We assemble a large‐scale empirical dataset that allows us to examine the local and global topology of relationships between firms in the Toyota supply network. On this basis we propose novel measures that allow us to characterise the resilience of the entire supply network. Our findings show that simple linear supply chain models are inadequate, because they neglect important lateral dependencies between suppliers. Hence, we argue that it is necessary to describe and model the supply chain as a complex network. We observe that the degree distribution for this network scales exponentially, so that disruptions at randomly chosen suppliers have little impact but vulnerability to disruptions at highly connected suppliers is significant. These potential vulnerabilities are mitigated by the network's 'small‐world' structure, where the average path to any given supplier via other suppliers is very low, and the number of relations between suppliers that produce the same product types is high, especially within the Kyoho‐kai supplier association. Membership of the tightly‐knit Kyoho‐kai supplier association is positively correlated with an increase in the number of connections that a supplier has, leading to a segmentation that favours highly connected hubs. The network also exhibits a high degree of product type redundancy, where multiple suppliers offer similar product types. When we examine product diversity along the chain we find that upper tiers show higher diversification given their vulnerability to changing customer demands. Our analysis of a unique, large‐scale empirical dataset aims to move the field of supply chain management beyond stylised facts, and to demonstrate how methods from interdisciplinary work on complex networks can contribute novel insights.


Background & Aim: Coarctation accounts for about 5-9% of congenital heart diseases and is the fifth common congenital heart disorder in children. Approximately 90% of untreated patients die before the age of 50 and about half of deaths occur before the age of 10 due to heart failure. The main goal of this study is assessing the frequency of reccurent coarctation after repair and determining the results and complications after subclavian flap aortoplasty. Patients & Method: In this retrospective study, the results of surgical repairs for coarctation of aorta in 188 patients under 14 who had been treated at the Rajaee Heart Center were evaluated. Results: The average age of patients was 5.5 years. 72.3% of cases were male and 27.7% were female, including 61 pure coarctation patients. The frequency of associated heart malformations was PDA(Patent Ductus Arteriosus)(67.6%), VSD(Ventricular Septal Defect)(21.8%), AS(Aortic Stenosis)(20%), Bicuspid Aortic Valve(15.4%), MS(Mitral Stenosis)(6.4%), Shone Complex(4.8%), and ASD(Atrial Septal Defect)(3.2%). The proportion of stenosis was 78% for discrete and 22% for long segment. The most common methods of surgical treatment included patch-graft aortoplasty(59%), resection with end-to-end anastomosis(20.7%), and SCFA(16.5%). None of them experienced paraplegia. The patients were followed for 1-126 months with a mean of 41.6 months. In postoperative echocardiography, 29% of cases showed PG(Peak Gradian) ≥ 25mmHg of whom 10% had undoubted recoarctation according to angiography. Later, these patients underwent Balloon Angioplasty. The highest incidence rate of recoarctation was found in patch-graft aortoplasty method(12.7%) and the lowest in SCFA(3.2%). The rate was 10.3% in end-to-end anastomosis. No case experienced acute ischemia, gangrene or left hand dysfunction in SCFA method during follow-up. The incidence of recoarctation in long segment stenosis was significantly more than discrete one(30% versus 4%, P=0.001). In patients younger than 1 year, the incidence of recoarctation was lower than those older than 1 year and those above 5 years(4% versus 15% and 10%). Conclusion: In conclusion, we believe that surgical repair for neonatal and infantile coarctation gives no rise to incidence of recoarctation and decreases postoperation complications such as HTN(Hypertension). Therefore, it should be done as soon as possible. Regarding fewer complications in SCFA method, it provides an excellent method of surgical repair especially in young age. 11


With 18 million copies sold worldwide, THE SHACK is an international bestseller that explores life's toughest questions through the gripping story of one man's struggle to find answers to his suffering. Mack's youngest daughter, Missy, was abducted during a family vacation and evidence that she may have been brutally murdered is found in an abandoned shack deep in the Oregon wilderness. Four years later, still trapped in his great sadness, Mack receives a suspicious note, apparently from God, inviting him back to that shack. Against his better judgement Mack arrives at the shack on a wintry afternoon. What he finds there will change his life forever. THE SHACK wrestles with the timeless question, 'Where is God in a world so filled with unspeakable pain?' Mack's experiences when he faces up to his darkest nightmares will astound you, and perhaps transform you as much as it did him. This is the kind of book you'll want to tell everyone about. Millions have discovered it already - now it's your turn.


Switching from the traditional 40- or 44-mm diamond mesh codends to 50-mm diamond mesh (D50) or 40-mm square mesh (S40) codends is known to improve the size selection for commercial species and reduce discarding in the Mediterranean demersal trawl fisheries. This change has been recommended in the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean and European Commission regulations. However, ecosystem-based assessment of improved selectivity still remains a challenge, and that is the aim of this study. For this purpose, an Ecopath model was developed and used to initialize dynamic simulations in Ecosim. The simulations changed gear-specific fishing mortality rates to represent the shifting from traditional codend to alternative codends. Our results suggest that the use of D50 or S40 codends would have a positive impact on the ecosystem as a whole and on the stock status of several commercial and non-commercial groups. Mixed trophic impact analysis indicated that, for species, like red mullet, the S40 codend was significantly better than the D50 codend. This information can be useful to policymakers, particularly for the areas where red mullet is the main target species and could inform trawl mesh options in the eastern Mediterranean.


BACKGROUND
The impact of high-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) vs conventional-dose chemotherapy in the initial management of adults with advanced follicular lymphoma (FL) on overall survival remains uncertain. We performed a systematic review of the randomized clinical trials addressing this question.

METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Clinical Oncology, BIOSIS, PAPERSFIRST, PROCEEDINGS, clinical trials registries, and bibliographies of relevant studies for randomized clinical trials comparing myeloablative chemotherapy with ASCT to any chemotherapy in adults with untreated advanced FL. We performed a meta-analysis using random effects models to estimate overall survival, event-free survival, and risks of adverse outcomes. Statistical heterogeneity was calculated by using the I(2) statistic.

RESULTS
Seven trials proved eligible, four of which provided data from 941 patients that could be included in a meta-analysis and three of which remain unpublished. In two of the trials, patients in both arms received rituximab during the induction treatment. Moderate quality evidence from the three trials that reported overall survival (n = 701 patients) suggests that ASCT did not result in improved overall survival (hazard ratio of death = 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73 to 1.33). Low-quality evidence from the four trials of 941 patients suggests improvement in event-free survival in favor of ASCT (hazard ratio of death = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.82) with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 80%). Adverse outcomes of treatment-related mortality, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, and solid tumors were not different between the two arms (relative risk [RR] of treatment-related mortality = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.29 to 3.70; RR of myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia = 2.19, 95% CI = 0.45 to 10.55; I(2) = 48%; and RR of solid tumors = 1.30, 95% CI = 0.33 to 5.08). The absolute risk of death from treatment was 14 per 1000 patients for those who received chemotherapy and 15 per 1000 for those who received ASCT (range = 4-52).

CONCLUSIONS
Available evidence suggests that high-dose therapy and ASCT as part of FL initial treatment does not improve overall survival. Future trials of ASCT in the context of current chemoimmunotherapy approaches to FL are needed.


In this critical comment on the global democracy debate, I take stock of contemporary proposals for democratizing global governance. In the first part of the article, I show that, empirically, many international institutions are now evaluated in terms of their democratic credentials. At the same time, the notions of democracy that underpin such evaluations are often very formalistic. They focus on granting access to civil society organizations, making policy-relevant documents available online or establishing global parliamentary assemblies to give citizens a voice in the decision-making of international organizations. In the second part, I challenge this focus on formal procedures and argue that a normatively persuasive conception of global democracy would shift our focus to areas such as health, education and subsistence. Contrary to much contemporary thinking about global democracy, I thus defend the view that the institutions we have are sufficiently democratic. What is needed are not better procedures, but investments that help the weaker members of global society to make effective use of the democracy-relevant institutions that exist in contemporary international politics.


HeteroAtoms compounds can prepare by direct reaction between acid and alcohol to form esters or acid and amine to form amides. Ethylene acrylic acid copolymer, PEAA, was esterified with Hexadecyl alcohol, HDA, and amidation with Hexadecyl amine, HDM, to produced ester and amide respectively. The produced ester and amide were characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR. The copolymer leads to a large reduction in the pour point of samples of Norpetco Petroleum Co. (NPC) crude oils. The polymeric additives were diluted with xylene by 10%, 20% and added by different doses ranged from 500 to 3000 ppm to crude oil to reduce its pour point. The pour point measurements show good reduction of pour point temperature from 27 to 3 oC depending on the composition and location of Norpetco crude oil. Thus establishing the large efficiency of the products synthesized in this work.


The search for a common cause of species richness gradients has spawned more than 100 explanatory hypotheses in just the past two decades. Despite recent conceptual advances, further refinement of the most plausible models has been stifled by the difficulty of compiling high-resolution databases at continental scales. We used a database of the geographic ranges of 2,869 species of birds breeding in South America (nearly a third of the world's living avian species) to explore the influence of climate, quadrat area, ecosystem diversity, and topography on species richness gradients at 10 spatial scales (quadrat area, ≈12,300 to ≈1,225,000 km2). Topography, precipitation, topography × latitude, ecosystem diversity, and cloud cover emerged as the most important predictors of regional variability of species richness in regression models incorporating 16 independent variables, although ranking of variables depended on spatial scale. Direct measures of ambient energy such as mean and maximum temperature were of ancillary importance. Species richness values for 1° × 1° latitude-longitude quadrats in the Andes (peaking at 845 species) were ≈30–250% greater than those recorded at equivalent latitudes in the central Amazon basin. These findings reflect the extraordinary abundance of species associated with humid montane regions at equatorial latitudes and the importance of orography in avian speciation. In a broader context, our data reinforce the hypothesis that terrestrial species richness from the equator to the poles is ultimately governed by a synergism between climate and coarse-scale topographic heterogeneity.


Importance
Elevated incidence rates of thyroid cancer among World Trade Center (WTC)-exposed individuals may be associated with the identification of asymptomatic cancers during medical surveillance.

Objective
To examine the association between WTC exposure and thyroid cancer among Fire Department of the City of New York (hereafter, Fire Department) rescue/recovery workers as well as the association with medical surveillance.

Design, Setting, and Participants
This closed-cohort study classified the method of detection (asymptomatic and symptomatic) of thyroid cancers in 14 987 men monitored through the Fire Department-WTC Health Program diagnosed from September 12, 2001, to December 31, 2018. Age-, sex-, and histologic-specific Fire Department incidence rates were calculated and compared with demographically similar men in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from the Rochester Epidemiology Project using age-standardized rates, relative rates (RRs), and 95% CIs. The secondary analysis was restricted to papillary carcinomas.

Exposures
World Trade Center exposure was defined as rescue/recovery work at the WTC site from September 11, 2001, to July 25, 2002.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The outcomes evaluated comprised (1) number of incident thyroid cancers and their detection method categorizations in the Fire Department and Rochester Epidemiology Project cohorts; (2) Fire Department, Rochester Epidemiology Project, and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-21 age-standardized incidence rates of thyroid cancer; and (3) RRs comparing Fire Department and Rochester Epidemiology Project overall and by detection method categorization.

Results
Seventy-two post-9/11 Fire Department cases of thyroid cancer were identified. Among the 65 cases (90.3%) with a categorized detection method, 53 cases (81.5%) were asymptomatic and 12 cases (18.5%) were symptomatic. Median (interquartile range) age at diagnosis was 50.2 (44.0-58.6) vs 46.6 (43.9-52.9) years for asymptomatic vs symptomatic cases. Associated primarily with asymptomatic cancers, the overall age-standardized incidence of Fire Department thyroid cancers (24.7; 95% CI, 17.4-52.3) was significantly higher than the Rochester Epidemiology Project (10.4; 95% CI, 8.5-12.7) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-21 (9.1; 95% CI, 9.0-9.1) per 100 000 person-years. Furthermore, the RR of thyroid cancer among symptomatic men in Fire Department cases was not significantly different from that of men in the Rochester Epidemiology Project (0.8; 95% CI, 0.4-1.5); however, the rate of asymptomatic cancers was more than 3-fold that of the Rochester Epidemiology Project rate (RR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.1-4.7).

Conclusions and Relevance
Excess asymptomatic thyroid cancer in Fire Department WTC-exposed rescue/recovery workers is apparently attributable to the identification of occult lesions during medical surveillance. Among WTC-exposed cohorts and the general population, these findings appear to have important implications for how thyroid cancer incidence rates are interpreted and how diagnoses should be managed.


Abstract In the mid-20th century, the southern parts of the Madres and Mont Coronat massif (Eastern Pyrenees, France) were characterized by a Mediterranean landscape shaped by human activity. Long-term use of these mountains for crops, livestock, and forestry led to an increase in grassland areas at the expense of forest. However, socioeconomic transformation (abandonment of agriculture and a decrease in the rural population) in recent decades has caused profound changes in this massif. Interpretation of aerial photographs (1953, 1969, 1988, and 2000) made it possible to detect and analyze the changes produced in the study area (6787 ha) during this period. In 1953 most of the massif landscape consisted of grasslands (38%) and open forests (18%), with some areas of dense forest (15%). By 2000, dense forest cover had doubled in size (31%), and grassland had decreased considerably (by 73% of the initial area). Since 1953, the study area has become more homogeneous, with a few local exceptions. The results of this study suggest that socioeconomic factors might be the main cause of landscape transformations in this period of approximately 50 years.


This paper reviews current vocational education and training policy within the sport and recreation sector of the UK economy. In particular, it examines the inroads New Labour's Skills Agenda has had in the sector, and how far this can be characterized as a paradigm shift from Fordist/Keynesian accumulation toward new forms of post-Fordist/post-Keynesian regulation. Informed by Jessop's Regulation Theory, it questions the extent to which the construct of employment sectors remains valid as a means of identifying and organizing social and economic development. In so doing it reports the findings of group interviews with managers and employers in the sport and recreation sector, which conclude that there have been profound structural changes in employment patterns over two decades, which have culminated in the decline of sport and recreation as a vocation. Rather, sport and recreation is now characterized as a predominantly short term and transitory element of a broader service employment sector. This finding indicates that the sector has assumed many of the characteristics of post-Fordist regulation.


Considered one of the global environmental problems, desertification - land degradation in arid regions - has been high in the international agenda since the 1970s. However, its solution is far from being achieved, partly due to its complex and site-specific chain of causes and partly to the inefficacy of the institutional arrangements devised to tackle it: the UN Convention to Combat Desertification and its national implementation. Drawing on the literature on governance for natural resource management, this book analyses the desertification control strategy in Peru focusing on Apurimac, a poor region in the southern Andes suffering land degradation due to frequent droughts, sloping terrain, inadequate irrigation practices, deforestation and pasture burning. Using secondary literature, interviews with authorities and participatory workshops with farmers, the linkages between organisations and institutions for managing natural resources in the region and their relation with the formal strategy to combat desertification are explored. This book is of interest to policy-makers and practitioners in the field of rural development and natural resource management in mountain areas.


The Dimako–Mboscorro lode gold deposit has two styles of mineralization: quartz veins (4.5–54 ppm Au) and altered wallrock (up to 2.6 ppm Au). The veins occur in steeply dipping brittle–ductile shear zones in a foliated biotite metagranite. The alteration envelop around the gold-bearing quartz veins shows lateral zoning comprising a silicified/ ferruginized and mylonitic zone (SFZ) at the centre, through a transitional sericite zone (SZ), to an outer, slightly sheared, but mineralogically less altered, though bleached, metagranite zone (BZ) at the shear zone boundaries. Hydrothermal alteration in these zones is characterized by silicification (SFZ, SZ), hematite formation (SFZ), alkali metasomatism with muscovite/sericite formation (SFZ, SZ, to a much lesser extent BZ), and pyritization (SFZ, SZ). The auriferous quartz veins are concordant to the host structure but discordant to the foliation in the metagranite. The main ore minerals in the veins and in the SFZ and SZ zones are gold, hydrothermal hematite, sphalerite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcocite, covellite and colloidal supergene hematite. Gold occurs as inclusions in sphalerite (15.7±0.4 wt% Ag; 83.6±0.2 wt% Au), as coarse grains associated with euhedral hematite pseudomorphs (18.5±1.0 wt% Ag; 82.0±1.1 wt% Au), as stringers within fractures in quartz (13.3±0.1 wt% Ag; 87.1±0.5 wt% Au), as well as fine to coarse grains related to limonite, goethite and colloidal hematite (8.1±1.8 wt% Ag; 92.1±2.2 wt% Au). A hydrothermal metal association of Ag, Au, As, Ba, Pb, V, W, and Zn is identified in the wallrock and quartz veins. These metals, together with K-enrichment, are potential pathfinder elements for wider lithogeochemical exploration in this region, especially when combined with the lateral wallrock zonation pattern. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from the auriferous quartz vein samples indicate that gold was probably deposited from low salinity (<1 to 8 wt% eq. NaCl, with mean at 5.52 wt% eq. NaCl) H2O–CO2 fluids that have total homogenization temperatures of 263–335°C.


This contribution looks at typical changes of sounds and views these as sets of changes the members of which are linked. It also considers the directions of sound changes, considering these as natural pathways (in the case of lenition) or trajectories among vowel movements in which different vocalic elements stand in a spatial relationship to each other. As data the contribution examines a number of changes in English in the capital of Ireland, Dublin, which has undergone considerable change in the past fifteen years or so. The present-day data is seen in a panchronic context and parallels are drawn to attested historical changes which show both regularities and principled exceptions to these. The latter are a particular focus in the theoretical discussion.


While stakeholders in scholarly communication generally agree on the importance of data citation, there is not consensus on where those citations should be placed within the publication – particularly when the publication is citing original data. Recently, CrossRef and the Digital Curation Center (DCC) have recommended as a best practice that original data citations appear in the works cited sections of the article. In some fields, such as the life sciences, this contrasts with the common practice of only listing data identifier(s) within the article body (intratextually). We inquired whether data citation practice has been changing in light of the guidance from CrossRef and the DCC. We examined data citation practices from 2011 to 2014 in a corpus of 1,125 articles associated with original data in the Dryad Digital Repository. The percentage of articles that include no reference to the original data has declined each year, from 31% in 2011 to 15% in 2014. The percentage of articles that include data identifiers intratextually has grown from 69% to 83%, while the percentage that cite data in the works cited section has grown from 5% to 8%. If the proportions continue to grow at the current rate of 19-20% annually, the proportion of articles with data citations in the works cited section will not exceed 90% until 2030.


Treating injured workers can be a time-consuming task for the physician. These patients bring with them a host of issues and needs that influence their response to treatment. The physician must be aware of the numerous nonmedical issues that can influence the patient's recovery and ability to return to work. The physician is the key player in managing these patients and the physician's approach to the injured worker is paramount to the successful outcome of the treatment plan. Communication is the critical component in managing these patients. The physician must be willing to work cooperatively with the case manager toward the goal of facilitating a safe return to work for the worker. The case manager can function as an extension of the physician and can be of benefit to the physician and the worker during the recovery process. The needs of the injured worker, the provider, and the insurer all receive attention with the case management approach. This approach can help minimize fragmentation of care and maximize the coordination and delivery of quality services. Injured workers are in need of physicians who are willing to provide quality care and who will be sensitive to their often complex needs. The physician who will work in conjunction with an experienced case manager can realize the reward of witnessing the patient's recovery in an appropriate time frame. The case manager can assist the physician by acting as the liaison among parties, which allows the physician to do what he or she does best--practice medicine. The case management approach can be a win-win situation for all involved.


It has long been argued that opera is all about sex. "Siren Songs" is the first collection of articles devoted to exploring the impact of this sexual obsession, and of the power relations that come with it, on the music, words, and staging of opera. Here a distinguished and diverse group of musicologists, literary critics, and feminist scholars address a wide range of fascinating topics--from Salome's striptease to hysteria to jazz and gender--in Italian, English, German, and French operas from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. The authors combine readings of specific scenes with efforts to situate these musical moments within richly and precisely observed historical contexts. Challenging both formalist categories of musical analysis and the rhetoric that traditionally pits a male composer against the female characters he creates, many of the articles work toward inventing a language for the study of gender and opera.The collection opens with Mary Ann Smart's introduction, which provides an engaging reflection on the state of gender topics in operatic criticism and musicology. It then moves on to a foundational essay on the complex relationships between opera and history by the renowned philosopher and novelist Catherine Clement, a pioneer of feminist opera criticism. Other articles examine the evolution of the "trouser role" as it evolved in the lesbian subculture of "fin-de-siecle" Paris, the phenomenon of "opera seria's" "absent mother" as a manifestation of attitudes to the family under absolutism, the invention of a "hystericized voice" in Verdi's "Don Carlos, " and a collaborative discussion of the staging problems posed by the gender politics of Mozart's operas.The contributors are Wye Jamison Allanboork, Joseph Auner, Katherine Bergeron, Philip Brett, Peter Brooks, Catherine Clement, Martha Feldman, Heather Hadlock, Mary Hunter, Linda Hutcheon and Michael Hutcheon, M.D., Lawrence Kramer, Roger Parker, Mary Ann Smart, and Gretchen Wheelock."


Understanding and predicting the dynamic behavior of our planet's environment over multiple spatial and temporal scales remains an outstanding scientific challenge [1], [2]. More than 50 years of investment and advancements in remote weather-sensing systems (satellite-based as well as ground-based radar) have resulted in remarkable capabilities; however, these systems cannot deliver observations to meet current requirements for timeliness, positional precision, and the acquisition of data that can only be obtained in situ. Highly mobile observations systems are needed to deliver in situ data that are critical for the verification and validation of current models and simulations. This is the challenge in engineering the tools of scientific discovery, one of the 14 Engineering Grand Challenges of the 21st Century posed by the National Academy of Engineering [2]. This article addresses specific challenges in designing and deploying unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) for sampling severe local storms.


This thesis is concerned with the issue of dynamic load-balancing in connection with the parallel adaptive solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). We are interested in parallel solutions based upon either finite element or finite volume schemes on unstructured grids and we assume that geometric parallelism is used, whereby the finite element or finite volume grids are partitioned across the available parallel processors. For parallel efficiency it is necessary to maintain a well balanced partition and to attempt to keep communication overheads as low as possible . When adaptively occurs however a given partition may deteriorate in quality and so it must be modified dynamically. This is the problem that we consider in the is work.

Chapters one and two outline the problem is more detail and review existing work in this field. In Chapter one a brief history of parallel computers is presented and different kinds of parallel machines are mentioned. The finite element method is also introduced and its parallel implementation is discussed in some detail: leading to the derivation of a static load-balancing problem. A number of important static load balancing algorithms are then discussed. Chapter two commences with a brief description of some error indicators and common techniques for mesh adaptively. It is shown how this adaptively may lead to a load imbalance among the available processors of parallel machine. We then discuss some ways in which the static load-balancing algorithms of Chapter one can be modified and used in the context of dynamic load-balancing. The pros and cons of these strategies are discussed and then finally some specific dynamic load-balancing algorithms are introduced and discussed.

In Chapter three a new dynamic load-balancing algorithm is proposed based upon a number of generalisations of existing algorithms. The details of the new algorithm are outlined and a number of preliminary numerical experiments are undertaken. In this preliminary (sequential) version the dual graphed an existing partitioned computational mesh is repartitioned among the same number of processors so that after the repartitioning step each processor has an approximate equal load and the number of edges of this dual graph which cross from one processor to another are relatively small.

The remainder of the thesis is concerned with the practical parallel implementation of this new algorithm and making comparison with existing techniques. In Chapter four the algorithm is implemented for a 2-d adaptive finite element solver for steady-state problems, and in Chapter five the generality of the implementation is enhanced and the algorithm is applied in conjunction with a 3-d adaptive finite volume solver for unsteady problems. In this situation frequent repartitioning of the mesh is required. In this Chapter performance comparisons are made for that logarithm detailed here against new software that was developed simultaneously with the work of this thesis. These comparisons are very favourable for certain problems which involve very non-uniform refinement.

All software implementations described in this thesis have been coded in ANSI C using MPI version 1.1 (where applicable). The portability of the load-balancing code had been tested by making use of a variety of platforms, including a Cray T3D, an SGI PowerChallenge, different workstation networks (SGI Indys and SGI 02s), and an SGI Origin 2000. For the purposes of numerical comparisons all timings quoted in this thesis are for the SGI Origin 2000 unless otherwise stated.


The Southwest Pacific Ocean Circulation and Climate Experiment (SPICE) is an international research program under the auspices of CLIVAR. The key objectives are to understand the Southwest Pacific Ocean circulation and the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) dynamics, as well as their influence on regional and basin-scale climate patterns. South Pacific thermocline waters are transported in the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC) toward Australia and Papua-New Guinea. On its way, the SEC encounters the numerous islands and straits of the Southwest Pacific and forms boundary currents and jets that eventually redistribute water to the equator and high latitudes. The transit in the Coral, Solomon, and Tasman Seas is of great importance to the climate system because changes in either the temperature or the amount of water arriving at the equator have the capability to modulate the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, while the southward transports influence the climate and biodiversity in the Tasman Sea. After 7 years of substantial in situ oceanic observational and modeling efforts, our understanding of the region has much improved. We have a refined description of the SPCZ behavior, boundary currents, pathways, and water mass transformation, including the previously undocumented Solomon Sea. The transports are large and vary substantially in a counter-intuitive way, with asymmetries and gating effects that depend on time scales. This paper provides a review of recent advancements and discusses our current knowledge gaps and important emerging research directions.


The recently proposed Conformer model has become the de facto backbone model for various downstream speech tasks based on its hybrid attention-convolution architecture that captures both local and global features. However, through a series of systematic studies, we find that the Conformer architecture's design choices are not optimal. After re-examining the design choices for both the macro and micro-architecture of Conformer, we propose Squeezeformer which consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art ASR models under the same training schemes. In particular, for the macro-architecture, Squeezeformer incorporates (i) the Temporal U-Net structure which reduces the cost of the multi-head attention modules on long sequences, and (ii) a simpler block structure of multi-head attention or convolution modules followed up by feed-forward module instead of the Macaron structure proposed in Conformer. Furthermore, for the micro-architecture, Squeezeformer (i) simplifies the activations in the convolutional block, (ii) removes redundant Layer Normalization operations, and (iii) incorporates an efficient depthwise down-sampling layer to efficiently sub-sample the input signal. Squeezeformer achieves state-of-the-art results of 7.5%, 6.5%, and 6.0% word-error-rate (WER) on LibriSpeech test-other without external language models, which are 3.1%, 1.4%, and 0.6% better than Conformer-CTC with the same number of FLOPs. Our code is open-sourced and available online.


Following the mother and child policy called the Revolusi KIA in East Nusa Tenggara Province, the registration for low birth weight (LBW) infants increased because mothers should deliver at health facilities. The South Central Timor (TTS) district was suffered with LBW and therefore raised a question why the problem occurred. A qualitative study in a sub district of TTS district was implemented. The area was approximately 60 Km away from the district capital and 160 Km from the provincial capital, Kupang. The target resource persons were a pregnant woman, mother with LBW baby, health cadres and health personnel from the primary health care. A house visit was done to explore the problem among pregnant women. We found no risk of smoking and drinking alcohol among them. Passive smoker might happen due to husband smoking at home. In the Puskesmas we observed risk of anemia, malaria and chronic under nutrition among the mothers as also the risk factors of LBW. However, we found no specific follow up afterwards. Education was made but not recorded. There was no complete record also, for each mother at delivery, which indicated a problem in the health care delivery. The Puskesmas' task was to identify individual risk factors of pregnancy but not for the newborn in context of the community. Certainly, the Puskesmas was in needs for improvements of health care services, in this study, the maternal and child health care.


This paper attempts to generalize the results, on both the local and the national level, of graziers on 1.7m. acres of New England following planned investment patterns developed from farm surveys. This area, at present unimproved, is assumed capable of establishment under improved pastures over a period of ten years. If all the investment capital required over and above the additional revenue generated by the improvement (assuming no change from present prices) were supplied as loans to landholders, the advances required would range at their maximum between £8 and £10 per acre, or £l3m. to £17m. in aggregate, according to the pattern of improvement adopted. Under these conditions farmers would receive approximately 10 per cent return on investment, but if debts were to be amortized as soon as possible, disposable net revenue would not increase until about the eighteenth year. Many may consider that such a result provides insufficient inducement to invest, but in the long run unimproved properties are expected to fare worst in any continued cost-price squeeze. Net export earnings from such a scheme would be £50m. to £80m. over the twenty years considered, while turnover on the farms considered would increase by some £lOOm. Investment in such development could provide superior benefits to other national schemes, and such peripheral development may avoid the need for some shifts of population while making greater use of existing communications and utilities.


The process of sustainable development requires us all to think differently about what we do, how we do it and why we do what we do. Questioning activities in the context of sustainability can often result in difficult and perhaps uncomfortable conclusions about our current development paradigm – one that gives primacy to economic growth and wealth creation over welfare and well-being.

The practice of design operates within this development paradigm and is complicit in the unsustainable activities of the business domain. Designers support the economic system through the conceptualisation and production of goods: goods multiplying in variety and number, responding to escalating global demand. Unfortunately most current business operates for economic profit alone, ignorant of key sustainable ecological and social parameters. For example material throughput is linear rather than cyclic in nature; social inequities exist in relation to trade and well-being; and natural resources are considered convenient dumps for pollutants and toxins. Designers, among many others, are thus implicated in the augmentation of unsustainable outcomes rather than the reduction of them.

This paper aims to explore how this situation can be reversed to enable design to play a positive and supporting role towards the goals of sustainable development. Challenging the current paradigm of development will need people who have the ability to think creatively and laterally and draw on disparate areas of knowledge to vision new, more sustainable futures. Design education has a big role to play in this transformation and as such needs to alter its focus from the current outcomes of design activity to a range of alternative responses that embrace joined-up thinking and generate apposite learning outcomes. This paper investigates the sort of knowledge required and discusses the potential shift in values needed for design for sustainability to be accepted as a catalyst for change. It addresses the potential of current design education in channelling such change and investigates the sort of tools required for this to happen. Ultimately, the paper proposes, it is a key responsibility of existing design educators to prepare the graduate designers of tomorrow with the skills and inspiration to vision sustainable futures for this century and beyond.


Most model-based predictions of climate change effects on forest ecosystems have used either potential or static descriptions of vegetation and site, removing the effects of direct management or land use. In this paper we use a previously developed and validated model of carbon and water bal- ances in forest ecosystems (PnET-II) to assess the relative sensitivity of forest production in Ireland to predicted climate change and to ambient variability in site quality. After validating the model against measured productivity for 2 sets of stands, we ran the model using existing variation in site quality, rep- resented as differences in foliar N concentration, and also for predicted changes in climate and atmos- pheric CO2. Resulting variations in productivity were compared with those due to potential errors in the specification of input parameters and to variation in current ambient climate across the region. The effects on net primary production (NPP) and wood production of either ambient variation in climate or predicted changes in temperature, precipitation and CO2 are quite small (0 to 30%) relative to the effects of ambient variability in site quality (up to 400%). The range of possible variation in other user- specified physiological parameters resulted in changes of less than 10% in model predictions. We con- clude that site-specific conditions and management practices result in a range of forest productivity that is much greater than any likely to be induced by climate change or CO2 enrichment. We also sug- gest that it is essential to understand and map spatial variability in site quality, as well as to understand how the productive capacity of landscapes will change in response to management and pollution load- ing, if we are to predict the actual role that climate change will play in altering forest productivity and global biogeochemistry.


Though Edward Rochester is neither the central figure of Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre nor of Jean Rhys's complement text Wide Sargasso Sea, he nevertheless occupies a crucial position in each text - in Jane Eyre, he is the desired object of Jane's romantic "quest" (Friedman 119), while in Wide Sargasso Sea he is the immediate manifestation and enforcer of the network of patriarchal codes (sexism, colonialism, the English Law, and the "law" which demarcates and creates sanity and insanity) that imprisons Antoinette Cosway. Though the literary and political relationship between Rhys's and Bronte's texts has received increasing amounts of attention in the past decade, the emphasis on defining the relationship between Jane and Antoinette/ Bertha as either antagonistic or complementary has failed to give due consideration to the changing role of the man who profoundly influences and irrevocably alters their lives. Though the changes that occur in the characters of Antoinette and Jane have been much noted and discussed, the efforts of feminist readings to chart Antoinette's and Jane's rearticulations of their relations to the patriarchal discourses embodied by Rochester have not explored fully the possibility that Edward himself rearticulates and redefines his position as a masculine subject, as he reexamines the ethical implications of the masculine prerogatives that he has enjoyed and abused. This question must be addressed if the depth and potential of Bronte's ethical revision of gendered subjectivity in her "original" work, and the reaffirmation of this re-vision is Rhys's "supplement," are to be recognized, for the novels of Bronte and Rhys offer intriguing representations of how Victorian subjects lived at odds with the dominant cultural narratives of class and gender. In "Breaking the Master Narrative: Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea, "Ellen G. Friedman has read Rhys's Rochester as "at least in part, greedy and sadistic" (119). The Edward Rochester depicted at the end of Part Two in Rhys's novel is indeed a selfish, hateful man who, one should hope, could not elicit anything but a carefully distanced pity on the part of the reader. Unable to deal with the "threat" presented by an environment which cannot be contained within the narratives of self-definition in which he participates, he becomes violently defensive as he attempts to negate and delegitimize Antoinette and her Caribbean world, whose recognition of his mastery is perhaps only provisional: I hated the mountains and the hills, the rivers and the rain. I hated the sunsets of whatever colour, I hated its beauty and its magic and the secret I would never know. I hated its indifference and the cruelty which was part of its loveliness. Above all I hated her. For she belonged to the magic and the loveliness. She had left me thirsty and all my life would be thirst and longing for what I had lost before I found it. (Rhys 172) What Edward has lost is, of course, the belief in the essential, unquestionable nature of phallic power, and by extension his recognition of himself as a male subject. Alongside Antoinette's narrative, Rhys presents the anti-Bildungsroman of the young Edward Rochester. He has left England as a younger son of the landed gentry (though the Rochesters are quite wealthy, the family is not titled), but without money and holdings of his own he does not fit his class's narrative of a mature male subject. Presumably, the mercenary marriage to Antoinette Cosway Mason will enable Edward to assume his "proper" place, but as Rhys's novel illustrates, this marriage threatens some dissolution, some ultimate inability to imagine himself within the dominant ideological frame as a "mature" or "whole" male subject. This frame can best be understood by the model presented by Kaja Silverman in Male Subjectivity at the Margins. Complementing Althusser and Lacan, Silverman argues that ideological identification is the result of the entry into the various symbolic discourses which constitute the lived relation to the world (34). …


The aim of this study is to examine the institutional organization of the water sector. The Mediterranean area provides very diverse examples of water sector organization. This paper focuses more particularly on two aspects, the recent introduction of private sector participation and the institutional framework. Five countries have been reviewed in detail: Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Jordan. For each of these countries, the paper analyzes institutional arrangements for the water sector. It presents the theoretical legal framework but also the practice. It shows that 'independent' regulatory agencies have been set up in only a few countries. However, a closer look confirms that these regulatory agencies are rarely independent. The study also reveals that in most of the countries, the management of water supply suffers from political interference and is overly centralized. Experience with corporatization has also been limited. While the corporatization of local operators has been legalized in most countries, few have implemented it. Experience with private sector participation in water supply has been relatively positive and is, therefore, expected to expand in the future.


Mechanochemical milling
reactions gained a lot of attention lately as a green and highly efficient path
towards various relevant materials. The control over the fundamental reaction
parameters in milling procedure, such as temperature and pressure of the reactor,
is still in infancy and the vast majority of milling reactions is done with
controlling just the basic parameters such as frequency and milling media
weight. We demonstrate here how the milling under controlled, prolonged and
variable heating programs accomplished in a new milling reactor introduces a new
level of mechanochemical reactivity beyond what can be achieved by conventional
mechanochemical or solution procedures, and also reduces the time and energy costs
of the milling process. The methodology is demonstrated on four varied systems:
C–C bond forming Knoevenagel condensation, selective C–N bond formation for
amide/urea synthesis, selective double-imine condensation, and solid-state
formation of an archetypal open metal-organic framework, MOF-74. The potential
of this methodology is best demonstrated on the one-pot selective synthesis of
four complex products containing combinations of amide, amine or urea
functionalities from the same and simple acyl azide and diamine reactants.
Principal control over this enhanced reactivity and selectivity stemmed from
the application of specific heating regimes to mechanochemical processing
accomplished by a new, in-house developed mechanochemical reactor. As even the
moderate increase in temperature strongly affects the selectivity and the rate
of mechanochemical reactions, the results presented are in line with recent
challenges of the accepted theories of mechanochemical reactivity.


Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in children is a neglected global health problem, with an increasing proportion of TB cases in Indonesia. Children with TB are most often impacted by TB transmission in the population at large, especially adult TB that exists in the child's household. This study aimed to find protective factors that can keep children healthy despite household adult TB contacts. This study reports on 132 respondents with a case-control study conducted at nine referred hospitals and several health centers based on medical records at Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. The study lasted from January to December 2014, while the data analysis was used by both of bivariate (chi-square) and multivariate (multiple logistic regression) analysis. The study found that healthy houses, especially those with healthy bedrooms and fewer exposures to adult TB sufferer, influenced by confounder variables, protected children from TB even though they were exposed to adult TB in their environment. Longer periods of living together is not a risk factor for children to contract TB when living with adult TB patients at home. However, this risk increases with frequent exposure among children to adult TB patients at home.


The World Wide Web is a source of social encounter occurring over undefined distances. If physical parameters of social encounter are considered uncontrollable for studies in a natural setting, the internet world, when dissected philosophically with respect to physical witnessibility of engaged identities, provides a model in which distance is absent. Upon comparison of meaning in science method and theory as it is necessarily rooted to common perceptional experience, it is proposed that established criteria of virtual, real, and actual employed for description in internet communication studies not only constitute 'world,' but 'universe' in which the gap between the actual and virtual has a physical meaning. Philosophical analogy is made from a proposed universal model to theory proposed by Albert Einstein, Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn and applied in an attempt to bridge conceptually the social and natural sciences. A release of identity-funding inhibition to the extension of the range of witness beyond the immediate environment, associated with cognitive generalization of phenomenon involving a null hypothesis, seen universally to singularly account for cognitive and behavioral trends towards modern times, is proposed to be the consequence of physical factors that are external to cultures. Discussion relating 'paradox' as 'paradox of the injuring concept' is rendered in terms of a physical divide between the virtual and the actual.


Background: Invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is the second most common cancer
among women in developing countries where early age at first sexual intercourse
(AFSI) and first pregnancy (AFP) are prevalent events. The epidemiological
evidence of how these sexual and reproductive health (SRH) factors impact the
natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV) and ICC remain inconclusive. It
has been debated that a woman's risk for ICC will depend more on the "high-risk"
sexual behaviour of the male partner than of her own behaviour. Passive smoking
in the context of couples is unclear. The aim is to study SRH factors in relation to
ICC risk in developing countries.

Methods: Study 1 evaluated the risk of ICC and its association with AFSI and
AFP in a pooled analysis of IARC case-control studies of ICC from eight
developing countries. Study 2 assessed these SRH factors and risk of HPV
persistence in a population-based natural history cohort study in Guanacaste,
Costa Rica. Study 3 characterised the male role in the aetiology of ICC among
couples in a pooled analysis of five ICC case-control studies and two cervical
carcinoma in situ (CIS) case-control studies.

Results: The ICC risk was 2.4-fold among those who reported AFSI and AFP :~a6
years compared with AFSI and AFP ~21 years. Decreasing AFP, not AFSI, was
associated with an increased risk of a-year persistence. Lifetime number of sexual
partners of the husband was the strongest predictor of CIS and ICC risk. The
absence of circumcision was significantly associated with an increased risk of CIS.
A 2-fold increased risk of ICC was also found among couples with both ever
smoking men and women.

These data confirm AFSI and AFP as risk factors for ICC, but any
independent effects could not be distinguished. The association of AFP with HPV
persistence suggests that AFP may play a more relevant role in cervical
carcinogenesis. The combined effects of exposure to active and passive smoking
suggest its potential adverse role in cervical carcinogenesis.


In a review essay entitled "Shakespeare and Authorship Studies in the Twenty-First Century," published in Shakespeare Quarterly (62 [2011]: 106–42), Brian Vickers makes a scathing attack upon computational stylistics as a scholarly enterprise and as represented by the book he is reviewing. His principal target is the use of word-frequency patterns as evidence of authorship. He argues that his current approach to the attribution of authorship, an approach that deals in collocations of words, is effective and superior. The book in question, Shakespeare, Computers, and the Mystery of Authorship, edited by Hugh Craig and Arthur Kinney (2009) is best assessed by scholars deeply versed in Shakespeare studies; the consensus may be far more favorable than Vickers expects. The main purpose of this "Second Opinion" is neither to defend Craig and Kinney nor to offer a general survey of the field, but to show that such methods are well suited to the work of attribution. The present essay concludes that, when Vickers overcomes several shortcomings in his own new method, it may well become a useful addition to the scholar's armory. The reason all this matters is that new methods of analysis are yielding very accurate results. As is sometimes the case with advanced bibliographical methods and the close study of printing-house practice, apparent technical complexity is a barrier to their acceptance. But all of these methods should be judged by their results.


Drug stores sell them, warehouse stores sell them, your doctor probably uses them - health sensing equipment used to monitor bodily data is on the upswing. Several brands have released their own weighing scales, blood pressure monitors, pulse bands etc., together with their own smartphone applications. However, the usage of sensor devices in a medical environment is in need of a general framework that can be a base for implementing systems capable of handling a wide range of sensor devices. A patient using a sensor, taking a measurement, uploads the data with a collector (e.g. smartphone) to a gateway (i.e. web service) where medical personnel can use the data to evaluate a person's health or raise an alarm if a person is at risk. A study on existing frameworks led to the design and implementation of a framework that handles generic sensor data transportation between (i) sensors and the collector and (ii) the collector and a gateway, using the Android platform. The work resulted in an implemented Android framework (called SFW) and a prototype using the framework; consisting of an Android user application and a RESTful web service. Functional testing was used to evaluate the framework where three different sensor devices plus one simulated configurable "sensor" were used to verify that the framework can handle different types of measurement data. The experimental evaluations show that SFW is capable in handling generic sensors' measurements but still contains possible areas of improvements such as implementation of encryption and, in the future, further evaluation.


Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

The Birt-Hogg-Dube (BHD) autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome has clinical features that include the development of skin fibrofolliculomas, lung cysts, and renal neoplasia. Renal tumors occur in approximately one third of individuals with BHD. The gene responsible for BHD syndrome is Folliculin (FLCN), which encodes a 68kD phosphoprotein (FLCN). One allele of the FLCN gene is mutated in the germline of >90% of BHD patients and somatic mutations or loss of the wild type FLCN allele are observed in the renal tumors of patients with BHD, suggesting that FLCN acts as a tumor suppressor protein. The human renal cell carcinoma cell line UOK257, derived from a patient with a germline mutation in the FLCN gene, harbors a truncated version of the FLCN protein. Reconstitution of the wild type FLCN protein into the FLCN-deficient UOK257 cells decreased their proliferation rate. Here we tested whether this difference in cell proliferation rate may be partly attributed to the effect of FLCN on cell cycle progression. We synchronized FLCN-deficient UOK257 cells and their isogenic, wild type or mutant FLCN counterparts, by double thymidine block and followed cell cycle progression after release. UOK257 cells expressing wild type FLCN exhibited a slower progression through the late S and G2/M-phases of the cell cycle compared to the vector only controls (FLCN-deficient). The reintroduction of tumor-associated FLCN mutants failed to delay cell cycle progression in UOK257 cells, indicating that the effect of wild type FLCN on cell cycle progression may contribute to its tumor suppressor function. FLCN phosphorylation on serines S62 and S73 fluctuates throughout the cell cycle and peaks in cells arrested at the G2/M boundary following treatment with nocodazole. In keeping with this observation, the reintroduction of a FLCN S62/73 phosphomimetic mutant into the UOK257 cell line resulted in faster progression through the cell cycle compared to those expressing the wild type FLCN protein. These findings suggest that orderly changes in FLCN phosphorylation during the cell cycle are linked to and may be required for its effect on cell cycle progression and possibly its activity as a tumor suppressor protein. We expect that these studies will provide insight into the role of FLCN in kidney tumorigenesis and will identify putative new targets for therapeutic intervention.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2171. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2171


Extract This article examines, from a constitutional point of view, the structure and interaction of the three organs of government of the Russian Federation. The article explains the present organs of government of the Russian Federation. No historical scrutiny of the former Soviet Union is provided. A constitutional outline of the 'Russian Federation',1 'the President of the Russian Federation',2 'the Federal Assembly',3 'the Government of the Russian Federation',4 and 'the Judiciary'5 is provided.


Social search has been claimed to improve content discovery by allowing users to draw on their social network to find relevant content. Thus social network information, complemented with metadata, can enhance the search for new information. We examine the relative contribution of social network information and file metadata in predicting downloads of files by analyzing the file browsing behavior of 5,723 users of a social file sharing service in a large global company. The following factors increase the likelihood of download: (a) if the file author is in the user's social network; (b) if the file has been downloaded by or shared with others in the user's network; and (c) if the file's metadata is a good match to the user's interests. Semi-structured interviews with 18 users provided deeper insight into why these factors are important. Our findings demonstrate the value of the social graph for finding files, with implications for relevant content and people discovery.


: Soybean is widely used as raw material of various types of processed foods. The still remaining problem today is the soybean's demand that is not balance when it's compared to the farmer's soybean production. This could affect soybean shortage. If the need of soybean in East Java Province can be fulfilled, then East Java Province can be said to have a surplus and self-sufficiency of soybean. The decline in soybean production was influenced by handled and unhandled factors. The contribution of this paper is modeling soybean production and scenario. Both were used to increase soybean production, so that it can achieve self-sufficiency by considering the variables that influence in soybean production. This research use system dynamic approach because it can be used like a tool to provide information and feed back to the system and offer a solution from developed scenarios.


This article explores the historiographical traditions concerning Herennius Pontius, a Samnite wisdom-practitioner who is said by the Peripatetic Aristoxenus of Tarentum to have been an interlocutor of the philosophers Archytas of Tarentum and Plato of Athens. It argues that extant speeches attributed to Herennius Pontius in the writings of Cassius Dio and Appian preserve a philosophy of "extreme proportional benefaction" among unequals. Such a theory is marked by Peripatetic language and concepts, which suggests that these speeches derive from a single Peripatetic source, probably Aristoxenus. The reception of Aristoxenus9 description of Herennius Pontius among Greeks and Romans is sharply divided. Greek theories of ethics among unequals such as those of Aristotle and Archytas, which aim for moderation, can be distinguished from that attributed to Herennius Pontius, which is circumstantial and stipulates extreme responses to extremes. Romans, in particular Appius Claudius Caecus and Sulla, espouse proverbial wisdom strikingly similar to the theory of "extreme proportional benefaction" associated with Herennius Pontius. Such comparisons suggest that starting in the late fourth century bce, Romans and Samnites may have held shared ideological principles, as defined against Greek cultural paradigms. Scholars are thus prompted to consider Herennius Pontius as a starting point for a much larger inquiry into shared ideology among non-Greeks in Italy during the Hellenistic period and beyond.


The Security Considerations sections of many Internet Drafts say, in
effect, "just use IPsec". While this is sometimes correct, more often
it will leave users without real, interoperable security mechanisms.
This memo offers some guidance on when IPsec Version 2 should and
should not be specified.


The Marsfontein M-1 kimberlite pipe in the Mokopane (Potgietersrus) area is the highest grade kimberlite ever mined in southern Africa, and forms part of an extensive east-northeast striking pipe and fissure swarm. The kimberlites are of late Jurassic age and were emplaced into basement and formerly overlying Karoo Supergroup rocks. The area hosting the kimberlites was subject to erosion, which has removed the upper portions of the kimberlites and their Karoo host rocks. This phase of erosion commenced in the Pliocene as a result of the onset of subsidence of the Bushveld Basin. Subsidence was accommodated in part by the Zebediela fault, which passes immediately south of the kimberlite swarm. Material eroded from the vicinity of the swarm was deposited south of the fault, burying down-faulted Karoo Supergroup rocks and forming an extensive bahada, which includes up to 30 m of gravel in proximity to the fault. Alluvial deposits consisting of sand and gravel extend as much as 20 km south of the fault. It is estimated that some 9 billion tonnes of gravel occur in the section of the deposit immediately south of the kimberlite swarm with an average grade possibly exceeding 0.2 c/100 tonnes, and it is possible that economically viable diamond accumulations are locally developed within this gravel sheet.


Abstract We introduce the class of partially invertible modules and show that it is an inverse category which we call the Picard inverse category. We use this category to generalize the classical construction of crossed products to, what we call, generalized epsilon-crossed products and show that these coincide with the class of epsilon-strongly groupoid-graded rings. We then use generalized epsilon-crossed groupoid products to obtain a generalization, from the group-graded situation to the groupoid-graded case, of the bijection from a certain second cohomology group, defined by the grading and the functor from the groupoid in question to the Picard inverse category, to the collection of equivalence classes of rings epsilon-strongly graded by the groupoid.


Water is nature's most precious resource and growing demand is pushing fresh water supplies to the brink of non-renewability. New technological and social initiatives that enhance conservation and reduce waste are needed. Providing consumers with fine-grained real-time information has yielded benefits in conservation of power and gasoline. Extending this philosophy to water conservation, we introduce a novel water monitoring system, NAWMS, that similarly empowers users.
 The goal of our work is to furnish users with an easy-to-install self-calibrating system that provides information on when, where, and how much water they are using. The system uses wireless vibration sensors attached to pipes and, thus, neither plumbing nor special expertise is necessary for its installation. By implementing a non-intrusive, autonomous, and adaptive system using commodity hardware, we believe it is cost-effective and widely deployable.
 NAWMS makes use of the existing household water flow meter, which is considered accurate, but lacks spatial granularity, and adds vibration sensors on individual water pipes to estimate the water flow to each individual outlet. Compensating for manufacturing, installation, and material variabilities requires calibration of these low cost sensors to achieve a reasonable level of accuracy. We have devised an adaptive auto-calibration procedure, which attempts to solve a two phase linear programming and mixed linear geometric programming problem.
 We show through experiments on a three pipe testbed that such a system is indeed feasible and adapts well to minimize error in the water usage estimate. We report an accuracy, over likely domestic flow-rate scenarios, with long-term stability and a mean absolute error of 7%.


Our work addresses a well documented problem: users are frequently unable to articulate a query that clearly and comprehensively expresses their information need. This can be attributed to the information need being too ambiguous and not clearly defined in the user's mind, to a lack of knowledge of the domain of interest on the part of the user, to a lack of understanding of a retrieval system's conceptual model, or to an inability to use a certain query syntax. This thesis proposes a software tool that emulates the human search mediator. It helps a user explore a domain of interest, learn its structure, terminology and key concepts, and clarify and refine an information need. It can also help a user generate high-quality queries for searching the World Wide Web or other such large and heterogeneous document collections. Our work was inspired by library studies which have highlighted the role of the librarian in helping the user explore her information need, define the problem to be solved, articulate a formulation of the information need and adapt it for the retrieval system at hand in order to get information. Our approach, mediated access through a clustered collection, is based on an information access environment in which the user can explore a relatively small, well structured, pre-clustered document collection covering a particular subject domain, in order to understand the concepts encompassed and to clarify and refine her information need. At the same time, the user can ostensively indicate clusters and documents of interest so that the system builds a model of the user's topic of interest. Based on this model, the system assists and guides the user's exploration, or generates `mediated queries' that can be used to search other collections. We present the design and evaluation of WebCluster, a system that reifies the concept of mediated retrieval. Additionally, a variety of mediation experiments are presented,which provide guidelines as to which mediation strategies are more appropriate for different types of tasks. A set of experiments is presented that evaluate document clustering's capacity to group together topical documents and support mediation. In this context we propose and experimentally test a new formulation for the cluster hypothesis. We also look at the ability of language models to convey content, to represent topics and to highlight specific concepts in a given context. They are also successfully applied to generate flexible, task-dependent cluster representatives for supporting exploration through browsing and respectively searching. Our experimental results show that mediation has potential to significantly improve user queries and consequently the retrieval effectiveness.


Insects that feed on the blood of vertebrates are difficult to control, and many previous efforts have been unsuccessful. This is becoming an ever increasing issue, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as exemplified by the recent spread of West Nile virus by mosquitoes across the USA and recent dengue outbreaks in Singapore and Australia. Investigating the ways in which biting insects interact with each other, their environment and their hosts is providing valuable knowledge that will lead to the development of improved control technologies. For instance, recent advances in chemical ecology research have led to the identification of new semiochemicals that show great potential as control agents against biting insects. Exciting new chemical ecology tools and control technologies for the future are discussed.


This study examined psycho-social correlates of adjustment in adult amputees. A total number of sixty upper and lower limbs adult amputees were purposively drawn from people living with physical disabilities in Ibadan and Ogbomoso cities for the research. The mean age and standard deviation for female participants were 30.5 years and 5.8 respectively while those of male participants were 26.6years and 7.7 respectively. The study's design was Expost-facto. Data collection was done by using structured questionnaire which contained the locus of control, self-concept, social support and coping scales. Multiple Regressions was used to test the independent and joint influence of these factors on adjustment. The result revealed significant influence of self-concept (t = 0.07, â = 0.03, P<.05), Sex (t = -2.15, â = -2.76; P<.05) and age of onset (t = 1.70, â = 0.22; P<.05) on adjustment. The variables together exert only 15% influence on adjustment (F = 1.89, R2 = 0.149, P<.05).


Polymer confinement is realized in hybrid nanocomposites where individual polymer molecules are confined by a nanoporous matrix to dimensions less than the molecular size of the polymer. Here it is shown that by functionalizing the interior pore surfaces of a nanoporous organosilicate matrix, the pores can be filled with polystyrene molecules to achieve extreme levels of molecular confinement not previously possible. This provides opportunities for unique thermal and mechanical properties. It is shown that pore surface functionalization markedly impacts the polymer mobility during polymer infiltration by affecting the polymer–pore surface interaction, addressing the challenge of filling high‐molecular‐weight polymer molecules into nanoscale‐confined spaces. This allows for achieving extreme levels of molecular confinement with the loss of interchain entanglement and extensive polymer elongation along the pore axis. The glass transition temperature of the polymer is suppressed compared to bulk polymer melt, and is significantly affected by the polymer–surface interaction, which changes the polymer segmental mobility. The polymer–surface interaction also affects the interfacial polymer–pore sliding shear stress during polymer pullout from the nanopores, markedly affecting the fracture resistance of the nanocomposite.


We report on initial findings from a pupillometry study that investigated the influence of two extra-linguistic variables, namely Neuroticism and Disgust Sensitivity, on auditory language comprehension in adults. Results suggest that: (1) Language comprehension is influenced by extra-linguistic variables and individual differences; (2) the processing of different kinds of linguistic errors, as opposed to clashes with an individual's value or belief system, are influenced by different extra-linguistic variables; and that (3) Disgust Sensitivity at least partially predicts pupillary responses to utterances clashing with an individual's belief system. Results are discussed with regards to linguistic anticipation, cognitive effort and arousal, and resource allocation.


The aim of this work was to investigate the new effective agents candidate for treatment of the Alzheimer's disease. So, a series of new and highly active acetylcholinesterase inhibitors derived from hydroxyquinoline ester containing amino acid were synthesized. Antibacterial activities of the molecules were studied by the well-diffusion method against Listeria monocytogenes 4b, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi H, Brucella abortus, Staphylococcus epidermis sp., Micrococcus luteus, Shigella dysenteria type 10, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas putida and antifungal activity against Candida albicans. All the synthesized compounds behave as inhibitors against AChE enzyme. CysEs and MetEs show more inhibition potency.


The notion often associated with study abroad that it will deepen students' understanding of citizenship and expand it beyond national borders remains contested. While the Erasmus website (European Commission, 2012a) claims that study abroad and the experiences associated with it 'give students a better sense of what it means to be a European citizen' there is little research that documents how students themselves actually conceive of the term citizenship in practice (Streitwieser and Light, 2010, 1) or how a period of study abroad might transform such conceptualizations. In order to contribute to this debate, this paper analyses reflective pieces by undergraduate students on the nature of citizenship written before (n=16) and after (n=8) a year of study abroad as part of an Erasmus exchange programme. It presents an initial attempt to derive a typology of understandings for the term citizen from this data and to assess the impact of study abroad on these understandings. The findings of this pilot study suggest that before students engage with study abroad, they have a tendency to articulate a relatively straightforward understanding of the concept of citizenship with a strong focus on the notion of 'belonging' to a country. In contrast, those in the post year abroad group recognise that the concept of citizenship is "difficult to define", complex and composed of a number of elements. In addition, both obligations and responsibilities increase in importance and become more significant than rights for the post-year abroad group. Implications for a more in-depth study and for further research, in general, as well as for the preparation of students for study abroad are considered.


In response to significant changes in the Indigenous information landscape, the State Library of New South Wales and Jumbunna Indigenous House of Learning at the University of Technology, Sydney, hosted a colloquium, Libraries and Indigenous Knowledge, in December 2004. The two-day colloquium brought together professionals, practitioners and academics to discuss future directions in relation to Indigenous knowledge and library services. An expert and inspiring group of speakers and more than 90 active participants ensured that lively discussions did, indeed, take place.


Weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity worldwide. Various cultural, biological, physical and chemical practices affect the composition and intensity of weeds in rice fields. Generally, weeds can be controlled through herbicides; nevertheless, chemical weed control is not a sustainable option on a long term. Various agronomic practices such as the use of tolerant cultivars, adjusting sowing time, tillage permutations and plant geometry may reduce the weed pressure in rice. Integrated approaches for weed management, emphasizing on the combination of management practices and scientific knowledge, may reduce the economic costs and improve weed control owing to the complexity of the weed community. The present chapter reveals the role of planting geometry and herbicides as weed management strategies in rice, and discusses the issue of herbicide resistance associated with chemical weed control. Moreover, the research and knowledge gaps in rice weed management through planting geometry and herbicides were also highlighted.


In March 2009, the president of Ithaca College issued a challenge to faculty and staff to step outside of their disciplinary expertise to create means for students to make connections across academic fields. The design team directly addressed this challenge by proposing four one-credit mini-courses, based on a series of learning activities that revolved around systems thinking and design. Our project was accepted and serves as an example of a formal design inquiry with a systems approach at multiple levels. In this design case, we describe the project history, the course designs, the many issues we have faced, and how we have made design decisions.


Mobile radio networks are ubiquitous nowadays. The large popularity of mobile communication and the fast proliferation of advanced mobile devices have lead to a significant increase in the use of mobile data services. Network operators, therefore, have to extend the capacity of their networks in order to meet the increasing capacity demand, causing high capital expenditures (CAPEX). At the same time, technical progress leads to increasingly complex networks and to the need to operate several networks of different technologies in parallel, causing high effort in operation and management of mobile communication networks, which leads to high operational expenditures (OPEX). As a consequence, in order to stay economically competitive, network operators need to lower costs without sacrificing network and service quality.

Self-organizing networks (SONs) are considered a key technology for future mobile radio networks. In contrast to conventional mobile radio networks, they are able to carry out a wide range of tasks in the field of operation and management in an automatic and autonomous way and with a high level of sophistication. SONs, thus, promise to increase the efficiency of mobile radio networks, leading to higher capacity of the network and counteracting the increase in CAPEX. The autonomous operation furthermore reduces the effort required to carry out operation and management tasks which are currently done mostly manually and, therefore, lowers OPEX. The high complexity and the distributed structure of mobile radio networks, on the other hand, pose in connection with the high demands on real-time capability and reliability of SONs great challenges on the development of algorithms for the automatic operation of mobile radio networks. As a consequence, SONs require new approaches and concepts in order to enable the automatic operation of mobile radio networks.

In this thesis, the automatic adaptation of a cellular mobile radio network to varying capacity demands by adapting the radio resource allocation is investigated. For this purpose, a hierarchic concept with two planes of hierarchy is proposed. The concept separates the capacity demand adaptation of the network from the resource allocation to individual users and reduces the complexity of the network adaptation to an extent that allows efficient automatic operation in real time. For the allocation of resources to individual users, as done in the lower plane, existing methods are applied. The automatic adaptation of the network is carried out in the upper plane. In this context, a new network model, the cell-centric network model, is proposed. It models the relation between the capacity of a cell and the resource allocation of the cell in terms of cell bandwidth and transmit power and considers the distribution of the users and their capacity demands, instead of modeling the individual users, as it is done in current network models. This way, the model abstracts from individual users and considers whole cells, such that the modeling complexity is reduced significantly, making efficient self-organizing approaches possible. Furthermore, interference from other cells and the influence of the environment on signal propagation are considered, such that the model achieves high accuracy.

Using the cell-centric network model, different optimization problems for the automatic capacity optimization for SONs are developed. The optimization problems have different optimization goals and achieve the capacity optimization by allocating cell bandwidth, transmit power or both, cell bandwidth and transmit power, jointly. For the solution of the optimization problems, different algorithms with central as well as distributed implementations are proposed. Central algorithms are in general suited for simulation and analysis purposes. Distributed algorithms are of practical relevance for SONs since their implementation corresponds to the structure of mobile radio networks, such that they can be implemented efficiently and provide robustness against failure.

For verification of the proposed automatic capacity optimization approaches for SONs and for performance evaluation of the approaches, a simulation approach with scenarios with capacity demand hotspots is presented. Using this simulation approach, the proposed automatic capacity optimization approaches for SONs are investigated in order to gain insight into their behavior and in order to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The simulations are used to compare the state of the art with the proposed new approaches, show which capacity optimization approach performs best with the different distributions of the capacity hotspots and illustrate the influence of the service type.

Finally, an approach for the derivation of a real-world simulation scenario that is based on a real network and obtained using throughput measurements is presented. The proposed approaches for automatic capacity optimization are applied to a real-world scenario obtained using this approach and are evaluated with respect to their performance in practical application. The simulation results confirm the findings from the simulations in the hotspot scenarios and verify the applicability of the approaches in practice. For a more detailed analysis, the real-world scenario is investigated with respect to the areas in which the capacity hotspots appear. The performance of the proposed automatic capacity optimization approaches for SONs are investigated specifically for these hotspot areas and it is shown that the proposed approaches are able to achieve significant capacity gains locally in areas of inhomogeneous capacity demand.


We consider a tic-tac-toe game played on the $d$-dimensional integer lattice. The game that we investigate is a Maker–Breaker version of tic-tac-toe. In a Maker–Breaker game, the first player, Maker, only tries to occupy a winning line and the second player, Breaker, only tries to stop Maker from occupying a winning line. We consider the bounded number of directions game, in which we designate a finite set of direction-vectors ${\cal S} \subset {\Bbb Z}^d$ which determines the set of winning lines. We show, by using the Erdős–Selfridge theorem and a modification of a theorem by Beck about games played on almost-disjoint hypergraphs, that for the special case when the coordinates of each direction-vector are bounded, i.e., when ${\cal S} \subset \{ \vec{v} : \|\vec{v}\|_\infty \leq k \}$, Breaker can win this game if the length of each winning line is on the order of $d^2\lg(dk)$ and $d^2\lg(k)$, respectively. In addition, we show that Maker can build winning lines of length up to $(1+o(1))d\lg k $ if ${\cal S}$ is the set of all direction-vectors with coordinates bounded by $k$. We also apply these methods to the $n$-consecutive lattice points game on the $N^d$ board with (essentially) ${\cal S} = {\Bbb Z}^d$, and we show that the phase transition from a win for Maker to a win for Breaker occurs at $n= (d+o(1))\lg N$.


The UK prison population has doubled in the last decade, with the greatest increases among prisoners over the age of 60 years, many of whom are sex offenders imprisoned late in life for 'historical' offences. Occurring in a context of 'austerity' and the wider neoliberal project, an under-researched consequence of this increase has been the rising numbers of 'anticipated' prison deaths; that is, deaths that are foreseeable and that require end of life care. We focus here on 'jail craft'; a nostalgic, multi-layered, narrative or discourse, and set of tacit practices which are drawn on by officers to manage the affective and practical challenges of working with the demands of this changed prison environment. Utilising findings from an empirical study of end of life care in prisons, we propose that the erosion of jail craft depletes protective resources and sharpens the practical consequences of neoliberal penal policies.


Proof complexity focuses on the complexity of theorem proving procedures, a topic which is tightly linked to questions from computational complexity (the separation of complexity classes), first-order arithmetic theories (bounded arithmetic), and practical questions as automated theorem proving. One fascinating question in proof complexity is whether powerful computational resources as randomness or oracle access can shorten proofs or speed up proof search. In this dissertation we investigated these questions for proof systems that use a limited amount of non-uniform information (advice). This model is very interesting as--- in contrast to the classical setting---it admits an optimal proof system as recently shown by Cook and Krajicek. We give a complete complexity-theoretic classification of all languages admitting polynomially bounded proof systems with advice and explore whether the advice can be simplified or even eliminated while still preserving the power of the system. Propositional proof systems enjoy a close connection to bounded arithmetic. Cook and Krajicek (JSL'07) use the correspondence between proof systems with advice and arithmetic theories to obtain a very strong Karp-Lipton collapse result in bounded arithmetic: if SAT has polynomial-size Boolean circuits, then the polynomial hierarchy collapses to the Boolean hierarchy. Here we show that this collapse consequence is in fact optimal with respect to the theory PV, thereby answering a question of Cook and Krajicek. The second main topic of this dissertation is parameterized proof complexity, a paradigm developed by Dantchev, Martin, and Szeider (FOCS'07) which transfers the highly successful approach of parameterized complexity to the study of proof lengths. In this thesis we introduce a powerful two player game to model and study the complexity of proofs in a tree-like Resolution system in a setting arising from parameterized complexity. This game is also applicable to show strong lower bounds in other tree-like proof systems. Moreover, we obtain the first lower bound to the general dag-like Parameterized Resolution system for the pigeonhole principle and study a variant of the DPLL algorithm in the parameterized setting.


David Maurice Denison, who died aged 80 after a long illness on 8 February this year, was one of the outstanding aviation physiologists of his generation. With other scientists at Farnborough, he made enormous contributions to civilian and manned flight safety. His research spanned explaining the Apollo 1 disaster to understanding why diving mammals do not get the bends. He achieved national recognition for his expert evidence in the Billie-Jo Jenkins murder case with his findings from several years of personal research, which provided sufficient doubt to overturn the original conviction.

He had a truly original mind with a ceaseless curiosity to understand. He took endless care to teach his students to think for themselves and to challenge scientific orthodoxy. It is a tribute to his teaching that so many of those who worked with him have gone on to have very successful medical and academic careers. He inspired great admiration and affection in those who knew and worked with him, and he had a great capacity for friendship. He was a kind, generous man, always thoughtful of others.

David was born one of identical twins, in 1933 at Hammersmith Hospital, to where he would return in the late 1960s to work with Moran Campbell. By his own admission, his school career was not a great success. He left without A levels, having in one report been declared unfit for higher education, and started work as a junior analyst in Hounslow for Parke Davis, manufacturers of pharmaceuticals and toothpaste, before working as a laboratory technician at Ashford Hospital. He was called up for national service in January 1953, joining the Royal Artillery and later the Royal Army Medical Corps.

After national service he applied to a number of medical schools, having studied biological sciences and chemistry at night school while …


Abstract. The loss of lives, injuries and the damage on economies that occur as a result of disasters is increasing due to the changing nature. People need to adopt themselves to be able to resist against disasters. Nevertheless, minimizing the costs of disasters can achieved not individually but rather by a well-organized social system. This requires a decentralized disaster management system that would allow participation of not only central authorities but also widespread volunteers. Also, pre-emptive cautions to raise public awareness and capabilities about how to struggle against disasters are very important component of being well organized. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) Civil Defence Organization has constituted the "Disaster Resilient Society with Youth Project" to reduce number of loss of life, injuries and economic loss as global targets envisaged in Sendai Framework for Action. This project is being implemented in line with the objects of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction which is inspired from the principle of "Disaster risk reduction requires an all-of-society engagement and partnership. While the project is managed by Civil Defence Organization, it is implemented by the participation of volunteers. The project is the last phase of a series of projects which have been realized for 35 years in line with the same goal of reducing loss of lives, injuries and economic loss while various concepts targeted to address different levels of the society. The objective of the Project is to firstly choose some individuals and then train them to have disaster consciousness and awareness about disaster management cycle in society. These people would potentially provide support to responding official teams in case of an unexpected disaster. For this reason, the project also involves practical training and practices as complementary to the theoretical education phase. In the first place, a four year road map is determined to improve the project by identifying disruptions and weaknesses compared to similar projects around the world. The establishment of target groups of the Project within youth is important not only to improve the effectiveness of responding phase, but also to maintain a sustainable system for the progression of the Project. In order to encourage and increase the participation of volunteers to the Project, it is planned to issue certificates, badges and prize for those who would be successful during the training phase. In order to achieve the goals of the Project, the project managers seek collaboration of universities, local authorities, central authorities and nongovernmental organizations which are seen as stakeholders.


We report Zr1-xGdxN thin films deposited by magnetron sputter deposition. We show a solid solubility of the highly neutron absorbing GdN into ZrN along the whole compositional range, which is in excellent agreement with our recent predictions by first-principles calculations. An oxidization study in air shows that Zr1-xGdxN with x reaching from 1 to close to 0 fully oxidizes, but that the oxidization is slowed down by an increased amount of ZrN or stopped by applying a capping layer of ZrN. The crystalline quality of Zr0.5Gd0.5N films increases with substrate temperatures increasing from 100 degrees C to 900 degrees C. (C) 2015 Author(s).


Metal leaching behaviour was investigated in synthetically prepared soils which were contaminated with lead in the laboratory and to which ordinary Portland cement (OPC), lime, magnesia, fly ash (PFA), or ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were added to stabilise the contaminant. The optimum amounts were determined by fly ash added gradually to contaminated soil until full reduction of leachable lead was reached. Five grams of the soil thoroughly mixed with 0.1g stabilising material was transferred into a 100ml polypropylene container to which 50ml of de-ionised (DI) water or 50 ml of 0.1M HNO[3] or 0.01M HNO[3] was added. The mixture was shaken on a flat bed shaker for 2 hours, and then filtered using a Whatman No 542 filter paper. The lead concentration in the filtrate was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). All theses stabilizers resulted in about 99% of the added lead being retained on the filter. However, in similar experiments with 0.1 M HNO[3] effective lead retention was found only when OPC or GBFS were used where amounts retained were 90 and 95% respectively. The effect of changes in pH on lead retention was investigated using Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photo spectroscopy (XPS) and ion chromatography.In a second series of experiments Lead contaminated solutions containing 10, 50, 100, and 500 mg/1, respectively of Pb were treated by the addition of known quantities of OPC, lime, magnesia, GGBFS or fly ash. The resulting lead-containing precipitate was collected and characterised using XRD, FTIR, Atomic emission Spectroscopy ICP-AES, SEM-EDX , Raman and XPS. Analysis of the supernatant by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry showed that about 99% of lead in solution was removed after the addition of 0.1g of OPC, lime or magnesia, PFA, or GGBFs to the 50ml of lead solution. Characterisation of the cement treated samples showed the formation of PbCO[3], PbSO[4] and PbSiO[3]. The addition of lime resulted in the formation of Pb2OCO[3], PbSiO[3], PbCO[3] and Ca(PbO[3])[2]. In the presence of magnesia, the following compounds were formed: Mg[2]Pb, PbMgV[2]O[7] and PbO[2]. Results from both IR and SEM-EDX confirmed the presence of lead in the precipitate. When deionised water or 0.1 M HNO[3] was used in the presence of GGBFS, the concentration of lead in the leachate was less than 1% of the added lead in the soil. Results from X-ray diffraction measurements on soil samples retained on the filter paper showed lead calcium silicate and a mixed compound of lead sulphate carbonate hydroxide were formed in the presence of GGBFS. These investigations show that the addition of cement, lime or magnesia, GGBFS and PFA can result in the removal of lead from the solution to form stable compounds, thus providing a potential means of clean-up of solutions contaminated with lead.In addition to the work on contamination with lead, contamination with seven other elements was also investigated: Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Al. The levels of the concentration of the solution were varied: 10, 50, 100 and 500 mg/1. The solidification procedures were applied with 20,000 mg/l of Pb solution on cube shape 50x50 x50mm samples that were cured for 7 days. Then tank leaching test was conducted on solidified samples together with an acid digestion test. This work was extended to the examination of the leaching behaviour of the compounds formed by subjecting lead contaminated OPC cubes (50x50x50mm), cured for 7 days, to leaching in a tank of DI water. Results showed that less than 1% of the lead had leached out within 15 days. In addition, similarly treated cubes with varying amounts of OPC replaced with fly ash or GGBFS were subjected to the leaching tank and compressive strength tests. The results of the tests showed better retention of Pb where OPC was replaced by PFA or GGBFS.


ABSTRACT This article examines the Race Equality Directive (RED) and its transposition in the context of a new European Union (EU) member state, Baltic Lithuania. Taking this post-communist society as a case study, it is suggested that while formal legislative compliance with the RED has been broadly attained, transposed anti-discrimination legislation and national policy implementation initiatives may not adequately take into account societal attitudes and norms. The historical legacy of Soviet times, the contemporary post-communist experience, and the current economic crisis have resulted in a fragile national identity and a propensity towards populist and even xenophobic responses to uncertainty. These factors are explored in terms of their potential for undermining the objectives of EU-derived legislation designed to promote racial and ethnic tolerance. The article concludes that while a 'differentiated' Europeanisation has not occurred in formal terms, the possibility exists of 'differential' Europeanisation emerging in post-communist new EU member states such as Lithuania.