduling approach compared to the conventional multiprocessor scheduling approaches in terms of system utilization and migration overhead. Semi-partitioned scheduling can better utilize processor bandwidth compared to the partitioned scheduling while introducing less overhead compared to the global scheduling. Various techniques have been proposed to schedule tasks in a semi-partitioned environment, however, they have used blocking-agnostic allocation mechanisms in presence of resource sharing protocols. Since, the allocation mechanism can highly affect the system schedulability, in this paper we provide a blocking-aware allocation mechanism for semi-partitioned scheduling framework under a suspension-based resource sharing protocol. We have applied new heuristics for sorting the tasks in the algorithm that shows improvements upon system schedulability. Finally, we present our preliminary results.


Diatoms are an important group of primary producers in the aquatic environment. They are able to acclimate to fast changes in the light intensity by various mechanisms including a rise in non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ). The latter has been attributed to the xanthophyll cycle (XC) following activation of diadinoxanthin de-epoxidase by the acidification of the thylakoid lumen. To examine whether fluorescence quenching in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum depends on the DeltapH generated by the photosynthetic electron transport, we arrested the latter by 3-(3',4'-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU). This treatment hardly affected the NPQ or XC, even when methylviologen was present. Dissipation of the DeltapH by 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibited the XC but did not alter NPQ. Similar results, i.e. inhibition of the XC but normal fluorescence quenching, were observed when the experiments were performed at 3 degrees C. Measurements of thermoluminescence showed that excess light treatment caused a marked decline in the signals obtained as a result of recombination of Q(B) (-) with the S(3) state of the Mn cluster; this was also observed in cells treated with DCMU (recombination of Q(A) (-) with S(2)). Light treatment also diminished the Q(A) (-) re-oxidation signals. The data suggest that changes in PSII core centre itself due to exposure to excess light conditions play an important part in the acclimation of P. tricornutum to the changing light conditions.


In 2010, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Aichi Biodiversity Targets as part of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Target 11 calls for 'at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water areas and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas' to be conserved by way of 'well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures'. Yet four years after their adoption, parties to the CBD and other rights- and stakeholders have not received guidance about either what kinds of arrangements do and do not constitute 'other effective area-based conservation measures', or how best to appropriately recognise and support them. The paper argues that without clear guidance on the issue, conservation law and policy will continue to inappropriately and/or inadequately recognise the great diversity of forms of conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their constituent elements across landscapes and seascapes, including by Indigenous peoples and local communities. In this context, and in line with calls from the Convention on Biological Diversity and the IUCN, it proposes the establishment of an IUCN Task Force to further explore the issues with a view to developing clear guidance on 'other effective area-based conservation measures' as a means to effectively and equitably achieve Aichi Biodiversity Target 11.


Self-compatible cultivars of Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) have a horticultural advantage over self-incompatible ones because no pollinizer is required. Self-incompatibility is gametophytic, as in other Prunus species. We searched for molecular markers to identify self-compatible cultivars based on the information about S-ribonucleases (S-RNases) of other Prunus species. Total DNA isolated from five self-incompatible and six self-compatible cultivars were PCR-amplified by oligonucle- otide primers designed from conserved regions of Prunus S-RNases. Self-compatible cultivars exhibited a common band of ≈1.5 kbp. Self-compatible cultivars also showed a common band of ≈12.1 kbp when genomic DNA digested with HindIII was probed with the cDNA encoding S 2 -RNase of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). These results suggest that self-compatible cultivars of Japanese apricot have a common S-RNase allele that can be used as a molecular marker for self-compatibility.


A multibeam transmitter provides the flexibility to change the overlap function and range response function of monostatic incoherent lidar systems. A nearly flat range response and a close near-range coverage can be achieved simultaneously, even under different atmospheric conditions. Such a significant improvement in range response will solve the problem of detector overexposure by near-range atmosphere-backscattered radiation (which leads to nonlinear response, saturation, or even damage of the detector), and will significantly reduce the dynamic range of the detector output signal, thus reducing quantization error of the digitizer. Consequently, the accuracy of lidar measurements, especially that of differential absorption lidar measurements, will be improved.


We study the equilibrium and non-equilibrium physics of two qubits interacting through an ultrastrong coupled qubit-cavity system. By tuning the qubits energy gap while keeping the ultrastrong coupling system to its ground state, we demonstrate a strong two-qubit interaction as well as an enhanced excitation transfer between the two qubits. Our proposal has twofold implications: a means to attain multipurpose parity-protected quantum information tasks in superconducting circuits and a building block for ultrastrong coupled cavity-enhanced exciton transport in disordered media.


This paper aims to show how firms account for expenditure on their intangible investments and how this influences their decision making processes. Evidence from our survey of 614 large Australian companies show that (1) firms do not systematically identify and separate expenditures on intangible investment from expenditures on tangible investment and operating expenditures; and (2) this leads to an information gap that adversely affects the firm's internal processes for evaluating the decision to invest in intangibles. The paper builds a deductive argument for the use of the general purpose financial reporting system (GAAP) to separate and report the expenditures on intangibles by corporations in a way that is consistent and comparable across firms and over time. Our evidence suggests that investment decisions by management and investors, where intangibles are involved, are likely to be based more on rules-of-thumb than objective evidence.


SUMMARY. A simple, rapid and selective HPLC method was developed for the determination of a novel phenolic acid constituent in rat plasma, salvianolic acid L (SAL), extracted from the dried root of Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Plasma samples were extracted by ethyl acetate after addition of the internal standard tinidazole. The appropriate separations were achieved using a C18 column with the mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile/water/formic acid (35:65:0.1, v/v/v) at the flow rate of 0.8 mL/min, and the wavelength of determination by diode-array detector (DAD) detection was 327 nm. Good linearity (r = 0.9996) was obtained within the concentration of 0.05-50 μg/mL. The intra- and inter-day assay precisions ranged from 0.60 to 5.91 % and 3.52 to 7.00 %, respectively. The accuracy was between 95.8 to 103.8 %. In addition, the stability and extraction recovery involved in the method were also validated. This method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic study of SAL in rats after a single intravenous administration dose of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/kg, respectively.


Investment in human capital emerged as core priority for European Union (EU) policies at the Lisbon European Council of 23 and 24 March 2000, shifting the perspective as regards the correlation between economic and social capital, and providing for strategic goals in order to strengthen employment, economic reform and social cohesion. Hence, novel priorities have emerged for Greek educational policy, accrediting exceptional significance to lifelong learning so as to raise compatibility with the "knowledge based society" mandates. The present paper attempts a policy impact analysis through thorough review of Greek education and training policies undertaken to respond to the European challenges. In the light of the evolving Lisbon agenda, it takes account of the legal context and underlying principles of Greek educational policy with respect to lifelong learning, to draw upon the impact of an EU convergence policy activating educational initiatives and objectives to attain sustainable growth development.


This paper proposes methods of predicting dynamic time series (including non-stationary ones) based on a linguistic approach, namely, the study of occurrences and repetition of so-called N-grams. This approach is used in computational linguistics to create statistical translators, detect plagiarism and duplicate documents. However, the scope of application can be extended beyond linguistics by taking into account the correlations of sequences of stable word combinations, as well as trends. The proposed methods do not require a preliminary study and determination of the characteristics of time series or complex tuning of the input parameters of the forecasting model. They allow, with a high level of automation, to carry out short-term and medium-term forecasts of time series, characterized by trends and cyclicality, in particular, series of publication dynamics in content monitoring systems. Also, the proposed methods can be used to predict the values of the parameters of a large complex system with the aim of monitoring its state, when the number of such parameters is significant, and therefore a high level of automation of the forecasting process is desirable. A significant advantage of the approach is the absence of requirements for time series stationarity and a small number of tuning parameters. Further research may focus on the study of various criteria for the similarity of time series fragments, the use of nonlinear similarity criteria, the search for ways to automatically determine the rational step of quantization of the time series.


The Dutch painter Philips Angel (1616-1683) was born in Middelburg, the Netherlands, worked some time in Haarlem, but spent most of his time in his native city (Bol, 1949). He made a water-colour of the Javan one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822). Since the painting is so lifelike, it appears to have been drawn from a living specimen. Therefore, it could represent the first specimen of this rare species that ever reached Europe alive. The water-colour, now in a private collection, is signed but not dated by the painter. The painting must have been made between the years 1630, around which time the career of Angel began, and 1658, when a woodcut of the water-colour was printed. The water-colour was published by Mullenmeister (1978), but until now there has been no reference to it in the zoological literature dealing with the rhinoceroses in Europe. Nothing could be found in archives in the Netherlands concerning the origin and ultimate fate of that specimen of rhino.


The aim of the present study was to compare levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood pressure in canines. A total of 60 dogs were used (30 were lean and 30 were overweight). The animals were patients from the Clinic of Small Animals of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of San Marcos and were free of heart diseases. Blood samples were collected and processed by photocolorimetry in a chemical analyzer and the blood pressure measurement was done with a digital blood pressure monitor. The results showed hypertriglyceridemia in 16.7% of the overweight group, while 46.7% of the lean group and 90% of the overweight group showed hypercholesterolemia. In addition, 20 and 50% of the lean and overweight group respectively had high blood pressure values. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the overweight group (p<0.05), whereas there were no differences in systolic blood pressure values. There was an association between lean and overweight dogs with triglycerides and cholesterol.


Abstract.  Two‐day‐old male cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus, fly upwind to a point source of female sex pheromone at three wind speeds. All beetles initiating flight along the pheromone plume make contact with the pheromone source. Analysis of digitized flight tracks indicates that C. maculatus males respond similarly to moths tested at several wind speeds. Beetles' mean net upwind speeds and speeds along their track are similar (P > 0.05) across wind speeds, whereas airspeeds increase (P < 0.01) with increasing wind speed. Beetles adjust their course angles to fly more directly upwind in higher wind speeds, whereas track angles are almost identical at each wind speed. The zigzag flight paths are generally narrow compared with most moth flight tracks and interturn distances are similar (P > 0.05) at the wind speeds employed. The frequency of these counterturns across the wind line is almost constant regardless of wind speed, and there is little variation between individuals. The upwind flight tracks are more directly upwind than those typically seen for male moths flying upwind toward sex pheromone sources. Male moths typically produce a bimodal distribution of track angles to the left and right of the windline, whereas C. maculatus males' track angles are centred about 0°. Preliminary examination of two other beetle species indicates that they fly upwind in a similar fashion.


We study online learning when individual instances are corrupted by adversarially chosen random noise. We assume the noise distribution is unknown, and may change over time with no restriction other than having zero mean and bounded variance. Our technique relies on a family of unbiased estimators for non-linear functions, which may be of independent interest. We show that a variant of online gradient descent can learn functions in any dot-product (e.g., polynomial) or Gaussian kernel space with any analytic convex loss function. Our variant uses randomized estimates that need to query a random number of noisy copies of each instance, where with high probability this number is upper bounded by a constant. Allowing such multiple queries cannot be avoided: Indeed, we show that online learning is in general impossible when only one noisy copy of each instance can be accessed.


Abstract : The evaluation and selection of an Ada compilation system for a project is a complex and costly process. Failure to thoroughly evaluate an Ada compilation system for a particular user application will increase project risk and may result in cost and schedule overruns. The purpose of this handbook is to convince the reader of the difficulty and importance of evaluating an Ada compilation system (even when there is no freedom of choice). The handbook describes the dimensions along which a compilation system should be evaluated, enumerates some of the criteria that should be considered along each dimension, and provides guidance with respect to a strategy for evaluation. The handbook does not provide guidance with respect to a strategy for evaluation. The handbook does not provide a cookbook for evaluation and selection. Nor does it provide information on specific compilation systems or compare different compilation systems. Rather it serves as a reference document to inform users of the options available when evaluating and selecting an Ada compilation system. Keywords: Computer programs; Compilers.


According to (Dalrymple, Jr., 2009) Judging a Book by its Album Cover: A Study
of the Relationship Between Musical Preference and Personality, he stated that, "Despite
the prevalence of television and the Internet, music still holds an important share of
popular media. It is clear that music remains a meaningful part of the lives of people of
all ages". This statement couldn't be disagreed anymore but the problem that needs to
study is the relationship between music and visual art. Is they're a people really listening
into music without see the video clip, the identity, fashion or cover album. This needs to
be on research of how the relationship between sound and word can visualize into
artwork? What is concept of form in music? Music gave the influence of art entity in
communication. What are the music meaning in certain part of rhythm attack,
melancholy, the solo, the storyline ofthe lyric and the interpretation ofthe vocals?
Basically the fans of the certain genre will know what is the artwork presents the
music they are like. The violence image of skulls or Mohawk it could be related to the
punk or heavy metal band. The image ofself-portrait it can be relate to pop artist. But are
this is really present of what the meaning behind the album philosophy? How far is the
artist's understanding of the artwork in album can be a platform for the marketing? The
album's artwork is the first impression of people to buy music album.
From the history of conceptual album, Pink Floyd and The Beatles, they are
aware in presenting the album's artwork and relate to the music that they are playing.


Cow's milk is thought to be an environmental trigger for autoimmune response in Type 1 diabetes. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the antibody response to bovine beta-casein in different immune- and non-immune-mediated diseases and to establish whether such an antibody response is specific to Type 1 diabetes. We measured antibodies to bovine beta-casein using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a total of 519 sera from subjects as follows: 71 patients with Type 1 diabetes, 33 patients with coeliac disease, 100 patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA), 50 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD), 50 patients with Type 2 diabetes, 24 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 3 different groups of controls (n = 191). Significantly increased levels of antibodies to beta-casein were found in patients with Type 1 diabetes, coeliac disease and in LADA compared to age-matched controls (p = 0.01, p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). No differences were observed in beta-casein antibody titres between patients with other disease conditions (MS, and ATD) and age-matched controls. The highest antibody response to beta-casein in Type 1 diabetic patients and in patients with coeliac disease could reflect the gut mucosal immune disorders common to Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. Furthermore, the elevated beta-casein antibody levels found in LADA patients suggest that the antibody response to this protein may be relevant in autoimmune diabetes.


We simulate the propagation of cosmic rays at ultra-high energies, ≳1018 eV, in models of extragalactic magnetic fields in constrained simulations of the local Universe. We use constrained initial conditions with the cosmological magnetohydrodynamics code ENZO. The resulting models of the distribution of magnetic fields in the local Universe are used in the CRPROPA code to simulate the propagation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. We investigate the impact of six different magneto-genesis scenarios, both primordial and astrophysical, on the propagation of cosmic rays over cosmological distances. Moreover, we study the influence of different source distributions around the Milky Way. Our study shows that different scenarios of magneto-genesis do not have a large impact on the anisotropy measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. However, at high energies above the Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin (GZK)-limit, there is anisotropy caused by the distribution of nearby sources, independent of the magnetic field model. This provides a chance to identify cosmic ray sources with future full-sky measurements and high number statistics at the highest energies. Finally, we compare our results to the dipole signal measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. All our source models and magnetic field models could reproduce the observed dipole amplitude with a pure iron injection composition. Our results indicate that the dipole is observed due to clustering of secondary nuclei in direction of nearby sources of heavy nuclei. A light injection composition is disfavoured, since the increase in dipole angular power from 4 to 8 EeV is too slow compared to observation by the Pierre Auger Observatory.


Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of the roots of Atalantia monophylla. In the present study Pet. Ether, Chloroform and Methanolic fractions of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, were administered orally, in the doses of 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg, to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Materials and Methods: The Methanolic fraction showed most significant effect when compared with control group, in the dose of 30 mg/kg, in the E.Coli induced abdominal sepsis and Carbon Clearence Test as models for non-specific immune response. In the models of the Specific immune response, cell mediated immune response to SRBC - delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) the methanolic fraction in the dose 30 mg/kg, when compared with control group, showed most significant effect on decrease in footpad edema after treatment. Results: Humoral immune response was assessed by Sheep erythrocyte agglutination test, in which the Methanolic fraction of Atalantia monophylla in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant (p<0.05) increase in antibody titer after treatment when compared with control group. Conclusion: The present investigation reports that the Methanolic fraction of the ethanolic extract of the roots of Atalantia monophylla, in the dose of 30 mg/kg showed most significant immunomodulatory activity.


Little has been written on the pedagogy of Catholic Social Teaching and how to teach it in a way that encourages a living out of its main principles. Working for the Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD), I was interested in how staff of diverse faith backgrounds might be encouraged to live out, in their work, the espoused values of the organisation, rooted as they are in the principles of Catholic Social Teaching.
My research question asked how effective Theological Action Research is in enabling CAFOD staff to interpret, embed and embody CAFOD's values in their work. As an insider-researcher, I set up a research project called Reflecting on Values and invited 12 members of staff, from three different parts of the organisation, to conduct their own research on one of CAFOD's values in conversation with their practice. Theological Action Research was both the research methodology and a tool under investigation.
My findings were threefold. First, Theological Action Research revealed itself to be a strong tool of adult theological education, which allowed CAFOD staff to interpret, embed and embody CAFOD's espoused values in their work. Second, the research process identified practices that enhanced the confidence and competence of staff in ecclesiology, in religious and faith language, and in theological reflection. Third, the data revealed an operant Eucharistic theology rooted in CAFOD's practice of responding to poverty and injustice pastorally, politically, and in partnership.
The research is original in that it demonstrates how CAFOD's practices embody Catholic Social Teaching and can contribute to its development. It also offers the first systematic evaluation of Theological Action Research as a tool for adult theological education which is rooted in both theory and practice. The findings affirm the importance of allowing space for theological reflection within CAFOD, and that for this organisation, the practice of theological reflection is an essential dimension of living out its Catholic identity.


A total of 190 holoepiphytic and 5 hemiepiphytic vascular plant species were collected from the canopy and the trunk of an emergent Ficus L. species host that is common to a Peruvian cloud forest. One hundred and fourteen of the vascular epiphyte species were orchids. A large majority of the vascular species were rare in occurrence. Vascular epiphyte diversity and density was highest in the outer canopy zone of the host crown. In the inner canopy zone there was a dearth of epiphytes, attributed to a high rate of epiphyte slumping on the smooth-barked branches. The trunk had a different suit of species to those found in the canopy. During the wet season, the thickening of epiphytic matter in the outer canopy zone appeared to contribute to a large amelioration of daytime and nocturnal temperatures through evaporation and heat retention respectively. Nocturnal temperatures were highest in the outer canopy zone, and were lowest on the forest floor. The latter was attributed to the downward flow of the product of radiative cooling as a result of the heterogeneous canopy on the steep slope. Epiphyte clumps appear to slump before competition causes the loss of early successional species. Some species showed a preference for more shaded epiphyte clumps and many were more frequent on smaller branch diameters. Most species showed a moderately high niche overlap with a large number of other species, which suggested a high degree of species coexistence. Epiphyte slumping is suggested to be the major driving mechanism for the maintenance of non-equilibrium in the community. Aspects of the phenologies of epiphytes, age-structure of the community and high environmental variation could be other mechanisms for the maintenance of a high degree of species coexistence.


Floral visitation resulting in interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) from non-native or invasive plant species can affect the reproductive fitness of native plant species through pollen allelopathy, stigma clogging, stylar clogging, and ovule (seed) discounting. The prevalence of IPT and the importance of pollinators in mediating its impacts, however, remain poorly understood. Although most traditional methods for examining visitor movement are insufficient for determining rates of potential IPT, one promising alternative is the use of DNA barcoding. Because floral visitors eat, collect or unknowingly obtain pollen, nectar and other floral tissues, plant DNA should be recoverable from their bodies, permitting molecular identification of pollen loads. To assess the utility of plant DNA barcodes for tracking floral visitation, I collected 89 honeybees (Apis mellifera) and 49 bumblebees (Bombus spp.) from a disturbed forest edge in Columbus, Georgia and analyzed their pollen loads using the plastid DNA barcode region rbcL. The identities of monospecific pollen loads were determined by comparing sequences to a local plant reference library containing 22 native and 27 nonnative plant species. The overall recovery of rbcL sequences from pollen loads was relatively high (41.6%). Based on local BLASTn analysis, 95% of monospecific pollen loads were identifiable to the species level. Rates of heterospecific visitation were quite high (77%), as indicated by pure heterospecific (15%) and mixed pollen loads (62%). Collectively, these results indicate that 1) plant DNA barcode sequences can be recovered from pollen loads; 2) species-level identification of pollen loads can be determined with high accuracy; and 3) levels of heterospecific visitation and potential IPT can be assessed with DNA barcoding. As a new means of rapidly and effectively detecting potential pollen transfer between plant species that share floral visitors, my study demonstrates that DNA barcode analysis of pollen loads will contribute greatly to the rapidly growing field of ecological barcoding. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES ....vi


The success of all students is an intimate concern for all good teachers and those who engage daily with America Indian students have a vested interest in identifying what works in their unique contexts, in spite of the difficult circumstances presented on American Indian reservations in Montana. Engaging in education that is effective is a concern that has many levels of complexity, but this study focuses on community perspectives on effective teaching and on the teacher and his/her conscientization process as two of the essential pieces to this puzzle. Qualitative focus group data was used to construct a list of characteristics/qualities grounded in community values and a list of effective teachers was compiled through "community nomination". A collective case study gathered the living educational theories and teaching philosophies of six nominated teachers, compared these to the community-determined characteristics/qualities, and examined elements of each teacher's life history that played a role in developing and informing each effective teacher's pedagogy. It was determined that conscientization played a significant role in molding effective pedagogy, and social intelligence provided the precursory relationships that allowed teachers to effectively teach students according to a responsive pedagogy in the optimal zone of cognitive efficiency. A new model for adaptive teaching in cross-cultural contexts was proposed as were suggestions for further study.


Objectives: This study investigated the validity, reliability and standardization of Reasons For Living Inventory (Linehen, Goodstin, Chiles & Nilsen, 1983) in Iranian adults. Methods: 500 adults (420 from group normal, 80 from group suicide attempters) was selected through multi- stage sampling method (for normal group) and random sampling method (for suicide group) and administered the RFL, Persian version of Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation (BSSI) and Oxford Happens Inventory (OHI). Results: The results based on item total correlation and dis- crimination degree showed Cornbach's alpha and test- retest coefficient for the scale was 0.95 & 0.93 respectively. The result of principle component analysis (PC) and Promx rotation suggested the stricture of the scale in Iranian population (deleting 1 item without the factor loads) contains 4 factors (Survival and Coping Beliefs and Responsibility to Family, Fear of Suicide, Moral Objections and Child Related Concerns). Conclusion: Goodness of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 4 extracted factors. The positive correlation coefficients between the factors of RFL and Oxford Happens Inventory confirmed the convergent validity of the scale and the negative correlation coefficients between the factors of RFL and Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation confirmed the congruent validity of the scale. Also differential validity of RFL showed it can discriminate


Cooperative behaviour lies at the very basis of human societies, yet its evolutionary origin remains a key unsolved puzzle. Whereas reciprocity or conditional cooperation is one of the most prominent mechanisms proposed to explain the emergence of cooperation in social dilemmas, recent experimental findings on networked Prisoner's Dilemma games suggest that conditional cooperation also depends on the previous action of the player—namely on the 'mood' in which the player is currently in. Roughly, a majority of people behave as conditional cooperators if they cooperated in the past, whereas they ignore the context and free ride with high probability if they did not. However, the ultimate origin of this behaviour represents a conundrum itself. Here, we aim specifically to provide an evolutionary explanation of moody conditional cooperation (MCC). To this end, we perform an extensive analysis of different evolutionary dynamics for players' behavioural traits—ranging from standard processes used in game theory based on pay-off comparison to others that include non-economic or social factors. Our results show that only a dynamic built upon reinforcement learning is able to give rise to evolutionarily stable MCC, and at the end to reproduce the human behaviours observed in the experiments.


The classification of the legume family proposed here addresses the long-known non-monophyly of the traditionally recognised subfamily Caesalpinioideae, by recognising six robustly supported monophyletic subfamilies. This new classification uses as its framework the most comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of legumes to date, based on plastid matK gene sequences, and including near-complete sampling of genera (698 of the currently recognised 765 genera) and ca. 20% (3696)
of known species. The matK gene region has been the most widely sequenced across the legumes, and in most legume lineages, this gene region is sufficiently variable to yield well-supported clades. This analysis resolves the same major clades as in other phylogenies of whole plastid and nuclear gene sets (with much sparser taxon sampling). Our analysis improves upon previous studies that have used large phylogenies of the Leguminosae for addressing evolutionary questions, because it maximises
generic sampling and provides a phylogenetic tree that is based on a fully curated set of sequences that are vouchered and taxonomically validated. The phylogenetic trees obtained and the underlying data are available to browse and download, facilitating subsequent analyses that require evolutionary trees. Here we propose a new community-endorsed classification of the family that reflects the phylogenetic structure that is consistently resolved and recognises six subfamilies in Leguminosae:
a recircumscribed Caesalpinioideae DC., Cercidoideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Detarioideae Burmeist., Dialioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), Duparquetioideae Legume Phylogeny Working Group (stat. nov.), and Papilionoideae DC. The traditionally recognised subfamily Mimosoideae is a distinct clade nested within the recircumscribed
Caesalpinioideae and is referred to informally as the mimosoid clade pending a forthcoming formal tribal and/or cladebased classification of the new Caesalpinioideae. We provide a key for subfamily identification, descriptions with diagnostic charactertistics for the subfamilies, figures illustrating their floral and fruit diversity, and lists of genera by subfamily. This new classification of Leguminosae represents a consensus view of the international legume systematics community; it invokes
both compromise and practicality of use.


Background Much research has been devoted to the development of new breast cancer diagnostic measures, including those involving high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic techniques. Previous HR-MAS MR results have been obtained from post-surgery samples, which limits their direct clinical applicability. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we performed HR-MAS MR spectroscopic studies on 31 breast tissue samples (13 cancer and 18 non-cancer) obtained by percutaneous core needle biopsy. We showed that cancer and non-cancer samples can be discriminated very well with Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structure-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) multivariate model on the MR spectra. A subsequent blind test showed 69% sensitivity and 94% specificity in the prediction of the cancer status. A spectral analysis showed that in cancer cells, taurine- and choline-containing compounds are elevated. Our approach, additionally, could predict the progesterone receptor statuses of the cancer patients. Conclusions/Significance HR-MAS MR metabolomics on intact breast tissues obtained by core needle biopsy may have a potential to be used as a complement to the current diagnostic and prognostic measures for breast cancers.


The first edition of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry and its Applications was written as a handbook for users who wanted a better understanding of the theory augmented by a practical insight of how best to approach a range of applications, and to provide a useful starting point for users trying an approach or technique new to them. These objectives have been retained in the second edition but a slight shift in emphasis gives the volume an overall perspective that is more forward looking.

Structured into 11 chapters, the current edition is a thorough revision of the original, covering the principles of inductively coupled plasmas, instrumentation, methodology and applications within environmental analysis, earth science, food science and clinical medicine. Each chapter, written by internationally recognised leaders in their specific subject areas, provides enough detail to be useful to both the new and experienced users. Full account is taken of recent developments, such as high resolution instruments, novel detection systems and electrospray techniques.

Written for all analytical scientists but particularly those involved in atomic spectroscopy and in environmental, geochemical, clinical or food analysis, this timely and informative book will be an essential reference in their use of inductively coupled plasmas to achieve their own scientific goals.


Background & Objective: Zinc is an essential trace element which plays a key role in the growth and the development of the embryo during pregnancy. This study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on embryonic development and to assess the weight of body, kidney, and liver in Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. Materials & Methods: 25 female of NMRI mice weighting 30±3.0 gram were randomly divided into five groups (five in each group, four experimental groups and one control group). Mice in experimental groups one, two, three, and four received intraperitoneal ZnO nanoparticle with the concentrations of 50,100,150, and 200 mg / kg, respectively during 15 days (every other day). At the end, the weight of the body, the kidney, and the liver of the pregnant mice and the embryos were measured. In addition, histopathological evaluations were performed on embryos. The data were analyzed by SAS software in P≤0.05. Results: Based on the macroscopic observations, the embryo and the kidney weights decreased and increased, respectively with increasing different concentrations of nanoparticle compared with controls (P≤0.05). Our data showed that at different concentrations of nanoparticles, the distance, the size, and the number of vertebral bodies increased compared to the control group. At the concentration of 150 mg/kg, an accumulation of mesenchymal cells for cartilage were observed and it seems that high dose of nanoparticles prevents embryo growth. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that ZnO nanoparticles cause embryonic developmental delay, undifferentiated and disorganized vertebral bodies in NMRI mice.


Microalgae biomass is considered as one of the promising alternative feedstock for biofuel production. The biomass productivity of some of the microalgae can exceed an order of magnitude compared to any other terrestrial plant. Apart from nitrogen and phosphorus, iron is one of the major elements that must be provided to microalgae culture for high density biomass production. The amount of iron that is required per cell or per unit of microalgae biomass will vary among microalgae strains. Depending on the concentration of iron in the cultivation media, the microalgae will accumulate different amount of iron and this process may alter the compositions of other major metabolites. In order to be competitive the cost of microalgae biomass production should be lower and the desired metabolites should be present in higher percentages; therefore, the appropriate concentration of iron should be determined. On the contrary, there are very limited study on the microalgal iron requirement. The first objective of this study is to determine the minimum concentration of iron requirement by some of the locally isolated potential microalgae. The second objective of this study is to characterize the lipid accumulation under different iron concentrations. Gillard f/2 and BG-11 are the two common nutrients composition used to culture marine and freshwater microalgae respectively. In these two nutrients media, the concentrations of iron are 0.65 mg/l and 1.24 mg/l for Guillard F/2 and BG-11 media respectively. Due to some limitations, in most of the cases the concentrations of phototrophic microalgae in large scale biomass production doesn't exceed 0.5 g/L. If these two media are to be used in large scale, iron requirement can be calculated as 1.3 kg (6.3 kg as FeCl3.6H2O) and 2.4 kg (12 kg as FeCl3.6H2O) respectively for each ton of biomass production. Therefore, the cost of the iron fertilizer can be significant for low cost feedstock; furthermore, if there is residual iron in the discharge water it will require additional treatment steps. Three local marine microalgae (Nannochloris sp., Tetraselmis sp., Chlorocystis sp.) and three local freshwater microalgae (Scenedesmous sp., Chlorella sp., Neochloris sp.) were selected to study their iron requirement. Apart from iron, all the nutrients were added as per f/2 or BG-11 media concentrations. However, for the marine microalgae, the range of iron concentration was 0 to 1 mg/L while for the freshwater microalgae it was 0 to 3 mg/L. All the experiments were conducted in triplicates. 10 ml of culture was inoculated in 90 ml containing any culture media in a 250 ml flask; the flasks were kept in an orbital shaker which was maintained at 120 rpm speed, 25°C, 12 hours photoperiod. The growth period for any strain was kept fixed at 7 days. It was found that marine Naanochloris sp. didn't require the addition of iron; the available iron in the seawater is sufficient to produce 0.5 g/L biomass density. The other two strains had also smaller iron requirement compared to f/2 media. For the three freshwater microalgae, there was also minor requirement for iron (1 mg/L) which was much lesser than iron concentration in BG-11 media. Iron deficiency, during the cultivation process, resulted in bleaching and changes in metabolites (especially in pigments). Nannochloris sp. and Scenedesmous sp. will be later grown in outdoor small raceway tanks (1000 liter) to verify the indoor small scale results.


This report presents the initial evaluation of the transport and temperature of ocean water passing through Makassar Strait, which is the primary pathway of the Pacific to Indian Ocean transport called the Indonesian through-flow. The transport was measured as part of the Indonesian USA Arlindo program, by two moorings deployed within the Labani Channel, a deep constriction near 3 degrees S. Both moorings were operative from December 1996 to February 1998; the western most mooring operated until July 1998 The moorings were deployed during a weak La Nina phase. An El Nino condition began in March 1997, becoming extreme during the 1997 Summer and Fall, relaxing in early 1998 The Makassar thermocline depth and transport reflect the phases of ENSO. The thermocline was deeper during La Nina, when the warm pool of the tropical Pacific with its relatively high sea level and deep thermocline, is pressed zip against the Pacific entrance to the Indonesian Seas. A shallower thermocline occurs during Fl Nino when the warm pool shifts eastward in the Pacific Ocean, reducing its accessibility to the Indonesian seas. ENSO effects are also seen in the velocity data. As Fl Nino takes hold the deeper instruments recorded reduced speeds, as the throughflow shoals with the thermocline. The 1997 average Makassar Strait throughflow transport is 9.3 Sv (Sv = 10(6) m(3)/sec), assuming the flow in the upper 200 meters equals the flow measured by the current meter moored at 200 m. Other models for the surface flow range from 6.7 Sv (zero surface flow) to 11.3 Sv (thermocline shear is extrapolated to the sea surface). A comparison of the transports for the two December to February periods included in the records also reflects the ENSO effect: the transport during the El Nino months of December 1997 to February 1998 average 5 Sv, while the La Nina months of December 1996 to February 1997 averages 12 Sv, a 2.5 fold difference The Makassar transports determined from the Arlindo data are at the higher side of estimates based in Timer Sea and Indian ocean studies.


The recently proposed Sequence-to-Sequence (seq2seq) framework advocates replacing complex data processing pipelines, such as an entire automatic speech recognition system, with a single neural network trained in an end-to-end fashion. In this contribution, we analyse an attention-based seq2seq speech recognition system that directly transcribes recordings into characters. We observe two shortcomings: overconfidence in its predictions and a tendency to produce incomplete transcriptions when language models are used. We propose practical solutions to both problems achieving competitive speaker independent word error rates on the Wall Street Journal dataset: without separate language models we reach 10.6% WER, while together with a trigram language model, we reach 6.7% WER.


This study explores the role of justice in eleven historical cases of inter-governmental negotiation. Building on results obtained in several recent studies on justice in negotiation, we examine a set of hypotheses about relationships among negotiating process (as distributive bargaining or problem solving), justice (as procedural and distributive), outcomes (as compromise or integrative), and the duration of the agreements. The process variables were coded from negotiators' statements with categories from the bargaining process analysis system. The justice variables were coded with a system developed in recent studies on peace agreements. Similar to the results obtained by Hollander-Blumoff and Tyler (2008: 473) in a simulated legal setting, we find correlations between procedural justice, problem solving, and integrative outcomes. Similar to the results obtained by Druckman and Albin (2011: 1137) on peace agreements, we find a strong relationship between distributive justice and the durability of the agreement. In these cases, problem-solving processes were shown to mediate the relationship between procedural justice and integrative outcomes. The findings suggest that justice plays an important role across a variety of negotiation settings. We present these results as heuristic, suggesting avenues for further research on larger and more diverse samples of cases.


The Boussinesq equation for subsurface flow in an idealized sloping aquifer of unit width has recently been extended to hillslopes of arbitrary geometry by incorporating the hillslope width function w(x) into the governing equation, where x is the flow distance along the length of the hillslope [ Troch et al., 2003 ]. Introduction of a source/sink term N allows simulation of storm‐interstorm sequences in addition to drainage processes, while a function Sc(x) representing the maximum subsurface water storage can be used to account for surface saturation response in variable source areas activated by the saturation excess mechanism of runoff generation. The model can thus simulate subsurface flow and storage dynamics for nonidealized (more realistic) hillslope configurations. In this paper we assess the behavior of this relatively simple, one‐dimensional model in a series of intercomparison tests with a fully three‐dimensional Richards equation model. Special attention is given to the discretization and setup of the boundary and initial conditions for seven representative hillslopes of uniform, convergent, and divergent plan shape. Drainage and recharge experiments are conducted on these hillslopes for both gentle (5%) and steep (30%) bedrock slope angles. The treatment and influence of the drainable porosity parameter are also considered, and for the uniform (idealized) hillslope case the impact of the unsaturated zone is examined by running simulations for different capillary fringe heights. In general terms, the intercomparison results show that the hillslope‐storage Boussinesq model is able to capture the broad shapes of the storage and outflow profiles for all of the hillslope configurations. In specific terms, agreement with the Richards equation results varies according to the scenario being simulated. The best matches in outflow hydrographs were obtained for the drainage experiments, suggesting a greater influence of the unsaturated zone under recharge conditions due to transmission of water throughout the hillslope. In the spatiotemporal water table response a better match was observed for convergent than divergent hillslopes, and the bedrock slope angle was not found to greatly influence the quality of the agreement between the two models. On the basis of the intercomparison experiments we make some suggestions for further development and testing of the hillslope‐storage model.


The benefits of community-based research (CBR) in the sociology classroom go beyond those associated with traditional service learning. Here, students use their sociological skills to examine and propose solutions to local social problems addressed by community organizations. Through analyzing students' course reflection journals and the results of pre- and posttests, the authors demonstrate how CBR can help students gain a better command of the research process and enhance student attitudes toward community service. After participating in CBR, the authors find that students indicate greater proficiency in undertaking the entire research process, from creating and implementing a research plan to making data-derived client recommendations. In addition, by showing how CBR can be incorporated into a less obviously applicable course, such as Sociology of Sexualities, the authors hope to encourage its further expansion in sociology.


Microwave imaging of electrical wires with multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is considered. The motivation arises from safety/security applications where concealed electrical wires are required to be remotely sensed in a quasi-real-time setting. The algorithm is first reanalyzed in terms of scattering parameters to better incorporate experimental microwave measurements. Later, a simple strategy, where the spectral cutoff is selected based on the expected signal-to-noise level, is introduced to enhance imaging capabilities. The reformulated algorithm is experimentally verified with limited aperture measurements performed with an antenna array in a nonanechoic environment. The results demonstrate that the algorithm can rapidly reconstruct images that clearly reveal geometrical features of electrical wires.


Stochastic approximation (SA) is a key method used in statistical learning. Recently, its non-asymptotic convergence analysis has been considered in many papers. However, most of the prior analyses are made under restrictive assumptions such as unbiased gradient estimates and convex objective function, which significantly limit their applications to sophisticated tasks such as online and reinforcement learning. These restrictions are all essentially relaxed in this work. In particular, we analyze a general SA scheme to minimize a non-convex, smooth objective function. We consider update procedure whose drift term depends on a state-dependent Markov chain and the mean field is not necessarily of gradient type, covering approximate second-order method and allowing asymptotic bias for the one-step updates. We illustrate these settings with the online EM algorithm and the policy-gradient method for average reward maximization in reinforcement learning.


Aged rats have impairments in several types of cognitive functions, including spatial working memory (WM), that are dependent upon the septohippocampal cholinergic system. The present series of experiments was designed to assess the effectiveness of pharmacological manipulations of the medial septal area (MSA) in order to influence the physiology of the septohippocampal pathway and, therefore, the brain functions in which this pathway participates. Aged (22MO) and young (4MO) Fischer-344 rats received microinfusions into the MSA with either saline, the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine (OXO), or the muscarinic antagonist, scopolamine (SCOP). Working memory was tested in a T-maze spatial alternation task, prior to infusion, immediately after infusion, and 90 min after infusion. Hippocampal theta activity and the population excitatory postsynaptic potential (pEPSP) of the dentate gyrus to perforant path stimulation were recorded immediately following behavioral testing at each of the three time periods. In 22MO rats, intraseptal OXO (0.5 micrograms, 2 micrograms, 5 micrograms) produced a dose-dependent improvement in choice accuracy, a shift of the hippocampal theta peak to a lower frequency and a higher peak power, and an increase in the initial slope of pEPSP. OXO, 0.1 microgram, did not have an effect on behavior or hippocampal physiology and OXO, 10 micrograms, produced an impairment in performance. In 4MO rats, OXO did not affect choice accuracy, nor the pEPSP slope, but altered hippocampal theta peak frequency and power similarly as in 22MO. The lowest behaviorally effective dose, 0.5 microgram OXO, did not influence WM performance when infused into the lateral ventricles (intracerebroventricularly) of either 22MO or 4MO rats. SCOP (2 micrograms, 5 micrograms, 15 micrograms) decreased choice accuracy in a dose-dependent fashion in both 22MO and 4MO rats. However, in 22MO rats, the behavioral dose-response curve for scopolamine was shifted towards greater sensitivity. SCOP produced a shift of the hippocampal theta to a higher frequency and a lower peak power, and a decrease in the initial slope of pEPSP. In 4MO rats, SCOP altered hippocampal theta similarly to 22MO, but did not affect the pEPSP slope. These results indicate that (1) cholinergic receptors in the MSA are a useful target for drugs to improve WM in aging rats, (2) age-related changes in the activity of the septohippocampal pathway may increase its sensitivity to drugs which alter its activity, and (3) alterations in hippocampal physiology may contribute differently to changes in WM in young and in old rats.


Abstract Innovation, a complex concept, underpinned a four-year pan-European research project designed to increase the effective use of technology in school classrooms. This article revisits evaluation data collected during the project and explores the challenges of conceptualising, realising and researching 'innovation'. The authors describe how innovation was conceptualised, highlighting key issues, not all of which could be resolved in the project. The development of an approach to support teachers to change their practices facilitated the realisation of innovation in the classroom. This approach, through which researchers and national pedagogical coordinators worked with teachers to develop their teaching and learning practices with technology in potentially innovative ways, is outlined. Case study data are then used to exemplify how teachers and other stakeholders applied this approach and how they perceived innovation in practice within their own countries. Through a discussion of these cases, the article highlights the challenge of defining innovation in different country settings and, in turn, the complexity of identifying its occurrence. It concludes by proposing the next steps for similar research endeavours.


A methodology is presented for analytical calculation of creep behavior of plane frames made of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) profiles and an experimental study is carried out in order to evaluate the analytical calculation results. In order to account nonlinear viscoelastic material behavior, stress – strain – time relationship of plane frame is given and creep behavior of plane frame structure is investigated. Material coefficients for the creep functions are determined using three point beam bending test results. In order to validate the analytical approach, a plane frame made of GFRP profiles is tested under sustained loads for 100 days and displacements, strains are monitored. Strain and displacement values that are calculated using analytical method show good agreement with the full-scale test data. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.23.3.14029


The purpose of this paper is to develop a practical online survey method by using IP telephony applications in order to understand the e-commerce consumer behaviour of "University City" students in China. The researcher found that the beauty of using IP telephony is that the researcher may either see the students' gestures and facial expressions, or just listen by telling students both a conscious and unconscious effort to transfer much of the expression. It is beneficial for small businesses because of eliminating travel time and expense, reaching difficult-to-recruit participants, it is cost-effective, and increases production. In particular, personal questions can be addressed without geographical barriers. Briefly, in this paper the following objectives have been achieved: firstly, the possibility to use IP telephony application to do the student survey online. Then, the benefits for small businesses to know China "University City" students online. Further, the practical way of designing and conducting virtual focus groups by the selecting and integrating samples to get the data more representative and precise have been researched. Finally, it has been identified that the most popular ICT tools in China are the Blogs and Chinese Messenger QQ.


The objective of this study was to validate an instrument to measure the organisational-based factors affecting corporate entrepreneurship. Structured questionnaires were administered to managers and 561 fully completed questionnaires were gathered at 20 large organisations. Construct validity of the measuring instrument was assessed by means of a principal component exploratory factor analysis and by calculating Cronbach alpha coefficients. In this study six factors describing the theoretical dimensions of appropriate rewards and reinforcement, fostering innovative behaviour, customer orientation, new idea generation, existence of a clear vision and availability and accessibility of resources were extracted. Based on the empirical results it is proposed that the organisational-based factors affecting corporate entrepreneurship can be measured with a 34-item instrument measuring five underlying dimensions. This conclusion is based on evidence of validity and reliability.


Wireless channels are commonly affected by short-term fading and long-term fading (shadowing). The shadowing effects must be taken into account also when mobility is present in the wireless scenario. Using a composite fading model, the total channel capacity can be studied for a scenario with short-term Rayleigh fading along with shadowing. This work provides quantitative results for these kinds of scenarios with Rayleigh fading and shadowing, considering also multiple-input and multiple-output systems, which have not been previously reported. In addition, the channel capacity has been studied in depth in its relation with the shadowing level, signal to noise ratio, and the number of elements in the multiple-input and multiple-output system. Moreover, the channel performance with shadowing has been compared to the one without it. Furthermore, Rician model with shadowing is studied and its results are reported. In addition, correlated and experimental results are provided. It is identified that the distributed MIMO systems can benefit from shadowing in Rician channels. This advantage has not been reported previously. This type of fading is proposed for massive MIMO by others and our results open the door to emulate massive MIMO on a reverberation chamber.


Abstract Where does adaptation to innovation take place? I present evidence on the role of agglomeration economies in the application of new knowledge to production. All else equal, workers are more likely to be observed in new work in locations initially dense in college graduates and industry variety. This pattern is consistent with economies from the geographic concentration of factors and markets related to technological adaptation. A main contribution is a new measure, based on revisions to occupation classifications, that characterizes cross-sectional differences across cities in technological adaptation. Worker-level results also provide new evidence on the skill bias of recent innovations.


Hall and Nobel (1987) use the Granger-causality test to show that volatility influences velocity, leading them to conclude that the recent decline in the velocity of Ml is due to increased volatility of money growth which is alleged to be caused by the Federal Reserve's new operating procedures. This note shows that such a conclusion is unwarranted, because the causality result reported in their paper is not robust. When the test is implemented either using first differences of the volatility variable or using the volatility and velocity variables that are based on the broad definition of money or over the sample period that includes the 1985-86 episode of the decline in the velocity of Ml, then the test results do not support the inference that volatility influences velocity.


Abstract N and P often limit primary and secondary production in ecosystems, but they also can cause eutrophication and negatively influence sensitive species above a certain level or threshold point. Aquatic biodiversity can have negative threshold relationships with water-quality variables at large scales, but the specific mechanism(s) driving these threshold relationships are not well established. We hypothesized that resource quality (i.e., C:P) might partly drive primary consumer (grazer and detritivore) richness thresholds by altering competitive interactions among species with differing resource demands, but might have less influence on predator richness. We estimated total N (TN), total P (TP), and turbidity thresholds for macroinvertebrate richness across trophic levels and feeding groups in Central Plains (USA) streams. We also determined if mean taxon body C:P of groups with diversity losses were negatively related to TP, a pattern that would suggest that eutrophic communities were dominated by a few species with high dietary P demands. Primary consumers were more sensitive to TN and TP (threshold mean  =  1.0 mg N/L and 0.06 mg P/L) than secondary consumers (threshold mean  =  0.09 mg P/L), a result supporting the resource quality hypothesis. Turbidity reduced richness regardless of feeding mode (threshold mean  =  4.7 NTU), a result suggesting that turbidity and nutrient thresholds were driven by different factors. The TP-richness threshold could be driven partially by changes in food quality because the mean body C:P of shredding and collector-gathering taxa declined as TP increased (threshold mean  =  0.07 and 0.75 mg P/L, respectively). Mean scraper C:P was not related to TP, a result indicating other factors might be responsible for the scraper richness threshold. Our results suggest that changes in resource quality could contribute to large-scale losses in biodiversity in nutrient-enriched lotic ecosystems. Within shredder and collector-gatherer macroinvertebrate feeding groups, P-rich food might allow faster growing taxa with high body P demands to out-compete slower growing taxa adapted to lower quality food resources. This pattern suggests that biotic integrity is directly linked to nutrients in streams and that toxicity, low dissolved O2, and increased turbidity might not be the only mechanisms leading to reductions in diversity as nutrient concentrations increase.


Temperature estimates are key to understanding the crystallization of pyrometallurgical slags. To date, temperature approximations have been based mainly on phase diagrams; these give approximate data only. Geothermometers ( e.g ., phase – whole-rock composition) applied in this study give much more accurate, focused results that are in agreement with historical data. Pyrometallurgical slags related to zinc extraction in Upper Silesia, southern Poland, date back to the 19th century. Thus, there is a great variety of slag textures and compositions reflecting changes in technological processes ranging from the primitive "Silesian method" to more advanced techniques including calcination and precise dosages of coal/coke and add-ons. Slag samples were collected at three localities with known smelting histories: Piekary Śląskie, Katowice and Ruda Śląska. The analysed material is composed of high-temperature phases among which oxides, silicates and aluminosilicates dominate. The chemical composition of the slags is complex, with up to nine major oxide components, namely, SiO2, Al2O3, FeOt, ZnO, PbO, MnO, MgO, CaO and K2O. The three geothermometers applied, i.e. , olivine – WR (whole rock), pyroxene – WR and feldspar – WR, yielded temperatures ranging from 987 to 1314°C. Phase diagrams on the other hand, due to the complex chemical compositions involved, were useful for general determinations only; they gave overestimated temperatures in the range 1100–1800°C. Evaluating temperature conditions using geothermometry demonstrated the usefulness of different technological processes at the various sites sampled.


ABSTRACT Most professional and recreational athletes perform pre-conditioning exercises, often collectively termed a 'warm-up' to prepare for a competitive task. The main objective of warming-up is to induce both temperature and non-temperature related responses to optimize performance. These responses include increasing muscle temperature, initiating metabolic and circulatory adjustments, and preparing psychologically for the upcoming task. However, warming-up in hot and/or humid ambient conditions increases thermal and circulatory strain. As a result, this may precipitate neuromuscular and cardiovascular impairments limiting endurance capacity. Preparations for competing in the heat should include an acclimatization regimen. Athletes should also consider cooling interventions to curtail heat gain during the warm-up and minimize dehydration. Indeed, although it forms an important part of the pre-competition preparation in all environmental conditions, the rise in whole-body temperature should be limited in hot environments. This review provides recommendations on how to build an effective warm-up following a 3 stage RAMP model (Raise, Activate and Mobilize, Potentiate), including general and context specific exercises, along with dynamic flexibility work. In addition, this review provides suggestion to manipulate the warm-up to suit the demands of competition in hot environments, along with other strategies to avoid heating-up.


A simple and pragmatic method utilising the difference between analysed near‐surface and Meteosat IR temperatures (ΔT) is presented and applied with the aim of identifying and removing non‐precipitation echoes in weather radar composite imagery. Despite inherent deficiencies in these multisource data, such as lower spatial and temporal resolutions relative to the radar data, T is demonstrated to efficiently identify efficiently those areas void of potentially precipitating clouds, and to remove radar echoes in them. A set of 243 manually analysed composites from the summer of 2000 was used to evaluate the method. False alarm rates (FAR), percent correct (PC) and Hanssen‐Kuipers skill (HKS) scores were calculated from standard contingency tables for five echo classes: weak, strong, land, sea, and all. FAR was lowered in all classes, PC was generally raised by a few percent to be over 95%, while HKS either remained unchanged or was slightly lowered through the application of T. These results indicate that T successfully removes a significant amount of non‐precipitation, sometimes at the expense of a small amount of true precipitation. This penalty is larger over sea, which indicates that the method may need to be tuned differently for land and sea environments. This method may act as a foundation on which improvements to radar data quality control can be made with the introduction of new and improved satellite instrumentation such as that found on board the Meteosat Second Generation platform. However, this type of method should remain complementary to improved signal processing and radar data analysis techniques. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.


Vehicle navigation in dynamic environments is an important challenge, especially when the motion of the objects populating the environment is unknown. Traditional motion planning approaches are too slow to be applied in real-time to this domain, hence, new techniques are needed. Recently, iterative planning has emerged as a promising approach. Nevertheless, existing iterative methods do not provide a way to estimate the future behaviour of moving obstacles and use the resulting estimates in trajectory computation. This paper presents an iterative planning approach that addresses these two issues. It consists of two complementary methods: 1) a motion prediction method which learns typical behaviours of objects in a given environment; 2) an iterative motion planning technique based on the concept of velocity obstacles.


Abstract In auditory–visual sensory substitution, visual information (e.g., shape) can be extracted through strictly auditory input (e.g., soundscapes). Previous studies have shown that image-to-sound conversions that follow simple rules [such as the Meijer algorithm; Meijer, P. B. L. An experimental system for auditory image representation. Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 39, 111–121, 1992] are highly intuitive and rapidly learned by both blind and sighted individuals. A number of recent fMRI studies have begun to explore the neuroplastic changes that result from sensory substitution training. However, the time course of cross-sensory information transfer in sensory substitution is largely unexplored and may offer insights into the underlying neural mechanisms. In this study, we recorded ERPs to soundscapes before and after sighted participants were trained with the Meijer algorithm. We compared these posttraining versus pretraining ERP differences with those of a control group who received the same set of 80 auditory/visual stimuli but with arbitrary pairings during training. Our behavioral results confirmed the rapid acquisition of cross-sensory mappings, and the group trained with the Meijer algorithm was able to generalize their learning to novel soundscapes at impressive levels of accuracy. The ERP results revealed an early cross-sensory learning effect (150–210 msec) that was significantly enhanced in the algorithm-trained group compared with the control group as well as a later difference (420–480 msec) that was unique to the algorithm-trained group. These ERP modulations are consistent with previous fMRI results and provide additional insight into the time course of cross-sensory information transfer in sensory substitution.


In contemporary Britain, cohabitation has become normative as a lifestyle. It perpetuates a long history of informal marriage-like relationships, but does not necessarily seek to be part of marriage. National statistics are used to show how the steady increase in cohabitation since the 1960s is predicted to continue. Furthermore, cohabitation increasingly resembles marriage in that it has also become a family issue. As a lifestyle, cohabitation has remained outside the Christian marriage tradition and largely beyond the pastoral outreach of the church. The aims of this thesis are to explore how the church may address cohabitation alongside marriage within its pastoral and liturgical roles and encourage greater stability and faithfulness in all marriage-like relationships.The development of the church's theology of marriage is explored to show how cohabitation and marriage may share similar ethics, intentions, and expectations. Contemporary attitudes to cohabitation and marriage are evaluated through two interdenominational surveys of clergy and congregations in the Harrogate area. Amongst the clergy, few now reject outright the notion of couples cohabiting though Christian marriage remains the ideal. Congregations are more amenable and ready to accept the right for couples to cohabit, but within the church family, remain largely defensive of the marriage tradition. The social impact of cohabitation in contemporary Britain is demonstrated through socio-structural models that show that by denying many of the traditional roles for marriage, society begins to lose its cohesive structure. Attitudes that characterise cohabitation are found to have parallels within Enlightenment philosophies that emerged as a reaction against many of the perceived abuses and inequalities associated with marriage, particularly as they affected women. In addition to its sociology, cohabitation may be understood within Christian theology of relationships through interpretations of key passages in Genesis that focus on the nature of the relationship bond. Cohabitation and marriage are brought into a universal framework for relationships based on friendship: a 'Friendship Mapping' chart, a time-line diagram, incorporating love and commitment, is developed to illustrate the ways in which relationships may evolve from an encounter to cohabitation and marriage. The outcome of this research is a call for an expansion in the teaching of the Christian ethics of marriage. Suggested ways to accomplish this are through marriage education, reaching out to couples getting married outside the church. For couples seeking to bring their relationship before God, there is support for the reintroduction of betrothal. There are two new proposals, for Committed Relationship and Celebrated Relationship. Committed' Relationship, celebrated in either a religious or civil environment, is an extended form of betrothal that would give a cohabiting couple security and status in the public domain and, more importantly, confirmation of their commitment in return for certain legal protections. Celebrated Relationship would be a low-key, 'modern' church wedding, an alternative to a civil marriage ceremony, intended to help encourage more couples to marry in church.From the researches carried out, two newly emerging lifestyle relationships have been identified that should be of concern to the church. The first is cohabiting singleness, where the rising age for marriage is encouraging casual and short-term relationships. The second is that of single parent families where one parent, usually the father, is deliberately excluded from the outset. Both are shown to have the potential to move the family structure even further from the Biblical norm than does cohabitation and are highlighted as areas for further study


Presentation for the 2005 American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T) Annual Meeting. This presentation discusses an alternative approach to interoperability testing and the use of special diagnostic records in the context of Z39.50 and online library catalogs.


BACKGROUND
Few studies evaluate the cost-effectiveness issues of laparoscopic anterior resection (LAR) for rectal cancer. This study evaluates direct and indirect costs of LAR and its long-term survival rate in rectal cancer patients.

MATERIAL/METHODS
This prospective nonrandomized controlled trial included 2 endpoints (direct and indirect costs, and disease-free survival). From January 2003 to May 2005, rectal cancer patients admitted to our center were assigned to 2 groups: 87 patients underwent LAR (LAP), while 86 cases received open anterior resection (OPEN). The direct costs were prospectively evaluated. Main indirect cost is productivity loss. The data of direct costs, indirect costs, and the total costs were collected for the minimal cost analysis.

RESULTS
Disease-free survival at 65 months in the LAP group and the OPEN group was 78.2% and 74.7%; there was no significant difference between the groups. Median direct costs were not significantly different between the LAP and the OPEN groups. Indirect costs of the LAP group were significantly lower than those of the OPEN group, while total costs were not significantly different. Cost percentage for operations, medications, and hospitalization were 75.90%, 11.28%, and 2.18% in the LAP group; while in the operation group, they were 54.50%, 29.09%, and 3.35%.

CONCLUSIONS
Total economic budget for a patient receiving LAR was not significantly increased compared with the conservative method owing to its technical predominance, oncologic safety, as well as frequent bed turnover.


Bettahi I1-2, Ramanjaneya M1-2, Jerobin J1-2, Sivaraman SK1, Rasha Alsiddig3, Mohammad RM4, Skarulis MC1-2 and Abou-Samra AB2-3. 1Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, 2Department of Medicine, 3Qatar Metabolic Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar, 4Karmanos Cancer Center, Wayne State University. Background: Obesity is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, increasing the risk of hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, recognized as the metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin paralogs designate as C1q/TNF-related protein (CTRPs) have recently emerged as key regulators of metabolism and is a core component in the interrelationship between insulin resistance, adiposity, and inflammation. CTRP-11 functions as an adipose stroma-derived regulator of adipogenesis. Aim and objectives: The aim of this study is to characterize the anti-inflammatory potential of the CTRP-11. Methods: Cell lines differentiation: Human THP1 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 supplement with 10%FBS. Cells were seeded in 24 well and stimulated with PMA for 48 hours to differentiate them to macrophages and rested for 24 hrs. For all stimulation experiments, cells were grown for overnight in serum-free media. Cells were then treated with CTRP11 for 24 hours and then re-stimulated with LPS for 6 hrs. Cells were collected for RNA extraction and genes expression using Real-Time PCR. FACS analysis: After differentiation and incubation with LPS and LPS/CTRP11, Cells were stained with human anti-CD206 and anti-CD163. Following incubation, cells were washed, and fluorescence compared to unstained. All data were analyzed using FlowJo software. Results: Our preliminary data provide that CTRP11 decreased both IL-6, TNF-α and NF-kb expression of mRNA level in THP-1 macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p < 0.005), compared to (LPS) alone. THP-1 macrophages showed and increased in M2 polarization marker CD206 and CD163 after incubation with LPS/CTRP compared to LPS alone. Conclusion: Future studies are in progress to further assess the effects of adiponectin paralogs (CTRP11) on cytokine excretion by ELISA on Human macrophages M1 and M2. Abbreviation: LPS: lipopolysaccharide; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate.


A recessive mutation was identified in a family of transgenic mice that resulted in a reversal of left-right polarity (situs inversus) in 100 percent of the homozygous transgenic mice tested. Sequences that flanked the transgenic integration site were cloned and mapped to mouse chromosome 4, between the Tsha and Hxb loci. During early embryonic development, the direction of postimplantation turning, one of the earliest manifestations of left-right asymmetry, was reversed in homozygous transgenic embryos. This insertional mutation identifies a gene that controls embryonic turning and visceral left-right polarity.


Cambogin, a bioactive polycyclic polyprenylated acylphoroglucinol (PPAP) derived from the Garcinia genus, possesses proapoptotic effect in medulloblastoma and breast cancer cells. We have previously demonstrated that the proapoptotic effect of cambogin is driven by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we have shown that the inhibitory effect of cambogin on cell proliferation is associated with the loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and mitochondrial fragmentation. Cambogin also promotes the mutual complex formation of the membrane-bound subunit p22phox of NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), as well as the phosphorylation of the cytosolic subunit p47phox, subsequently enhancing membrane-bound NOX1 activity, which leads to increases in intracellular and mitochondrial levels of O2.- and H2O2. Pharmacological inhibition of NOX1 using apocynin (pan-NOX inhibitor), ML171 (NOX1 inhibitor) or siRNA against NOX1 prevents the increases in O2.- and H2O2 levels and the anti-proliferative effect of cambogin. Antioxidants, including SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase) and EUK-8, are also able to restore cell viability in the presence of cambogin. Besides, cambogin increases the dissociation of thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) from ASK1, switching the inactive form of ASK1 to the active kinase, subsequently leads to the phosphorylation of JNK/SAPK, which is abolished upon ML171 treatment. The proapoptotic effect of cambogin in breast cancer cells is also aggravated upon knocking down Trx1 in MCF-7 cells. Taken in conjunction, these data indicate that the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effect of cambogin is mediated via inducing NOX1-dependent ROS production and the dissociation of ASK1 and Trx1.


Disruption of gap junctional intercellular communication and/or Connexins (the
channel proteins of gap junctions) is frequently reported in malignant cell lines and
tumours. Many tumor cells exhibit aberrant gap junctional intercellular
communication (GJIC), which can be restored by transfection with Connexin genes.
Of the Connexin family, Connexin 43 has attracted the most attention as it is widely
expressed in many tissues and Connexin 43 gap junctions correlate with various
physiological functions. Connexin 43 is a short-lived protein (half-life of 1-3 h in
cultured cells), both lysosomes and proteasomes having been reported to be involved
in its degradation.
Certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) associated with the development of cancers,
especially of the cervix, have been reported to downregulate GJIC in vitro. There is
also evidence for reduced gap junctions in cervical dysplasia. The association
between HPV and GJIC, and the mechanism and consequence of deregulated GJIC in
cervical tumour progression, remains unclear. In HPV-16 associated cervical cancer,
the viral oncogene E6 inactivates the tumour suppressor p53, but also has p53-
independent functions in tumour progression. One of these may involve interaction
with hDlg (the human homologue of Drosophila Discs Large), a tumour suppressor
present in epithelial cells at sites of cell-cell contact and which regulates cell polarity
and attachment. hDlg contains three PDZ protein-protein interaction domains, the
second PDZ domain of which binds E6. Connexin 43 also has a PDZ binding domain in its C-terminus.
Previously, it was demonstrated that Connexin 43 relocates from the membrane to the
cytoplasm in a novel HPV-16 E6-containing cervical epithelial cell line (named
WI2GPXY) that is fully transformed and invasive and deficient in gap-junctional
intercellular communication (Aasen T et aI., 2003 Oncogene 22, 7969- 7980).
The overall aim of this project was to investigate the relationship of loss of gap
junctions to malignant progression by comparing the properties of W12GPXY with
those of the non-malignant parental cell line, WI2G, from which W12GPXY was
derived.First, microarray was used to identify global differences in RNA expression between
the two cell lines, large differences were seen in expression of angiogenesis-related
genes and they were confirmed by Real-Time RT-PCR for three genes, IL-8, VEGF
and FGF-2. No significant differences were noted for connexin genes but there were
differences in MAGUK family members including hDlg.
However, protein expression studies by western blot and immunofluorescence
staining showed a significant increase (2.9 fold) of HPV-16 E6 in W12GPXY cells,
which co-localises with hDlg in the cytoplasm. Connexin 43 also binds hDlg.
Treatment ofW12GPXY cells with Leptomycin B to trap E6 in the nucleus or siRNA
knockdown of E6 abrogate the relocation and co-location of hDlg and endogenous
wild type Connexin 43 and restore Connexin 43 gap junction at points of cell-cell
contact. Further, when C33a cells (HPV -negative cervical tumour cells which
normally retain large Connexin 43 gap junctions) are transfected with HPV -18 wild
type E6, changes in localisation of Connexin 43 and hDlg are consistent with those in
W12GPXY cells. However, C33a cells transfected with a mutant E6 lacking the hDlg binding site retain Connexin 43 gap junction plaques. Finally, Connexin 43 associates
with hDlg through its PDZ-binding domain and this is required for its relocalisation to
the cytoplasm in W12GPXY cells. The results suggest that increased cytoplasmic E6
associated with malignant progression of W12GPXY cells redistributes Connexin 43
from membrane junctions into the cytoplasm by a mechanism involving binding of
hDlg to the Connexin 43 C-tenninal tail. The findings have uncovered a new role for
hDlg in trafficking of Connexin 43. It also provides a novel mechanism for the loss
of gap junctional intercellular communication during malignant progression of
squamous epithelial cells.
The specific roles played by lysosomes and proteasomes in the degradation of
Connexin 43 in W12GPXY cells were also studied. The results suggest the
involvement of both proteolytic pathways, although the lysosome seems to be the
major compartment for Connexin 43 degradation. Association with HPV-16 E6 and
hDlg together with proteasome activity seems to be required for Connexin 43
redirection from the cell membrane and transport into the lysosomal degradation
pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that Connexin 43 gap junction
intercellular communication was lost from the cell membrane requiring maintenance
of E6 and hDlg complexes for proteasomal internalization and consequently transport
into lysosomal compartment for degradation in W12GPXY cells.


We present an algorithm for finding a system of recurrence relations for the number of permutations of length $n$ that satisfy a certain set of conditions. A rewriting of these relations automatically gives a system of functional equations satisfied by the multivariate generating function that counts permutations by their length and the indices of the corresponding recurrence relations. We propose an approach to describing such equations. In several interesting cases the algorithm recovers and refines, in a unified way, results on $\tau$-avoiding permutations and permutations containing $\tau$ exactly once, where $\tau$ is any classical, generalized, and distanced pattern of length three.


Background: Cervical spondylosis (CS) is a degenerative disease for zygapophysial (facet) joints of the vertebra. Pain, stiffness, and dysfunction are the most common symptoms. Study design: A randomized controlled trial was conducted which included 30 female patients with cervical spondylosis. Objectives: Comparing the effect of dynamic and isometric neck exercise under the supervision and without supervision (home-based). Methods: Total 30 female patients with cervical spondylosis were assigned equally into two groups: Group A (n=15) and Group B (n=15). Neck exercises were performed under the supervision of the physiotherapist for Group A and home-based exercises for Group B, respectively. T-test and paired t-test were used for comparison of the outcome measurements which included pain, neck disability index (NDI) and range of motion (ROM). Results: Patients after 8-weeks of cervical strengthening program (supervised or unsupervised) had a significant reduction in the average cervical pain, dysfunction and improvement of ROM within the group of patients. However, the results of Group A were more significant as compared to Group B for pain reduction, flexion, extension and right rotation ROM, but no difference in other parameters for NDI, right and left lateral flexion as well as left rotation ROM. Conclusion: Supervised exercises have proved to be more effective than unsupervised neck exercises in the treatment of patients with chronic neck pain due to cervical spondylosis in spite of all outcomes has improved within the groups.


The information provided herein is for general information and educational purposes only. It is not intended and should not be construed to constitute legal advice. The information contained herein may not be applicable to all situations and may not reflect the most current situation. Nothing contained herein should be relied on or acted upon without the benefit of legal advice based on the particular facts and circumstances presented and nothing herein should be construed otherwise. Trend Micro reserves the right to modify the contents of this document at any time without prior notice. Translations of any material into other languages are intended solely as a convenience. Translation accuracy is not guaranteed nor implied. If any questions arise related to the accuracy of a translation, please refer to the original language official version of the document. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. Although Trend Micro uses reasonable efforts to include accurate and up-to-date information herein, Trend Micro makes no warranties or representations of any kind as to its accuracy, currency, or completeness. You agree that access to and use of and reliance on this document and the content thereof is at your own risk. Trend Micro disclaims all warranties of any kind, express or implied. Neither Trend Micro nor any party involved in creating, producing, or delivering this document shall be liable for any consequence, loss, or damage, including direct, indirect, special, consequential, loss of business profits, or special damages, whatsoever arising out of access to, use of, or inability to use, or in connection with the use of this document, or any errors or omissions in the content thereof. Use of this information constitutes acceptance for use in an " as is " condition.


This research project investigates the effectiveness of principal preparation programs for early-career principals using the question How useful are principal preparation programs to novice principals? This paper maps the formal and informal principal preparation opportunities available in Alberta, Canada. The analysis was part of the International Study of Principal Preparation designed to explore leadership development in 13 countries. The social, political, and economic context of Alberta is outlined to provide a backdrop for the education system in which principals' practice. The study employed a mixed-methods design comprised of three stages: mapping of principal preparation programming using a range of information sources, case studies of school principals in the first three years of their appointments, and a questionnaire administered to a sample of early-career principals in each country represented by the ISPP research team. This article reports the first stage mapping of principal preparation programming in Alberta, Canada. Principal preparation in Alberta is described in terms of its intended audience, content, structure, deliverers, delivery modes, credentials, and pedagogy. Leadership development opportunities that are described include non-credit in-service, graduate certificates and graduate diplomas, master's degrees, and doctoral degrees. Informal programs may be powerful but variable in terms of rigor. The laddering from graduate certificate-graduate diploma-master's degree may provide an articulation pathway that more traditional programs preclude. Formal programs may link local, national, and international evidence more strongly than their informal counterparts. The mapping of principal preparation in Alberta, Canada, suggests that leadership development has evolved over the history of the province and nation and, therefore, so must leadership development programming. The mapping also suggests that principal preparation should attend more to the needs of all citizens in Alberta, not just the majority. There is a need for ongoing cross-cultural examinations of leadership development and its impact on principals' identities and professional practices. The authors caution against "credential creep" in that more certificates, diplomas, and degrees do not necessarily mean better leadership without adequate attention to the social, political, and economic environments in which leaders practice. Also, the potential benefits of inter-institutional collaboration among organizations and across cultures should be explored in future studies. Finally, the authors do not suggest a one-size-fits-all model for leadership development but, rather, they offer a set of insights intended to inform other professional developers.


BACKGROUND
Bread has been identified as a major contributor to the excessive salt (sodium chloride) intake of consumers in many countries, some of which have very high incidences of hypertension and related cardiovascular complications, such as stroke. This has prompted a global rise in interest in the salt content of breads produced and consumed in many other countries.

METHODS
The sodium contents of retail samples of 100 brands of Nigerian white bread were determined by photometry with a view to estimating the relative contribution of bread to the recommended daily sodium intake of both normotensive and hypertensive adults in the country.

RESULTS
The salt content of the bread samples varied extensively, ranging from 0.51 g per 100 g (0.51%) to 1.8 g per 100 g (1.8%). The average salt content was 1.36 g per 100 g. Based on an estimated consumption of six slices of bread (about 180 g) per meal of bread, this equates to a daily intake of between 0.99 g and 3.33 g of salt from bread alone. This represents between 19.8% and 66.6% of the recommended daily allowance of 5 g for normotensive adults, and between 24.75% and 83.25% of the recommended daily allowance of 4 g for hypertensive adults.

CONCLUSIONS
The consumption of some brands of bread by normotensive and hypertensive adults puts them at great risk of exceeding their recommended daily allowance for salt. Thus, there is an urgent need to regulate the amount of salt added to bread. In the interim, compelling bakers to declare the salt content of their products on the packaging could help consumers, especially hypertensive adults, avoid brands with a high salt content.


The historical context of catharsis in psychotherapy is discussed, with particular reference to drama and ritual. The 'cathartic technique' of Freud and Breuer is then presented as part of the continuing development of approaches that advocate feeling-expression as a way of promoting personal change. The contemporary approaches considered include Reichian therapy, bioenergetics, primal therapy, and reevaluation counselling. Heron's theory of catharsis in human development is emphasized, and is central to the two experiential research inquiries presented later. The evidence for the efficacy of catharsis is reviewed from the perspective of the various 'schools' of emotionally-expressive therapy, and reference to the psychosomatic and bereavement literature is also made. Two research inquiries are presented which investigate the effects of catharsis on human functioning. A new paradigm experiential approach was adopted in which co-researchers engaged in a collaborative inquiry. 'Inside' measures of subjective experiencing, contingent upon emotional catharsis, were gathered through self-report, as well as 'outside' measures of blood pressure, pulse rate, and personality functioning. Results suggest that physiologic tension decreases following somatic emotional catharsis, but that longer term changes in psycho-somatic functioning require the development of insight into the genesis of the 'symptom', as well as complementary therapeutic strategems. It is further suggested that the development of insight is contingent upon historical somatic catharsis. The results also show that where cognitive catharsis occurs without affective release, an increase in psycho-physiologic tension is effected, as shown in both the physiological measures and subjective experiencing. Finally, the implications of catharsis for therapeutic practice are discussed.