Abstract. The growth of frazil or granular ice is an important mode of ice formation in
the cryosphere. Recent advances have improved our understanding of the
microphysical processes that control the rate of ice-crystal growth when
water is cooled beneath its freezing temperature. These advances suggest that
crystals grow much faster than previously thought. In this paper, we consider
models of a population of ice crystals with different sizes to provide
insight into the treatment of frazil ice in large-scale models. We consider
the role of crystal growth alongside the other physical processes that
determine the dynamics of frazil ice. We apply our model to a simple mixed
layer (such as at the surface of the ocean) and to a buoyant plume under a
floating ice shelf. We provide numerical calculations and scaling arguments
to predict the occurrence of frazil-ice explosions, which we show are
controlled by crystal growth, nucleation, and gravitational removal. Faster
crystal growth, higher secondary nucleation, and slower gravitational removal
make frazil-ice explosions more likely. We identify steady-state crystal size
distributions, which are largely insensitive to crystal growth rate but are
affected by the relative importance of secondary nucleation to gravitational
removal. Finally, we show that the fate of plumes underneath ice shelves is
dramatically affected by frazil-ice dynamics. Differences in the
parameterization of crystal growth and nucleation give rise to radically
different predictions of basal accretion and plume dynamics, and can even
impact whether a plume reaches the end of the ice shelf or intrudes at depth.


Optical systems produce canonical transformations on phase space that are nonlinear. When a power expansion of the coordinates is performed around a chosen optical axis, the linear part is the paraxial approximation, and the nonlinear part is the ideal of aberrations. When the optical system has axial symmetry, its linear part is the symplectic group Sp(2, R) represented by 2 × 2 matrices. It is used to provide a classification of aberrations into multiplets of spin that are irreducible under the group, in complete analogy with the quantum harmonic-oscillator states. The "magnetic" axis of the latter may be chosen to adapt to magnifying systems or to optical fiberlike media. There seems to be a significant computational advantage in using the symplectic classification of aberrations.


Staphylococcus aureus is one of the causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Staphylococcal food poisoning ensues after ingestion of contaminated food and results in symptoms of gastroenteritis such as vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The present paper aims to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from foods sold by street vendors in Gaborone, Botswana, and to determine its enterotoxigenic potential and antibiotic resistance profile. One hundred eight food samples comprising starch, meat, salads and vegetables portions were collected from these vendors and tested for the presence of S. aureus. Identification of Staphylococcus aureus to the species level was performed using the Vitek 2 automated identification and susceptibility testing system (BioMerieux, Marcy-I'Etoile, France). Enterotoxins were detected by the Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination method (SET-RPLA). Results showed that 49 (45%) of the samples tested positive for Staphylococcus aureus . The organism was isolated at higher frequencies in vegetables and starchy foods (34.7%) than in meats (30.6%). These differences in isolation rates however, were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be resistant to penicillin G (52.4%), tetracycline (38.1%), methicillin (26.2%) and vancomycin (11.9%). Four Staphylococcal enterotoxin types A-D, were detected among the isolates. Staphylococcal enterotoxin D was the most prevalent (52.9%), while enterotoxin C was produced by the least number of isolates (5.9%). Of note, five isolates simultaneously expressed two or more enterotoxin types in varying combinations. The present study underscores a potential risk of staphylococcal food poisoning and transmission of methicillin resistant S. aueus strains for consumers of street vended food products in Gaborone, Botswana especially in the absence of a quality assurance regulatory framework. As a mitigating factor, sensitization of street food vendors on the importance of food and personal hygiene is strongly recommended.


The tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemics pose huge challenges to health services in South Africa. People with HIV infection are at significantly higher risk of both TB infection and progression to active disease. There is, thus, a need to implement adequate infection control policies and processes to reduce transmission of TB from patient to patient, from healthcare worker to patient, and from patient to healthcare worker. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about the risks of TB transmission particularly in the setting of HIV co-infection, and to describe possible infection control interventions.


Several political and academic circles have considered microfinance to be an important tool to promote economic development and the reduction of poverty. It became a worldwide phenomenon, and the practice disseminated in many developing countries such as Brazil. Even as many authors sing the praises of microfinance—in particular the success in developing countries—the actual experience has fallen short. The goal in this article is to provide a critical analysis of the recent practices of microfinance in Brazil. The article also presents the general characteristics of microcredit in Brazil within the context of the broader development strategy pursued, in particular since stabilization and the inception of neoliberal policies in the mid-1990s. It is argued that microfinance plays an insidious role, making market-friendly solutions for social problems more acceptable.


WORK is an annual publication of the Department of Architecture that documents student work in design studios and courses in the Master of Architecture and Post-Professional programs, as well as events, faculty news and student awards. It also includes abstracts of PhD dissertations defended that year. It provides an opportunity to explore the creative work of our students and is a permanent record of work in the Department. Comments The work shown here is solely available for viewing and not for republishing or to be rebroadcast in any form. If you wish to republish any of this work, please contact the Department office. This other is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/arch_work/3


Mapping water-bottom features involves in the fields of environmental geophysics and engineering structural studies. Standard direct current (DC) resistivity sounding is widely used to map subsurface structures on land, but it is seldom used to map underwater structures, because the deployment of underwater electrodes along the water-bottom is expensive and cumbersome. Therefore, a cost-effective and non-destructive survey technique is required to map underwater structures.
Recently the development of an automatic multi-electrode system for resistivity image profiling (RIP) has been successful in mapping two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) geological structures on land faster than standard DC resistivity soundings. In fact, the RIP method provides higher resolution and greater exploration depth of electrical images. Therefore, it is time to consider whether this advanced RIP technique can be applied to underwater mapping.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the potential of the RIP technique conducted on the water surface to map the sub-water bottom geology. The electrode configuration used in this paper was a pole-pole array. The advantages of this survey technique are its convenience and low expense in operation. In addition, no previous water body and bottom topography corrections are needed for data processing as required for standard DC sounding data collected along the water bottom with underwater electrodes. To seek verification of this new application, a RIP survey was carried out on the water surface of Lake Chung-Dah in northern Taiwan. The shallow stratigraphy underneath the lake was delineated and compared with well data nearby. The RIP results did assist in interpreting the structures underneath the water bottom. The results clearly demonstrate the capability of the RIP technique to resolve an underwater stratigraphy, and the efficiency of the RIP method compared with standard DC resistivity method.


Background and Aim: Obesity and overweight as risk factors for many health-related problems have shown an increasing trend in most countries in recent years. Increase in watching television in childhood has been associated with adverse effects on health and behavior in children. Low physical activity due to television viewing is known as a risk factor for childhood obesity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relatioship between obesity/behavioral problems and television viewing in girls of elementary schools in Tabriz city, Iran. Matrials and Method: This descriptive comparative study was conducted with a study sample consisting of 300 students girls (7-11 years old) of elementary schools in Tabriz city, selected based on Body Mass Index by stratified random sampling. The data about television viewing were obtained from parent reports using demografic questionnaire and behavioral problems in children were assessed using Child Behavior Check List. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 11.5). Results : The results showed that student girls in overweight and obese groups were viewing television more than those in group of normal Body Mass Index and had lower levels of activity competency.The results suggests a positive and statistical significant association between obesity/overweight and viewing television (r =0.16 ,P<0.005).The children who were viewing television more than 2 houres per day, had a greater Body Mass Index (P<0.011). The length of viewing television had a statistical significant correlation with somatic complaints in children (r =0.153 ,P=0.008). Conclusion: As watching television for long times is associated with overweighting in children, it is suggested to parents for decreasing television watching time as a preventive method of overweighting.


The recovery of better quality waste gypsum during acid mine drainage (AMD) neutralization is one step closer to achieving downstream waste gypsum beneficiation for recovery of valuable materials. This can facilitate recovery of treatment costs and prevention of environmental pollution from gypsum waste-dumps. Thermal reduction using rotary kilns to recover valuable materials from waste gypsum remains a critical and controversial process because of waste gypsum handling problems, environmental pollution due to dust and gaseous emissions and poor conversion yields. In order to mitigate these problems and improve waste gypsum conversion yields, pelletization of waste gypsum in the presence of binders (starch and cellulose) was investigated. A laboratory-scale disc pelletizer was used to produce pellets from a mixture of coal and commercial gypsum or waste gypsum, generated during AMD neutralization, with starch and micro-crystalline cellulose used as binders. The pellets were subjected to high-temperature thermal treatment in a tube furnace to generate calcium sulphide (CaS), an important intermediate for waste gypsum beneficiation. The kinetics of thermal conversion of pelletized waste gypsum to CaS were found to be highly dependent on furnace temperature. Results also showed that pelletization affords improved handling of waste gypsum while use of binders as additives significantly improved the CaS yield, with starch giving the better yield compared to cellulose.


Background Genetic variants which determine amount of coffee consumed have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of coffee consumption; these may help to further understanding of the effects of coffee on health outcomes. However, there is limited information about how these variants relate to caffeinated beverage consumption more generally. Aims To improve phenotype definition for coffee consumption related genetic risk scores by testing their association with coffee, tea and other beverages. Methods We tested the associations of genetic risk scores for coffee consumption with beverage consumption in 114,316 individuals of European ancestry from the UK Biobank. Drinks were self-reported in a baseline questionnaire and in detailed 24 dietary recall questionnaires in a subset. Results Genetic risk scores including two and eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) explained up to 0.39%, 0.19% and 0.77% of the variance in coffee, tea and combined coffee and tea consumption respectively. A one standard deviation increase in the 8 SNP genetic risk score was associated with a 0.13 cup per day (95% CI: 0.12, 0.14), 0.12 cup per day (95%CI: 0.11, 0.14) and 0.25 cup per day (95% CI: 0.24, 0.27) increase in coffee, tea and combined tea and coffee consumption, respectively. Genetic risk scores also demonstrated positive associations with both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption. In 48,692 individuals with dietary recall data, the genetic risk scores were positively associated with coffee and tea, (apart from herbal teas) consumption, but did not show clear evidence for positive associations with other beverages. However, there was evidence that the genetic risk scores were associated with lower daily water consumption and lower overall drink consumption. Conclusions Genetic risk scores created from variants identified in coffee consumption GWAS associate more broadly with caffeinated beverage consumption and also with decaffeinated coffee and tea consumption.


The introduction of e-learning in higher education has brought radical changes in the way undergraduate and postgraduate programmes are designed and delivered. University students now have access to their courses anytime, anywhere, which makes e-learning and m-learning popular and fashionable among university students globally. Nevertheless, instructors are now challenged, as they have to adopt new pedagogies in learning and teaching. This chapter explores the adoption of m-learning at universities in the Kingdom of Bahrain, as well as the relevant current developments and challenges related to the major stakeholders (educators and students) in higher education. It mainly investigates the educators' views and perceptions of m-learning, as well as its future potential in higher education. Most of the educators use m-learning tools to some limited extent, and there is still opportunity to reach full integration with curriculum and the blended learning approach. Further, it is proposed that professional development should be provided to instructors to enable them to use the available new technologies in an appropriate and effective way.


This article describes nine phases of curriculum-development activities conducted by the Language and Reading Research Consortium (LARRC), the end result of which was to arrive at a research-based supplemental curriculum that could be used by teachers of English-speaking or bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children in prekindergarten and English-speaking children in kindergarten to third grade to bring about significant changes in students' language skills as a route to improved reading comprehension. LARRC followed the Curriculum Research Framework (CRF) proposed by Douglas Clements as a means for developing curricula that can be called research-based; CRF phases include establishing the foundations of the curriculum (Phases 1–4), establishing the learning model (Phase 5), and evaluation of the curriculum and its components (Phases 6–10). This description of the iterative process followed by LARRC provides the educational field with a substantive example of how research-based curricula in reading comprehension and other areas can be developed using the CRF.


We analyze and solve various problems of security, information assurance and trust in dynamic wireless networks. These include detection and defense against attacks, detection of propagating viruses, evaluation of intrusion systems, attacks at the physical, MAC and routing protocols, trust establishment-dynamicsmanagement. We demonstrate persistently that systems and control models and methodologies provide new and powerful techniques to analyze these problems. We describe the use of distributed change detection methods and algorithms for intrusion detection and the use of non-cooperative games for the detection and defense against attacks at all layers. We demonstrate how Bayesian decision theory can be used to evaluate intrusion detection systems and we resolve some key problems in this area. We use game theoretic methods again to develop robust protocols against attacks, including Byzantine ones. We provide an in-depth investigation of trust establishment and computation in such networks. We describe various methods for distributed trust evaluation and the associated trust (and mistrust) 'spreading' dynamics. We investigate rules and policies that establish 'trust-connected' networks using only local interactions, and find the parameters (e.g. topology type) that speed up or slow down this transition. We describe and explain the phase transition phenomena that we have found in these evolutions. We model the interactions among agents as cooperative games and show that trust can encourage agents to collaborate. This leads us to a fundamental analytical technique, constrained coalitional games, that can be used to evaluate tradeoffs in collaborative networks in various areas: communications, sensors, economics, sociology, biology. We also describe a model for trust evaluation that uses pairwise iterated graph games between the agents to create a 'trust reputation' with evolution coupled to the game dynamics. Finally we present a new modeling framework for trust metric evaluation as linear iterations over ordered semirings. This allows us to formulate problems of resilience of trust metrics and trust evaluation to attacks.


Sedentary lifestyles are a major public health concern. Research has shown that frequent active breaks are beneficial to productivity, mental and physical health, and may prevent obesity. PURPOSE: This study examined the effectiveness of a signage intervention in a university library to promote the use of physically active (AB) compared to inactive (IB) study breaks. METHODS: College students were observed over three weeks: pre-intervention (PRE); signage intervention (SIGN); and post-intervention (POST). Each week of observation consisted of 12 hours, (6, 2-hour segments) on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday (36 hours total). The signage intervention consisted of table tents and signs posted in the library encouraging students to take active breaks while studying. Observation was conducted using our Systematic Observation of Breaks (SOBREAK) method, developed based on similar observational methods, such as SOFIT and SOPARK. Two trained researchers (inter-rater reliability=93%) systematically observed two different types of study rooms, one silent and one social, scanning every 30 seconds and recording the number of AB and IB observed by gender. Types of breaks were operationalized based on the literature, where AB included: stretching, getting out of chair, walking, and IB: socializing, cellphone use, snacking. Data was analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA (SPSS v21). RESULTS: A total of 4,320 scans observed 465 students. AB was significantly higher in SIGN compared to PRE and POST (5.5% vs. 4.3% vs 2.3%; p ≤ 0.001). IB SIGN was lower than PRE and POST (7.9% vs. 9.0% vs. 6.7%; p ≤ 0.001). Female AB SIGN was higher compared to PRE (3.7% vs 3.0%; p ≤ 0.001), but not POST. Female IB SIGN was lower than PRE (8.6% vs 7.3%; p ≤ 0.001), but not POST. Male AB SIGN was higher than male PRE and POST (7.3% vs. 5.6% vs. 2.6%; p ≤ 0.001). Male IB SIGN was lower than PRE (7.2% vs 10.8%; p ≤ 0.001), but higher than POST (6.0%; p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that a visual reminder to take an AB while studying can positively influence physical activity. However, a visual reminder may be necessary for continued AB, and that a one-time signage intervention is not enough to encourage long-term AB. Future studies could examine AB vs IB in different ethnic groups and overweight compared to normal weight individuals.


The first visual history of Modernist Italian fashion during Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime, and the product of immense research, "Fashion at the Time of Fascism" charts the fashion industry's ambivalent negotiation of international couture and the bizarre dictates of Fascism, and the legacy of this era in shaping today's fashion industry. Authors Mario Lupano and Alessandra Vaccari explore and compare a huge range of forgotten archival sources, such as women's glossies, fashion, film and gossip magazines, photo archives, exhibition and commercial catalogues, books, manuals and magazines on tailoring, dressmaking, design and architecture, and corporate and government journals. This abundance of materials is presented in a fluid sequence of image and text that charts the rhythms, rituals and lifestyles of the typical Italian day through the four basic themes of "Measurements," "Model," "Brand" and "Parade." Each section includes texts that highlight the key figures and phases in Italian fashion, from the 1920s to the early 1940s, juxtaposing them with Modernism's broader salient themes and emphasizing the conscious use of glamour in the regime's super-choreographed portrayal of itself. "Fashion at the Time of Fascism" is further enriched by a thorough iconographic index and a detailed reference list, making the volume a revelation for both general readers and scholars.


BACKGROUND
Marijuana (hereafter "tetrahydrocannabinol [THC]") use has been associated with liver fibrosis progression in retrospective analyses of patients with chronic hepatitis C (HCV). We studied long-term effects of THC on fibrosis progression in women coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS).

METHODS
Liver fibrosis was categorized according to FIB-4 scores as none, moderate, or significant. THC and alcohol use were quantified as average exposure per week. Associations between THC use and progression to significant fibrosis were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression.

RESULTS
Among 575 HIV/HCV-coinfected women followed for a median of 11 (interquartile range, 6-17) years, 324 (56%) reported no THC use, 141 (25%) less than weekly use, 70 (12%) weekly use, and 40 (7%) daily use at WIHS entry. In univariable analysis, entry FIB-4 score (hazard ratio [HR], 2.26 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.88-2.73], P < .001), log HCV RNA (HR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.02-1.38], P = .02), tobacco use (HR, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.02-1.85], P = .04), CD4(+) count (risk per 100-cell increase: HR, 0.90 [95% CI, .86-.95], P < .001), and log HIV RNA (HR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.05-1.32], P = .005) were associated with progression to significant fibrosis, as was cumulative alcohol use in follow-up (HR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.04], P < .001). In multivariable analysis, entry FIB-4, entry CD4(+) count, and cumulative alcohol use remained significant. Cumulative THC use was not associated with fibrosis progression (HR, 1.01 [95% CI, .92-1.10], P = .83).

CONCLUSIONS
In this large cohort of HIV/HCV-coinfected women, THC was not associated with progression to significant liver fibrosis. Alcohol use was independently associated with liver fibrosis, and may better predict fibrosis progression in HIV/HCV-coinfected women.


Despite the vast number of environmental agreements and laws coming into force their impact are not the anticipated ones, as clearly seen from the degradation of the natural environment. This is largely due to ineffective enforcement of and compliance with the environmental obligations encompassed by all these laws and treaties. Thus, enforcement and compliance mechanisms are of paramount importance for the achievement of environmental conservation, as environmental results matter at the end of the day. This paper seeks to identify and assess the institutional mechanisms for enforcement of and compliance with international and European environmental law. It explores recent developments and provides a critical appraisal of the mechanisms and procedures developed globally and regionally with regard to the fulfilment of states' environmental commitments. It concludes with further steps which may enhance compliance and improve enforcement of environmental obligations at both the international and EU level.


Russian version is available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3149829
The Paris Agreement, which was adopted in December 2015 and entered into force less than a year later, is the newest instrument to be adopted in the United Nations-sponsored global climate regime. The Paris Agreement takes its place under the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change and next to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and 2012 Doha Amendment. After describing the historical evolution of the UN climate regime employing the tools of international law, this Article explores the structural, institutional, and legal relationships between the new Paris Agreement and the prior development and content of UN-sponsored efforts on climate protection under the auspices of the 1992 Framework Convention. The need for such an analysis is particularly urgent because the new instrument was purposely not identified as a "protocol," and its relationship to the prior Kyoto Protocol is unclear.
This Article consequently traces the development of the universal, UN-anchored climate regime from its origins in the 1990s to the present moment, with particular attention to the structural relationship among its various components and historical junctures. The Article then examines the text and structure of the Paris Agreement, along with its context, against this background. The significance of the Agreement's status as an instrument other than a "protocol," and its uncertain textual and institutional relationship to the prior Kyoto Protocol, receive particular scrutiny. The Article concludes that the Paris Agreement, from a structural and institutional point of view, represents both a break with the past designed to initiate a new, globally-inclusive multilateral approach to climate protection, but also contains indications of continuity with prior questions of global climate policy.


The compositional dependence of the lowest direct and indirect band gaps in $\text{Ge}_{1-y}\text{Sn}_{y}$ has been determined from room-temperature photoluminescence measurements. This technique is particularly attractive for a comparison of the two transitions because distinct features in the spectra can be associated with the direct and indirect gaps. However, detailed modeling of these room temperature spectra is required to extract the band gap values with the high accuracy required to determine the Sn concentration $y_{c}$ at which the alloy becomes a direct gap semiconductor. For the direct gap, this is accomplished using a microscopic model that allows the determination of direct gap energies with meV accuracy. For the indirect gap, it is shown that current theoretical models are inadequate to describe the emission properties of systems with close indirect and direct transitions. Accordingly, an ad hoc procedure is used to extract the indirect gap energies from the data. For $y$ < 0.1 the resulting direct gap compositional dependence is given by $\Delta E_{0} = -(3.57 \pm 0.06)y$ (in eV). For the indirect gap, the corresponding expression is $\Delta E_{\text{ind}} = -(1.64\pm 0.10)y$ (in eV). If a quadratic function of composition is used to express the two transition energies over the entire compositional range $0 \leq y \leq 1$, the quadratic (bowing) coefficients are found to be $b_{0} = 2.46 \pm 0.06$ eV (for $E_{0}$) and $b_{\text{ind}} = 0.99 \pm 0.11$ eV (for $E_{\text{ind}}$). These results imply a crossover concentration $y_{c} = 0.073_{-0.006}^{+0.007}$, much lower than early theoretical predictions based on the virtual crystal approximation, but in better agreement with predictions based on large atomic supercells.


Objective: To see the role of Vitamins and minerals supplementation on physical status of patients suffering from Congestive Heart Failure (dilated cardiomyopathy). Methods: This nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted in department of cardiology, Allied Hospital Faisalabad, Pakistan. In this nonrandomized clinical trial, Forty three Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy who were not showing any significant improvements in physical performance on optimal treatment of heart failure were included. Vitamin D (200,000 IU) supplementation on weekly basis for a period of 12 weeks was added to heart failure treatment. And its effect was seen on 6 minutes' walk distance and Pro-BNP levels. SPSS version 19 was used for data analysis. Dependent sample t-test was used to see the significant effect of vitamin D supplementation on pre-intervention vitamin D levels, 6MWD and ProBNP. Taking p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: On clinical assessment most of the patients were in NYHA class II (65%), the percentages of NYHA Class I, III and IV was 19%, 9% and 7% respectively. The baseline mean vitamin D level of the study group was 16.59±3.54ng/ml and it raised to 31.97±3.64ng/ml after 12 weeks of supplementation with vitamin D, p value <0.0005. The mean distance travelled by the study group before the intervention was 806±380ft while it increased to 945±393ft after the intervention, p value of 0.008. The mean of pro-BNP level of the study group before the intervention was 1024±635 while it improved to 159±80 after the intervention with a significant p value <0.0005. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation decreases the severity of HF as reflected by reduction in serum pro-BNP levels and significant increase in six minutes' walk distance. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.074 Volume 7, Issue 13, 109-115. Research Article ISSN 2277– 7105 Article Received on 13 May 2018, Revised on 04 June 2018, Accepted on 25 June 2018, DOI: 10.20959/wjpr201813-12851 *Corresponding Author Dr. Hira Ijaz PMDC # 90945-P.


After the devastation of World War II, journalists, scholars, and citizens came together to foster a new culture of democracy in Japan. Adam Bronson explores this effort in a path-breaking study of the Institute for the Science of Thought, one of the most influential associations to emerge in the early postwar years. The institute's founders believed that the estrangement of intellectuals from the general public had contributed to the rise of fascism. To address this, they sought to develop a "science of thought" that would reconnect the world of ideas with everyday experience and thus reimagine Japan as a democratic nation, home to one hundred million philosophers. To tell the story of Science of Thought and postwar democracy, Bronson weaves together several strands of Japan's modern history that are often treated separately: the revival of interest in the social sciences and Marxism after the war, the appearance of new social movements that challenged traditional class and gender hierarchies, and the ascendance of a mass middle-class culture. This story is transnational in both connective and comparative senses. Most of the Science of Thought founders were educated in America, and they drew upon a network of American thinkers and institutions for support. They also derived inspiration from other efforts to promote a culture of democracy, ranging from thought reform campaigns in the People's Republic of China to the Mass Observation study of the British working classes. By tracing these sources of inspiration around the world, Bronson reveals the contours of a transnational intellectual milieu. Science of Thought embodied a vision of democratic experimentation that had to be re-articulated repeatedly in response to challenges that arose in connection with geopolitical events and social change, prompting the group's evolution from a small research circle in the 1940s into the standard-bearer for citizen activism in the 1960s. Through this history, Bronson argues that the significance of Science of Thought lay in the way it exemplified democracy in practice. The practical experience of the intellectuals and citizens associated with the group remains relevant to those who continue to grapple with the dilemmas of democracy today.


ABSTRACT Preliminary investigation shows that percussion marked quartz grains are common in sediments and rocks of many areas. The percussion mark is a crescentric crack on the surface of a particle; the conoid of percussion is commonly produced by sand grain impact in the eolian environment and by collision of gravel in an aqueous environment. In thin-section the percussion marks appear as gently to steeply curving, inwardly projecting cracks in the periphery of the grain. Iron oxide in the crack sharply defines the mark. From the small number of grains counted in this study the percussion marks are systematically oriented on approximately 37 percent of the marked grains and on 31 percent the marks are oriented parallel to the long dimension of the grain. Percussion marks on 14 percent of the marked grains are oriented parallel to the "c" crystallographic axis; 63 percent of the marked grains show marks that are randomly scattered on the surface of the grain. Oriented percussion marks may be the result of aerodynamic orientation of the grain whose shape may be effects of original shape, differential hardness, and/or preferred fracture. The presence of percussion marks on a particle of sand-size may be used to indicate an eolian environment but because the marks are very durable other evidence such as ventifacts and dune cross-bedding should be combined in the interpretation.


Using significantly under-exploited data from institutional sector accounts, we assess the main drivers of both firms' and households' investment in Italy over the past two decades. We estimate a vector error correction model separately for firms and for households. Our findings support the existence in both institutional sectors of a long-run equilibrium relationship between investment, income and the user cost of capital, as predicted by the flexible neoclassical model, as well as adjustment dynamics towards the equilibrium level. Moreover, we find evidence that an increase in uncertainty and a decline in economic sentiment have a dampening effect on investment. Furthermore, high indebtedness, measured by financial accounts data, and tight credit constraints, based on survey data for firms, are found to have significantly hindered both firms' and households' capital accumulation, again in the short run. This leads us to conclude that studies that disregard the role of debt or financing constraints are unable to fully explain investment dynamics in Italy, especially in the most recent years of sharp contraction.


The thermal effects related to wearing a bicycle helmet are complex and different studies have investigated single parts of this topic. A literature review was produced and published (Bogerd et al., 2015) summarizing the different findings to give a complete overview on this topic as well as to suggest new perspectives. Headgear increases head insulation and therefore is mainly problematic under warm conditions, which is the focus of that review. Helmets do not affect physiological parameters other than the local skin temperature and sweat rate. However, the head is among the most sensitive body parts related to thermal comfort, thereby directly affecting the willingness to wear headgear. Several methods have been used to study thermal aspects of headgear, which could be categorized as (i) numerical, (ii) biophysical, (iii) combined numerical and biophysical, and (iv) user trials. The application of these methods established that heat transfer mainly takes place through radiation and convection. Headgear parameters relevant to these heat transfer pathways are reviewed and suggestions are provided for improving existing headgear concepts and developing new concepts, ultimately leading to more accepted headgear. The report of working group 4 (WG4) provides information about activities undertaken during the COST Action TU1101 "Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage" to better understand the ergonomics of thermal aspects and to work towards the tasks defined in the memorandum of understanding (COST Secretariat, 2011). Primary Task 5: Development of guidelines for thermally-optimized helmet designs Secondary Task 3: Inform impact studies on which kinds of ventilation structures are useful and which are unnecessary Secondary Task 7: Review of physiological and comfort effect of wearing bicycle helmets All the chapters listed below include important aspects contributing to the primary task 5. Modelling and simulation tools (Chapter II) are becoming more and more important in research and development of new bicycle helmets but also in the development of guidelines, directives and norms. An example for the industrial application of models is given in Chapter III. The investigation of different forms of helmet coverings provides important information about the future direction for the development of helmet designs. Completely new helmet designs and the respective thermal properties are presented in Chapter IV. This chapter shows a different approach for finding new concepts of helmet designs. In Chapter V, new project initiatives are introduced to improve thermal aspects of helmets but also to include information and communication techniques (ICT) into helmets. Finally, the tasks of WG4 are summarized in Chapter VI, conclusions are drawn and an outlook is provided regarding the future development of helmets to comply with the requests of two-wheel commuters (including e-bikes, segway and others). (Less)


The American Journal of Nursing is a peer-reviewed journal. Nurses and other practitioners serve as peer reviewers, sharing with us their expertise in health care, research, and all aspects of nursing practice. They are essential to ensure the quality of the manuscripts we publish. We are pleased to acknowledge and thank the following individuals who reviewed manuscripts in 2020.


Temperature is an important environmental factor that affects the distribution of organisms. It affects the biochemical and physiological processes which are the basis of life. The metabolic cold adaptation (MCA) hypothesis predicts an increase in the metabolic rate of ectotherms from cold environments compared with their more temperate counterparts. This hypothesis is one of the most controversial in ecophysiology. MCA is an example of counter gradient variation, a geographical pattern of genotypes where genetic influences on a trait oppose environmental influences. Environmental gradients are common in nature and are considered to have major effects on intraspecific variation patterns. In this study, I tested the MCA hypothesis at an intraspecific level. As a study model I utilized the water flea, Daphnia magna. These are planktonic crustaceans, common in lakes and ponds, and have a wide geographical and thermal distribution. I tested the MCA hypothesis in a laboratory experiment in which oxygen consumption of water fleas reared at three different temperatures for one year (12 ? 35 generations), were measured at three different experimental temperatures. My results show that the animals from the coldest rearing temperature (10 °C) had the highest metabolism at all three experimental temperatures (10, 17 and 25 °C), compared with animals reared at higher temperatures (17 and 25 °C). Elevated metabolism in animals from cold environment is consistent with the metabolic cold adaptation hypothesis. The present study does however not provide conclusive evidence that clone-specific variation in thermal performance has a genetic basis. Organisms may adjust their thermal reaction norms as a response to the thermal regime in which they live through three mechanisms: acclimation, epigenetic effects and evolution, and these could not be distinguished in experimental design used here.


Low potato productivity in Ecuador is partly attributed to the use of low quality seed tubers. However, seed health quality in Ecuador, and its interaction with altitude and yield has been poorly investigated. We surveyed 11 farmers' fields in Ecuador in 2010 to determine incidence and severity of pathogens and pests affecting foliage and seed tubers, and to determine the influence of altitude and seed sources over seed health quality (pathogen and pest diversity in/on the seed tuber). Additionally, a field experiment was planted in CIP-Quito using assessed seed tubers collected from surveyed farmers' fields, during 2010 and 2011, to determine yield responses to seed health quality. Results show that foliage was mainly affected by late blight and flea beetle damages while seed tubers were predominantly affected by black scurf, andean weevil damages, potato virus S and potato virus X. We found that seed health quality was similar among farmers' seed sources, and detected that increase in altitude decreased seed-borne virus diversity. Only seed-borne pathogens and presence of mechanical damages were found to explain yield variation. Seed-borne pathogens affecting yield variation were black scurf on seed tubers, potato virus S, and potato yellow vein virus. However, these factors changed when regressions were performed per seed source or variety. The yield responses to seed health quality of each variety should be considered to fine-tune integrated pest management strategies.


Several spectacular backscattering effects observed for particulate planetary surfaces have been interpreted in terms of the effect of weak localization (WL) of electromagnetic waves. However, the interference concept of WL explicitly relies on the notion of phase of an electromagnetic wave and is strictly applicable only when particles forming the surface are widely separated. Therefore, one needs a definitive quantitative proof of the WL nature of specific optical effects observed for densely packed particulate media. We use numerically exact computer solutions of the Maxwell equations to simulate electromagnetic scattering by realistic models consisting of large numbers of randomly positioned, densely packed particles. By increasing the particle packing density from zero to ∼40%, we track the onset and evolution of the full suite of backscattering optical effects predicted by the low-density theory of WL, including the brightness and polarization opposition effects (BOE and POE). We find that all manifestations of WL, except the circular polarization ratio and POE, are remarkably immune to packing-density effects. Even POE can survive packing densities typical of planetary regolith surfaces. Our numerical data coupled with the results of unique observations at near-backscattering geometries demonstrate that the BOE and POE detected simultaneously for high-albedo solar system objects are caused by the effect of WL.


The postoperative experiences of 50 women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization as a day case procedure were sought together with the views of their general practitioners. The women were not visited routinely at home and few contacted their general practitioners. All the women had chosen day care but one‐third of those eventually discharged on the day of the operation wished that their stay had been longer; most of their general practitioners seemed unaware of these feelings. The importance of adequate discussion with the patient about postoperative pain is reviewed. The arrangements for postoperative care following the patient's return to the community is discussed.


Direct 3D volume segmentation is one of the difficult and hot research fields in 3D medical data field processing. Using K-means clustering techniques, a new clustering segmentation algorithm is presented. Firstly, According to the physical means of the medical data, the data field is preprocessed to speed up succeed processing. Secondly, the paper deduces and analyzes the clustering and segmentation algorithm and presents some methods to increase the process speed, including improving cluster seed selection, improving calculation flow, and amending pixel processing and operational principle of algorithm. Finally, the experimental results show that the algorithm has high accuracy when used to segment 3D medical tissue and can improve process speed greatly.


Here we argue that there are two important steps in the decision process to restore ecological system that are often ignored. First, consideration of restoration is in response to observed change in a system, but ecological systems can fluctuate widely in their normal dynamic. Thus, there is an imperative to interpret ecological change; shifts in community structure that represent "typical" fluctuations in a properly functioning ecosystem do not warrant restoration, while change associated with phase shift in the system may well demand restoration action. Second, where restoration effort is warranted, it needs to be determined whether management responses are likely to be successful within resource constraints. Where ecological change involves pronounced hysteresis, even massive effort may have little chance in effecting recovery to a preferred ecosystem state. Theory and models indicate that consideration of the characteristic length scales (CLSs) of ecological systems provides an unambiguous interpretation of ecological change, enabling differentiation of "typical" fluctuations from phase shift, and here we show that CLSs can be calculated for real communities from their species' dynamics, and that their behavior is as predicted from theory. We also show that for ecological systems where local interactions and forcings are well understood, validated simulation models can provide a ready means to identify hysteresis and estimate its magnitude. We conclude that there are useful tools available for ecologists to address the key questions of (1) whether restoration attempts are warranted in the first place and, if they are, (2) whether it is practical to pursue them.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions


The development of methods of digitally synthesizing and processing images has made it possible to use the methods of iconics to deliberately create test images that selectively activate various structures of the visual system. The methods of processing neurophysiological data, including not only images of the activity of the entire brain but also so-called neuroimaging methods, have made it possible to discriminate the brain structures activated as a result of this selective action. The goal of this study is the spatiotemporal localization (mapping) of the regions of the brain that participate in making decisions concerning the shape of textures. It is established that a subject's reaction time correlates with the degree of ordering of the textures and with the latency of the late components of the induced potentials in the frontal cortex. The time for a person to make decisions in the task of recognizing a specified class of textures is thereby determined. Mapping of the brain by the method of functional magnetic-resonance tomography showed that the activity of the brain in the process of making decisions involving recognition occurs in the frontal cortex of the human brain.


Around the time I took office as president of the Association for Psychological Science, Wray Herbert, Public Affairs Director of APS, began e-publishing his now syndicated blog, "We're Only Human." Although I won't pretend to be privy to the inner workings of Wray's mind, I'm guessing that Wray chose his blog's moniker to allow wide berth for our diverse curiosities, eccentricities, and proclivities. We might do this, we might even do that, because, well, after all, we are human.

But are we? Do we all agree that all humans are indeed, human?

The anonymous tract, Disputatio Nova Contra Mulieres, Qua Probatur Eas Homines Non Esse (A New Argument Against Women, in Which it Is Demonstrated That They Are not Human Beings), first published in 1595, was reprinted prolifically during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 1860s, British anthropologists espoused that Blacks were an inferior species, more comparable to apes than to Caucasians, and therefore well suited for slavery. At the Nuremberg Trial, one SS general explained his allegiance to genocide by the simple contention that "Jews are not even human."

Sixteenth-century theologians, Victorian anthropologists, and 20th-century Nazis are not the only ones who have deemed various groups of humans ape-like or nonhuman; some current-day American psychological scientists are just as guilty of this crime.

A few years ago, I was at a conference on language and evolution when an audience member questioned a prominent child language researcher's thesis by raising a counter-example: One aspect of the development of children with Williams syndrome didn't quite fit the researcher's theory. The prominent child language researcher quickly retorted, "Oh, I've seen children with Williams syndrome. They don't count. They're not even human. They must belong to some other species entirely."

With the wave of a hand, an entire group of people was erased from the human race. Without a contesting word, members of the human species were sacrificed — but a theory was saved. And what was the distinctly nonhuman behavior demonstrated by some children with William syndrome? It was their ability to develop a prodigious vocabulary, prior to developing the ability to extend an index finger to point.

Admittedly, this psychological scientist's dehumanizing pronouncement occurred during a relatively free-flowing discussion at a relatively small, invitation-only conference. The outrageous comment wasn't even illuminated on a PowerPoint slide. But similar pronouncements have been typeset on the pages of other psychological scientists' best-selling books and bound into our field's most prestigious scholarly journals.

For example, in a recent New York Times "notable book of the year," an internationally acclaimed psychological scientist segregated autistic1 people from other humans and placed them "together with robots and chimpanzees." The distinguishing feature, according to this psychological scientist, is humans' "innate equipment to discern other people's beliefs and intentions," which he proposed that robots, chimpanzees, and autistic people inherently lack.

However, laboratory tasks that probe people's understanding of the intentionality of other humans' intentions fail to distinguish autistic from nonautistic people (Aldridge, Stone, Sweeney, & Bower, 2000; Carpenter, Pennington, & Rogers, 2001; Russell & Hill, 2001; Sebanz, Knoblich, Stumpf, & Prinz, 2005) and failure on laboratory tasks that probe people's understanding of other humans' beliefs is neither universal among autistic people (Happe, 1995; Kleinman, Marciano, & Ault, 2001; Ozonoff, Rogers, & Pennington, 1991; Peterson, 2002) nor unique to autistic people (Benson, Abbeduto, Short, Bibler-Nuccio, & Mass, 1993; Miller, 2001; Peterson & Siegal, 1995; Rowe, Bullock, Polkey, & Morris, 2001; Saltzman, Strauss, Hunter, & Archibald, 2000; Tager-Flusberg, 2001). Nonetheless, such theorizing was recapitulated in the popular press as the claim "it's as if they [autistic people] do not understand or are missing a core aspect of what it is to be human" (Falcon & Shoop, 2002). If that they referred to members of any other minority group, we'd call the statement hate speech.

Consider the theorizing of another internationally acclaimed psychological scientist, presented in a widely circulated scholarly journal. After proposing the thesis that "cultural learning" is "a uniquely human form of social learning that allows for a fidelity of transition of behaviors and information among conspecifics," the authors argued that, like chimpanzees, "autistic children show little or no evidence of cultural learning." However, the authors ran into a similar deficit of empirical proof, best captured by their admission: "It can be stated with confidence that the vast majority of autistic children do not engage in [a specific type of cultural] learning. Although we are aware of no studies that specifically test for [this type of cultural] learning per se…" In this case, the authors salvaged their thesis by observing that "one robust and recurrent finding is that throughout their development autistic children show significant deficits in their ability to interact with and relate to peers."

The authors are right; difficulty developing "peer relationships appropriate to developmental level" is a bona fide DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for autism. But by this logic, any DSM-IV diagnostic criterion for any DSM-IV diagnosis could be used as a basis for segregating humans who fit the diagnosis from humans who don't. And if the diagnostic criterion (e.g., reading disorder, written expression disorder, or erectile disorder) is also met by any nonhuman species, it can become the basis for dehumanization.

In a more recent scholarly article, also written with the aim of delineating "the crucial difference between human cognition and that of other species," autistic people were again segregated from other humans and placed with great apes. After acknowledging that the empirical literature demonstrates that "great apes and children with autism are clearly not blind to all aspects of intentional action," the authors raised the bar ("understanding the intentional actions and perceptions of others is not by itself sufficient to produce humanlike social and cultural activities"), and continued to pound home their belief that autistic children do not "engage socially and culturally with others in the ways that human children do;" they do not "interact with other persons in the species-typical manner." Their social behavior is just not human.

Why are humans dehumanized? According to Morton Deutsch, this year's APS James McKeen Cattell award recipient, humans are dehumanized when they are perceived as a threat. What threat do humans with Williams syndrome and autistic humans pose to psychological scientists? A threat to the universality of the scientists' theories, a threat to their ability to accept human diversity?

Last fall, a Duquesne University sophomore violated his Catholic university's code of conduct by posting on Facebook his opinion that homosexual behavior was "subhuman." Shouldn't psychological scientists be held to an equally high code of conduct? In addition to being required to remove his offensive comment from the Web, the Duquesne sophomore had to write a 10-page essay on respect for human dignity. I wish some psychological scientists would at least read, if not write, a similar essay.


Aim The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of some types of probiotics to minimize the hazard effect of cadmium on Oreochromis niloticus (O. niloticus) and to determine the influence of probiotics on the growth performance and immune status of O. niloticus. Methods Fish were divided into four groups, the first one was fed on a diet without any additives (control group), and the second group was fed on diet with the addition of 0.1 from (LC50) of cadmium 32 ppm in water. The third group was fed on a diet containing 1 gm/kg of Lactobacillus acidophilus. The fourth group was fed on a diet containing 1 gm/kg of L. acidophilus with 0.1 addition from (LC50) of cadmium 32 ppm. Results The experiment lasted about 60 days which resulted in an improvement in growth performance, with a decrease in the number of micronucleus formation in the group which received the probiotic. The group which was affected with cadmium showed decrease in the growth performance with increase in the number of micronucleus formation while the group which received probiotics and treated with cadmium had significant improvement in growth performance and decreased in the number of micronucleus formation. Conclusions Probiotics decrease cadmium pollution.


In recent years, most RDD telephone surveys have introduced a cellphone frame to augment the landline sample to improve coverage and reduce variance. Due to a number of challenges it can be more expensive to complete cellphone interviews and often, for this reason, the proportion of the total sample allocated to the cell phone frame has been kept artificially small to reduce costs. As more people shift away from using landlines it becomes increasingly important to increase the allocation of RDD sample to the cellphone frame. We investigate the effectiveness of the Cell-Wins service provided by Marketing Systems Group which flags cellphone numbers that are actively being used by a person at the time the flag is applied. If accurate, this flag could reduce data collection costs by identifying nonworking numbers prior to data collection. This paper presents an assessment of this flag in the State of Ohio by which we (1) assess the under coverage rate if identified inactive telephone numbers were excluded from the sampling population and (2) determine the cost efficiency associated with excluding telephone numbers identified as inactive. We found that the accuracy of the Cell-Wins flag was high for telephone numbers identified as inactive and only introduced an under coverage rate of 2.4%. Furthermore, we determined that utilizing the Cell-Wins flag was cost efficient decreasing data collection costs a net 12%.


The genes for two different 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) homologs have been cloned and sequenced from the protozoan Giardia lamblia. On the basis of their sequence features, one of these genes corresponds to the cytoplasmic form of HSP70. The second gene, on the basis of its characteristic N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequence and C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention sequence (Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu), is the equivalent of ER-resident GRP78 or the Bip family of proteins. Phylogenetic trees based on HSP70 sequences show that G. lamblia homologs show the deepest divergence among eukaryotic species. The identification of a GRP78 or Bip homolog in G. lamblia strongly suggests the existence of ER in this ancient eukaryote. Detailed phylogenetic analyses of HSP70 sequences by boot-strap neighbor-joining and maximum-parsimony methods show that the cytoplasmic and ER homologs form distinct subfamilies that evolved from a common eukaryotic ancestor by gene duplication that occurred very early in the evolution of eukaryotic cells. It is postulated that because of the essential "molecular chaperone" function of these proteins in translocation of other proteins across membranes, duplication of their genes accompanied the evolution of ER or nucleus in the eukaryotic cell ancestor. The presence in all eukaryotic cytoplasmic HSP70 homologs (including the cognate, heat-induced, and ER forms) of a number of autapomorphic sequence signatures that are not present in any prokaryotic or organellar homologs provides strong evidence regarding the monophyletic nature of eukaryotic lineage. Further, all eukaryotic HSP70 homologs share in common with the Gram-negative group of eubacteria a number of sequence features that are not present in any archaebacterium or Gram-positive bacterium, indicating their evolution from this group of organisms. Some implications of these findings regarding the evolution of eukaryotic cells and ER are discussed.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to correlate hypothyroid-related symptomatology with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during hypothyroidism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nine thyroidectomized patients underwent neuropsychological testing and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of their brains with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) ethyl cysteinate dimer (ECD), a lipophilic cerebral blood flow radiotracer, while hypothyroid, and again following thyroid hormone replacement. Neuropsychological test scores and TSH levels while hypothyroid were correlated with rCBF in hypothyroid-affected areas of the brain.

RESULTS
Correlations were found during hypothyroidism between the noted parameters and ECD radiotracer accumulation in the following respective regions, all of which demonstrated hypothyroid-related cerebral blood flow (CBF) aberrations: TSH and left middle occipital gyrus; psychomotor performance speed and left precentral gyrus; and depression and right middle frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, right insula, and left thalamus.

CONCLUSIONS
Severity of psychomotor impairment and depression, and TSH level during hypothyroidism appeared to correlate with CBF to brain regions associated with motor activity, mood and vision, respectively; and previously shown to manifest significantly altered rCBF during hypothyroidism.


Thepurpose of the study is to identify various factors that influence promotion of employees of Teachers Service Commission. The study was carried out in one purposively selected public institution, namely TSC, which has a population of 1500 non-teaching staff at the headquarters. A sample of 75 employees was chosen randomly from the five departments using stratified sampling.The need for the study arose out of the urge to know more about the promotion of employees in TSC and to help the organization to refine promotion policies that are already in existence.This is as a result of the fact the problem today that many firms are de-layering their organizations, expanding control, and reducing opportunities for promotion. The study utilized descriptive study employing b'QtV' qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. The '." datawas collected mainly through the use of questionnaires. Content analysis will be used to analyze the qualitative primary data while factor analysis was employed in the analysis of quantitative data and the results presented in graphs, frequency distribution tables and figures. Thetarget populations consist of the employees in the headquarters (non-teaching staff) who are , . in different sections with different job designations and job groups. This paper documented that academicqualifications stood out as the one of the influential factor towards promotion, but it is least used criterion. Some of participants said that the commission has established a secretariat team dealing with policy planning and research in order to assist on coordination of policy development, monitoring and evaluation. programs as well as performance contracting process. ~, Promotion on merit is clearly an issue in mQ~t.J~overnment institutions, while questions on the '. . ., bestmethod to use need to be determined by every government institution, achieving a satisfying "",\. criteriais a common challenge for all organizations. The study recommends that the TSC and the government must review their promotion policies and enable them climb professional ladder in orderto retain and motivate employees to perform better. Too few promotion positions, policies, delays and unfair practices, interferences by interested parties and unwillingness of TSC employees and management to accommodate changes are some of the factors that affect employees' promotions.


This commentary examines six of my publications, which collectively create an innovative
strategy of learning. It is concerned with engaging mental health practitioners and learners
more fully with service user lived experience through guided exposure to selected media
narratives. The primary intention of this is to facilitate attitudinal change amongst health care
professionals, promoting a greater sense of understanding and connectedness with those
experiencing mental health difficulties. My learning strategy is concerned with the following
elements:
 The media narrative
 Facilitation / guided learning
 Reflective practice
 Collaborative learning / co-production
The media narrative as a learning resource is critically reviewed and gauged to have huge
learning potential where facilitative input is offered at distinct stages of access: before, during
and after. It is demonstrated that through engaging with this process over a succession of
cycles the development of reflective and reflexive practitioners can be promoted. An essential
part of my learning strategy concerns the 'testing out' of learning, undertaken through a
collaborative inquiry process with service users in practice as well as classroom settings. This
fosters empathic understanding, an essential component of professional practice.
9
My learning strategy contributes significantly to the existing knowledge and practice base
concerning the educational use of media narratives, service user engagement and lived
experience learning. It has much to offer in terms of promoting empathic understanding and
emotional intelligence, developing reflective practitioners and creating closer working
partnerships with service users. The impact from my work has been verified through
widespread adoption of my teaching resources, complimentary reviews, numerous citations,
and invitations to present at conferences and community workshops. Future directions
involve furthering my collaborative engagement with service users and engaging in coproduction
work, as well as facilitating narrative sharing amongst those with communicative
restrictions, and extending the educative process beyond the healthcare arena, influencing
attitudes through encouraging dialogue and reflection around mental health experience.


While the primary method of swine manure management in the United States is temporary storage followed by land application as crop fertilizer, there is increasing interest in recovering energy and nutrients from manures prior to land application. Insufficient nutrient assimilation capacity in nearby crop land, or interest in adding value to swine manure beyond the fertilizer value, are among the reasons that alternative management strategies may be sought. Producers who consider alternative manure uses will find many options available. This publication describes several energy and nutrient recovery processes currently available. Each process is explained and primary issues that a producer should consider with each process are discussed.


Explains the principles of flight mechanics through worked examples and progressive problem solvingWith its unique balance of breadth and depth, coupled with a comprehensive presentation of theory and applications, Mechanics of Flight is rapidly becoming the textbook of choice to enable readers to master the science and mathematics of flight mechanics. By progressively building on the formulation and solution of simpler problems associated with aircraft performance, static stability, and control, the author guides readers from fundamental principles to the development of the general equations of motion and continues through dynamic stability, aircraft handling qualities, and flight simulation.In response to feedback from students, instructors, practicing engineers, and test pilots, this Second Edition features much new material, including new and updated coverage of:

 Effects of nonlinear aerodynamics on aircraft stability
 Effects of tail dihedral on longitudinal and lateral stability
 Lateral trim, engine failure, and minimum-control airspeed
 Dynamic stability constraints and center-of-gravity limits
 Flight simulation in geographic coordinates

Throughout the text, many new worked examples demonstrate how to apply principles of flight mechanics to solve engineering problems. Moreover, the text offers an array of modern and classical techniques for solving a broad range of problems in flight mechanics. Unique features include presentations of the numerical lifting-line method for efficient and accurate evaluation of stability derivatives and the quaternion formulation for six-degree-of-freedom flight simulation. Moreover, the author provides the detail needed to enable readers to write their own code.Mechanics of Flight is designed as a textbook for a two-semester sequence of courses for students in mechanical and aerospace engineering. In addition, the text's self-contained chapters allow instructors to select individual topics for one-semester courses. The book is also a valuable reference for engineers working in the aerospace industry.


Recent Supreme Court decisions have restricted a criminal defendant's right to a jury trial. By setting the threshold to trigger a jury trial right at six months imprisonment, the Supreme Court once feared that the legislature might classify serious crimes as petty, and take away a defendant's right to a jury trial. But what if the opposite happened? What if the legislature classified an offense that Americans no longer believed was a crime out of the reach of their input – the jury. This is what has occurred in some states with minor marijuana possession. Even though a majority of Americans believe that marijuana possession should be legalized, some states are continuing to prosecute it as a crime without a jury trial. While waiting for marijuana reform, thousands of defendants will be prosecuted for a crime without the judicial check of a jury trial. Perhaps the electorate will respond through their votes, but democracy takes time, and at a cost to all the offenders who await judgment. This Note will examine how this offense managed to fall through the cracks of the judicial and legislative system at both the federal and state level. In highlighting these issues, this Note argues that the justice system should correct its flaws, and prevent future offenses from the same fate.


This chapter surveys the available data on Barbacoan languages and their neighbors to explore a case study of switch reference within a single language family and in a situation of areal contact. To the extent possible given the available data, we weigh accounts appealing to common inheritance and areal convergence to ask what combination of factors led to the current state of these languages. We discuss the areal distribution of switch reference systems in the northwest Andean region, the different types of systems and degrees of complexity observed, and scenarios of contact and convergence, particularly in the case of Barbacoan and Ecuadorian Quechua. We then covers each of the Barbacoan languages' systems (with the exception of Totoro, represented by its close relative Guambiano), identifying limited formal cognates, primarily between closely-related Tsafiki and Cha'palaa, as well as broader functional similarities, particularly in terms of interactions with topic/focus markers. n accounts for the current state of affairs with a complex scenario of areal prevalence of switch reference combined with deep structural family inheritance and formal re-structuring of the systems over time.


This accessible , SHORT introduction to symbolic logic includes coverage of sentential and predicate logic, translations, truth tables, and derivations. The author's engaging style makes this the most informal of introductions to formal logic. Topics are explained in a conversational, easy-to-understand way for readers not familiar with mathematics or formal systems, and the author provides patient, reader-friendly explanations--even with the occasional bit of humour. The first half of the book deals with all the basic elements of Sentential Logic: the five truth-functional connectives, formation rules and translation into this language, truth-tables for validity, logical truth/falsity, equivalency, consistency and derivations. The second half deals with Quantifier Logic: the two quantifiers, formation rules and translation, demonstrating certain logical characteristics by "Finding an Interpretation" and derivations. There are plenty of exercises scattered throughout, more than in many texts, arranged in order of increasing difficulty and including separate answer keys.


A key goal of unsupervised learning is to go beyond density estimation and sample generation to reveal the structure inherent within observed data. Such structure can be expressed in the pattern of interactions between explanatory latent variables captured through a probabilistic graphical model. Although the learning of structured graphical models has a long history, much recent work in unsupervised modelling has instead emphasised flexible deep-network-based generation, either transforming independent latent generators to model complex data or assuming that distinct observed variables are derived from different latent nodes. Here, we extend amortised variational inference to incorporate structured factors over multiple variables, able to capture the observation-induced posterior dependence between latents that results from ``explaining away'' and thus allow complex observations to depend on multiple nodes of a structured graph. We show that appropriately parametrised factors can be combined efficiently with variational message passing in rich graphical structures. We instantiate the framework in nonlinear Gaussian Process Factor Analysis, evaluating the structured recognition framework using synthetic data from known generative processes. We fit the GPFA model to high-dimensional neural spike data from the hippocampus of freely moving rodents, where the model successfully identifies latent signals that correlate with behavioural covariates.


Background and Aim: Infection is a common problem in intensive care medicine and many patients are treated aggressively and empirically with broad-spectrum antibiotics. Meningitis may be missed in intensive care unit (ICU) because some of these patients have fever and altered mental status from another illness and may be treated with impression of sepsis. In order to identify undiagnosed meningitis in ICU admitted patients, postmortem CSF analysis was performed immediately after death. Subjects and Methods: During 1 year, 43 patients underwent lumbar puncture after death. Samples were collected and analysis for cells, sugar and protein concentrations were obtained. Demographic characteristics and diagnosis of the patients were recorded and data analysis was performed by SPSS version 11.5. Results: CSF was completely normal in 62.8% of the patients and it was compatible with meningitis in two of them. Both of them had admitted with impression of sepsis and had another source of infection. Considering a subgroup of the patients who admitted to ICU with impression of sepsis, they were statistically significant. There was no significant difference between surgical and nonsurgical patients. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that meningitis may be missed in ICUs, and more liberal use of CSF analysis should be considered in critically ill patients, especially those who referred with impression of sepsis.


The study of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is important because of its
significant health effects. As it is associated with combustion processes, road traffic is
one of the main outdoor sources and gas cookers and gas heaters are the main indoor
sources. Indoor NO2 is a significant health problem due to people spending most of
their time indoors. Activity patterns and lifestyles vary and, consequently, people may
be exposed NO2 from several different sources during a typical day. In order to
understand and quantify total personal exposure, it is, therefore, important to
determine both the indoor and outdoor concentration levels.
This thesis reports on two pilot studies, spring and summer 2000 and three full
campaigns, autumn, winter 2000 and summer 2001 to investigate the relationship
between NO2 personal exposure of office workers in relation to indoor and outdoor
sources and activity patterns. The study has been carried out in the area of
Hertfordshire, UK. This region is adjacent to London and has a population of just over
one million people. It consists of several major commuter routes connecting medium
sized towns to London.
Volunteers using gas cookers and electric cookers in their kitchens were asked
to fill in activity patterns records and questionnaires. At the same time, weekly
average personal exposure to N02 and indoor (bedroom, living room, kitchen and
office) and front door N02 concentrations were measured by using passive diffusion
tubes. Correlation between weekly personal exposures and mean indoor and outdoor
concentrations during the same periods were examined.
The results show significant differences in indoor and outdoor concentrations
of NO2 in autumn and winter. The data indicated that NO2 concentrations in all rooms
in houses with gas cookers were significantly higher than those with electric cookers
especially in kitchens where levels of NO2 were 3 to 4 times greater. Interpretation of
time activity daily diaries showed that the subjects spent on average 80% of their time
indoors. Despite the very high concentrations in kitchens with gas cookers, personal
exposure did not increase similarly as volunteers only spent a small amount of time
cooking over the 7 day period.
Good correlation was observed between the average indoor NO2
concentrations, especially in bedrooms and living rooms, and personal exposure. This
indicated that indoor levels in areas like the bedroom and living rooms could be used as
a proxy for NO2 personal exposure for this group of volunteers. An empirical time
weighted average concentration model was developed based on the NO2
concentrations measured in the microenvironments and the data on time spent in each
microenvironment. This was tested by comparison between time weighted average
calculations and the personal exposure measurements of NO2 concentrations. The
comparison yielded good relationships for most of the campaign periods despite the
fact that NO2 concentrations were not similar in the different micro environments and
…


Background It is generally accepted that people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at increased risk of vascular disease, including venous thromboembolism (VTE). While it is plausible that the risk of arterial and venous thrombotic events is greater still in certain subgroups of patients with COPD, such as those with more severe airflow limitation or more frequent exacerbations, these associations, in particular those between venous events and COPD severity or exacerbation frequency, remain largely untested in large population cohorts. Methods A total of 3,594 patients with COPD with a first VTE event recorded during January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2013, were identified from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink dataset and matched on age, sex, and general practitioner practice (1:3) to patients with COPD with no history of VTE (n=10,782). COPD severity was staged by degree of airflow limitation (ie, GOLD stage) and by COPD medication history. Frequent exacerbators were defined as patients with COPD with ≥ 2 exacerbations in the 12-month period prior to their VTE event (for cases) or their selection as a control (for controls). Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between disease severity or exacerbation frequency and VTE. Results After additional adjustment for nonmatching confounders, including body mass index, smoking, and heart-related comorbidities, there was evidence for an association between increased disease severity and VTE when severity was measured either in terms of lung function impairment (odds ratio [OR]moderate:mild =1.16; 95% confidence intervals [CIs] =1.03, 1.32) or medication usage (ORsevere:mild/moderate =1.17; 95% CIs =1.06, 1.26). However, there was no evidence to suggest that frequent exacerbators were at greater risk of VTE compared with infrequent exacerbators (OR =1.06; 95% CIs =0.97, 1.15). Conclusion COPD severity defined by airflow limitation or medication usage, but not exacerbation frequency, appears to be associated with VTE events in people with COPD. This finding highlights the disconnect between disease activity and severity in COPD.


Constraining the thermal, burial and uplift/exhumation history of sedimentary basins is crucial in the understanding of upper crustal strain evolution and also has implications for understanding the nature and timing of hydrocarbon maturation and migration. In this study, we use Vitrinite Reflectance (VR) data to elucidate the paleo‐physiography and thermal history of an inverted basin in the foreland of the Atlasic orogeny in Northern Tunisia. In doing so, it is the primary aim of this study to demonstrate how VR techniques may be applied to unravel basin subsidence/uplift history of structural domains and provide valuable insights into the kinematic evolution of sedimentary basins. VR measurements of both the onshore Pelagian Platform and the Tunisian Furrow in Northern Tunisia are used to impose constraints on the deformation history of a long‐lived structural feature in the studied region, namely the Zaghouan Fault. Previous work has shown that this fault was active as an extensional structure in Lower Jurassic to Aptian times, before subsequently being inverted during the Late Cretaceous Eocene Atlas I tectonic event and Upper Miocene Atlas II tectonic event. Quantifying and constraining this latter inversion stage, and shedding light on the roles of structural inheritance and the basin thermal history, are secondary aims of this study. The results of this study show that the Atlas II WNW‐ESE compressive event deformed both the Pelagian Platform and the Tunisian Furrow during Tortonian‐Messinian times. Maximum burial depth for the Pelagian Platform was reached during the Middle to Upper Miocene, i.e. prior to the Atlas II folding event. VR measurements indicate that the Cretaceous to Ypresian section of the Pelagian Platform was buried to a maximum burial depth of ~3 km, using a geothermal gradient of 30°C/km. Cretaceous rock samples VR values show that the hanging wall of the Zaghouan Fault was buried to a maximum depth of <2 km. This suggests that a vertical km‐scale throw along the Zaghouan Fault pre‐dated the Atlas II shortening, and also proves that the fault controlled the subsidence of the Pelagian Platform during the Oligo‐Miocene. Mean exhumation rates of the Pelagian Platform throughout the Messinian to Quaternary were in the order of 0.3 mm/year. However, when the additional effect of Tortonian‐Messinian folding is accounted for, exhumation rates could have reached 0.6–0.7 mm/year.


We demonstrate the first silicon photonics enabled hyper-wideband wireless link with an instantaneous bandwidth of 12 GHz, which is 85% of the center frequency of 14 GHz. The silicon photonics based RF receiver consists of a four-channel optical phase encoder, an integrated hybrid-silicon mode-locked laser, and two silicon ring notch filters. The received CDMA RF wireless signal is correlated to baseband using coherent optical heterodyne at a data rate of 3 Gbps error-free with electronics bandwidth of only 3 GHz. Hyper-wideband RF transmission allows for data obfuscation and increased jamming resistance from narrowband interferers. The narrowband silicon photonic ring filters allow for further interference rejection of greater than 27 dB tunable over the full 20 GHz of RF spectrum.


For decades now, Canada has been seen as a global exemplar of peacemaking and peacekeeping, yet the troubled relationship between its state and the Indigenous peoples within its borders doeslittle to support this image. There is, in fact, a strong case to be made that the ongoing crisis of Indigenous–settler state relations in Canada is best understood as a protracted war; or more succinctly, as a failure to achieve peace following the initial violence of conquest and colonisation. Accordingly, it makes sense to apply just war theory - a doctrine of military ethics - to the issue. Grounded in familiar moral and legal principles, the just war tradition is fully legible to the state, yetits principles also resonate with the Indigenous philosophy of 'decolonisation'. Because it articulatespowerful theories of justice while mapping a theoretical common ground between Indigenouspeoples and the settler state, just war theory emerges as a promising, and thus far neglected, framework for evolving a just peace in the wake of colonial conquest in Canada.


Abstract. This paper presents the first results of an age-of-air (AoA) inter-comparison of six global transport models. Following a protocol, three global circulation models and three chemistry transport models simulated five tracers with boundary conditions that grow linearly in time. This allows for an evaluation of the AoA and transport times associated with inter-hemispheric transport, vertical mixing in the troposphere, transport to and in the stratosphere, and transport of air masses between land and ocean. Since AoA is not a directly measurable quantity in the atmosphere, simulations of 222Rn and SF6 were also performed. We focus this first analysis on averages over the period 2000–2010, taken from longer simulations covering the period 1988–2014. We find that two models, NIES and TOMCAT, show substantially slower vertical mixing in the troposphere compared to other models (LMDZ, TM5, EMAC, and ACTM). However, while the TOMCAT model, as used here, has slow transport between the hemispheres and between the atmosphere over land and ocean, the NIES model shows efficient horizontal mixing and a smaller latitudinal gradient in SF6 compared to the other models and observations. We find consistent differences between models concerning vertical mixing of the troposphere, expressed as AoA differences and modelled 222Rn gradients between 950 and 500 hPa. All models agree, however, on an interesting asymmetry in inter-hemispheric mixing, with faster transport from the Northern Hemisphere surface to the Southern Hemisphere than vice versa. This is attributed to a rectifier effect caused by a stronger seasonal cycle in boundary layer venting over Northern Hemispheric land masses, and possibly to a related asymmetric position of the intertropical convergence zone. The calculated AoA in the mid–upper stratosphere varies considerably among the models (4–7 years). Finally, we find that the inter-model differences are generally larger than differences in AoA that result from using the same model with a different resolution or convective parameterisation. Taken together, the AoA model inter-comparison provides a useful addition to traditional approaches to evaluate transport timescales. Results highlight that inter-model differences associated with resolved transport (advection, reanalysis data, nudging) and parameterised transport (convection, boundary layer mixing) are still large and require further analysis. For this purpose, all model output and analysis software are available.


The proximal segment of murine kidney tubule cells (KTC) constitutively expresses low levels of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that are upregulated during local and systemic inflammation. It is not known if KTC also express the costimulator molecules necessary for them to productively participate in immune responses and stimulate T cells. To answer this question, we studied the ability of KTC to present antigens to four Th1 clones. KTC did not induce T cell proliferation to specific antigen, superantigen, or concanavalin A. However, T cell receptors did engage the peptide/MHC ligand presented by KTC, as indicated by T cell enlargement and upregulation of interleukin-2 receptor expression. Importantly, KTC failed to express the Th1 costimulator, B7, as detected by fluorescence cytometry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We directly demonstrated that lack of B7 expression accounted for at least part of the KTC presentation defect, in that a KTC line transfected with the cDNA for B7 stimulated T cell proliferation to antigen. Our results suggest that epithelial cells expressing class II MHC have developed mechanisms to prevent costimulator expression and limit parenchymal tissue destruction. Failure of class II-expressing epithelial cells to limit costimulator expression may be an important component of organ-specific autoimmunity.


This coverage includes arcs, polygons and polygon labels that describe U.S. Geological Survey defined geologic provinces of the World. Each province has a set of geologic characteristics distinguishing it from surrounding provinces. These characteristics may include the dominant lithologies, the age of the strata, and the structural style. Some provinces include multiple genetically-related basins. Offshore province boundaries are generally defined by the 2000 meter bathymetric contour, but where appropriate are defined by the 4000 meter bathymetric contour. In some cases province boundaries are delineated by political boundaries, as in the case of The United States and Canada, because United States petroleum resources were assessed separately by the U.S. Geological Survey. Provinces are classified as either Priority or Boutique. A priority province is one of 76 non-U.S. geologic provinces defined by the U.S. Geological Survey that together contain 95 percent of the world's non-U.S. known petroleum volume. All priority provinces were analyzed for petroleum-resource assessments. A boutique province is a geologic province, other than a priority province, as defined by the U.S. Geological Survey considered for petroleum-resource assessment. Boutique provinces can be chosen for a variety of geologic, political, technical and geographic reasons. Resource-assessments are conducted by research scientists of the U.S Geological Survey's World Petroleum Assessment 2000 by means of a combination of Petroleum System analysis based on available geologic information, and statistical analysis of production and exploration information. Total petroleum systems are defined in provinces considered for assessment analysis. Total petroleum systems are subdivided into Assessment Units. Assessment results from the analysis of Assessment units and total petroleum systems are aggregated and allocated to geologic provinces. Summary results are presented as attributes of this coverage.


A new method for dealing with electron tomography data from incomplete projection sets is proposed. The approach is inspired by exemplar-based inpainting techniques in image processing [1] and heuristically generates data for missing projection directions. The method has also been extended to work on three dimensional data. In general, electron tomography reconstructions suffer from elongation artifacts along the beam direction at 0° tilt. These artifacts can be seen in the corresponding Fourier domain as a missing wedge. The new method synthetically generates projections for these missing directions with the help of a dictionary-based approach that is able to convey both structure and texture at the same time. It constitutes a preprocessing step that can be combined with any tomographic reconstruction algorithm. The new algorithm was applied to the well-known Shepp-Logan phantom. Visually, the synthetic projections, reconstructions, and corresponding Fourier power spectra showed a decrease of the typical missing wedge artifacts. Quantitatively, the inpainting method is capable to reduce missing wedge artifacts and improves tomogram quality with respect to several figures-of-merit.


Mangrove forests are one of the most productive and bio-diverse wetlands environments on earth. Yet, these unique coastal tropical forests environment are among the most threatened habitats in the world. Growing in the intertidal areas and estuary mouths between land and sea, mangroves provide critical habitat for a diverse marine and terrestrial flora and fauna. The important need of living being is opportunity to continue their life in sustainable environment and suitable conditions. Potential stand is the place that obtains the possibility of germination and establishment of a plant species according to their physical, chemical, biological demands. In many cases are seen that because of unsuitable selection of site and species, afforestation and reforestation projects after spending time, cost and labor are forced to failure. Therefore, it is an obligation by the relevant authorities, especially Forestry Department to ensure that the rate of seedlings survival in the afforestation and reforestation activities is successfully monitored, mapped and quantified. One of the most efficient techniques available is the use of Geospatial Information Technology consisting of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and remote sensing (RS). Using this technology and integrating the different thematically maps that shows environmental conditions of specific region, suitable and potential positioning of different species for plantation and rehabilitation programs could be well determined and monitored. For mapping and detection of individual mangrove species for reforestation and afforestation purposes, mathematical functions such as Boolean logic, fuzzy logic, and neural network can be easily applied. It is expected that suitable species-site matching for reforestation and afforestation of mangroves could be implemented with such geospatial tools.


Cross-validation is a commonly used method for evaluating the effectiveness of Support Vector Machines (SVMs). However, existing SVM cross-validation algorithms are not scalable to large datasets because they have to (i) hold the whole dataset in memory and/or (ii) perform a very large number of kernel value computation. In this paper, we propose a scheme to dramatically improve the scalability and efficiency of SVM cross-validation through the following key ideas. (i) To avoid holding the whole dataset in the memory and avoid performing repeated kernel value computation, we precompute the kernel values and reuse them. (ii) We store the precomputed kernel values to a high-speed storage framework, consisting of CPU memory extended by solid state drives (SSDs) and GPU memory as a cache, so that reusing (i.e., Reading) kernel values takes much lesser time than computing them on-the-fly. (iii) To further improve the efficiency of the SVM training, we apply a number of techniques for the extreme example search algorithm, design a parallel kernel value read algorithm, propose a caching strategy well-suited to the characteristics of the storage framework, and parallelize the tasks on the GPU and the CPU. For datasets of sizes that existing algorithms can handle, our scheme achieves several orders of magnitude of speedup. More importantly, our scheme enables SVM cross-validation on datasets of very large scale that existing algorithms are unable to handle.


The effects of pore size reduction on the dynamics of hydrogen sorption in metal–organic materials (MOMs) were elucidated by studying SIFSIX-2-Cu and its doubly interpenetrated polymorph SIFSIX-2-Cu-i by means of sorption, inelastic neutron scattering (INS), and computational modeling. SIFSIX-2-Cu-i exhibits much smaller pore sizes, which possess high H2 sorption affinity at low loadings. Experimental H2 sorption measurements revealed that the isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) for H2 in SIFSIX-2-Cu-i is nearly two times higher than that for SIFSIX-2-Cu (8.6 vs. 4.6 kJ mol−1). The INS spectrum for H2 in SIFSIX-2-Cu-i is rather unique for a porous material, as only one broad peak appears at low energies near 6 meV, which simply increases in intensity with loading until the pores are filled. The value for this rotational transition is lower than that in most neutral metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), including those with open Cu sites (8–9 meV), which is indicative of a higher barrier to rotation and stronger interaction in the channels of SIFSIX-2-Cu-i than the open Cu sites in MOFs. Simulations of H2 sorption in SIFSIX-2-Cu-i revealed two hydrogen sorption sites in the MOM: direct interaction with the equatorial fluorine atom (site 1) and between two equatorial fluorine atoms on opposite walls (site 2). The calculated rotational energy levels and rotational barriers for the two sites in SIFSIX-2-Cu-i are in good agreement with INS data. Furthermore, the rotational barriers and binding energies for site 2 are slightly higher than that for site 1, which is consistent with INS results. The lowest calculated transition for the primary site in SIFSIX-2-Cu is also in good agreement with INS data. In addition, this transition in the non-interpenetrating material is higher than any of the sites in SIFSIX-2-Cu-i, which indicates a significantly weaker interaction with the host as a result of the larger pore size.


Building on prior literature that constrained individuals consume the most out of a tax rebate, we study the tradeoffs high interest borrowers face when they received their 2008 tax stimulus checks. We find a persistent decline in payday borrowing in the pay cycles that follow the receipt of the tax rebate. The reduction in borrowing is a significant fraction of the mean outstanding loan (12%) and appears fairly persistent over the time, but is moderate in dollar magnitude (about $35) relative to the size of the rebate check ($600 per person). In trying to reconcile this finding with the cost of not retiring expensive payday debt, we find substantial heterogeneity across borrowers. Among individuals that we classify as temptation spenders (e.g. those that use 400% APR loans to buy electronic goods or go on vacation), we find no reduction in payday borrowing after the tax rebate is issued, but this group represents only a small fraction of payday borrowers. A second group for which we find no debt retirement post-check is the set of borrowers that appear to use what should be short-term payday loans as a long-term financing solution. We infer that the marginal use of the tax rebate for this group was to deal with regular monthly obligations, such as paying down late utility bills or making rent payments.