The efficiency of energy utilisation in cattle is a determinant of the profitability of milk and beef production, as well as their environmental impact. At an animal level, meat and milk production by ruminants is less efficient than pig and poultry production, in part due to lower digestibility of forages compared with grains. However, when compared on the basis of human-edible inputs, the ruminant has a clear efficiency advantage. There has been recent interest in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in dairy cattle and residual feed intake, an indicator of FCE, in beef cattle. Variation between animals in FCE may have genetic components, allowing selection for animals with greater efficiency and reduced environmental impact. A major source of variation in FCE is feed digestibility, and thus approaches that improve digestibility should improve FCE if rumen function is not disrupted. Methane represents a substantial loss of digestible energy from rations. Major determinants of methane emission are the amount of feed consumed and the proportions of forage and concentrates fed. In addition, feeding fat has long been known to reduce methane emission. A myriad of other supplements and additives are currently being investigated as mitigators of methane emission, but in many cases compounds effective in sheep are ineffective in lactating dairy cows. Ultimately, the adoption of 'best practice' in diet formulation and management may be the most effective option for reducing methane. In assessing the efficiency of energy use for milk and meat production by cattle, and their environmental impact, it is imperative that comparisons be made at a systems level, and that the wider social and economic implications of mitigation policy are considered.


Materials which respond to biological cues are the subject of intense research interest due to their possible application in smart drug delivery vehicles. In particular, novel polymers which respond to biochemical differences between the extra-and intracellular environments may be useful for preparing particles which can chaperone a therapeutic agent in the extracellular environment, and release said agent only when the particle is internalised by a target cell. To that end, polymers that exploit the elevated glutathione (GSH) concentration in the intracellular compartment are attracting substantial research effort. In this review we describe a number of different strategies for the preparation of glutathione responsive materials. In particular, we examine the use of GSH responsive linkers to prepare polymers that degrade upon exposure to millimolar concentrations of GSH, and the use of these polymers to prepare particles that disassemble at these concentrations. We also describe the use of such GSH responsive polymers in the controlled delivery of both chemotherapeutic agents and genetic material, and highlight a number of strategies employed to trigger release of an encapsulated drug using GSH. Additionally, we highlight some of the more novel GSH responsive systems which have recently been reported, and suggest further areas where GSH responsive materials are likely to see continued and highly focused research effort.


This study examines connections between two main growth environments – home and pre-school – in the formation of young children's new media preferences in the context of the ecological techno-microsystem and peer culture. The study assembles the results of three focus group based sub-studies with pre-school teachers (N=24), parents (N=20) and children between the ages of 5 and 7 (N=61). Samples were formed in pre-school childcare institutions, which in Estonia is for children aged 1,5 to 7. Research shows that other members of the pre-school group influence children's preferences in their use of new media. Parents consider the shaping of their children's preferences to be less connected to the children's relations with their peers. Teachers, on the other hand, ascribe the children's preferences to different aspects of the influence that their peers, siblings and parents can have on them.


Forty strains of Flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested for the production of siderophores using the universal Chrome Azurol S (CAS) assay. The majority of the strains (85%) were CAS positive (CAS+) and some (15%) were CAS negative (CAS-). The cryptic plasmid pCP1 was carried by all positive strains and was lacking from negative strains. While a weak catechol reaction was detectable in CAS+ culture supernatants, the CAS reaction was, to some extent, heat sensitive, questioning whether the positive reaction was caused only by siderophores. The ability to grow in vitro under iron-restricted conditions did not correlate with the CAS reactivity, as growth of both CAS+ and CAS- strains was similarly impaired under iron restriction induced by 2,2 dipyridyl. Suppressed growth under these conditions was restored by addition of FeCl3, haemoglobin and transferrin for both CAS+ and CAS- strains.


Diesel exhaust contains numerous toxic substances that show different modes of action such as triggering aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated pathways. We investigated AhR-mediated activity of exhaust generated by a heavy-duty diesel engine operated with or without iron- or copper/iron-catalyzed diesel particulate filters (DPFs). AhR agonists were quantified using the DR-CALUX reporter gene assay (exposure of cells for 24 h). We found 54-60 ng 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin CALUX equivalents (TCDD-CEQs) per m3 of exhaust in unfiltered samples and 6-16 ng TCDD-CEQ m3 in DPF-treated samples. DPF applications decreased TCDD-CEQ concentrations by almost 90%. Concentrations of known AhR agonists were determined with GC/HRMS and converted to TCDD-CEQ concentrations using compound-specific relative potency values. The analyzed nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the 172,3,7,8-chlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans (23,7,8-PCDD/Fs) contributed only marginally (0.6-1.6%) to the total agonist concentration. However, both DPFs also decreased concentrations of individual PAHs by 7(0-80%. Variation of the assay exposure time (8, 24, 48,72, and 96 h) revealed that AhR-mediated activity decreased over time and reached a plateau after 72 h, which was most likely due to biotransformation of AhR agonists by the exposed H4IIE cells. At the plateau, we measured 1-2 ng TCDD-CEQ m(-3) in both an unfiltered and a filtered exhaust sample. Our findings show that DPFs are a promising technology to detoxify diesel exhaust regarding compounds with AhR-mediated activity.


Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the magnetic shielding for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solids provide an important contribution for understanding the experimentally observed chemical shifts. It is known that the calculated NMR shielding parameters for a particular nucleus in a series of compounds correlate well with the experimentally measured chemical shifts; however, the slope of a linear fit often differs from the ideal value of 1.0. Focusing on a series of ionic compounds (fluorides, oxides, bromides, and chlorides), we show that the error is caused by the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to the exchange-correlation functional and it is related to the well-known band-gap problem. In order to devise an ab initio approach that would correctly reproduce the variation of the shifts within a series of compounds, we test various DFT based approaches. A simple GGA+U scheme with the orbital field acting on the cation d states does not work in a general way. Also, the popular hybrid functionals (including the screened versions), which contain some fixed amount of exact exchange, lead to a large overestimation of the necessary slope correction. Surprisingly, the best solution to this problem is offered by a semilocal potential designed by Becke and Johnson to reproduce the optimized exact exchange potential in free atoms.


The Centre for Automotive Safety Research (and the Road Accident Research Unit before it) has a long history of conducting in-depth crash investigation dating back to the 1970s. Investigators monitor ambulance radio frequencies and drive to the scenes of road crashes at the same time as ambulances are dispatched. At the crash scene, extensive data is collected, sufficient to reconstruct the circumstances and consequences of the crash. The data include: skid marks, the final positions of the crashed vehicles, damage to the vehicles, and road conditions. An engineering survey is made of the site noting the road geometry and other relevant features. CASR interviews people involved in the crash and any witnesses at length. Each case is reviewed in detail by a multidisciplinary team to determine factors contributing to the causation of the crash and the cause of injuries sustained by those involved. In some cases this involves computer aided crash reconstruction. During 2002 to 2005, approximately 300 crashes were investigated in the Adelaide Metropolitan Area. This paper outlines the data collection activity and provides some examples of how that data has been used. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E215375.


In an unnamed country on the first day of the new year, people stop dying. Amid the general public, there is great celebration: flags are hung out on balconies and people dance in the streets. They have achieved the great goal of humanity - eternal life. Death is on strike. Soon, though, the residents begin to suffer. For several months undertakers face bankruptcy, the church is forced to reinvent its doctrine, and local 'maphia' smuggle those on the brink of death over the border where they can expire naturally. Death does return eventually, but with a new, courteous approach - delivering violet warning letters to her victims. But what can death do when a letter is unexpectedly returned?


I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND A. Freedom of Press, Media Diversity, and Advertising B. Privacy in Many Forms III. ENTER THE INTERNET A. The Internet Disrupts Press, Increases Diversity B. The Internet Transforms Privacy IV. MEDIA DIVERSITY AND PRIVACY A. Advertising, Media, and the Internet Ecosystem B. Balancing Privacy and Diversity V. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS I. INTRODUCTION In the midst of a fierce presidential election season, in October 2012, The New York Times revealed that the political campaigns of Barack Obama and Mitt Romney agree on at least one thing. (1) Both are turning to personalized data about voters, such as "shopping histories, gambling tendencies, interest in get-rich-quick schemes, dating preferences and financial problems." (2) Campaign workers use this information in their "get out the vote" efforts running up to Election Day. (3) They are debating whether to publicly shame people into voting through social networks or to use the detailed information to "persuade" unlikely voters to do their civic duty. (4) The two major parties are buying into big data; together, they spent $13 million on "data acquisition and related services" in 2012. (5) Even though both campaigns claim to follow the highest ethical standards and industry best practices, (6) and although the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and Commerce Department have both emphasized the importance of "notice" to consumers and choice, (7) it remains unclear whether Americans understand know how much information the two presidential campaigns or their consultants have. (8) Headlines like Forbes's "The Obama And Romney Campaigns Know If You've Visited Porn Sites" suggest much of the public does not yet know these facts. (9) A member of Romney's campaign told The New York Times: "You don't want your analytical efforts to be obvious because voters get creeped out.... A lot of what we're doing is behind the scenes." (10) Despite the revelations of such massive information collection of personal information, there has been little uproar--likely because of the countervailing benefits of this activity. (11) Considering the value of wide participation in a democracy and our nation's chronically low turnout rates, (12) anything increasing electoral participation seems like a good thing. In addition, for centuries, political candidates have used information about voters to craft an argument that would persuade a particular voter, from knowing their gender to knowing their union membership. (13) Consider a second, seemingly unrelated, example. Ars Technica is an online-only publication with millions of readers across the country. (14) It specializes in technology news and informed analysis. (15) In March of 2010, the site's editors experimented with their audience by "blocking" content from readers who visited the site using ad-blocking technology. (16) The experiment worked, though it angered some of their readers. (17) Some twenty-five thousand readers responded by whitelisting the site (meaning they removed Ars Technica from the sites whose ads were blocked), while another two hundred readers paid for premium subscriptions, (18) The following day, the publication explained the "experiment gone wrong," detailing the importance of advertising to Ars Technica and others outlets like it, and asking readers to consider the real harms to online publications caused by ad blocking, such as staff layoffs and reliance on more advertising "of a truly questionable nature." (19) The experiment also surprised the editors; they didn't realize many people were blocking ads unintentionally, not understanding the harm it caused to the sites they frequent. (20) From the point of view of a publisher, blocking ads has essentially the same effect as blocking the use of information to generate more revenue from ads. (21) It is unclear whether Ars Technica runs behavioral advertising, but behavioral advertising often generates more revenue than less targeted advertising, and many sites rely on such advertising in part to sustain themselves. …


The employment of older workers into their mid-60s will be critical to their ability to ensure a secure retirement. One of the risks threatening the ability to work to older ages is being "displaced," with displacement defined as the elimination of the worker's job due to a shift in the demand for labor. Displacement can easily throw 50-year-old workers off course, disrupt their retirement saving plans, and lead to premature retirement. This paper explores the relationship between job loss and age over the period 1984-2004 using the biennial Displaced Worker Supplement to the Current Population Survey. It finds that no major trends in the displacement of older workers have occurred over the 11 Displaced Worker Surveys conducted during the period. Re-employment rates for older workers appear to have improved. And the earnings loss associated with the displacement of older workers has not changed significantly. Two other significant findings relate to tenure and education. First, the historical protection that older workers appeared to have against displacement was due to tenure not to age per se. Controlling for tenure, the probability of displacement increases with age. Second, college education is no longer a source of significant protection in the world of displacement, and its importance has declined sharply for re-employment.


We analyse silence and tranquillity in historical and contemporary corpora to explore ways landscapes were – and are – perceived in the Lake District National Park in England. Through macro and microreading we develop a taxonomy of aural experiences, and explore how changes to categories of silence from our taxonomy – for instance, the overall decline in mentions of absolute silence – provide clues to changes in the landand soundscape of the Lake District. Modern authors often contrast silence with anthropogenic sounds, while historical authors adhere to a cultural construction where the Lake District is presented as a tranquil area by ignoring industrial sounds. Using sentiment analysis we show that silence and tranquil sounds in our corpora are, as a whole, more positively associated than random text from the corpora, with this difference being especially marked in contemporary descriptions. Focusing closely on individual texts allows us to illustrate how this increased positivity can be related to the emergence of silence and tranquillity as valuable components of landscape. Mapping our corpora confirmed the influence of Wordsworth's writing on descriptions of silence; and revealed the co-location of pockets of tranquillity near to transport arteries in contemporary descriptions.


In his portrait of Duke George of Saxony (1471–1539) Christoph Volkmar offers a fresh perspective on the early Reformation in Germany. Long before the Council of Trent, this book traces the origins of Catholic Reform to the very neighborhood of Wittenberg.


ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is distinguished by its broad metabolic diversity and its remarkable capability for adaptation, which relies on a large collection of transcriptional regulators and alternative sigma (σ) factors. The largest group of alternative σ factors is that of the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors, which control key transduction pathways for maintenance of envelope homeostasis in response to external stress and cell growth. In addition, there are specific roles of alternative σ factors in regulating the expression of virulence and virulence-associated genes. Here, we analyzed a deletion mutant of the ECF σ factor SigX and applied mRNA profiling to define the SigX-dependent regulon in P. aeruginosa in response to low-osmolarity-medium conditions. Furthermore, the combination of transcriptional data with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) led to the identification of the DNA binding motif of SigX. Genome-wide mapping of SigX-binding regions revealed enrichment of downstream genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, type III secretion, swarming and cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) signaling. In accordance, a sigX deletion mutant exhibited altered fatty acid composition of the cell membrane, reduced cytotoxicity, impaired swarming activity, elevated c-di-GMP levels, and increased biofilm formation. In conclusion, a combination of ChIP-seq with transcriptional profiling and bioinformatic approaches to define consensus DNA binding sequences proved to be effective for the elucidation of the regulon of the alternative σ factor SigX, revealing its role in complex virulence-associated phenotypes in P. aeruginosa.


Charities play a vital role in our society. In addition to enhancing pluralism, they meet many societal needs more efficiently, more creatively, and more effectively than government alone. Charities aid our poor, teach our youth, improve our health, comfort us spiritually, and enrich our cultural life. Given the charitable sectors importance and value, it is not surprising that the tax Code encourages philanthropy by allowing a deduction for charitable gifts. What is surprising is that it treats the most generous among us less favorably than those of average generosity. This mismatch stems from one of the most puzzling limits in the Code: the cap preventing an individual from claiming a charitable deduction greater than 50% of her income, even if she gives more than half her income to charity. As a result, someone who is generous enough to donate all her income to charity must still pay income tax. Why limit generosity? Current literature exploring this question is scarce and shallow. The theoretical questions whether an individual who gives all her income to charity should also pay some income tax or whether the Codes current limits are an appropriate means of implementing that principle lack satisfactory answers. Only one explanation  that precluding individuals from deducting large charitable gifts serves as a crude alternative minimum tax ensuring that everyone above a certain economic income pays some tax  has gained any support at all. That explanation is insufficient. It does not answer the question of why an individual who keeps no income for herself and instead donates it all to a cause deemed worthy enough to merit a charitable deduction  such as feeding the poor, supporting educational institutions, or funding the arts  should still pay some tax. This Article begins to answer the question 'Why limit generosity?' by arguing that under the economic subsidy theory for the charitable deduction, internal constraints on the legislative process explain and justify a percentage-of-income limit. This Articles argument proceeds directly from the literature conceptualizing the charitable deduction as a way of overcoming market and government failure for various public goods by spurring non-profits to produce them. It suggests that limiting the charitable deduction to some portion of ones income reflects a bargain between individuals whose preferred public goods are fully funded by the government and those whose projects are only partially subsidized. This bargain is necessary to reconcile the private provision of public goods via charitable giving with our democratic legislative process.


ASSESSMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF COLD TEMPERATURE GERMINATION TOLERANCE IN OAT AND HARD RED SPRING WHEAT JACOB BAUSTIAN 2018 Oat (Avena Sativa) and hard red spring wheat (HRSW; Triticum aestivum L.) are both spring planted cereal crops that yield best when planted early in the spring. These crops would benefit from improvements in cold temperature germination tolerance (CTGT) by allowing them faster and more uniform germination and emergence early in the spring. This study aimed to (i) evaluate germination in oat genotypes over a range of sub-optimal temperatures and (ii) establish a methodology for selection of hard red spring wheat for CTGT. Seed samples of ten different oat genotypes were evaluated for CTGT in a germination chamber at the temperatures 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15°C. Temperature was held constant for two weeks for all temperatures, and three and four weeks for the lowest temperatures five and seven degrees Celsius. Results show that time and temperature, as well as their interactions affect germination significantly at reduced temperatures. Genotypes Horsepower and Colt germinated the best across the range of temperatures used. HRSW genotypes were planted on towels in a germination chamber, and the first and last seeds to germinate were transplanted into greenhouse pots. Four genotypes were used: Forefront, SD4011/Barlow, SD4330, and SD4189/SD3997. The first seeds to germinate were successfully transplanted into the greenhouse without difficulty, so breeders should be able to use this methodology to perform selections on HRSW to improve CTGT.


Clinical outcomes of brain vascular malformation have been greatly improved by advances in microsurgery, endovascular techniques and stereotactic radiosurgery. Radiosurgery has proven to be the least invasive technique and is associated with documented long-term success. The papers in this volume present the experience of leading brain vascular malformation specialists who describe the outcome of radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations, cavernous malformations and dural arteriovenous fistulas. These reviews expand the knowledge of the role of stereotactic radiosurgery alone or in combination with other treatment modalities. Evidence-based guidelines are included in each section to provide a summary of the current management strategies. This unique publication includes additional data that will further define the long-term benefit and risks of radiosurgery for these often complex vascular disorders and makes valuable reading for neurosurgeons, neurologists and endovascular specialists interested in an excellent summary of more than 30 years of accumulated experience in the management of brain vascular malformations.


Rachel M. Trussler HOW IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL PROGRAMS WITH FIRST GRADE STUDENTS TO IMPROVE THEIR EXISTING EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIORAL ISSUES AFFECTS A NEW TEACHER'S OUTLOOK ON HER CLASSROOM AND STUDENTS 2008 Dr. Yvonne E. Gonzilez Rodriguez Master of Science in Teaching What effects does a "one on one" developmental program done with first grade students that are struggling with behavioral and emotional issues have on me as a teacher and inform and influence my teaching? This action research study took place in a southern New Jersey school from January 24 until May 9, 2008. Students were observed both in and out of the classroom. A better understanding of the classroom community and interactions of the students were gleamed from this process. Two students were selected based on their unique emotional situations, which influenced their ability to behave appropriately according to teacher expectations. These students were chosen to participate in an individualized social management program. Data collection consisted of two phases, an intervention program and a document review. Data included observations, informal interviews, and artifacts. School documents such as school records and report cards were utilized to determine past behaviors as well as academic success. Findings indicate that students responded positively to direct individualized social strategies and enhanced their learning. In conclusion, a better understanding of my students' social and personal needs was achieved as I was able to better interact with and teach the whole child.


ABSTRACT This paper presents preliminary analysis of occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) and non-BREEAM certified offices in the UK. Results from cross-sectional questionnaires (N = 121) showed that BREEAM certification per se did not seem to substantively influence building and workspace satisfaction. Conversely, occupants of BREEAM offices tended to be less satisfied with air quality and visual privacy than users of non-BREEAM buildings. Lower satisfaction was also detected in BREEAM offices for occupants having spent over 24 months in their building, and for users working in open-plan spaces. To interpret these findings, a methodology for data analysis was adopted whereas responses to point-in-time surveys (N = 82) were paired with environmental measurements. Broadening the perspective for appraising occupants' perceptions, these combined techniques led to conclude that certification schemes should balance criteria addressing energy performance with design solutions considerate of issues of privacy, proxemics and perceived control over the qualities of the indoor environment.


Students often come to their first statistics class with the preconception that statistics is confusing and dull. This problem is compounded when even introductory techniques are steeped in jargon. One approach that can overcome some of these problems is to align the statistical techniques under study with elements from students' everyday experiences. The use of simple physical analogies is a powerful way to motivate even complicated statistical ideas. In this article, I describe several analogies, some well known and some new, that I have found useful. The analogies are designed to demystify statistical ideas by placing them in a physical context and by appealing to students' common experiences. As a result, some frequent misconceptions and mistakes about statistical techniques can be addressed.


Municipal employees have come under fire for poor performance and conduct in their work as some engage in corruption and others are not qualified enough to discharge their duties to the required levels. Employee training and development has become one of the key aspects in improving employee performance in organisations, thus leading to improved organisational performance and growth.The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality of employee training and development on service delivery in a selected municipality. Data was collected from 150 employees and 150 residents within the selected municipality. The results indicated the need for effective employee training and development systems and processes to achieve improved employee performance thus improved provision of basic services to the communities.


We propose a real-time solution for modeling and tracking multiple 3D objects in unknown environments. Our contribution is two-fold: First, we show how to scale with the number of objects. This is done by combining recent techniques for image retrieval and online Structure from Motion, which can be run in parallel. As a result, tracking 40 objects in 3D can be done within 6 to 25 milliseconds per frame, even under difficult conditions for tracking. Second, we propose a method to let the user add new objects very quickly. The user simply has to select in an image a 2D region lying on the object. A 3D primitive is then fitted to the features within this region, and adjusted to create the object 3D model. In practice, this procedure takes less than a minute.


Investment in hospitality firms is perceived to be riskier than investments in other types of industries. Based on literature linking good corporate governance to lower default risks and higher credit ratings, this quantitative study is designed to identify the effects of corporate governance on credit ratings in the hospitality industry. After exploring the various factors influencing the characteristics of corporate governance, as well as the specific risks for capital financing in hospitality firms, this research provides empirical evidence to show that hospitality firms with stronger shareholder influence tend to have higher credit ratings. In a related finding, this investigation confirms that hospitality stakeholders are able to evaluate their potential risks by determining a firm's credit ratings and can protect their long-term interest by increasing their power versus management in the corporate governance of the firm.


Abstract Published electron microprobe analyses of mattheddleite, a lead sulpho-silicate apatite from Leadhills, Scotland, have 9−13% IV site deficiencies. However, galena was used as a standard for S, which suggested that low S resulted from a shift in the S-Ka peak. Wavelength scans with a PET crystal show that the S-Kα peak is shifted down by 0.0026 Å for sulphates relative to sulphides. Quantitative analyses show a ~30% increase of S in mattheddleite using a celestite standard, which fills the IV site, but with Si > S, on average Pb5S1.2Si1.8O11.7Cl0.6(OH)0.4. Direct analysis of oxygen with the electron microprobe implies that the charge imbalance engendered from the inequality of Si and S is compensated with substitution of a vacancy (⃞), as in Pb5S1.2Si1.8[O11.7 ⃞0.3][Cl0.6(OH)0.4] or Pb5S1.2Si1.8[O11.7(Cl,OH)0.3][Cl,OH)0.7⃞0.3]. Calculation of OH as 1−Cl suggests the presence of both OH- and Cl-dominant mattheddleite at Leadhills, but direct analysis of H is needed to confirm the dominance of OH in the channel site. Wavelength-dispersive analyses of S in apatite and other sulphates must be undertaken with sulphate standards: use of sulphide standards yields a negative error on the order of 10−20% in the resultant S concentration. Reactions of mattheddleite with other Pb minerals at Leadhills show that their stability depends on fluid composition as well as pressure and temperature. An X-ray map of Cl shows complex zoning between Cl-poor and Cl-rich mattheddleite, recording rapid changes in the fluid chemistry during late-stage hydrothermal processes at Leadhills.


The theme of this thesis is concerned with the modelling of the multi-physics interactions that occur in lightning and arc discharge. The main contributions of this research are presented as combining different physical studies namely, electromagnetic (EM) propagation, thermal diffusion and non-linear materials using a numerical algorithm. The algorithm was developed based on the two dimensional (2D) numerical transmission line method (TLM). The algorithm was applied to several practical examples namely, to model the electro-thermal analysis and the temperature development in a plasmonic nano-heat sources for terahertz applications; to predict the shape and the location of an arc discharge channel caused by a lightning strike using electro-thermal analysis, and to model diverter strips for lightning protection on aeroplanes. Different electro-thermal coupling approaches, such as fully and partially coupled methods were used to investigate the efficiency and accuracy of the model. In the fully coupled method the thermal model was allowed to change the electrical properties of materials in the electromagnetic model. On the other hand partial coupling did not consider the temperature dependency of the electrical properties in the electromagnetics model. Both of the models used the dissipated power from the electromagnetic model as a source signal to evaluate the temperature profile in the thermal model. Also different coupling interval timesteps were investigated to minimize the computational power needed without affecting the model accuracy.


The next generation wide-field X-ray telescope (WFXT) will require an angular resolution of ~5-10 arcsec almost constant across a wide field of view (~1 deg2 diameter). To achieve this goal, the design of the optical system has to be based on mirrors characterized by short length and polynomial profiles, as well as focal plane curvature and plate scale corrections. These concepts guarantee an improved angular resolution at large off-axis angle with respect to the normally used Wolter-I configuration. These telescopes are therefore optimal for survey purposes. A significant increase of effective area and grasp with respect to previous missions must also be achieved. This is possible with high precision but at the same time thin (2-3 mm thickness for mirror diameters of 30-110 cm) glass mirror shells. To achieve the goal of 5 arcsec and improve further the technology, we are considering different materials. Fused silica, a well-known material with good thermo-mechanical and polishability characteristics provide the best choice. To bring the mirror shells to the needed accuracy, we are adopting a deterministic direct polishing method (already used for past missions as Einstein, Rosat, Chandra). The technological challenge now is to apply it for almost ten times thinner shells.


First published in 1967, Death Kit is a classic of modern fiction. Blending realism and dream, Susan Sontag's second novel offers a passionate exploration of the recesses of the American conscience. The novel is a narrative of the suffering of Dalton 'Diddy' Harron, told through his own observations. He works in advertising for a microscope manufacturer, is thirty-three and divorced and a month ago tried to commit suicide. The haphazard events of his life, including killing a railway worker and falling in love with a blind girl, are brought to us through the lens of Diddy's own mind. We follow him through his journey to justify his actions and exorcise his inner demons, but we can see what is happening to Diddy only from inside his head, in the present, and the balance of his mind does not always bear close scrutiny.


This paper explores a Bayesian theoretic approach to constructing multiscale complex-phase-order representations. We formulate the construction of complex-phase-order representations at different structural scales based on the scale-space theory. Linear and nonlinear deterministic approaches are explored, and a Bayesian theoretic approach is introduced for constructing representations in such a way that strong structure localization and noise resilience are achieved. Experiments illustrate its potential for constructing robust multiscale complex-phase-order representations with well-localized structures across all scales under high-noise situations. Illustrative examples of applications of the proposed approach is presented in the form of multimodal image registration and feature extraction.


Exotic species present a great threat to native fish conservation; however, eradicating exotics is expensive and often impractical. Mechanical removal can be ineffective for eradication, but nonetheless may increase management effectiveness by identifying portions of a watershed that are strong sources of exotics. We used mechanical removal to understand processes driving exotic brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in the Logan River, Utah. Our goals were to: (i) evaluate the demographic response of brown trout to mechanical removal, (ii) identify sources of brown trout recruitment at a watershed scale and (iii) evaluate whether mechanical removal can reduce brown trout densities. We removed brown trout from 2 km of the Logan River (4174 fish), and 5.6 km of Right Hand Fork (RHF, 15,245 fish), a low-elevation tributary, using single-pass electrofishing. We compared fish abundance and size distributions prior to, and after 2 years of mechanical removal. In the Logan River, immigration to the removal reach and high natural variability in fish abundances limited the response to mechanical removal. In contrast, mechanical removal in RHF resulted in a strong recruitment pulse, shifting the size distribution towards smaller fish. These results suggest that, before removal, density-dependent mortality or emigration of juvenile fish stabilised adult populations and may have provided a source of juveniles to the main stem. Overall, in sites demonstrating strong density-dependent population regulation, or near sources of exotics, short-term mechanical removal has limited effects on brown trout populations but may help identify factors governing populations and inform large-scale management of exotic species.


The article examines the question of how the accused's presence facilitates his meaningful participation in the criminal process. Foreign jurisdictions such as the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom and decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and the United Nations Human Rights Committee are examined for guidance. The above examination reveals that the accused's presence during criminal proceedings is not absolute. In exceptional circumstances, the accused's presence from the courtroom can be dispensed with. The article recommends the development of adequate legal measures to address competing interests and technological changes without compromising the constitutional rights of the accused. The accused's presence and personal participation in the trial, is fundamental to a 'just and fair' trial.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the social, economic and technological factors that influence rates of adoption of innovative stormwater management approaches in municipal organizations in the Great Bay watershed, NH. The scope of this study was to investigate how innovations spread through municipal populations in a specific region and watershed area of the US. The methodology used mixed qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews, case studies, and surveys to examine perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs that influence the adoption of innovative stormwater management solutions, as well as the governance characteristics of municipalities at different stages of adoption. Major findings include: adopter categories can be relatively easily and quickly categorized into early and late majorities as a preliminary means to identify populations of ready and willing audiences interested in and capable of advancing innovations; early and late adopter classifications followed general diffusion theory, but differed in substantial ways that could influence overall project or program success; and finally that early majority communities have more internal and external capacity to advance innovations as well as higher levels of peer-to-peer trust to offset perceptions related to economic risk that can either advance or stall innovative stormwater management solution adoption. This research offers insights on how to allocate scarce resources to optimally improve water quality through stormwater management solutions, and makes recommendations for how to effectively and efficiently generate greater understanding of complex barriers to adoption that thwart innovation in municipal governance organizations. One significant implication is that agents of change who want to move innovations through a broad municipal population should focus their efforts on working with innovators and early adopters that have status within relevant peer networks and who have capacity to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of innovations.


I was a late comer to C4D. Only when I started the Master's in communication for development at Malmo in 2005 did I discover there was a world of theory and people and background in this area that I had been working on incognito most of my working life. That had been the case for a lot of us. C4D had been under wraps, unnamed for a long time and to date it's still not easy to figure out why. Because when you are presented with it as a coherent sector with its history, core readings, gurus and strategies it seems logical as a sector, rather than the sort of thing that should be kept secret because it somehow is too complex or challenging to name.


Today in Canada, more people from various ethnic minority backgrounds are considering a career in teaching than ever before. This is especially true of ethnic minority women, as teaching has typically been seen as a good career choice for women. However, little attention has been given to the challenges these women sometimes face once they are working in the school system. This study draws upon the experiences of a group of ethnic minority women teachers at different stages of their careers, who have faced various struggles in the teaching profession because of their gender and ethnicity. The main issues they discuss, including racism, sexism, classism and ageism, are examined in the context of institutionalized racism and sexism in Canada, and its historical background. This book is important for teachers, academics and policymakers who are concerned about race and gender equality in education, and for people who are considering or have already embarked upon a teaching career. It also contributes to debates about the role of visible minority teachers in schools and the extent to which they are able to effect change.


The planning and implementation of numerous flood protection measures and the associated cost–benefit studies after the 2002 flood in Germany showed the demand for accurate damage functions. Conventional loss models are limited to the relationship between flood height and the recovery costs for a specific usage class (e.g. private residential buildings). Important parameters on the resistance side such as the building materials and further impact parameters such as flow velocity remain unconsidered. Following the procedure developed in the risk analysis of earthquakes, it is checked whether methodi-cal fundamentals can be transferred or are to be adopted in case of flood impact and which parameters must be derived from data surveys. On the basis of a large and uniformly elaborated flood damage database (including different data sets collected by the Earthquake Damage Analysis Center (EDAC) after the 2002 flood in Saxony, Germany), an engineered and vulnerability-oriented prognosis tool was developed to determine the structural damage and the losses for any given flood scenario. Repeatedly observed damage patterns are transformed into a classification scheme of damage grades. With this tool, the structural damage of many different damage cases can be analysed in a systematic way and related to the parameters describing the flood impact. Vulnerability classes for the different building types are defined by using the data for determining characteristic ranges of damage expectation. Basic steps of the procedure are illustrated for a fictitious data set and subsequently applied to the existing database. Specific vulnerability and damage functions enable the calculation of damage grades and the loss assessment in separate steps of the same procedure, related to the inundation level or additionally the flow velocity (action side), and the predominant building types or the vulnerability classes (resistance side). The damage distribution caused by the August 2002 flood can be re-interpreted for study areas with close agreement to the observed effects. A similar good prognosis could be achieved for the reported loss in monetary terms by correlating vulnerability and impact parameters using the recently elaborated specific damage functions. First investigations with respect to the location of buildings, the direction of flow and the structural damage are also represented. This paper gives an overview of the background and the basic steps of the developed procedure and illustrates the different fields of its application.


In this thesis we present a modification of Yang-Mills and Gravity theories both written in terms of gauge connections. In particular gravity is presented in its pure connection formulation realizing a Diffeomorphism Invariant Gauge Theory. The modifications do not change the kinematical content of the theories, but they add an infinite set of new vertices retaining the symmetries of the original Lagrangians without introducing higher derivatives in the equations of motion. These new interactions are chiral, leaving the original Yang Mills and Gravity theories as the only parity-invariant theories in the set. In the Yang-Mills case we proved that at tree level the theory is still constructible via the so-called BCFW recursion relations. Both theories are claimed to be closed under the renormalization group. The Yang-Mills Deformations are indeed proved to be one-loop renormalizable and an explicit diagrammatic computation of the simplest deformation beta-function is given. For gravity a new formulation is introduced that could lead to a similar result at one-loop.


This is an exciting time to learn JavaScript. Now that the latest JavaScript specificationECMAScript 6.0 (ES6)has been finalized, learning how to develop high-quality applications with this language is easier and more satisfying than ever. This practical book takes programmers (amateurs and pros alike) on a no-nonsense tour of ES6, along with some related tools and techniques. Author Ethan Brown (Web Development with Node and Express) not only guides you through simple and straightforward topics (variables, control flow, arrays), but also covers complex concepts such as functional and asynchronous programming. Youll learn how to create powerful and responsive web applications on the client, or with Node.js on the server. Use ES6 today and transcompile code to portable ES5Translate data into a format that JavaScript can use Understand the basic usage and mechanics of JavaScript functions Explore objects and object-oriented programming Tackle new concepts such as iterators, generators, and proxies Grasp the complexities of asynchronous programming Work with the Document Object Model for browser-based apps Learn Node.js fundamentals for developing server-side applications


The application of computing in the Arts has increased dramatically in the last decade. There has been an increasing use of computer graphics to generate static art, animations, films and even live visual accompaniments for music. A less publicised use of computing, which will be explored here, is in digital imaging, archiving of fine art and image processing for analysis. Many museums and galleries are exploring the uses of imaging, from public-access systems and CD-ROM publications to internal reference archives. On-line catalogues have been created on the Internet and research is underway to link diverse image archives and databases as well as allow image-based image searching. Scanners and cameras have been specially produced for art imaging, such as the VASARI scanner and MARC camera, both capable of resolutions of around 20k x 20k pels, with colour accuracy higher than film. Digital images of increasing quality are now an important research resource. The application of conventional image processing techniques is valuable in enhancing, overlaying and comparing images. New techniques are also being developed for feature enhancement or elimination (for example cracks) and colour analysis. Imaging techniques which give calibrated CIE Lab values allow colour changes to be analysed, due to cleaning or fading for example. This paper will present a brief review of the field and specific new techniques being developed for the analysis of art.


In this study, I describe and analyze the masculinities constructed in four performance art monologues staged in the US on Broadway. I examined Whoopi Goldberg's 1984 performance Whoopi Goldberg Live, Lily Tomlin's 1987 performance in Jane Wagner's The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe, Eric Bogosian's 1990 performance Sex, Drugs, Rock & Roll, and John Leguizamo's 1998 performance Freak: A Semi-Demi-Quasi-Pseudo Autobiography. My method of analysis is a critical interpretation incorporating the lenses of Robert Connell and Victor Seidler. It is grounded in a social-cultural perspective using Arthur W. Frank's "sociology of the body." By means of Connell, Seidler, and Frank's theories, I conceptualize human behavior, gender in particular, in light of the social signs and codes, roles, and identities, that the performers' bodies represent. The shows advance social critiques to their audience while also meeting the expectations of the popular marketplace by incorporating representational and presentational aesthetics. By evaluating and reconceiving the constructed nature of the self in and by means of performance, the performances advance a praxis. In light of my interest, they serve as a model for masculinities, as everyday actors, might (re-)conceive of and construct their lives, identities, and relationships. This study contributes to the growing literature and discourses concerned with representations of the male body and masculinities, particularly in live performance. In particular, this study offers an analysis of performance art monologues presented to the mainstream audiences that tend to frequent Broadway shows and that focus on diverse masculinities.


Part I: THE NATURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE. 1. What Is Language? Linguistic Knowledge. Knowledge of the Sound System. Knowledge of Words. Arbitrary Relation of Form and Meaning. The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge. Knowledge of Sentences and Nonsentences. Linguistic Knowledge and Performance. What Is Grammar? Descriptive Grammars. Prescriptive Grammars. Teaching Grammars. Language Universals. The Development of Grammar. Sign Languages: Evidence for Language Universals. American Sign Language (ASL). Animal "Languages". "Talking" Parrots. The Birds and the Bees. What We Know about Language. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 2. Brain and Language. The Human Brain. The Localization of Language in the Brain. Aphasia. Surgical and Experimental Evidence of Lateralization. Brain Imaging Technology. Plasticity and Brain Lateralization in Early Life. The Modular Nature of Language. Specific Language Impairment. Developmental Dissociations. The Genetic Basis of Language. The Critical Period. A Critical Period for First Language Development. Critical Periods in Other Species. The Evolution of Language. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. Part II: GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE. 3. Morphology: The Word of Language. Dictionaries. Content Words and Function Words. Morphemes: The Minimal Units of Meaning. Bound and Free Morphemes. Prefixes and Suffixes. Infixes. Circumfixes. Roots and Stems. Huckles and Ceives. Rules of Word Formation. Derivational Morphology. The Hierarchical Structure of Words. More About Derivational. Morphemes. Lexical Gaps. Rule Productivity. "Pullet Surprises". Sign Language Morphology. Word Coinage. Compounds. Meaning of Compounds. Universality of Compounding. Acronyms. Back-Formations. Abbreviations. Words from Names. Blends. Grammatical Morphemes. Inflectional Morphemes. Exceptions and Suppletions. Morphology and Syntax. Morphological Analysis: Identifying Morphemes. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 4. Syntax: The Sentence Patterns of Language. What the Syntax Rules Do. What Grammaticality Is Not Based On. Sentence Structure. Constituents and Constituency Tests. Syntactic Categories. Phrase Structure Trees and Rules. Some Conventions for Building Phrase Structure Trees. The Infinity of Language. Heads and Complements. Selection. What Heads the Sentence. Structural Ambiguities. More Structures. Sentence Relatedness. Transformational Rules. Structure Dependent Rules. Syntactic Dependencies. Wh Questions. UG Principles and Parameters. Sign Language Syntax. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 5. The Meanings of Language. Lexical Semantics (Word Meanings). Semantic Properties. Evidence for Semantic Properties. Semantic Properties and the Lexicon. More Semantic Relationships. -nyms. Homonyms and Polysemy. Synonyms. Antonyms. Formation of Antonyms. Hyponyms. Metonyms. Retronyms. Proper Names. Phrase and Sentence Meaning. Phrasal Meaning. Noun-Centered Meaning. Sense and Reference. Verb-Centered Meaning. Thematic Roles. Thematic Roles in Other Languages. The Theta-Criterion. Sentential Meaning. The "Truth" of Sentences. Paraphrase. Entailment. Contradiction. Events versus States. Pronouns and Coreferentiality. To Mean or Not to Mean. Anomaly: No Sense and Nonsense. Metaphor. Idioms. Pragmatics. Linguistic Context: Discourse Pronouns. The Articles The and A. Situational Context. Maxims of Conversation. Speech Acts. Presuppositions. Deixis. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 6. Phonetics: The Sounds of Language. Sound Segments. Identity of Speech Sounds. The Phonetic Alphabet. Articulatory Phonetics. Consonants. Places of Articulation. Bilabials. Labiodentals. Interdentals. Alveolars. Palatals. Velars. Uvulars. Glottal. Manner of Articulation. Voiced and Voiceless Sounds. Nasal and Oral Sounds. Stops. Fricatives. Affricates. Liquids. Glides. Approximants. Trills and Flaps. Clicks. Phonetic Symbols for American English Consonants. Vowels. Tongue Position. Lip Rounding. Diphthongs. Nasalization of Vowels. Tense and Lax Vowels.Different (Tongue) Strokes for Different Folks. Major Phonetic Classes. Noncontinuants and Continuants. Obstruents and Sonorants. Consonantal. Labials. Coronals. Anterior. Sibilants. Syllabic Sounds. Prosodic Features. Tone and Intonation. Phonetic Symbols and Spelling Correspondences. The "Phonetics" of Signed Languages. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 7. Phonology: The Sound Patterns of Language. The Pronunciation of Morphemes. The Pronunciation of Plurals. Further Examples of Allomorphs. Phonemes: The Phonological Units of Language. Vowel Nasalization in English as an Illustration of Allophones. Allophones of /t/. Minimal Pairs in ASL. Complementary Distribution. Distinctive Features of Phonemes. Feature Values. Nondistinctive Features. Phonemic Patterns May Vary Across Languages. Natural Classes of Speech Sounds. Feature Specifications for American. English Consonants and Vowels. The Rules of Phonology. Assimilation Rules. Dissimilation Rules. Feature-Changing Rules. Segment Insertion and Deletion Rules. Movement (Metathesis) Rules. From One to Many and from Many to One. The Function of Phonological Rules. Slips of the Tongue: Evidence for Phonological Rules. Prosodic Phonology. Syllable Structure. Word Stress. Sentence and Phrase Stress. Intonation. Sequential Constraints of Phonemes. Lexical Gaps. Why Do Phonological Rules Exist? Phonological Analysis: Discovering Phonemes. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. Part III: THE PSYCHOLOGY OF LANGUAGE. 8. Language Acquisition. Mechanisms of Language Acquisition. Do Children Learn through Imitation? Do Children Learn through Reinforcement? Do Children Learn Language through Analogy? Do Children Learn through Structured Input? Children Construct Grammars. The Innateness Hypothesis. Stages in Language Acquisition. The Perception and Production of Speech Sounds. First Words. The Development of Grammar. The Acquisition of Phonology. The Acquisition of Word Meaning. The Acquisition of Morphology. The Acquisition of Syntax. The Acquisition of Pragmatics. The Development of Auxiliaries: A Case Study. Setting Parameters. The Acquisition of Signed Languages. Knowing More Than One Language. Childhood Bilingualism. Theories of Bilingual Development. Two Monolinguals in One Head. The Role of Input. Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism. Second Language Acquisition. Is L2 Acquisition the Same as L1 Acquisition? Native Language Influence in L2 Acquisition. The Creative Component of L2 Acquisition. A Critical Period for L2 Acquisition? Second-Language Teaching Methods. Can Chimps Learn Human Language? Gua. Viki. Washoe. Sarah. Learning Yerkish. Koko. Nim Chimpsky. Clever Hans. Kanzi. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 9. Language Processing: Human and Computer. The Human Mind at Work: Human Language Processing. Comprehension. The Speech Signal. Speech Perception and Comprehension. Comprehension Models and Experimental Studies. Lexical Access and Word Recognition. Syntactic Processing. Speech Production. Planning Units. Lexical Selection. Application and Misapplication of Rules. Nonlinguistic Influences. Computer Processing of Human Language. Text and Speech Analysis. Frequency Analysis, Concordances, and Collocations. Information Retrieval and Summarization. Spell Checkers. Machine Translation. Computers that Talk and Listen. Computational Phonetics and Phonology. Speech Recognition. Speech Synthesis. Computational Morphology. Computational Syntax. Computational Semantics. Computational Pragmatics. Computer Models of Grammar. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. Part IV: LANGUAGE AND SOCIETY. 10. Language in Society. Dialects. Regional Dialects. Accents. Dialects of English. Phonological Differences. Lexical Differences. Dialect Atlases. Syntactic Differences. The "Standard". Language Purists. Banned Languages. The Revival of Languages. African American English (AAE). Phonology of African American English. R-Deletion. L-Deletion. Consonant Cluster Simplification. Neutralization of [I] and [E] Before Nasals. Diphthong Reduction. Loss of Interdental Fricatives. Syntactic Differences between AAE and SAE. Double Negatives. Deletion of the Verb "Be". Habitual "Be". History of African American English. Latino (Hispanic) English. Chicano English (ChE). Phonological Variables of ChE. Syntactic Variables in ChE. Lingua Francas. Pidgins and Creoles. Pidgins. Creoles. Styles, Slang, and Jargon. Styles. Slang. Jargon and Argot. Taboo or Not Taboo? Euphemisms. Racial and National Epithets. Language, Sex, and Gender. Marked and Unmarked Forms. The Generic "He". Language and Gender. Secret Languages and Language Games. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 11. Language Change: The Syllables of Time. The Regularity of Sound Change. Sound Correspondences. Ancestral Protolanguages. Phonological Change. Phonological Rules. The Great Vowel Shift. Morphological Change. Syntactic Change. Lexical Change. Addition of New Words. Borrowings or Loan Words. History through Loan Words. Loss of Words. Semantic Change. Broadening. Narrowing. Meaning Shifts. Reconstructing "Dead" Languages. The Nineteenth-Century Comparativists. Cognates. Comparative Reconstruction. Historical Evidence. Extinct and Endangered Languages. The Genetic Classification of Languages. Languages of the World. Types of Languages. Why Do Languages Change? Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. 12. Writing: The ABCs of Language. The History of Writing. Pictograms and Ideograms. Cuneiform Writing. The Rebus Principle. From Hieroglyphs to the Alphabet. Modern Writing Systems. Word Writing. Syllabic Writing. Consonantal Alphabet Writing. Alphabetic Writing. Reading, Writing, and Speech. Reading. Spelling. Spelling Pronunciations. Summary. References for Further Reading. Exercises. Glossary. Index.


There is increasing evidence that territorial stream fish populations exhibit some degree of self-thinning. Four size-limit strategies were examined, under which a size-structured model population exhibiting self-thinning was exploited. The effects of: (1) increased minimum-size limits; (2) protection of spawners; (3) decreasing maximum-size limits; and (4) slot limits (prescribe lower and upper size limits of fish that must be released) were analysed in terms of population size and mean body size in the population after harvest. Biomass and numbers harvested, mean size of fish taken and proportions of different sizes in the population after harvesting were also analysed. Combinations of high exploitation rates and high minimum-size limits maximized both the number and biomass harvested while it favoured post-harvest abundance and the proportion of larger sizes in the population. When harvest rates and minimum-sizes were increased, the combinations of these that maintained or increased yield were successively narrowed. Protection of spawners and slot limits did not come close to reaching the levels of post-harvest abundance, yield, positive size structure and endpoints of harvest rates that were obtained with a high minimum size applied to the fishery. Maximum-size limits favoured the abundance of smaller size-classes. The results emphasize the advantages of setting the largest sizes of fish in the population as a minimum size that can legally be retained.


This paper reports the findings of six focus groups on developing skills for interdisciplinary collaboration in Higher Education (HE), and our literature view. This work is associated with a Teaching Innovation Project that received funding from the authors' institution. This project aims to develop a systemic pedagogy for facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration, which is deemed critical for the delivery of Smart Cities, and to test and disseminate this pedagogy. The focus groups aimed to critically evaluate the current thinking and practice on inter-disciplinary collaboration from a different standpoint. The perceived wisdom that solely creating opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. live projects, as part of the curriculum, will develop practitioners who can collaborate across disciplinary boundaries, was challenged. The use of group work for developing skills for collaboration is an established and well-researched pedagogical approach. However, far less attention has been given to the skills for interdisciplinary collaboration (Park & Mills 2014). Working in interdisciplinary teams presents a unique set of challenges. The transferable skills required to do this are increasingly recognised as crucial to respond to the complex sustainability challenges of the 21st Century (Marinova & McGrath 2004, Defila & Di Giulio, 2015), including the delivery of Smart Cities. Simply putting students in interdisciplinary teams is not sufficient to develop these skills (Ritcher 2009). Small-scale interventions and exploratory projects rather than embedded programmatic approaches, are needed (Klein & Schneider, 2010). Teaching strategies that promote the skills required for interdisciplinary collaboration should be developed (Ritcher et al 2009). We argue that learning and teaching for inter-disciplinary collaboration should place more emphasis on: shared (across disciplines) modules or lectures based on case or problem-based learning; and actively developing students' understanding of the dynamics of teams and personal relationships, and behaviours within teams; and their ability to effectively function in interdisciplinary teams.


Live-cell microscopy determines the relative contributions of different signaling pathways to actin reorganization in T cells. Imaging T cell actin dynamics T cells must receive signals through the T cell receptor (TCR) and the costimulatory receptor CD28 to become fully activated. Critical to this process is the reorganization of plasma membrane actin at the immunological synapse, the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell. Roybal et al. imaged actin and fluorescently tagged actin regulatory proteins in T cells activated through the TCR in the absence or presence of CD28 signaling. Computational image processing to normalize differences in cell shape enabled tracking of the fluorescent proteins. The regulatory proteins WAVE2 and cofilin were efficiently recruited to the immunological synapse only when both TCR and CD28 signaled. Constitutive activation of either protein in TCR-stimulated T cells enabled normal actin reorganization even when CD28 signaling was blocked. This combination of imaging and computational analysis could be applied to other systems to determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecules. Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in cell biology research because it provides spatial and temporal information to investigate regulatory systems inside cells. This technique can generate data in the form of signal intensities at thousands of positions resolved inside individual live cells. However, given extensive cell-to-cell variation, these data cannot be readily assembled into three- or four-dimensional maps of protein concentration that can be compared across different cells and conditions. We have developed a method to enable comparison of imaging data from many cells and applied it to investigate actin dynamics in T cell activation. Antigen recognition in T cells by the T cell receptor (TCR) is amplified by engagement of the costimulatory receptor CD28. We imaged actin and eight core actin regulators to generate over a thousand movies of T cells under conditions in which CD28 was either engaged or blocked in the context of a strong TCR signal. Our computational analysis showed that the primary effect of costimulation blockade was to decrease recruitment of the activator of actin nucleation WAVE2 (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin-homologous protein 2) and the actin-severing protein cofilin to F-actin. Reconstitution of WAVE2 and cofilin activity restored the defect in actin signaling dynamics caused by costimulation blockade. Thus, we have developed and validated an approach to quantify protein distributions in time and space for the analysis of complex regulatory systems.


We present a new approach to the polymorphic typing of data accepting in-place modiflcation in ML-like languages. This approach is based on restrictions over type generalization, and a reflned typing of functions. The type system given here leads to a better integration of imperative programming style with the purely applicative kernel of ML. In particular, generic functions that allocate mutable data can safely be given fully polymorphic types. We show the soundness of this type system, and give a type reconstruction algorithm.


Purpose: Increased mobility of workers has made their competition intense. To increase employment opportunities, workers are attempting to build internationally transferable human capital and governments are responding to this situation by providing global education. This study attempts to find the effects of tertiary education's globalisation by the government on the labour-sending countries' human capital. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study employs an analytical method by solving the maximisation problem of a representative individual in the labour-sending country to derive the demand for education. Findings: Human capital increases by globalising education if the country's initial human capital is larger than the threshold level; however it decreases if the initial human capital is smaller than the threshold. Accordingly, in the process of education's globalisation, the disparity in human capital may widen among countries with large initial human capital and those with small one. Practical Implications: It is not necessarily appropriate for the labour-sending country's government to conduct the policy of tertiary education's globalisation. Originality/Value: This study reveals that global education may have negative consequences for the labour-sending country and that whether the government should conduct the policy of tertiary education's globalisation must be determined by observing their economic condition.


The intestinal mucosa is a rapidly-renewing tissue characterized by cell proliferation, differentiation, and eventual apoptosis with progression up the vertical gut axis. The inhibition of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase by specific chemical inhibitors or overexpression of the lipid phosphatase PTEN enhances enterocyte-like differentiation in human colon cancer cell models of intestinal differentiation. In this report, we examined the role of PI 3-kinase inhibition in the regulation of apoptotic gene expression in human colon cancer cell lines HT29, HCT-116, and Caco-2. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase with the chemical inhibitor wortmannin increased TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL; Apo2) mRNA and protein expression. Similarly, overexpression of the tumor suppressor protein PTEN, an antagonist of PI 3-kinase signaling, resulted in the increased expression of TRAIL. Activation of PI 3-kinase by pretreatment with IGF-1, a gut trophic factor, markedly attenuated the induction of TRAIL by wortmannin. Moreover, overexpression of active Akt, a downstream target of PI 3-kinase, or inhibition of GSK-3, a downstream target of active Akt, completely blocked the induction of TRAIL by wortmannin. Consistent with findings that TRAIL is induced by agents that enhance intestinal cell differentiation, TRAIL expression was specifically localized to the differentiated cells of the colon and small bowel. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TRAIL increased DNA fragmentation of HCT-116 cells, demonstrating the functional activity of TRAIL induction. Taken together, our findings demonstrate induction of the TRAIL by inhibition of PI 3-kinase in colon cancer cell lines. These results identify TRAIL, a novel TNF family member, as a downstream target of the PI 3-kinase/Akt/GSK-3 pathway and may have important implications for better understanding the role of the PI 3-kinase pathway in intestinal cell homeostasis.


Background: Buprenorphine (Subutex) is the most abused opioid in Finland. In order to curb the abuse potential of this drug, many treatment centers and prisons crush Subutex tablets before administering them to patients. To date, there are no published studies comparing the efficacy and bioavailability of crushed and whole Subutex tablets. Methods: A total of 16 opioid-dependent patients stabilized on 24 mg of buprenorphine were enrolled in a double-blind, double-dummy, randomized cross-over study comparing crushed and whole buprenorphine tablets on a range of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables. Buprenorphine tablets (either crushed or whole) and placebo tablets (either crushed or whole) were administered to subjects simultaneously. Buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine serum levels were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 min, as well as 24 h, after tablet administration. After 1 week, the experiment was repeated in a cross-over design so that, by the end of the study, each patient had received the active drug (buprenorphine) as both crushed and whole tablets. Results: Pharmacokinetic parameters (mean serum levels, Cmax, Tmax, AUC) of buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine did not differ significantly between crushed and whole tablets, although serum levels were slightly higher after administration of the crushed tablets. There were also no significant differences in dissolution/absorption time, withdrawal signs or opiate craving. Conclusion: We conclude that crushing Subutex tablets does not significantly alter serum buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine levels or the drug's clinical effect. Our results indicate that crushing Subutex tablets may be used as an alternative method to counter the risk of buprenorphine diversion.


Within the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Air Traffic Organization (ATO), Technical Operations (TO) personnel ensure that the systems that make up the National Airspace System (NAS) function safely and effectively. TO personnel manage and maintain more than 44,000 pieces of NAS equipment and systems at over 6,000 facilities and locations. They work at many types of facilities including the National Operations Control Center (NOCC), Operations Control Centers (OCCs), Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs), Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) facilities, Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs), and Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSSs). The FAA employs a variety of user-identification techniques including knowledge-based techniques, such as passwords, token-based techniques (such as badge readers) to ensure that facilities, equipment, and personnel are secure. In 2004, the Technical Operations Services organization became increasingly concerned about the number of usernames, passwords, and tokens that TO personnel were being expected to use. The NAS Human Factors Group conducted a field study to examine the human factors implications of user-identification techniques currently employed at field sites to prevent unauthorized access to NAS equipment and information technology systems. This report presents findings from the field study and provides recommendations that are specific to the TO users, tasks, and environment. These recommendations seek to improve the human factors of user-identification technologies and policies to improve the productivity, workload, and job satisfaction of TO employees.


ROJAS, CARLYE RIMMELE. Controlled Particle Transport in a Human Airway Replica. (Under the direction of William L. Roberts). The goal of this research is a proof-of-concept for targeted aerosol delivery and validation of computational results. Sodium chloride particles, with a monodisperse particle size of one micrometer are used to represent a drug aerosol in the experimental validation of computational results. A complex oral airway, including a mouth, larynx, pharynx, and trachea was constructed out of laser cured resin, using a three-dimensional printing method. A symmetric three generation (G0 to G3) bifurcating bronchial airway was constructed using the same process. Two-phase flow was conducted through these models to yield particle transport results. The bulk air flow was 2 liters per minute, the highest observed flow rate that will allow the flow to remain laminar throughout the airway model. The flow rate of the particle seeded flow was maintained at 20 milliliters per minute. The velocities of these two flow rates remain within an order of magnitude of each other to inhibit vortices created by shear forces when the two flows were introduced. A series of nozzles (constructed using SL) were used to control the particle injection location. A one millimeter inner diameter seed nozzle is offset, from the center, a given percent of the radius. There were five nozzles, with increasingly offset seed tubes, 0% (centerline of axisymmetric nozzle), 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. The airway model was attached to the nozzle so that the nozzle exit is in the same plane as the mouth entrance. The nozzle was rotated so that the seed tube exit can be positioned at various angles within the circular cross-section. By controlling the particle release position, the deposition efficiency can be increased, dramatically, as compared to the uniform injection of the drug. The results show the controlled particle release can determine which branch or branches of the third generation bifurcating bronchial airway the particles will exit. While numerous previous researchers have studied the deposition effects of a uniform injection of aerosol particles in the human airways, the controlled position of particle release is an original idea. Controlled Particle Transport in a Human Airway Replica by Carlye Rimmele Rojas A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Mechanical Engineering Raleigh, North Carolina


In this thesis normal and oblique inelastic contact is analysed in four papers. Analysis of normal contact is of major concern in hardness testing and in numerous practical applications. In traditional hardness testing, plastic material properties are determined by pressing an indenter into a solid material of current interest. In Paper A spherical impact has been analysed and dynamic hardness and its relation to constitutive parameters, corresponding to strain-hardening and strain-rate sensitivity, studied in detail. A consistent three-dimensional contact theory has been laid down and based on detailed finite element computations, universal relations between hardness, impression velocity and depth together with resulting contact regions have been determined. Paper B concentrates on normal flattening of rough surfaces. A micro-mechanical analysis is carried out for general viscoplastic contact between single asperities. Probabilistic models are used to determine the macrobehaviour for relations between resulting force, approach and true contact area between surfaces. Features such as volume conservation, strain-hardening effects and topographic scale dependence are discussed. Many practical applications in contact mechanics comprise oblique contact. In these applications, such as compaction of powder aggregates, relations between normal and shear forces, contact region and impression depth are of major interest. In Papers C and D proportional oblique contact has been analysed for power-law creeping solids in two and three dimensions, respectively, with perfect plasticity as an asymptotic case. A solution strategy based on a self-similar transformation resulting in a reduced problem, corresponding to flat die indentation of a nonlinear elastic solid, was developed. A three-dimensional finite element procedure was worked out to explicitly solve the problem. An invariant relation between contact area and indentation depth was found to depend only on four parameters, i.e. the creep exponent, the indenter profile, the level of obliquity and the coefficient of friction, the influence of the latter two shown to be weak. Detailed results were given for the location and shape of contact regions as well as micro-slip contours and resulting deformation fields. Although surface displacements proved to be severely asymmetric at increasing creep exponent and angle of impression, , in the spherical case reduced normal and tangential forces proved to be remarkably independent in contrast to the plane strain case.


Abstract
 Two new species of Nilssoniopteris of the order Bennettitales, Nilssoniopteris hamiensis Zhao and Deng, new species and Nilssoniopteris crassiaxis Zhao and Deng, new species, are established from the Xishanyao Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Sandaoling Coal Mine in Hami, Xinjiang, China, based on leaf macromorphology and cuticular features. Nilssoniopteris hamiensis n. sp. is characterized by its varied leaf shapes and trichome bases of 1–4 cells on the abaxial epidermis. Nilssoniopteris crassiaxis n. sp. is characterized by its broad midrib (especially near the leaf base) and trichome bases of 1-3 cells on the abaxial epidermis. Both species possess unique venation patterns that are not only simple and free, but also forked and merged to form closed loops. These anastomosing veins are even more complicated in N. crassiaxis n. sp. in that the veins can fork once, twice, or even three times, the forked veins can later merge with each other or with an adjacent vein to form a closed loop, which may later further disjoin. The generic diagnosis of Nilssoniopteris is thus accordingly emended, particularly in the venation pattern. In addition, the stratigraphic and geographical distributions of all 45 Jurassic Nilssoniopteris species worldwide have been summarized and analyzed to better understand their brief evolutionary history, indicating that Nilssoniopteris might be able to grow not only in subtropical regions as the living cycads are, but also in warm climatic regions.


Runs rules are used to increase the sensitivity of the Shewhart control chart in detecting small and moderate process mean shifts. Most of the charts incorporating runs rules are designed based on the average run length (ARL). It is known that the shape of the run length distribution changes according to the magnitude of the shift in the process mean, ranging from highly skewed when the process is in-control to approximately symmetric when the shift is large. Since the shape of the run length distribution changes with the magnitude of the shift in the mean, the median run length (MRL) provides a more meaningful explanation about the in-control and out-of-control performances of a control chart. In this article, we propose the design of the revised m-of-k runs rule based on MRL. In addition, the standard deviation of the run length (SDRL) of the revised m-of-k rule will also be studied. The revised m-of-k runs rule, suggested by Antzoulakos and Rakitzis (2008), was originally designed based on ARL. The Markov chain technique is employed to obtain the MRLs. Compared with the standard chart, the MRL results show that the revised rules give better performances for small and moderate mean shifts, while maintaining the same sensitivity towards large mean shifts. The MRL results are in accordance with the results obtained by Antzoulakos and Rakitzis (2008), where the rules are designed based on ARL.


BACKGROUND
Androgens play a key role in human fetal development. All androgens act through a single intracellular androgen receptor (AR), which is encoded by a single copy gene on the X chromosome. ARs are expressed as early as 9 weeks in the epithelium and mesenchyme of the urogenital sinus, paramesonephric (Müllerian) and mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts.

METHODS
Using immunohistochemistry, we investigated the distribution of ARs in the gonads and lower genital tracts of 54 human fetuses at 8-11 weeks of gestation. Gender was determined by PCR.

RESULTS
The AR was expressed in a similar pattern in both male and female fetuses. There appears to be no difference in expression in the mesonephros or the mesonephric ducts when male and female pelvises were compared. Expression in the female paramesonephric duct was within the epithelium, whereas, in the male pelvises, expression was in the mesenchyme of the paramesonephric duct. When AR expression was compared in the ovary and testes, both gonads seem to express AR at 9 weeks, but this expression was extended into the 10th week of gestation in the male.

CONCLUSION
The specific pattern of AR expression implies a key role in gonadal development. However, the pattern of staining was similar in the gonads at 8 and 9 weeks in both sexes, although staining persisted longer in the testis until the 10th week. AR expression, therefore, is not a key determinant of human gonadal differentiation.


Abstract This paper outlines the revisions made in 1999 to the Burra Charter, the core doctrine for heritage conservation in Australia that was first adopted by Australia ICOMOS in 1979. It examines the reasons why changes were needed, including broadened perceptions of heritage, new understandings of heritage significance, and recognition of the need for community input into conservation decisions about its heritage. The review process, which took five years, changed its procedures halfway through after members of Australia ICOMOS roundly rejected a draft, while agreeing that a revision should still take place. Following a thorough consultative process with members, the text of the 1999 revision of the Charter was resoundingly endorsed (the text is included here as an Appendix). The paper describes how the revised Charter differs from the previous text. The changes lie primarily in the recognition that heritage value, or significance, may be embodied in the uses, associations and meanings of a place, in addition to its physical fabric. Other key changes include incorporation of a flowchart explaining the conservation planning process; the seeking of community input; and the recognition that interpretation is an integral part of good heritage management practice.


Living cells interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) transducing biochemical signals into mechanical cues and vice versa. Thanks to this mechano-transduction process, cells modify their internal organization and upregulate their physiological functions differently. In this complex mechanism integrins play a fundamental role, connecting the extracellular matrix with the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal rearrangements, such as the increase of the overall contractility, impact cell mechanical properties, the entire cell stiffness, and cell deformability. How cell mechanics is influenced via different integrins and their interaction with ECM in health and disease is still unclear. Here, we investigated the influence of avb3 integrin expression on the mechanics of human melanoma M21 cells using atomic force microscopy and micro-constriction. Evidence is provided that (i) avb3 integrin expression in human melanoma cells increases cell stiffness in both adherent and non-adherent conditions; (ii) replacing avb3 with aIIbb3 integrin in melanoma cells, cell stiffness is increased under adherent, while decreased under nonadherent conditions; (iii) avb3 integrin cell stiffening is also maintained when cells adhere to fibronectin, but this phenomenon does not strongly depend on the fibronectin concentration. In all, this study sheds light on the role of avb3 in regulating cellular mechanics. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


Pending legislation to address carbon emissions would include large subsidies for existing emitters. These subsidies make little sense economically or politically. Worse, they divert resources needed to address two crucial issues that the proposed legislation largely ignores: the impact of raising carbon costs on low-income people and the massive structural federal deficit. A carbon tax or cap-and-trade system would increase costs substantially not only for transportation but for food and housing. With poverty rising even before the current economic downturn, these price increases' consequences could be dire. The structural deficit will require deflationary tax increases or spending cuts. Combining carbon regulation with these measures could do severe damage. Although few challenge their merits, these proposals may nonetheless fail if a consensus emerges that they are extraneous to climate change legislation. Overly complex legislation often does bog down, and we lack coherent normative principles for "issue joinder" in public policy debates. Such principles can be derived and counsel addressing both low-income subsidies and deficit reduction as part of climate change legislation. Another challenge is finding efficient means to deliver subsidies without disrupting incentives to conserve. Energy companies are likely to divert proposed allocations for this purpose to writing off bad debt. Funding energy assistance programs similarly will crowd out existing resources. Prior piecemeal efforts to address high energy costs provide invaluable lessons on designing a system to offset rising carbon costs without distorting consumers' incentives. The large majority of proceeds not needed for low-income subsidies should be reserved for deficit reduction.


Many cells are dependent on growth factors for survival, and growth factor-independent growth is a property of many tumor cells. However, the mechanisms by which growth factors protect cells from death are not well understood. To sustain cells, growth factors maintain energy supplies by promoting expression of glucose transporters on the cell surface, an effect mediated by the protein kinase Akt (also called PKB). Edinger and Thompson now report that Akt has broader effects on access of cells to nutrients. In FL5.12 cells (murine hematopoietic pre-B cells), withdrawal of interleukin 3 causes cell death. To simplify the experimental system, the authors studied the effects of IL-3 withdrawal on nutrient transporters in cells prevented from undergoing apoptosis by expression of Bcl-xL. Withdrawal of IL-3 was associated with loss of cell surface expression of the 4F2 heavy chain (which is thought to be a chaperone that functions in amino acid transport), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (which transports cholesterol), and the transferrin receptor (which transports iron). Expression of activated Akt largely restored expression of the transporters on the cell surface in a manner that was sensitive to rapamycin, an inhibitor of the kinase mTOR. The yeast homolog of mTOR functions in adaptation of the yeast cells to changes in nutrient concentrations by controlling expression of nutrient transporters, suggesting that the mammalian protein may have retained functions similar to those of its precursor in yeast. The authors point out that rapamycin inhibits proliferation of some tumor cells, and that limitation of nutrient transport could be one mechanism by which this effect is produced. A. L. Edinger, C. B. Thompson, Akt maintains cell size and survival by increasing mTOR-dependent nutrient uptake. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 2276-2288 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Glucocorticoids down-regulate expression of hypothalamic CRH; however, mechanisms by which they do so are not fully understood. The proximal promoter cAMP response element, negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE), and methylated CpG islands all play a role in crh down-regulation. Dexamethasone (Dex)-repressed crh expression is associated with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) recruitment to the region of the crh promoter. Given that HDAC1 may be present in methylated CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) complexes, and that MeCP2 is known to play a role in regulating crh expression, we sought to determine whether or not HDAC1 and/or MeCP2 could interact with the GR. Dex enhanced GR interactions with both proteins. Glucocorticoid regulation of crh has also been associated with CpG methylation; thus we assessed whether GR could interact with a DNA methyltransferase (DnMT). Indeed, the GR interacted with DnMT3b, but not DnMT3a. In addition, Dex-induced occupancy of the crh promoter by HDAC1, MeCP2, and DnMT3b was associated with an increased level of promoter methylation, which appeared to be CpG site specific. Lastly, to extend previous assessment of chromatin modifications in this promoter region, the degree of histone methylation was measured. Dex increased trimethylation of histone 3-lysine 9, a marker of gene suppression; however, levels of di- and trimethylated histone 3-lysine 4, markers of gene activation, were not significantly changed. Taken together, the data suggest that Dex-mediated crh suppression involves formation of a repressor complex consisting of GR, MeCP2, and HDAC1, recruitment of DnMT3b, and associated changes in proximal promoter CpG methylation.


Diversity and inclusiveness training is a critical component of developing and maintaining an inclusive workplace or college campus. The more social justice educators can understand the process of learning that takes place in diversity workshops, the better prepared we will be to increase workshop effectiveness, and work toward building inclusive environments. As such, Hardiman and Jackson's social identity development model is considered in this study. Qualitative interviews from faculty participants of an intersectional diversity and inclusiveness workshop at a 4-year public institution of higher education demonstrate a potential missing stage in their model. Termed discordance in this paper, this stage is offered as a step between their model's acceptance and resistance stages, and is characterized by reactions that suggest participants' being caught between these two stages. It is argued that discordance can be so profound among diversity workshop attendees, that it could be considered a separate stage of its own. The study further focuses on how participants' social group memberships affect their reactions to the workshop, and explores the emotional component inherent in diversity and inclusiveness workshops. Implications are provided for understanding the learning process of participants for any social justice educator and/or diversity and inclusiveness workshop facilitator.


Shared parenting is premised on both working parents having the right to care. However, the work–family conflict at the EU level has traditionally focused on working mothers. This was reinforced in Hofmann v Barmer Ersatzkasse [1986] 1 CMLR 242 and Commission v Italy [1984] 3 CMLR 169, and in the enactment and application of the Parental Leave Directive 96/34/EC. In both instances, fathers' role in childcare has been secondary, at best, to that of mothers. The question of shared parenting, and enabling all working parents to care, underpins proposals to amend the Pregnant Workers Directive 92/85/EEC and the revised Parental Leave Directive 2010/18/EU. This article examines the development of EU work–family policies with reference to Fineman's notion of family care, and the right to care for all working parents. It considers whether a more defined role for fathers is beginning to emerge or maternal care is further entrenched.


Even-changing attacks require computer networks to continuously adapt to provide confidentiality, availability, and integrity for diverse system connected through them. If network security system could be dynamically reconfigured for new attacks, techniques and algorithms, computer networks would be able to provide better protection. The key challenge to achieve this adaptability is due to the lacking adaptive framework which can simultaneously consider underlying hardware platform, algorithms processing complexity, and integrating them together.
This dissertation presents a adaptive framework for Network Intrusion Detection System with the capability to detect unknown attacks, reconfigurable to new technologies, adaptable to network traffic, and easily updating. The key idea is by adding network analyzers and interdisciplinary several network security techniques into a system. The network analyzers analyze network traffic to know the characteristic of the network traffic over the time by analyzing the packets header and payload. Using this network characteristic information, a suitable intrusion detection system will be constructed.
In this dissertation, I introduce the implementation of intrusion detection system on FPGA, multiprocessor, and memory with packet pre-filtering base on part of pattern. In FPGA, the methodology to construct a high performance string matching engine was introduced. Various techniques, including multi-threading FSM design, partitioning FSM, and a novel high-speed FSM interface circuit, are developed to improve the performance of the string matching circuits. In multiprocessor, I present a workload mapping methodology for multi-core (Network Processor) security systems using a comprehensive simulation framework. With this methodology, the network engineers can be utilize the multi-core without knowledge the complicated of multi-core programming. In memory-based, I present the technique to reduce the huge memory requirement for finite state machine using state coding.
Using this framework methodology, network engineers can evaluate run-time characteristic network traffic and integrate security technologies to NIDS. Without this methodology, it will be very difficult if not impossible.


With contaminated land, it sometimes makes sense to do a partial cleanup, rather than a complete one, and combine the cleanup with land use restrictions and continuing obligations to monitor the land. The Uniform Environmental Covenants Act creates a new state law property interest to make these restrictions and obligations permanent and enforceable. It addresses issues created by traditional common law doctrines that were hostile to permanent land restrictions, as well as more contemporary problems presented by tax liens, eminent domain, and adverse possession. This Article reviews the Act's legal infrastructure for creating, enforcing, and modifying the terms of the land use restrictions and monitoring obligations. The Article argues that the Act's legal infrastructure provides parties with the legal certainty needed to encourage future cleanups, while also protecting against environmental risks that the residual contamination could otherwise pose. These cleanups, often financed as part of the property's redevelopment, are particularly useful because they are a way to return blighted properties to the stream of commerce. The Act has drawn some criticism, primarily for not going further with its protections, and these are reviewed at the end of the Article.


The increased use and adoption of Electronic Health Records, and parallel growth in patient data available for secondary use by clinicians, researchers, and operational purposes, all cause patient confidentiality protection to become an increasingly more important requirement and expectation. The laws protecting patient confidentiality typically require the informed consent of the patient to use data for research purposes, a requirement that can be waived if the data are de-identified. Several methods to automatically remove identifying information from clinical text have been tested experimen- tally over the last 10 years, guided by the HIPAA "Safe Harbor" methodology. This panel will focus on the issues related with the automatic de-identification of clinical text. It will include an overview of the domain, a demonstration of good examples of such applications in English and in Swedish with their main authors sharing development and adaptation experiences, and a discussion of the HIPAA "Safe Harbor" de-identification quality and the risk for re-identification of de-identified data. The difficulties and issues related to this task will be debated, as well as the main methods used and the performance and adaptability of these methods.