The word 'artist serves as a pivot to the major concerns of this study. Consideration of its application and meaning in relation to contemporary society facilitates a detailed exploration and analysis of selected dramatic writings by Wole Soyinka and Howard Barker. The comparative nature of this work begins by charting the parallel journeys of these writers - within widely differing cultural contexts - from a critique of social determinations which serve to define and bound authorial intent to a process of "promiscuous" self-definition whereby the artistic imagination is used to name and designate a specific relationship to the cultural and social structures within which their work will be received.

Working from a theoretical base which, in the case of Soyinka, finds its foundations in critique and commentary upon nationalist discourse, and in the case of Barker,
rests upon contemporary critiques of Enlightenment reason, the study debates their development of theatrical form within both social and cultural contexts. Emphasis is
placed upon the relationship of the author to the dramatic text, the creation of character and the defined channels of communication through which dramatic performance is to be received by the spectator. The concept of 'transgression' is
explored as a key principle by which to define the 'theatrical' as opposed to the 'social' text.

Chapters Four and Five link the work of Howard Barker and Wole Soyinka through the application of Nietzschean philosophy, with especial emphasis being placed upon
the concept of genealogical history, the creation of the aesthetic, and the consideration of 'tragedy' as a means by which to offer resistant critique to the social
imperative of national citizenship as a badge and boundary to identity. The formation of the 'tragic' or 'catastrophic' individual is explored through key dramatic texts, thus allowing dramatic form the status of a discourse in its own right.

Throughout the study an attempt is made to develop an argument which allows the artist to be distinguished as one who speaks to his nation, rather than for his nation.
With regard to the work of Barker and Soyinka this has involved both the exposure and exploration of a theatrical space unmapped by social cartography, and a peopling
of the stage with creations who could be described as 'ethical' rather than 'political' individuals.


CS12-02 STRESS MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION EFFECTS ON BIOBEHAVIORAL PROCESSES IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS UNDERGOING MEDICAL TREATMENT Biobehavioral oncology research focuses on (1) basic research examining interactions between stress physiology, including neuroendocrine processes, immunologic-cytokines and tumor biology; and (2) clinical research evaluating the associations of psychosocial processes and interventions with changes in psychological and physiological indicators that are relevant for quality of life and health outcomes. This talk will focus on the latter approach by describing the rationale, design, extant results, and future research plans for a program of research aimed at testing the effects of cognitive behavioral stress management intervention on facilitating positive adaptation during and after medical treatment for breast cancer. These studies provide evidence for the effects of stress management intervention on psychosocial stress processes and quality of life, neuroendocrine and immunologic changes, which may be relevant for disease promotion. Adjusting to a new diagnosis of cancer, dealing with surgery and anticipating the physical challenge of adjuvant therapy are multiple stressors that can overwhelm the adaptational efforts of persons dealing with cancer. Poorer psychosocial adaptation may be evident in emotional and interpersonal disruptions that do not resolve and these may be accompanied by poorer physiological adaptation evident in elevations in hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) hormones such as cortisol and decrements in cellular immune indicators, which could have effects on future health. We present two sets of studies highlighting the rationale, design and major results from randomized trials of group-based cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention in individuals recently undergoing treatment for breast cancer. We review the methodological issues involved in the design of psychosocial interventions for cancer patients in order to test effects on psychological adaptation, physiological adaptation and mediational processes that might explain the effects of the intervention on these outcomes. Over the past decade we developed and tested the effects of a group-based CBSM intervention on psychosocial and physiological adaptation among over 300 women diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer recruited in the midst of their medical treatment. We designed each research study to test the efficacy and mechanisms underlying psychosocial interventions in the context of breast cancer treatment. The CBSM intervention was chosen since it provides training in relaxation, coping skills, and other stress management techniques, in a supportive group. These elements were all deemed optimal for women being treated for breast cancer. In choosing a sample we wanted to include participants who were dealing with a particularly stressful point in their treatment. Therefore these studies recruited women with Stage I to III disease who were then randomized 4 to 8 weeks after surgery to either a 10-week CBSM group or a one-day CBSM seminar and followed across the period of adjuvant therapy to test whether stress management can facilitate psychosocial and physiological adaptation after adjuvant therapy. Assessments were made at baseline, and 6 and 12 months follow-up using indicators of positive and negative psychological adaptation and physiological adaptation. Analyses focused first on establishing the efficacy of the intervention, then testing hypothesized mediators and ultimately using this information to conduct dismantling studies to isolate active ingredients and formulate cost-effective, shorter and more portable versions of the intervention. In a first wave of studies we demonstrated that women randomized to CBSM showed increases in positive adaptation (benefit finding and optimism) and decreases in depression, findings that were most pronounced in women initially presenting with greater degrees of pessimism and depressive symptoms, respectively. This suggested that these forms of intervention are likely to have their greatest psychosocial impact on populations that are in greatest need. These psychological changes were paralleled by decreases in evening serum cortisol levels during the intervention period, and increases in lymphocyte proliferative responses to anti-CD3 (T-cell receptor) challenge up to 3 months after the conclusion of the intervention. The intervention also affected increased T-helper-Type 1 (Th1) cytokine production (g-interferon) by anti-CD3 stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The largest changes in these physiologic measures were observed in women reporting the greatest increase in positive adaptation (benefit finding). In the second wave of studies we recruited women representing a wider range of distress and extended the period of follow-up. Using Latent Growth Modeling analyses these studies showed that women assigned to the 10-wk CBSM intervention showed decreased anxiety symptoms, negative affect, intrusive thoughts about cancer and interpersonal disruption; and increased positive psychosocial adaptational outcomes such as benefit finding, positive affect and positive states of mind up to 9 months after the conclusion of the intervention. Mediational analyses showed that increases in emotional processing and perceived relaxation skills during the intervention accounted for the majority of these psychological outcomes. In sum across these two trials, CBSM modulated several psychosocial adaptation indicators while increases in benefit finding predicted changes in endocrine and immunologic functioning after the intervention. Secondary analyses revealed that women who attended 4 to 6 CBSM sessions showed similar effects to those attending 8 to 10 sessions suggesting that at shorter form of the intervention might be effective. A recently initiated study will dismantle the elements of this multi-modal intervention by comparing the effects of a 5-week relaxation training group, a 5-week cognitive behavioral group, and a 5-week attention control group on similar indices of psychosocial and physiological adaptation in women undergoing treatment for breast cancer. These studies represent a process of testing for intervention effects on psychosocial and physiological indicators during the period of active medical treatment for breast cancer, testing mediational hypotheses during efficacy trials, and then doing dismantling studies where proposed mediators are manipulated experimentally. Throughout many of these studies there was evidence that psychosocial changes during intervention were paralleled by changes in physiological indicators that may have implications for quality of life and physical health over time. Long-term follow-up studies monitoring quality of life and biomarker indicators of diseases activity will test whether these effects are durable and clinically important.


N eg o tatin g C im te C h an g e in C rsis This work by eminent scholars from around the world off ers a provocati ve and deeply insightf ul analysis of 'the politi cs of paralysis and self-destructi on' that have long hindered eff ecti ve and equitable climate policy over the past 20 years. The book is very ti mely, and I hope will help to increase the sense of urgency for a deal that will save the planet and billions of poor people around the world that bear a disproporti onate impact of climate change.


Knowledge management has been hailed as one of the most important developments in the fields of information studies and management science in the recent decades. By capturing, organizing, documenting and sharing organisational knowledge, Knowledge management helps today's complex organisations to make better decisions and solve their problems effectively. As highest centers of learning, universities need to build information infrastructure and create a favourable atmosphere where teaching and non-teaching staff, students, researchers, patrons and other stakeholders can take part in various knowledge management activities. The role of knowledge workers in this regard is quite important. By advocating knowledge discovery and use, knowledge workers can bring about changes in the university's organisational cultures and individual behaviors relative to knowledge. Universities can play a significant role in the building and unhindered development of a knowledge-based society by recruiting skilled and competent knowledge workers and empowering them to manage the knowledge assets effectively. Bangladesh Journal of Library and Information Science Vol.2(1) July 2012 pp.92-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlis.v2i1.12925


An electronic (metal-to-insulator) phase transition of the first order, which can be caused by an external magnetic field, was discovered in Nd1/2Sr1/2MnO3. A clear hysteresis was observed during the increase and decrease of an external magnetic field at a fixed temperature. The hysteretic field region was observed to depend critically on temperature and to drastically expand with a decrease of temperature, perhaps as a result of suppression of the effect of thermal fluctuations on the first-order phase transition. Although it has seldom been observed, this is thought to be a generic feature of the first-order phase transition at low temperatures near 0 kelvin.


Abstract Policy means are shaped not only by policy goals, but also by the groups of actors targeted through policies for change. Yet the importance of targets is not visible in current frameworks describing policy development. The article advances a modified version of Howlett and Cashore's nested model of policy instrument choice that makes explicit the centrality of targets as a bridging step between policy means and ends. It illustrates application of this target-centered framework for comparative policy analysis through three evaluations of transformative environmental policy regimes implemented in the United States, New Zealand, and Germany. Target-centered analysis provides insights into the development of each policy by separating out target and client selection from the goals and means of each policy, and shows how including targets as an explicit step in policy analysis clarifies and extends our understanding of both formulation and reform. In particular, distinguishing the calibration of policy mechanisms from the rules that define which entities are impacted by a given tool reveals patterns by which policymakers tailor interventions in the distribution of burdens and benefits to various social groups.


Major depressive disease is one of the prevalent psychiatry diseases. Its effects on health of patients include desire to commit suicide and resistance to medical treatment. ECT is the most effective method of treatment in this regard. The objective of the study is to compare two anesthesia induction methods of thiopental Sodium and thiopental sodium- midazolam on ECT results in the major depressed patients. The study was conducted as clinical trial research. Sixty major depressed patients needed ECT by approval of psychiatrist were divided into two groups (each containing 30). One group was anaesthetized by thiopental sodium-midazolam, and the other group was anaesthetized by thiopental sodium. The therapeutic response, energy consumed, convulsion duration, and anesthesia and recovery time were evaluated. The independent t-test and Chi-square were used to analyze the data, and SPSS 21 software was used to analyze the output of results. The anesthesia period, recovery time, and Joule given to create convulsion were higher in thiopental sodium- midazolam group (13.70 minutes, 19.73 minutes, 67 Joules, respectively) compared to thiopental sodium group (9.23 minutes, 19.20 minutes, 63 Joules, respectively), but this difference was not statistically significant. The convulsion period in the thiopental sodium (26.03 minutes) group was higher than other group (21.06 minutes), but this difference was not significant (P=0.170). The results show that the reduced dozes of midazolam along with thiopental sodium not only prevent the probability of emergence from anesthesia reactions caused by thiopental sodium, but also leave the minimum effect on convulsion threshold.


Capital structure decisions are vital decisions with great implication for the firm's performance. The general purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between financial performance and capital structure of manufacturing firms listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) which was guided by the following objectives; to determine the extent to which interest coverage ratio affects the return on capital employed by firms, to assess whether the ratio of total debt to total assets impacts the return on capital employed by firms, to examine the relationship between the return on capital employed and the proportions of debt and equity by firms and, to evaluate the impact of long term debt and total capital on a firm's financial performance. This study used descriptive research design with a target population of all the 58 companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange as at August 2013 where a sample size of 9 (nine) companies listed on the manufacturing sector were used. Secondary sources / annual financial reports for the financial years 2007 to 20 II were used in this study to collect data. The study used both descriptive (measure of central tendency) and inferential statistics (correlations and regression) to undertake data analysis. The major findings regarding the study were that there was a statistically significant strong positive relationship between the financial performance (ROCE) of listed manufacturing companies and the interest coverage ratio while there is also a statistically significant negative relationship between financial performance (ROCE) and debt to asset ratio, debt to equity ratio and long term debt to capital ratio. The study recommends that firms should try to operate using little amounts of loans to avoid higher finance costs which could otherwise be used to invest in other profitable ventures for the firm and even if increased liabilities enlarge repayment obligations curtail free cash flow, a right balance between debt and assets should be used to avoid corporate bankruptcies that can be caused by over-investment which reduces the cash flow and also short-term debt financing should be preferred to long-term debt financing because its associated with less agency costs and thus provides the firm with a lower cost of capital unlike long term debt financing. The study suggests further research to be done using interest rates, competition, and firm size as independent variables to determine the relationship between financial performance and capital structure.


The study examines the influence of instructional resources on teacher effectiveness in government-aided secondary schools in Uganda and specifically the extent to which availability and utilization of instructional resources influence teacher effectiveness. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used in which 82 head teachers and 1024 teachers were selected using multistage sampling. Survey, interview, observation and document analysis methods were used to collect data. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and ordered logistic regression, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. The findings suggest that availability and utilization of instructional resources significantly contribute to teacher effectiveness although instructional resources are inadequate and not properly utilized. To enhance teacher effectiveness, the Ministry of Education and Sports (MoES) should continuously train teachers on use and improvising of instructional resources. Government should construct more libraries and science laboratories especially for Universal Secondary Education [USE] schools to promote easy accessibility of textbooks by learners and teachers and practical teaching of science subjects.


SUMMARY To provide an inter-continental overview of the floristics and biogeography of drought-adapted tropical vegetation formations, we compiled a dataset of inventory plots in South America (n=93), Africa (n=84), and Asia (n=92) from savannas (subject to fire), seasonally dry tropical forests (not generally subject to fire), and moist forests (no fire). We analysed floristic similarity across vegetation formations within and between continents. Our dataset strongly suggests that different formations tend to be strongly clustered floristically by continent, and that among continents, superficially similar vegetation formations (e.g. savannas) are floristically highly dissimilar. Neotropical moist forest, savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest are floristically distinct, but elsewhere there is no clear floristic division of savanna and seasonally dry tropical forest, though moist and dry formations are separate. We suggest that because of their propensity to burn, many formations termed "dry forest" in Africa and Asia are best considered as savannas. The floristic differentiation of similar vegetation formations from different continents suggests that cross-continental generalisations of the ecology, biology and conservation of savannas and seasonally dry tropical forests may be difficult.


Accurate and reliable analysis of polymers by GPC is vital in the field of controlled radical polymerisation. Often, water-soluble polymers are analysed by aqueous gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in a solvent containing dilute sodium azide as an anti-microbial agent. Previous reports have shown that sodium azide at high concentration is able to remove terminal CTA groups from polymer chains, producing thiol-terminated polymers. This study demonstrates that GPC sample preparation of RAFT polymers in aqueous solvents containing dilute (200 ppm) sodium azide can cause significant changes in the measured molecular weight distribution. These changes occur within hours of dissolving the polymer sample and are shown to be due to cleavage of the CTA in the polymer chain together with disulfide coupling of the resulting polymeric thiols. The extent to which this occurs is strongly dependent on the CTA attached to the polymer; an almost 10-fold difference in the rate of CTA removal is observed between different RAFT agents. The by-product of the reaction between sodium azide and RAFT polymers is also investigated and shown to be an unstable thiatriazole-functionalised Z group. The thiatriazole then degrades further to form a nitrile-functionalised Z group, N2 and elemental sulfur.


The authors examine data from 21 random assignment evaluations of 76 experimental welfare-to-work programs conducted in the United States between 1983 and 1998 to determine whether the impacts of these programs on employment improved over time. Welfare-to-work programs have long played an important role in the federal assistance program known as Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), now called Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF). Over the 16-year period covered by the experiments, an increasing percentage of control group members received services similar to those offered to program group members. As a result, the differential participation in program service activities between the program and the control group decreased steadily over time, reducing the impact of these programs on employment. The negative influence of the reduced incremental services was nevertheless offset by other factors that resulted in program impacts remaining essentially constant during the study period. The authors suggest ways to improve program impacts in future experiments.


The US Bureau of Mines has designed and evaluated total mill ventilation systems at two different mineral processing operations. Both systems have proven very effective at reducing respirable dust levels throughout the mill in a cost-effective manner. A 25,500-cfm system installed at a clay processing mill provided approximately 10 air changes per hour. This system reduced respirable dust concentrations by approximately 40% throughout the mill building. The second evaluation was performed at a silica sand operation. Test were performed with 50,000 and 100,000 cfm of ventilation to the mill building, corresponding to 17 and 34 air changes per hour. Average mill-wide respirable dust reductions were 36 and 64%, respectively. Not only did these systems reduce respirable dust concentrations and increase visibility throughout the mills, they were also easy to install and required minimal maintenance. A total mill ventilation system provides a general purging of the mill air; the system should be viewed as a supplemental technique to assist other dust control systems in operations.


We propose a framework to analyze coalition formation with heterogeneous agents. Existing literature defines stability conditions that do not ensure that, once an agent decides to sign an agreement, the enlarged coalition is feasible. Defining the concepts of refraction and exchanging, we set up conditions of existence and enlargement of a coalition with heterogeneous agents. We use the concept of exchanging agents to give necessary conditions for internal stability and show that refraction is a sufficient condition for the failure of an enlargement of the coalition. With heterogeneous agents we can get a situation where a group of members of an unstable coalition does not deviate, neither within the coalition nor within the extended coalition. Hence, the possibilities of agreement are richer than in the standard analysis with homogeneous agents. Examples of industrial economics are used for illustration, and an application to climate change negotiations is discussed in more detail.


I read with great interest the article titled ''No CerebroCervical Venous Congestion in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis'' by Doepp and colleagues, which challenges the findings of Zamboni and colleagues regarding chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. The findings of the study challenge the work of Zamboni and colleagues, particularly with regard to the detection of venous reflux in MS patients. I cannot agree with the main conclusion of the article; namely, that the cerebral venous characteristics of MS patients are essentially no different from that of healthy controls. The results of the study do not support this conclusion. Instead, they strongly suggest that MS is associated with some form of cerebral venous abnormality. The results of the study clearly show that when upright, the average flow (318ml/minute) through the internal jugular veins (IJVs) of the MS patients was over twice that in the control group (123ml/ minute). This finding was strongly significant (p < 0.001). Indeed, it appears to be the only statistically significant finding of the study. In order to understand the full implications of the physiological data presented, it is necessary to undertake a hydrodynamic analysis of the results, something that Doepp and colleagues appear to have neglected. Without such analysis, it is all too easy to misinterpret the results. Analysis of the data reveals that when the MS patients were upright, the blood flow rate through the IJVs was 2.5 times greater than that of the healthy controls, despite the fact that the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the IJVs was no greater. Hydrodynamically, this is a highly unusual situation, which raises some interesting questions. Given that the blood flow through the vertebral veins (VVs) in both cohorts was broadly similar, why then should a much greater proportion of the blood draining from the brain in the MS patients choose to flow through the IJVs rather than through other extrajugular pathways? The only plausible answer to this question is that, for some unknown reason, the resistance of the other extrajugular venous pathways must have greatly increased in the MS patients. This can be easily illustrated if one simplifies the extracranial venous network as shown in the Figure. In the Figure, Qt represents the total blood flow rate from the brain; Rijv and Qijv represent the resistance and flow rate through the IJVs; Rvv and Qvv represent the resistance and flow rate through the VVs; Rop and Qop represent the resistance and flow rate through other venous pathways; and DP represents the pressure drop across the whole system. Throughout the system the relationship between the variables is governed by the general equation: Q 1⁄4 DP R (1)


Kostas Raptis, Middle classes and middle class culture in Europe, 1789-1914: approaches in modern historiography The history of the european middle classes from the late 18th to theearly 20th century is a very wide topic and relates to economic, social,political, gender and culture history. This essay gives a brief overviewof the main subjects regarding it. It draws mainly on (pioneer) germanspeaking,but also on english and french literature. Following the currentdebate, it points to the different social and economic groups making upthe so called ((Burgertum», to their common characteristics, as well astheir specific culture, the ((Burgerlichkeit)).More specifically this paper is concerned with the followin subjects:— the composition of the «Burgertum» and the features of its maingroups (professionals, bourgeois of money and bourgeois of knowledge)— the relevant terminology in german, french and english language— the comparison between upper middle class and nobility— the social position and role of the lowermiddle classes— the relation of the bourgeoisie to liberalism and nationalism— the study of the history of the middle classes in the specific contextof a town or a city (as an urban phenomenon)— the position and role of middle class women in a bourgeois society— the middle class family— the bourgeois way of life and culture in general


We analyze school attrition among youth in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand. We find that family investments in schooling are shaped by both household and local community contexts. There is an enrollment advantage for girls across different households and communities. We find that youth whose mothers have migrated and youth in immigrant households are at greater risk of leaving school. Attrition is negatively associated with household educational and economic resources. The local labor market, especially the supply of professional and managerial work, positively affects family investment in children's education. For girls, but not boys, the odds of leaving school are lower in communities dominated by manufacturing and services occupations, which disproportionately employ young women. Our findings highlight the obstacles to achieving universal secondary schooling completion in societies characterized both by entrenched inequalities as well as new inequalities brought about by uneven development, feminization of labor, migration, and other processes related to globalization.


Several substances have been found to inhibit some actions of prostaglandins. Three principal types have shown characteristics of specific, competitive prostaglandin antagonism. These are dibenzoxazepine derivatives (especially SC-19220), 7-oxa-prostaglandin analogs (especially 7-oxa-13-prostynoic acid), and phosphorylated polymers of phloretin (especially polyphloretin phosphate). As more is learned about prostaglandins, more evidence is accumulating that they may be involved in certain pathological conditions. This has led to suggestions that prostaglandin antagonists may be useful therapeutic agents for treating conditions such as habitual abortion, premature labor, diarrhea, cerebral vasospasm, fever, bone resorption, sickle cell anemia, obstructive lung diseases, inflammation, uveitis, and glaucoma. No proved therapeutic utility has been established for prostaglandin antagonists, but research in animals has indicated that some of the suggested uses may be practical.


Effective Hamiltonian theory has previously been applied in a quantum mechanical framework, where the computational savings resulted from the reduced number of coupled equations. The present paper shows how effective Hamiltonian theory can be combined with classical S‐matrix theory. In this case the computational difficulty is reduced by lowering the number of degrees of freedom that must be semiclassically ''quantized'' via root‐searching techniques. It is shown, for example, that a full classical S‐matrix calculation for collisions of two rigid diatoms would require root searches in a four‐dimensional space while an effective potential calculation would need only two‐dimensional root searches. This can represent a substantial decrease in computational effort. A modified effective potential and the centrifugal decoupling method are formulated for application to classical S‐matrix theory. Also included is a description of the rotational coordinates and momenta needed for the semiclassical treatment of an arbitrary, nonreactive bimolecular collision.


It is well-known that stochastic gradient noise (SGN) acts as implicit regularization for deep learning and is essentially important for both optimization and generalization of deep networks. Some works attempted to artificially simulate SGN by injecting random noise to improve deep learning. However, it turned out that the injected simple random noise cannot work as well as SGN, which is anisotropic and parameter-dependent. For simulating SGN at low computational costs and without changing the learning rate or batch size, we propose the Positive-Negative Momentum (PNM) approach that is a powerful alternative to conventional Momentum in classic optimizers. The introduced PNM method maintains two approximate independent momentum terms. Then, we can control the magnitude of SGN explicitly by adjusting the momentum difference. We theoretically prove the convergence guarantee and the generalization advantage of PNM over Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). By incorporating PNM into the two conventional optimizers, SGD with Momentum and Adam, our extensive experiments empirically verified the significant advantage of the PNM-based variants over the corresponding conventional Momentum-based optimizers.


Background First-aid is a recommended injury prevention and risk management strategy in community sport; however, little is known about the sport-specific competencies required by first-aid providers. Objective To achieve expert consensus on the competencies required by community Australian Football (community-AF) sports trainers. Study design A three-round online Delphi process. Setting Community-AF. Participants 16 Australian sports first-aid and community-AF experts. Outcome measures Rating of competencies as either 'essential', 'expected', 'ideal' or 'not required'. Results After Round 3, 47 of the 77 (61%) competencies were endorsed as 'essential' or 'expected' for a sports trainer to effectively perform the activities required to the standards expected at a community-AF club by ≥75% of experts. These competencies covered: the role of the sports trainer; the responsibilities of the sports trainer; emergency management; injury and illness assessment and immediate management; taping; and injury prevention and risk management. Four competencies (5%) were endorsed as 'ideal' or 'not required' by ≥85% of experts and were excluded from further consideration. The 26 competencies where consensus was not reached were retained as second-tier, optional competencies. Conclusions Sports trainers are important members of on-field first-aid teams, providing support to both injured players and other sports medicine professionals. The competencies identified in this study provide the basis of a proposed two-tiered community-AF–specific sports trainer education structure that can be implemented by the peak sports body. This includes six mandatory modules, relating to the 'required' competencies, and a further six optional modules covering competencies on which consensus was not reached.


In realistic decision problems there is more often than not uncertainty in the background information. As for representation of uncertain or imprecise probability values, second-order probability, i.e. probability distributions over probabilities, oers an option. With a subjective view of probability second-order probability would seem to be impractical since it is hard for a person to construct a second-order distribution that reects his or her beliefs. From the perspective of probability as relative frequency the task of constructing or updating a second-order probability distribution from data is somewhat easier. Here a very simple model for updating lower bounds of probabilities is employed. But the diculties in choosing second-order distributions may be further alleviated if structural properties are considered. Either some of the probability values are dependent in some way, e.g. that they are known to be almost equal, or they are not dependent in any other way than what follows from that the values sum to one. In this work we present the unique family of discrete second-order probability distributions that correspond to the case where dependence is limited. These distributions are shown to have the property that the joint distributions are equal to normalised products of marginal distributions. The distribution family introduced here is a generalisation of a special case of the multivariate P olya distribution and is shown to be conjugate prior to a compound hypergeometric distribution.


Ultralong distance coupling between two deformed circular microcavities (DCMs) is studied. Different from traditional short distance tunneling coupling between microcavities, highly efficient free-space directional emission and excitation allow ultralong distance energy transfer between DCMs. In this paper, a novel unidirectional emission DCM, which shows directionality I40=0.54, is designed for materials of refractive index n=2.0. Compared with circular whispering gallery microcavities, the coupled unidirectional emission DCMs show modulations of resonance frequency even when the distance between cavities is much longer than wavelength. Also, the performance and properties of the ultralong distance interaction between DCMs are analyzed and studied by coupling mode theory in detail. The ultralong distance interaction between DCMs provides a new path to free-space-based optical interconnects between components in integrated photonic circuits.


EthicsLast summer, Senator Charles Grassley (R–IA) accused a Stanford psychiatrist of concealing from his university that he held stock in a company he'd co-founded worth $6 million. Grassley's efforts to clean up what he sees as a corrupt enterprise have targeted nearly a dozen researchers to date. As part of his probe, Grassley has homed in on an overlooked trouble spot: federal rules requiring that institutions track and "manage" faculty members' industry ties. NIH is now contemplating the first major overhaul of these rules in nearly 15 years. It has solicited public comments on a variety of issues—the deadline for responses is next week—as a prelude to proposing tighter regulations. The end result is expected to vastly expand the information that faculty—both basic and clinical—must report to their institutions and to NIH.


i ABSTRACT Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play a crucial role in several developmental and physiological processes in plant life, including responses to different biotic and abiotic stresses. Expression of the barley HvMAPK4 gene is known to be upregulated after the infection by the blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, thus in order to investigate the role of this gene in barley pathogen defence mechanism, different transgenic barley lines have been generated that have either a constitutive expression of HvMAPK4 or down regulation of HvMAPK4 by means of an antisense strategy. Both HvMAPK4 overexpression and antisense lines were challenged with the blast pathogen, as well as barley wildtype and transgenic line with the empty binary vector (pWBVec.8) as controls. The results showed enhanced disease resistance in antisense lines compared to overexpression lines and controls. The level of resistance in antisense lines was accompanied by an elevated level of endogenous salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide after infection. Enhanced expression of pathogenesis-related protein (PR1) post-inoculation was seen in these lines along with a significant reduction in catalase activity. The opposite was found in HvMAPK4 overexpression plants which produced lower amounts of salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide and showed elevated production of ethylene and an increase in catalase activity in response to the pathogen. The level of jasmonic acid was found to be elevated in these lines, even in the absence of biotic stress. These results suggest that the barley MAPK (HvMAPK4) acts as a negative regulator in barley resistance to the hemibiotrophic pathogen M. oryzae, and may act by regulating salicylic acid levels in the plant. HvMAPK4 is also a positive regulator of jasmonic acid and ethylene production, important compounds in the plant response to wounding and necrotrophic pathogen.


As the author of The Premature Baby Book (St Martin's Press, 1983), I have received hundreds of letters and telephone calls over the past decade from parents of babies treated in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Many of these parents express unqualified gratitude for the skilled staff and new technologies that saved the lives of their children. Others, however, voice concern, even anguish, over the way they and their babies were treated in the NICU. These parents tell of difficulties obtaining accurate information about their babies' conditions, treatments, and prognoses; of parental exclusion from medical and ethical decision-making; of the overtreatment of marginally viable babies and the undertreatment of babies' pain; of concerns about the relentless nursery environment and the use of poorly validated therapies; of unnecessary impediments to the nursing and nurturing of babies in the NICU; and of frustration over inadequate discharge planning, follow-up, and services for NICU survivors.4-16
 In 1991 I sent some letters and articles that I had received from these parents to Dr Jerold Lucey, Editor of Pediatrics. Dr Lucey immediately proposed that the two of us convene a conference in which a small group of parents and physicians could discuss the problems described by parents and explore possible solutions.
 At Dr Lucey's request, I assembled a group of articulate parents who were knowledgeable about the NICU from personal experience and from their work in support organizations, disability rights groups, and hospital ethics committees. Because I wanted a group that would be sympathetic to the concerns of medical professionals, I made an effort to choose parents with a background in health care or with a spouse or close family member in the medical profession.


In this study, I set out to develop a novel method of assaying acyl-CoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity employing a fluorescently labeled substrate, and then using that protocol to determine the effects of ethanol-induced stress on DGAT activity in Chlorella species. Microsomes from Chlorella sp. were used to construct protein and time curves to characterize the method in microalgae. Microsomes from Rattus liver were used to construct a substrate concentration curve and a Lineweaver-Burk plot to characterize the method in mammalian tissue. Optimal reaction conditions were determined to be 10 ?g microsomal protein with 20 min incubation. The mammalian microsomes provided a Km of 6.26 ?M substrate concentration and a Vmax of 0.211 pmol product x min-1 x ?g protein-1. This method represents the first fluorescence based DGAT assay. Chlorella sp. cultures were exposed to 0.33%, 0.66%, and 1.00% ethanol concentrations for 3 hr, and the DGAT activity assayed under optimal conditions. Increases in DGAT activity were observed in all cultures exposed to ethanol with a maximum seen at 0.66% concentration. These results have implications towards improving biodiesel production in mass algal cultures.


Abstract Endometriosis is a common monoclonal benign proliferative disorder that may give rise to pelvic malignancy. Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is responsible for a large proportion of gynaecological cancer-associated deaths. Early diagnosis is difficult and screening is generally unsuccessful. Knowledge of the risk factors for the development of endometriosis and progression to malignancy may assist in identifying women at risk of developing endometriosis-related neoplasia. The associations between infertility, endometriosis and the development of cancer are reviewed in this article. Proliferative growth, metaplasia, hyperplasia and atypia are identified as proliferative disorders in endometriosis and atypia is considered a premalignant lesion. Several endometriosis-related pelvic malignancies have been described, and these all develop from the multipotent Mullerian cell differentiating into epithelial and/or stromal components. The probable histological type depends on the site of the endometriotic lesion and the population group. Cytogenetic and specific gene alterations that are involved in the carcinogenetic process are described briefly and these may help to predict risk of malignancy or to confirm histological subtype. The importance of endometriosis as a precursor of ovarian and related malignancies was probably seriously underestimated in the past. Advances in molecular testing, histology and our understanding of oncogenesis may empower us to help prevent these devastating diseases.


There has been a lot of interest in recent years in the problems faced by cryptosystems due to side channel attacks. Algorithms for elliptic curve point scalar multiplication such as the double and add method are prone to such attacks. By making use of special addition chains, it is possible to implement a simple power analysis (SPA) resistant cryptosystem. In this paper a reconfigurable architecture for a cryptographic processor is presented. A SPA resistant algorithm for point multiplication is implemented and is shown to be faster than the double-and-add method. Post place and route results for the processor are given


Since the treatment of infections with antibiotics, Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to antimicrobial agents. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) contributes significantly to the healthcare burden of both hospital and community infections. Investigation into the resistance mechanism and their inhibition has the potential to increase the effectiveness in treating infection. It is hypothesized that the diversity of compounds and efficacy found in complex natural product extracts would lead to active leads that inhibit bacterial resistance. Using synergistic activity testing as a guide to a fractionation process, 3 flavonoids (8-desmethyl-sideroxylin, sideroxylin, and 6-desmethyl-sideroxlyn) were identified as synergists within a Hydrastis canadensis extract. These compounds were further characterized as efflux pump inhibitors using fluorescence in real-time and under confocal microscopy. In addition to disrupting efflux, the ability of S. aureus to cause disease was investigated. By detecting auto-inducing peptide I (AIP I), a direct product in the activation of this pathway, inhibition via natural products could be determined. Disruption in the intercellular communication via the Agr quorum sensing pathway in MRSA was observed in a Penicillium fungus and in H. canadensis. This quorum sensing inhibition (quorum quenching) limits virulence and toxin production making it easier for the host to manage infection.


The protooncogene c-kit encodes a i\ rosine- kinase with a molecular weight of 145,000, highly related to the platelet derived growth factor/ colony stimulating factor receptors. Mutations of the murine gene result in impairment of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and of the melanocyte cell lineage. In order to elucidate c-kit functions in development and oncogenesis we have analyzed immunohistochemically its expression in human normal and transformed nonlymphoid tissues. The receptor has been detected in spermatogonia, melanocytes, and unexpectedly, in astrocytes, renal tubules, parotid cells, thyrocytes, and breast epithelium. While the gene product is expressed in seminoma, lung tumors, and melanoma of low invasiveness, no detectable levels have been detected in thyroid and breast carcinomas, astrocytomas, and invasive melanomas. In breast tumors these findings were confirmed by paired. Northern blot analysis of RNA preparations from normal and transformed tissue. The present results demonstrate that the c-kit receptor plays a role in the development of a larger spectrum of cell lineages. Furthermore, on the basis of the transformation associated changes, we speculate that, while in some cell types, c-kit expression positively regulates mitogenesis and is selected for in neoplastic transformation, in other tissues the c-kit pathway is involved in morphogenesis and differentiation and is, there fore, negatively selected in the course of tumor progression.


This is the manifesto of Dagstuhl Perspectives Workshop 12182 on a multi-discipline perspective on networks. The information society is shaped by an increasing presence of networks in various manifestations, most notably computer networks, supply-chain networks, and social networks, but also business networks, administrative networks, or political networks. Online networks nowadays connect people all around the world at day and night, and allow to communicate and to work collaboratively and efficiently. What has been a commodity in the private as well as in the enterprise sectors independently for quite some time now is currently growing together at an increasing pace. As a consequence, the time has come for the relevant sciences, including computer science, information systems, social sciences, economics, communication sciences, and others, to give up their traditional "silo-style" thinking and enter into borderless dialogue and interaction. The purpose of this Manifesto is to review where we stand today, and to outline directions in which we urgently need to move, in terms of both research and teaching, but also in terms of funding. Perspectives Workshop 02.–04. May, 2012 – www.dagstuhl.de/12182 1998 ACM Subject Classification A.0 General, A.2 Reference, H. Information Systems, J.4 Social and Behavioral Sciences, K.4 Computers and Society


A detailed knowledge of the behaviour and reproduction of any
exotic species of mammal plays an important role in the successful
maintenance and breeding of that species in captivity. Data from
the field are particularly important in evaluating results in
captivity. Where complete field data are not available, problems
arising in captivity can only be assessed by taking successfully
breeding individuals as the norm and using them as a guideline
when studying reproductive problems.
This study has been designed to establish the reproductive
parameters of the lesser mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, using
data from the field and successfully breeding individuals to this
end. Aberrations arising in captivity were examined and an attempt
was made to identify their causes.
During the course of this study data have been collected on
the annual variations of behavioural and physiological parameters.
Information on male and female reproductive physiology has been
collected and hormone assays have been conducted on urine samples
from oestrous, pregnant and non-pregnant females. Data on infant
birth-weight and development have also been recorded. Special
attention has been paid to reproductive behaviour, particularly
birth and maternal care. In addition, a study has been made of
social behaviour and communication. The relationship between
social behaviour, status and reproductive success has been
examined.
Having established the "normal" condition it was possible to
examine deviations from this norm. Under certain circumstances
environmental stimulation was observed to either stimulate or
suppress reproduction. Suppression of reproduction is discussed
in the light of physical and social environmental influences.
Data on pathology have also been collected and adrenal weight
and histology recorded. An attempt has been made to integrate post-mortem findings with observations on reproduction and
behaviour.
The normative data collected in this study are discussed in
terms of their adaptive significance and the deviations from the
normal condition are viewed in terms of stress. An attempt is
then made to indicate the positive influence which this and similar
studies could have on captive animal management.


Landfill leachate arises when water percolates through a landfill. The degree and type of pollution is dependent on the content of the landfill but also on a range of other factors, including the age of the landfill and the landfilling technique. In recent years, concerns about potentially hazardous compounds in landfill leachate have stimulated research into on-site treatment. Examples of new techniques for treatment are the sequent batch reactor technique (SBR), wetland systems and different forms of filter solutions.Lilla Nyby landfill is the municipal landfill in Eskilstuna, Sweden. Leachate streams have been found on site that are weaker than the main stream. One of these has been investigated in the present study. It contains heavy metals, especially zinc, copper and nickel, in concentrations which require treatment. Low strength landfill leachate streams require special treatment. There are various reasons for this, but examples can be geological reasons or dilution problems in the treatment facility for the main leachate.The technique chosen for the leachate stream, reactive filters, is rather new and few pilot scale experiments have been conducted. Therefore many questions still remain concerning the applicability of the method on site, and there was a need for more experimental data. Previous research has shown that many industrial by-products may be suitable to capture metals from leachate. Among the materials previously recommended, blast furnace slag and pine bark had advantages which were well suited for the present application. They were also available in large quantities near the site. A column experiment was set up at the landfill and three filter materials were chosen; pine bark and two types of blast furnace slag. In addition, one of the columns was filled with sand as a reference. As a complement to the column study, laboratory experiments were conducted at Malardalen University. The aim of the laboratory experiments was to investigate factors that might limit metal retention by the filter materials. Different concentrations and contact times were tested as well as the presence of other substances (i.e. metals and organic carbon).The results from the first laboratory experiments (initial metal concentration, competing metal ions and contact time) and the on-site column study were contradictory. Metal uptake in the laboratory was very efficient, as has also been found by other researchers. On-site, many factors influenced sorption and uptake was very unstable, especially for the slags. It was found that pine bark is more effective and stable than the slags with respect to metal retention, especially at low concentrations. The contact time between the substrate and metals is important for effective retention. The final experiment, showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can greatly inhibit metal retention. To further develop reactive filter technology, a method to reduce the DOC content may be necessary.In contrast to what has been previously assumed, leaching of COD from the pine bark column at Lilla Nyby landfill was negligible. Finally, some suggestions for future work on reactive filter technology are made. For instance, it could be interesting to develop an alternative technique for filtration. Packed columns have been addressed with a series of problems, related to hydraulic parameters. By using fluidised reactors, a comparison with batch experiments becomes possible.


An alternating schedule of supply and non-supply adopted in intermittent water distribution systems increases the likelihood of microbial water quality deterioration, as compared to a schedule of continuous supply. Maintaining adequate levels of chlorine in water is the most common remedial strategy adopted to minimize this problem. Thus, it is imperative to understand the kinetics governing the reactions of chlorine with microbial contaminants to optimize the chlorine dosage at the dosing locations. Previous related kinetic studies focused only on controlled experiments with pure microbial cultures in chlorinated water samples. This study addresses uncontrolled contamination caused by sewage intrusion, which is a common problem in developing countries. Uncontrolled contamination is experimentally simulated by adding sewage samples to chlorinated tap water samples. The reaction kinetics is investigated by periodic monitoring of the variability in chlorine and microbial colony counts. A multi-phase kinetic model is found to fi t the resulting data. The fi t of the model predictions is tested through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The proposed model explains the reaction kinetics of chlorine disappearance with less than 5% error. The developed model could be applied to determine optimal chlorine dosages in drinking water distribution systems.


[1] This study focuses on the development of a new approach to retrieve aerosol properties over land, based on the use of multispectral polarized measurements (0.67–2.2 μm). We use the measurements of the airborne MICROPOL polarimeter during regional aircraft field experiments located in France and dedicated to the study of aerosol (pollutant and mineral dust particles) and surface properties. We have developed a multiband polarization algorithm (MBP) and compared the retrievals with both a path radiance algorithm and Sun photometer data. It is shown that surface polarized reflectance exhibits only a small spectral variation for forward scattering geometries (3% on average, 15–20% for a single view and scattering angle < 110°). The atmospheric contribution at 2.2 μm is small for aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) up to 0.15 at 0.67 μm and can be accounted for in the retrieval of surface properties. The 2.2 μm channel therefore enables us to accurately derive the surface polarization in the shorter MICROPOL bands. For the observations we have made, the surface model developed for the analysis of the Polarization and Directionality of the Earth Reflectance (POLDER) measurements overestimates surface polarization from a few to fifty percents. This leads to AOT underestimation by a factor two. For the pollutant aerosol cases (0.065 < AOT < 0.20), the MBP approach retrieves AOT with an accuracy of 0.03, over both natural and urban surfaces. However, this method remains only weakly sensitive to coarse mode particles and fails when dust particles associated with large AOTs (0.5) are considered.


QUESTION UNDER STUDY
Anticoagulation therapy is routinely used in cases of non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). The most commonly used drug in such events is enoxaparin, a low molecular weight heparin. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, is as effective as enoxaparin in terms of survival or residual angina pectoris and significantly reduces bleeding complications. The purpose of this study was to assess the magnitude of cost reductions if enoxaparin were replaced by fondaparinux in Switzerland.

METHODS
Costs of hospital stay for NSTE-ACS with or without bleeding complications at the Geneva University Hospitals were determined for patients admitted between July 1st, 2007 and June 30th, 2008. These costs were applied to subjects recruited in the AMIS Plus registry, which gathers information on ACS in Swiss hospitals, using three scenarios. Firstly, using the baseline incidence of bleeding episodes observed in the AMIS plus registry. Secondly, using the baseline incidence of haemorrhagic episodes observed in the Geneva University Hospitals sample and thirdly, using the incidence of haemorrhagic episodes observed in the OASIS-5 study. These results and costs were then extrapolated to the national level.

RESULTS
At the Swiss national level, replacement of enoxaparin by fondaparinux would generate annual savings ranging from 854,000 Swiss Francs (scenario 1) to 3,400,000 Swiss Francs (scenario 2) and 2,845,000 Swiss Francs (scenario 3). Estimated savings accounted for 55 to 63% of total hospital costs.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of fondaparinux instead of enoxaparin in patients with NSTE-ACS could yield substantial savings at the local as well as the national level in Switzerland.


As in previous columns, we are continuing to review the objectives andmeasures forModified Stage 2Meaningful Use set forth from 2015 through 2017 (Table). It is imperative that you read each objective, specific measure(s), exclusions, and/or specifications and carefully examine the details as some of the Alternate Exclusions pertain to the previous calendar year 2015. As the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services states, beginning this calendar year 2016, the electronic health record (EHR) reporting period must be completed within January 1 and December 31 of the calendar year. Eligible professionals, eligible hospitals, and critical access hospitals that are new participants in the program would have an EHR reporting period of any continuous 90-day period between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2016. For all returning participants, however, the EHR reporting period would be a full calendar year from January 1, 2016, through December 31, 2016. Best of luck as you focus on diligent documenting and strategic workflows!&


The seismic evaluation of large structures, such as bridges, requires a comprehensive framework for managing the data. An evaluation typically involves the dynamic analysis of a number of different models to many ground motion records, and an comparison of computed demands (from the analyses) with capacity estimates for various limit states of behavior. To aid in the evaluation of bridge structures, a database has been designed and implemented to store and manage information about: the structural models and loads, including ground motion records; computed responses from nonlinear dynamic analysis of the models; and the demand-to-capacity ratios for limit states defined for the members, connections, and components of the structure. The database was designed using the entity-relationship methodology. The design of the database is documented using entity-relationship diagrams and the EXPRESS language. The EXPRESS code was automatically translated to a schema definition in SQL for a relational database. Several examples showing the use of the database for seismic evaluation of a bridge demonstrate the utility of database technology for managing the large amount of data in a thorough seismic evaluation of a structure.


Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains the second leading cause of death in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation recipients, highlighting the need for improved preventative strategies. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated in an experimental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model that bendamustine combined with total body irradiation (BEN+TBI) is a safer alternative to cyclophosphamide with TBI (CY+TBI). The biological mechanisms of action of BEN have not been fully elucidated and likely involve multiple cell populations. Host dendritic cells (DCs) can prime naïve donor T-cells immediately following transplantation, making host DCs critical for the initiation phase of GvHD. We hypothesized that BEN+TBI conditioning favorably alters host DC composition to reduce GvHD. We demonstrate that host DCs treated with BEN+TBI induce less allogeneic T-cell proliferation than those conditioned with CY+TBI. We further show that BEN+TBI conditioning results in greater total numbers of all host DC subsets but with a more favorable composition compared to CY+TBI with significantly larger proportions of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1), a highly regulatory DC subset capable of suppressing GvHD. Our studies using recipient Batf3 KO mice indicate that CD8α+ cDC1s are largely dispensable for the reduced GvHD following BEN+TBI conditioning. We found a higher frequency of host pre-cDC1s with BEN+TBI conditioning in both wild-type (WT) and Batf3 KO mice, which was inversely associated with GvHD. Additionally, we observed that BEN treatment results in greater expression of Flt3 receptor (CD135) on host DCs compared to CY, potentially contributing to the skewing of host DCs toward cDC1s. Further, BEN+TBI conditioning results in host cDCs with greater expression of PIR-B, an inhibitory receptor capable of preventing lethal GvHD. We conclude that BEN+TBI is a safer alternative to CY+TBI, resulting in a greater frequency of host pre-cDC1s and limiting GvHD.


California regulatory agencies such as the California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) and state energy policy and planning agencies such as the California Energy Commission (CEC) are continuing to launch a broad range of smart grid initiatives. Smart Grid refers to a nationwide modernization of the electric grid with design features meant to enhance security of U.S. energy infrastructure and help ensure reliable electricity delivery in the face of growing electrical energy demand [1]. The CPUC is tasked with adopting standards and protocols applicable to power delivery in general and to assist in the development of deployment plans for investor owned utilities (IOUs) in this emerging smart grid arena. Over many months the CPUC held numerous public workshops and garnered feedback from as wide an audience as possible so that a set of metrics can be created that specifically addresses a measureable smart grid. These proposed metrics must clearly show the rate payers the value of the smart grid in terms of utility rates, system reliability, environmental sustainability, and social justice across issues of income, race, geographic location, and other perceived needs. This paper presents a generalized view of the need for metrics and introduces some of the required details of Smart Grid metrics.


Abstract Poly(ethylene oxides) (PEOs) with sulphonate groups attached at both chain ends (S-PEOs) were strongly adsorbed by dispersed Na- and Ca-montmorillonite particles. The amounts adsorbed were very similar to those of cationic end-capped poly(ethylene oxides). In both cases bilayers of PEO chains were intercalated so that the basal spacing of the particles reached the same plateau values of ~1.73 nm. In contrast, the influence of anionic PEOs on the colloidal behaviour of the Na- and Ca-montmorillonite dispersions was very different from the effect of the cationic PEOs. The shorter chain S-PEOs (S-PEO 1500, 4000) destabilized the Na-montmorillonite dispersions by coagulation due to the Na+ ions introduced as counterions to the S-PEOs. The longer chain S-PEO 20000 and S-PEO 35000 did not coagulate the Na-montmorillonite sols because the corresponding Na+ concentration did not reach the critical coagulation value. The slightly enhanced salt tolerance indicated that the long-chain PEOs exerted a weak steric stabilization. In contrast, bridging of the particles by S-PEO molecules and Ca2+ ions played an important role in destabilizing the Ca-montmorillonite dispersions in the form of flocs and formation of gels.


Flip-sort is a natural sorting procedure which raises fascinating combinatorial questions. It finds its roots in the seminal work of Knuth on stack-based sorting algorithms and leads to many links with permutation patterns. We present several structural, enumerative, and algorithmic results on permutations that need few (resp. many) iterations of this procedure to be sorted. In particular, we give the shape of the permutations after one iteration, and characterize several families of permutations related to the best and worst cases of flip-sort. En passant, we also give some links between pop-stack sorting, automata, and lattice paths, and introduce several tactics of bijective proofs which have their own interest.


The single flying capacitor converter (SFCC) is a two-quadrant power supply for energy storage and transfer system. It has applications in nuclear research and pulsed power systems in which superconductive coils are used in superconductive magnets. The authors derive analytical expressions for the time-averaged behavior of the SFCC by using the state-space averaging technique. Useful expressions are found for the average behavior of the SFCC. The results can be used in the design, control, and optimum operation of the system.<<ETX>>


Family, Self, and Society: Toward a New Agenda for Family Research. Philip A. Cowan, Dorothy Field, Donald A. Hansen, Arlene Skolnick, & Guy E. Swanson (Eds.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1993. 502 pp. Hardcover ISBN 0-8058-0999-6. $89.95.
This edited book represents the efforts of an interdisciplinary group of family scientists to consider the current state of family theory and research and to suggest future directions. The book contains four parts, which focus on conceptual models, research on children and nuclear families, research on older adults and their families, and the use of case studies, respectively. A concluding chapter by the editors describes issues that should be addressed in formulating a research agenda for the next decade.


This research aimed to study the influence of competence management on human resources policies, i.e., recruitment, assessment, training, remuneration, and career management. To this end, an empirical study was conducted via a questionnaire among 124 Tunisian companies. We tested the research hypotheses through linear regression analysis. The results confirm that competence management has a positive influence on human resources policies. The present work provides managers with a useful measurement instrument that can be used in examining human resource policies in their companies to upgrade and improve their employees' competencies.


Generalized linear Bayesian (GLBM) non-hierarchical and hierarchical models were developed for standardization of catch per unit effort (CPUE). The GLBM containing the covariates of month, latitude, sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea level height (SLH) had the best fit for the Chinese squid-jigging fishery of Ommastrephes bartramii in the northwest Pacific Ocean based on deviance information criteria. This best-fitting model tends to be more ecologically sound than other CPUE standardization models, such as generalized linear models and generalized additive models. GLBM was also used to deal with the problems of estimating stock abundance index (i.e. standardized CPUE) resulting from increased spatial heterogeneity of spatial dynamics of fishing efforts in the squid fishery by predicting the standardized CPUE for unfished areas. The standardized CPUE based on data including predicted CPUE of unfished areas was lower than the derived CPUE based on data with observed CPUE alone, in particular during the fishing peak of August to October. This study indicates that it is more appropriate to use the standardized CPUE derived from data including both predicted CPUE of unfished areas and observed CPUE of fished area as a stock abundance index. We suggest that the proposed method be used in CPUE standardization to account for impacts of large spatial heterogeneity of fishing efforts in fisheries.


The consensus around shareholder primacy is crumbling. Investors, long assumed to be uncomplicated profit-maximizers, are looking for ways to express a wider range of values in allocating their funds. Workers are agitating for greater voice at their workplaces. And prominent legislators have recently proposed corporate law reforms that would put a sizable number of employee representatives on the boards of directors of large public companies. These rumblings of public discontent are echoed in recent corporate law scholarship, which has cataloged the costs of shareholder control, touted the advantages of nonvoting stock, and questioned whether activist holders of various stripes are acting in the company's best interests. Academics who support stronger shareholder rights are accused of pandering to special interest groups or naively seeking a panacea in a plebiscite.

As critical theorists have documented over time, the foundations of the shareholder primacy model have always been compromised. In particular, the arguments for a core feature of the modern corporation — the exclusive shareholder franchise — have been revealed as the product of flawed assumptions, misapplied social choice theory, and a failure to hold true to the fundamental precepts of standard economics. It is time to look at such governance features anew, and reorient the literature around the basic purpose of corporations: to provide a legal mechanism for business firms to engage in the process of joint production.

In this article, we present a new shared governance model, one that builds on the longstanding theory of the firm as well as a novel theory of democratic participation. These twin arguments, economic and political, both counsel in favor of extending the corporate franchise to employees as well as shareholders, and, importantly, provide a way to distinguish these two constituencies from other corporate stakeholders when it comes to governance rights. We conclude by assessing the current status of a shared governance system in Germany and advocating for further theoretical and empirical inquiry into organizational governance structures that provide for joint shareholder and employee participation.


A superconducting force-balanced coil (FBC), which is geometrically one tenth the size of a 100 MJ class SMES coil, has been developed. The FBC is a helically wound hybrid coil of toroidal field coils and a solenoid. This coil configuration can minimize the required mass of the structure for induced electromagnetic forces. The model FBC with an outer diameter of 0.53 m will have 270 kJ magnetic energy at the critical magnetic field of 7.1 T using NbTi strands. The critical coil current and self inductance are 552 A and 1.8 H, respectively. The diameter of the NbTi strand is 1.17 mm. The hand-made winding of the model FBC was carried out without reinforcing materials such as stainless steel wires. The first experiment was conducted with liquid helium cooling. The quench properties of the model FBC were mainly investigated. The first quench current is 293 A, which is 53% of the critical coil current. Training phenomena were observed in the model FBC without any sudden decreases in the quench current. After 33 successive excitations the quench current improved to 419 A, and it was successfully excited up to 5.4 T without reinforcing materials for the NbTi strand. This fact demonstrates a primary capability of the FBC as a SMES coil.


Human alteration of natural systems, and its consequences are of great concern and the impact on global ecosystems is one of the biggest threats that biodiversity stands before. Translocations of invasive species, as well as intraspecific contingents with non-native genotypes, whether they are deliberate or unintentional, are one such alteration and its consequences are continuously being assessed. The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the most numerous and widespread duck in the world and a flagship in wetland conservation. It is also an important game species which is heavily restocked for hunting purposes, especially in Europe where over three million ducklings are released every year. Because of its hunted status, its abundance, and the number of released individuals, it can serve as a model species to study effects of releases, both for conservation and restocking for hunting, on wild populations. In this thesis the status of the mallard was assessed in the Nordic countries and the effects of releases on the wild populations were studied by mining historical ringing data, comparing morphology of present-day wild, farmed, and historical mallards, and analyzing phylogeography of wild and farmed mallards in Europe. The status of the mallard population in the Nordic countries are generally good, however, a joint effort of European countries is needed to monitor and manage the population. A significant difference between wild and farmed mallards concerning longevity, migration, bill morphology and genetic structure was also found, together with signs of cryptic introgression of farmed genotypes in the wild population with potential fitness reduction as a result. The effect is however limited by that only a fraction of released farmed mallards reach the breeding season due to low survival. A natural captive environment is crucial to keep individuals wild-like with high survival rates after release. However, with an introgression of potentially maladapted farmed genotypes leading to a reduction in fitness, a low survival of released mallards would favor the wild population. A legislative change regarding obligation to report numbers, provenance, and release sites of farmed mallard should be considered, together with practical solutions of ringing and genetic monitoring of released mallards.


Background: Tobacco is a risk factor for oral cancer, adult periodontal diseases, and cleft lip and palate in children. Tobacco cessation counseling has been shown to improve the likelihood of achieving success for quitting the habits. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) compared with basic health education (BHE) for tobacco cessation among smokers in Bengaluru city. Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted over a period of 6 months among smokers attending a tobacco cessation center in a dental college in Bengaluru city. The participants were assigned to either CBT or BHE groups with 1:1 allocation sequence ratio. Randomization and allocation concealment were done by an investigator who had no clinical involvement in the trial. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom's Addiction Scale for smokers, while motivational levels were assessed using Transtheoretical model. The groups were followed up for 4 and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Paired and unpaired "t"-tests, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and analysis of variance test were applied. Statistical significance was considered atP < 0.05. Results: Majority of the study participants started smoking at an early age and had long duration and cigarette smoking years. Among CBT group, the mean Fagerstrom's addiction score at baseline (4.8 ± 7.3) significantly reduced (3.8 ± 3.1) at the 1st follow-up and at the 2nd follow-up (3.5 ± 8.9) (P < 0.001). The proportion of smokers with frequency more than ten cigarettes per day reduced from baseline (P = 0.16) to the 2nd follow-up (P = 0.07) in CBT group compared to BHE group. Conclusion: CBT is effective in reducing tobacco habits and addiction levels when compared to BHE among smokers. Tobacco cessation counseling using CBT has been found to reduce smoking habits, thereby improving the possibility of quitting the habits.


ABSTRACT Several families of small GTPases regulate a variety of fundamental cellular processes, encompassing growth factor signal transduction, vesicular trafficking and control of the cytoskeleton. Frequently, their action is hierarchical and complementary, but much of the detail of their functional interactions remains to be clarified. It is well established that Rab family members regulate a variety of intracellular vesicle trafficking pathways. Moreover, Rho family GTPases are pivotal for the control of the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. However, the interplay between these 2 types of GTPases has been rarely reported. We discuss here our recent findings showing that Rab11, a key regulator of endosomal recycling, and Rac1, a central actin cytoskeleton regulator involved in lamellipodium formation and cell migration, interplay on endosomes through the Rab11 effector FIP3. In the context of the rapidly reactive T lymphocytes, Rab11-Rac1 endosomal functional interplay is important to control cell shape changes and cell symmetry during lymphocyte spreading and immunological synapse formation and ultimately modulate T cell activation.


The channel state information (CSI) of all links should be available at all nodes for cooperative strategies design in relay networks. However, many channel estimation methods for amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks only estimate a compound CSI of source-relay-destination (S-R-D) link. In this paper, we propose a channel estimation scheme for destination to disintegrate the CSIs of S-R and R-D links from the cascaded S-R-D link in AF relay networks. The proposed scheme estimates the CSI of R-D link firstly by utilizing some pilot signals inserted at the relay node. Then, the CSI of S-R link is estimated based on the received pilot signals and the pre-estimated CSI of R-D link. The channel estimation error of the proposed scheme is also analyzed. Especially, least square (LS) algorithm and minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithm for the CSI estimation of S-R link are compared. We verify that the mean square error of LS estimation for S-R link is nonconvergent but that of MMSE estimation is convergent. At the end of this paper, simulation results are given to support the theoretical results. I. INTRODUCTION


Coccidioidal meningitis is lethal in humans. A reproducible murine model was established by lumbar intrathecal injection of Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained by cisternal puncture. Lethal infection developed in all mice given 10-60 colony-forming units (cfu). Lethargy, ataxia, or paralysis preceded death. Temporal studies after challenge with 27 cfu revealed positive brain (4/5 mice) and spinal cord (2/5 mice) cultures on day 3; CSF samples contained 688 leukocytes/mm(3) and 33 cfu/mL. The results of histopathologic analysis were unremarkable. By day 8, all mice were culture positive (5.0 log(10) cfu in brain tissue and 4.1 log(10) cfu in spinal cord tissue); CSF samples contained 4833 leukocytes/mm(3) and 3425 cfu/mL. Histopathologic examinations showed acute meningitis of the brain and spinal cord, some parenchymal invasion and abscesses, and meningeal arteritis. Groups of mice given ketoconazole had prolonged survival and suppressed lung disease; histopathologic examination demonstrated granulomatous meningitis, possibly a more chronic form. With the development of these models, studies of pathogenesis, host response, and therapy are possible.


Objective: To conduct a detailed analysis of hamstring injuries sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons. Methods: Club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs annotated player injuries over two seasons. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each clubs' current injury status. Results: Completed injury records for the two competitive seasons were obtained from 87% and 76% of the participating clubs respectively. Hamstring strains accounted for 12% of the total injuries over the two seasons with nearly half (53%) involving the biceps femoris. An average of five hamstring strains per club per season was observed. A total of 13 116 days and 2029 matches were missed because of hamstring strains, giving an average of 90 days and 15 matches missed per club per season. In 57% of cases, the injury occurred during running. Hamstring strains were most often observed during matches (62%) with an increase at the end of each half (p<0.01). Groups of players sustaining higher than expected rates of hamstring injury were Premiership (p<0.01) and outfield players (p<0.01), players of black ethnic origin (p<0.05), and players in the older age groups (p<0.01). Only 5% of hamstring strains underwent some form of diagnostic investigation. The reinjury rate for hamstring injury was 12%. Conclusion: Hamstring strains are common in football. In trying to reduce the number of initial and recurrent hamstring strains in football, prevention of initial injury is paramount. If injury does occur, the importance of differential diagnosis followed by the management of all causes of posterior thigh pain is emphasised. Clinical reasoning with treatment based on best available evidence is recommended.


Using information from the Albania Panel Survey 2002-2003, we study the determinants of labour market states (market work, home production, inactivity) of married women in Albania, looking in particular on the effect of husbands' migrant work activity and the receipt of remittances. We further explore the determinants of joint labour market states of spouses considered in our sample, distinguishing the above three states and work migration abroad in the case of husbands, to account for the possibility that the migrant state of the husband may be endogenous with respect to the state of the wife. Our findings shot what wives of working migrant husbands are most likely to pursue home production, which may be due to weaker labour market attachment of the households sending working migrant men abroad. Our results do not support the view that wives receiving income from family members working abroad choose to consume more leisure as compared with wives lacking such income.


With semiconductor technology scaling to the 22nm node and beyond, fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) has started replacing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS), thanks to its superior control of short-channel effects and much lower leakage current. However, process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations across the integrated circuit (IC) become worse with technology scaling. Thus, to analyze timing, leakage power, and dynamic power under PVT variations, statistical analysis/optimization techniques are more suitable than traditional static timing/power analysis and optimization counterparts. In this article, we propose a statistical optimization framework using dual device-type assignment at the architecture level under PVT variations that takes spatial correlations into account and leverages circuit-level statistical analysis techniques. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study statistical optimization at the system level under PVT variations. Simulation results show that leakage power yield and dynamic power yield at the mean value of the baseline can be improved by up to 44.2% and 21.2%, respectively, with no loss in timing yield for a single-core processor and up to 43.0% and 50.0%, respectively, without any loss in timing yield for an 8-core chip multiprocessor (CMP), at little area overhead. Under the same (99.0%) power yield constraints, leakage power and dynamic power are reduced by up to 91.2% and 4.3%, respectively, for a single-core processor, and up to 44.6% and 12.5%, respectively, for an 8-core CMP, with no loss in timing yield. We also show that optimizations performed without taking module-to-module and core-to-core spatial correlations into account overestimate yield, establishing the importance of taking such correlations into account.


Objective: Enteral nutrition (EN) is safe, well tolerated and efficient nutritional support for patients with functional gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The major problems of EN are intolerance of the nutrition products and problems of achieving the targeted dose. This is a prospective observational study investigating the nutrition related problems, solutions to those problems, and the time for achieving the targeted dose in patients who received EN in our inpatient clinic and intensive care unit. Methods: This prospective study was made between 11/01/2015-11/01/2016. This study evaluated patients demographic findings, nutrition status, daily calculated calories (25 kcal/kg/day), daily calculated protein dose (1.5 gr/kg/day), daily delivered calories, daily delivered protein dose, whether or not additional parenteral nutrition applied, biochemical parameters (blood sugar, Na, K, Ca, Mg, cholesterol, liver function tests, urea, CRP, albumin, prealbumin), intolerance issues, complications and EN termination reasons. Results: Considering 2258 patients hospitalized during this period, a total of 70 patients (3.1%) were applied EN (Female/Male: 30/40, The mean age of the patients was 60±16.5 years). The average application time is 11.5 (2-42) days. Among these patients, 26 had an NRS-2002 score ≥3, and only 6 had a BMI<18.8. The rate of calorie and protein application was lower than the calculated, respectively, 37.14% and 52.8% of the cases. It was observed that 40.54% of total malignant patients were subjected to immunonutrition. There were GI tract related problems in 20 patients. Diarrhea was the most important problem during enteral support. Oral supplementation intolerance problem was observed in 20% of the population. Hyperglycemia was detected in 35.7% of the patients, and more than half of them were between 200-300 mg/dL levels. Almost 53% of the patients had malignancy, however, only 5 of them had prescription for oral supplementation during discharge. Conclusion: EN was performed less than required with inaccurate calories and protein intake, and immunonutrition protocols in malignant patients are not properly complied and oral supplement prescription for those patients is rarely given after hospital discharge. Additionally, product intolerance is seriously frequent, and product and dosage changes should be done more actively.


A typical argument in Marxist and radical writings on economic organization is that prevailing practices, rather than being the most efficient, have been adopted in order to increase the share of the surplus of capitalists. Using an incomplete contract approach, this article develops a model which demonstrates how and when adopting an inferior economic organization could be profit maximizing. This model makes possible a detailed discussion of the conditions under which Marxist and radical claims about, for example, `deskilling', can be expected to hold. It is demonstrated that such claims could be derived using standard formal economic arguments. However, the model also shows that these claims are likely to be valid only under certain circumstances.


Governmental policies and legislation aimed at validating the dual role of women as mothers and wage earners can significantly strengthen breastfeeding promotion efforts. Examples of such laws and policies are maternity leave, breastfeeding breaks at the workplace, allowances for pregnant women and new mothers, rooming-in at hospitals, child care at the worksite, flexible work schedules for new mothers, and a national marketing code for breastmilk substitutes. The International labor Organization (ILO) has played an important role in setting international standards to protect working mothers. The ILO defines minimal maternity protection as encompassing: a compulsory period of 6 weeks' leave after delivery; entitlement to a further 6 weeks of leave; the provision during maternity leave of benefits sufficient for the full and healthy maintenance of the child; medical care by a qualified midwife or physician; authorization to interrupt work for the purpose of breastfeeding; and protection from dismissal during maternity leave. In many countries there is a lack of public awareness of existing laws or policies; i.e., working women may not know they are entitled to maternity leave, or pediatricians may not know that the government has developed a marketing code for breastmilk substitutes. Overall, the enactment and enforcement of legislation can ensure the longterm effectiveness of breastfeeding promotion by raising the consciousness of individuals and institutions, putting breastfeeding activities in the wider context of support for women's rights, recognizing the dual roles of women, and institutionalizing and legitimating support for breastfeeding.


OF DISSERTATION THE LIFE AND WORK OF GLORIA ANZALDUA: AN INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY The writings and life of Gloria Evangelina Anzaldua (1942-2004) have had an immense impact in a variety of disciplines. Her oft-cited text Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) is included in many university courses' reading lists for its contributions to discourses of hybridity, linguistics, intersectionality and women of color feminism, among others. Unfortunately, most scholars content themselves with the intricacies of Borderlands to the neglect of her corpus of work, which includes essays, books, edited volumes, children's literature and fiction/autohistorias. This analysis presented here wishes to expand our understandings of Anzaldua's work by engaging with her preand post-Borderlands writings in an attempt to highlight the unrecognized contributions Anzaldua offers to feminist theory, spirituality, spiritual activism, queer theory, expansive ideas of queerness and an articulation of alternative, non-Western epistemology. This project offers close readings of published and archival Anzalduan text and draws parallels between her life and her writing.


Background and Purpose: Decreased muscle mass and muscle strength are independent predictors of poor postoperative recovery in patients with esophageal cancer. If there is an association between muscle mass and muscle strength, physiotherapists are able to measure muscle strength as an early predictor for poor postoperative recovery due to decreased muscle mass. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the association between muscle mass and muscle strength in predominantly older patients with esophageal cancer awaiting esophagectomy prior to neoadjuvant chemoradiation. Methods: In patients with resectable esophageal cancer eligible for surgery between March 2012 and October 2015, we used computed tomographic scans to assess muscle mass and compared them with muscle strength measures (handgrip strength, inspiratory and expiratory muscle strength, 30 seconds chair stands test). We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients and determined associations by multivariate linear regression analysis. Results and Discussion: A tertiary referral center referred 125 individuals to physiotherapy who were eligible for the study; we finally included 93 individuals for statistical analysis. Multiple backward regression analysis showed that gender (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.05-33.82), weight (95% CI, 0.39-1.02), age (95% CI, −0.91 to −0.04), left handgrip strength (95% CI, 0.14-1.44), and inspiratory muscle strength (95% CI, 0.08-0.38) were all independently associated with muscle surface area at L3. All these variables together explained 66% of the variability (R2) in muscle surface area at L3 (P < .01). Conclusions: This study shows an independent association between aspects of muscle strength and muscle mass in patients with esophageal cancer awaiting surgery, and physiotherapists could use the results to predict muscle mass on the basis of muscle strength in preoperative patients with esophageal cancer.


Heterotopic pregnancy, simultaneous occurrence of both intra uterine and extra uterine pregnancy is on rise because of assisted reproductive technology and widespread usage of first trimester USG. However such pregnancies are rare following spontaneous occurrence. High degree of clinical suspicion is essential in such spontaneous conceptions to diagnose it in early pregnancy to maximize the outcome for intra uterine pregnancy. Here we are presenting a case of simultaneous occurrence of twin intrauterine pregnancy and co existing tubal abortion with good perinatal outcome from a remote area.


We present a detailed experimental and theoretical characterization of the adsorption of the perylene derivative 4,9-diaminoperylene-quinone-3,10-diimine (DPDI) on Cu(111) and compare it to its threefold dehydrogenated derivative 3deh-DPDI, which forms in a surface reaction upon annealing. While DPDI itself does not give rise to long-range ordered structures due to lack of appropriate functional groups, 3deh-DPDI acts as an exoligand in a Cu-coordinated honeycomb network on Cu(111). The main focus of this work lies on the analysis of intermolecular and molecule-substrate interactions by combining results from scanning tunneling microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray standing wave measurements, and density functional theory. We show, in particular, that the interactions between metal atoms and organic ligands effectively weaken the molecule-surface interactions for 3deh-DPDI leading to an increase in molecule-substrate distances compared to the DPDI precursor. Our experimental findings also shed light on the applicability of current theories, namely van der Waals corrections to density functional theory.


This book describes the history and current capabilities of Ethiopia's leading industrial companies (agribusiness, manufacturing and construction), focusing on 50 key large and mid-size firms. The motivation for the study is to help with the expansion of economic capabilities in the country by first understanding where the capabilities of the existing successful companies came from. The fifty firms chosen for this study represent almost all the largest firms in their respective sectors. An early observation is that around half the leading firms in Ethiopia have emerged from the import/export (trading) sector – where the deepest and most acute knowledge of local and international market conditions is already at hand. A common and unfortunate tendency among many observers of developing economies is to see the trading sector as separate from and irrelevant to the growth of manufacturing industry. The authors find that these firms have a vital role in seeding successful manufacturing firms. A second important observation is that, among the fifty leading firms, only two can trace their origins back to a small domestic firm. The second private-sector source of Ethiopia's leading industrial companies is foreign companies. This is likely to be an increasingly important route to future industrial growth – and the inflow of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the past decade has been increasing significantly from a very low base. Four countries are leading this phenomenon: China, India, Saudi Arabia and Italy. These FDI projects span every sector of Ethiopian industry. The authors conclude that a careful monitoring and development of FDI ventures should be a key focus of policy concern over the next decade. Another crucial issue of economic policy identified here is import substitution (i.e. developing local industry to provide substitutes for expensive imports), and the need to nurture this on a level playing field with export projects, which are tending to be given preferential treatment. Finally the authors address issues of access to medium-term finance for growth, and the availability of land for industrial use. John Sutton is Sir John Hicks Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics and Political Science. "Industrial Mapping in Ethiopia" was funded by the International Growth Centre (IGC).


This research analyses educational contents about the climate change in six middle school textbooks on social studies that are complied with the 2009 revised national curriculum. In this paper, we make a comparison of the contents about the climate change in these textbooks and present a standard to evaluate them based on the comparison in order to improve the textbooks. We observe that all the textbooks omit important descriptions, which are necessary to fully understand the climate change, about i) an understanding of the earth system, ii) phenomenon, predictions, and an adaptation of the climate change, and iii) an advance preparation for disaster caused by the climate change. This paper proposes several ways to enhance the textbooks such as strengthening linkages with science, presentation of broad corresponding direction, rearrangement of contents and Improving textbook revision process.