With the rapid proliferation of online media sources and published news, headlines have become increasingly important for attracting readers to news articles, since users may be overwhelmed with the massive information. In this paper, we generate inspired headlines that preserve the nature of news articles and catch the eye of the reader simultaneously. The task of inspired headline generation can be viewed as a specific form of Headline Generation (HG) task, with the emphasis on creating an attractive headline from a given news article. To generate inspired headlines, we propose a novel framework called POpularity-Reinforced Learning for inspired Headline Generation (PORL-HG). PORL-HG exploits the extractive-abstractive architecture with 1) Popular Topic Attention (PTA) for guiding the extractor to select the attractive sentence from the article and 2) a popularity predictor for guiding the abstractor to rewrite the attractive sentence. Moreover, since the sentence selection of the extractor is not differentiable, techniques of reinforcement learning (RL) are utilized to bridge the gap with rewards obtained from a popularity score predictor. Through quantitative and qualitative experiments, we show that the proposed PORL-HG significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art headline generation models in terms of attractiveness evaluated by both human (71.03%) and the predictor (at least 27.60%), while the faithfulness of PORL-HG is also comparable to the state-of-the-art generation model.


A foreland basin system is defined as: (a) an elongate region of potential sediment accommodation that forms on continental crust between a contractional orogenic belt and the adjacent craton, mainly in response to geodynamic processes related to subduction and the resulting peripheral or retroarc fold-thrust belt; (b) it consists of four discrete depozones, referred to as the wedge-top, foredeep, forebulge and back-bulge depozones – which of these
depozones a sediment particle occupies depends on its location at the time of deposition, rather than its ultimate geometric relationship with the thrust belt; (c) the longitudinal dimension of the foreland basin system is roughly equal to the length of the fold-thrust belt, and does not include sediment that spills into remnant ocean basins or continental rifts (impactogens). The wedge-top depozone is the mass of sediment that accumulates on top of the frontal part of the orogenic wedge, including 'piggyback' and 'thrust top' basins. Wedge-top sediment tapers toward the hinterland and is characterized by extreme coarseness, numerous tectonic unconformities and progressive deformation. The foredeep depozone consists of the sediment deposited between the structural front of the thrust belt and the proximal flank of the forebulge. This sediment typically thickens rapidly toward the front of the thrust belt, where it joins the distal end of the wedge-top depozone. The forebulge depozone is the broad region of potential flexural uplift between the foredeep and the back-bulge depozones. The back-bulge depozone is the mass of sediment that accumulates in the shallow but broad zone of potential flexural subsidence cratonward of the forebulge. This more inclusive definition of a foreland basin system is more realistic than the popular conception of a foreland basin, which generally ignores large masses of sediment derived from the thrust belt that accumulate on top of the orogenic wedge and cratonward of the forebulge. The generally accepted definition of a foreland basin attributes sediment accommodation solely to flexural subsidence driven by the topographic load of the thrust belt and sediment loads in the foreland basin. Equally or more important in some foreland basin systems are the effects of subduction loads (in peripheral systems) and far-field subsidence in response to viscous coupling between subducted slabs and mantle–wedge material beneath the outboard
part of the overlying continent (in retroarc systems). Wedge-top depozones accumulate under the competing influences of uplift due to forward propagation of the orogenic wedge and regional flexural subsidence under the load of the orogenic wedge and/or subsurface loads. Whereas most of the sediment accommodation in the foredeep depozone is a result of flexural subsidence due to topographic, sediment and subduction loads, many back-bulge depozones
contain an order of magnitude thicker sediment fill than is predicted from flexure of reasonably rigid continental lithosphere. Sediment accommodation in back-bulge depozones may result mainly from aggradation up to an equilibrium drainage profile (in subaerial systems) or base level (in flooded systems). Forebulge depozones are commonly sites of unconformity development, condensation and stratal thinning, local fault-controlled depocentres, and, in
marine systems, carbonate platform growth. Inclusion of the wedge-top depozone in the definition of a foreland basin system requires that stratigraphic models be geometrically parameterized as doubly tapered prisms in transverse cross-sections, rather than the typical 'doorstop' wedge shape that is used in most models. For the same reason, sequence stratigraphic models of foreland basin systems need to admit the possible development of type I unconformities on the proximal side of the system. The oft-ignored forebulge and back-bulge depozones contain abundant information about tectonic processes that occur on the scales of orogenic belt and subduction system.


The paper studies the relationship between information technology (IT), time personality and managerial productivity. Time personality is captured by concepts of polychronicity and monochronicity. They reflect an individual's preference for being engaged in either many (polychronicity) or one (monochronicity) activity at a time block. The concepts of time personality, poly/monochronicity are represented by a set of the temporal dimensions. In this paper, we present a descriptive study in a form of survey, in which the temporal dimensions serve as mediators between IT and productivity. By conducting this study we aim to find evidence for the existence of a link between IT, poly/monochronicity and the productivity of managerial work. Analysis of the data shows the positive nature of the relationships between IT and productivity within the frames of the research design. Managers reported that IT influences productivity positively by altering the temporal dimensions. We also found differences between the impact of IT on the productivity of senior and middle managers. While the work of middle managers is greatly influenced by organizational processes, the work of senior managers is influenced by such a factor as their personality. Personal preferences are often ignored in current practice of IS development - a fact that weakens the positive impact of IT on the productivity of managers. In our paper, we propose an approach to the development of IS that takes into account a manager's time personality. The approach is based on an understanding and modeling of managerial activities and an elicitation of requirements imposed by different time personalities on the management information systems.


Context. Molecular counterparts to atomic jets have recently been detected within 1000 AU of young stars at early evolutionary stages. Reproducing these counterparts is an important new challenge for proposed ejection models. Aims. We explore whether molecules may survive in the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) disk wind solution currently invoked to reproduce the kinematics and tentative rotation signatures of atomic jets in T Tauri stars. Methods. The coupled ionization, chemical, and thermal evolution along dusty flow streamlines is computed for the prescribed MHD disk wind solution, using a method developed for magnetized shocks in the interstellar medium. Irradiation by (wind-attenuated) coronal X-rays and far-ultraviolet photons from accretion hot spots is included, with an approximate self-shielding of H2 and CO. Disk accretion rates of 5 × 10−6, 10−6 and 10−7 M yr−1 are considered, representative of low-mass young protostars (so-called "Class 0"), evolved protostars ("Class I") and very active T Tauri stars ("Class II") respectively. Results. The disk wind has an "onion-like" thermo-chemical structure, with streamlines launched from larger radii having lower temperature and ionization, and higher H2 abundance. The coupling between charged and neutral fluids is sufficient to eject molecules from the disk out to at least 9 AU. The launch radius beyond which most H2 survives moves outward with evolutionary stage, from 0.2 AU (sublimation radius) in the Class 0 disk wind, to 1 AU in the Class I, and >1 AU in the Class II. In this molecular wind region, CO survives in the Class 0 but is significantly photodissociated in the Class I/II. Balance between ambipolar heating and molecular cooling establishes a moderate asymptotic temperature 700−3000 K, with cooler jets at earlier protostellar stages. As a result, endothermic formation of H2O is efficient, with abundances up to 10−4, while CH and SH can reach ≥10−6 in the hotter and more ionised Class I/II winds. Conclusions. A centrifugal MHD disk wind launched from beyond 0.2−1 AU can produce molecular jets/winds up to speeds 100 km s−1 in young low-mass stars ranging from Class 0 to active Class II. The model predicts a high abundance ratio of H2 to CO and an increase of molecular launch radius, temperature, and flow width as the source evolves, in promising agreement with current observed trends. Calculations of synthetic maps and line profiles in H2, CO and H2O will allow detailed tests of the model against observations.


Of great interest to cognitive science is how human learning is constrained to avoid spurious generalizations. While many constraints must be relatively experience-independent, past experience provides a rich source of guidance for subsequent learning. If a learner discovers some structure in part of the environment, this can inform her future hypotheses about that domain. If a general structure parsimoniously accounts for particular sub-patterns, a rational learner should not stipulate separate explanations for each detail without additional evidence, as the general structure has "explained away" the original evidence. In a grammar-learning experiment using tone sequences, manipulating learners' prior exposure to a tone environment affects their sensitivity to the grammardefining feature, in this case consecutive repeated tones. Grammar-learning performance is worse if context melodies are "smooth", that is, if small intervals occur more often than large ones, as this smoothness is a general property that accounts for a high rate of repetition.


Elipsoidal heights determined by GPS is different from orthometric heights used in surveying applications. Therefore, elipsoidal height determined by GPS is transformed to orthometric height. It can be used several transformation methods to do this transformation. In this study, we used five surface fitting techniques which are Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), Polinomal Regression, Multiquadratic interpolation, Least square collocation and Universal Kriging (UK) and eighteen subvariations which are related to these techniques in three different test areas. We were studied relationship between obtained accuracy and surface fitting tecniques by analizing results obtained from three test areas.


We quantitated phasic epimyocardial microcirculatory coronary blood flow velocity patterns in the beating left ventricle. Using a newly developed floating objective and high-speed cinematography, red cell velocities in small arterioles, capillaries, and small venules and microvascular diameters in the superficial layer of the epimyocardium of beating left ventricle were determined throughout the entire cardiac cycle in open-chest anesthetized dogs. Heart rate was maintained at 140 beats/min by means of left atrial pacing. Peak red cell velocity was observed in midsystole in small arterioles and capillaries, and in late systole in small venules. Abrupt decline in red cell velocity and, in many cases, a momentary cessation or reverse of flow, was observed in these microvessels during the pre-ejection period. The internal diameter of small venule was increased in late systole, while that of small arteriole remained almost constant during the cardiac cycle. Furthermore, in these epimyocardial microvessels, a higher percentage of the total area under the velocity curve occurred during the ejection phase; 51 % in small arterioles, 43% in capillaries, and 40% in small venules. These findings indicate that the phasic blood flow pattern is markedly different in the subepimyocardial microvessels from that in the large epicardial artery and the septal artery. During vasodilation following dilazep (50 fig/kg, i.v.), an adenosine potentiator, red cell velocity increased throughout the entire cardiac cycle in epimyocardial microvessels with significant increases in the total area under the velocity curves accompanied by significant dilation of the arterioles. The present data will provide information useful in predicting or simulating transmural differences in the phasic blood flow pattern.


For over two decades, the International Conference on Management of Data (COMAD), modeled along the lines of ACM SIGMOD, has been the premier international database conference hosted in India by Division II of Computer Society of India. The first COMAD was held in 1989, and it has been held on a nearly annual basis since then (except for a few breaks such as in the years when VLDB and ICDE were held in India). COMAD has always had a significant international participation, with about 30% of the papers being from outside India, including Europe, USA and East/South-East Asia.

This year, COMAD 2013, the 19th version of the conference, is being held in Ahmedabad from December 19, 2013 to December 21, 2013.


The Massive Young Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-rays (MYStIX) project provides a comparative study of 20 Galactic massive star-forming complexes (d = 0.4–3.6 kpc). Probable stellar members in each target complex are identified using X-ray and/or infrared data via two pathways: (1) X-ray detections of young/massive stars with coronal activity/strong winds or (2) infrared excess (IRE) selection of young stellar objects (YSOs) with circumstellar disks and/or protostellar envelopes. We present the methodology for the second pathway using Spitzer/IRAC, 2MASS, and UKIRT imaging and photometry. Although IRE selection of YSOs is well-trodden territory, MYStIX presents unique challenges. The target complexes range from relatively nearby clouds in uncrowded fields located toward the outer Galaxy (e.g., NGC 2264, the Flame Nebula) to more distant, massive complexes situated along complicated, inner Galaxy sightlines (e.g., NGC 6357, M17). We combine IR spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting with IR color cuts and spatial clustering analysis to identify IRE sources and isolate probable YSO members in each MYStIX target field from the myriad types of contaminating sources that can resemble YSOs: extragalactic sources, evolved stars, nebular knots, and even unassociated foreground/background YSOs. Applying our methodology consistently across 18 of the target complexes, we produce the MYStIX IRE Source (MIRES) Catalog comprising 20,719 sources, including 8686 probable stellar members of the MYStIX target complexes. We also classify the SEDs of 9365 IR counterparts to MYStIX X-ray sources to assist the first pathway, the identification of X-ray-detected stellar members. The MIRES Catalog provides a foundation for follow-up studies of diverse phenomena related to massive star cluster formation, including protostellar outflows, circumstellar disks, and sequential star formation triggered by massive star feedback processes.


Neurons perform complex computations, communications and precise transmissions of information in the form of action potentials (APs). The high level of heterogeneity and complexity at all levels of organization within a neuron and the functional requirement of highly permeable cell membranes leave neurons exposed to damage when energy levels are insufficient for the active maintenance of ionic gradients. When energy is limiting the ionic gradient across a neuron's cell membrane risks being dissipated which can have dire consequences. Other researchers have advocated " generalized channel arrest " and/or " spike arrest " as a means of reducing the neuronal permeability allowing neurons to adjust the demands placed on their electrogenic pumps to lower levels of energy supply. I investigated the consequences of hypoxia on the propagation of a train of APs down the length of a fast conducting axon capable of transmitting APs at very high frequencies. Under normoxic conditions I found that APs show conduction velocities and instantaneous frequencies nearly double that of neurons experiencing energy limiting hypoxic conditions. I show that hypoxia affects AP conduction differently for different lengths of axon and for APs of different instantaneous frequencies. Action potentials of high instantaneous frequency in branching lengths of axon within ganglia were delayed more significantly than those in non-branching lengths contained within the connective and fail preferentially in branching axon. I found that octopamine attenuates the effects of hypoxia on AP propagation for the branching length iii of axon but has no effect on the non-branching length of axon. Additionally, for energetically stable cells, application of the anti-diabetic medication metformin or the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blocker ZD7288 resulted in a reduced performance similar to that seen in neurons experiencing energetic stress. Furthermore both metformin and ZD7288 affect the shape of individual APs within an AP train as well as the original temporal sequence of the AP train, which encodes behaviourally relevant information. I propose that the reduced performance observed in an energetically compromised cell represents an adaptive mechanism employed by neurons in order to maintain the integrity of their highly heterogeneous and complex organization during periods of reduced energy supply. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS


Chaos is an interesting phenomenon displayed by non-linear systems that has been used in robotics and found empirically on real robots' behaviour. This paper presents a formal proof that Braitenberg vehicle 2b, a bio-inspired control mechanism for unicycle robots, behaves as a mass in a potential well. This provides a powerful analogy to understand Braitenberg vehicle 2b as a mechanical system and it implies that its behaviour can be chaotic. Implementing a Braitenberg vehicle in robotics entails defining a stimulus function in the environment. Inspired by previous works and using the obtained theoretical results, this paper proposes the free area perceived by a robot as a stimulus to generate collision free continuous chaotic motion on a bounded space. In non-linear systems chaos appears when a parameter is changed in a family of dynamical systems. Similarly, our implementation on a real robot demonstrates that both, chaotic and non chaotic trajectories can be obtained depending on the stimulus function built. The behaviour is explained through the analogy with the mass in the potential well.


Abstract Autostratigraphy is the stratigraphy generated by large-scale autogenic processes, and needs to be heeded because of a current overreliance on allogenic controls in sequence stratigraphy. Key principles of autostratigraphy, emerging from the theory of autoretreat and a new understanding of alluvial grade, derive from the non-equilibrium stratigraphic response, i.e., the general lack of equilibrium configuration of depositional systems. The non-equilibrium behavior of fluvial deltas during times (T) of steady dynamic forcing leads to variable stratigraphic response that is the inevitable result of length (D) and time (τ) scaling particular to the depositional system, rather than necessarily reflecting any sudden or unsteady change in the rate of allogenic forcing. Some abrupt breaks in the stratigraphic record are not necessarily associated with changes in allogenic conditions but can result from purely autogenic processes of the system. When T is comparable to or longer than τ, (1) the depositional system takes the non-equilibrium, large-scale autogenic response, (2) the superposition of autogenic and allogenic components of the forcing is prominently nonlinear, and thus (3) sequence stratigraphic models that have been built on the assumption of equilibrium response are incorrect. Autostratigraphic analysis makes it possible to detect and identify complex autogenic responses and unsteady allogenic events in the stratigraphic record by quantifying a temporal change in the magnitude of D. Autostratigraphy thus functions as a "norm" for genetic stratigraphy.


the project Sonic City, we have developed a system that enables users to create electronic music in real time by walking through and interacting with the urban environment. We explore the use of public space and everyday behaviours for creative purposes, in particular the city as an interface and mobility as an interaction model for electronic music making. Am ulti-disciplinary design process resulted in the implementation of a wearable, context-aware prototype. The system produces music by retrieving information about context and user action and mapping it to real-time processing of urban sounds. Potentials, constraints, and implications of this type of music creation are discussed.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine and compare the incidence of left-sided and rightsided breast cancer at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital from January 2000 to June 2016. It aimed to determine if there was a significant variation in laterality of breast cancer at our institution.

METHOD
A retrospective study. Medical records of breast cancer (BC) patients who were newly diagnosed from January 2000 to June 2016 were reviewed. Emphasis was on biopsy results (histology and/or cytology) and/or history of chemotherapy, and breast cancer laterality.

RESULTS
Out of 1482 patients, 1427 had unilateral BC and 55 (3.7%) bilateral cancer. A total of 789 (55.3%) patients had left-sided breast cancer (LSBC) and 638 (44.7%) had right BC. Left BC was 10.6% more common than right BC with a left to right laterality ratio (LRR) of 1.24. There was a statistically significant relationship between laterality and stage (p = 0.050), with the right breast having more advanced stage cancers (88.7%) compared to the left breast (85%). There was no statistically significant difference between age, site and histological type of BC and laterality (p = 0.740, p = 0.052, p = 0.394 respectively).

CONCLUSION
Left to right BC excess does exist in patients that were newly diagnosed at Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, South Africa, from January 2000 to June 2016.


The occurrence of controlled lateral buckling in unde rwater pipes maybe an eficient mechanism
in order to relief high compressive stresses developed along its length.Thus,modelling this phenomenon is worthy to evaluate its formation.In the developed model the pipe is treated as arigid body partially embedded on a deformable soil mass and in order to move laterally,the pipe must over come the soil resistance and the friction between the soil and structure.This phenomenon is modeled under limit analysis theory and finite element method.Since the pipe moviment is known,a limit analysis formulation with prescribed velocities is proposed as an alternative to the force prescription model.Moreover,the friction dissipation is included in to limit analysis formulation.From limit analysis continuum formulation,the discretized formulation is derived under2-D plane strain finite elements and the optimum conditions are solved by contraction and relaxation techniques and Quasi-Newton method.The contact problema is solved by condensation techniques and a complementary problema is solved by Lemke algorithm.By these techniques,the soil lateral resistance is evaluated and compared to friction less solutions found in literature.Afterwads,the influence of friction coeficient between pipe and soil is considered in horitzontal force calculation.


Reflecting on the issue of winning and losing in a chapter on sport in his 2005 work entitled, The angry island : Hunting the English, the acerbic Scottish writer, A.A. Gill, makes two acute observations, both of which have some bearing on the book under review. The first of these is that, in sport, the lesson to be learnt from the English is that it is comforting to be beaten, for the measure of how well you lose is a moral audit of character. The second is that irrespective of which sport is being played, whether it be tennis, football, rugby or even bridge, the English thing is fairness. Or, rather, it is unfairness with which the English are preoccupied, in the sense that what most provokes resentment is a playing field that is not level; hence, their creation of intricate sporting codes and rules to ensure fairness. As South Africa's 2010 FIFA World Cup tournament has again illustrated, if sport is a circus of symbol, simile and metaphor, then its greatest - and endlessly repeated - truism is that the playing field is level.


III Abstract In WLANs, the capacity of a node is not fixed and can vary dramatically due to the shared nature of the medium under the IEEE 802.11 MAC mechanism. There are two main methods of capacity estimation in WLANs: Active methods based upon probing packets that consume the bandwidth of the channel and do not scale well. Passive methods based upon analyzing the transmitted packets that avoid the overhead of transmitting probe packets and perform with greater accuracy. Furthermore, passive methods can be implemented locally or remotely. Local passive methods require an additional dissemination mechanism in order to communicate the capacity information to other network nodes which adds complexity and can be unreliable under adverse network conditions. On the other hand, remote passive methods do not require a dissemination mechanism and so can be simpler to implement and also do not suffer from communication reliability issues. Many applications (e.g. ANDSF etc) can benefit from utilizing this capacity information. Therefore, in this thesis we propose a new remote passive Capacity Utilization estimator performed by neighbour nodes. However, there will be an error associated with the measurements owing to the differences in the wireless medium as observed by the different nodes' location. The main undertaking of this thesis is to address this issue. An error model is developed to analyse the main sources of error and to determine their impact on the accuracy of the estimator. Arising from this model, a number of modifications are implemented to improve the accuracy of the estimator. The network simulator ns2 is used to investigate the performance of the estimator and the results from a range of different test scenarios indicate its feasibility and accuracy as a passive remote method. Finally, the estimator is deployed in a node saturation detection scheme where it is shown to outperform two other similar schemes based upon queue observation and probing with ping packets.


Abstract. The changes in precipitation in north-eastern North America caused by chemistry – and particularly anthropogenic aerosols – are investigated using the Weather Research Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem v3.2) model. The simulations were carried out for a five-month period from April to August 2009. The model results show that non-negligible changes in both convective and cloud-resolved (non-convective) precipitation are caused by chemistry and/or aerosols over most parts of the domain. The changes can be attributed to both radiative and microphysical interactions with the meteorology. A chemistry-induced change of approximately −15% is found in the five-month mean daily convective precipitation over areas with high convective rain; most of this can be traced to radiative effects. Total convective rain is greater than total non-convective rain in the domain, but a chemistry-induced increase of about 30% is evident in the five-month mean daily non-convective precipitation over the heavily urbanized parts of the Atlantic coast. The effects of aerosols on cloud microphysics and precipitation were examined for two particle size ranges, 0.039–0.1 μm and 1–2.5 μm, representing the nucleation and accumulation modes respectively. Strongly positive spatial correlation between cloud droplet number and non-convective rain are found for activated (cloud-borne) aerosols in both size ranges. Non-activated (interstitial) aerosols have a positive correlation with cloud droplet number and non-convective rain when they are small and an inverse correlation for larger sizes.


Constructing of molecular structural models from CryoElectron Microscopy (Cryo-EM) density volumes is the critical last step of structure determination by Cryo-EM technologies. Methods have evolved from manual construction by structural biologists to perform 6D translation-rotation searching, which is extremely compute-intensive. In this paper, we propose a learning-based method and formulate this problem as a vision-inspired 3D detection and pose estimation task. We develop a deep learning framework for amino acid determination in a 3D Cryo-EM density volume. We also design a sequence-guided Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to thread over the candidate amino acids to form the molecular structure. This framework achieves 91% coverage on our newly proposed dataset and takes only a few minutes for a typical structure with a thousand amino acids. Our method is hundreds of times faster and several times more accurate than existing automated solutions without any human intervention.


Human adenoviruses (HAdV; species HAdV-A to -G) are highly prevalent in the human population, and represent an important cause of morbidity and, to a lesser extent, mortality. Recent studies have identified close relatives of these viruses in African great apes, suggesting that some HAdV may be of zoonotic origin. We analyzed more than 800 fecal samples from wild African great apes and humans to further investigate the evolutionary history and zoonotic potential of hominine HAdV. HAdV-B and -E were frequently detected in wild gorillas (55%) and chimpanzees (25%), respectively. Bayesian ancestral host reconstruction under discrete diffusion models supported a gorilla and chimpanzee origin for these viral species. Host switches were relatively rare along HAdV evolution, with about ten events recorded in 4.5 My. Despite presumably rare direct contact between sympatric populations of the two species, transmission events from gorillas to chimpanzees were observed, suggesting that habitat and dietary overlap may lead to fecal-oral cross-hominine transmission of HAdV. Finally, we determined that two independent HAdV-B transmission events to humans occurred more than 100,000 years ago. We conclude that HAdV-B circulating in humans are of zoonotic origin and have probably affected global human health for most of our species lifetime.


BACKGROUND Various forms of laser therapy including the pulsed-dye laser (PDL) have been reported to reduce acne lesion counts. OBJECTIVE In this study, the benefits and complications when using a 595-nm PDL for the treatment of acne vulgaris were evaluated when comparing a subpurpuric (low) fluence level with a purpuric (high) fluence level. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was a prospective, single-blinded split-face clinical trial. Inclusion criteria included subjects with moderate to severe facial acne. All participants were treated with PDL, with each half of the face receiving either high or low fluence at 3-week intervals for a total of 4 treatments. Standardized facial photographs were obtained and blindly evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-two subjects were enrolled with a mean age of 22.3 years. Fifty-five patients completed the study. The results showed a significant decrease in lesion counts compared with baseline after all treatments. However, the study did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference between the fluence parameters. The only treatment-related adverse event was temporary hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that PDL is effective in reducing acne lesions using purpuric and subpurpuric fluences. However, there was no statistically significant difference in acne lesion count between the higher and lower fluences.


This article explores tensions between the underlying values of federalism that come into conflict when either the federal or State governments regulate within the interjurisdictional gray area that simultaneously implicates important local and national concerns. The piece takes the example of the failed response to Hurricane Katrina to illustrate the conflict between federalism values that arise within this realm, and how the New Federalism's strict separationist model of dual sovereignty inhibits effective governance in interjurisdictional contexts. In addition to the anti-tyranny, pro-accountability, and localism-protective values of federalism, the article identifies a problem-solving value inherent in the capacity requirement of American federalism's subsidiarity principle (that regulatory decision-making should take place at the most local level possible). The historic progression between models of federalism informing Supreme Court interpretation over the 20th century reflects a pendulum-like attempt to get the proper balance between these underlying values, each model perhaps overcompensating for the excesses of its predecessor. Although the Court's federalism jurisprudence during the New Deal era prioritized the problem-solving value over the check-and-balance anti-tyranny value, the New Federalism decisions exalts the check-and-balance value at the expense of the problem-solving (and all other) federalism values, protecting the bright line it posits between mutually exclusive spheres of proper state and federal regulatory authority. Demanding both local and national regulatory attention, interjurisdictional problems do blur that bright line boundary, pitting the values of problem-solving and checks-and-balances against one another. But it is arguably the tension between federalism's check-and-balance and problem-solving values that has made our system such an enduring form of government - enabling it to adjust for changing demographics, technologies, and expectations without losing its essential character. However, the New Federalism's focus on preserving checks and balances above all else renders it unable to effectively mediate this important competition, failing other federalism values and obstructing even desirable regulatory activity in the interjurisdictional gray area (such as federal initiative that might have been taken in the wake of Katrina). Comparatively pragmatic Cooperative Federalism affords some balance, but is undertheorized, and critiqued as insufficiently protective of anti-tyranny values. To remedy the theoretical problems left unresolved by Cooperative Federalism and the additional ones caused by New Federalism, this piece argues that the Court should adopt a model of Balanced Federalism that better mediates between competing federalism values and provides greater guidance for regulatory decision-makers and adjudicators. Where the New Federalism asks the Tenth Amendment to police the boundary between mutually exclusive spheres of state and federal regulatory authority from crossover by either side, Balanced Federalism asks the Tenth Amendment to patrol regulatory activity within the interjurisdictional gray area for impermissible compromise of the fundamental federalism values. The article concludes by introducing the outlines of a jurisprudential standard for guiding interpretation of proper jurisdictional boundaries under the Tenth Amendment. Such a framework would foster a more thoughtful balance between the various federalism values that, though in tension with one another, have made our system of government so effective and enduring.


This dissertation investigated regional-design practices that evolved in the context of Dutch national planning frameworks in the period between the 1980s and the 2010s. Questions concerned whether and how practices influenced these planning frameworks, and the extent to which practices were influenced by shifts that frameworks underwent over time. The main aim of the dissertation was to develop an enhanced understanding of interrelations between regional design and spatial planning, so the performances of regional design in the spatial-planning realm can be better anticipated.

The personal motivation of this dissertation lies in my professional experience as a regional designer. I am trained as an architect and gained experience as an urban designer during my early professional carrier. In 2005, I became Chief Designer at South Wing Studio (Atelier Zuidvleugel), a publicly funded think tank which was asked to explore regionalisation and planning in the Southern part of the Dutch Randstad region by means of design. I was used to feeling doubt while designing buildings, public spaces and neighbourhoods. In the meantime, I learned from design theory that it is natural for a designer to doubt. The built environment is an intricate, complex system; there are always a multitude of alternative paths to use during a search for good solutions. However, doubt was accelerated in regional-design practice, due to its concern about large-scale areas and costly public works, and its position in a multi-actor and highly political setting. Every design step accomplished became intensely debated. Every step generated surprises, unforeseen reactions; encouraging at times, discouraging at others.


This paper compares the American practice of requiring an attorney to pay personally the fees of an opposing party where the attorney has been found to improperly conducted himself or herself to analogous practices in two other common law jurisdictions, England and Canada.Comparing the law in this area in England and Canada to the law in the United States is a useful endeavor because each country shares in the common law tradition but also differs from each other in material respects. Unlike the United States, both England and Canada implement a "loser pays" system of costs. Further, England has historically differed from Canada and the United States in its approach to lawyer regulation insofar as, until very recently, English law recognized the doctrine of "advocates' immunity." Under this doctrine both barristers and solicitors enjoyed significant immunity from liability to clients in negligence.Given these material differences among the three countries, one might predict that each country would employ a unique approach to assessing the circumstances in which lawyers should be required to pay costs personally due to improper conduct. In fact, the law in each country on this issue reveals a trend of convergence. Each country examined has shifted in recent years to the use of objective standards that import a standard of negligence in determining if a lawyer should be personally responsible for litigation costs.This paper is composed of three parts. The first three sections of this paper review developments in the law of each of these three countries in requiring lawyers to pay costs of litigation personally, beginning with the United States and continuing with England and then Canada. The final section of this paper is devoted to exploring some of the insights that may be derived from the pattern of convergence to a negligence standard observed across these three jurisdictions.


The article examines the evolution of concepts of solidarity and trust in the Common European Asylum System by analysing the legislative and judicial development of the Dublin system of intra-EU transfers of asylum seekers. The article argues that concepts of solidarity and trust which focus exclusively on the needs and interests of EU Member States are inadequate to address the requirement for the EU to respect fully human rights, in particular after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty. The article puts forward a concept of solidarity based on the individual which would ensure the full respect of the rights of asylum seekers.


Background: Colorectal cancer screening is effective but underused. Guidelines for which tests are recommended and at what intervals depend on specific risks. We developed a tablet-based Cancer Risk Intake System (CRIS) that asks questions about risk prior to appointments and generates tailored printouts for patients and physicians summarizing and matching risk factors with guideline-based recommendations. Methods: Randomized controlled trial among patients who: (i) used CRIS and they and their physicians received tailored printouts; (ii) used CRIS to answer questions but received standard information about cancer screening while their physicians received a standard electronic chart prompt indicating they were age-eligible but not currently adherent for colorectal cancer screening; or (iii) comprised a no-contact group that neither used CRIS nor received any information while their physicians received the standard prompt. Participation in testing was assessed via electronic medical record at 12 months. Results: Participation in any colorectal cancer testing was three times higher for those who used the CRIS and received any printed materials, compared with no-contact controls (47% vs. 16%; P < 0.0001). Among CRIS users ages 50 and older, participation in any testing was higher in the tailored group (53% vs. 44%, P = 0.023). Conclusion: Use of CRIS and receipt of any information facilitated participation in testing. There was more testing participation in the CRIS-tailored than nontailored group. Impact: Asking patients questions about their specific risk factors and giving them and their providers information just prior to an appointment may increase participation in colorectal cancer testing. Tailoring the information has some added benefit. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(10); 1523–30. ©2015 AACR.


Abstract The ease with which Zebra Finches can be kept and bred in captivity makes them a suitable model for avian quantitative genetic studies. After a brief introduction to some quantitative genetic concepts, we here provide an up-to-date overview of quantitative genetic studies in Zebra Finches. We discuss what these studies can teach us about the evolutionary and behavioural ecology of Zebra Finches and song birds in general, and make suggestions for future research. Throughout this article we plead for a greater appreciation of the advantages offered by working on captive birds, but also discuss their limitations. Although quantitative genetic analyses in natural populations are becoming increasingly powerful, these studies lack the control possible in captivity. However, obtaining meaningful estimates of the type and strength of selection acting on phenotypic variation is more difficult in captivity. Hence, quantitative genetic studies in the wild and captivity each have their strengths and weaknesses and should be considered complementary rather than opposing. However, whereas quantitative genetic studies in the wild have boomed, the unique advantages offered by captive Zebra Finches have remained underexploited. Here we make a first attempt at changing this by highlighting what we believe may be fruitful lines for future research.


BACKGROUND
In adults there is evidence that the affective-cognitive processes of rumination and overgeneral autobiographical memory retrieval may play a part in maintaining depression. This study investigated the effects of induced rumination as compared to distraction on mood and categoric overgeneral memory in adolescents with first episode Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and the specificity of any effects to MDD.

METHOD
Three subject groups; adolescents with first episode MDD (N = 75), non-depressed psychiatric participants (N = 26) and community controls (N = 33) were recruited. An experimental design was used, with repeated measures of 'in the moment' depressed mood and categoric overgeneral memory before and after rumination and distraction, induced on separate occasions and counterbalanced in order across participants.

RESULTS
In adolescents with MDD, induced rumination as compared to distraction differentially increased depressed mood. There were no significant differences in this effect between full current MDD participants and those in partial remission. This differential effect was also seen in community controls but was absent in non-MDD psychiatric participants. In addition, rumination as compared to distraction increased overgeneral memories to negative cues in MDD participants, but this increase was not significantly related to mood change, and was specific to MDD, being absent in non-MDD psychiatric and community control groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Experimentally induced rumination as compared to distraction increases depressed mood and negative categoric memories in adolescents with first episode MDD. These results suggest that rumination has a deleterious effect on mood and memory retrieval processes in adolescents with first episode MDD. Increased negative overgeneral memories with rumination may be a process of particular importance for adolescents with MDD rather than psychiatric disorder in general. The findings imply that strategies to interrupt ruminative processes may be helpful in minimising persistence of first episode MDD in adolescence.


Background: NHS 111 represents a fundamental change in the way that urgent care is delivered. It is underpinned by a computer decision support system (CDSS) and involves significant labour substitution, in particular the greater use of non-clinical staff to deliver services. Objective: To investigate four core features of health-care innovation and change in relation to the new NHS 111 telephone-based service for 24/7 access to urgent care, namely the way in which work and workforce are organised for this new service and how the technology and organisational context shape the way in which services are delivered. Design: Comparative mixed-methods case study of NHS 111 providers. Settings: Five NHS 111 sites, characterised by differences in organisational size, form and ethos and in the type of workforce employed and professional roles and skill mix. Methods: The study combined ethnographic and survey methods. Non-participant observation was conducted at NHS 111 call centres and their linked urgent care centre(s) (UCCs; a total of 356 hours). Six focus groups were conducted with 47 call advisers, clinicians and organisational managers. An online survey was administered to call centre and UCC staff (n = 745) to ask their views about NHS 111; trust in NHS Pathways; and communication and information sharing (response rate: 41% for call centre staff, 35% for UCC staff). Results: Clinical assessment by call advisers is characterised by high levels of communication (including negotiation, communication and translation) and 'emotion' work, extending the work beyond simple operation of a CDSS. At most sites clinical advisers supported call advisers in clinical assessment but also played an important role in managing and sanctioning dispositions, notably emergency ambulance dispositions. Clinicians at UCCs have experienced a loss of control over their everyday work, which is now shaped by call centre workers. The Directory of Services, which provides information about locally available services, is key to delivering an integrated urgent care system. Trust in the CDSS is higher amongst call advisers than amongst clinical staff but there is widespread belief that the CDSS is risk averse. Staff often develop workarounds to 'make the technology work'. There is considerable variation in how NHS 111 is organised and delivered, shaped by the organisational history and the professional culture of the organisations involved. Some sites were driven more by rationing and systemising, pursuing the NHS 111 vision of 'right care, right place, right time', whereas others were driven more by an ethos of what they perceived was a more patient-centred service. Conclusions: NHS 111 is primarily founded on a network of different organisations providing different aspects of the service. This network is primarily enabled through technological integration. Successful integration also requires understanding and trusting relationships between different providers, which were lacking in some sites. Underpinning NHS 111 with non-clinical workers offers significant opportunities for workforce reconfiguration, but this is not a simple substitution of labour (i.e. non-clinical staff replacing clinical staff). There is a significant organisational structure that is necessary to support and 'keep in place' both the CDSS itself and non-clinical workers using the CDSS. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme.


Aims: To investigate AFLPs for suitability as potential markers for identification of sources of Pythium resistance in bean genotypes preferred by poor small holder farmers. Place and Duration of Study: Department of biological sciences Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya and Bangor University, North Wales, United Kingdom, between September 2010 and December 2012. Methodology: 45 common bean accessions comprising 35 seed samples collected from farmers, market centers, as well as seed stockists and ten common bean lines generated from a conventional breeding program with differential resistance to the pathogen Pythium were subjected to AFLP analysis. Genetic characterization using cluster and principal component analysis were conducted to determine segregating patterns of bean accessions in relation to tolerant and Original Research Article Maryrose et al.; AJEA, 5(4): 374-391, 2015; Article no.AJEA.2015.039 375 susceptible bean lines. Average genetic distances were calculated and similarity coefficients subjected to unweighted pair group method of arithmetic averages to generate dendograms. Results: Two informative AFLP primer combinations yielded 194 polymorphic loci. Genetic distance of bean samples from KARI Kakamega had 56 to 414 base pairs with a variability index of 0.63 to 0.90. Combined analysis of bean accessions from KARI breeding program and market class common bean samples revealed a variability index range of 0.62 to 0.90 with 56 to 420 base pairs. PCA contributed about 51.58% on the genetic variation. Cluster analysis of the 10 KARI-Kakamega bean lines revealed that resistant bean varieties were genetically different from the susceptible bean varieties. The dendogram generated revealed four sub-groups and with the exception of Alulu, a mildly resistant cultivar, that segregated alongside resistant cultivars, resistant varieties clustered differently from susceptible cultivars. However, screening with farmers' germplasm produced a dendogram that revealed a mixture of distinct and relatively non-distinct categorization with regard to resistance. Only resistant cultivars AN1062, R2075, R719 and R1946 and susceptible cultivars GLP2 and GLP585 clustered together as expected. The others segregated randomly alongside the farmers' germplasm. Resistant varieties AND1062, R2075, R719, R1946 and SCAM80 were more genetically related to marketable class of beans. R1946 R719, R2075 and AND1062 are closely related genetically compared to Mw001, KK15, Alulu and GLP2. Conclusion: AFLP is a relatively informative technique that has a great potential of delineating susceptible and resistant Pythium root rot dry bean varieties, and can be used as a preliminary guide to carry out further analysis. It is notable that the AFLP markers used were not able to clearly distinguish all the cultivars comprehensively and should not be used alone in determining resistance levels. The information generated in this study will contribute to the propagation of acceptable market class bean lines with resistance to Pythium root rot for improved livelihood and increased food security.


With the benefit of hindsight it is evident the second half of the 20th century was destined to be a period of considerable change in British agriculture in relation to its role within the national and rural economy, and within the countryside. After several decades of sustained growth and structural adjustment up to the mid-1980s, farmers have been encouraged through economic and political stimuli to diversify their enterprises, to protect the rural environment for its inherent landscape and ecological value and to respond to consumer demand for improved food quality and traceability. This paper reports on an analysis of one consistent indicator of agricultural structure over this period (farm size) with reference to four case study counties in South East England using a combination of official agricultural statistics and information from a survey of farmers. It indicates that structural changes in this region have followed those occurring at the national scale and the size profile has become polarised to the extent that the expansionist tendencies of large-scale producers to acquire more land and the continued presence of a bedrock of small producers has continued to squeeze medium-sized agricultural holdings. However, the farmer survey shows that the size of individual holdings fluctuates with gains and losses, even if the overall trend is for enlargement.


We approach the task of network congestion control in datacenters using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Successful congestion control algorithms can dramatically improve latency and overall network throughput. Until today, no such learning-based algorithms have shown practical potential in this domain. Evidently, the most popular recent deployments rely on rule-based heuristics that are tested on a predetermined set of benchmarks. Consequently, these heuristics do not generalize well to newly-seen scenarios. Contrarily, we devise an RL-based algorithm with the aim of generalizing to different configurations of real-world datacenter networks. We overcome challenges such as partial-observability, nonstationarity, and multi-objectiveness. We further propose a policy gradient algorithm that leverages the analytical structure of the reward function to approximate its derivative and improve stability. We show that this scheme outperforms alternative popular RL approaches, and generalizes to scenarios that were not seen during training. Our experiments, conducted on a realistic simulator that emulates communication networks' behavior, exhibit improved performance concurrently on the multiple considered metrics compared to the popular algorithms deployed today in real datacenters. Our algorithm is being productized to replace heuristics in some of the largest datacenters in the world.


Occurrence of secondary tumors from visceral carcinomas on the thoracic cage represent a relatively rare form of metastasis. We present in this report an extremely rare case of an incidental finding of tumor mass (squamous cell carcinoma) in the thoracic wall of an adult male cadaver. During routine dissection of thoracic cavity, we noticed this unique tumor in the posterior thoracic wall. Its gross measurements were noted and a small piece of the tumor mass was processed for histopathological examination, to confirm its nature. The H&E stained section showed presence of infiltrating tumor composed of islands of squamous cells with pleomorphic nuclei, course chromatin, scattered dyskeratotic cells and foci of keratin pearl formation, which confirmed the tumor to be secondary metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Such metastatic tumors with very rare occurrence are an interesting diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for thoracic surgeons.


The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term grazing sheep in cotton stubble on variation of biochemistry components and free gossypol residual in the blood. The survey found that 15% ewe of grazing group suffered miscarriage or premature birth, compared with the captive group ewes without this phenomenon. Blood test result shows that the free gossypol concentration in serum of grazing group was significantly higher than in indoor captive feeding group (P<0.01). In order to ensure the health of sheep grazing on cotton stubble and improve breeding rate, there is a need to do further reasonable research of grazing and feeding methods.


This dissertation examines how Koreans received and consumed the Olympic Games under Japanese colonial rule (1910–1945). Although a growing body of research on colonial Korea addresses a range of topics beyond politics and economy, sports is still a relatively neglected topic in this field. By exploring Olympic fever in colonial Korea, this study shows how multifaceted aspects of Korean society became a part of the global sports world. Korean athletes participated in the 1932 Summer, 1936 Winter, and 1936 Summer Games as part of the Japanese delegation, attracting much attention from members of all walks of life in colonial Korea. Public figures as varied as political leaders, intellectuals, sport journalists, and athletes recognized and promoted the Games through the burgeoning mass media. As the Olympic Games were a powerful tool for promoting Korean nationalism, Korean athletes' performance was in the spotlight of Korean vernacular media, which also pursued commercial interests in featuring scandals of athletes. Nevertheless, many advocates of public gymnastics criticized what they perceived as the bourgeois-oriented, if not elitist, nature of the Games. Ahead of the 1940 Tokyo Olympic Games, Koreans were not passive spectators, but active participants and consumers eager to promote their nation to the world. The occasion also allowed the Japanese colonial regime and Korean collaborators to praise Korean athletes in the context of Japan's official policy of "harmony between Japanese and Koreans" (naisen yūwa) and "assimilation" (dōka). Indeed, sports played a powerful role in propagating Japanese assimilation policies in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Overall, the Olympic Games during the Japanese occupation of Korea were a contested space in which a variety of discourses clashed, reflecting the variegated nature of colonial Korea as it interacted with global commodities and cultural influences. Embracing the international mega-sporting event fueled debates about nationalism, racism, commercialism, class conflict, and collaboration, among others. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group East Asian Languages & Civilizations First Advisor Eugene Y. Park


You are managing a patient with a spontaneous pneumothorax and a chest drain in situ, with evidence of ongoing air leak on the fifth day post insertion. You pause to consider this case of persistent air leak: is this chest drain effectively managing the air escaping through the defect in the patients visceral pleural or is it in fact exacerbating an air leak that would have settled more quickly without intervention?


The purpose of this study was to identify pre-service teachers' perceived levels of
preparedness for teaching practicum in terms of Pedagogical Content Knowledge
(PCK) and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). The study
also investigated the roles of the faculties in supporting pre-service teachers'
preparation for teaching practicum in terms of PCK and TPCK. Three groups of
pre-service teachers attending Bachelor of Education in Teaching English as a
Second Language (TESL) from three different public universities were
purposefully selected to describe the development of their preparation for teaching
practicum. A questionnaire survey form was used to identify the respondents'
level of preparedness for teaching practicum. Focused-group interviews were then
conducted in each learning institution in order to gain in-depth information. The
primary finding was that most of the respondents showed a high degree of
preparedness for teaching practicum in terms of PCK and TPCK. The study also
found that the pre-service teachers indicated that all the coursework in the
program was primarily responsible for the development of their particular levels
of PCK and TPCK. This finding also provided specific evidence that the
technology courses thread in the program was integrated and interconnected
throughout the program. The implications of the study towards teacher education
programs as well as the pedagogical and policy aspects were also discussed.
Future research recommendations are included for the investigation of actions the
teacheppreparation program needs to take for improving on the different levels of
pre-service teachers' PCK and TPCK, the relationship of the cooperating teachers,
university supervisors, and course instructors' understanding of PCK and TPCK
on the pre-service teachers' TPCK development; and identification of significant
relationships between pre-service teachers' PCK and TPCK during the program
and their use of technology in their future teaching career.


ABSTRACT Droplet evaporation is a common phenomenon in everyday life. For example, when a droplet of coffee or salt solution is dropped onto a surface and the droplet dries out, a ring of coffee or salt particles is left on the surface(Deegan, et al., 1997). This phenomenon exists not only in everyday life, but also in many practical industrial processes and scientific research and could also be used to assist in DNA sequence analysis, if the flow field in the droplet produced by the evaporation could be understood and predicted in detail. In order to measure the fluid flow in a droplet, small particles can be suspended into the fluid as tracers. From the ratio of gravitational force to Brownian force a4Apg/ksT, we find that particle's tendency to settle is proportional to a4(a is particle radius). So, to keep the particles from settling, the droplet size should be chosen to be in a range 0.1 -1.01am in experiments. For such small particles, the Brownian force will affect the motion of the particle preventing accurate measurement of the flow field. This problem could be overcome by using larger particles as tracers to measure fluid flow under microgravity since the gravitational acceleration g is then very small. For larger particles, Brownian force would hardly affect the motion of the particles. Therefore, an accurate flow field could be determined from experiments in microgravity. Deegan et ai.(1997) measured the radial, heightaveraged velocity distribution in an evaporating droplet and observed the formation of a ring. Their experimental results agreed well with the results of the theoretical analysis which they also carried out. Kantor(1997) also derived a velocity field using a different expression for the evaporation rate than that used by Deegan et al. Both expressions predict a heightaveraged outward radial flow in an evaporating droplet. But both theories give only an expression for the radial height-averaged velocity. In this paper, we will investigate the fluid flow in an evaporating droplet under normal gravity, and compare experiments to theories. Then, we will present our ideas about the experimental measurement of fluid flow in an evaporating droplet under microgravity.


Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health concern, the prevalence of which is predicted to increase in the coming years. Consequently, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is expected to rise. Therefore, identification of prevailing knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns (KAPP) of patients to address knowledge gaps and provide preventive education about DM and DR could reduce potentially sight-threatening complications. Our objectives were to assess KAPP of patients with DM and DR, factors influencing KAPP and impact of education on their KAPP.Methods: A questionnaire based survey among diabetic patients in an eye clinic in Singapore. A response rate of 92.6% was achieved. Participants were administered a set of questions about KAPP on DM and DR before and after educating them about DR.Results: Knowledge of DM and DR was noted in 57.0% and 29.0% of participants respectively. Good attitude and practice patterns were found in nearly 60% and above of the patients. Participants with more knowledge base had better attitude and practice patterns. Higher educational level, Indian ethnicity and longer duration of DM had a positive influence on KAPP. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) impact of education on KAPP among patients with DM and DR.Conclusions: The knowledge, attitude and practice patterns among patients were variable. A low proportion of knowledge of DR was noted which increased to almost three times after education. There is a need to actively implement educational strategies among patients with DM and DR.


Currently missing from critical literature on public engagement with academic research is a public-centric analysis of the wider contemporary context of developments in the field of public engagement and participation. Drawing on three differently useful strands of the existing theoretical literature on the public, this article compares a diverse sample of 100 participatory public engagement initiatives in order to first, analyse a selection of the myriad ways that the public is being constituted and supported across this contemporary field and second, identify what socio-cultural researchers might learn from these developments. Emerging from this research is a preliminary map of the field of public engagement and participation. This map highlights relationships and divergences that exist among diverse forms of practice and brings into clearer view a set of tensions between different contemporary approaches to public engagement and participation. Two 'frontiers' of participatory public engagement that socio-cultural researchers should attend are also identified. At the first, scholars need to be critical regarding the particular versions of the public that their preferred approach to engagement and participation supports and concerning how their specific identifications with the public relate to those being addressed across the wider field. At the second frontier, researchers need to consider the possibilities for political intervention that public engagement and participation practice could open out, both in the settings they are already working and also in the much broader, rapidly developing and increasingly complicated contemporary field of public engagement and participation that this article explores.


Today, with the nature of software assembled from legacy, existing independently produced and autonomous tested systems, it imposes great complexity in constructing a software release, this is especially true when a same software version is to deploy to an array of software releases targeting different environments. Reduction of defects during various phases of testing due to the deployment of wrong version of software into different environments, in a large solution projects is a huge challenge. The volume, rapid and intensive deployment required in large solution projects calls for accuracy, reliability and availability in its Software Release Management process that encompasses the planning, design, build, configuration, testing, and deployment of associated software components. In this paper we will be sharing the software release best practices applied in our National R&D Centre in ICT, discussing on the defined processes for its software release management.


This paper presents a methodology to design jointed hard rock pillars transacted a clay-filled shear zone at Ngezi mine, Portal 4 (P4), in Zimbabwe. The nature of the problem is highly complex due to the large number of joints and possible shear zone configurations. On the mine, the shear zone can be found either above, below or within the ore zone. It was observed underground that large footwall heaves occur where the shear zone is in the footwall, while hanging wall fallouts were recorded where the shear zone is on the hanging wall. Tensile fracturing and large pillar lateral displacements were also observed and associated with the existence of the shear structure.
An investigation into the behaviour of pillars under these conditions were carried out using 2D numerical modelling. A discrete element approach in the software program UDEC was used to account for the large number of joints within the rock mass. Tensile fracturing observed in the failed pillars was simulated by using a voronoi tessellation background and calibrating the shear strength properties at the boundaries of the voronoi blocks in order to replicate macroscopic responses of the intact rock measured in the laboratory, i.e. unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test and indirect tensile test – Brazilian (UTB). This calibration exercise was conducted by replicating the actual UCS, UTB, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio in UDEC and adjusting the contact properties until a satisfactory correlation between the modelled and laboratory results was obtained.
A discrete fracture network (DFN) approach was utilised to assimilate structural data from a mapping exercise conducted on the mine. The built-in DFN generator in the program 3DEC was used to generate stochastically several 3D DFNs from which, 2D sections were cut and imported into the 2D program, UDEC. Due to time constraint, only two DFNs (DFN 1 and DFN 2) were effectively examined and were selected such that DFN 1 incorporated a low angle random joint set. Four shear zone configurations were examined for each DFN including, shear in the footwall, in the hanging wall, in the orebody and a case without shear structure.
Based on the current mine design, three pillar sizes were examined, 2, 4 and 6 m or a total of 24 UDEC simulations. In the end, it was found that the models replicated satisfactorily the pillar behaviour and mechanisms observed underground together with the expected pillar peak strength. The findings of these study should constitute a vital input into the evaluation and assessment of future mining options at NGEZI, P4, while the methodology followed may be applied where highly jointed rock mass are intersected by a shear structure.
Keywords: pillar design, discrete element modelling, voronoi tesselation


New experiences are encoded in a fragile short-term form of memory, but with time these memories can be converted into a stable long-term form of memory through a process known as memory consolidation. Whereas post-translational modification of existing proteins may be sufficient for short-term memory, creation of a long-term memory requires de novo gene expression after learning. The ability to express genes is regulated by association of DNA with histone proteins into a chromatin complex. Chapter 1 reviews the transcriptional mechanisms involved in the memory formation, including the contribution of chromatin modification by acetylation of histone proteins. Mutating the histone acetyltransferase CREB-binding protein (CBP) impairs long-term memory formation, and pharmacologically blocking histone deacetylases (HDAC) enhances long-term memory formation. Memory enhancement by HDAC inhibitors requires the interaction between the transcription factor CREB and CBP, suggesting that these two processes converge at functionally relevant target genes. As reviewed in Chapter 2, the Nr4a family of CREB target genes are potentially involved in memory formation, and the expression of Nr4a genes is enhanced when memory is improved by HDAC inhibitor treatment. In Chapter 3, I combined genetic and pharmacological approaches to discover that impeding NR4A signaling impairs memory formation and blocks the ability of HDAC inhibitors to enhance memory. These studies were performed with the now well-established approach of using broadspectrum HDAC inhibitors to enhance memory in the aversive contextual fear-conditioning task. In Chapter 4, I found that long-term memory for another hippocampus-dependent task, object location memory, is enhanced by the class I-selective HDAC inhibitor MS-275. This study provides a new behavioral paradigm for studying the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors enhances memory, refines the relevant list of HDACs targeted for memory enhancement, and demonstrates the utility of MS-275 as a pharmacological tool in this field. In Chapter 5, I examined the genetic targets of CBP that require the interaction domain between CREB and CBP using mice with a triple point mutation that blocks this interaction (CBPkix/kix). Using an unbiased microarray strategy, I found that several learning-induced genes have impaired expression in CBPkix/kix mice, including a member of the Nr4a gene family. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Neuroscience First Advisor Ted Abel


Thalia Field's Bird Lovers, Backyard takes at its starting point the awareness that any attempt to represent the nonhuman has to account for the ways in which the existing forms of mediation determine the nature and scope of stories about animals. This awareness introduces a supplementary layer in storytelling, which transforms the narrative. Instead of telling stories about animals, a metanarrative such as Bird Lovers, Backyard is a montage and reworking of a wide range of existing forms of narrative as well as a critical engagement with the works and authors that exemplify them.


Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed for the common arid Australian shrub Acacia ligulata (Fabaceae) and the threatened overstory trees A. melvillei and A. pendula. Methods and Results: DNA sequence data generated by 454 sequencing were used to identify microsatellite nucleotide repeat motifs. Including previously developed primer sets, we report on the development of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for each species. Six of these were novel for A. melvillei and A. ligulata, and five were novel for A. pendula, while five more each were transferred from primers developed for related species (A. carneorum and A. loderi). We found three to 17 alleles per locus for each species, with high multilocus genotypic diversity within each of two A. ligulata and A. pendula stands, and one A. melvillei population. A second A. melvillei stand appeared to be monoclonal. Conclusions: These markers will allow assessment of population genetics, mating systems, and connectedness of populations of these and possibly other arid-zone acacias.


The North Cascadia Adaptation Partnership (NCAP) is a science-management partnership consisting of the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Mount Baker-Snoqualmie and Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forests and Pacific Northwest Research Station; North Cascades National Park Complex; Mount Rainier National Park; and University of Washington Climate Impacts Group. These organizations worked with numerous stakeholders over 2 years to identify climate change issues relevant to resource management in the North Cascades and to find solutions that will facilitate the transition of the diverse ecosystems of this region into a warmer climate. The NCAP provided education, conducted a climate change vulnerability assessment, and developed adaptation options for federal agencies that manage 2.4 million hectares in north-central Washington.In the Pacific Northwest, the current warming trend is expected to continue, with average warming of 2.1 °C by the 2040s and 3.8 °C by the 2080s; precipitation may vary slightly, but the magnitude and direction are uncertain. This warming will have far-reaching effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Hydrologic systems will be especially vulnerable as North Cascades watersheds become increasingly rain dominated, rather than snow dominated, resulting in more autumn/winter flooding, higher peak flows, and lower summer flows. This will greatly affect the extensive road network in the North Cascades (longer than 16 000 km), making it difficult to maintain access for recreational users and resource managers. It will also greatly reduce suitable fish habitat, especially as stream temperatures increase above critical thresholds. In forest ecosystems, higher temperatures will increase stress and lower the growth and productivity of lower elevation tree species on both the western and eastern sides of the Cascade crest, although growth of highelevation tree species is expected to increase. Distribution and abundance of plant species may change over the long term, and increased disturbance (wildfire, insects, and invasive species) will cause rapid changes in ecosystem structure and function across broad landscapes, especially on the east side. This in turn will alter habitat for a wide range of animal species by potentially reducing connectivity and latesuccessional forest structure.Coping with and adapting to the effects of an altered climate will become increasingly difficult after the mid-21st century, although adaptation strategies and tactics are available to ease the transition to a warmer climate. For roads and infrastructure, tactics for increasing resistance and resilience to higher peak flows include installing hardened stream crossings, stabilizing streambanks, designing culverts for projected peak flows, and upgrading bridges and increasing their height. For fisheries, tactics for increasing resilience of salmon to altered hydrology and higher stream temperature include restoring stream and floodplain complexity, reducing road density near streams, increasing forest cover to retain snow and decrease snow melt, and identifying and protecting cold-water refugia. For vegetation, tactics for increasing resilience to higher temperature and increased disturbance include accelerating development of late-successional forest conditions by reducing density and diversifying forest structure, managing for future range of variability in structure and species, including invasive species prevention strategies in all projects, and monitoring changes in tree distribution and establishment at tree line. For wildlife, tactics for increasing resilience to altered habitat include increasing diversity of age classes and restoring a patch mosaic, increasing fuel reduction treatments in dry forests, using conservation easements to maintain habitat connectivity, and removing exotic fish species to protect amphibian populations.


A common theme in many accounts of road safety and road use in low and middle income countries is a widespread lack of compliance with traffic laws and related legislation. A key element of the success of road crash prevention strategies in high income countries has been the achievement of safer road user behaviour through compliance with traffic laws. Deterrence-based approaches such as speed cameras and random breath testing, which rely on drivers making an assessment that they are likely to be caught if they offend, have been very effective in this regard. However, the long term success of (for example) drink driving legislation has been supported by drivers adopting a moral approach to compliance rather than relying solely on the intensity of police operations. For low and middle income countries such morally based compliance is important, since levels of police resourcing are typically much lower than in Western countries. In the absence of morally based compliance, it is arguable that the patterns of behaviours observed in low and middle income countries can be described as "pragmatic driving": compliance only when there is a high chance of being detected and fined, or where a crash might occur. The potential characteristics of pragmatic driving in the macro-, meso- and micro-context of driving and the enforcement approach that could address it are outlined, with reference to the limited existing information available.


Cloud computing has become increasingly popular model for delivering applications hosted in large data centers as subscription oriented services. Hadoop is a popular system supporting the MapReduce function, which plays a crucial role in cloud computing. The resources required for executing jobs in a large data center vary according to the job type. In Hadoop, jobs are scheduled by default on a first-come-first-served basis, which may unbalance resource utilization. This paper proposes a job scheduler called the job allocation scheduler (JAS), designed to balance resource utilization. For various job workloads, the JAS categorizes jobs and then assigns tasks to a CPU-bound queue or an I/O-bound queue. However, the JAS exhibited a locality problem, which was addressed by developing a modified JAS called the job allocation scheduler with locality (JASL). The JASL improved the use of nodes and the performance of Hadoop in heterogeneous computing environments. Finally, two parameters were added to the JASL to detect inaccurate slot settings and create a dynamic job allocation scheduler with locality (DJASL). The DJASL exhibited superior performance than did the JAS, and data locality similar to that of the JASL.


Background . Childhood diarrhoeal diseases have a major impact on morbidity and mortality. Prompt and appropriate interventions improve outcome. Objectives . To evaluate the practice of mothers/caregivers with respect to use of antibacterial and antimotility drugs. Methods . Caregivers of under-5s presenting from catchment areas of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital between October 2006 and February 2007 were interviewed by means of a structured  questionnaire. Data obtained included perception of cause of diarrhoea, use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) fluids, and use of antibacterial and antimotility drugs. Results . Caregivers of 156 children met the inclusion criteria. Most mothers (53%) believed that the diarrhoea was caused by teething and 51% had used antibiotics (the commonest was metronidazole). Use of antibiotics was not influenced by the perceived cause of diarrhoea, level of maternal education or social status. Drug use delayed the time of presentation and was associated with more severe dehydration. Conclusion . We found that home treatment of acute diarrhoea is characterised by unnecessary use of antibiotics and antidiarrhoeal agents. Intermittent public health campaigns and health care worker updates on the use of ORT and zinc supplements are needed. The latter may also satisfy caregivers' urge to give 'medicine' while at the same time reducing antibiotic abuse and drug resistance.


One important issue in the CFD application is the prediction of the power demand of a new ship. For this purpose the interaction between the hull, rudder and the propeller must be correctly accounted for. This project presents results of the computations performed in the ETSIN for different ships with the RANSE free surface commercial solver CFX. Some of the computational results are validated against experimental data in terms of various global and local quantities. The CFX code is based on a finite volume Discretization. The turbulence model used in the calculations was the SST (Shear Stress Transport) model, and the volume of fluid method is used to model the free-surface flow. The incompressible turbulent free surface flow around the complex hull form of the DTMB 5415 model at two different speeds has been numerically simulated using the RANSE code CFX. The Volume of Fluid method (VOF) has been used with CFX for capturing the free surface flow around the ship model at the two speeds. The simulation conditions are the ones for which experimental and numerical results exist. The standard k– e turbulence model has been used in CFX code. The grid generator ICEM CFD has been used for building the hybrid grid for the RANSE code solver. The results compare well with the available experimental and numerical data.


Introduction: Sarcoptes scabiei (S. scabiei) var. cuniculi is the cause of sarcoptic mange in rabbits and results in considerable loss of weight, productivity, and wool quality.
Objective: The efficacy of 10% Propolis (bee glue) ointment on S. scabiei var. cuniculi was evaluated under in vivo conditions in pet rabbits with sarcoptic mange lesions compared to the currently used drug, ivermectin (400 μg/ kg, S/C).
Methods: In the in vivo condition, the efficacies of 10% Propolis ointment, 1% ivermectin (400 μg/kg, S/C), and Propolis ointment in combination with ivermectin were evaluated. Serum factors of the control and treated groups were tested to evaluate the toxic effects of Propolis on the liver.
Results: Topical application of 10% Propolis ointment showed complete recovery from clinical signs and complete absence of mite in microscopic examination from 10-15 days of treatment.
Conclusions: 10% Propolis ointment has antisarcoptic mange effects under in vivo conditions and may be used in clinical applications.


In this article, we are firstly going to reread Lacan's famous formula of the subject. This formula, "A signifier represents the subject for another signifier", remains in some respects opaque to say the least. Lacan, however, will not cease to repeat it throughout his teaching. Secondly, we will read a passage in the Preface to the Phenomenology of the Spirit in which Hegel returns to the dialectic between subject and substance. In these readings, we will outline that defining the subject comes, for both authors, together with its difference from what the subject is seemingly opposed to: structure, substance, Other. This difference is central and accentuates above all an impossible relation. Nonetheless, this impossible relation does not remain silent. Instead of being simply a relation between two terms – which would amount to their difference being only something theoretical (for thought) – it is rather that, in struggling with this impossible relation, both terms become actual (wirklich) in themselves. For Lacan, the relation between subject and Other fails, which makes it 'not to stop (not) being written'. For Hegel, the relation between subject and substance is contradictory, but this contradiction is understood as the subject itself, which is nothing but substance's own restlessness becoming 'in itself'.

In order to define the stakes properly, we will pass through Descartes and (Hegel's reading of) Spinoza, whose influence on Lacan and Hegel should not be underestimated. The first part of the article investigates how Lacan's structural formula is an attempt to write the Cartesian subject without rendering it into a thinking substance. Descartes does understand the subject as a thinking substance from the extended substance, or shortly, as thought separated from being (which has become famous as the Cartesian dualism). The second part treats how the problems with this dualism – and with Spinoza's monism which is to be the response to these – lead Hegel to write his own topology of the subject in relation to substance. The third part is an analysis of a joke during Stalinism which helps to illustrate the impossible relation between subject and Other (Lacan) or – which we read as overlapping – Hegel's dialectics between subject and substance.


Whether you are a Wireshark newbie or an experienced Wireshark user, this book streamlines troubleshooting techniques used by Laura Chappell in her 20+ years of network analysis experience. Learn insider tips and tricks to quickly detect the cause of poor network performance. This book consists of troubleshooting labs to walk you through the process of measuring client/server/network delays, detecting application error responses, catching delayed responses, locating the point of packet loss, spotting TCP receiver congestion, and more. Key topics include: path delays, client delays, server delays, connection refusals, service refusals, receive buffer overload, rate throttling, packet loss, redirections, queueing along a path, resolution failures, small MTU sizes, port number reuse, missing support for TCP SACK/Window Scaling, misbehaving infrastructure devices, weak signals (WLAN), and more. Book supplements: sample trace files, Laura's Wireshark troubleshooting profile, and a troubleshooting checklist.


In 2007, NIST published a call for participation in a contest for a new standardized hash function, the future SHA-3. The call targets software oriented designs and suggests optimization for high-performance platforms. However, NIST explicitly encourages the evaluation of the candidates on 8-bit platforms. In this paper we present an implementation of several SHA-3 candidates, namely BLAKE, Blue Midnight Wish, Grøstl, and SHAvite-3 on an 8-bit microcontroller platform. While BMW shows the highest throughput, BLAKE seems to be the best balanced solution for 8-bit platforms.


In the current study, we explored the effect of risk-assessment testimony, attributional complexity, and victim type on participants' perceptions of the dangerousness of a sexually violent person and his need for treatment. Participants read details of a hypothetical sexual assault of a female minor and of an adult. Expert testimony of his risk assessment consisted of clinical opinion versus structured-clinical judgment (SCJ) versus actuarial assessment. Participants perceived clinical-opinion and SCJ testimony as equally influential when forming judgments of future dangerousness. In the context of treatment, however, participants relied on actuarial testimony when judging potential for risk. In addition, attributional complexity (AC) moderated perceptions of sexual risk. Overall, results point to the need for continued refinement of assessment techniques when determining dangerousness and need for treatment.


Delve into the ultimate guide for professional photographers Harness the power and flexibility of the latest version of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, version 1.1, with this expert guide. Professional photographers David Huss and David Plotkin show you how to work smarter, faster, and more creatively with their personal tips, tricks, and techniques that you can incorporate into your own workflow. Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 1.1 is a powerful tool that you can integrate into your existing workflow to increase your productivity and improve the overall quality of your work. With this ultimate resource by your side, you'll learn how to:.Organize, adjust, process, output, and share digital pictures like the top professionals.Personalize Lightroom with a custom Identity plate.Seamlessly transition between Lightroom and your favorite photo editor.Quickly view and compare multiple shots, pairing selections down to your best work .Correct images, adjust white balance, and fine-tune tone, balance, and exposure, crop and undo-all without altering your originals!.Automate your workflow by applying image adjustments to multiple photos.Output proof and contact sheets .Develop, print and display your digital pictures for friends and clients, all the while saving valuable time .Create slide shows and web postings .And much more... As you move from traditional separate image editing applications to this next generation software that was designed specifically for photographers, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 1.1 for the Professional Photographer unveils insider secrets and expert advice in this highly visual guide.David Huss is a professional photographer and author who has written more than 30 books. His work has been translated into eight languages.David Plotkin is a technical editor, photographer, and software writer who has written five books and numerous articles. *The most comprehensive guide available on Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, fully up-to-date with all of the new features of version 1.1 *Learn how to integrate this powerful software into your own workflow to maximize your productivity *Written by two industry experts and packed with inspiring images to show you what you can achieve with Lightroom 1.1 and this handy guide by your side!


This paper had attempted to highlight the meaning and dialectics of some of Ibn Khaldoun's very crux concepts: education teaching refinement, urbanisation and civilisation. It found that education is a natural process. It is somewhat similar to a contemporary concept of socialisation and its purpose – as the tool of socialisation – can be traced in the meaning of the word tarbiyah which means to educate, to cultivate, socialise and bring up people and things. Teaching is a natural phenomenon in human social organisation. As man by nature needs to eat, drink and have sexual requirement, he by nature needs learning and gaining knowledge, teaching itself is a craft, made perfect by habit (malakah). Refinement is to reach the level of good ethical refinement and leads to the development of a civilisation (hadarah) which is the diversification of luxuries, the cultivation of things, and the education to the crafts that give elegance to all the various kinds of luxuries. Thus is achieved through the human neces...


Building on new insights from organizational economics, management accounting researchers have highlighted how incentive contracts and performance measure choices complement structural arrangements in firms. We discuss how "slow moving" elements in organizational design, such as the allocation of decision rights to local managers and interdependencies between different parts of the production function, affect the working of incentives and performance measures. We pay attention to the empirical challenges that researchers face in this area and argue that mixed method approaches in which economic models are combined with empirical evidence can help to build a body of evidence that is robust and admits cross-study accumulation of knowledge. Finally, we illustrate how recent economic models that incorporate other-regarding preferences can help to bridge the gap between economics-based research in management accounting and more traditional approaches that rely on the behavioral sciences.


The Telegraph By Malcolm Moore, in Shanghai 7:04AM GMT 15 Feb 2011 Original available here Apple said that 91 children under the age of 16 were discovered to be working last year in ten Chinese factories owned by its suppliers. By comparison, in 2009, Apple said eleven underage workers had been discovered. "In recent years, Chinese factories have increasingly turned to labour agencies and vocational schools to meet their workforce demands," said Apple's report. "We learned that some of these recruitment sources may provide false IDs that misrepresent young people's ages, posing challenges for factory management," it added. In response, Apple said it had "intensified" its search for workers under 16, the minimum legal working age in China. In one factory it had found 42 children working on the production line and has now terminated its contract. Apple said it decided that the management "had chosen to overlook the issue and was not committed to addressing the problem." In other cases, Apple said it had been "aggressive" in returning children to their families and had forced factories to cover the costs of education for the underage workers for six months, or until they reached 16, "whichever is longer". Apple is the only major technology company to audit its supply chain and publish the results. Of the suppliers that Apple visited last year "more than 40pc stated that Apple was the first company ever to have audited their facility for social responsibility compliance," it said. However, it does not name individual suppliers, which makes it impossible for outside scrutiny of the firms involved. By contrast, Dell and HP both publish lists of who they buy their components from. For 2010, Apple's Supplier Responsibility report reveals a patchy record. On the one hand, Apple has succeeded in auditing more of its factories than ever before, a total of 127, compared with 102 in 2009. On the other, a smaller share of those factories are meeting Apple's guidelines in some key areas. While the situation overall is broadly improving, or at least not deteriorating, less than a third of Apple's suppliers are now meeting its requirements on working hours. Last year, 46pc were compliant and the year before, 59pc. That means that two-thirds of the factories which supply components for Apple's range of products, or who assemble them, make their workers toil for more than 60 hours a week and do not give their workers one day of rest per seven working days. "Seventy-six facilities had records that indicated workers had exceeded weekly working-hour limits more than 50pc of the time," Apple said. Likewise, fewer factories (72pc) are now compliant with health and safety standards and only 57pc of factories are compliant with codes to prevent workplace injury. Apple's audits uncovered 37 "core" violations in 2010, up from 17 in 2009. This year, however, Apple did display some teeth in dealing with its suppliers, firing three of them. Aside from the company employing child labour, one other was fired for trying to bribe Apple's auditors and a third had repeatedly falsified its payroll records and lied about it to Apple. Apple has come under fire in China as a "sweatshop brand" which has "based its mass production on subcontractors, without proper protections in the workplace". A report compiled by 36 environmental groups, led by the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs (IPE) and Friends of Nature, said at least 200 Chinese have been sickened by working for Apple's suppliers. The NGOs conducted a nine-month study of working conditions at seven Apple subcontractors across several Chinese provinces, gathering damning statements from workers on the production line. Apple's Child Labour Issues Worsen http://www.chinalaborwatch.org/newscast/85