A good measure of similarity between data points is crucial to many tasks in machine learning. Similarity and metric learning methods learn such measures automatically from data, but they do not scale well respect to the dimensionality of the data. In this paper, we propose a method that can learn efficiently similarity measure from high-dimensional sparse data. The core idea is to parameterize the similarity measure as a convex combination of rank-one matrices with specific sparsity structures. The parameters are then optimized with an approximate Frank-Wolfe procedure to maximally satisfy relative similarity constraints on the training data. Our algorithm greedily incorporates one pair of features at a time into the similarity measure, providing an efficient way to control the number of active features and thus reduce overfitting. It enjoys very appealing convergence guarantees and its time and memory complexity depends on the sparsity of the data instead of the dimension of the feature space. Our experiments on real-world high-dimensional datasets demonstrate its potential for classification, dimensionality reduction and data exploration.


Existing bias mitigation methods to reduce disparities in model outcomes across cohorts have focused on data augmentation, debiasing model embeddings, or adding fairness-based optimization objectives during training. Separately, certified word substitution robustness methods have been developed to decrease the impact of spurious features and synonym substitutions on model predictions. While their end goals are different, they both aim to encourage models to make the same prediction for certain changes in the input. In this paper, we investigate the utility of certified word substitution robustness methods to improve equality of odds and equality of opportunity on multiple text classification tasks. We observe that certified robustness methods improve fairness, and using both robustness and bias mitigation methods in training results in an improvement in both fronts


Leadership comes in many forms (such as transactional, transformational, distributed) and its effectiveness can inspire others to achieve organisational goals and visions. Inspiration as an emotional event requires receptiveness and an awareness of social interdependence. When mentees are inspired by mentor role models they can extend personal attributes and practices. Similar to other leaders, inspiring mentors can motivate mentees to develop a strength of character and achieve goals in the workplace. What makes school leaders inspirational and how does this relate to mentoring? This qualitative study collects data from 25 experienced teachers, which involved written questionnaire, work samples, and audio-recorded focus group discussions. These participants indicated that inspirational school leaders were those who had: (1) organisational goals (e.g., visionary, goal driven, innovative, & motivational); (2) professional skills such as being knowledgeable, communicative, and acknowledging others' achievements; and (3) personal attributes (e.g., integrity, active listening, respectful, enthusiastic, & approachable). This research shows how mentors and school leaders can consider the inspirational attributes and practices outlined by participants in this study to inspire teaching staff. For example, an awareness of attentive listening, motivational and visionary practices, and acknowledging individual achievements can guide school leaders and mentors to inspire others for achieving organsational goals and visions.


In this study, we investigated hollow AgAu nanoparticles with the goal of improving our understanding of the composition-dependent catalytic activity of these nanoparticles. AgAu nanoparticles were synthesized via the galvanic replacement method with controlled size and nanoparticle compositions. We studied extinction spectra with UV-Vis spectroscopy and simulations based on Mie theory and the boundary element method, and ultrafast spectroscopy measurements to characterize decay constants and the overall energy transfer dynamics as a function of AgAu composition. Electron-phonon coupling times for each composition were obtained from pump-power dependent pump-probe transients. These spectroscopic studies showed how nanoscale surface segregation, hollow interiors and porosity affect the surface plasmon resonance wavelength and fundamental electron-phonon coupling times. Analysis of the spectroscopic data was used to correlate electron-phonon coupling times to AgAu composition, and thus to surface segregation and catalytic activity. We have performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of model hollow AgAu core-shell nanoparticles to characterize nanoparticle stability and equilibrium structures, besides providing atomic level views of nanoparticle surface segregation. Overall, the basic atomistic and electron-lattice dynamics of core-shell AgAu nanoparticles characterized here thus aid the mechanistic understanding and performance optimization of AgAu nanoparticle catalysts.


Abstract. Lipids, in their function as trophic markers in food webs
and organic matter source indicators in the water column and sediments, provide
a tool for reconstructing the complexity of global change effects on aquatic
ecosystems. It remains unclear how ongoing changes in multiple environmental
drivers affect the production of key lipid biomarkers in marine
phytoplankton. Here, we tested the responses of sterols, alkenones and fatty
acids (FAs) in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, the cryptophyte Rhodomonas sp. and the haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi under a
full-factorial combination of three temperatures (12, 18 and 24 ∘C), three N : P supply ratios (molar ratios 10 : 1, 24 : 1 and 63 : 1) and two
pCO2 levels (560 and 2400 µatm) in semicontinuous culturing
experiments. Overall, N and P deficiency had a stronger effect on per-cell
contents of sterols, alkenones and FAs than warming and enhanced
pCO2. Specifically, P deficiency caused an overall increase in biomarker
production in most cases, while N deficiency, warming and high pCO2
caused nonsystematic changes. Under future ocean scenarios, we predict an
overall decrease in carbon-normalized contents of sterols and
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in E. huxleyi and P. tricornutum and a decrease in sterols but
an increase in PUFAs in Rhodomonas sp. Variable contents of lipid biomarkers indicate
a diverse carbon allocation between marine phytoplankton species in response
to changing environments. Thus, it is necessary to consider the changes in
key lipids and their consequences for food-web dynamics and biogeochemical
cycles, when predicting the influence of global change on marine ecosystems.


Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films with fine control over composition and pure phase were fabricated by sulfurization of co-electroplated Cu–Zn–Sn–S precursors. We have systematically investigated that the concentration of Cu(II) ions can influence the properties of CZTS absorber layers and the photovoltaic performance of the resulting solar cell devices. The results indicate that an increase in Cu(II) concentration almost linearly increases the Cu content in the final CZTS thin films, greatly enhances the (112) preferred orientation, significantly improves the crystallinity of the absorber layer, remarkably reduces the ZnS secondary phase, and hence improves their photovoltaic performance. However, a further increase in the Cu(II) concentration degrades the crystal quality of the absorber layer, and forms the CuSx secondary phase, which is quite detrimental to the device photovoltaic performance. Here we introduce a novel sputtered CdS buffer layer for the CZTS solar cells. For the first time, co-electrodeposited CZTS solar cells exceed the 7% efficiency threshold. These findings offer new research directions for solving persistent challenges of chemical bath deposition of CdS in CZTS solar cells.


Informal land tenure continues to be the norm in developing countries despite billions spent on land administration and reform programs in the last 20 years. The problem goes deeper than insufficient funding or poorly executed projects. By strengthening public land registry institutions that work on behalf of authoritarian or predatory governments, reform programs, often financed by Western aid agencies and intended to improve property protections for smallholders, may have actually enhanced the ability of elites to capture informal property or delay formalization for their own political or financial benefit. An effective process of creating new formal rights can occur when smallholders take the initiative to collect and certify land claims, demanding that their property be officially removed from the public domain and they be granted private rights. This process of public "claim-staking,�? even if it does not result in any positive action by the state, creates clear and precise evidence of use and occupation, which can allow smallholders to negotiate more effectively with authorities, reduces the risk of expropriation, and generates lower costs of credit. This paper explains how inexpensive handheld devices, satellite imagery, and informal online land registries can be used by communities to identify and settle property claims through mutual verification of rights among neighbors. Such documentation of land claims is not costly or complex and is thus accessible even to the poorest communities around the globe. Neither would such a process be controversial for those involved. The vast majority of informal land claims are well established and undisputed within the communities, and an informal mapping and registration process would simply make a record of existing property patterns. Such informal communities and support organizations can and should engage in self-registration of property and transactions, in essence bypassing incompetent, inefficient, or hostile land registry bureaucracies, until they reach the critical mass necessary to achieve formal recognition of their land rights.


This review will familiarise the reader with the normal radiological anatomy of the temporal bone as demonstrated on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). In addition, common pathology affecting the temporal bone will also be presented. The reader will be shown a systematic approach to viewing HRCT of the petrous temporal bone.


Variable selection with supervised classification is currently an important tool for discriminating biological samples. In this paper, 15 supervised classification algorithms based on a support vector machine (SVM) were applied to discriminate Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii fungal species using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. These two fungal species of the Cryptococcus genus are the etiological agents of Cryptococcosis, which is an opportunistic or primary fungal infection with global distribution. This disease is potentially fatal, especially for immunocompromised patients, like those suffering from AIDS. The multivariate classification algorithms tested were based on principal component analysis (PCA), successive projections algorithm (SPA) and genetic algorithm (GA) as data reduction and variable selection methods, being coupled to a SVM with different kernel functions (linear, quadratic, 3rd order polynomial, radial basis function, and multilayer perceptron). Some of these algorithms achieved very successful classification rates for discriminating fungal species, with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity equal to 100% using both SPA-SVM-polynomial and GA-SVM-polynomial algorithms. These results show the potential of such techniques coupled to ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as a rapid and non-destructive tool for classifying these fungal species.


Radioautographic DNA labeling and rosetting techniques were combined to study the development of surface IgM, Fc, and complement receptors (FcR, CR) on small lymphocyte populations in mouse bone marrow. [3H]thymidine was either infused continuously to label newly formed cells for periods up to 4 days, or injected daily, 21--35 days before use, to label a sample of long-lived cells. Bone marrow cells were incubated with sensitized sheep erythrocytes to detect surface IgM, FcR, and CR, respectively, and examined radioautographically after cytocentrifugation. During [3H]thymidine infusion, marrow small lymphocytes lacking surface markers were the first to show [3H]thymidine labeling. Most of these cells became labeled by 4 days (IgM--ve, 89%; FcR--ve, 92%; Cr--ve, 88%). Labeling of small lymphocytes bearing surface IgM, FcR, and Cr began after an initial lag and increased to high values by 4 days (IgM + ve, 73%; FcR + ve, 82%; CR + ve, 83%). Labeled IgM + ve small lymphocytes formed progressively larger rosettes as cell age increased. Some proliferating large lymphoid cells formed rosettes for IgM, FcR, and CR. Labeled long-lived small lymphocytes expressed surface IgM, FcR, and CR, the incidence of each receptor being uniformly high (38--43%) and the rosettes tending to be larger than those formed by newly formed lymphocytes. In double- surface marker studies, FcR and CR rosettes were formed by some IgM--ve small lymphocytes as well as IgM + ve cells in the marrow. After transfusion of marrow cells from donor mice infused with [3H]thymidine for 24 h, many labeled newly formed lymphocytes homed into the splenic red pulp of unlabeled syngeneic recipients. Subsequently, these cells showed a rapid increase in the incidence of rosettes for surface IgM, FcR, and CR, together with a progressive enlargement of each type of rosette. Although all the labeled small lymphocytes recovered from the spleen developed both surface IgM and FcR by 3 days, only approximately one-half developed CR. The results demonstrate that most of the small lymphocytes bearing FcR, CR, and surface IgM in mouse bone marrow are newly formed indigenous cells. Each receptor becomes detectable by rosetting soon after the small lymphocytes are first produced. The newly formed, marrow-derived small lymphocytes are able to continue their development of surface IgM, FcR, and CR after migrating into the spleen, consistent with a maturation of primary B lymphocytes. In addition, the data indicate the genesis in mouse marrow of a non-B lineage of lymphocytes (notably, IgM--ve FcR + ve cells.). A minority of small lymphocytes bearing IgM, FcR, and CR in mouse marrow are long- lived cells, presumptive recirculating immigrants, differing in receptor status from the newly formed cells. The results are discussed with regard to the heterogeneity of marrow lymphocytes and proposed models of primary B lymphocyte and null lymphocyte production.


Abstract. However, the collected point cloud should undergo manipulation approaches to be utilized for diverse civil, industrial, and military applications. Different processing techniques have consequently been implemented for the extraction of low-level features from this data. Linear/cylindrical features are among the most important primitives that could be extracted from laser scanning data, especially those collected in industrial sites and urban areas. This paper presents a novel approach for the identification, parameterization, and segmentation of these features in a laser point cloud. In the first step of the proposed approach, the points which belong to linear/cylindrical features are detected and their appropriate representation models are chosen based on the principal component analysis of their local neighborhood. The approximate direction and position parameters of the identified linear/cylindrical features are then refined using an iterative line/cylinder fitting procedure. A parameter-domain segmentation method is finally applied to isolate the points which belong to individual linear/cylindrical features in direction and position attribute spaces, respectively. Experimental results from real datasets will demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach for the extraction of linear/cylindrical features from laser scanning data.


Poststructuralism, Citizenship and Social Policy shows how poststructuralist ideas can be usefully applied in the areas of welfare, health, education and science and technology policy, making particular reference to the theme of citizenship.

The impact of poststructuralism on thinking in the social sciences and humanities over the last decade has been profound. However, to date, there has been little systematic analysis of the implications of poststructuralism for the critical analysis of social policy.

Poststructuralism, Citizenship and Social Policy will provide essential reading for students and researchers working in the areas of welfare studies, the sociology of health and medicine, political studies, social work, social administration and education.


Surface waves are an important mechanism for the redistribution of sediment on shallow marine shelves, and are commonly interpreted as comprising two distinct populations: fairweather waves and storm waves, the latter of which are generally thought to penetrate to greater water depths. Here we used >2.3 ! 10 6 spectral density estimates for the surface ocean collected between 1996 and 2008 from 32 buoys in the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and the western Atlantic to test the hypothesis that surface waves in the modern ocean comprise two size modes. Although distinct wave size classes occur in some individual measurements and over the time scales of some individual storms, time-averaged frequency distributions of wave size are unimodal. Thus, there is no empirical basis for presupposing a distinct bimodal separation in the size of fair-weather and storm waves, or in the manifestation of such differences in stratigraphic successions. Instead, there is a continuously increasing probability that a wave will reach the bottom with decreasing water depth and a separate probability that describes the hydrodynamic state of the sediment-water interface. Wave size does, however, exhibit signifi cant geographic bimodality. Locations in the relatively protected Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean regions have modal wavelengths that are ~50 m less than waves at locations along the western Atlantic. Time-integrated estimates of the depth of wave penetration provide empirical constraints on the paleo-water depths of ancient sedimentary deposits and highlight differences between sheltered shelf environments, such as those that characterized many ancient epeiric seas, and open-ocean‐facing, narrow continental shelves.


A new characteristic function is introduced which enables an immediate determination of the departures of imaging pencils of rays from homocentricity as well as of the deformations of the associated wave fronts from spherical form. This function is therefore well suited for investigations of aberration effects on the basis of geometrical optics or of diffraction theory.Within the approximations of fourth-order theory, the new function is closely related to the Seidel eikonal of Schwarzschild, but unlike the latter it is defined in simple physical terms and is applicable whether the imaging of a point object or of an extended object is under investigation. The series development of this function is carried out in detail up to fourth order.


Communicating Mental Wellbeing Exhibition; An international collaborative investigation between design and psychiatry to examine how the stigma of Mental Health can be reduced.

The project instigated by Bryan Clark at Falmouth and psychiatrists from Cornwall NHS Foundation Trust, saw an initial branding project develop into a global service design challenge. This challenge centred on bringing shared insights from doctors, designers, carers and patients together; using storytelling through film and UX design to deconstruct and challenge the language and insights that so stigmatises those facing and living with mental health issues.

The exhibition brought together various integrated design solutions, campaigns and digital outputs that the project teams in Falmouth and China completed. These outcomes covered an array of contextual start points, from care in schools, mood monitoring Apps, language and 'label' analysis tools and social media platforms, to name but a few – all aiming to democratise access to mental health support.

The research and design outcomes were exhibited simultaneously in the UK and in China at Anhui University across September and October 2016. A Chinese delegation also visited Falmouth at this time, engaging with design workshops and further meetings regarding the future development of the project.

Part of the project's investigation initially unearthed the scale of the invisible epidemic facing the world, with mental healthcare spend and problems growing exponentially over the coming years. By 2020 the NHS will face the reality of the problem being one of its biggest healthcare priorities of modern times. Therefore, the ability to converse more readily, share stories and acknowledge acceptance, has been one of the key objectives of the project and exhibition.

One of the core insights discovered was the role branding could take in helping reposition and re-label the visual and spoken language in the field. This is an area that will provide further research opportunity in future stages of the project.

Moving on from the exhibition, testing will soon be run with doctors and patient groups in developing countries to refine ideas and approach. Longer term, a new research group is planned within Falmouth University to continue this ever expanding field of social innovation design.

Dr Qingjun Chen (Anhui University) and Dr Barbara Wong (Jiangnan University) managed the Chinese teams in their two respective Universities and the two psychiatry leads in Cornwall were Dr Adrian Flynn and Dr Rohit Shankar.


Background/Context This study investigates the teacher's role in the student advisory process, which to date has generated limited research literature. Teachers who serve as student advisors assume a role that extends beyond the more traditional instructional role, and includes implied or explicit expectations to provide student advisees with academic and nonacademic support. Part of this nonacademic support role involves providing social and emotional support to students. This study particularly focuses on the advisor role and advisory programs in small high schools, which places a premium on strong student-teacher relationships, rendering advisory programs a central structure. Organizational theory that distinguishes role complexity from organizational complexity further frames the study, which explores the complex teacher-advisor role in an organizational setting that has intentionally decreased the number of differentiated professional roles. Research Question How do teachers in small high schools enact their advisor roles, specifically their roles relative to the social and emotional support of students? Participants Teachers assigned the role of advisor in three small public high schools. Research Design This is a qualitative study with a theoretical framework based on Giddens' structuration theory. Conclusions Advisors were found to possess identifiable characteristics that impacted how they enacted their roles, and ultimately, provided support and guidance to their students. These characteristics concerned advisors' background knowledge, relevant experience, skills and guiding principles about advising. Teacher education, either in preservice or professional development settings, contributed minimally to the personal resources and schemas, or guiding principles, that teachers used as they enacted the advisor role. Advisors with lower levels of personal resources, and less developed role schemas, tended to struggle more with the role, while advisors bringing more of these assets to their work experienced greater comfort and effectiveness with it. Implications are discussed for the small schools movement, teachers' potential to provide social and emotional support to their students, and role complexity within organizations.


Background: Drug hypersensitivity syndromes have been attributed to naive T cell responses to neoantigen generated by the drug. However, the occurrence of patch test confirmed abacavir hypersensitivity syndrome (ABC HSR) within 2 days of first drug exposure, and consistent, robust expansion of ABC-responsive CD8+ T cells in HLA-B*5701+ ABC-unexposed healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) suggest a cross-reacting preexisting HLA-B*5701 restricted memory CD8+ T cell response.

Methods: Memory T cell responses to ABC were examined in 3 ABC-unexposed HLA-B*5701+ healthy donor PBMC exposed to C1R.B57 antigen–presenting cells, which had been cultured overnight ±10 μg/mL ABC and then washed, at a ratio of 10:1 PBMC:APC, in culture for 2 hours. Cells were labelled on ice with interferon-g (IFN-γ) capture reagent (Miltenyi Biotec), warmed and chased for a further 4 hours. IFN-γ+ T cells were detected by surface labelling for CD8, CD4, and IFN-γ-PE and either examined directly by flow cytometry or further concentrated using anti-PE magnetic beads followed by flow cytometry. Next, CD45RAmid-low, CD62Lhi-low CD4+, and CD8+ T cells or CD8+ T cells alone were obtained from three HLA-B*5701+ and 2 HLA-B*5701– donors, representing a sample of the donor's memory T cells. Sorted memory T cells responded to CEF peptides by secreting IFN-γ in contrast to CD45RAhi, CD62Lhi sorted naive T cells from the same individuals; 5 to 8 x 104 memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or memory CD8+ T cells alone were co-cultured with irradiated, ±ABC-treated, C1R.B57 cells for 10 days before re-stimulation with ABC treated and washed C1R.B57 cells.

Results: PBMC from HLA-B*5701+ ABC-naive donors were stimulated for 6 h by ABC-treated C1R.B57 antigen–presenting cells: 2/3 showed a clear ABC-specific CD8+ T cell response above control background. Sorted CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells cultured in the presence of APC+ABC resulted in the detection of ABC-specific CD8+ T cells in all 3 HLA-B*5701+ donors, but not in 2 HLA-B*5701– donors. ABC-specific CD8+ T cells were also detected from similarly treated, sorted HLA-B*5701+ CD8+ memory T cells.

Conclusions: ABC-reactive HLA-B*5701 restricted memory CD8+ T cells can be detected in ABC-unexposed individuals and can be further expanded ex vivo from the memory CD8+ T cell pool. This suggests that an HLA-B*5701-restricted, memory CD8+ T cell response to a prevalent pathogen cross reacts with the neoantigen generated by ABC.


The present (cumulative) thesis focusses on thermomagnetoelectric effects in magnetic tunnel junctions. In particular, it deals with the measurement of the tunnel magneto-Seebeck (TMS) effect in tunnel junctions incorporating either ferromagnetic cobalt-iron-boron (CoFeB) alloys or ferromagnetic Heusler compounds as electrodes, and magnesium-oxide (MgO) as tunnel barrier.

Within the last decade, the investigation of thermoelectric effects combined with spintronic effects has attracted considerable attention. The research field that has emerged is labeled "spin caloritronics". Since the focus of this thesis is embedded in this field, it starts with a short introduction to thermoelectric effects and recent achievements in "spin caloritronics".

In the main part of the thesis, it is experimentally shown that the thermovoltage of a magnetic tunnel junction - generated by the Seebeck effect - can be switched between two states: one for a parallel (P) and one for an antiparallel (AP) magnetization configuration of the two ferromagnetic electrodes. The required temperature gradients are generated by focussing a modulated laser beam onto the microscopic tunnel junction, and the voltages are then recorded with a lock-in technique. The observed, time-dependent voltage signals can be understood by means of an electric model circuit. Thermal spin-transfer torque allows for the switching between P and AP magnetization configurations caused by a thermally generated, spin-polarized electron current. The parameter space for the aforementioned effect, as given by theoretical predictions, is investigated experimentally.

In an outlook, possible control tactics for the TMS effect, such as electrode materials (e.g. Heusler compounds) and the application of bias voltages are discussed, and the thermoelectric efficiency of magnetic tunnel junctions is estimated.


Background. Training simulations provide opportunity for users to repeat actions in order to master a task. Once a mistake has been identified, however, difficulties may arise in replicating the exact sequence of previous actions, particularly in complex, open-ended environments. Technology. Alongside the advent of virtual 3D environments for learning, technology can more easily support a focus on the error in ways that were previously arduous. Purpose. This research represents an investigation of student learning, reflection, and metacognition when using a 3D simulation with built-in functionality that allows students to redo their actions by focusing on the point of error instead of restarting from the beginning. Methods. Interviews and observations were used to gather qualitative data, illustrating that starting at the point of failure within a complex, multiplayer simulation holds advantages and presents obstacles for student learning. Findings. Two key findings were identified: (a) the first relating to the influence of reflection on learning in that participants used reflection with varying degrees of complexity as a scaffolding mechanism; and (b) the second was that the students' abilities to orient themselves in the problem space contributed to the amount of contextual information they needed to be successful—in this case, either starting from the beginning or from the point of error.


Nucleation and growth mechanisms of short chains of carbon atoms on single-layer, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and short BN chains on graphene are investigated using first-principles plane wave calculations. Our analysis starts with the adsorption of a single carbon ad-atom and examines its migrations. Once a C$_2$ nucleates on h-BN, the insertion of each additional carbon at its close proximity causes a short segment of carbon atomic chain to grow by one atom at at a time in a quaint way: The existing chain leaves its initial position and subsequently is attached from its bottom end to the top of the carbon ad-atom. The electronic, magnetic and structural properties of these chains vertically adsorbed to h-BN depend on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, such that they exhibit an even-odd disparity. An individual carbon chain can also modify the electronic structure with localized states in the wide band gap of h-BN. As a reverse situation we examined the growth of short BN atomic chains on graphene, which attribute diverse properties depending on whether B or N is the atom bound to the substrate. These results together with ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations of the growth process reveal the interesting self-assembly behavior of the grown chains. Furthermore, we find that these atomic chains enhance the chemical activity of h-BN and graphene sheets by creating active sites for the bonding of various ad-atoms and can act as pillars between two and multiple sheets of these honeycomb structures leaving wider spacing between them to achieve high capacity storage of specific molecules.


Atomic absorption spectrometry has been recommended as the reference method for the analysis of total calcium in body fluids and the ortho-cresolphtalein complexone (o-CPC) method has been widely used as the field method. We evaluated the performance of the Mega-Bayer, a fully automatic selective analyser, in determining total calcium in urine utilizing the o-CPC method. We assayed native urines with low, normal and high calcium concentrations. The two methods agreed well, according to least-squares analysis and the F-test, with Mega-Bayer having the upper limit of linearity two times higher (10 mmol/L) than that of the atomic absorption. The present method achieved excellent analytical goals and sistematic errors bellow half of the allowed limit goals recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments. Final Rule. Laboratory Requirements (CLIA). We concluded that o-CPC in the Mega-Bayer equipment can confidently perform the total calcium urinary analysis with the advantage of being a fully automatized biochemical procedure and of allowing a wider linear analytical range.


The European Commission has been negotiating Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) with Regional Economic Communities of African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States since 2002. The outcomes have been mixed. The negotiations with the Caribbean Forum (CARIFORUM) concluded rather more quickly than was initially envisaged, whereas negotiations with West African Economic Community (ECOWAS) and the remaining ACP regions have been dragging on for several years.

This research consequently addresses the key question of what accounts for the variations in the EPA negotiation outcomes, making use of a comparative research approach. It evaluates the explanatory power of three research variables in accounting for the variation in the EPA negotiations outcomes – namely, Best Alternative to the Negotiated Agreement (BATNA); negotiation strategies; and the issues linkage approach – which are deduced from negotiation theory.

Principally, the study finds that, the outcomes of the EPA negotiations predominantly depended on the presence or otherwise of a "Best Alternative" to the proposed EPA; that is then complemented by the negotiation strategies pursued by the parties, and the joint application of issues linkage mechanism which facilitated a sense of mutual benefit from the agreements.


Whether or not to grant 'amnesty' has been a contentious policy issue in a wide range of settings, from human rights violations to draft avoidance to library fines. Recently, the idea of amnesty has come to structure many debates over irregular immigration. While amnesty's meaning is usually treated as self-evident, the term in fact signifies in a variety of normative directions. This article employs amnesty as an optic to examine accountability questions that structure normative debates over irregular immigration in liberal states. It distinguishes among conceptions of amnesty emphasizing forgiveness, erasure and vindication, and argues that developing a vindicatory account of amnesty is both particularly difficult and particularly necessary in the immigration setting.


The performance of four Nb3Sn conductors for the ITER central solenoids was tested. The current sharing temperatures (Tcs) were measured over approximately 9000 electromagnetic cycles, including two or three thermal cycles between 4.2 K and room temperature. Tcs increased and became almost constant through the cycling. The gradient of the electric field against the temperature gradually decreased against cycling. The degradations caused by the electromagnetic force of the short twist pitch conductors were smaller than that of the original twist pitch conductor. The ac losses of short twist pitch conductors were several times higher than that of original twist pitch conductor. The dents and the removals of the Cr plating on the strands, which were formed during cabling, decreased the electric resistance between strands, which may cause the observed high ac loss. Inspection of the cable showed neither a clear bias of cable in the cross-sectional surface nor distorted strands in the lateral face. The high rigidity of the short twist pitch cable could prevent these plastic deformations, caused by the Lorentz force.


Independent component analysis (ICA) can identify covarying functional networks in the resting brain. Despite its relatively widespread use, the potential of the temporal information (unlike spatial information) obtained by ICA from resting state fMRI (RS-fMRI) data is not always fully utilized. In this study, we systematically investigated which features in ICA of resting-state fMRI relate to behaviour, with stop signal reaction time (SSRT) in a stop-signal task taken as a test case. We did this by correlating SSRT with the following three kinds of measure obtained from RS-fMRI data: (1) the amplitude of each resting state network (RSN) (evaluated by the standard deviation of the RSN timeseries), (2) the temporal correlation between every pair of RSN timeseries, and (3) the spatial map of each RSN. For multiple networks, we found significant correlations not only between SSRT and spatial maps, but also between SSRT and network activity amplitude. Most of these correlations are of functional interpretability. The temporal correlations between RSN pairs were of functional significance, but these correlations did not appear to be very sensitive to finding SSRT correlations. In addition, we also investigated the effects of the decomposition dimension, spatial smoothing and Z-transformation of the spatial maps, as well as the techniques for evaluating the temporal correlation between RSN timeseries. Overall, the temporal information acquired by ICA enabled us to investigate brain function from a complementary perspective to the information provided by spatial maps.


Based on a decade of fieldwork in southeastern Ghana and analysis of secondary sources, this book aims to reconstruct the religious history of the Anlo-Ewe peoples from the 1850s. In particular, it focuses on a corpus of rituals collectively known as 'Fofie', which derived their legitimacy from engaging with the memory of the slave-holding past. The Anlo developed a sense of discomfort about their agency in slavery in the early twentieth century, which they articulated through practices such as ancestor veneration and spirit possession, and by forging links with descendants of peoples they formerly enslaved. Conversion to Christianity, engagement with 'modernity', trans-Atlantic conversations with diasporan Africans, and citizenship of the post-colonial state coupled with structural changes within the religious system – which resulted in the decline in Fofie's popularity – gradually altered the moral emphases on legacies of slavery in the Anlo historical imagination as the twentieth century progressed.


CD44 is frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of epithelial malignancies including gastrointestinal cancer and causes resistance to currently available treatments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that regulate molecular pathways in cancer by targeting various genes. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of CD44 expression by miRNAs and to develop new molecular targets in gastrointestinal cancer. We performed miRNA screening in six human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and identified three candidate miRNAs that could regulate CD44 expression in gastrointestinal cancer. Among these, we focused on miR-328 and examined its functional relevance using growth assays and cytotoxicity assays. CD44 expression was reduced in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines forced to express miR-328, leading to inhibition of cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, and impaired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, induction of CD44 expression by miR-328 inhibitor led to promotion of cancer cell growth. Furthermore, we revealed that ROS produced by macrophages triggered CD44 expression through suppression of miR-328 in gastric cancer cells. Finally, tumor-infiltrating macrophages (CD68 and CD163) were closely related to both miR-328 downregulation and CD44 upregulation in 63 patients with surgically resected gastric cancer. These findings suggest that macrophages in the tumor microenvironment may cause increased CD44 expression through miR-328 suppression, resulting in tumor progression by enhancing ROS defense. miR-328-CD44 signaling mediated by macrophages may thus represent a potential target for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer.


The research presented in this PhD thesis is a contribution to the field of anion recognition in competitive aqueous solvent mixtures. Neutral anion receptors having a cage-type architecture have been developed on the basis of triply-linked bis(cyclopeptides) and their binding properties toward various inorganic anions have been studied.
The synthetic approaches chosen to assemble the targeted container molecules rely on dynamic chemistry under the template effects of anions such as sulfate and halides. As reversible reactions metal-ligand exchange and thiol-disulfide exchange were used. Disulfide exchange has previously provided singly- and doubly-linked bis(cyclopeptide) receptors whose anion affinities in 2:1 acetonitrile/water mixtures approached the nanomolar range. Metal-ligand interactions have so far not been used to assemble bis(cyclopeptides) in our group. The cyclopeptide building blocks required for both approaches, namely cyclic hexapeptides containing alternating 6-aminopicolinic acid and either (2S,4S)-4-cyanoproline or (2S,4S)-4-thioproline subunits could be synthesized successfully.
Self-assembly of the bis(cyclopeptide) held together by coordinative interactions has been attempted by treating the cyclopeptide trinitrile with square-planar palladium (II) complexes. The reaction was followed with different NMR spectroscopic techniques. Unfortunately, none of the experiments provides conclusive evidence that the targeted triply-linked cage was indeed formed.
Bis(cyclopeptides) containing three dithiol derived linkers between the cyclopeptide rings could be synthesizes successfully. Two complexes were isolated, albeit in small amounts, one containing linkers derived from 1,2-ethanedithiol and the other one from 1,3-benzenedithiol that contain a sulfate anion incorporated in the cavity between the cyclopeptide rings. Formation of triply-linked bis(cyclopeptides) containing different types of linkers could be achieved by performing the synthesis in the presence of different dithiols. Unfortunately, the two C3 symmetrical bis(cyclopeptides) containing a single linker type could not be isolated in analytically pure form so that only qualitative binding studies could be performed. Investigations in this context indicate extraordinary sulfate affinity for these bis(cyclopeptides). In particular, affinity of the receptor containing the 1,2-ethanedithiol linkers for sulfate anions is so high that is even able to dissolve barium sulfate under appropriate conditions and presumably exceeds the sulfate affinity of the doubly-linked bis(cyclopeptides). The sulfate anion present in the cavity of this bis(cyclopeptide) can be replaced by a large number of other anions, i.e. by selenate, perrhenate, nitrate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and halides. None of these complexes proved to be as stable as the corresponding sulfate complex. In addition, 1H-NMR spectroscopic investigations provided information about the solution structure of the bis(cyclopeptide) anion complexes. Sulfate release from the cavity of the receptor is a slow process while exchange of other anions is significantly faster. Another interesting feature that has been observed for sulfate and selenate complexes of the 1,2-ethanedithiol-containing bis(cyclopeptide) is the very slow H/D rate with which protons on amide groups located inside the cavity of the cage are replaced by deuterium atoms in protic deuterated solvents. This effect in combination with the observation that the different deuterated bis(cyclopeptide) species exhibit individual amide NH signals in the 1H-NMR spectrum are indicative for well defined complex geometries with strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the anion and the amide NH groups of the receptor. Following the H/D exchange rate in the presence of various salts indicated that anion exchange proceeds via the dissociated complex and not by direct replacement of one anion by another one.


The issue of the attribution of international responsibility to States for conduct of a group of individuals within the territory of another State has become a question of control. International jurisprudence has addressed this question by advancing several different control tests that allegedly better resolve the attribution question. The ICJ put forward two control tests in the Nicaragua case, the so-called strict control or agency test and the effective control test. The Appeals Chamber of the ICTY found it unpersuasive and used instead what named the overall control test. Moreover, the ECtHR has developed yet another test: the effective overall control test. These control tests will be set out explaining the different rationales that argue for and against their adoption and it will be seen that they show a tension between the need for what has been called "real accountability" of States and the attribution of responsibility to States only for their own conduct. It will be argued that while accountability is an important purpose, especially when dealing with international humanitarian law, it is necessary to ensure that States are only held responsible for conduct with which there is a sufficient close link so as to be considered its own.


STUDY QUESTION
Is sexual and/or physical abuse history associated with incident endometriosis diagnosis or other gynecologic disorders among premenopausal women undergoing diagnostic and/or therapeutic laparoscopy or laparotomy regardless of clinical indication?

SUMMARY ANSWER
No association was observed between either a history of sexual or physical abuse and risk of endometriosis, ovarian cysts or fibroids; however, a history of physical abuse was associated with a higher likelihood of adhesions after taking into account important confounding and mediating factors.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Sexual and physical abuse may alter neuroendocrine-immune processes leading to a higher risk for endometriosis and other noninfectious gynecologic disorders, but few studies have assessed abuse history prior to diagnosis.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
The study population for these analyses includes the ENDO Study (2007-2009) operative cohort: 473 women, ages 18-44 years, who underwent a diagnostic and/or therapeutic laparoscopy or laparotomy at 1 of the 14 surgical centers located in Salt Lake City, UT, USA or San Francisco, CA, USA. Women with a history of surgically confirmed endometriosis were excluded.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS
Prior to surgery, women completed standardized abuse questionnaires. Relative risk (RR) of incident endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adhesions or ovarian cysts by abuse history were estimated, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, smoking, gravidity and recruitment site. We assessed whether a history of chronic pelvic pain, depression, or STIs explained any relationships via mediation analyses.

MAIN RESULTS AND ROLE OF CHANCE
43 and 39% of women reported experiencing sexual and physical abuse. No association was observed between either a history of sexual or physical abuse, versus no history, and risk of endometriosis (aRR: 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80-1.25]); aRR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.65-1.06]), ovarian cysts (aRR: 0.67 [95% CI: 0.39-1.15]); aRR: 0.60 [95% CI: 0.34-1.09]) or fibroids (aRR: 1.25 [95% CI: 0.85-1.83]); aRR: 1.36 [95% CI: 0.92-2.01]). Conversely, a history of physical abuse, versus no history, was associated with higher risk of adhesions (aRR: 2.39 [95% CI: 1.18-4.85]). We found no indication that the effect of abuse on women's adhesion risk could be explained by a history of chronic pelvic pain, depression or STIs.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Limitations to our study include inquiries on childhood physical but not sexual abuse. Additionally, we did not inquire about childhood or adulthood emotional support systems, found to buffer the negative impact of stress on gynecologic health.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Abuse may be associated with some but not all gynecologic disorders with neuroendocrine-inflammatory origin. High prevalence of abuse reporting supports the need for care providers to screen for abuse and initiate appropriate follow-up.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS
Supported by the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (contracts NO1-DK-6-3428, NO1-DK-6-3427, and 10001406-02). The authors have no potential competing interests.


We describe the mechanisms of growth of sublimed thin films of α–sexithienyl and how the morphology of the films can be controlled by using different growth conditions and substrates. The molecules of α–T6 prefer to stand upright on the substrate surface if possible, forming a highly ordered film, and we find that partially polarized photoluminescence and electroluminescence is possible from these films provided that energy migration to randomly oriented defect sites is properly controlled. We have also investigated the effects of a SiO interfacial layer at the interface between Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, and the aluminium negative contact in light–emitting diodes grown in ultra–high vacuum. This is expected to alter the injection properties of electrons into the diodes, which should modify the electroluminescent efficiency. The efficiency is a strong function of the SiO thickness, and the optimum thickness lies at about 2 nm of SiO, which is a reasonable figure for the expected mechanism of electron tunnelling across the barrier. The current–voltage curves are thermally activated and we find that they are also strongly affected by the thickness of this interfacial layer. As the thickness increases from 1–4 nm, the voltage required to drive the light-emitting diode at 0.5 mA drops by about an order of magnitude from about 15–2 V. The reason for this drop in drive voltage is not yet clear.


The prediction of sound pressure levels in irregularly shaped factory spaces is approached through an analysis of acoustically coupled rooms. Previous work has indicated that room surface sound absorption characteristics create a theoretical interdependence between the sound pressure fields in each coupled volume. Whenever a barrier is interposed between a sound source and observer, the effects of diffraction must also be considered. A computer algorithm was developed to predict sound pressure levels in irregularly shaped rooms using a modified statistical acoustic theory. The program is based on a conversational technique and requires the user to enter information regarding room geometry, surface absorptions, receiver placements, and source sound power and placement information. Several output options are provided, among which is a plan view print‐plot of sound pressure level contours in the analysis room. [Work supported by NSF.]


In much of the recent thought devoted to the role of states in responding to catastrophic public health emergencies, as most clearly evidenced by the commentary surrounding the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - sponsored Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (Model Act), there is a focus on state governments being viewed as the exclusive controlling governmental agent supervising the governmental response. Much of that thinking is premised on a view of limitations placed on Congress' power to act in public health emergencies emanating from Commerce Clause restrictions in the Supreme Court decisions of U.S. v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995) and U.S. v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000). This state-oriented focus has tended to blind state and local emergency responders to the substantial assets that can be deployed by the federal government either as an important supplement to the state and local response; or, in appropriate circumstances and under Congressional authority, that may preempt the state response if it is deemed ineffective by the federal government. Any purported commerce clause limitations are belied by a careful reading of the Supreme Court jurisprudence in this area and the fact that Congress itself has repeatedly authorized a prominent federal role in responding to incidents of national significance through a plethora of enactments. Moreover, the Department of Homeland Security's National Response Plan (NRP) promulgated in December 2004 in response to a Congressional directive contemplates federal leadership in responding to catastrophic public health emergencies that could override conflicting state actions. The response to Hurricane Katrina only serves to buttress this point. The widely recognized federal ineffectiveness in initially reacting to Katrina has now driven the Bush Administration to state affirmatively that the federal government must assume the leading role in response to future major disasters, including possible use of the active military either pursuant to exceptions to the Posse Commitatus Act or proposed legislation designed to amend that statute. This article explores the issues surrounding the relationship between federal and state governments responding to catastrophic public health emergencies.


This report explores public opinion on a new and promising concept―green transportation taxes and fees. These are taxes and fees set at variable rates, with higher rates for more polluting vehicles and lower rates for those that pollute less. This approach to transportation taxes and fees adapts the traditional transportation finance system to achieve two critical public benefits at once: encouraging drivers to choose more environmentally-friendly transportation options and raising revenue for needed transportation programs. To test public support for green transportation taxes and fees, the authors conducted a random telephone survey of 1,500 Californians that asked respondents their views on five hypothetical tax and fee options: a flat-rate and a green vehicle registration fee, a flat-rate and a green mileage fee, and a "feebate" program for new vehicle purchases under which more-polluting vehicles would be charged a tax and less-polluting vehicles would receive a rebate. The survey results show that the concept of green transportation taxes and fees strongly appeals to Californians. The survey tested this in two ways: by testing support for the three hypothetical green transportation tax and fee policies, and also by comparing support levels for flat-rate versus green versions of two taxes. Majorities of the respondents supported all three green taxes and fees tested. Another striking finding from the survey is that support for the green taxes and fees did not vary greatly by population subgroups; a diverse range of Californians supported the green taxes and fees. An analysis comparing support for the green and flat-rate vehicle registration fee and feebate proposals confirmed that in every subgroup, more people within that subgroup supported the green than the flat version of the two taxes tested.


General features of rainy season with excess or deficits are analyzed using standardized precipitation index (SPI) in Limay and Neuquen River basins. Results indicate that most of dry and wet periods persist less than three months in both basins. Furthermore, an increase of rainfall variability over time is observed in the Limay river basin but it is not detected in the Neuquen river basin. There is a tendency for wet (dry) periods to take place in El Ni?o (La Ni?a) years in both basins. Rainfall in both basins, have an important annual cycle with its maximum in winter. In addition, possible causes of extreme rainy seasons over the Limay River Basin are detailed. The main result is that the behavior of low level precipitation systems displacing over the Pacific Ocean in April influences the general hydric situation during the whole rainy season. In order to establish the existence of previous circulation patterns associated with interannual SPI variability, the composite fields of wet and dry years are compared. The result is that rainfall is related to El Ni?o- Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon and circulation over the Pacific Ocean. The prediction scheme, using multiple linear regressions, showed that 46% of the SPI variance can be explained by this model. The scheme was validated by using a cross-validation method, and significant correlations are detected between observed and forecast SPI. A polynomial model is used and it little improved the linear one, explaining the 49% of the SPI variance. The analysis shows that circulation indicators are useful to predict winter rainfall behavior.


This report contains the technical content of a recent funding proposal. In it, we propose a new approach to network security in which each individual device erects its own security perimeter and defends its own critical resources. Together with conventional border defenses (e.g., firewalls and OS kernels), such self-securing devices could provide a flexible infrastructure for dynamic prevention, detection, diagnosis, isolation, and repair of successful breaches in borders and device security perimeters. Managing network security is difficult in current systems, because a small number of border protections are used to protect a large number of resources. We plan to explore the fundamental principles and practical costs/benefits of embedding security functionality into infrastructural devices, such as network interface cards (NICs), networkattached storage (NAS) devices, video surveillance equipment, and network switches and routers. The report offers several examples of how different devices might be extended with embedded security functionality and outlines some challenge of designing and managing self-securing devices.


ABSTRACT Traditionally, the development and optimization of the machining process with regards to the subsurface deformation are done through experimental method which is often expensive and time consuming. This article presents the development of a finite element model based on an updated Lagrangian formulation. The numerical model is able to predict the depth of subsurface deformation induced in the high- speed machining of Inconel 718 by use of a whisker-reinforced ceramic tool. The effect that the different cutting parameters and tool microgeometries has on subsurface deformation will be investigated both numerically and experimentally. This research article also addresses the temperature distribution in the workpiece and the connection it could have on the wear of the cutting tool. The correlation of the numerical and experimental investigations for the subsurface deformation has been measured by the use of the coefficient of determination, R2. This confirms that the finite element model developed here is able to simulate this type of machining process with sufficient accuracy.


In this paper we describe advanced bi-directional Raman pumping schemes for extending the maximum reach achievable in long-span unrepeated WDM transmission systems operating at 10 Gb/s. We describe both first- and higher-order bi-directional Raman pumping schemes, pointing out that co-pumping, although critical in terms of noise transfer from pump to WDM signals, can be very effective in extending the maximum system reach. New co-propagating Raman pump lasers, characterized by high power levels and low relative intensity noise, are also proposed to further increase the maximum achievable span loss, avoiding transmission penalties induced by relative intensity noise transfer.


This essay reviews Jens David Ohlin's The Assault on International Law, an important new book that analyzes the arguments deployed by the New Realists in their efforts to detach the United States—and the Executive Branch, in particular—from certain international obligations. The essay finds compelling the book's core argument: that the New Realists misconstrued and misapplied game theory. It also examines Ohlin's contention that these mistakes led to many of the excesses in the so-called War on Terror, including, most notoriously, torture and widespread warrantless collection of private communications. The essay observes that, while Ohlin may be correct in this contention, a richer historical account would be necessary to prove it


The formation of two main body axis is a crucial event during bilaterian de-velopment and has been in the focus of research for many years. The vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster served as an excellent model organism for insect devel-opmental biology. Body axis formation in the fly is today vastly understood. Never-theless, comparative studies using the so-called 'candidate gene approach' in oth-er species revealed that many aspects of Drosophila development seem to be evolutionarily derived. However, although very successful during the last decades, the candidate gene approach has its limitations and comprehensive and unbiased studies in species other than Drosophila are necessary in order to fill our gaps of knowlegde about axis formation and early patterning in arthropods. The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum offers a vast tool box for descriptive and functional analysis of the molecular processes during early development and has emerged to the second best arthropod model system after Drosophila. In this study the ap-proach of a comprehensive RNA interference screen has been used to identify new factors required for anterior patterning in Tribolium. About 25 % of the Tribolium genome were screened during the first approximately 14 months of the iBeetle screen. Almost 10 % of all screened genes were annotated to result in head defects on the L1 larval cuticle after knock down. Out of this set of candidate genes a stepwise selection led to the identification of two genes for in depth analy-sis. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Tc-Smurf is necessary for patterning the blastodermal fate map in Tribolium and loss of Tc-Smurf function leads to loss of prospective head regions. Missing Tc-Smurf function during later stages can result in death of anterior body regions up to the entirety of embryonic cells. Tc-Smurf is necessary to control Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling during early and later stages of Tribolium embryogenesis and is especially important for restricting Dpp signaling in the anterior embryo. The second candidate gene TC004374 probably plays an important role for the formation of the anterior amnion during differentiated blastoderm stages and for maintenance of amniotic tissue at the margin of the embryo during germ band stages. Loss of TC004374 function also leads to ectopic domains of phosphorylated Mothers against Dpp (pMAD) protein in the embryonic headlobes. This indicates that both detected genes are involved in inhibition of Dpp signaling in the anterior embryonic region during Tribolium embryogenesis.


High-stakes tests often consist of sets of questions (i.e., items) grouped around a common stimulus. Such groupings of items are often called testlets. A basic assumption of item response theory (IRT), the mathematical model commonly used in the analysis of test data, is that individual items are independent of one another. The potential dependency among items within a testlet is often ignored in practice. In this study, a technique called tree-based regression (TBR) was applied to identify key features of stimuli that could properly predict the dependence structure of testlet data for the Analytical Reasoning section of a high-stakes test. Relevant features identified included Percentage of "If" Clauses, Number of Entities, Theme/Topic, and Predicate Propositional Density; the testlet effect was smallest for stimuli that contained 31% or fewer "if" clauses, contained 9.8% or fewer verbs, and had Media or Animals as the main theme. This study illustrates the merits of TBR in the analysis of test data.


International Relations theory has tended to overlook the role of Africa and Africans in the international system. Traditionally, the discipline's most influential theorists have focused instead on relationships between and perspectives of "major powers." A growing body of work, however, has challenged these more limited efforts to conceptualize African agency in international politics. This scholarship has emphasized the significant space available to, and carved-out by, African states in molding the agendas of international institutions, and the role of African governments and advocacy networks in influencing the trajectory of major international debates around issues such as aid, development, trade, climate change, and migration. The study of African agency in international politics continues to wrestle with two key debates: the meanings of "agency" and "African." Much of the literature focuses primarily on the role and influence of African states rather than that of African citizens and communities. This focus provides, at best, only a partial and qualified view of the ways in which African agency is secured and exercised at the global level, particularly given the significant structural constraints imposed on Africa by global economic and political inequalities. The extent to which contemporary analysis captures the breadth of African engagement with the international system is also compromised by current state-centric approaches. It is thus necessary to examine a range of approaches adopted by scholars to deepen and nuance the study of African agency in international politics, including work on agenda-setting, mesolevel dynamics and microlevel dynamics.


The high annual production and use of cerium(IV) oxide nanoparticles (nCeO2s) may lead to their atmospheric release and substantial deposition on plants. This poses a potential threat to pollinators. We investigated the effects of nCeO2-spiked food (2–500 mg L−1) on summer and winter honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) after chronic 9 days' oral exposure. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities were measured in different body compartments (heads, thoraces, and haemolymph). The activity of AChE was assessed in salt-soluble (SS) (containing soluble and membrane AChE) and detergent-soluble (DS) (predominantly membrane-bound AChE) fractions. Exposure of honeybees to nCeO2-spiked food had no significant effects on survival up to 500 mg L−1 (<10%), while significant biochemical alterations were evidenced already at 2 mg L−1. In summer honeybees, a significant increase in the activities of AChE in the SS fraction and GST was found, while AChE activity in DS fractions was decreased at nearly all exposure concentrations. An exception was the 250 mg L−1 exposure, where AChE activity in DS fractions was increased. The alteration of AChE in the DS fraction could be symptomatic for the affected neuronal system, while alterations of GST activity indicate detoxification processes. An apparent difference in response to nCeO2 was evidenced between the summer and winter honeybees, which is in line with their different physiology. We ascribe most of the observed effects to particulate nCeO2 because a negligible presence of Ce ion species was found in their food. We conclude that nCeO2 release into the environment, especially atmospherically deposited material, is a potential risk to honeybees.


Data is large and vast, with more data coming into the system every day. Summarization analytics are all about grouping similar data together and then performing an operation such as calculating a statistic, building an index, or just simply counting. Filtering is more about understanding a smaller piece of your data, such as all records generated from a particular user, or the top ten most used verbs in a corpus of text. In short, filtering allows you to apply a microscope to your data. It can also be considered a form of search. Hadoop allows us to modify the way data is loaded on disk in two major ways: configuring how contiguous chunks of input are generated from blocks in, and configuring how records appear in the map phase. The two classes you'll be playing with to do this are Record Reader and Input Format. These work with the Hadoop MapReduce framework in a very similar way to how mappers and Reducers are plugged in. This is about the analytics side of Hadoop or MapReduce. Computation in Hadoop MapReduce is performed in parallel, automatically, with a simple abstraction for developers that obviate complex synchronization and network programming. Unlike many other distributed data processing systems, Hadoop runs the user-provided processing logic on the machine where the data lives rather than dragging the data across the network; a huge win for performance. At Q&A sites such as Experts exchange service developed and the number of users grew from thousands to millions, storing, processing, and managing all the incoming data became increasingly challenging There were several reasons for adopting Hadoop:  The distributed file system provided redundant backups for the data stored on it at no extra cost  Scalability was simplified through the ability to add cheap, commodity hardware when required.  Hadoop provided a flexible framework for running distributed computing algorithms with a relatively easy learning curve Hadoop can be used to form core backend batch and near real-time computing infrastructures. It can also be used to store and archive massive datasets.


From the Publisher:

The definitive, real-world guide to Oracle data warehousing
Maximizing performance, flexibility, and manageability in production environments
Hardware/software architectures, star schema design, partitioning, and more
Industrial strength data loading and query optimization techniques
By the world-renowned architect of 7-Eleven's multi-terabyte datawarehouse

Maximize Oracle data warehouse performance, flexibility, and manageability
Oracle DBAs finally have a definitive guide to every aspect of designing, constructing, tuning, and maintaining star schema data warehouses with Oracle 8i and 9i. Bert Scalzo, one of the world's leading Oracle data warehousing experts, offers practical, hard-won lessons and breakthrough techniques for maximizing performance, flexibility, and manageability in any production environment. Coverage includes:
Data warehousing fundamentals for DBAs--including what a data warehouse isn't
Planning software architecture: business intelligence, user interfaces, Oracle versions, OS platforms, and more
Planning hardware architecture: CPUs, memory, disk space, and configuration
Radically different star schema design for radically improved performance
Tuning ad-hoc queries for lightning speed Industrial-strength data loading techniques
Aggregate tables: maximizing performance benefits, minimizing complexity tradeoffs
Improving manageability: The right ways to partition
Data warehouse administration: Backup/recovery, space and extent management, updates, patches, and more


The European Directive on Takeover Bids of 2004 must be revised on the basis of experience gained in the five years of its application. On the basis of a legal and economic examination carried out by Marccus Partners and the Centre for European Policy Studies, the European Commission published an Application Report on 26 June 2012 on which the European Parliament in its Resolution of 21 May 2013 responded favorably. This has provoked very controversial economic and policy discussions in various Member States and beyond. This article carries out a comparative, theoretical and policy analysis of European takeover law, incorporating not only the Thirteenth Directive but also path dependent commonalities and differences between takeover law in the Member States as regards the European market for corporate control. The main point of dispute is the prohibition of frustrating action. The idea that the Board only takes account of the interests of the shareholders as regards defensive measures or an improved price (this with reference to the USA) is countered by the fear that the Board will have a serious self-interest in retaining their jobs and that this could affect their decisions and lead to their entrenchment (the position of the United Kingdom takeover regulation). It is argued that for path dependent reasons in Europe the market for corporate control has a role as a factor of external corporate governance. Takeovers do not only play a role in the allocation of resources with the consequence that capital is directed towards the place where it can be used most efficiently, but may also motivate Board members to perform better on behalf of shareholders (disciplinary mechanism). Even though there have been the improvements in (internal) corporate governance in recent decades, through the slowly growing role of institutional investors in the markets and in general meetings of shareholders, the progress has been rather limited. A functioning takeover market may still remain the most effective control mechanism.


Mouse kidney transplantation is widely used to study the immune response to allogeneic grafts. This response includes a circulating systemic compartment and a resident non circulating one. A distinction between these compartments remains an important caveat to the interpretation of the resident or local immune response's importance and function. Here, we describe re-transplantation as a method to functionally test the resident component of the primary immune response while also studying the secondary recipient's response. Our detailed, stepwise protocol can be reliably replicated for both the primary and secondary, donor and recipient operations. The techniques in this protocol can be efficiently implemented by an individual proficient in mouse kidney transplantation surgical procedures.


This paper seeks to interpret The Story of the Stone with reference to the visual culture of the Manchu court. It argues that the Yongzheng reign (1723–1735) inaugurated a new era of visual culture when jia (the unreal or fiction) became itself a productive concept and an indispensable visual device in the illusionistic paintings and interior decoration of the Manchu palaces and gardens. In addressing the intricate interplay and intersections of zhen (the real or true) and jia, The Story of the Stone does more than rehash an inherited literary theme or rhetorical device. Drawing heavily on the contemporary paintings and decorative art of the imperial court, it gives both a gripping expression to and a sophisticated spin on the visual penchant and sensibility of the Manchu royal house and aristocracy.


The need for mining causality, beyond mere statistical correlations, for real world problems has been recognized widely. Many of these applications naturally involve temporal data, which raises the challenge of how best to leverage the temporal information for causal modeling. Recently graphical modeling with the concept of "Granger causality", based on the intuition that a cause helps predict its effects in the future, has gained attention in many domains involving time series data analysis. With the surge of interest in model selection methodologies for regression, such as the Lasso, as practical alternatives to solving structural learning of graphical models, the question arises whether and how to combine these two notions into a practically viable approach for temporal causal modeling. In this paper, we examine a host of related algorithms that, loosely speaking, fall under the category of graphical Granger methods, and characterize their relative performance from multiple viewpoints. Our experiments show, for instance, that the Lasso algorithm exhibits consistent gain over the canonical pairwise graphical Granger method. We also characterize conditions under which these variants of graphical Granger methods perform well in comparison to other benchmark methods. Finally, we apply these methods to a real world data set involving key performance indicators of corporations, and present some concrete results.


Written between 1919 and 1925, 'Island Cross-Talk' was the first book to come out of the Blasket Islands - that tiny, remote community off the west coast of Kerry. Springing from a powerful oral tradition, it captured the moment of transition from speech to writing, and sowed the seeds of a rich and extraordinary flowering of literature that was to make the Blaskets famous throughout the world. In these vivid, unadorned sketches from his diary, Tomas O'Crohan writes from the immediacy of his experience: the beauty and the dangers of the island and the sea; the hardship, poverty, and hunger; but also the flashes of humour, the friendships, the intensity of life. In 1953 the Great Blasket was abandoned to the seagulls and the silence. Tomas O'Crohan composed his own epitaph, and that of his community, when he wrote 'the like of us will never be again'.


It has now been two decades since we were confronted with the concept of World Englishes (Kachru, B. 1982. Ed. The Other Tongue). Since then, numerous publications have shown that World Englishes is a viable concept, and those of us within the TEWOL profession world-wide have had to tackle the following three tasks: 1) raising the public's awareness of the need for TEWOL, 2) finding and developing suitable materials for TEWOL, and 3) setting the appropriate norms for TEWOL. Although all three tasks are projects in progress in Korea and definite results may not be available for another two decades, this paper attempts to provide an interim report on the first of these three tasks. It examines the changes in the attitudes of the public and the ELT profession toward TEWOL through a series of surveys and interviews conducted in the last five years. In Korea, the first reactions to TEWOL may best be described as total rejection and ignorance. Slowly, however, there has been considerable enhancement of language awareness in learners and teachers alike. Thus one may now conclude that we have successfully taken the first step of sowing the seeds for TEWOL and are now moving into the second step of firmly planting the roots for TEWOL.


Manufactoring processes generate surfaces with variable dimensions and geometries. The produced surfaces deviate from their nominal geometry and consequently, critical dimensions and clearaces deviate from their designed values when the parts are assembled. Since it is impossible to check whether the functional requirements fall within their allowable range after the assembly process, geometric tolerances are specified on individual features during the design stage such that, parts whose geometric deviations would cause a violation of the functional requirements when assembled to other parts, would be rejected during the inspection process. Therefore, wrong choice of geometric tolerances could lead to either rejecting good parts, or the acceptance of bad parts leading to an assembly that violates functional requirements. Furthermore, tolerance selection is not limited to the magnitudes of the geometric tolerances. Each feature in the assembly has four geometric variations that need to be controlled. These are size, position, form and orientation. Each of these variations, except variation in size, can be controlled by several types of tolerances and the selection of tolerance types affects the percentage of accepted or rejected parts during inspection. This dissertation presents a novel computer-aided method for the synthesis of magnitudes and types of geometric tolerances in mechanical assemblies. Tolerance selection is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem, where each feature has seven variables. These are the types of tolerances controlling the orientation, form and position variations, the magnitudes of these tolerances as well as the magnitude size tolerance. A new criterion was developed to allocate geometric tolerances which is the minimum mismatch probability defined as the probability of rejecting a part during the inspection processes which satisfy the functional requirements when assembled to other parts, or accepting one violating the functional requirements when assembled to other parts. In order to evaluate the objective function, a probabilistic analysis method, based on Monte Carlo simulation, was developed to calculate the rejection probabilities of assemblies with geometric tolerances. The surface of each feature in the assembly is represented with a number of points where the coordinates of these points are random variables. In each simulation cycle, the coordinates of the surface points are generated using the probability distribution associated with the manufactoring process. The inspection process is then simulated where the geometric deviations on each feature are checked against the specified tolerances. Finally, the functional requirements are checked. Several methods for parts joining were examined and a new genetic algorithms based method is developed to evaluate the maximum and minimum values of critical clearances. The use of genetic algorithms ensures the arrival to the global minimum and maximum values of the clearance. Due to the large number of random variables, and since the probabilistic analysis is used in every optimization step in the tolerance allocation algorithm, two variance reduction techniques are incorporated with the standard Monte Carlo simulation to reduce sample size. A number of genetic algorithms based routines are used for checking geometric deviations on the generated parts. In many cases the evaluation of geometric deviations involve optimization. The use of global optimizers ensures the correct evaluation of deviations and avoids the unnecessary rejection of good parts. The advantage of using genetic algorithms is demonstrated with several examples used by previous researchers. Furthermore, a new parametric surface interpolation method is developed to approximate the actual surface of the manufactured parts and help in the evaluation of some geometric deviations that cannot be evaluated directly using the generated points. The new tolerance allocation method, presented in this dissertation, attempts to fill a void area in the tolerancing research, which is the selection of the "types" in addition to the magnitudes of geometric tolerances. Although the skill of a tolerancing practitioner is still needed to specify candidate tolerance types for each geometric control, the developed robust mathematical formulation of the problem avoids the random human factors in the selection. The proposed methodology can be extended for incorporation within the computer-aided tolerancing systems to assist designers in selecting geometric tolerances.


The RING finger-dependent ubiquitin ligase (E3) gp78, known as the tumor autocrine motility factor receptor, contributes to tumor progression. The protein interacts with its cognate ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), Ube2g2, via its RING domain and a unique region called G2BR that strongly binds to E2. The binding of G2BR to Ube2g2 allosterically enhances the binding of RING to E2, and the binding of RING triggers the departure of G2BR from E2 also in an allosteric fashion. Targeting these allosteric events, we developed a family of inhibitors that irreversibly block E2-E3 interactions and thereby eliminate the tumorigenic effect of gp78. One among 19 compounds screened with the NCI 60 tumor cell lines exhibited outstanding anticancer activities. At 10 μM, it caused >50% growth inhibition to 40% of the cell lines; at 100 μM, it showed lethiferous activity against most cell lines.


This paper describes a motion blur technique which can be applied to rendering fluid simulations that are carried out in the Eulerian framework. Existing motion blur techniques can be applied to rigid bodies, deformable solids, clothes, and several other kinds of objects, and produce satisfactory results. As there is no specific reason to discriminate fluids from the above objects, one may consider applying an existing motion blur technique to render fluids. However, here we show that existing motion blur techniques are intended for simulations carried out in the Lagrangian framework, and are not suited to Eulerian simulations. Then, we propose a new motion blur technique that is suitable for rendering Eulerian simulations.


This article discusses the identity of the recently excavated stronghold of Khirbet Qeiyafa, a tenth century BCE site located near the Valley of Elah, in the area where the story of the battle between David and Goliath takes place. There is also the story of a battle between Elhanan the Bethlehemite and Goliath of Gath that takes place at Gob (2 Sam 21:19). In light of a comparison of the two episodes I suggest identifying Khirbet Qeiyafa with biblical Gob. A close reading of the four anecdotes related in 2 Sam 21:15-22 clarifies the message of the early biblical tradition of four battles fought between Israelite and Philistine elite warriors that culminated in the advance of the Israelite troops to the gates of Philistine Gath.


Background/Context Calls for evidence-based decision making have become increasingly prominent on the educational landscape. School district central offices increasingly experience these demands. Yet there are few empirical studies of evidence use at the district level. Furthermore, research on evidence use among policy makers in noneducation settings raises questions about the models of decision making promoted by evidence-use policies, suggesting that they do not take into account key features of the interpretive process or the organizational conditions that shape how decision making unfolds. Purpose/Objective/Research Questions/Focus of Study The central premise of this article is that only by understanding the patterns by which personnel in school district central offices actually use information, and the factors that affect this use, can we begin to understand the promise and possibilities of evidence use. We ask: What is the role of evidence in instructional decision making at the central office level? What factors shape how decision processes unfold? Research Design We draw on data from a longitudinal case study of one midsize urban district, which we followed from 2002 to 2005. We relied on in-depth interviewing, sustained observation, and document analysis. We identified 23 decisions related to instruction that were captured in our data over the 3 years and for which we had at least three independent sources of information. We analyzed each decision using a coding scheme that was developed from prior research and theory and elaborated through iterative coding. We then used matrices to compare across decisions and to surface and investigate emerging patterns. Conclusions/Recommendations We argue that decision making in complex organizations like school districts is centrally about interpretation, argumentation, and persuasion. These processes are shaped in crucial ways by preexisting working knowledge and practices that guide how people come to understand the nature of problems and possible avenues for solutions. They are also influenced by organizational and political factors, including the organizational structure of the central office, resource constraints, and leadership turnover. We close by suggesting implications for efforts to foster substantive and productive use of evidence at the central office level.


Background: Early adolescents with cancer suffer from pain caused by treatment procedures. They reported the pain from venipuncture made them suffer more than their disease. Unmanaged pain has been associated with their development and quality of life. Distraction has been demonstrated to reduce pain in early adolescents. The purpose of this study was to test the effect of the self-selected distraction technique on the pain caused by venipuncture in early adolescents with cancer. Methods: A quasi-experimental post-test design with control group was used. Participants were 50 adolescents with cancer (age 10 to 15 years), from the out-patient oncology clinic of a tertiary level hospital in Bangkok. The control group received the routine care, while the experimental received the self-selected distraction during the venipuncture. They were matched pairs on gender, 25 participants in each group. Research instruments included the self-selected distraction technique (listening to music or playing a computer game), demographic data sheet, and the visual analogue pain scale. All instruments were tested for content validity. The reliability of the visual analogue pain scale was 0.99. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test and independent t-test. Results: Early adolescents with cancer who received the self-selected distraction technique during venipuncture had significantly lower mean pain score than those in the control group (1.33 vs 4.30, p < .001). Conclusion: This study shows the effect of self-selected distraction technique with a simple and quick way for decreasing the pain caused by venipuncture among early adolescents with cancer.


There is a large gap between the specification of type systems and the implementation of their type checkers, which impedes reasoning about the soundness of the type checker with respect to the specification. A vision to close this gap is to automatically obtain type checkers from declarative programming language specifications. This moves the burden of proving correctness from a case-by-case basis for concrete languages to a single correctness proof for the specification language. This vision is obstructed by an aspect common to all programming languages: name resolution. Naming and scoping are pervasive and complex aspects of the static semantics of programming languages. Implementations of type checkers for languages with name binding features such as modules, imports, classes, and inheritance interleave collection of binding information (i.e., declarations, scoping structure, and imports) and querying that information. This requires scheduling those two aspects in such a way that query answers are stable—i.e., they are computed only after all relevant binding structure has been collected. Type checkers for concrete languages accomplish stability using language-specific knowledge about the type system. In this paper we give a language-independent characterization of necessary and sufficient conditions to guarantee stability of name and type queries during type checking in terms of critical edges in an incomplete scope graph. We use critical edges to give a formal small-step operational semantics to a declarative specification language for type systems, that achieves soundness by delaying queries that may depend on missing information. This yields type checkers for the specified languages that are sound by construction—i.e., they schedule queries so that the answers are stable, and only accept programs that are name- and type-correct according to the declarative language specification. We implement this approach, and evaluate it against specifications of a small module and record language, as well as subsets of Java and Scala.


Geralyn Ritter: Ritter said that she believes the TRIPs agreement has functioned well and that statements concerning non-compliance are overstated, even though the agreement can be made more effective. She noted that scores of countries have amended their copyright, patent, and trademark laws, and that a multilateral and comprehensive agreement like TRIPs is a necessary, powerful tool for getting these countries to update their intellectual property regimes. Compliance is far from perfect, however, and there is a lack of compliance in certain intellectual property areas in certain countries. Many countries have gone eighty percent of the distance toward compliance, but this does not represent a systemic failure to comply. Ritter noted that in April 1999, the USTR announced a "special" Special 301 out-of-cycle review of TRIPs. The review is ongoing, and, apart from a handful of copyright and patent issues, the USTR has not had many companies raise problems. Ritter agreed that a thoughtful strategy is required for future compliance and that this issue was the focus of last year's Special 301 review. She said that the USTR met with many countries in Geneva regarding their concerns in order to foster compliance before the implementation deadline expires, and that that U.S. embassy staffs have met with a number of host countries, sometimes with a full questionnaire regarding compliance levels. Ritter added that the USTR is trying to ensure that technical assistance resources are available to countries that need them. She noted that the USTR opposes any blanket extension of the deadlines, and emphasized that, in Seattle, the United States emphasized the full implementation of already existing commitments before consideration of ways in which the agreement might be improved. Ritter stated that the dispute settlement record shows the full intent of USTR to gain compliance--the United States has initiated and pursued more TRIPs cases than all other WTO members combined. She believes that the United States has the political will needed to enforce TRIPs. She added that the key factors in deciding whether to bring a dispute settlement case are significance, strength of the case, and the legal precedent it would set. She said that the USTR might consider bringing an insignificant case against a tiny country if it would set an important precedent. She disagreed about whether it makes sense to bring straightforward, slam-dunk cases, because such cases tend to settle prior to a review by a panel and thus their precedential value is not as significant. Ritter concluded by stating that the number of dispute cases initiated should not be seen as a problem. She noted that the TRIPs agreement is long and complicated, with difficult issues for interpretation. She views these characteristics as a natural part of the evolution of the agreement, and said that its lack of specificity in some areas would help it to evolve to address new challenges. Jacques Gorlin: Gorlin characterized the TRIPs agreement as a major achievement in terms of meeting the aims of those who sought to achieve it. He added that the agreement has led to significant improvement in intellectual property standards and has engendered a major debate on the importance of intellectual property. He noted that if one looks at the success of TRIPs in terms of the response to the agreement, then it has clearly been a success. There has been a routinization of intellectual property protection that those who worked for TRIPs had not expected. …


Today, information technology (IT) is universally regarded as an essential tool in enhancing the competitiveness of the economy of a country. There is consensus that IT has significant effects on the productivity of firms. These effects will only be realized if, and when, IT are widely spread and used. It is essential to understand the determinants of IT adoption. Consequently it is necessary to know the theoretical models. There are few reviews in the literature about the comparison of IT adoption models at the individual level, and to the best of our knowledge there are even fewer at the firm level. This review will fill this gap. In this study, we review theories for adoption models at the firm level used in information systems literature and discuss two prominent models: diffusion on innovation (DOI) theory, and the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework. The DOI found that individual characteristics, internal characteristics of organizational structure, and external characteristics of the organization are important antecedents to organizational innovativeness. The TOE framework identifies three aspects of an enterprise's context that influence the process by which it adopts and implements a technological innovation: technological context, organizational context, and environmental context. We made a thorough analysis of the TOE framework, analysing the studies that used only this theory and the studies that combine the TOE framework with other theories such as: DOI, institutional theory, and the Iacovou, Benbasat, and Dexter model. The institutional theory helps us to understand the factors that influence the adoption of interorganizational systems (IOSs); it postulates that mimetic, coercive, and normative institutional pressures existing in an institutionalized environment may influence the organization's predisposition toward an IT-based interorganizational system. The Iacovou, Benbasat, and Dexter model, analyses IOSs characteristics that influence firms to adopt IT innovations. It is based on three contexts: perceived benefits, organizational readiness, and external pressure. The analysis of these models takes into account the empirical literature, and the difference between independent and dependent variables. The paper also makes recommendations for future research.


'Participation' in recent decades has commanded at the same time widespread acceptance and determined critique. While it has been applied to a range of different spheres since the middle of the 20th century, it has been prominent particularly in political theory and international development. Strangely, despite substantial literature and practical experiences in both, until recently there had been little dialogue between the two, leading to an impoverishment of perspectives on both sides. Some commentators have aimed to bridge this gap and respond to the critique of the isolation of local participation from broader power structures. Gaventa (2004), for example, has shown how community participation needs to be seen in conjunction with reforms to national governance, addressing simultaneously the strengthening of citizen participation and voice, and the accountability and responsiveness of government.


The Carpenter collection contains numerous slides of larger agglutinated foraminifera from the Faeroe Channel area. These have been re-identified during the preparation of a catalogue. The Faeroe Channel has a cold bottom water mass to the north (temperature ∼ 0°C) overlying sandy sediment with few larger agglutinated foraminifera, and a somewhat warmer water mass to the south (temperature > 2°C) overlying carbonate ooze with a diverse fauna of larger agglutinated foraminifera.