Inna Antipkina - Researcher in Center for Monitoring the Quality in Education, Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics. E-mail: iantipkina @hse.ruKristina Lyubitskaya - Research Assistant, Center for Modern Childhood Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics. E-mail: email@example.com Nisskaya - Candidate of Sciences in Psychology, Research Fellow, Institute of Education, National Research University Higher School of Economics. E-mail: anisskaya@ hse.ruAddress: 20 Myasnitskaya Str., 101000 Moscow, Russian Federation.The significance of the problem of parental involvement in children's education has to do with the proven positive effects of parental involvement in school on children's wellbeing. However, no universal comprehensive idea of family involvement types and strategies has been developed so far, and the jury is still out on the efficiency of various family-school interactions in use today. This study is designed to shed light on the forms of parental involvement, which may differ depending on family, student and school characteristics. The study seeks to operationalize the concept of parental involvement, describe parental involvement based on the findings of a large-scale survey, evaluate the dependence of parental involvement on family, student and school characteristics, suggest models to predict the level of parental involvement half way through elementary school, and develop recommendations for schools. Parents of 1,447 students from Krasnoyarsk and Kazan middle schools involved in the iPIPS project were surveyed twice using the same questionnaire, first as their children became first-graders and then at the beginning of the third grade. The survey contained questions on family demographic characteristics, parents' at-home and at-school involvement, and parental satisfaction with school communication. It was established that parental perception of school communication climate is a much more important predictor of third-grade parent involvement in school than family sociodemographic characteristics or the level of child development assessed at baseline. On the whole, the results obtained do not confirm the benefit of using universal strategies to encourage parental involvement.


Fifty years ago, Clarence Earl Gideon needed an effective trial attorney. The Supreme Court agreed with Gideon that the Sixth Amendment guaranteed him the right to counsel at trial. Recently, Galin Frye and Anthony Cooper also needed effective representation. These two men, unlike Gideon, wanted to plead guilty and thus needed effective plea bargaining counsel. However, their attorneys failed to represent them effectively, and the Supreme Court -recognizing the reality that ninety-five percent of all convictions follow guilty pleas and not trials -ruled in favor of Frye and Cooper. If negotiation is a critical stage in a system that consists almost entirely of bargaining, is there a constitutional right to the effective assistance of plea bargaining counsel? If so, is it possible to define the contours of such a right? The concept of a right to an effective bargainer seems radical, yet obvious; fraught with difficulties, yet in urgent need of greater attention. In this Essay, I argue that the Court's broad statements in Missouri v. Frye, Lafler v. Cooper, and its 2010 decision in Padilla v. Kentucky about the critical role defense counsel plays in plea negotiations strongly support a right to effective plea bargaining counsel. Any right to effective bargaining should be judged-as other ineffective assistance claims are judged-by counsel's success or failure in following prevailing professional norms. This Essay discusses the numerous professional standards that support the notion that defense counsel should act effectively when the prosecution seeks to negotiate and should initiate negotiations when the prosecution fails to do so, if it serves the client's goals. The objections to constitutional regulation of plea bargaining include the claims that negotiation is a nuanced art conducted behind closed doors that is difficult to capture in standards and that regulating bargaining will open floodgates to future litigation. While real, these are manageable challenges that do not outweigh the need to give meaning to the constitutional right to effective counsel. After all, in a criminal justice system that is largely composed of plea bargains, what is effective assistance of counsel if it does not encompass effectiveness within the plea negotiation process? A U T H 0 R. Professor of Law and Co-Director, Criminal Justice Clinic, American University, Washington College of Law. With thanks to Stephanos Bibas, Josh Bowers, Mary Holland, Cecelia Klingele, Juliet Stumpf, Andrew Taslitz, Ronald Wright, and participants in the Washington College of Law clinic writing workshop. Kathryn Wilson provided excellent research assistance.


Student's work for a writing class is no longer one submitted for limited readership the teacher and the writer himself as it can be publicly shared online. Posted on a webpage such as blog, it allows more people to access, read, or leave comments. Though it may sound intimidating for some shy students who are likely to keep their writing private, it is less about trespassing the confidential status of a student's work than building the student's self confidence and encouraging them to produce a better composition. It is especially through class blog which is managed by a number of students of the same class. This model proves to be beneficial for the students because not only is their writing read by more audience than their fellow classmates but they can also identify themselves as a team. This paper attempts to describe the previous researches concerning the application of blog in general and what it means by class blog, the model of class blog which has been implemented in this project, and how team work among the classmates is built through class blogs.


Abstract. Lungfishes are known for, and indeed take their name from, their bimodal respiratory abilities. All three extant genera can use their lungs to extract oxygen from the atmosphere, although their reliance upon this capability differs among taxa. Lungs are considered primitive for the Osteichthyes, however the distinctive buccal pump mode of air gulping exhibited by extant lungfishes appears to be a specialization. It is associated with a number of derived skeletal characters (cranial ribs, long parasphenoid stalk, midline gap between palatal tooth plates) that first appeared during the Devonian. These have been described individually, but in no Devonian lungfish has their three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationship been reconstructed and analyzed. Here we present the 3D morphology of Rhinodipterus, a Mid-Late Devonian lungfish from Australia and Europe, based on synchrotron tomography and conventional microtomography scans. Unlike less crownward contemporaneous lungfishes such as Griphognathus and Chirodipterus, Rhinodipterus has a full set of skeletal buccal pump components that can be directly compared to those of extant lungfishes, suggesting that it made more extensive use of air breathing than other Gogo or Bergisch Gladbach genera. This is interesting in relation to the environmental context as Gogo and Bergisch Gladbach are both marine, contrasting with the frequently hypoxic tropical to subtropical fresh water environments inhabited by modern lungfishes. The evolution of buccal pump-supported lung ventilation was evidently not necessarily associated with a transition to non-marine habitats.


A kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) belong to a family of functionally related proteins capable of binding protein kinase A (PKA) and tether it to relevant targets. In this way, AKAPs organize macromolecular complexes to segregate PKA activity and retain signal specificity. In the heart, AKAP–PKA interaction is central to the regulation of cardiac contractility. Phosphodiesterases belong to a large superfamily of enzymes that degrade 3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). They possess diverse catalytic properties and multiple regulatory mechanisms and control the duration and amplitude of the cAMP signal, including its propagation in space. AKAPs, together with PKA, can also assemble phosphodiesterases thereby providing a means to locally control cAMP dynamics at the level of single macromolecular complexes. This allows for the fine tuning of the cAMP response to the specific demands of the cell.


This chapter defines recursive validity as a self‐reinforcing loop of observation and judgment, which emphasizes that observation and reporting are most useful when they can be conceptualized by decision makers in such a way as to (a) integrate with their conceptions of reality and (b) be confirmed when actions result in expected outcomes. This approach leads us away from unnecessary abstraction and encourages the testing of predictive validity of proxy measurements. In a full program of research, it also requires an external critique of observational bias to recognize potential false justification. With this framework in place, we apply it to a difficult problem in higher education: how to assess learning outcomes in a way that is convincing to stakeholders.


Companies have long been struggling with threats from the hacking community. Keeping pace with the rapid evolution of security technology and the growing complexity of threats is a challenge even in the best of times. The increased focus on security has sent IT managers and engineers scrambling to acquire the proper expertise to implement complex, multilayered solutions.Network Security Fundamentals introduces the topic of network security in an easy-to-understand and comprehensive manner. This book is designed to provide a fundamental understanding of the various components of a network security architecture and to demonstrate how each component can be implemented to achieve best results. The book uses straightforward language to introduce topics and to show the features, mechanics, and functionality of various network security devices. A series of case studies helps illuminate concepts and shows how you can apply the concepts to solve real-world problems.Divided into four parts, Network Security Fundamentals takes you on a tour of all the essential technologies and modern defenses at your disposal to help you maintain network uptime and data integrity. Part I covers the basics, introducing terms and concepts and laying the foundation of a solid security structure. The discussion focuses on weaknesses and vulnerabilities along with an overview of the traditional defenses used to thwart attacks. Part II examines two components of security-cryptography and security policies. Part III looks at the various security components. Separate chapters cover web security, router security, firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), remote access security, virtual private networks (VPN), Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), wireless security, and logging and auditing. Each chapter in this section is a self-contained tutorial, allowing you to skip to those topics of greatest interest or primary concern. Part IV includes several reference appendixes, including the Cisco SAFE Blueprint, NSA guidelines, and SANS policies.Whether you are looking for an introduction to network security principles and practices or a security configuration reference, this book provides you with the invaluable insight you need to protect valuable company resources.


Mobility has become an integral feature of many wireless networks. Along with this mobility comes the need for location awareness. A prime example for this development are today's and future transportation systems. They increasingly rely on wireless communications to exchange location and velocity information for a multitude of functions and applications. At the same time, the technological progress facilitates the widespread availability of sophisticated radio technology such as software-defined radios. The result is a variety of new attack vectors threatening the integrity of location information in mobile networks.

Although such attacks can have severe consequences in safety-critical environments such as transportation, the combination of mobility and integrity of spatial information has not received much attention in security research in the past. In this thesis we aim to fill this gap by providing adequate methods to protect the integrity of location and velocity information in the presence of mobility. Based on physical effects of mobility on wireless communications, we develop new methods to securely verify locations, sequences of locations, and velocity information provided by untrusted nodes. The results of our analyses show that mobility can in fact be exploited to provide robust security at low cost.

To further investigate the applicability of our schemes to real-world transportation systems, we have built the OpenSky Network, a sensor network which collects air traffic control communication data for scientific applications. The network uses crowdsourcing and has already achieved coverage in most parts of the world with more than 1000 sensors.

Based on the data provided by the network and measurements with commercial off-the-shelf hardware, we demonstrate the technical feasibility and security of our schemes in the air traffic scenario. Moreover, the experience and data provided by the OpenSky Network allows us to investigate the challenges for our schemes in the real-world air traffic communication environment. We show that our verification methods match all
requirements to help secure the next generation air traffic system.


Abstract. Droughts continue to affect ecosystems, communities and entire economies.
Agriculture bears much of the impact, and in many countries it is the most
heavily affected sector. Over the past decades, efforts have been made to
assess drought risk at different spatial scales. Here, we present for the
first time an integrated assessment of drought risk for both irrigated and
rainfed agricultural systems at the global scale. Composite hazard indicators were calculated for irrigated and rainfed systems separately
using different drought indices based on historical climate conditions (1980–2016). Exposure was analyzed for irrigated and non-irrigated crops. Vulnerability was assessed through a socioecological-system (SES) perspective, using socioecological susceptibility and lack of coping-capacity indicators that were weighted by drought experts from around the world. The analysis shows that drought risk of rainfed and irrigated agricultural systems displays a heterogeneous pattern at the global level, with higher risk for southeastern Europe as well as northern and southern Africa. By providing information on the drivers and spatial patterns of drought risk in all dimensions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, the presented analysis can support the identification of tailored measures to reduce drought risk and increase the resilience of agricultural systems.


As urbanisation and climate change progress, the frequency of flooding will increase. Each flood event causes damage to infrastructure and the environment. It is thus important to minimise the damage caused, which can be done through planning for events, real-time control of networks and risk management. To perform these actions, many different simulations of network behaviour are required involving complex and computationally expensive model runs. This makes fast (i.e. real-time or repetitive) simulations very difficult to carry out using traditional methods, thus there is a requirement to develop computationally efficient and accurate conceptual sewer simulators. A new Cellular Automata (CA) based sewer model is presented which is both fast and accurate. The CA model is Lagrangian in nature in that it represents the flow as blocks, and movement of the blocks through the system is simulated. To determine the number of blocks which should be moved it uses either the Manning9s or Hazen–Williams equation depending on the flow conditions to calculate the permitted discharge. A case study of the sewer network in Keighley, Yorkshire, is carried out showing its performance in comparison to traditional sewer simulators. The benchmarks used to verify the results are SIPSON and SWMM5.


A thermoelectric control system using thermoelectric cooler devices (TEC) combined with an aluminum heat dissipater and a fan heat extractor allows improving considerably the optical performance of deep UV LEDs (285 nm) operating at desired temperatures. A proportional, integral, and differential controller (PID) control technique was implemented to control the voltage in the TEC devices, and therefore, the desired range of temperatures can be achieved. The PID parameters are obtained with computational simulations based on physical models and experimental data recordings of the temperature, using a thermistor sensor for the temperature measurements and SiC photodiode with UV enhanced system for the optical power measurements. The experimental data show that decreasing the temperature of the UV-C LED light source using a TEC increases the optical output power, while it has been shown that the lifetime of the LED devices can be improved.


Background: This is a cancer registrybased study carried out in Basrah to analyze the pattern of gastrointestinal tract malignant diseases over a period of seven years (2005-2011 inclusive). The study is in line with the work of Basrah Cancer Research Group to quantify cancer in Basrah governorate. Objectives: To describe the time trend, spatial distribution and histopathological types of gastrointestinal tract cancers in Basrah governorate over the years 2005-2011. Methods: The data used in the study were based on all new malignant cases which were diagnosed, treated and registered in Basrah cancer registration units. A total of 1601 new cases could be identified. Of these 1123 cases were from the inhabitants of Basrah governorate. The rest were from other Iraqi governorates. Results: Analysis of cases from Basrah indicated an overall annual incidence rate of gastrointestinal malignant diseases of 6.87 per 100000 population with very little variation with the passage of time from 2005 to 2011. Great variation in the district specific incidence rates was found with Basrah city centre and Shatt Al-Arab districts having the highest incidence rates (8.28 and 8.62 per 100000 population. Other districts have lower incidence rates: north of Basrah (5.59), West of Basrah (4.24) and south of Basrah (4.53). Histopathologically, four types represented 94.2% of total registered cases. Adenocarcinoma was the commonest cancer representing 71.8% followed by Squamous cell carcinoma (12.8%), Non-Hodgkins lymphoma (7.6%) and undifferentiated carcinoma (3.0%). Conclusions: Gastrointestinal tract cancer represented one of the major cancer groups in Basrah and deserves more care regarding prevention, early detection and treatment and research.


'All in all, "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands" is a gem...within 10 minutes of opening it, it went on my list of the five best technical analysis books ever' - Active Trader. This is the first comprehensive traders' guide to using Bollinger Bands from the man who created them. It includes a handy Bollinger Bands reference card. Over the past two decades, thousands of veteran traders have come to view Bollinger Bands as the most representative and reliable tool for assessing expected price action. Now, in the long-anticipated "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands", John Bollinger himself explains how to use this extraordinary technique to effectively compare price and indicator movements.Traders can look to this techniques-oriented book for hundreds of valuable insights, including: analysis of the primary indicators derived from Bollinger Bands percentage b and BandWidth; how traders can use Bollinger Bands to work with instead of against commonly encountered trading patterns; strategic use of Bollinger Bands in short-, mid-, and long-term trading programs; three trading systems based on Bollinger Bands; and, the essence of successful investing is to determine when a stock's price is too high or too low and then act accordingly. While John Bollinger would be the first to argue that no techniques exist for definitively determining these levels, "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands" presents an insider's examination of the one tool that if its widespread popularity is an accurate judge of its effectiveness comes closer than anything else. Concise yet comprehensive, it is one of today's truly indispensable investment guidebooks. 'The purpose of this book is to help you avoid many of the common traps investors get caught in, including the buy-low, sell-high trap, where the investor buys only to watch the stock continue downward or sells only to watch the stock continue upward. Here, the traditional, emotional approach to the markets is replaced with a relative framework within which prices can be evaluated in a rigorous manner leading to a series of rational investment decisions without reference to absolute truths' - From the Introduction.In the 1970s, market newcomer John Bollinger couldn't find a system of investment analysis to fit his belief that all market events exist only in relation to one another and that there are no absolutes. So he created his own. That approach Rational Analysis led to the establishment of Bollinger Bands and ensured Bollinger's spot in investment analysis history. Now, in "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands", John Bollinger explains the market conditions that led to his initial discovery, and gives readers the inside story of the development and refinement of Bollinger Bands. He then goes on to present a relative decision framework built around Rational Analysis and Bollinger Bands, an extraordinarily powerful combination of technical and fundamental analysis that answers the question of whether prices are too high or too low for virtually any security or market environment.By understanding how to incorporate Bollinger's techniques into their own investment strategy, investors will greatly increase their ability to ignore often-costly emotions and arrive at rational decisions supported by both the facts and the underlying market environment. "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands" provides: the first authoritative examination of this revolutionary technical analysis tool; three simple systems for implementing Bollinger Bands; and, innovative methods for clarifying patterns and analyzing time frames and moving averages.The key to effective investment analysis is to as much as possible eliminate emotion and approach each trade on its technical and fundamental merits alone. Since their introduction, few analytical techniques have helped investors do this better or more consistently than Bollinger Bands. "Bollinger on Bollinger Bands" provides tips, guidelines, and rules for incorporating the bands into virtually any investment strategy. It is a watershed book, written by the only man truly qualified to claim a comprehensive knowledge of the topic John Bollinger himself.


Preface to Second Edition. Acknowledgments. 1 Disorientation and Orientation. Introduction how culture provides orientation in the world what is culture and how do anthropologists investigate it? Learning to think anthropologically. Exercises. Reading: Laura Bohannan, Shakespeare in the Bush . 2 Spatial Locations. How do we situate or locate ourselves in space? Are notions of space universal or are they shaped by culture? This chapter explores these questions from macro to micro contexts, including discussion of maps, nations, segregation, public spaces, invisible spaces, and that space that is no place: cyberspace. Exercises. Reading: Sue Bridwell Beckham, The American Front Porch: Women s Liminal Space . 3 All We Have Is Time. Time is another major way we orient ourselves. What does it mean to be on time, out of time, or in time? This chapter discusses different cultural notions of time, the development of measuring time and clocks, the construction of the Western calendar and its rootedness in a sacred worldview, and birthdays and other markers of time. Exercises. Reading: Ellen Goodman, Time Is for Savoring . 4 Language: We Are What We Speak. Is language quintessentially human or do some other animals possess it? Communication versus language. Writing. The symbolic function and metaphor: different languages, different worlds? The social function: what information do you obtain from a person s speech? How are race, class, and gender infl ected in language? Exercises. Reading: Ursula LeGuin, She Unnames Them . Reading: Alan Dundes, Seeing Is Believing . 5 Relatives and Relations. Notions of kinship and kinship theory: to whom are we related and how? Is there any truth to the idea that blood is thicker than water ? What constitutes a family? This chapter also discusses different meanings of friendship, romantic relationships, and parent child relationships. Exercises. Reading: Penelope Eckert, Symbols of Category Membership . Reading: A. M. Hocart, Kinship Systems . 6 Our Bodies, Our Selves. Are we our bodies or do we have bodies? Different concepts of the body, the gendered body, the physical body, the social body. Techniques and modifications of the body. Tattoos. Body parts and organ transplants. Traffic in body parts. Body image, advertisements, and eating disorders. Bodies before and after death. Exercises. Reading: Horace Miner, Body Ritual among the Nacirema . 7 Food for Thought. What constitutes food? What makes a meal? What does it mean to say that food is love ? Relation of food to the environment. Fast food, slow food, genetically modifi ed food ( Frankenfood ). Food and sex. Food and civility. Food and religion. Cooking. Exercises. Reading: Jill Dubisch, You Are What You Eat: Religious Aspects of the Health Food Movement . 8 Clothing Matters. Clothing does more than cover the body it is also a cultural index of age, gender, occupation, and class. Is it then true that clothes make the man ? Haute couture, sweat shops, clothing, and the economy. Exercises. Reading: Julio Ramon Ribeyro, Alienation (An Instructive Story with a Footnote) . 9 VIPs: Very Important People, Places, and Performances. Certain people, places, events, and cultural practices become iconic they embody cultural myths or epitomize cultural values. Jesse Owens. Princess Diana. Why are certain people described as larger than life ? The Statue of Liberty. The Beatles. The global circulation of such icons. Exercises. Reading: Clifford Geertz, The Impact of the Concept of Culture on the Concept of Man . Index.


Abstract The ocean mean dynamic topography (MDT) is the surface representation of the ocean circulation. The MDT may be determined by the ocean approach, which involves temporal averaging of numerical ocean circulation model information, or by the geodetic approach, wherein the MDT is derived using the ellipsoidal height of the mean sea surface (MSS), or mean sea level (MSL) minus the geoid as the geoid. The ellipsoidal height of the MSS might be estimated either by satellite or coastal tide gauges by connecting the tide gauge datum to the Earth-centred reference frame. In this article we present a novel approach to improve the coastal MDT, where the solution is based on both satellite altimetry and tide gauge data using new set of 302 tide gauges with ellipsoidal heights through the SONEL network. The approach was evaluated for the Northeast Atlantic coast where a dense network of GNSS-surveyed tide gauges is available. The typical misfit between tide gauge and satellite or oceanographic MDT was found to be around 9 cm. This misfit was found to be mainly due to small scale geoid errors. Similarly, we found, that a single tide gauge places only weak constraints on the coastal dynamic topography.


Fifteen years ago, Charles Kegley spoke of a neoidealist moment in international relations. This article examines how the number of armed conflicts has declined in the decade and a half since Kegley's presidential address and shows that the severity of war has been declining over a period of over six decades. The number of countries participating in war has increased, but this is in large measure due to coalition-building in several recent wars. Overall, there is a clear decline of war. It seems plausible to attribute this to an increase in the three factors identified by liberal peace theorists: democracy, trade, and international organization. Four alternative interpretations are examined: the temporary peace, the hegemonic peace, the unsustainable peace, and the capitalist peace. The article concludes that the latter, while running close to the liberal peace interpretation, also presents the greatest challenge to it. Indeed, we seem to be living in a commercial liberal period rather than a world of neoidealism.


Background: Unlike medical lasers, intense pulsed light (IPL) devices are largely unregulated and unclassified as to degree of safety hazard. With the exception of most of the USA, the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, the Far East and Australia, the sale of IPLs is generally unrestricted, with the majority being sold into the beauty therapy and spa markets. Standards are only imposed on manufacturers for technical performance data and operating tolerances determined by CE‐compliance under electrical safety standards or the EU Medical Device Directive. Currently, there is no requirement for measurement of key IPL performance characteristics. Objective: To identify the key IPL parameters, emphasize their importance in terms of safe and effective treatment and provide examples of preliminary measurement methods. These measurements can highlight changes in an IPL device's performance, improving patient safety and treatment efficacy. Methods: Five key parameters were identified as having an important role to play in the way light interacts with the skin, and therefore an important role in patient safety and effective treatment. Simple methods were devised to measure the parameters, which include fluence, pulse duration, pulse profile, spectral output and time‐resolved spectral output. Results: The measurement methods permitted consistent and comparable measurements to be made by two of the authors at working clinic locations on 18 popular IPL devices and allowed assessment of output variations. Results showed discrepancies between the measured IPL device outputs and those values displayed on the system or claimed by the manufacturers. The importance of these discrepancies and their impact is discussed. Conclusions: This study, of 18 popular devices in regular daily use in England and Wales, provides example methods for measuring key IPL device parameters and highlights the need for regular measurement of at least those five key parameters measured in this study. These methods can help service technicians to check performance and eliminate device malfunction.


Formation of contract is one of the crucial topics that have been governed uniformly by United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and even a compromise area between Common Law and Continental European Law (Civil Law) systems. The main focus of the work will be on commonly accepted offer-acceptance model through conceptual clarifications and even some comparisons between the German Approach and the Convention in terms of formation of contract.


The quickening pace of the MOSFET technology scaling has pushed the MOSFET dimension towards 10 nanometer channel length, where it is going to face the following fundamental and performance limiting factors: (i) electrostatic limits, (ii) source to drain tunneling, (iii) carrier mobility, (iv) process variations and (v) static leakage. Although many new techniques (e.g., SOI, double gate, metal gate, high-k dielectric, strained Si etc.) can provide MOSFET technology some more lifetimes, they do not solve those key problems of the sub 10nm devices. Therefore in near future CMOS has to share its domination on modern ICs with fundamentally new nano-technologies such as Single Electron Transistor (SET). SETs are now becoming attractive candidates of post-CMOS VLSI mainly due to its (i) nano feature size (ii) ultra low power density and (iii) unique Coulomb blockade oscillations effect. Although CMOS and SET are quite complementary to each other (in terms of power dissipation, current driving capability etc.), combination of CMOS and SET device characteristics can bring out new functionalities, which are un-mirrored to pure CMOS technology. Therefore, a detailed investigation of the behavior and fabrication of SET devices and SET based circuits is absolutely necessary for its successful implementation in future VLSI. The main objectives of this Ph.D. thesis can be divided into three parts: (i) Developing compact analytical models for SET (ii) Building CMOS-SET co-simulation environment by using those compact models, and, (iii) Novel CMOS-SET hybrid circuit design with the help of that co-simulation environment. A compact analytical model (named MIB) for SET device, which is applicable for wide-range of temperature and drain to source voltage and valid for single/multiple gate symmetric/asymmetric device, is developed in this work. MIB model can be used for both digital and analog SET circuit design and for both pure SET and hybrid CMOS-SET circuit simulation. The performance factors (power dissipation, delay etc.) of SET logic are also analyzed by using the MIB model. The MIB model is then implemented in Smartspice circuit simulator (from SILVACO International) through its Verilog-A interface in order to develop a CAD framework for CMOS-SET co-simulation. The accuracy of the MIB model and its CMOS-SET co-simulation framework has been verified with different benchmarked hybrid CMOS-SET architectures. Using this CAD framework, a novel CMOS-SET hybrid device (called SETMOS) is designed, which offers Coulomb Blockade oscillation at much higher current level than the traditional SETs. Moreover, SETMOS exhibits a unique quasi-periodic negative differential resistance characteristics and multi-level hysteresis behavior that could be attractive for Multiple Valued (MV) circuit design. Using SETMOS device, different building blocks of Quaternary logic (e.g., literal gate, Transmission-gate etc.) and Quaternary SRAM cell has been designed and fully verified by analytical simulations.


Through wild South-West Africa. Gerhard Seyfried's Herero
Gerhard Seyfried's historical novel Herero (2003) about the colonial war between Germany and the Herero people in South-West Africa (1904-06) has been criticised as a continuation of colonialist writing with regard to the representation of the Other as well as its narrative structure. Moreover, it allegedly denies the Herero-genocide. This paper argues that despite the novel's obvious shortcomings, the criticism has been too general and polemic. Although its narrative structure caters for a popular mainstream taste, Herero is neither a continuation of the colonial novel nor is it apologetic in respect of the colonial period. Instead, it has clear anti-colonial and even post-colonial characteristics in its representation of the Other. In giving the Herero and Nama a voice - albeit an imagined one - Seyfried is able to represent the genocide from the other perspective, that is the victim's without canonising them.


Abstract This study focuses on the mineralogical characterization of four raw clay samples from Dobrodo deposit, Serbia. Several analytical methods were applied to determine the chemical and mineralogical composition, morphology and physical properties (colour, plasticity, specific surface area, particle size and cation-exchange capacity) of the clay samples. Kaolinite, smectite and illite are the predominant phases in all of the samples studied that contain between 60.2 and 87.1 wt.% of clay. Quartz, feldspars, paragonite and Ti- and Fe-bearing phases were also identified. The relatively high SiO2/Al2O3 mass ratio indicates abundant quartz. The cation-exchange capacity of the samples varied between low and moderately charged clay minerals (12–52 mmol 100 g–1) with specific surface area values ranging from 94 to 410 m2 g–1. The plasticity index values (11–23%) suggest low to moderate plasticity. Preliminary results show that most of the raw clay from Dobrodo deposit might be suitable for use in ceramic applications.


Drawing on letters and essays written by teenage girls in the 1970s and
early 1980s, and building on my historical research on same-sex desiring girls and
girlhoods in the postwar United States, I ask how teenage girls in the 1970s and
early 1980s pursued answers to questions about their feelings, practices, and identities
and expressed their subjectivities as young lesbian feminists. These young
writers, I argue, recognized that they benefitted from more resources and role
models than did earlier generations, but they objected to what they saw as adult
lesbians' ageism, caution, and neglect. In reaching out to sympathetic straight and
lesbian public figures and publications, girls found new ways to combat the persistent
isolation and oppression faced by youth whose autonomy remained severely
restricted by familial, educational, and legal structures.


The everyday realities and practical details of daily life in Elizabethan London, which most history books ignore - a Sunday Times bestseller. Like its acclaimed predecessors, RESTORATION LONDON and DR JOHNSON'S LONDON, this book is the result of the author's passionate interest in the practical details of everyday life - and the conditions in which most people lived - so often ignored in conventional history books. The book begins with the River Thames, which - from its surly water-men to its great occasions - played such a central part in the city's life. It moves on to the streets, houses and gardens; cooking, housework and shopping; clothes, jewellery and make-up; health and medicine; sex and food; education, etiquette and hobbies; religion, law and crime.


The plasmonic mode in graphene metamaterial provides a new approach to
 manipulate terahertz (THz) waves. Graphene-based split ring resonator (SRR)
 metamaterial is proposed with the capacity for modulating transmitted THz
 waves under normal and oblique incidence. Here, we theoretically demonstrate
 that the resonant strength of the dipolar mode can be significantly enhanced
 by enlarging the arm-width of the SRR and by stacking graphene layers. The
 principal mechanism of light–matter interaction in graphene metamaterial
 provides a dynamical modulation based on the controllable graphene Fermi
 level. This graphene-based design paves the way for a myriad of important THz
 applications, such as optical modulators, absorbers, polarizers,
 etc.


This chapter reviews the progress accomplished since the redaction of the first ITER Physics Basis (1999 Nucl. Fusion 39 2137–664) in the field of energetic ion physics and its possible impact on burning plasma regimes. New schemes to create energetic ions simulating the fusion-produced alphas are introduced, accessing experimental conditions of direct relevance for burning plasmas, in terms of the Alfvénic Mach number and of the normalised pressure gradient of the energetic ions, though orbit characteristics and size cannot always match those of ITER. Based on the experimental and theoretical knowledge of the effects of the toroidal magnetic field ripple on direct fast ion losses, ferritic inserts in ITER are expected to provide a significant reduction of ripple alpha losses in reversed shear configurations. The nonlinear fast ion interaction with kink and tearing modes is qualitatively understood, but quantitative predictions are missing, particularly for the stabilisation of sawteeth by fast particles that can trigger neoclassical tearing modes. A large database on the linear stability properties of the modes interacting with energetic ions, such as the Alfvén eigenmode has been constructed. Comparisons between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements of mode structures and drive/damping rates approach a satisfactory degree of consistency, though systematic measurements and theory comparisons of damping and drive of intermediate and high mode numbers, the most relevant for ITER, still need to be performed. The nonlinear behaviour of Alfvén eigenmodes close to marginal stability is well characterized theoretically and experimentally, which gives the opportunity to extract some information on the particle phase space distribution from the measured instability spectral features. Much less data exists for strongly unstable scenarios, characterised by nonlinear dynamical processes leading to energetic ion redistribution and losses, and identified in nonlinear numerical simulations of Alfvén eigenmodes and energetic particle modes. Comparisons with theoretical and numerical analyses are needed to assess the potential implications of these regimes on burning plasma scenarios, including in the presence of a large number of modes simultaneously driven unstable by the fast ions.


Mutual fund incubation is a process by which new funds are initially operated out of public view. The high-performing funds are then marketed to investors, and the low-performing funds are quietly terminated. This selection process is not revealed to investors, thus creating the illusion that the successful funds' returns were the result of skill rather than luck. Also, some fund companies subsidize their incubated funds in ways that do not continue after the funds are sold to the public. As a result, the high returns of successful incubated funds generally do not persist after the funds are marketed to investors. We argue that incubation is a misleading practice that must be better addressed by the SEC. Although SEC rules prevent marketing of funds based on pre-registration performance, the SEC permits companies to engage in post-registration incubation without disclosing to investors the selection process or the typical lack of performance persistence. In addition, the SEC permits funds to selectively use performance data from predecessor and similar funds and private accounts without disclosing the selection process. We recommend greater disclosure, or outright prohibition, of fund incubation and similar deceptive practices.


In the last ten years, numerous mechanisms by which sex steroids modify cortical function have been described. For example, estrogen replacement improves verbal memory in women, and animal studies have shown effects of estrogen on hippocampal synaptogenesis and function. Little is known about sex steroid effects on other aspects of memory, such as frontal lobe-mediated working memory. We examined the relationships between working memory and sex steroid concentrations and whether sex steroid supplementation would modify age-related loss of working memory in older men and women. Before hormone supplementation, working memory, tested with the Subject Ordered Pointing Test (SOP), was worse in older subjects than younger subjects, and there was no evidence of gender differences at either age. Testosterone supplementation improved working memory in older men, but a similar enhancement of working memory was not found in older women supplemented with estrogen. In men, testosterone and estrogen effects were reciprocalwith better working memory related to a higher testosterone to estrogen ratio. These results suggest that sex steroids can modulate working memory in men and can act as modulators of cognition throughout life.


Background Insertional tendinopathy from the wrist extensors, is a very common pathology. Biomechanical, structural and sensitivity factors intervene in its onset. At present, electrolysis based on microcurrent application (EPTE) becomes an increasingly used tool for tendinopathies due to its high effectiveness in pain decrease and function improvement. Percutaneous electrolysis produces a 'lysis' phenomenon targeted at the degenerated tissue producing debris substances such as sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. In animal models, some metabolic effects have been observed, reducing the presence of substances that have the role of degradation of the extracellular matrix. Methods 51 year old-female, sedentary worker with no sportive practice, present lateral epicondyle pain from 8 months. Medical ultrasound diagnosis of lateral epicondyle tendinopathy. Allodynia appears in lateral part of affected albow. Intervention 4 EPTE interventions, one per week consecutively, have been performed. Interventions have been ultrasound-guided. Adjustment parameters used for all cases were 160 microamperes during 160 s, respecting electric charge (Q) values of 25,6 mC. Two approaches were used. First, to have an impact on the superficial layer of the targeted tendon. Second approach, on the line that describes the extensor carpi radialis brevis. In combination, patients were recommended to practice isometric exercises. Variables The examiner took the variables Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the Quick-DASH. These measurements have been recorded in the first evaluation prior to the beginning of treatment, and also before each session. Last measurement was taken 2 weeks later form the last treatment, completing the entire follow-up within 6 weeks. Results Decrease in pain was observed between first and second intervention, with a sharper diminution in pain values between second and third session. Functionality and allodynia values behaved similarly to pain levels. Conclusions EPTE®can be considered a useful and reliable therapeutic approach for the treatment of tennis elbow tendinopathies framed in a multifactorial perspective. Despite good results, studies with a larger number of subjects and the establishment of a control group are warranted.


This research argues the significance of the concept of the abyss as a means to understanding key contemporary ideas such as the self, identity, reflexivity, indeterminacy, ideology, radical doubt, lack, and xenophobia. Proposing the analysis of interpretations of the abyss as informative in developing an understanding of ourselves in terms of our cultural, geographical and historical contexts, I draw on a range of visual images, explorations of language use, research into cultural constructs, religious practices and historical events. The reflections on the abyss contained in this thesis contribute to broader research by connecting the developing concept of the abyss to aspects of the material and cultural contexts of the historical periods examined. Self-reflexive creative production is the modus operandi for my critical engagement with the subject matter. The claim that research and creative practice inform one another dialogically is exemplified by a discussion of the role of research as a tool for contextualising my own visual art practice, as well as for acknowledging both my intellectual and my emotional negotiation of the theory.


Samples of Schott BG-39 and Hoya CM-500 blue-green filter glass were subjected to proton radiation to determine their acceptability for spaceflight. Initial testing done with 2.7 MeV protons showed negligible change in optical transmittance with doses as high as 5.2 x 10(14)protons per sq cm. Irradiation with protons of energy up to 63 MeV caused a significant reduction in transmittance in the Schott samples at doses of 5.3 x 10(12) protons per sq cm, while negligible change occurred in the Hoya samples.


In this work, to improve the ZT value of Sb2Te3, a novel concept of inorganic–organic hybridization is presented and Sb2Te3/CH3NH3I hybrid thin films have been prepared via a post-annealing involved sequential sputtering/evaporation method. The results show that the crystallinity of the thin films is greatly improved after post-annealing with preferential orientations of (006) and (009) at an appropriate temperature, leading to an obvious enhancement of electrical conductivity. Additionally, the hybrid thin films show uniform nano-sized grainy structures and the organic component CH3NH3I has been successfully incorporated into the hybrid system in a stable state, thus resulting in an increase of the Seebeck coefficient and decrease of the thermal conductivity based on the energy filtering effect. As expected, a maximum room-temperature ZT value of 0.56 for the Sb2Te3/CH3NH3I hybrid thin film annealed at 573 K can be obtained. This outcome further demonstrates great potential for the inorganic–organic hybrid thin film in low temperature application scenarios.


Abstract Climate change constitutes a potential threat to montane biodiversity, particularly in low-altitude, tropical mountains; however, few data exist for the Afromontane taxa. In South Africa, the temperate grassland and fynbos biomes are mostly associated with the Great Escarpment and the high-lying central plateau. Varying contractions of the grassland and fynbos biomes are predicted under different climate scenarios by 2050. Animal taxa adapted to these biomes should suffer similar range declines and can be used to independently test the vegetation models. We constructed MaxEnt models from 271 unique locality records for three species of montane and submontane vlei rats that are closely associated with grassland (Otomys auratus, Wroughton 1906), mesic savanna (Otomys angoniensis, Wroughton 1906), and fynbos (Otomys irroratus, Brants 1827) biomes in South Africa. Projected range shifts under the A2 emission scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change showed increases (O. angoniensis) and decreases (O. auratus) that closely mirrored those expected for the savanna and grassland biomes, respectively. Comparison of historical (from 90 years ago) and current occurrence data from a zone of sympatry in the tropical Soutpansberg Mountains (at 1250 m asl) showed complete replacement of the grassland-adapted rodent species (O. auratus) by the savanna-adapted species (O. angoniensis) due to historically documented changes from a grassland-dominated to thicket-dominated landscape.


Sexual violence and exploitation occur in many conflict zones, and the children born of such acts face discrimination, stigma, and infanticide. Yet the massive transnational network of organizations working to protect war-affected children has, for two decades, remained curiously silent on the needs of this vulnerable population. Focusing specifically on the case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, R. Charli Carpenter questions the framing of atrocity by human rights organizations and the limitations these narratives impose on their response. She finds that human rights groups set their agendas according to certain grievances-the claims of female rape victims or the complaints of aggrieved minorities, for example-and that these concerns can overshadow the needs of others. Incorporating her research into a host of other conflict zones, Carpenter shows that the social construction of rights claims is contingent upon the social construction of wrongs. According to Carpenter, this pathology prevents the full protection of children born of war.


The gene Microcephalin (MCPH1) regulates brain size and has evolved under strong positive selection in the human evolutionary lineage. We show that one genetic variant of Microcephalin in modern humans, which arose ∼37,000 years ago, increased in frequency too rapidly to be compatible with neutral drift. This indicates that it has spread under strong positive selection, although the exact nature of the selection is unknown. The finding that an important brain gene has continued to evolve adaptively in anatomically modern humans suggests the ongoing evolutionary plasticity of the human brain. It also makes Microcephalin an attractive candidate locus for studying the genetics of human variation in brain-related phenotypes.


Abstract When mechanics' and similar institutions became established for adults by the middle of the nineteenth century, there was goodwill amongst committee members and volunteers to teach the classes. The institutes were not government-funded and relied on patronage and membership fees to fund them. There was a shortage of teachers for the classes as those who were qualified were trained to teach in schools. In any case, many institutes could rarely afford to appoint more than one or two, if any, qualified teachers. However, the reputation and ongoing success of such adult institutions depended on good-quality teaching and learning. The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London had highlighted that Britain was losing its leading industrial position in the world. This shook the government and as a result royal commissions were set up which, ultimately, resulted in the Technical Instruction Act of 1889 and the Local Tax Act of 1890, both of which in their own way resulted in state-funded support for adult technical education. Between 1900 and 1940, further education was established but the First World War and the Great Depression prevented expansion. The findings of the McNair Report of 1944 highlighted the need for technical training colleges to support those wishing to teach and lecture in further education. The paper summarises how teacher supply was variable for adult education and how teacher training for the lifelong learning sector came about.


Is a living human embryo or fetus a "person" within the legal meaning of the term, as used in the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? This article argues that this question is close, difficult, and exceedingly important. Roe v. Wade, of course, answered the question "no," yet the Court acknowledged that, if the legal personhood of the fetus could be established, the case for a right to abortion "collapses" – "for the fetus' right to life would then be guaranteed specifically by the Amendment." The Court nonetheless gave the question only passing attention in Roe, and subsequent scholarship for the most part has not addressed the question in a serious, balanced, systematic fashion. This article examines the issue of the constitutional personhood of the human fetus from the perspectives of the full range of usually-accepted methods of constitutional interpretation – text, structure, evidence of historical intention, precedent or practice, and policy – and concludes that the case for personhood is at least plausible and arguably much stronger than the case for the opposite conclusion that was the essential first premise of Roe.


A fully automated system that utilizes two CCD cameras and a polarizing beam splitter to create a polarization camera capable of sensing the polarization of reflected light from objects at pixel resolution is presented. The physical dimensions of the polarization of light beyond that of intensity carry extra information from a scene that can provide a richer set of descriptive physical constraints for the understanding of images. It has been shown that polarization cues can be used to perform dielectric and metal material identification and specular-and diffuse-reflection component analysis, as well as complex image segmentations that would be immensely more complicated or even infeasible with the use of intensity and color alone. A polarizing-plate beam splitter is placed in front of two CCD cameras so that light beams reflected from and transmitted through the beam splitter are each incident upon a separate camera. The polarization state of the reflected and the transmitted beams are linearly independent in terms of two orthogonal-polarization components, and these components are resolved in real time from the simple solution of two simultaneous linear equations. The polarizing-plate beam splitter allows for the simultaneous measurement of two orthogonal-polarization components over fairly wide field views suitable for vision and robotics. A polarization contrast image can be produced at 15 Hz. Two sets of orthogonal-polarization component pairs can be resolved by electronically switching a twisted nematic liquid crystal placed in front of the beam splitter, permitting the real-time measurement of partial-linear-polarization images at 7.5 Hz. A scheme for mapping states of partial linear polarization into hue, saturation, and intensity, which is a very suitable representation for a polarization image, is illustrated. The unique vision-understanding capabilities of this polarization camera system are demonstrated with experimental results showing polarization-based dielectric and metal material classification, shape constraints from reflected polarization, and specular-reflection and occluding-contour segmentations in a fairly complex scene.


"Openness" has emerged as one of the foremost themes in education, within which an open education movement has enthusiastically embraced digital technologies as the central means of participation and inclusion. Open Educational Resources (OERs) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have surfaced at the forefront of this development, claiming unprecedented educational reform. This paper provides a critical perspective on these prominent initiatives, highlighting a tendency to view access to online material as the principal concern of the open education movement. It will analyse the portrayal of technology in academic literature and media coverage of OERs and MOOCs, suggesting underlying assumptions of technology instrumentalism and essentialism. Alternative perspectives will be offered, drawing on critical technology studies and the philosophy of technology. The inclusion of "open processes" is proposed, involving the active engagement of learners in participation and dialogue, as well as further critical explorations of the relationships between technology and education.


There were over 700 overdoses and 180 deaths from opioids in Guilford County, NC in 2017. The Guilford Solution to the Opioid Problem (GSTOP) project leverages funds allocated by the STOP-Act to design, implement, and evaluate a rapid response program intended to decrease mortality from opioid overdoses. The program engages citizens who overdose in harm reduction practices, distributes naloxone kits to high-risk users, conducts community health education, coordinates community resources through the CURE Triad collaborative, and builds relationships focused on ending opioid overdose. This presentation will review the development of the partnership between Guilford County Emergency Medical Services and the University of North Carolina at Greensboro that has resulted in the GSTOP demonstration project. The presentation included background on the opioid epidemic in Guilford County, the development of CURE Triad (a community coalition to address overdoses) and the implementation of GSTOP, the unique features of hosting such a program within a university, the evaluation design, and preliminary outcomes of the program.


Introduction Honorary authorship and equal gender representation are two pressing matters in scientific research. Honorary authorship is the inclusion of authors who do not meet the criteria established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship guidelines. The inclusion of honorary authors in the medical literature has led to an increase of the number of authors on studies and a decrease in single author studies in various fields. Methods Our primary objective was to assess authorship trends in two major pulmonology journals (selected on the basis of Google Scholar rankings): Thorax and American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. We reviewed all articles published in both journals in the years 1994, 2004, and 2014 using Web of Science and extracted data such as number of authors and gender of the first and last authors. Results The total number of authors steadily increased from 1994 to 2014. The median number of authors grew from about four in 1994 to nearly seven in 2014, which is approximately a 75% increase. When we compiled all the data, we found the percentage of female authors from both journals had increased from 17% to 29.9% during the study period. Discussion We found an increase in the average number of authors on pulmonology publications between 1994 and 2014 as well as an increase in the number of females with a lead or main author position. This may be due to a variety of factors, such as increased team science. However, our data in conjunction with data from other areas of medicine, indicate that honorary authorship may be contributing to the trends we identified.


For a transmission at 60 GHz inside the buildings, the models of propagation currently developed do not take into account the 3D roughness of surfaces under consideration. In this paper, we deal with the evaluation of the 3D roughness of surfaces in this kind of environment. An indoor environment includes different types of surfaces but the most representative of 3D roughness are walls, ceiling and floor. We propose a method to characterise the 3D roughness of these surfaces by constructing an image space made up of the original image, the image of gradient, the image of curvature and the image of the angles between the perpendicular to the grey level surface and the perpendicular to the whole image. The method we have developed is based, first, on the study of correlation variations of our image space, and second on a frequency analysis of the angle image histograms. The elaborated criteria allowed us to classify the surfaces studied.


The Palaeoproterozoic era (2500–1600 Ma) was a critical period of Earth history, with dynamic evolution from the deep planetary interior to its surface environment. Several lines of geological evidence suggest the existence of at least one pre-Rodinia supercontinent, named Nuna or Columbia, which formed near the end of Palaeoproterozoic time. Prior to this assembly, there may have been an older supercontinent (Kenorland) or perhaps only independently drifting supercratons. The tectonic records of amalgamation and dispersal of these ancient landmasses provide a framework that links processes of the deep Earth with those of its fluid envelope. The sixteen papers in this volume present reviews and new analytical data that span the geological record of Palaeoproterozoic Earth and provide a current picture of Palaeoproterozoic research. The volume provides a useful reference book for students and professional geoscientists interested in this important period of global evolution.


The origins of South America's domestic alpaca and llama remain controversial due to hybridization, near extirpation during the Spanish conquest and difficulties in archaeological interpretation. Traditionally, the ancestry of both forms is attributed to the guanaco, while the vicuña is assumed never to have been domesticated. Recent research has, however, linked the alpaca to the vicuña, dating domestication to 6000–7000 years before present in the Peruvian Andes. Here, we examine in detail the genetic relationships between the South American camelids in order to determine the origins of the domestic forms, using mitochondrial (mt) and microsatellite DNA. MtDNA analysis places 80% of llama and alpaca sequences in the guanaco lineage, with those possessing vicuña mtDNA being nearly all alpaca or alpaca–vicuña hybrids. We also examined four microsatellites in wild known–provenance vicuña and guanaco, including two loci with non–overlapping allele size ranges in the wild species. In contrast to the mtDNA, these markers show high genetic similarity between alpaca and vicuña, and between llama and guanaco, although bidirectional hybridization is also revealed. Finally, combined marker analysis on a subset of samples confirms the microsatellite interpretation and suggests that the alpaca is descended from the vicuña, and should be reclassified as Vicugna pacos. This result has major implications for the future management of wild and domestic camelids in South America.


We present a semi-analytical formalism capable of handling the coupling of electromagnetic sources, such as point dipoles or free-propagating fields, with various kinds of dissipative resonances with radiation leakage, Ohmic losses or both. Due to its analyticity, the approach is very intuitive and physically-sound. It is also very economic in computational resources, since once the resonances of a plasmonic or photonic resonator are known, their excitation coefficients are obtained analytically, independently of the polarization, frequency or location of the excitation source. To evidence that the present formalism is very general and versatile, we implement it with the commercial software COMSOL, rather than with our in-house numerical tools.


Fuzzy interpolative reasoning strengthens the power of fuzzy inference by the enhancement of the robustness of fuzzy systems and the reduction of the systems' complexity. However, after a series of interpolations, it is possible that multiple object values for a common variable are inferred, leading to inconsistency in interpolated results. Such inconsistencies may result from defective interpolated rules or incorrect interpolative transformations. This paper presents a novel approach for identification and correction of defective rules in interpolative transformations, thereby removing the inconsistencies. In particular, an assumption-based truth-maintenance system (ATMS) is used to record dependences between interpolations, and the underlying technique that the classical general diagnostic engine (GDE) employs for fault localization is adapted to isolate possible faulty interpolated rules and their associated interpolative transformations. From this, an algorithm is introduced to allow for the modification of the original linear interpolation to become first-order piecewise linear. The approach is applied to a realistic problem, which predicates the diarrheal disease rates in remote villages, to demonstrate the potential of this study.


Nocturia is a complex condition that not only significantly affects quality of life, but may be an indicator of systemic disease. Initial assessment includes a detailed history and physical examination and completion of a frequency volume chart to help identify underlying causes, such as sleep disorders, bladder storage disorders, and polyuria. Treatment with alpha-blockers or antimuscarinic medications may help if the underlying cause is determined to be benign prostatic hyperplasia or overactive bladder, respectively. Treatment options for nocturnal polyuria have been limited to behavioral therapy and off-label use of timed diuretics and desmopressin. Desmopressin acetate nasal spray (Noctiva™, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Chesterfield, MO) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017 for the treatment of nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria in adults who awaken at least twice nightly and has shown efficacy in reducing nocturnal voids by ≥50% in up to 49% of patients in clinical trials.


The classical treatment of market transactions in economics presumes that buyers and sellers engage in transactions instantly and at no cost. In a series of applications in the housing market, the labour market and the market for corporate bonds, this thesis shows that relaxing this assumption has important implications for Macroeconomics and
Finance. The first chapter combines theory and empirical evidence to show that search frictions in the housing market imply a housing liquidity channel of monetary policy transmission. Expansionary monetary policy attracts buyers to the housing market, raising housing liquidity. Higher housing sale rates in turn allow lenders to threaten foreclosure more effectively, because the expected carrying costs on foreclosure inventory are lower. Ex-ante, this makes banks willing to offer larger loans, stimulating aggregate demand. The second chapter uses a heterogeneous firm industry model to explore how the macroeconomic response to a temporary employer payroll tax cut depends on the hiring and firing costs faced by firms. Controversially, the presence of non-convex labour adjustment costs suggests that tax cuts create fewer jobs in recessions. When firms hoard labour during downturns, they do not respond to marginal tax cuts by hiring additional workers. The third chapter develops a theory in which trader career concerns generate an endogenous transaction friction. Traders are reluctant to sell assets below historical purchase price, since realizing a loss signals to the employer that the trader is incompetent. The chapter documents empirically several properties of corporate bond transaction data consistent with this theory of career-concerned traders.


This paper accepts the unusual invitation to see for yourself issued by the Supreme Court in Scott v. Harris, 127 S. Ct. 1769 (2007). Scott held that a police officer did not violate the Fourth Amendment when he deliberately rammed his car into that of a fleeing motorist who refused to pull over for speeding and instead attempted to evade the police in a high-speed chase. The majority did not attempt to rebut the arguments of the single Justice who disagreed with its conclusion that no reasonable juror could find the fleeing driver did not pose a deadly risk to the public. Instead, the Court uploaded to its website a video of the chase, filmed from inside the pursuing police cruisers, and invited members of the public to make up their own minds after viewing it. We showed the video to a diverse sample of 1,350 Americans. Overall a majority agreed with the Court's resolution of the key issues, but within the sample there were sharp differences of opinion along cultural, ideological, and other lines. We attribute these divisions to the psychological disposition of individuals to resolve disputed facts in a manner supportive of their group identities. The paper also addresses the normative significance of these findings. The result in the case, we argue, might be defensible, but the Court's reasoning was not. Its insistence that there was only one reasonable view of facts itself displayed a characteristic of a form of bias - cognitive illiberalism - that consists in the failure to recognize the connection between perceptions of societal risk and contested visions of the ideal society. When courts fail to take steps to counteract that bias, they needlessly invest the law with culturally partisan overtones that detract from the law's legitimacy.


Neurons in Primary Visual Cortex (V1) are known to respond strongly to visual stimuli. Studies of neuronal responses in V1, carried out first in cats, but later primates and other mammals, have demonstrated that bars of light at particular orientations evoke strong, reliable responses in terms of increased firing rate of action potentials. Tuning of neuronal responses to certain stimulus parameters, such as orientation but also spatial and temporal frequencies, as well as the apparent dichotomy between simple and complex responses, have given rise to a number of influential models not just of V1 function, but more generally in the field of cortical physiology and computer vision. Owing to its small size and the plethora of available molecular and genetic tools, the visual cortex of the mouse may be a more tractable model system than that of much larger animals. Recent studies of neuronal responses in mouse V1 have shown that these are broadly similar to those of primates and carnivores, although not identical in all aspects. My thesis aims firstly to characterise intrinsic and sensory-evoked properties in regularspiking, putative pyramidal neurons in L2/3 of the mouse visual cortex using whole-cell patch clamp recording in vivo . In addition, the anatomical connectivity of individual neurons is characterised using virus-assisted circuit mapping. The majority of these neurons are found to be simple cells. Orientation tuning (the degree to which neuronal responses are selective to stimuli of a preferred orientation) is found to be quite variable, even within this singular group of neurons. The potential roles of intrinsic diversity, functional connectivity, and sensory experience in setting the orientation tuning of a particular neuron are investigated. These findings provide an insight in to how diverse responses to sensory stimuli can be generated in an apparently homogenous group of neurons.


Jersey law, and within it Jersey property law, has received little academic attention. This thesis seeks to examine, and provide a systematic account of, the Jersey law of property. Specific aspects of substantive law are explored. From these, general observations about the nature and structure of property law are made. Unsurprisingly, given the small size of the island, Jersey has a relatively limited amount of indigenous legal material to offer, much of it in French. Inevitably, there are gaps in the sources and some way of addressing these has to be determined before a systematic account of the law is possible. Juristic writing and modern caselaw demonstrate consistent recourse to the laws of other jurisdictions when gaps are encountered. Norman law, modern French law, and English law (to a much lesser extent and mainly where it conforms to Roman law) are used in the cases on property law, and thus also in this thesis. Reference is also made to the law of Guernsey (Jersey's sister jurisdiction) but the difficulties encountered in researching Jersey law are no less evident there. In areas such as the law of servitudes, Roman law is often referred to explicitly by the Jersey jurists and by the commentators on Norman law. The influence of Roman law is also evident in the division between real rights and personal rights, sometimes barely visible in Jersey law, and is also a general backdrop to the rules on classification of things. Norman feudal law remains vestigially in place but the structure of the law and its individual rules bear many civilian characteristics. For this reason, in addition to Jersey sources, Norman law, modern French law, and any other materials used by the courts, other jurisdictions with civilian systems of property law are also referred to, specifically mixed jurisdictions, of which Jersey is one.


SHAWN JORDAN, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor of engineering in the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University. He teaches context-centered electrical engineering and embedded systems design courses, and studies the use of context in both K-12 and undergraduate engineering design education. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Education (2010) and M.S./B.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Purdue University. Dr. Jordan is PI on several NSF-funded projects related to design, including an NSF Early CAREER Award entitled "CAREER: Engineering Design Across Navajo Culture, Community, and Society" and "Might Young Makers be the Engineers of the Future?," and is a Co-PI on the NSF Revolutionizing Engineering Departments grant "Additive Innovation: An Educational Ecosystem of Making and Risk Taking." He was named one of ASEE PRISM's "20 Faculty Under 40" in 2014, and received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers from President Obama in 2017. Dr. Jordan co-developed the STEAM LabsTM program to engage middle and high school students in learning science, technology, engineering, arts, and math concepts through designing and building chain reaction machines. He founded and led teams to two collegiate Rube Goldberg Machine Contest national championships, and has appeared on many TV shows (including Modern Marvels on The History Channel and Jimmy Kimmel Live on ABC) and a movie with his chain reaction machines. He serves on the Board of the i.d.e.a. Museum in Mesa, AZ, and worked as a behind-the scenes engineer for season 3 of the PBS engineering design reality TV show Design Squad. He also held the Guinness World Record for the largest number of steps – 125 – in a working Rube Goldberg machine.


Weight-conscious drinking is the use of disordered eating behaviors in anticipation of or as compensation for calories consumed during alcohol use. The aim of the current study is to assess the relationship between weight-conscious drinking, athletic status, and sport type. Participants were 295 college students (82 male and 213 female; Mage = 20.10) from a midsized Midwestern university. Participants completed an online survey that included items assessing alcohol consumption, the Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI), the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and the Compensatory Eating and Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption Scale (CEBRACS). In comparison with nonathletes, student-athletes had lower EAT-26 and CEBRACS scores; RAPI scores did not differ between the two groups. Lean-sport athletes differed concerning CEBRACS diet/exercise subscales in comparison with nonlean-sport athletes.


Due to an increasing interest in oil and gas exploration in the Barents Sea, it is important to identify all the challenges related to petroleum activity in that area. The objective of this thesis is to examine conditions relevant to the evacuation and rescue of personnel from facilities operating in the Barents Sea. The report considers the Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea north of the Norwegian mainland, south of Bjornoya, and extends towards the Norwegian/Russian border that came into effect in 2011. A specific case was made to analyze the following three Defined situations of hazard and accident (DSHA): ➢ Personnel in the sea as a result of a helicopter accident (DSHA 2) ➢ Personnel in the sea during emergency evacuation (DSHA 3) ➢ Personnel injury/sickness requiring external assistance (DSHA 7) Two scenarios were given: Scenario 1 and Scenario 2. The first scenario should have a SAR helicopter stationed on a production facility, while the other scenario should have the SAR helicopter stationed on a floating base (for instance a standby vessel). The case study showed that land-based SAR helicopters would not fulfill the performance requirements regarding the three DSHAs mentioned above because the distances out to the actual facilities were too long. Having stationed a SAR helicopter offshore in a hangar is therefore a necessity, and placing the helicopter on a production facility is a better alternative than to station it on a floating base such as a standby vessel. A SAR helicopter, with an operational speed of 140 knot and a 15 min. mobilization time, could in the event of a helicopter accident (DSHA 2) manage to cover 82 Nm. while rescuing 21 persons from the sea. In the event of a DSHA 7, time of response in emergency medicine, the range could be 100 Nm. Long distances and a lack of infrastructure combined with the climatic conditions in the Barents Sea, lead to challenges that require special attention and management. Insufficient communication coverage around 70-75°N and further north cause an extra challenge in achieving a safe emergency preparedness. The poor communication coverage also has an influence on the quality of weather forecasts. A good reliable weather forecast is essential to maintain a safe and secure operation. This is however difficult to achieve today due to few measuring points in the area. An increased activity in the Barents Sea will therefore improve the situation. Ice accretion is an issue that requires attention particularly for standby vessels, lifeboats, MOB boats and facilities. Drifting sea ice and icebergs is also something that has to be taken into consideration when operating north in the Barents Sea. Special attention has to be given to the use of free-fall lifeboats. If there is sea ice in the area around a facility, the drop of free-fall lifeboats cannot be carried through. Compensating measures then have to be taken into account. The challenges related to oil and gas exploration in the Barents Sea are manageable, but they require attention and the provision of suitable resources in the area. No single secondary evacuation method is currently available for year-round operation when sea ice is present. Before all-year round petroleum activity can be possible everywhere in the Barents Sea, emergency preparedness must be given sufficient attention so that some critical challenges can be solved. It seems to be a reasonable requirement that all producing fields in the Barents Sea, including exploration drilling, have an emergency preparedness standard that corresponds to the area-based emergency preparedness.


This research explored the influence of informal finance on mothers" healthcare in Mtwara-Mikindani in Tanzania. Informal financial institutions (IFIs) are meant to assist in solving financial problems of members after their full participation in regular contributions, meetings and repayment of the loaned amount. In Mtwara-Mikindani, women engage in informal groups that supplement their financial ability and boost their socioeconomic developments. However, they face financial constraints during the maternal period. This research therefore sought to determine the role of informal financial institutions in alleviating financial constraints. Objectives of this study were: to identify the financial problems that mothers undergo during the maternal period, identify factors responsible for these financial problems, investigate the role of informal financial institutions in alleviating the problems and suggesting appropriate schemes suitable for informal financial institutions that cater for mothers. The Women Empowerment Framework guided this study. The study took a descriptive design in Mtwara-Mikindani in Tanzania covering mothers in informal financial institutions using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Findings from this study show that most women are involved in small and medium enterprises that are domestic related and are actively involved in informal financial institutions to boost their financial capacity. Household expenditure, medical and education expenses are found to be the most common financial constraints during the maternal period caused by low productivity, low businesses performance and emerging maternal costs. Informal financial institutions are supportive economically and socially to the mothers during this period. However, the contributions are not adequate to cover maternal health costs thereby creating financial constraints. The study recommends that mothers should be aware of the maternal period and should prepare for it financially and socially IFIs should create awareness of maternal the period through maternal trainings and financial trainings. This study is an important additional knowledge in this gender field concerning financial institutions and addressing their role in alleviating maternal financial challenges that would improve the socioeconomic development in a nation.


abstract We present a summary of geophysical models of the subcrustal lithosphere of Europe. This includes the results from seismic (reflection and refraction profiles, P- and S-wave tomography, mantle anisotropy), gravity, thermal, electromagnetic, elastic and petro-logical studies of the lithospheric mantle. We discuss major tectonic processes as reflected in the lithospheric structure of Europe, from Precambrian terrane accretion and subduction to Phanerozoic rifting, volcanism, subduction and continent-continent collision. The differences in the lithospheric structure of Precambrian and Phanerozoic Europe, as illustrated by a comparative analysis of different geophysical data, are shown to have both a compositional and a thermal origin. We propose an integrated model of physical properties of the European subcrustal lithosphere, with emphasis on the depth intervals around 150 and 250 km. At these depths, seismic velocity models, constrained by body- and surface-wave continent-scale tomography, are compared with mantle temperatures and mantle gravity anomalies. This comparison provides a framework for discussion of the physical or chemical origin of the major lithospheric anomalies and their relation to large-scale tectonic processes, which have formed the present lithosphere of Europe.


The thesis starts by considering the controversial claim made by Joseph Hamburger that couched within the arguments for freedom in On Liberty are calls for high levels of social control, which threaten the conventional reading of Mill as a paradigmatic liberal thinker. The thesis tests this argument against the claims of the revisionary secondary literature, which attempts to reconcile Mill's utilitarian and liberal writings. Examining Hamburger's main line of argumentation, the thesis shows how Mill's thought is more influenced by the thought of August Comte than Mill or the secondary literature acknowledge, while still retaining some crucial differences. The thesis next considers another influence argued to be outside of the liberal tradition, Jeremy Bentham. Even though Mill admittedly inherits utilitarianism from Bentham, he expands the psychological notion of pleasure in fundamental ways, even at the cost of internal consistency. Moreover, the thesis argues that Bentham utilises particular forms of social control in a similar manner as Comte, which is ultimately what Mill rejects in both of their doctrines. However at the same time, it is Comte's positivist philosophy of history that enables Mill to reconcile his utilitarian foundation with his liberal prescriptions. Next, the thesis argues that it is ultimately the influence the Wilhelm von Humboldt that maintains Mill's thought as recognizably liberal. Von Humboldt introduces the notion of individuality to Mill, whose expression is the highest source of pleasure, and is the concept that prevents Mill's moral and political system from collapsing back into a more Comtean and Benthamite formulation. Finally, synthesizing these influences, the thesis uses a hierarchical conception of the self, as articulated by Harry Frankfurt and Gerald Dworkin, to reconcile the high levels of social control correctly perceived by Hamburger with Mill's unambiguous protection and valuation of negative liberty. This socially embedded and highly normative conception of autonomy underpins Mill's progressive doctrine, and preserves his inclusion in the liberal tradition.


Hydropower is undergoing a new construction boom globally and is increasingly promoted as a sustainable and renewable source of energy. Yet construction of hydroelectric dams results in a growing number of ecological conflicts due to both ecological and social impacts. In response, impacted communities and activists are mobilising in social movements and international networks. To date, social research has largely focused on assessing the project-specific impacts of large dams and the associated opposition that has arisen.
This research critiques the recent expansion of hydropower that is being legitimised through a discourse of sustainability, takes a territory-wide perspective and focuses on the transformative forces that arise from within anti-dam social movements. This thesis adopts the lens of political ecology and ecological economics and an activist-led research approach to investigate three main dimensions of anti-dam resistance.
First, this thesis examines the expansion of hydropower along one recent commodity extraction frontier, the Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh in India. This research was done in collaboration with local activists and independent researchers and through participatory regional mapping of 17 cases of conflict using the Global Atlas of Environmental Justice – EJAtlas. It analyses the actors involved and the valuation languages of the impacted communities who protest and mobilise, including concerns over disruption of local ecologies, violation of laws, and the violent character of hydropower expansion. It finally discusses imposed large-scale renewables as additional drivers of a 'renewables' extractivism' promoted as sustainable green energy and by a 'consensus of infrastructures', parallel to a 'consensus of commodities'.
Secondly, this thesis adopts a comparative political ecology approach to inquiry trends and patterns of violent repression of the anti-dam protest globally. It analyses 220 cases of ecological conflicts over hydroelectric dams included in the EJAtlas database, focusing on four main categories of the 'Outcomes' namely violent repression of protests, criminalization, violent targeting of activists and assassinations, as well as the types of groups mobilizing, the forms of mobilization, and the most frequently reported socio-economic, environmental and health impacts. This section shows how violence particularly increases in Indigenous territories and how repression not only targets the opposition to specific projects but aims at delegitimising other and different relations to the territory, world-visions, and ontologies.
Thirdly, this dissertation discusses how anti-dam movements play a central role in the production of forces for transformation that are born out of the resistance. This section is based on interviews with lead activists and community members and through personal participation in activist networks. It argues that in response to the land, water and energy grabbing (alias, sovereignty grabbing) caused by the hydropower industry, movements increasingly call for resistance to: 'scale out' across sectors (land, water and energy) to overcome the sectorialisation of social movements; expand the understanding of impacts, not only referring to 'project-affected' but to '(energy)model-affected people', in order to widen the outreach of resistance; engage in an epistemic struggle for the recognition of a pluralistic understanding of land, water and energy. This section finally presents 'energy sovereignty' as an emerging slogan of anti-dam resistance and thus of the vocabulary of environmental justice to reclaim people's control over different energy models and diverse and other 'territorialities'.


Description Samuel Amadon is the author of Like a Sea, winner of the Iowa Poetry Prize, and The Hartford Book from Cleveland State University Poetry Center. His poems have appeared in A Public Space, American Poetry Review, Boston Review, The New Yorker, Ploughshares, Tin House, and elsewhere. He is the author of four chapbooks, including Each H from Ugly Duckling Presse. He regularly reviews poetry in places such as The Believer, Boston Review, Lana Turner: a journal of poetry and opinion, and Rain Taxi. A poetry editor for Gulf Coast from 2009-2011, he also co-founded the chapbook press Projective Industries. He received his M.F.A. from Columbia University in 2007. While in New York, he curated the Frequency Reading Series in Greenwich Village with Shafer Hall and worked for the Poetry Society of America. Recipient of a fellowship from the Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, he has been awarded the Carol Houck Smith Scholarship in Poetry from the Bread Loaf Writers Conference and the Lucille Joy Prize in Poetry from Inprint Houston. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Houston, and lives in Columbia, SC, where he is an Assistant Professor at the University of South Carolina. "These poems are street-smart, buoyantly lyrical, and they possess something beautiful and permanent at their core. Samuel Amadon does for Hartford what Koch, Schuyler and O' Hara have done for New York City." –Tracy K. Smith "Most poetry written in what might be called the vernacular is evidently a stunt, and we soon weary of such prowess. Sam Amadon has no such self-congratulatory purpose; his speech is helplessly frank in its high and low spirits: My parents thought they'd keep me safe by sticking me in a private school, but Hartford works its way in no matter what you learn & this winter I've come to know the worst people the city has in it... The poet is one of them, and suffers as much as any chronicler since Clough for his own pathetic (even ghastly) powers of presence: this is not memoir, it is confession, the speaker is on the rack and only timidly aware of the torture he cannot help wreaking. Our poetry will never be the same now Amadon has spoken, our language can be entirely different. Happily for us." –Richard Howard "Mesmerizing as well as desperate, a wild-eyed tour of a lesser hell. Amadon claims these poems are almost entirely true—if so, God help him, the truth has been transformed into poetry. Sam Amadon—even his name (like Jack Kerouac) is a song. Sing it." –Nick Flynn More Information: Sam Amadon Website Winner of the 2012 Believer Poetry Award Oversound Poets.org Publishers Weekly The Volta


OBJECTIVES
Characterize anemia in children aged between 12 and 59 months from urban areas in the provinces of Coronel Portillo and Huancavelica in Peru.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study carried out in two stages: a) population-based study to identify children with anemia using multistage probability sampling, and b) characterization of the serum levels of ferritin, vitamin B12, intraerythrocytic folic acid and presence of parasitosis in children with anemia. For the statistical analysis, expansion factors calculated from the sampling plan were applied.

RESULTS
The prevalence of anemia was 55.9% in Huancavelica and 36.2% in Coronel Portillo. In Huancavelica, the coexistence of anemia with iron deficiency was 22.8% and anemia with vitamin B12 deficiency was 11%. In Coronel Portillo, the coexistence of anemia with iron deficiency and vitamin B12 deficiency was 15.2% and 29.7%, respectively. The most common types of anemia in Huancavelica were anemia with concurrent parasitosis (50.9%), iron deficiency anemia and parasitosis (12.3%), and iron deficiency alone (6.4%). In Coronel Portillo, it was anemia and parasitosis (54.4%), vitamin B12 deficiency and parasitosis (18.4%), and iron deficiency anemia and parasitosis (6.3%).

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of anemia is higher than the national average, with anemia concurrent with parasitosis and anemia concurrent with two or more causes as the most common type. Consideration should be given to different causes other than iron deficiency in the programs of anemia contol for Peruvian children.


Abstract:This article focuses on a creative collaboration that began in late 2013 between The Ohio State University's Lawrence and Isabel Barnett Center for Integrated Arts and Enterprise Graduate Student Think Tank (TT) and Sweet Honey in the Rock (SHIR), the internationally acclaimed, female, African-American Grammy Award winning a cappella ensemble based in Washington DC. As the ensemble reaches 40 years of performing, producing, touring, and speaking out about social injustices, the TT worked collaboratively with the organization to assess their organizational and management structure with the intent to resolve critical issues facing the group. A focus of the collaboration was to develop and engage in an interactive approach for building an arts-specific entrepreneurial business model.The TT is an interdisciplinary group of graduate students who work collaboratively on case studies to solve critical artist-defined issues and to develop new approaches to entrepreneurial management structures for artists and arts organizations. The processes of the TT forms a mutually beneficial system connecting the traditional case study model in higher education to the practice of business consulting for arts and cultural organizations.The first part of the paper is intended to give an overview of community-based non-profit arts organizations in the United States originating in the 1960s, including a history of SHIR. The second part of the paper discusses the collaborative process of the case in progress and how the students participating in the TT facilitate transition and transformation for SHIR.


This thesis provides a comparative historical and archaeological analysis of the shore-based and pelagic (deep-sea) whaling industry of Tasmania and South Australia. This was an important maritime industry which, more often than not, has been dismissed within contemporary Australian historical writings. It is argued that Launceston and Hobart Town whalers, who plied their trade during a relatively short but vital period of economic growth in colonial history, were familiar with the spoils of whaling, not only in their own coastal and oceanic waters, but also in those of South Australia. The identities of this industry, both owners and workers, are examined. They were often well acquainted, either through business or through rivalry, and were entrepreneurs with a common goal. The whaling vessels were owned, captained and regularly exchanged within the same small group of men. The coastal whaling voyages and shore-based whaling establishments set up by these men opened up a significant number of frontier settlements along the South Australian coastline. Historical documentary records combined with maritime archaeological evidence are employed to examine the nature and extent of the role played by the Tasmanian entrepreneurs in the development of the South Australian whaling industry. A database is developed that provides a summary of whaling vessel voyages, dates and destinations from both primary and secondary source material. This information is sufficient to determine a trajectory of events, and provides a direct correlation between vessels, owners and workers, and the establishment of several early shorebased whaling sites in South Australia. Both maritime and historical archaeology are integrated to determine that a shore-based whaling station site existed at Fisherman's Point in Spalding Cove, South Australia. It is confirmed that the whaling station was owned and operated by Henry Reed of Launceston during 1831 and 1832. Furthermore, the precise location of the site is determined from the documentary and archaeological evidence.


Nonlinear methods for calculation of shallow foundation settlements in sand are addressed in the paper. One of them relies on the Hardening Soil Small constitutive relationship incorporated in the computer program Plaxis 2D. It has a significant drawback in the need to model the unknown strain history of the foundation soil prior to simulating the load test on a shallow foundation. This can be overcome by preloading the soil with a pressure which gives good matching between calculated and measured settlements. However, predictions of soil settlements cannot be made in such a way, because the soil strain history is not a priori known. It is shown in the paper how predictions of soil settlements can be made by Plaxis 2D by calibrating calculations against a simple direct method. A new direct method is developed along the lines of this simple method, on the basis of results of 16 load tests performed at 4 locations. The important advantage of the new method is that it properly takes into account the soil behavior at very small strains.