It has been too long since we have provided an editorial overview – we hope you have not missed us. However, let us catch you up on the journal and our continued focus on providing an outlet for research in ecology and evolution.

First, we can celebrate the growth and vigor of our journal. Our partnership with society‐based (BES, ESEB, SSE – and if you do not know these acronyms, you should find out. Best societies ever. Really) and Wiley journals remains strong, and we continue to receive excellent manuscripts transferred with reviews from our partners. Space limitations and the weight of submissions mean that all of our partners receive many more manuscripts than they can publish, and most of these will eventually find an outlet. The rigorous review process orchestrated by our partners improves all of the papers submitted to their journals, and if a paper is rejected, the review may have been for naught. By offering to transfer a paper with these reviews, our partners can provide yet another service to the authors that submit their work to them, the opportunity to be considered for publication by us (typically) without the potential double jeopardy of a second round of reviews. Moreover, it helps the reviewer by ensuring that her/his work has an influence. Thus, transferring papers with reviews benefits authors and reviewers and helps reduce the growing burden on the reviewing community.

The option to transfer a paper is just that – an option. The decision to cascade their work resides solely with the authors. Authors often choose to pursue publication elsewhere, but many take the option to transfer. Transferred papers have been carefully reviewed. Indeed, often the papers come to us having already been reviewed twice (once after revision) at the original journal. Our goal was to treat these papers with respect for the authors and referees, both of whom have invested time, and as rapidly as possible. After all, none that are transferred were considered flawed (we ask that the editors of our partner journals only transfer papers that should be published after some editing or attention). The most common reason for rejection we see in papers that are transferred is "lacking in novelty," which is an opinion (rarely shared by the authors) and readily fixed. Our goal was to provide a high profile, open, outlet that puts your research into the hands of the community as quickly as possible.

What, then, do we do with papers that are transferred? We are guided by our philosophy of being "author friendly". In its simplest form, this philosophy means that we approach every manuscript asking the question of "let us find a way to publish these data and ideas" rather than "what is wrong with this paper?" This does not mean we accept whatever you write, and we (the editors) try to work with the authors to ensure that they are presenting their work with a good story and a reasonable tone and approach. Nevertheless, "overinterpreted" can be in the eyes of the reader and when in doubt we are happy to let the community decide on the fate of a paper.

This has led to an interesting phenomenon: The direct submissions to Ecology and Evolution are rapidly increasing. While we are delighted by the positive response of the community to the journal, and by the diversity of papers we receive that strengthens Ecology and Evolution as a research outlet for everyone, this presents us with a dilemma. Where we strive for a one‐week turnaround with transferred manuscripts, direct submissions (and manuscripts transferred without reviews – those editorially rejected for being out of scope, etc.) end up allocated to the workflow any "normal" manuscript goes through at any journal. We retain our author‐centered philosophy here and certainly try to provide a rapid decision, but the paper has to be assigned to an associate editor, reviewers found, reviewers agree, and reviews returned before a decision can be made. Thus, for direct submissions Ecology and Evolution is acting as a traditional open‐access journal.

The full range of decisions occurs for direct submissions, from "reject" to "accept with minor revisions" (has anyone in history ever received "this is perfect" on a first submission? No? We have not either). We suspect we are no faster than any other journal with direct submissions, given many of the steps are out of our control. Moreover, the rapid growth creates teething pains for figuring out who should handle manuscripts, and we apologize if yours has been caught clogged in the system for too long. We are investigating how we might become more efficient because we too worry that the process just should not take so long. The good news, once a paper is accepted it will appear online very rapidly (dependent in large part on the speed with which authors deal with page proofs). But whatever we decide, we will continue to promote our "author‐friendly" philosophy. After all, we too are active researchers and authors, and we also check daily on the status of our manuscripts submitted to other journals.

This brings us to the second topic and the reason for the title. We are an open‐access journal, an online‐only publication, and this brings authors and publishers a lot of advantages. Not only will we (through Wiley) continue to investigate ways that online publishing can enhance your work and facilitate reaching your audience, there are many areas you can use today. Color is encouraged in your graphs – the use of black and white really reflects the approach to publishing from the last century. Include photographs (we already encourage at least one), color graphics, maps, and contours with color – whatever enhances your ability to communicate your message. Be creative.

There is another advantage to online and open publication. We really cannot fathom why supplementary material continues in its present form. We already promote data sharing through open archives and are actively discouraging supplementary material. Regardless of the approach of other journals, unless you have a video, or perhaps a huge dataset (which really should be in a data archive anyway), there should not be supplementary material in an online article. Supp Mat, as it is not fondly known (usually proceeded by an impolite word from at least one of us), was invented by glossies that had too few pages to actually provide accurate information. Okay, that may be harsh and inaccurate and is just an opinion. But why in the world would you bury any information that is helpful or even necessary to understand your work? We think such information is better placed in an appendix that forms part of the paper. There is no overhead here, as there are no page limits with an online‐only journal. This would make sure that ALL of the information needed to understand your work is provided in a single download. If you have additional helpful figures, put them in an appendix. If you have detailed methods, or code, or tables with the original sources for a meta‐analysis, and appendix is fine. Use the flexibility of online publishing to be accurate and complete.

Supplementary material is currently where data and methods go to die, never to be viewed again. We are author friendly. We also strive to be reader friendly. Our readers are busy, and while it may seem trivial to download two files instead of one, how do you ensure that the two remain linked in whatever folder in which you downloaded files? If you are like us, two months later you are staring at an unhelpfully labeled "smith_et_al_supp_mat" file wondering just what might be in it and which Smith this might be and why we thought her paper so memorable. So, whatever the rationale or rules at other journals, let us be open and share our work. Make use of appendices instead of sup mat. Create a single file. Use visuals where possible. Upload your data to GenBank or Dryad or wherever you make it freely available. Be reader friendly. We will continue to work to produce a journal that is author friendly as well.


From the point of view of energy importance and the environmental impacts associated with conventional energy production methods, and for the purpose of low-grade waste heat recovery, this thesis demonstrates an investigative approach to develop and test a novel, environmentally friendly small-scale Rankine based power generation prototype system. To fulfil the aim, a range of systems of different technologies, and employing different working fluids were investigated to identify the most efficient, cost-effective system for the application. These systems are the absorption power generation system, and the flood expansion power generation system employing CO2/Lubricant mixture as the working fluid, the CO2 SRC power system, and finally the ORC system employing newly developed HFOs and HCFOR1233zd(E) refrigerants. The CO2/lubricant working fluid mixture was experimentally investigated and thermodynamically modelled. The performance of the investigated systems was theoretically evaluated by computer simulations. The results revealed that the ORC outperformed all other investigated systems, achieving thermal efficiency and net thermal power output of 14.36% and 4.81 kW respectively with R1233zd(E). In addition, the evaluation confirmed the capability of the new refrigerants to replace conventional refrigerants. A small-scale R1233zd(E) ORC prototype system utilising a specially developed scroll expander was constructed and tested. In the First Experiment, an automotive motor was utilised as the electric generator. The system's optimum performance was 7.87% thermal efficiency, 1.39 kW expander power output, and 180 W electric power output. The main source of performance limitation was identified as the lower capability of the steam humidifier heat source, in addition to the speed mismatch between the expander and the motor, the poor performance of the circulation pump, and the piping configuration in relation to the positions of heat exchangers. Piping and the position of heat exchangers were altered, the motor was replaced by an alternator and the second experiment commenced in which the best overall experimental performance of 7.6% thermal efficiency, 1 kW expander power output, 246 W electric power output, was achieved. Very poor pump efficiency and a large power loss through the power transmission mechanism to the alternator were observed. Upon completion of the experiments, the theoretically predicted performance was validated, and the experimentally obtained results were compared to those of similar ORCs from literature. The comparison revealed that for the utilised expander type, a mass flow rate of 0.074 kg/s, and a pressure ratio of 4.5, achieves the best expander efficiency of 75%. From an economic point of view, the R1233zd(E) ORC was shown to be a very attractive and safe investment even for scaled- up systems. The thesis concluded that the ORC technology remains the most efficient, flexible technology for low-grade heat recovery, and the evaluation of R1233zd(E) for the first time expressed the attractive potentials of the refrigerant in ORC applications. Finally, justified recommendations were made to replace the heat source and refrigerant pump and to test other types of expander in order to improve the performance of the R1233zd(E) ORC prototype system.


Assessing the status and monitoring the trends of land cover dynamics in and around protected areas is of utmost importance for park managers and decision makers. Moreover, to support the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)'s Strategic Action Plan including the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, such efforts are necessary to set a framework to reach the agreed national, regional or global targets. The integration of land use/cover change (LULCC) data with information on habitats and population density provides the means to assess potential degradation and disturbance resulting from anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and urban area expansion. This study assesses the LULCC over a 20 year (1990–2000–2010) period using freely available Landsat imagery and a dedicated method and toolbox for the Udzungwa Mountains National Park (UMNP) and its surroundings (20 km buffer) in Tanzania. Habitat data gathered from the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA)'s eHabitat+ Web service were used to perform ecological stratification of the study area and to develop similarity maps of the potential presence of comparable habitat types outside the protected area. Finally, integration of the habitat similarity maps with the LULCC data was applied in order to evaluate potential pressures on the different habitats within the national park and on the linking corridors between UMNP and other protected areas in the context of wildlife movement and migration. The results show that the UMNP has not suffered from relevant human activities during the study period. The natural vegetation area has remained stable around 1780 km2. In the surrounding 20 km buffer area and the connecting corridors, however, the anthropogenic impact has been strong. Artificially built up areas increased by 14.24% over the last 20 years and the agriculture area increased from 11% in 1990 to 30% in the year 2010. The habitat functional types and the similarity maps confirmed the importance of the buffer zone and the connecting corridors for wildlife movements, while the similarity maps detected other potential corridors for wildlife.


IBE, secure messaging, RBAC, access control, health care, security, privacy The management of confidential and sensitive information is a major problem for people and organisations. Dynamic organisations require secure solutions to protect confidential documents against unauthorised access and to cope with changes to people's roles and permissions. Solutions based on traditional cryptographic systems and PKI show their limitations, in terms of flexibility and manageability. This paper describes an innovative technical solution in the area of role-based secure messaging that exploits Identifier-based Encryption (IBE) technology. It illustrates the advantages over a similar approach based on traditional cryptography and PKI. It discusses a few open issues. A secure messaging system based on our technology has been fully implemented and it is currently used in a trial with a major European health service organization.


For the procurement of complex goods the early exchange of information is important to avoid costly renegotiation ex post. We show that this is achieved by bilateral negotiations but not by auctions. Negotiations strictly outperforms auctions if sellers are likely to have superior information about possible design improvements, if renegotiation is costly, and if the buyer's bargaining position is sufficiently strong. Moreover, we show that negotiations provide stronger incentives for sellers to investigate possible design improvements than auctions. This provides an explanation for the widespread use of negotiations as a procurement mechanism in private industry.


Library 2.0 is a controversial concept that stirs debate on many fronts. As the concept continues to arrest the attention of most library users and practitioners, a number of issues relating to its real nature emerge. One of these is the character of change it represents. While many library scholars and practitioners agree that Library 2.0 represents a change, they disagree on the nature of this change. Using a critical review of documentation and arguments on this subject, the authors identify three points of view on this change. Whereas some feel that the change is revolutionary and may drastically transform the profession - including renaming - others see it as an evolution of the current best practices to mould a better, user-centred service using modern technology. Still others see Library 2.0 as neither revolutionary nor evolutionary. This paper seeks to clarify these three points of view on the character of Library 2.0 change in libraries, as institutions, and in librarianship as a profession. It also recommends that while Library 2.0 should be seen as the latest instance in the development of the library and the services it offers, its role in facilitating participatory user-centric services should not be ignored.


The combination of a stage model of psychotherapy and treatment manualization has been a major step forward in treatment development and efficacy testing, but not in dissemination. I argue that the technological model of treatment development makes research on the practical application of these technologies difficult. If we continue on our present course, research on dissemination will be uncommon, expensive, and largely irrelevant to the practical issues that need to be faced. It makes more sense to proceed directly to dissemination research. Alternative methods, including manipulated training designs, will permit this, but these fundamentally challenge the implicit assumptions of the stage model.


In 1994 a group of young actors based at Nairobis National Theater created Artnet Waves an outreach program to promote HIV/AIDS awareness. The initial idea for the program was to hold an annual youth theater festival with an HIV/AIDS theme that would coincide with World AIDS Day. Artnets National Youth AIDS Theater Outreach Program covers the regions of Rift Valley Nyanza Western Nairobi Mt. Kenya and Coast provinces where 72% of Kenyas total population resides. Coordinators for the program train youth group leaders in organizing outreach events attend rehearsals and ensure that each group organizes at least four performances a month. They also assist group leaders in maintaining the accuracy of the HIV/AIDS messages and the quality of the productions. As of 1998 Artnets outreach events have reached at least 400000 people and this figure is projected to swell in the next few years. Some of the challenges faced by the program include gaining the trust of communities and ensuring the groups have the capacity to provide accurate information and are able to adapt to changing informational needs.


Conventional knowledge considered apoptosis as the sole form of programmed cell death during development, homeostasis and diseases, whereas necrosis was regarded as an unregulated and uncontrollable process. Recent revelations suggest that necrosis can also occur in a regulated, caspase-independent manner and shares characteristics with both necrosis and apoptosis. The major cell death processes namely apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis are interlinked and contain many common regulatory mechanisms. Mounting evidence indicates that necroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases, including ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, neurodegenerative disorders and brain tumor. We present here an overview of the molecular mechanisms governing necroptosis and its connection with apoptosis and autophagy processes. Further, the necroptosis mechanisms underlying the neurodegeneration during ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury are described, with an emphasis on the key proteins involved in this type of cell death. Knowledge regarding programmed cell death (PCD) with relevance to necroptosis may play a significant role in debilitating brain disorders.


Strings are widely used in modern programming languages in various scenarios. For instance, strings are used to build up Structured Query Language (SQL) queries that are then executed. Malformed strings may lead to subtle bugs, as well as non‐sanitized strings may raise security issues in an application. For these reasons, the application of static analysis to compute safety properties over string values at compile time is particularly appealing. In this article, we propose a generic approach for the static analysis of string values based on abstract interpretation. In particular, we design a suite of abstract semantics for strings, where each abstract domain tracks a different kind of information. We discuss the trade‐off between efficiency and accuracy when using such domains to catch the properties of interest. In this way, the analysis can be tuned at different levels of precision and efficiency, and it can address specific properties.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


A variety of techniques have been utilized in metal additive manufacturing (AM) for melt pool size management, including modeling and feed-forward approaches. In a few cases, closed-loop control has been demonstrated. In this research, closed-loop melt pool size control for large-scale, laser wire-based directed energy deposition is demonstrated with a novel modification, i.e., site-specific changes to the controller setpoint were commanded at trigger points, the locations of which were generated by the projection of a secondary geometry onto the primary three-dimensional (3D) printed component geometry. The present work shows that, through this technique, it is possible to print a specific geometry that occurs beyond the actual toolpath of the print head. This is denoted as extra-toolpath geometry and is fundamentally different from other methods of generating component features in metal AM. A proof-of-principle experiment is presented in which a complex oak leaf geometry was embossed on an otherwise ordinary double-bead wall made from Ti-6Al-4V. The process is introduced and characterized primarily from a controls perspective with reports on the performance of the control system, the melt pool size response, and the resulting geometry. The implications of this capability, which extend beyond localized control of bead geometry to the potential mitigations of defects and functional grading of component properties, are discussed.


Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used in situ to study threading dislocation terminations at the surface of GaN grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a Si(111) surface. The associated surface depressions are imaged at the nanometer scale, giving a new insight into the relationship between growth kinetics and dislocation-related surface morphology. Pure edge and dislocations with a screw component are easily differentiated and their density is determined. Pure edge dislocations are located at the boundaries of subgrains slightly misoriented in the surface plane. The direct measurement of the spacing of these dislocations provides the subgrain misorientation determination. Transmission electron microscopy well confirms the findings obtained from the STM study.


Whilst sophisticated multiphase fluid flow models are routinely employed to understand behaviour of oil and gas reservoirs, high-resolution data describing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of rock characteristics is rarely available to populate models. We present a new approach to developing a quantitative understanding of the effect of individual controls on the distribution of petrophysical properties and their impact on fluid flow. This involves simulating flow through high-detail permeability architectures generated by forward modelling of the coupled depositional–diagenetic evolution of isolated platforms using CARB3D+. This workflow is exemplified by an investigation of interactions between subsidence and climate, and their expression in spatial variations in reservoir quality in an isolated carbonate platform of similar size and subsidence history to the Triassic Latemar Platform. Dissolutional lowering during subaerial exposure controls platform-top graininess via platform top hydrodynamics during the subsequent transgression. Dissolved carbonate is reprecipitated as cements by percolating meteoric waters. However, associated subsurface meteoric dissolution generates significant secondary porosity under a more humid climate. Slower subsidence enhances diagenetic overprinting during repeated exposure events. Single-phase streamline simulations show how early diagenesis develops more permeable fairways within the finer-grained condensed units that can act as thief zones for flow from the grainier but less diagenetically altered cyclic units.


This paper explores the nature of complexity in Supply Chain Management (SCM) projects. We find three aspects to be critical in SCM projects: SCM business processes, information systems, and organizations (internal and external). We also argue that in essence, SCM projects are complex, demonstrating structural complexity, uncertainty, and interdependence between elements, all in a unique context. With this analysis in mind, we look at how established project management methodologies are suited to manage SCM projects. Correspondingly, we investigate the nature of agile project management methods and look at whether these are suitable in an SCM context. Secondary data on previous large-scale SCM projects are used to illustrate the nature of complexity in these projects and whether this could have had an effect on the outcome of the project.


Early intervention in mental health is critical to school readiness and social functioning, and mental wellness is linked to student achievement and success through the life span. Children aged four to six entering school with unaddressed mental health issues may struggle academically and socially, charting a course for low academic achievement that compromises their life chances. Many children are not captured through the Ministry of Education's labeling of exceptionalities or approach to inclusion. In addition, the current model lacks a systematic
approach to monitoring the effectiveness of services. This study compiled descriptive statistics through a secondary analysis of previously collected community-based mental health services data in Ontario to better understand the needs of children four to six and the services provided to them before they enter school. Results were discussed in the context of a critical review of the literature related to mental health, early years and inclusion in school and community contexts.
Recommendations include improved system measurement, development of a more age-focused community-based early intervention system and a reconceptualized practice of social inclusion to support children's transition to school.


The US Department of Defense recently released the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR), a comprehensive report to Congress detailing the projected requirements of the US military for the next several decades. Among security analysts and defense industry experts, the release of the QDR is a highly anticipated event, as it usually presents a mix of threat analysis, strategy, force structure and acquisition decisions. It reveals how key US decision makers in the Pentagon envision the military's future and how the Defense Department is preparing for it.

After the much maligned strategic decisions of the Bush administration, many defense observers expected the Obama administration to adjust the US defense posture despite the decision to retain Secretary of Defense Robert Gates. The QDR, as the first strategic document released by the Obama administration, was surprising mainly due to its lack of surprises. For policymakers in the Pentagon, future threats, conflict scenarios and force structures will resemble current ones. The Obama administration looks to continue the expansive strategic priorities of the Bush administration, seeking only to perform them in a slightly more sustainable manner. In this essay, Michael Mayer provides a concise summary of the report's main elements and offers some political and strategic context.


Abstract In the wake of September 11, a debate took place in the literary pages of newspapers and journals across the western world reflecting widespread anxiety about the relevance of literature. Editors asked whether literature was capable of keeping up with the increased complexity of contemporary life, or, indeed, whether literature should been seen as having a social function at all. This paper addresses the fate of the socially focused novel of the last two centuries. It argues that the dream of the social novel is primarily a political rather than an aesthetic one, and that, in this sense, the social novel must not only address the social in its content and form, but must in some sense be enfranchised as a social object, and circulate as such. This raises questions about the role of the writer and of an increasingly marginalised (and marginalizing) concept of literature in contemporary consumer capitalist society.


In Europe, the ability for nuclear power to compete in the energy market is undermined by two interconnected issues: a scheme of guaranteed purchase prices for renewable energy sources (wind and solar) and very low spot market prices. A feed-in tariffs system increases costs to end-users and moreover prompts decreases in the electricity price on the wholesale market. Low spot electricity prices jeopardize conventional power investments, particularly in nuclear energy. Consequently, to redress the balance between nuclear and renewable energy, it is necessary to cut subsidies for renewables and/or to help the nuclear sector through an arrangement, such as "Contract for Differences", employed in the United Kingdom. Such a mechanism may guarantee profitability of nuclear investments in the future. This paper presents, in the introduction [1], the specificity of the French electricity sector; it analyses in a second step some "perverse effects" due to the "feed-in tariffs" mechanism implemented in the European Union, particularly in France because of the system of regulated prices for the end-user [2] and presents then some suggested solutions for restoring the competitiveness of nuclear energy, which is an important goal for France [3].


We discuss in this thesis the numerical approximation of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems with a particular concern (albeit not exclusive) on hemodynamics applications. Firstly, we model the blood as an incompressible fluid and the artery wall as an elastic structure. To solve the coupled problem, we propose new semi-implicit algorithms based on inexact block-LU factorization of the linear system obtained after the space-time discretization and linearization of the FSI problem. As a result, the fluid velocity is computed separately from the coupled pressure-structure velocity system at each iteration, hence reducing the computational cost. This approach leads to two different families of methods which extend to FSI problems schemes that were previously adopted for pure fluid problems. The algorithms derived from inexact factorization methods are compared with other schemes based on two preconditioners for the FSI system. The first one is the classical Dirichlet-Neumann preconditioner, which has the advantage of modularity (i.e. it allows to reuse existing fluid and structure codes with minimum effort). Unfortunately, its performance is very poor in case of large added-mass effect, as it happens in hemodynamics. Alternatively, we consider a non-modular approach which consists in preconditioning the coupled system with a suitable diagonal scaling combined with an ILUT preconditioner. The system is then solved by a Krylov method. The drawback of this procedure is the loss of modularity. Independently of the preconditioner, the efficiency of semi-implicit algorithms is highlighted. All the methods are tested on two and three-dimensional blood-vessel systems. The algorithm combining the non-modular ILUT preconditioner with Krylov methods proved to be the fastest. However, modular and inexact factorization based methods should not be disregarded because they can considerably benefit from code parallelization, unlike the ILUT-Krylov approach. Finally, we improve the structure model by representing the vessel wall as a linear poroelastic medium. Our non-modular approach and the partitioned procedures arising from a domain decomposition viewpoint are extended to fluid-poroelastic structure interactions. Their numerical performance are analyzed and compared on simplified blood-vessel systems.


In order to protect the intellectual property (IP) of deep neural networks (DNNs), many existing DNN watermarking techniques either embed watermarks directly into the DNN parameters or insert backdoor watermarks by fine-tuning the DNN parameters, which, however, cannot resist against various attack methods that remove watermarks by altering DNN parameters. In this paper, we bypass such attacks by introducing a structural watermarking scheme that utilizes channel pruning to embed the watermark into the host DNN architecture instead of crafting the DNN parameters. To be specific, during watermark embedding, we prune the internal channels of the host DNN with the channel pruning rates controlled by the watermark. During watermark extraction, the watermark is retrieved by identifying the channel pruning rates from the architecture of the target DNN model. Due to the superiority of pruning mechanism, the performance of the DNN model on its original task is reserved during watermark embedding. Experimental results have shown that, the proposed work enables the embedded watermark to be reliably recovered and provides a sufficient payload, without sacrificing the usability of the DNN model. It is also demonstrated that the proposed work is robust against common transforms and attacks designed for conventional watermarking approaches.


In the era of digital delivery of content, copyright owners have turned with a vengeance to contract law to specify the rights and responsibilities of their customers. Many copyright owners today seek to avoid the express statutory limits on their rights contained in the Copyright Act by invoking the institution of contract. For example, these contracts attempt to prohibit the exercise of rights universally recognized as fair use, such as copying portions of a work for criticisms, product comparison and reverse engineering, or they seek to limit the application of the first sale doctrine. Enforcement of these contractual provisions alters the statutory scheme defined by Congress in the Copyright Act. This Article argues that the current legal doctrines available to invalidate these overreaching provisions or to strike claims asserted for their breach fail to provide appropriate incentives to reform contracting behavior by content owners. Even if, as a matter of contract law, a court would not enforce contractual terms that are inconsistent with the Copyright Act, the use of these provisions in ubiquitous shrinkwrap and clickwrap licenses has an in terrorem effect on users. After exploring the potential chilling effect that these overreaching clauses may have on users' behavior and why it is critical for courts to find ways to discourage the use of such clauses, this article argues that applying an appropriately tailored doctrine of copyright misuse to these licensing terms would provide a more robust reformation of contracting behavior. Copyright misuse is an equitable defense based on a claim that the copyright owner has used the rights granted by the federal Copyright Act in a manner that is contrary to the public interest; this defense can be raised by an accused infringer that has not been affected by the alleged misuse. Recognizing a copyright misuse defense based on contract clauses that seek to avoid federal limitations on copyright rights has several advantages. First, an assertion of copyright misuse can be made in a case that does not involve a claim for breach of one of these clauses. Second, as an equitable doctrine, misuse is subject to interpretation and revision by the courts; no legislative action is necessary. Third, a successful misuse defense results in a refusal by the court to enforce the copyright until the misuse is "purged." Given the potential downside risk of contractual overreaching, a broader application of the misuse doctrine would, therefore, "chill" a copyright owner's impulse to overreach. This article proposes that courts recognize a rebuttable presumption of misuse when a copyright owners seek, by contract, to avoid the express statutory limitations on their rights. To rebut the presumption of misuse, a copyright owner would be required to prove that encouraging the type of contracting behavior at issue is not likely to lead to a reduction of the external benefits the Copyright Act seeks to ensure through the limitation the copyright owner is contractually attempting to avoid. Requiring the copyright owner to rebut the presumption of misuse appropriately places the burden on the party that engaged in the presumption-triggering activity, i.e., the drafting or negotiation of the contract containing the offending clause. Employing a rebuttable presumption would allow contracting around the statutory limitations on a copyright owner's rights only on a limited and truly bargained-for basis.


A method for extracting manufacturing shape features from the boundary representation of a polyhedral object is presented. In this approach, the depressions of the part are represented as cavity graphs, which are in turn used as a basis for hypothesis generation-elimination. The proposed cavity graphs are an extended representation in which the links reflect the concavity of the intersection between two faces, and the node labels reflect the relative orientation of the faces comprising the depression. Because previous methods have limited success in handling interactions, emphasis is put on automatic analysis of depressions which are formed by the interactions of primitive features. It is shown that although there is a unique subgraph for each primitive feature, every cavity graph does not correspond to a unique set of primitive features. Consequently, since the cavity graph of a depression may not be the union of the representations for the involved primitives, the concept of virtual links for the formal analysis of the depressions based on cavity graphs is introduced. Finally, a suitable method for automatic determination of the virtual links is presented. This method is based on combining topologic and geometric evidences, and uses a combination of Dempster-Shafer decision theory and clustering techniques to reach its conclusions. Experimental results are presented for a number of examples. >


Context. The ultra-compact dipping source XB 1916-053 has an orbital period of close to 50 min and a companion star with a very low mass (less than 0.1 M� ). The orbital period derivative of the source was estimated to be 1.5(3) × 10 −11 s/s through analysing the delays associated with the dip arrival times obtained from observations spanning 25 years, from 1978 to 2002. Aims. The known orbital period derivative is extremely large and can be explained by invoking an extreme, non-conservative mass transfer rate that is not easily justifiable. We extended the analysed data from 1978 to 2014, by spanning 37 years, to verify whether a larger sample of data can be fitted with a quadratic term or a different scenario has to be considered. Methods. We obtained 27 delays associated with the dip arrival times from data covering 37 years and used different models to fit the time delays with respect to a constant period model. Results. We find that the quadratic form alone does not fit the data. The data are well fitted using a sinusoidal term plus a quadratic function or, alternatively, with a series of sinusoidal terms that can be associated with a modulation of the dip arrival times due to the presence of a third body that has an elliptical orbit. We infer that for a conservative mass transfer scenario the modulation of the delays can be explained by invoking the presence of a third body with mass between 0.10–0.14 M� , orbital period around the X-ray binary system of close to 51 yr and an eccentricity of 0.28 ± 0.15. In a non-conservative mass transfer scenario we estimate that the fraction of matter yielded by the degenerate companion star and accreted onto the neutron star is β = 0.08, the neutron star mass is ≥2.2 M� , and the companion star mass is 0.028 M� . In this case, we explain the sinusoidal modulation of the delays by invoking the presence of a third body with orbital period of 26 yr and mass of 0.055 M� . Conclusions. From the analysis of the delays associated with the dip arrival times, we find that both in a conservative and nonconservative mass transfer scenario we have to invoke the presence of a third body to explain the observed sinusoidal modulation. We propose that XB 1916-053 forms a hierarchical triple system.


As deep web gains at a very fast pace, there has been increased interest in techniques that help efficiently locate deep-web intermix. However, due to the large volume of web resources and the dynamic nature of deep web, achieving wide report and high efficiency is a challenging issue. In existing system they proposed a two-stage framework, specially Smart Crawler, for efficient harvesting deep web interfaces. To achieve more accurate results for a focused crawl, Smart Crawler grade websites to prioritize highly relevant ones for a given topic. In proposed system the multi-key word search concept will be used ,the system will be giving all the possible relevant links. This will be achieved in two ways 1st)The query which is submitted to the application will be preprocessed, after pre-processing only root words will be taken and it will find Synonym, Hypernym and Hyponym and it will listed to the user so this is the reason that all possible links can be found related to search. If any words in that displayed list is selected then all the website links, images and news feeds will be given as final output to the user. Then the book mark concept is included that is the book marked link will be added to the application directly not to the browser so the bookmarked content will visible globally . Keywords-User Interface, Data Preprocessing, Ontology Clustering, Multi-term Search, Cluster the Most Relevant Content.


Alcohol consumption has a substantial importance in the causation of cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, liver, colon, rectum; and in women, breast. It is also recognized as an independent risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Nevertheless, the association with esophagus adenocarcinoma (EAC) is still not completely defined; as well as the association between alcohol intake and Barrett's Esophagus (BE). The aim of this mini-review is to summarize recent findings from population studies focused on the association between alcohol consumption and risk of BE. The research was carried out in PubMed, filtering for studies conducted in the period 2009-2015. Our mini-review has shown no association between the consumption of alcohol and BE. Some type of alcoholic beverages has shown an inverse association. Direct public health applications of these findings are limited, considering the causal link between moderate-to-heavy alcohol consumption with increased risks of several cancers. Given the rising incidence of BE and EAC, it is important to understand the interplay of dietary and lifestyle factors that influence the development of these conditions.


Abstract Tackling germs, negotiating norms, and securing access to medicines are persistent challenges that disproportionally affect developing countries' participation in global health governance. Furthermore, over the last two decades, the excessive focus on global pandemics and security in global health diplomacy, rendered peripheral diseases that usually strike the poor and vulnerable, creating situations of marginalisation and inequality across societies. However, as the importance of regions and regionalism increases in global politics, and integration ambitions and initiatives extend beyond trade and investment to embrace welfare policy, there are new opportunities to explore whether and how regional commitments affect health equity and access to medicine in developing nations. What, if any, are the possibilities for meso-level institutions to provide leadership and direction in support of alternative practices of global (health) governance? Can regional polities become international advocacy actors in support of global justice goals? This article addresses these questions by analysing regional health diplomacy in South America. The article argues that regional organisations can become sites for collective action and pivotal actors in the advocacy of rights (to health) enabling diplomatic and strategic options to member state and nonstate actors, and playing a role as deal-broker in international organisations by engaging in new forms of regional health diplomacy.


In this paper, 1-D Local binary patterns (LBP) are proposed to be used in speech signal segmentation and voice activation detection (VAD)and combined with hidden Markov model (HMM) for advanced speech recognition. Speech is firstly de-noised by Adaptive Empirical Model Decomposition (AEMD), and then processed using LBP based VAD. The short-time energy of the speech activity detected from the VAD is finally smoothed and used as the input of the HMM recognition process. The enhanced performance of the proposed system for speech recognition is compared with other VAD techniques at different SNRs ranging from 15 dB to a robust noisy condition at -5 dB.


Over the last decades there has been a sizeable increase in trade and financial openness, triggered by current and capital account liberalization as well as improvements in transport and communication technologies. As a consequence, the importance of spillover effects is likely to have increased at all levels of aggregation: among firms, industries, regions, and even countries. In other words, the relevance of geographic distance should have decreased over time, a view that has been popularized as 'the death of distance' by Cairncross (1997). Yet there is little overall quantitative evidence by how much globalisation has reduced economic distance between countries. A related albeit more specific strand of the literature considers either directly the evolution of trade costs over time or the sensitivity of trade flows to distance in gravity models. In their survey of the empirical trade literature, Leamer and Levinsohn (1995) conclude that the effect of distance on trade patterns has not diminished over time. More recently, Jacks et al. (2009) find that the role of distance has declined dramatically in the 19th century, but not over the period since 1950. This paper takes an alternative approach in addressing the question whether the world has become smaller in terms of economic distance. Instead of focussing on the transmission of single shocks (which requires high frequency data) or confining the analysis to a particular channel of interdependence (such as trade), it provides a bird-eye's perspective, using a large cross-section of 135 countries and considering how cross-country interdependence of output volatility has evolved over the period 1955 to 2006. From a methodological perspective, we adopt a spatial econometric approach, relating a country's output volatility to (distance weighted averages of) other countries' output volatility, using descriptive measures, test statistics, and econometric estimates of cross-country interdependence. We also suggest a new method to approximate (unobserved) bilateral data from observed aggregate data in order to assess the importance of alternative channels of interdependence, in particular that of trade versus financial openness. We find that cross-country interdependence increased significantly till the mid 1980s and remained at high levels since then. In quantitative terms, estimation results for the most recent period suggest that a uniform shock to output volatility in the world economy roughly quadruplicates through spillover effects and the associated repercussions, which are equally transmitted through both trade and financial linkages. Keywords: financial openness, spillovers, trade, output volatility JEL No: C21, E32, F15, F40


This paper presents a model which estimates market potential and forecasts market penetration for one demand-side management (DSM) programwater heater load controlin the service territory of Virginia Power Corporation, a large electric utility in the south-eastern United States. Water heater load control is a voluntary program where customers are paid a monthly incentive to allow the utility to shut off power to their electric water heaters during periods of peak demand. Reducing the level of peak demand through DSM programs is one way for utilities to avoid building new power plants. The current total energy (or demand) impact due to a load control program is the sum of the changes in energy (or demand) for all program participants. The projected energy and demand impact due to a load control program is the average change per participant multiplied by the number of participants or adopters of the program. While it is reasonably straightforward to measure the energy savings resulting from shutting off power to a water heater, the more difficult task for planning purposes is forecasting the number of customers who will actually join the program (i.e. the market penetration) for a given incentive. The customer decision process is divided into three stages: eligibility, awareness, and adoption. The responsiveness of market penetration to changes in advertising and incentive amounts is demonstrated. In addition, the impact of changing advertising and incentive amounts on the percentage of aware customers who adopt the program and on that of eligible customers who become aware of the program is estimated. This model can be used by utility planners and managers to forecast the market penetration of both new and existing load control programs. In addition, it can be employed to estimate the impact of various promotion and marketing schemes on both market potential and market penetration.


The latest release of the Crystal program for solid‐state quantum‐mechanical ab initio simulations is presented. The program adopts atom‐centered Gaussian‐type functions as a basis set, which makes it possible to perform all‐electron as well as pseudopotential calculations. Systems of any periodicity can be treated at the same level of accuracy (from 0D molecules, clusters and nanocrystals, to 1D polymers, helices, nanorods, and nanotubes, to 2D monolayers and slab models for surfaces, to actual 3D bulk crystals), without any artificial repetition along nonperiodic directions for 0–2D systems. Density functional theory calculations can be performed with a variety of functionals belonging to several classes: local‐density (LDA), generalized‐gradient (GGA), meta‐GGA, global hybrid, range‐separated hybrid, and self‐consistent system‐specific hybrid. In particular, hybrid functionals can be used at a modest computational cost, comparable to that of pure LDA and GGA formulations, because of the efficient implementation of exact nonlocal Fock exchange. Both translational and point‐symmetry features are fully exploited at all steps of the calculation, thus drastically reducing the corresponding computational cost. The various properties computed encompass electronic structure (including magnetic spin‐polarized open‐shell systems, electron density analysis), geometry (including full or constrained optimization, transition‐state search), vibrational properties (frequencies, infrared and Raman intensities, phonon density of states), thermal properties (quasi‐harmonic approximation), linear and nonlinear optical properties (static and dynamic [hyper]polarizabilities), strain properties (elasticity, piezoelectricity, photoelasticity), electron transport properties (Boltzmann, transport across nanojunctions), as well as X‐ray and inelastic neutron spectra. The program is distributed in serial, parallel, and massively parallel versions. In this paper, the original developments that have been devised and implemented in the last 4 years (since the distribution of the previous public version, Crystal14, occurred in December 2013) are described.


Although the Securities and Exchange Commission is the primary securities regulator in the United States, the Department of Labor also engages in "securities regulation." It does so by virtue of its authority to administer the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), the statute that governs the investment of retirement assets. In 2016, the DOL used its securities regulatory authority to adopt a rule that, for the first time, designates securities brokers who provide investment advice to retirement investors as fiduciaries subject to ERISA's stringent transaction prohibitions. The new rule's objective is salutary, to be sure. However, this Article shows that, by way of its reformation of many advisers' relationships with their retirement-investor customers, the "fiduciary rule" imperils retirement investors in ways that are not immediately evident and that other scholars have not noticed. First, the rule promotes a particular investment strategy — namely, passive investing — for all retirement investors, regardless of their individual needs or objectives. Second, as a thought experiment demonstrates, the rule portends a constriction of most retirement investors' participation in the securities markets and a still-wider gap, in terms of investment opportunities and performance, between these investors and their "sophisticated" counterparts. Despite these difficulties and speculation that the Trump administration would scuttle the rule, moreover, the rule's effects are likely enduring.
Given the damage that the fiduciary rule threatens to inflict on retirement investors, the DOL's adoption of it is an episode of failed rulemaking — one that, as this Article contends, may be traced to doctrinal factors: U.S. securities regulation is based on the notion that regulation should be neutral as among firms' business and financial objectives and should harness, without necessarily abolishing, financial professionals' conflicts of interest. Yet with its fiduciary rule, the DOL has effectively forsaken the principle of neutrality and deployed a scorched earth strategy against conflicts. With a view toward addressing the special concerns that shared regulatory authority creates, the Article delves into the lessons arising from this episode and how policymakers might better promote regulatory objectives and sound policy going forward.


Polycomb and trithorax group proteins regulate cellular pluripotency and differentiation by maintaining hereditable states of transcription. Many Polycomb and trithorax group proteins have been implicated in the covalent modification or remodeling of chromatin, but how they interact with each other and the general transcription machinery to regulate transcription is not well understood. The trithorax group protein Kismet-L (KIS-L) is a member of the CHD subfamily of chromatin-remodeling factors that plays a global role in transcription by RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Mutations in CHD7, the human counterpart of kis, are associated with CHARGE syndrome, a developmental disorder affecting multiple tissues and organs. To clarify how KIS-L activates gene expression and counteracts Polycomb group silencing, we characterized defects resulting from the loss of KIS-L function in Drosophila. These studies revealed that KIS-L acts downstream of P-TEFb recruitment to stimulate elongation by Pol II. The presence of two chromodomains in KIS-L suggested that its recruitment or function might be regulated by the methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 by the trithorax group proteins ASH1 and TRX. Although we observed significant overlap between the distributions of KIS-L, ASH1, and TRX on polytene chromosomes, KIS-L did not bind methylated histone tails in vitro, and loss of TRX or ASH1 function did not alter the association of KIS-L with chromatin. By contrast, loss of kis function led to a dramatic reduction in the levels of TRX and ASH1 associated with chromatin and was accompanied by increased histone H3 lysine 27 methylation—a modification required for Polycomb group repression. A similar increase in H3 lysine 27 methylation was observed in ash1 and trx mutant larvae. Our findings suggest that KIS-L promotes early elongation and counteracts Polycomb group repression by recruiting the ASH1 and TRX histone methyltransferases to chromatin.


Sauropod dinosaurs compose a diversified, well known, and worldwide distributed clade, with a stereotyped body plan: deep trunk, elongated neck and tail, columnar limbs and very small skull. In Brazil, the group is represented by ten formally described Cretaceous species, mostly titanosaurs. This is the case of Maxakalisaurus topai, known based on an incomplete and disarticulated skeleton, unearthed from deposits of the Adamantina Formation in Minas Gerais. Here, we report a partial right dentary, including five isolated teeth, collected from the same site as the type-series of M. topai and tentatively referred to that taxon. The bone is gently curved medially, the functional teeth are set on an anterolingual position, and two replacement teeth are seen per alveoli. New morphological data gathered from that specimen was employed to conduct a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Titanosauria (with 42 taxa and 253 characters), based on previous studies. The Aeolosaurini clade was recovered, with Gondwanatitan and Aelosaurus as sister taxa, and Maxakalisaurus, Panamericansaurus, and Rinconsaurus forming a basal polytomy.


The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is widely recognized as having the features of what can effectively be called a constitutional court. But what is the proper definition of a constitution and in what way can the ECtHR be properly considered a "constitutional court"? Constitutions are considered by citizens and jurists alike to be the most profound expressions of national commitment, but to what extent does the ECtHR operate constitutionally vis-a-vis the States within its jurisdiction? This paper attempts to briefly answer these questions and elaborate upon the implications of having the constitutional atmosphere of the EU interpreted and influenced by the ECtHR. This paper also deals with the EU's constitutional structure as States interact and submit to the constitution-like machinations of the ECtHR. The paper proceeds to investigate the ECtHR as a constitutional apparatus and examine the unique challenges to the idea of a "constitutional court". It concludes with case studies from the United States and Scotland and finally questions what could be done to further understand the constitutional nature of the ECtHR.


Abstract:  High-angle cross-stratification related to the downflow migration of subaqueous dunes is common in the continental sedimentary record but is puzzlingly uncommon in deep-marine strata. In deep-marine rocks of the Windermere turbidite system, however, several centimeters to decimeters-thick, high-angle cross-stratified sets that resemble dune cross-stratification are commonly observed, but in an upflow direction characteristically transition abruptly at the brinkpoint into planar stratification. Typically, the transition coincides with an abrupt deepening of a basal scour, and into and onto which a progressively lengthening and commonly thickening wedge of high-angle cross-strata downlap. Moreover, the several-meters to several-decameters-long sets are longitudinally discontinuous, even though they typically sharply overlie an areally expansive sandy substrate and evidence of scour by a younger event is generally absent. Instead these strata are interpreted to represent the flat-topped, steep-fronted, prograding fills of isolated scours, and therefore in spite of resembling the cross-stratification formed by the migration of subaqueous dunes, dunes were not involved in deposition of these strata.


Introduction: Insertion torque imposes a direct effect on the stability of implants. Some studies suggest that high torque has resulted in bone necrosis while some suggest no impact on bone with high torque, the literature regarding insertion torque relationship to changes in bone is sparse.
Purpose: The rationale of this article is to critically evaluate the available scientific data on influence of insertion torque on implant success.
Materials and Methods: A Medline and manual search was done to recognize studies that are concerned with insertion torque related implant success rates from 1970 to 2017. The articles taken in this study includes data on insertion torque such as primary stability, bone quality and quantity, implant design and changes in bone related to high or low torque.
Results: The 28 included studies contains one randomized controlled trial, 12 prospective studies and 10 retrospective studies.
Conclusion: Insertion torque leads to primary stability of implants which ultimately contributes to implant success.

Keywords: Insertion torque, Primary stability, Bone density, Implant success.


Although books in the For Dummies series and other similar series have found commercial success, the approach to information design they use has not received much attention in technical communication journals. This article reports on readers' responses to information presented in the magazine Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! and two other nursing journals. Three groups of readers (two groups of nursing students and one group of nursing faculty members) responded to three articles they read by completing questionnaires and participating in focus groups. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! was regarded as easy to read and as a good starting point for less-experienced readers, but its tone and style elicited some strong objections as well. The article provides observations and recommendations about using an informal approach to information design.


Politicization of Macedonian history in domestic and foreign historiography has led to a focus on the Macedonian nation building processes at the expense of a more nuanced approach that would allow everyday multicultural practices from the past to become visible. Macedonia's diversity was acknowledged by the Macedonian revolutionaries in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Despite this fact, it remains underreported in the historiography dominated by nation-state formation in the Balkans. The paper contrasts the available evidence about the Macedonian revo lutionaries' multicultural mindset with the nationalistic perspective dictated by the great powers and regional expanding nation-states. Finally, by sketching out the early and late Ottoman inclusive policies and their preference for conviviality and coexistence, I argue against the historiographic paradigm of discontinuity characterised by abrupt changes in favour of a processual perspective of adaptive transformations.


Peninsular Malaysia is expected to face a timber deficit
before the end. of the century. the compensatory Forest
Plantation Project now undertaken as a remedial measure for
this impending crisis needs research in plantation management
perticularly on silvicultural practices such as thinning and
pruning. thinning needs primary attention in plantation
forestry if the management objective is sawlog production. The
present study focusses mainly on the determination of
reasonable age for first thinning in Acacia mangium plantation
in Peninsular Malaysia. In addition to the preliminary thinning
study, pruning trials and evaluation of growth pattern of
Acacia mangium in different aged stands and on different sites
were also conducted. three sites, that is, Kemasul in Pahang, Setul in Negeri Sembilan and Rantau Panjang in Selangor
were chosen for the study.


This thesis is a portfolio of the courses I have taken in the Organizational Dynamics Program that have had the greatest impact on my views of how to successfully manage a business. While all of the courses I have taken have had an impact on me, I have selected several that at this time have been the most influential on my view of business operations. The overall goal of my course selection strategy was to increase my knowledge in the areas of Leadership Management and Practitioner. I have used these two areas as my primary foundation for learning. I have come to believe that recognizing, understanding, and improving internal relationships can translate into process efficiencies, improved market understanding, and therefore an improved bottom line. This process can best be achieved through effective communication at all levels of the organization. I outline how the courses in this program have made this clearer to me and have given me additional tools to implement that knowledge in my work environment. Comments Submitted to the Program of Organizational Dynamics in the Graduate Division of the School of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science in Organizational Dynamics at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Advisor: Larry Starr This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/od_theses_msod/32 ACHIEVING SUCCESS IN BUSINESS BY RECOGNIZING AND EMPHASIZING THE IMPORTANCE OF INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS


The history of internal territorialization in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, reveals the interplay between state and local concepts of territory. Both colonial and national authorities sought to divide natural resources and ethnic groups through boundary making, and local peoples have accommodated and challenged state concepts of territory in their competition over natural resources. This history highlights a common situation in which local people incorporate state boundary concepts in order to make claims on resources in a way the state recognizes. Yet indigenous concepts of territory and resource claims persist as local people seek multiple, practical ways of securing rights to resources, and as the power of the state fluctuates over time.


The year 2002 marked the thirtieth anniversary of the passage of Title IX by the United States. For those familiar with the history of resistance to the application of Title IX to athletic programs in schools receiving federal financial assistance, it was also the year in which the United States Department of Education, upon the urging of President George W. Bush, appointed the Commission on Opportunities in Athletics. According to its stated purpose, the Commission was charged to "collect information, analyze issues, and obtain broad public input directed at improving the application of current Federal standard for measuring equal opportunity for men and women and boys and girls to participate in athletics under Title IX" (Commission Charter, 2002). In point of fact, the creation of the Commission was a response to allegations made by several men's minor sport constituencies, like the National Wrestling Coaches Association, that Title IX was being enforced as an illegal quota system and was being used by education administrators to eliminate men's varsity sports programs. The impetus for the Commission derived from a lawsuit filed by the National Wrestling Coaches Association and other men's minor sport organizations against the Department of Education, in which the plaintiffs sought to vacate existing standards of compliance. At an objective level, the approach taken by the Bush Administration and the Department of Education regarding Title IX in its 30th year defies logic. While acknowledging that the vast majority of educational institutions had not yet complied with the mandates of Title IX after three decades, and girls and women in the United States were still being denied access to equitable educational opportunity in schools, the argument the government officials embraced as most compelling and warranting the most attention were the false allegations that boys and men had somehow become victims of Title IX enforcement. At a fundamental level, Title IX as it applies to athletics, seems to trigger the most central of our concerns as a nation about the proper behavior of men and women and their roles in society. Just as author, Mariah Burton Nelson has pointed out that "the stronger women get, the more men love football", so too has it been the case that the stronger women get in sport, the more resistance there has been to the enforcement of Title IX. This special section of Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal devoted to Title IX in the aftermath of the Commission's hearings is intended to do several things. First, as shown in Theresa Walton's contribution entitled "Title IX: Forced to Wrestle Up The Backside", the Commission's validation of the argument that the enforcement of Title IX was harming men's sports prevented a considered understanding of the campaign of misinformation that led many Americans to reach this erroneous conclusion. Walton situates the claims made by some members of the wrestling community within the broader "war on boys" advanced in opposition to perceived affirmative action programs by political conservatives. …


Introduction: Despite availability of adequate treatment, premature termination of treatment or lost to follow-up is great concern in patients with psychoactive substance use. This creates a hindrance in getting the favorable outcomes, indirectly adding up to the increased burden of the disease. This study focuses in assessing the socio-demographic and clinical variables associated with drop-outs in these patients which can guide the clinicians and health care delivery system to make required efforts in preventing these drop-outs.
Aims and Objectives: To study the pattern including socio-demographic and clinical profile of drop-out patients with mental and behavioral disorder due to psychoactive substance use.
Materials and Methods: Patients attending the Psychiatry Walk-In-Clinic of tertiary care teaching hospital of North India from June 2018 to July 2018 and diagnosed with 'Mental and behavior Disorder due to psychoactive substance use' (F10-19) as per ICD-10 were enrolled in the study. Socio-demographic and clinical variables of these patient were recorded using the Departmental walk-in Performa. Patient who didn't come for follow-up visit till 4 weeks after first contact were considered drop-out. Data was analyzed for factors related to drop-outs.
Results: A total of 1553 patients registered in walk-in-clinic during a period of 2 months (June- July 2018), in which 175 patients were diagnosed with Mental and behavior disorder due to psychoactive substance use. Out of 175, 106 were drop-outs (60%). Socio-demographic and Clinical profile of  drop-out patients revealed that 57% were of age group 20-40 years, 98% were Male, 75% were married, 70% had income more than 7000 rupees per month, 54% belonged to joint family, 49% were of opioid dependence, followed by alcohol dependence (31%) and 54%  had no h/o of previous treatment.
Conclusion: It can be concluded from the current study that patients with opioid use, employed and without any medical or surgical co-morbidity are more likely to drop-out after the first contact.

Keywords: Drop-out, Walk-in clinic, Substance use disorders, Psychoactive substance use.


This paper addresses the problem of capturing an arbitrary convex object P in the plane with three congruent disc-shaped robots. Given two stationary robots in contact with P, we characterize the set of positions of a third robot that prevent P from escaping to infinity and show that the computation of this so-called capture region reduces to the resolution of a visibility problem. We present two algorithms for solving this problem and computing the capture region when P is a polygon and the robots are points (zero-radius discs). The first algorithm is exact and has polynomial-time complexity. The second one uses simple hidden-surface removal techniques from computer graphics to output an arbitrarily accurate approximation of the capture region; it has been implemented and examples are presented.


The FTC recently found McWane, Inc. liable for unlawful monopoly maintenance by a 3-1 majority. The dispute among the FTC Commissioners raises important and interesting issues regarding the law and economics of exclusive dealing and the proper evaluation of the competitive effects of exclusionary conduct. Commissioner Wright's Dissent proposes and utilizes a new legal standard that requires the plaintiff to show "clear evidence" of harm to competition before shifting the burden to the defendant to show procompetitive efficiency benefits. This burden of proof and production on the plaintiff is much higher than showing "probable effect" based on a preponderance of the evidence standard. Application of this higher burden to interbrand exclusivity restraints by monopolists is not supported either by the case law, economic theory or empirical evidence. In evaluating harm to competition, this legal standard places no weight on certain important factors, including the fact that McWane was a monopolist with the explicit purpose of raising the costs and reducing the distribution of its only competitors. His proposed standard also does not consider whether McWane's efficiency claims were valid, in the absence of other clear evidence of competitive harm. Commissioner Wright limits his economic analysis to only a single possible mechanism of exclusionary effect, whether the entrant was prevented from reaching minimum efficient scale of production, rather than a broader analysis of whether the entrant's costs were raised or whether its ability to expand output was so limited by the exclusives that it was unable to prevent the maintenance of McWane's monopoly pricing. Commissioner Wright also fails to credit the direct evidence of price effects found by the Commission. In our view, this proposed type of legal standard and economic approach is not an "enquiry meet for the case." It creates a serious risk of leading to false negatives, under-enforcement and under-deterrence.


Egge and Mansour have recently studied permutations which avoid 1243 and 2143 regarding the occurrence of certain additional patterns. Some of the open questions related to their work can easily be answered by using permutation diagrams. Like for 132-avoiding permutations the diagram approach gives insights into the structure of {1243,2143}-avoiding permutations that yield simple proofs for some enumerative results concerning forbidden patterns in such permutations.


This paper examines negative concord sentences in Southern Levantine Arabic (Palestinian and Jordanian), providing evidence that locality restrictions on negative concord licensing are in fact restrictions on prosodic rather than syntactic locality. While negative concord is generally a clause-local dependency, a set of exceptions is examined in which the licensing relationship crosses subordinate clause boundaries. These examples involve a set of subordinating verbs with a high frequency in the Maamouri, Buckwalter, Graff, & Jin (2006a,b) corpus. Acoustic analysis of these data shows a strong correlation between the frequency of a subordinating verb in the corpus, its acceptability with non-local negative concord and reduced prosodic prominence in its pronunciation. This suggests that non-local negative concord licensing correlates with a subordinating verb structure being pronounced as a single prosodic constituent.


Anthropogenic warming is caused mainly by emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, with agriculture as a main contributor for the latter 2 gases. Other parts of the food system contribute carbon dioxide emissions that emanate from the use of fossil fuels in transportation, processing, retailing, storage, and preparation. Food items differ substantially when GHG emissions are calculated from farm to table. A recent study of '20 items sold in Sweden showed a span of 0.4 to 30 kg CO2 equivalents/kg edible product. For protein-rich food, such as legumes, meat, fish, cheese, and eggs, the difference is a factor of 30 with the lowest emissions per kilogram for legumes, poultry, and eggs and the highest for beef, cheese, and pork. Large emissions for ruminants are explained mainly by methane emissions from enteric fermentation. For vegetables and fruits, emissions usually are 2.5 kg CO2 equivalents/kg product, even if there is a high degree of processing and substantial transportation. Products transported by plane are an exception because emissions may be as large as for certain meats. Emissions from foods rich in carbohydrates, such as potatoes, pasta, and wheat, are ,1.1 kg/kg edible food. We suggest that changes in the diet toward more plant-based foods, toward meat from animals with little enteric fermentation, and toward foods processed in an energy-efficient manner offer an interesting and little explored area for mitigating climate change. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(suppl):1704S–9S.


While protected areas are a centrepiece of conservation, populations of animals in protected areas can still be subject to considerable human influence. Conservation theory suggests that many species should live at lower densities at the periphery of protected areas compared with the core area. Similarly, but more specifically, species subject to exploitation are expected to have lower densities in areas close to human settlements compared with more remote areas. Drawing upon distributional data of eight large African herbivore species (buffalo Syncerus caffer, elephant Loxodonta africana, giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis, impala Aepyceros melampus, topi Damaliscus lunatus, warthog Phacochoerus africanus, waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus and zebra Equus quagga) sampled using ground surveys in 1995 and 1996, and seven large herbivore species (the same species without impala) sampled using aerial surveys from 1987 to 2009, we fitted logistic regression models and used an information theoretic model selection approach to test these two hypotheses in an East African savannah national park subject to illegal hunting from outside. In the vast majority of herbivore species, occupancy was not substantially affected by being close to the edge of the park or in close proximity to human villages. Furthermore, population declines witnessed in this protected area were not reflected in reduced occupancy near park boundaries. We conclude that assumed distributional differences between peripheral and core parts of reserves are not necessarily supported by empirical evidence, and that population declines within reserves do not inevitably proceed from boundaries inwards.


BACKGROUND
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement-augmented dynamic hip screws (DHS) have been used as a solution in unstable intertrochanteric fractures (ITF). Our aim was to investigate the complications in PMMA cement-augmented DHS.

METHODS
All patients who had received DHS plate osteosynthesis with or without PMMA cement augmentation from August 2005 to July 2009 in one medical center were retrospectively reviewed. The fractures were classified as unstable (31-A2.2, 31-A2.3 and 31-A3) on the basis of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen classification. Inclusion criteria were patients older than 75 years, unstable ITF treated with cement-augmented DHS, and a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. Exclusion criteria were stable ITFs, incomplete chart records and imaging studies, loss to follow-up or death before bone union.

RESULTS
Three hundred twenty-one patients received DHS during the study period. Sixty-seven patients were included in the study (25 men and 42 women; mean age, 81.2 years). The mean follow-up time was 40.2 months, and the mean union time was 18.5 weeks (12-40 weeks). No patient had a lag screw cut-out. Six patients had delayed union or nonunion with side plate failures, including side plate breakage in 1 patient, screw breakage in 3, screw pullout in 1, and recurrent side plate breakage and screw breakage in 1. Deep infection occurred in 1 patient, and 1 had osteonecrosis at the femoral head. The procedure-related complication rate was 8.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
Cement-augmented DHS have a different failure mode than screw cutout in conventional DHS. Failures tended to be more related to delayed union, nonunion and resultant side plate construct failure.


Social and economic transformations in Poland had as one of the consequences the fact that rural areas faced a number of difficulties and challenges. In connection with the political system transformation and Poland's accession to the European Union, problems appeared, concerning mainly the issues of employment and the population's income sources. The issues become yet more significant in the areas of agricultural and farming traditions, i.e. in Lublin Province (Voivod-ship), where the percentages of rural population and of population employed in agriculture are high and exceed 50%. The backwardness of this region calls for profound reforms, in which well-educated inhabitants, aid funds or local leaders may become the stimulating factors. The paper presents the current condition and the directions of development of the key industry of the commune (gmina) of Uscimow. The paper deals with a number of problems which, in particular, include a difficult demographic situation, investments in agriculture and new aspects of management. The presented conclusions were drawn on the basis of the material from the field research of the authors. The questionnaires, which were the basic form of gathering information, concerned: the incomes of households, the access to various institutions (health care, schools, town or city), the features of an agricultural household, plans and investments for the next 10 years, the way of obtaining financial means for investments (loans for agricultural production, UE aid forms for agriculture), as well as the opinions of the population on the chances and threats resulting from entering the EU.


Liberia, West Africa is emerging relatively successfully from the devastation of years of violent and brutal civil war and is reasonably on track to meet the goals of the countries poverty reduction strategy (PRS) finalised in mid 2008. The Water, Sanitation and Health (WASH) PRS goals are largely being addressed through International Non Governmental Organisation (INGO) support and an effective means of collaboration has emerged in the form of an INGO WASH Consortium comprised of five key agencies intervening in the WASH sector in Liberia. This paper presents a practical case study of the Liberian WASH Consortiums strategy, structure, funding sources, key achievements and lessons learnt during the first year of collaboration. The Liberian WASH Consortium is being cited by key donors and relevant stakeholders as an innovative and effective means of meeting the basic humanitarian water and sanitation needs in Liberia as well as strongly supporting the transition from emergency relief to sustainable development.


High Frequency Trading is pervasive across all electronic financial markets. As algorithms replace an increasing number of tasks previously performed by humans, cascading effects similar to the Flash Crash of May 6th 2010 become more likely. In this study, we bring together a number of different data analysis tools to improve our understanding of natural gas futures trading activities. We focus on Fourier analysis and cointegration between weather forecasts and natural gas prices. From the Fourier analysis of Natural Gas futures market, we see strong evidences of High Frequency Trading in the market. The Fourier components corresponding to high frequencies (1) are becoming more prominent in the recent years and (2) are much stronger than could be expected from the overall trading records. Additionally, significant amount of trading activities occur in the first second of every minute, which is a telltale sign of the Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) execution algorithms. To illustrate the potential for cascading events, we study how weather forecasts drive natural gas prices. After separating the data according to seasons, the temperature forecast is strongly cointegrated with natural gas price. This splitting of data is necessary because in different seasons the natural gas demand depends on temperature through different mechanisms. We are also able to show that the variations in temperature forecasts contribute to a significant percentage of the average daily price fluctuations, which supports the hypothesis that the variations in temperature dominates the volatility of natural gas trading.


ABSTRACT Background: Socially assistive robots are increasingly used as a therapeutic tool for people with dementia, as a means to improve quality of life through social connection. This paper presents a mixed-method integrative review of telepresence robots used to improve social connection of people with dementia by enabling real-time communication with their carers. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, ProQuest, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library was conducted to gather available evidence on the use of telepresence robots, specifically videoconferencing, to improve social connectedness, in people with dementia. A narrative synthesis was used to analyze the included studies. Results: A review of 1,035 records, identified four eligible peer-reviewed publications, reporting findings about three different mobile telepresence robots. The study designs included qualitative and mixed-methods approaches, focusing primarily on examining the feasibility and acceptability of the telepresence robots within the context of dementia care. These studies reported both positive outcomes of using telepresence robots to connect people with dementia to others, as well as barriers, such as a lack of experience in using a robot and technological issues. Conclusion: Although limited, the current literature suggests that telepresence robots have potential utility for improving social connectedness of people with dementia and their carers. However, more systematic feasibility studies are needed to inform the development of telepresence robots followed by clinical trials to establish efficacy within dementia care.


The aim was to investigate experiences of mealtimes and related tasks among people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and to link these conceptually to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Data were collected by use of semi-structured interviews of 19 people with PD. Inductive content analysis resulted in five categories: 1) Managing mealtime preparations and related tasks, 2) Compromised physical control, 3) Difficulties enjoying meals, 4) Difficulties eating together with others, and 5) Strategies to maintain conventional norms and independence. Deductive content analysis linked the categories to the ICF categories: body functions (mental, sensory, neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions); activities (self-determination and chores); participation (interpersonal interactions and relationships); and environmental factors (conventional norms, attitudes of friends and strangers). Emotional and involuntary movement functions were represented in all five inductively derived categories. Eating difficulties may have negative consequences on participation and the emotional wellbeing of people with Parkinson's disease.


The Oligocene deposits of Montgat are integrated in a small outcrop made up of Cenozoic and Mesozoic rocks located in the Garraf-Montnegre horst, close to the major Barcelona fault. The Oligocene of Montgat consists of detrital sediments of continental origin mainly deposited in alluvial fan environments; these deposits are folded and affected by thrusts and strike-slip faults. They can be divided in two lithostratigraphic units separated by a minor southwest-directed thrust: (i) the Turo de Montgat Unit composed of litharenites and lithorudites with high contents of quartz, feldspar, plutonic and limestone rock fragments; and (ii) the Pla de la Concordia Unit composed of calcilitharenites and calcilithorudites with high contents of dolosparite and dolomicrite rock fragments. The petrological composition of both units indicates that sediments were derived from the erosion of Triassic (Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk and Keuper facies), Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks (Barremian to Aptian in age). Stratigraphic and petrological data suggest that these units correspond to two coalescent alluvial fans with a source area located northwestwards in the adjoining Collserola and Montnegre inner areas. Micromammal fossils (Archaeomys sp.) found in a mudstone layer of the Pla de la Concordia Unit assign a Chattian age (Late Oligocene) to the studied materials. Thus, the Montgat deposits are the youngest dated deposits affected by the contractional deformation that led to the development of the Catalan Intraplate Chain. Taking into account that the oldest syn-rift deposits in the Catalan Coastal Ranges are Aquitanian in age, this allows to precise that the change from a compressive to an extensional regime in this area took place during latest Oligocene-earliest Aquitanian times. This age indicates that the onset of crustal extension related to the opening of the western Mediterranean Basin started in southern France during latest Eocene-early Oligocene and propagated southwestward, affecting the Catalan Coastal Ranges and the northeastern part of the Valencia trough during the latest Chattian-earliest Aquitanian times.


For many believers, their relationship with God or creation is central to all their activities. It concerns their capacity to relate in an intensely meaningful fashion to their sense of themselves, their community and their universe. For millions in all walks of life, religion provides support and nurture and a framework for individual and social stability and growth. Religious belief has the capacity to awake concepts of self-worth and human dignity which form the cornerstone of human rights.
In this quote, Sachs J highlights the crucial significance of religious belief to many millions of individuals in South Africa. Yet, surprisingly, there has been very limited legal academic writing concerning the implications of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 for religious rights and freedoms, even though there is an urgent need for an examination of these fundamental issues. In the past, the South African state has had a problematic relationship with religion. To a large extent, the state aligned itself (at least during the apartheid era) with a particular form of Christianity, which had implications for the type of education, public holidays, modes of entertainment and sexual conduct that were permissible. Moreover, some religious groupings provided doctrinal support and legitimation for the apartheid system; others strongly opposed it. This history thus requires us to think seriously about the relationship between religion and the state as well as the role religion plays within South African society as a whole.


The roles of four conserved basic amino acids in the reaction catalyzed by the ferredoxin-dependent nitrate reductase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 have been investigated using site-directed mutagenesis in combination with measurements of steady-state kinetics, substrate-binding affinities, and spectroscopic properties of the enzyme's two prosthetic groups. Replacement of either Lys58 or Arg70 by glutamine leads to a complete loss of activity, both with the physiological electron donor, reduced ferredoxin, and with a nonphysiological electron donor, reduced methyl viologen. More conservative, charge-maintaining K58R and R70K variants were also completely inactive. Replacement of Lys130 by glutamine produced a variant that retained 26% of the wild-type activity with methyl viologen as the electron donor and 22% of the wild-type activity with ferredoxin as the electron donor, while replacement by arginine produces a variant that retains a significantly higher percentage of the wild-type activity with both electron donors. In contrast, replacement of Arg146 by glutamine had minimal effect on the activity of the enzyme. These results, along with substrate-binding and spectroscopic measurements, are discussed in terms of an in silico structural model for the enzyme.


We consider linear multistage detectors with universal (large system) weighting for synchronous code-division multiple access (CDMA) in multipath fading channels with many users. A convenient choice of the basis of the projection subspace allows a joint projection of all users. Taking advantage of this property, the complexity per bit of multistage detectors with universal weights scales linearly with the number of users on the uplink CDMA channel, while other known multistage detectors with universal weights and different bases of the projection subspace keep the same quadratic complexity order per bit as the linear minimum mean-square error (LMMSE) detector. We focus on the design of two kinds of detectors with linear complexity. The detector of Type I is obtained as an asymptotic approximation of the polynomial expansion detector proposed by Moshavi et al. The detector of Type II has the same performance as the multistage Wiener filter (MSWF) in large systems. Additionally, general performance expressions for large systems, applicable to any multistage detector with the same basis of the projection subspace (e.g., linear parallel interference canceling detectors), are derived. As a by-product, the performance analysis disproves the widespread belief that the MSWF and the polynomial expansion detector are equivalent. We show that, in general, the MSWF outperforms the latter one and they are equivalent only asymptotically in the case of equal received powers.


Human UC11 astrocytoma cells were used to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) and other kinases in neurokinin (NK)1 receptor desensitization. The selective NK1 receptor agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P stimulated a biphasic accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates ([3H]IPs) in the presence of 10 mM LiCl in cells that had been prelabeled with [3H]inositol. An initial rapid phase of [3H]IP accumulation during the first 1 min was followed by a slower sustained phase for up to 90 min. These results demonstrate that the human NK1 receptor desensitizes rapidly but only partially. The selective PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220 did not prevent rapid NK1 receptor desensitization but after a longer incubation significantly potentiated human NK1 receptor agonist-stimulated accumulation of [3H]IPs. These results suggest that, although PKC does not mediate the process of rapid desensitization, it does have an inhibitory role at later times. This conclusion is supported by studies with staurosporine, phorbol dibutyrate, and the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Studies using AlF4-, an agent that can directly activate G proteins, and Ro31-8220 suggested that PKC can exert inhibitory effects 'downstream' of receptor activation, although immunoprecipitation of the G proteins alpha q/alpha 11 demonstrated that they do not undergo phosphorylation in UC11 cells and are unlikely to be the target of PKC-mediated inhibitory feedback. Delayed inhibitory feedback by PKC may be mediated by phosphorylation of phospholipase C, although an additional site of action on the NK1 receptor cannot be ruled out.


The paper presents application of analytical methods of determining the mechanical properties of Fibre Metal Laminates. Chosen micromechanical methods were employed to predict elastic moduli and strength of FML panels. Prediction was conducted on two levels i.e. micromechanics where properties of a single composite lamina (prepreg) were analyzed, and macro–mechanics to determine properties of a full FML hybrid material. The properties of a single GFR lamina were predicted by Rule of Mixture Method (ROM), inverse Rule of Mixture Method with correction factor, Halpin Tsai Method, Tsai Method and Wilczynski Method application. Properties of full 3–2 FML lay–up were determined using the Rule of Mixtures. Analytical results were verified by experimental tests. Tensile and bending test were performed on rectangular standard coupons of 3–2 FMLs.


Spanish–English bilinguals rarely code-switch in the perfect structure between the Spanish auxiliary haber ("to have") and the participle (e.g., "Ella ha voted"; "She has voted"). However, they are somewhat likely to switch in the progressive structure between the Spanish auxiliary estar ("to be") and the participle ("Ella está voting"; "She is voting"). This phenomenon is known as the "auxiliary phrase asymmetry". One hypothesis as to why this occurs is that estar has more semantic weight as it also functions as an independent verb, whereas haber is almost exclusively used as an auxiliary verb. To test this hypothesis, we employed a connectionist model that produces spontaneous code-switches. Through simulation experiments, we showed that i) the asymmetry emerges in the model and that ii) the asymmetry disappears when using haber also as a main verb, which adds semantic weight. Therefore, the lack of semantic weight of haber may indeed cause the asymmetry.


A quantitative annual mean temperature reconstruction from an annually laminated lake-sediment sequence in Estonia, eastern Europe, shows a distinct cold period at 8400– 8080 yr B.P. (= before A.D. 2000); the timing is consistent with that seen in the Greenland ice-core data and various high-resolution records from western Europe. During maximal cooling at 8250–8150 yr B.P., the annual mean temperature in Estonia was ∼2.0 °C colder than prior to and ∼3.0 °C colder than after the cooling. The pollen-stratigraphic and sedimentological data suggest especially cold and snowy winter conditions. The duration and amplitude of the cold event agree with the modeled impact of a sudden freshening of the North Atlantic surface water and subsequent perturbation of the thermohaline circulation. Provided that the cold event was caused by a pulse of freshwater—from the melting Laurentide Ice Sheet—to the North Atlantic, the results indicate a strong teleconnection between the North Atlantic oceanic forcing and the east European climate at least up to long 26°E, mediated probably by the changing intensity of the zonal atmospheric circulation.


Although scholars are starting to reflect on the way in which human resource management (HRM) might enable or impede innovation it is still not clear exactly what practices or combinations of practices stand out, why this might be so, and what this means for managers in practice. Employees contribute to organizational innovation via their innovative behaviors, both devising creative ideas and working collaboratively to implement those that make sense in a given context. Creativity stands at the start of an innovation, and plays its part in transforming the idea into reality. Given the challenges involved, the innovative behaviors that lie behind innovation may remain dormant and excellent opportunities be missed. In this chapter, we suggest that high-commitment HRM prompts innovation by supporting, guiding and facilitating the exchange and effective combination of knowledge. We refer to HRM implementation, arguing that what matters is not the existence of practices per se, but how they are interpreted and enacted by line managers, and perceived by employees.