Using credit register data for loans to Italian firms we test for the presence of asymmetric information in the securitization market by looking at the correlation between the securitization (risk-transfer) and the default (accident) probability. We can disentangle the adverse selection from the moral hazard component for the many firms with multiple bank relationships. We find that adverse selection is widespread but that moral hazard is confined to weak relationships, indicating that a strong relationship is a credible enough commitment to monitor after securitization. Importantly, the selection of which loans to securitize based on observables is such that it largely offsets the (negative) effects of asymmetric information, rendering the overall unconditional quality of securitized loans significantly better than that of non-securitized ones. Thus, despite the presence of asymmetric information, our results do not accord with the view that credit-risk transfer leads to lax credit standards.


Poverty eradication has been identified as the largest challenge facing international society in its quest for a peaceful, prosperous, and just world. I respond to this challenge by proposing a global poverty eradication principle. Grounded in John Rawls's account of human rights and assistance for the law of peoples, the global poverty eradication principle applies regardless of causal patterns that may obtain in a given case. The relationship between persons affected by poverty and their governments has implications only for the selection of the appropriate means of poverty eradication, but never undermines the goal of poverty eradication itself. The duties of human rights and assistance that establish the global poverty eradication principle apply even to societies that may reject them, because they are institutional reaffirmations of the natural duties of persons in the context of international society, without whose affirmation no domestic society can be considered well-ordered. I conclude by pointing out some of the challenges that are likely to arise in the application of the global poverty eradication principle. While I cannot hope to settle these practical problems philosophically, flagging them helps to clarify the scope of application of the global poverty eradication principle and gives a sense of the concrete targets and measures that could be adopted in working toward its fulfillment in practice, especially for the elimination of certain types of severe deprivation at a minimum.


Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) indicates how many milliliters of oxygen the body can consume in a state of intense exercise per minute. VO2max plays an important role in both sport and medical sciences for different purposes, such as indicating the endurance capacity of athletes or serving as a metric in estimating the disease risk of a person. In general, the direct measurement of VO2max provides the most accurate assessment of aerobic power. However, despite a high level of accuracy, practical limitations associated with the direct measurement of VO2max, such as the requirement of expensive and sophisticated laboratory equipment or trained staff, have led to the development of various regression models for predicting VO2max. Consequently, a lot of studies have been conducted in the last years to predict VO2max of various target audiences, ranging from soccer athletes, nonexpert swimmers, cross-country skiers to healthy-fit adults, teenagers, and children. Numerous prediction models have been developed using different sets of predictor variables and a variety of machine learning and statistical methods, including support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, general regression neural network, and multiple linear regression. The purpose of this study is to give a detailed overview about the data-driven modeling studies for the prediction of VO2max conducted in recent years and to compare the performance of various VO2max prediction models reported in related literature in terms of two well-known metrics, namely, multiple correlation coefficient (R) and standard error of estimate. The survey results reveal that with respect to regression methods used to develop prediction models, support vector machine, in general, shows better performance than other methods, whereas multiple linear regression exhibits the worst performance.


Axons contain an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network that is largely smooth and tubular, thought to be continuous with ER throughout the neuron, and distinct in form and function from rough ER; the mechanisms that form this continuous network in axons are not well understood. Mutations affecting proteins of the reticulon or REEP families, which contain intramembrane hairpin domains that can model ER membranes, cause an axon degenerative disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Here, we show that these proteins are required for modeling the axonal ER network in Drosophila. Loss of reticulon or REEP proteins can lead to expansion of ER sheets, and to partial loss of ER from distal motor axons. Ultrastructural analysis reveals an extensive ER network in every axon of peripheral nerves, which is reduced in larvae that lack reticulon and REEP proteins, with defects including larger and fewer tubules, and occasional gaps in the ER network, consistent with loss of membrane curvature. Therefore HSP hairpin-containing proteins are required for shaping and continuity of the axonal ER network, suggesting an important role for ER modeling in axon maintenance and function.


The Greco-Roman mathematician Claudius Ptolemy is one of the most significant figures in the history of science. He is remembered today for his astronomy, but his philosophy is almost entirely lost to history. This book reconstructs Ptolemy's general philosophical system—including his metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics—and to explore its relationship to astronomy, harmonics, element theory, astrology, cosmology, psychology, and theology. The book uncovers references to a complex and sophisticated philosophical agenda scattered among Ptolemy's technical studies in the physical and mathematical sciences. It shows how he developed a philosophy that was radical and even subversive, appropriating ideas and turning them against the very philosophers from whom he drew influence. The book reveals how Ptolemy's unique system is at once a critique of prevailing philosophical trends and a conception of the world in which mathematics reigns supreme. The book demonstrates how Ptolemy situated mathematics at the very foundation of all philosophy—theoretical and practical—and advanced the mathematical way of life as the true path to human perfection.


The lower mantle plays an important role in the thermal and chemical evolution of the earth. Although recent advanced seismological imaging displays the heterogeneous nature of the lower mantle, most results are constrained to large scale and longer wavelength structures. This thesis involved waveform modeling studies of the detailed structures of the lower mantle, especially the African Superdome and D" layer. A simple uniform 3% shear velocity reduction model can explain the observed seismological anomalies for the African Superdome (also refer as Africa Large Low Shear Velocity Province or Africa Superplume), but it lacks small scale complexity inside. In parallel with the seismic model, a composition-dependent compressibility model with a high bulk modulus is developed to explain the African Superdome. To validate this dynamic model, we map the modeled chemistry and temperature into P and S velocity models. Synthetic seismogram sections generated for this 2D model are then compared directly with the corresponding seismic observations. These results explain the anti-correlation between the bulk velocity and shear velocity, as well as the sharpness of the edge. A lower mantle S-wave triplication with a Scd branch occurring between S and ScS has been recognized for many years and has been interpreted in a variety of ways. The triplication is particularly strong when sampling regions beneath the circum-Pacific lower mantle fast velocity belt seen in global tomographic models, where it has been modeled with a 2–3% jump in S-velocity. The D" discontinuity may arise from a phase change for Perovskite to Post-Perovskite. We model the phase boundary height by mapping S-wave tomography into temperature. A few adjustable parameters involving reference phase boundary height and velocity jump are determined from comparing synthetic seismogram predictions with densely sampled observations. Adding 3D propagational effects caused by these structures through Perovskite to Post-Perovskite velocity jump predicted from mineral physics appears to generate compatible results with Scd waveform observations. In the last chapter, we develop a new tool based on a decomposition referred to as a multi-path detector which can be used to distinguish between horizontal structure (in-plane multi-pathing) vs. vertical (out-of-plane multi-pathing) directly from processing array waveforms. A lateral gradient coefficient based on this detector provides a direct constraint on the sharpness of the boundaries and material properties. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by processing samples of both P and S data from the Kaapvaal array in Southern Africa. The results further validate the case for distinct chemistry inside the African Superdome. We also present evidence of a narrow plume-like feature coming off the top of the large African low-velocity structure in the lower mantle. The plume's diameter is less than 150 km and consistent with an iso-chemical, low-viscosity plume conduit.


Apple Maps. Robert Downey Jr. Detroit. These are a few examples of great things that just needed some hard work and a fresh look to really explode. After OS X Mavericks was met with indifference, many worried that future OS X updates would continue to be a steady stream of minor upgrades and tweaks. Continuing the new naming convention of Californian locations, the new iteration will be dubbed Yosemite after Californias beloved national park, with no relation to a certain Looney Tunes character. With OS X Yosemite, Apple is showing the world that OS X is not doomed to incremental upgrades, and diligently went through everything feature by feature, pixel by pixel to create a totally new and improved makeover for an old friend. If youve used any OS X version before, theres no way youll feel totally lost as you forage through Yosemite but your computer will definitely look and feel like a brand new system. There are many new changes both aesthetic and mechanical, and this guide will take you through it all whether you're an OS X spring chicken or a grizzled Mac veteran. If this is your first Apple computer (congrats on making the jump by the way!), we will also detail how to switch everything over from your old PC, and show you the differences between Windows and Mac. If you are ready to learn the ins and outs of OS X Yosemite, grab a fresh cup of coffee (decaf if its late) and lets get to work.


We interpreted northwest-trending transfer faults whose extensions are not entirely mapped in the Precambrian basement of the onshore and offshore Campos Basin. To enhance the subtle northwest–southeast lineaments not clearly seen in the total-field data, we reprocessed and merged two airborne magnetic data sets aiming at producing a single merged magnetic data set. Next, we applied a directional filter to these integrated magnetic data. Finally, we applied a multiscale edge detection method to these filtered data. This combination allowed the detection of edges and ridges that are used to produce several northwest–southeast lineations. We interpreted these northwest-trending lineations as magnetic expressions of transfer faults that cut across the onshore adjacent basement of the Campos Basin to the shallow and deep Campos Basin waters. These interpreted northwest-trending faults suggested the continuity of the known northwest-striking transfer faults in the deep Campos Basin waters toward the shallow Campos Basin waters and the adjacent continent. Moreover, our interpreted northwest-trending faults revealed the control of several known oilfields in the Campos Basin. This result supported the hypothesis of the influence of the northwest–southeast-trending transfer faults on the petroleum system of Campos Basin, which were reactivated in the Tertiary providing a pathway for the turbidite sedimentation, reworking, and redistribution of several deepwater reservoirs. In addition, it was hypothesized that this faulting system controlled the hydrocarbon migration paths from the presalt source rocks through salt windows into basal suprasalt layers.


Background and aim We have previously shown that using Transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) values that are 90% of the age specific SBvalue (SBPh) for phototherapy can markedly reduce the need for invasive serum bilirubin (SB) in Day 1–3 inpatient babies. This study aims to determine if the same principle can be applied in older babies in the outpatient setting. Methods Three to 14 day olds with jaundice at an outpatient care centre in Singapore and needing a SB measurementwere enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. Their TCB level was determined with a commercial bilirubinometer. Correlations and Bias was determined. Using ROC curves, the TCB values that identified the need for an SB were determined. Results 1072 paired SB and TCB values were obtained from a Chinese (39%), Malay (35%), Indian (14%) and Others (12%) cohort. Spearman's correlation coefficientsby age groups ranged from 0.882(2–5 days) to 0.95 (> 14 days). The mean bias (SD) was -8(23.2) and the limits of agreement were -54.4 to 38.4 from the Bland Altman analysis. TCB values that were 90% of the SBPh yielded accuracy and sensitivity rates (%) of 90 and 100 in the < 96 h age group and 96 and 83 in the older group. The efficiency (% of SB avoided) was 89 and 96% respectively in the two age groups. Conclusion TCB measurements that are a predetermined fraction of the SBPh can efficiently reduce SB determinations in the newborn period. The fraction is influenced also by the operational context.


A detailed description is given of the stratotype marking the Namurian-Westphalian boundary in the Carboniferous. Major element analyses are presented for twelve representative samples, including, in upward sequence, underclay, coal, nonmarine shale, and marine shale. The clay mineralogy is described based on powder and smear-mounts of whole-rock samples and clay-sized fractions subjected to standard treatments and cation saturations. Ascending the sequence there is a decrease in the proportion of kaolinite and increases both in the ratio of discrete illite to mixed-layer illite/smectite and in their sum. Chlorite and vermiculite are absent in the underclay but appear higher in the sequence. The upward changes are attributed to progressive flooding associated with a eustatic rise in sea level leading to reworking of mature soils in the flood-plain environment. With time this source decreased in importance compared with the detrital clay input from the primary source area. The underclay in the section has undergone extensive alteration indicative of long subaerial exposure, possibly due to eustatic fall in sea-level.


Abstract The Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup (WSG) is exposed over an area of 35 000 km2 in the southern Canadian Cordillera, and consists primarily of deep-marine meta-sedimentary rocks interpreted to have been deposited during rifting and subsequent post-rift thermal relaxation. The main exposures of the WSG occur within thrust panels and structural culminations of the eastern Cordilleran orogen. Within the thick stratigraphic succession (c. 9 km) are three units of glaciogenic affinity: Toby, Vreeland and Old Fort Point (OFP) formations. The Toby Formation (Fm.) is composed of up to 2500 m of diamictite, interbedded with conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, carbonate and mafic volcanic rocks. The Vreeland Formation ranges from 350 m to 2000 m in thickness and consists of diamictite, interbedded with mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate. The OFP ranges from 60 to 450 m in thickness and consists of a distinctive threefold stratigraphic package of basal siltstone grading upward into limestone–siltstone rhythmite, organic-rich mudstone and an overlying heterolithic unit of diamictite, breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone to mudstone and limestone. A locally prominent unconformity marks the base of the OFP upper member. Both the Toby and Vreeland formations represent remobilized glacially derived marine sediments deposited by sediment-gravity flows. Deposition of the Toby Fm. was fault-controlled during an active tectonic phase (rifting), whereas the Vreeland Fm. accumulated during the subsequent quiescent phase (post-rift) with limited structural control. The OFP is interpreted to be a regionally extensive deep-marine post-glacial marker temporally associated with the glaciogenic Vreeland Fm. Although direct geochronological ages for WSG units in southwestern Canada are generally absent, high-precision radiometric ages of underlying and overlying igneous events constrain the relative maximum and minimum timing of deposition from c. 740–728 Ma to c. 569 Ma. At the base of the WSG succession, the Toby Fm. may be as young as c. 685 Ma based on ages obtained from potential stratigraphic correlatives in the USA. There is no direct age constraint for the deposition of the Vreeland Fm.; its minimum timing is based on its stratigraphic relationship with the post-glacial OFP. The middle member of the OFP was precisely dated at 607.8±4.7 Ma using the Re–Os method, placing it in the Ediacaran Period. Published geochemical and stable isotopic data are similarly limited for all three units with only some δ34Spy values available from one section of the OFP. Recent work has focused on detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic studies of the Toby and OFP formations with future efforts being directed towards integrated geochemical and isotopic research. Additional geochronological constraints are needed to refine palaeogeographical models and strengthen regional correlations with other North American Cordilleran glaciogenic units.


The cephalopod fauna collected in six oceanographic surveys carried out in the northeastern Pacific Ocean off Mexico between March 1990 and June 1992 is analysed. A total of 11 cephalopod species were found at depths of between 16 and 828 m. All the cephalopods were preserved on board and identified in the laboratory. Data on size frequency distribution, and length-weight relationship for the most abundant species ( Dosidicus gigas, Lolliguncula diomedeae and L. panamensis ) are presented. The maturity status of D. gigas was also determined in both surveys. Stomach contents revealed that D. gigas fed mainly on crustaceans and D. gigas itself. The relationship between mantle length and two measurements of the fins of L. diomedeae and L. panamensis and the bathymetric distribution of both species show clear species-specific differences.


When measured once, psychological stress predicts development of painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD). However, a single measurement fails to characterize the dynamic nature of stress over time. Moreover, effects of stress on pain likely vary according to biological susceptibility. We hypothesized that temporal escalation in stress exacerbates risk for TMD, and the effect is amplified by allelic variants in a gene, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), regulating catechol neurotransmitter catabolism. We used data from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment prospective cohort study of 2,707 community-dwelling adults with no lifetime history of TMD on enrollment. At baseline and quarterly periods thereafter, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measured psychological stress. Genotyped DNA from blood samples determined COMT diplotypes. During follow-up of 0.25 to 5.2 y, 248 adults developed examiner-verified incident TMD. PSS scores at baseline were 20% greater (P < 0.001) in adults who developed incident TMD compared with TMD-free controls. Baseline PSS scores increased by 9% (P = 0.003) during follow-up in cases but remained stable in controls. This stress escalation was limited to incident cases with COMT diplotypes coding for low-activity COMT, signifying impaired catabolism of catecholamines. Cox regression models confirmed significant effects on TMD hazard of both baseline PSS (P < 0.001), modeled as a time-constant covariate, and change in PSS (P < 0.001), modeled as a time-varying covariate. Furthermore, a significant (P = 0.04) interaction of COMT diplotype and time-varying stress showed that a postbaseline increase of 1.0 standard deviation in PSS more than doubled risk of TMD incidence in subjects with low-activity COMT diplotypes (hazard ratio = 2.35; 95% confidence limits: 1.66, 3.32), an effect not found in subjects with high-activity COMT diplotypes (hazard ratio = 1.42; 95% confidence limits: 0.96, 2.09). Findings provide novel insights into dynamic effects of psychological stress on TMD pain, highlighting that effects are most pronounced in individuals whose genetic susceptibility increases responsiveness to catecholamine neurotransmitters.


Selecting cattle that consume less feed without production losses can increase the profitability of cow/calf producers by reducing input costs. However, genetic selection based on historical measures of feed efficiency or feed to gain ratios (F:G) is unable to improve this trait because of correlations between feed efficiencies and gain traits. Residual feed intake (RFI) is an alternative measure of feed efficiency that is independent of body weight (BW) and growth traits. RFI is the difference between an animal's actual feed intake and expected feed intake. For example, an animal that consumes 3 pounds less feed than expected would be assigned a RFI of -3 and is considered more feed efficient than those with larger RFI measures. Seed stock producers sell bulls to cow/calf producers. Cow/calf producers select bulls that are perceived to have the greatest potential to improve the genetics of breeding cows and/or their offspring. Bull sales often provide sale catalogs to potential buyers that contain various performance measures including expected progeny differences (EPDs) and simple performance measures (SPMs). These measures provide information to purchasers so that rational decisions regarding genetic improvements can be made. Midland Bull Test (MBT) in Columbus, MT conducts bull performance tests on 1,200 bulls annually for bull producers throughout the Unites States. In 2008 and 2009, MBT used a new technology (GrowSafe) to record individual feed intake which allows for the calculation of RFI. These measures, along with performance EPDs, provide the basis for a linear hedonic price model to determine if bull purchasers value RFI. Regression results indicate buyers are willing to pay additional amounts for bulls that are RFI efficient. However, buyers appear to be valuing RFI below its theoretical contribution to cost reductions because of risk and uncertainty. Purchasers at the MBT bull sales valued gain traits, birth weight, and age more highly than RFI. If this behavior is consistent in other markets and buyers continue to value RFI, it would be reasonable to expect an RFI EPD to be developed in the future.


In recent years the global installed capacity of offshore wind has increased rapidly, due to the world's green electricity demand. Increasing developments in the offshore wind sector has led to fewer possible locations for new wind farms, forcing the developers to move further and further away from shore. This shift from near-shore to far-shore wind farm locations, increases the complexity and costs of executing operations and maintenance, which can account for 25% of the production cost of power. The vessels and helicopters that are used to execute preventive and corrective maintenance activities are expensive, and a crane vessel can easily cost USD 40 000 per day. The potential savings in determining an optimal fleet size and mix for the execution of maintenance activities on an offshore wind farm are therefore considerable. Using a joint fleet for more than one wind farm, is a way of achieving savings in order to obtain cost-efficient projects. However, uncertain factors, such as turbine failures requiring corrective maintenance, vessel spot rates, electricity prices and weather conditions limiting the accessibility of the vessels, raise the need for decision support tools. In this thesis we investigate the possibility of using operations research to determine an optimal fleet size and mix for one or several offshore wind farms. The decisions to be made are how many vessels to acquire or rent in order to meet a given maintenance schedule, in addition to determining whether offshore station concepts are economically viable. Strategic decision support tools in terms of both a deterministic and a stochastic optimisation model are developed and will be presented. Based on different scenarios including turbine failures, vessel and helicopter spot rates, electricity prices and weather conditions, the stochastic model determines the optimal fleet size and mix that should be used to execute maintenance operations on one or several offshore wind farms. A computational study proves that the stochastic model is able to solve problems for real world wind farms with more than 400 wind turbines. Further, the value of the stochastic solution and the expected value of perfect information suggest that the stochastic model gives solutions that are fairly well hedged against possible future outcomes, and returns solutions that perform significantly better than the solutions from the deterministic model. In addition, the stochastic model is shown to have a great economical applicability, in terms of determining the willingness to pay for additional wave capacity of the vessels, the possible savings of using offshore station concepts and the potential savings in using a joint fleet on several offshore wind farms. The stochastic optimization model addressing the fleet size and mix problem for offshore wind is the first of its kind, and this thesis has proven that the model has a real world value in terms of being a great strategic decision support tool taking into account the inherent uncertainties of the problem. The model does, however, not consider the logistics of spare parts or the tactical day-to-day utilisation of the given fleet, thus further work is suggested on these issues.


Parent-offspring conflict over the supply of parental care results in offspring attempting to exert control using begging behaviours and parents attempting to exert control by manipulating brood sizes and hatching patterns. The peak load reduction hypothesis proposes that parents can exert control via hatching asynchrony, as the level of competition amongst siblings is determined by their age differences and not by their growth rates. Theoretically, this benefits the parents by reducing both the peak load of the offspring's demand and their overall demand for food and benefits the offspring by reducing the amplification of their competition. However, the peak load reduction hypothesis has only received mixed support. Here, we describe an experiment where we manipulated the hatching patterns of domesticated zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata broods and quantified patterns of nestling begging and parental feeding effort. There was no difference in the begging intensity of nestlings raised in asynchronous or experimentally synchronous broods, yet parental feeding effort was lower when provisioning asynchronous broods and particularly so when levels of nestling begging were low. Further, both parents acted in unison, as there was no evidence of parentally biased favouritism in relation to hatching pattern. Therefore, our study provided empirical support for the prediction that hatching asynchrony reduces the feeding effort of parents, thereby providing empirical support for the peak load reduction hypothesis.


The Linux kernel is one of the most interesting yet least understood open-source projects. It is also a basis for developing new kernel code. That is why Sams is excited to bring you the latest Linux kernel development information from a Novell insider in the second edition of Linux Kernel Development. This authoritative, practical guide will help you better understand the Linux kernel through updated coverage of all the major subsystems, new features associated with Linux 2.6 kernel and insider information on not-yet-released developments. You'll be able to take an in-depth look at Linux kernel from both a theoretical and an applied perspective as you cover a wide range of topics, including algorithms, system call interface, paging strategies and kernel synchronization. Get the top information right from the source in Linux Kernel Development.


Abstract We reconsider the theory for three-wave interactions in cold plasmas. In particular, we demonstrate that previously overlooked formulations of the general theory are highly useful when deriving concrete expressions for specific cases. We also point out that many previous results deduced directly from the basic plasma equations contain inappropriate approximations leading to unphysical results. Finally, generalizations to more elaborate plasma models containing, for example, kinetic effects are given.


The specter of cosmopolitanism haunts Daniel Deronda. In a curious reversal of critical fortune, the novel condemned by many of its initial reviewers for dabbling into obscure mystical doctrines and for pontificating far too explicitly about the significance of narrow loyalties and local attachments has recently come to embody a scrupulous investigation of cosmopolitan ethics. The sources of this radical shift in the understanding of Daniel Deronda's politics are theoretical as much as they are interpretative. For some time now, humanistic scholarship has been simultaneously attracted to cosmopolitanism and embarrassed by it: while we continue to be drawn to cosmopolitanism as an ideological project invested in overcoming tribal loyalties and in celebrating the encounter with the other, we are also resistant to its universalizing logic which we often see as complicit with the hegemonic tendencies variously present in the intellectual legacy of the European Enlightenment and in contemporary global capitalism. Faced with this tension, several influential scholars –– most notably Amanda Anderson and Kwame Anthony Appiah –– have turned to Daniel Deronda as an example of a cosmopolitanism free of pernicious hegemonic connotations, a cosmopolitanism understood as a commitment to open exchange between nations and races, rather than as the erasure of all cultural difference. In doing so they have, however, simultaneously overextended the concept of cosmopolitanism, rendering it very nearly meaningless, and misjudged the politics of Eliot's novel, overlooking its deep commitment to the logic of ethnic nationalism. In this essay I wish to use what I take to be the dual failure — interpretative and theoretical — of recent readings of Daniel Deronda in order to reexamine both the politics of Eliot's late writings and the ways in which we use the concept of cosmopolitanism in our critical practice. I will argue, first, that the cosmopolitan Deronda, constructed in a series of influential interpretations over the past two decades, is a specter, an apparition. This phantom, as we shall see, was constructed due to an unusual alignment between the desire to dissociate the great Victorian moralist that was George Eliot from the charge of slipping into narrow nationalist worldview and the desire to recuperate a non-hegemonic vision of cosmopolitanism. Second, I will argue that the novel's much discussed marginalization of Gwendolen Harleth in favor of Daniel Deronda's nationalist mission does not constitute simply a rejection of an egotistical heroine in the name of higher duties, but rather a decisive moment in Eliot's late career and in the history of Victorian fiction: by unequivocally favoring the hero's nationalist commitments over the heroine's private struggles, George Eliot has also rejected the private sphere which has traditionally preoccupied nineteenth-century fiction, in favor of the fantasies of collective destiny. Before analyzing the full implications of this shift, however, I will outline in more detail the interpretative history in which this essay intervenes.


ABSTRACT Intracellular glucose in Escherichia coli cells imported by phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system-independent uptake is phosphorylated by glucokinase by using ATP to yield glucose-6-phosphate. Glucokinases (EC 220.127.116.11) are functionally distinct from hexokinases (EC 18.104.22.168) with respect to their narrow specificity for glucose as a substrate. While structural information is available for ADP-dependent glucokinases from Archaea, no structural information exists for the large sequence family of eubacterial ATP-dependent glucokinases. Here we report the first structure determination of a microbial ATP-dependent glucokinase, that from E. coli O157:H7. The crystal structure of E. coli glucokinase has been determined to a 2.3-Å resolution (apo form) and refined to final Rwork/Rfree factors of 0.200/0.271 and to 2.2-Å resolution (glucose complex) with final Rwork/Rfree factors of 0.193/0.265. E. coli GlK is a homodimer of 321 amino acid residues. Each monomer folds into two domains, a small α/β domain (residues 2 to 110 and 301 to 321) and a larger α+β domain (residues 111 to 300). The active site is situated in a deep cleft between the two domains. E. coli GlK is structurally similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae hexokinase and human brain hexokinase I but is distinct from the ADP-dependent GlKs. Bound glucose forms hydrogen bonds with the residues Asn99, Asp100, Glu157, His160, and Glu187, all of which, except His160, are structurally conserved in human hexokinase 1. Glucose binding results in a closure of the small domains, with a maximal Cα shift of ∼10 Å. A catalytic mechanism is proposed that is consistent with Asp100 functioning as the general base, abstracting a proton from the O6 hydroxyl of glucose, followed by nucleophilic attack at the γ-phosphoryl group of ATP, yielding glucose-6-phosphate as the product.


This research concentrated on the nonlinear finite element (FE) modeling of one-way composite floor slab system comprising of profiled steel deck and two types of concrete namely, Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) and Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC). Two FE models were developed based experimental results of composite slabs subjected to in-plane monotonic loading. The simulated load-deflection response, moment resistance, and shear bond capacity using two FE models were in reasonable good agreement with experimental results. The FE models were used in a comprehensive parametric study to investigate the effect of numerical model parameters such as mesh size, dilation angle, steel sheet-concrete interaction contact, material properties and composite slab span. In addition, FE models were used to determine shear bond parameters of ECC and SCC composite slabs that can be used for design purposes.


Construction operations involve complex resource interactions and are typically performed in the field with exogenous factors such as inclement weather conditions and equipment breakdowns. The complexity of resource interactions combined with the external factors creates a transient environment for construction operations. This research utilizes computer simulation techniques and a graphical-based method, DISCO (Dynamic Interface for Simulation of Construction Operations), for the evaluation of the transient effects of construction operations. DISCO employs the CYCLONE schematic model diagram of a process as the modeling framework and provides the capability of allowing breaks or interruptions in the simulation run and stopping the simulation time clock to investigate the transient states of resources and tasks in a process. The scope of the study focuses mainly on the transient effects caused by the start-up development of construction operations every day. An earth-moving operation is used as a case study for the investigation. Results of the study and observations are discussed.


This paper examines some aspects of the 'Gallic Disaster' in Roman memory culture, especially the role of the capitol. The capitol as a symbol of Roman resistance against foreign enemies and her dominance over the Mediterranean is the result of a longer development of cultural traditions and included a stylization after Greek accounts of the Persian capture of Athens. It can be shown that the sight of the Capitol stimulated the invention of different versions of the course of events during the siege, the use of historical exempla in speeches, and the development of ritual processions. As a result, the capitol was integrated in the memorial landscape of the city, and the 'Gallic disaster' was remembered as an important part of the history of the religious and political center of Rome.


The dispersion properties of ion acoustic waves and their nonlinear coupling to light waves through ponderomotive and thermal forces are sensitive to the strength of electron-ion collisions. Here, with the neglect of electron-electron collisions, the growth rate of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is obtained when the driven acoustic wave frequency and wavelength span the range of small to large compared to electron-ion collision frequency and mean free path, respectively. In all cases the thermal contributions to the SBS growth rate are insignificant if the ion acoustic wave frequency is greater than the electron-ion collision frequency and the wavelength is much shorter than the electron-ion mean free path. On the other hand, the purely growing filamentation instability remains thermally driven for shorter wavelengths than SBS even when the growth rate is larger than the acoustic frequency role.


From the World Bank to the Occupy Movement, support for greater citizen participation in social policy decisions has become ubiquitous. This paper argues that existing typologies of participation are problematic in that they do not recognise the plurality of competing participatory logics that explain this rise in support for participation from groups with such divergent world views. Participatory practice is constructed in multiple ways, and each construction can only be understood with reference to the normative conception of societal organisation it encompasses. However, existing typologies take one of two approaches: either they assume one particular normative bias and categorise participatory forms as accordingly legitimate or illegitimate (for instance, Arnstein's ladder), or they categorise by institutional design features without reference to the broader social and political ideology that informs the use of these designs. This paper draws on Grid-Group Cultural Theory to outline an alternative approach. Participatory practice is categorised along two intersecting dimensions: sociality, the extent to which participation is solidaristic or agonistic, and negotiability, the extent to which participatory spaces are prescribed or negotiated. From these dimensions four archetypes of participation are derived, each with its own participatory logic, conception of the participant, preferred institutional forms, and links to broader social and political philosophies.


Background: Urinary tract infections remain a silent cause of morbidity and complications among under-fives due to its non-specific presentation and incapacity of most health facilities in developing countries to diagnose it. Earlier studies present different prevalence of urinary tract infections among children. This study aimed to document prevalence and drug susceptibility patterns of isolates of bacterial urinary tract infections among under-fives in Nsambya hospital, Uganda. Methodology: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey among 302 under-fives who presented in paediatric ambulatory care department of Nsambya hospital with fever (axillary temperature of >37.5°C or by history); and with no history of antibiotic therapy within three days preceding hospital visit. Midstream urine samples collected using bag and bottle collection (depending on age of child) were subjected to culture. We further subjected culture-positive urine samples to systematic bacteriologic and biochemical tests in order to identify the organisms in the colonies before performing drug susceptibility tests. Results: We found urinary tract infection prevalent in 26.8% of the under-fives. Bacterial isolates responsible for the infections were Proteus (39.5%), Escherichia coli (32.1%), Staphylococcus aureus (14.8%), Klebsiella spp. (6.2%), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2.5%), Staphylococcus intermedius (2.5%), Citrobacter (1.2%) and Morganella (1.2%) in that order. The pathogens exhibited high-level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics like Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin, Nalidixic Acid, Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin, Ciproflaxin, Tetracycline and Azithromicin while the isolates showed no resistance to pharmaco-enhanced Amoxicillin and oral Cefatoxime. Conclusion: Prevalence of UTI among febrile under-fives in Nsambya hospital is higher than reports from majority of earlier studies. Similarly, the commonest bacterial isolates associated with UTI among under-fives in Nsambya hospital deviates from most studies in developing countries that majorly report Escherichia coli as the leading cause of UTI in this age category. The observed resistance patterns associated with common antibiotics in our study are in line with the current changing patterns of microbial-antibiotic resistance threatening not only the developing world but the entire glob.


This Article argues that legal restraints against homeless persons are resolved by applying certain nuisance-like approaches. By drawing on nuisance restraints that adopt property-based and social-identity information, courts and decision-makers choose approaches that create conflict between homeless identities and adopted social identities. These approaches tend to relegate the social choice of whether to tolerate homeless persons to one of established social order (property) or broadly conceived notions of liberty (constitutional rights or due process rights). This Article argues for a broader conception of social identity, which may force parties to internalize certain costs of action, tolerate certain uses, or abate the full range of property rights that the law would otherwise allow in different social settings. Considering the question of "undesirable" uses of space -- both on private and public land -- helps articulate a narrative of property that moves beyond the rhetoric of economics-bound entitlements and affords a broader, more honest characterization. Conceived in this way, property entitlements represent information about how society defines, refines, enforces, and rejects its collective identity through the legal recognition of property entitlements.


Mismanagement of chemical wastes from light industries and motor vehicle garages results to pollution of the natural environment and poses substantial danger to public health and welfare. The present study reports levels and forms of Pb and Cd in garage soils obtained from Ngara-Nairobi and their levels in vegetables and water bodies found nearby. The concentration levels of cadmium obtained ranged from 0.40–4.80 mg/kg and a mean of 2.95±0.14 mg/kg. Its concentration levels were highest in the residual, followed by exchangeable, then oxidisable and least amount in the reducible bound fraction. Thus, a high percentage of cadmium is associated with non-residual fractions and can easily be transferred into the food chain through water reservoirs or uptake by plants growing in the soils. The concentration levels of lead were found to be within the range of 22.00–313.60 mg/kg and had a mean of 128.36±6.51 mg/kg. Its concentration levels in the fractions from highest to lowest followed the order; reducible, residual, oxidisable and exchangeable. The mobility factor of cadmium was found to be 33.4405 while that of lead was 7.05. Concentration levels of cadmium in nearby kales ranged from 0.73 to 1.50 mg/kg while those of lead ranged from 10.25 to 19.60 mg/kg. In spinach the concentration levels of cadmium and lead ranged from 0.84 to 1.75 and 7.83 to 20.53 mg/kg respectively. Concentration levels in water samples ranged from 0.77 to 1.50 mg/L for cadmium and 4.60 to 8.89 mg/L for lead. These high concentration levels of the metals in water and vegetable pose great danger to human health as their consumption can lead to serious depletion of some essential nutrients in their bodies thus leading to decrease in immunological defenses. This calls for proper waste management procedures, continuous education and training to the artisans andefficient soil remediation programs at the sites.


This research study, motivated by the difference in opinion between the Joint Working Group of Standard Setters (JWGSS) and the Joint Working Group of Banking Associations (JWGBA), generates empirical evidence on preparer and user preferences for fair value accounting for all financial instruments. Australian and Singaporean respondents' perceptions on the measurement of financial instruments at fair value and the recognition of changes in fair value as gains or losses in the Income Statement are obtained. This study provides better understanding of the perceptions on the international proposals for change by examining possible explanatory factors for respondents' views.

There is ongoing controversy regarding the appropriate accounting for financial instruments. Perceived shortcomings of the mixed measurement model resulted in an all inclusive fair value accounting standard proposed by the JWGSS (2000). This was met with strong criticism from the JWGBA, established in response to this proposal (1999a). An understanding of actual preparer and user views is thus important for standard-setters to determine the most appropriate and acceptable accounting standard for financial instruments, particularly for the complex financial institutions industry in these two prominent financial markets of the Asian Pacific region.

A positivist-objectivist approach is chosen as the theoretical perspective of this research study because of its ability to help explain real world phenomena. Both qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (surveys) methods are used in tandem to derive evidence on user and preparer perceptions. This integration of methods is important to achieve a better understanding of the issues at hand. Evidence collected from the interviews and the preparer and user surveys are analysed with univariate and multivariate statistical tools to determine the level of support (or opposition) for fair value accounting for all financial instruments and to identify factors that explain user and preparer views.

Results show that on average, preparers neither strongly support nor strongly oppose the fair value accounting proposal, while users are slightly more supportive. However, respondent users and preparers tend to have similar perceptions on most of the contentious issues raised in this international debate, sometimes giving credence to the JWGBA position while other times agreeing with the JWGSS. On average, users and preparer responses are similar but there is substantial variation within each group. Findings indicate higher support for fair value accounting when the trading and banking books are perceived to be not different, fair values for non-traded financial instruments are reliable and when there is comparability across entities.

This thesis generates empirical evidence on the highly topical issue of accounting for financial instruments in the midst of international accounting standard setting movements toward fair value accounting. The lack of variation between users and preparers affirms the robustness of the qualitative characteristics espoused by the IASB framework for financial reporting. Results show that achieving these qualitative characteristics is far more important than trying to fulfill the different needs of various groups. This slight support for fair value accounting is part of a bigger tapestry of a slow but steady movement towards fair value measurement in financial accounting and reporting.


Pushing PET Imaging to the Cellular Level: Development of a Radioluminescence Microscope - Guillem Pratx, PhD Molecular imaging with radionuclide probes provides sensitive, quantitative, and non-invasive characterization of molecular disease processes in vivo at a macroscopic scale. However, current imaging technology lacks the ability to visualize the tremendous heterogeneity exhibited by biological processes at the single-cell level. Little is known about the factors that modulate radiotracer uptake by single cells and explain observed cell-to-cell variation. The radioluminescence microscope has been developed as a new tool for the visualization of radiotracer uptake in single living cells. It provides a means to probe the dynamic of small-molecule uptake with high spatial and temporal resolution, in a fluorescence microscopy environment. Two image acquisition schemes are presented: an analog acquisition mode for acquiring images quickly with little post-processing, and a digital acquisition mode for precise quantitation of radiotracer concentration in individual cells. Several applications of this new imaging method will be presented, including imaging of dynamic FDG uptake in single cells, imaging of frozen tissue sections, and imaging of FDG uptake by single circulating tumor cells.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the limitations of current radionuclide imaging technology 2. Understand image formation in radioluminescence microscopy 3. Discover applications of radioluminescence microscopy Carbon Nanotubes Field Emission X-ray Technologies for Research and Clinical Application in Radiation Oncology - Sha X. Chang Carbon nanotubes (CNT) field emission is a unique type of nanotechnology that has opened up new horizons for medical imaging and radiation therapy device technologies. The major advantages of the CNT field mission based x-ray technologies over the conventional thermionic emission x-ray technology are ultra-high temporal resolution and flexibility in distributed x-ray source design. The latter is deal for customizing cathode and thus the x-ray tube design for each specific application. For instance, instead of a single point x-ray source that rotates relative to the patient for tomosynthesis imaging a novel x-ray tube with an array of individually addressable x-ray pixel sources can acquire the image significantly faster and without tube rotation. The benefit in this case is higher patient comfort and less motion distortion for breast tomosynthesis imaging; for IGRT application the advantage is real-time 3D image guidance without interfering with treatment delivery. For the last decade and in collaboration with industry partners the multidisciplinary CNT x-ray technology and application development team at University of North Carolina has developed several novel imaging and irradiation devices and demonstrated their feasibilities. These CNT field emission devices include ultra-high temporal resolution micro-CT capable of cardiac motion gated CT for small animals, multi-pixel x-ray stationary breast tomosynthesis (in clinical trial now), multi-pixel x-ray source array for stationary onboard tomosynthesis imaging for IGRT, electron microbeam cellular irradiator capable of 1000 Gy/sec, and compact microbeam radiation therapy device with image-guidance and gating for preclinical research. These novel imaging and therapy technologies have stimulated new radiobiology research activities and innovative approaches for clinical imaging and therapy.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the principle of carbon nanotube field emission x-ray technology 2. Understand that ultra-high temporal resolution and flexibility in distributed source design are two major advantages of this new x-ray technology 3. Understand that carbon nanotube field emission x-ray technology has opened up new horizons for novel imaging and therapy device development Imaging Cerenkov emission for visualizing dose and sensing oxygenation - Brian W. Pogue Cerenkov emission occurs from all matter during radiation therapy, and for energies above a threshold value, the emission intensity is proportional to the deposited dose. This proportionality holds within most energy beams, because the photon collisional energy transfer and Cerenkov emission do not have a strong energy dependence above 0.5 MeV. Imaging of dose in water and in tissue phantoms shows this proportionality. This has been validated by direct comparison with ionization chamber measurements and Monte Carlo modeling. The Cerenkov image acquisition can be triggered by the 5 microsecond LINAC pulses at 180Hz, allowing capture the Cerenkov emission as blue light coming from the phantoms/tissue, during normal ambient room lighting. Three dimensional tomography of beam profiles in water tanks has been demonstrated with multiple angle imaging of the beam, using cone-beam computed tomography recovery. The recovery of full 3D images requires minutes of acquisition, as compared to multiple hours of acquisition with an automated ionization chamber. Surface imaging for in vivo dose mapping has been able to be imaged, and the value of these images may be in tracking skin dose, which is well known to be inaccurately predicted by treatment planning systems for complex tissue shapes. Whole breast irradiation is standard of care management following breast conserving surgery to remove localized cancer. Preliminary results from this phase 1 clinical trial can be presented. The theoretical underpinnings will be reviewed along with experimental studies in the development pipeline of this new technology.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the relationship between Cerenkov emission and dose deposition 2. Understand the camera systems and signal levels achievable. 3. Understand the relative potential for fast 3D beam profile imaging in water tanks. 4. Understand the potential for skin dose imaging. Making X-ray Imaging a Molecular Imaging Modality - Lei Xing Novel dual modality of X-ray CT and molecular optical imaging techniques using X-ray activatable targeted nanoparticles, X-ray luminescence computed tomography (XLCT) and X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT), are reported. XLCT uses X-ray as a single source to image tissues and to excite molecular probes simultaneously, thus providing anatomic and molecular information together. With XLCT, the nanoparticle based molecular probe will emit near-infrared (NIR) light when it is irradiated with X-ray, thereby, seamlessly integrating X-raystructural imaging and molecular optical imaging. This synergistic approach will provide significant advantages that would otherwise be impossible with current sole-optical or X-ray CT techniques. Specifically, these include: (1) it can produce anatomic and molecular images that are spatially and temporally registered; (2) the spatial resolution of the images can be made arbitrarily small by narrowing the beam and increasing the sampling rate. Similarly, the signal strength--and, therefore, the molecular sensitivity-increases with beam current; (3) compared to other modalities, few physical factors degrade the image quality (e.g., there is no background autofluorescent signal during X-ray excitation of the molecular probes); 4) for traditional NIR fluorescence imaging, light used as an illumination source has low tissue penetration ability and thus generally finds difficulties exciting molecular probes in deep tissues. To the contrary, X-ray has excellent tissue penetration ability and can excite nanoparticles localized anywhere in the body to produce NIR light. This property is helpful for deep tissue imaging; Moreover, for XLCT, spatial information of the photons produced by nanoparticles is obtained from X-ray spatial encoding instead of from the NIR imaging system, which further improve the deep tissue imaging ability of XLCT; and (5) XLCT could produce high-quality images because X-rays have minimum scattering in tissues and spatially-selective excitation could be applied. The spatial resolution of an XLCT scan is dictated by the collimator and the sampling rate and it is possible to achieve the highest spatial resolution. XFCT is similar to XLCT in principle but the source of signal arises from the Kα emission of high-Z contrast agent, instead of optical signal.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Gain knowledge on X-ray fluorescence and luminescence 2. Understand the fundamental principles of XLCT and XFCT. 3. Learn image reconstruction techniques for XLCT and XFCT. 4. Enhance knowledge in nanomedicine and molecular imaging.


This book tells the story of Armenian migration to North America in the late Ottoman period, and Istanbul's efforts to prevent it. It shows how, much like the present, migrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were forced to travel through clandestine smuggling networks, frustrating the enforcement of the ban on migration. Further, migrants who attempted to return home from sojourns in North America risked debarment at the border and deportation, while the return of migrants who had naturalised as US citizens generated friction between the United States and Ottoman governments.
The author sheds light on the relationship between the imperial state and its Armenian populations in the decades leading up to the Armenian genocide. He also places the Ottoman Empire squarely in the middle of global debates on migration, border control and restriction in this period, adding to our understanding of the global historical origins of contemporary immigration politics and other issues of relevance in the Middle East region, such as borders and frontiers, migrants and refugees, and ethno-religious minorities.


Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IaIp) are serine proteases inhibitors that modulate endogenous protease activity and have been shown to improve survival in adult models of sepsis. We evaluated the effect of IaIp on survival and systemic responses to sepsis in neonatal mice. Sepsis was induced in 2-d-old mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Escherichia coli, and group B Streptococci. Sepsis was associated with 75% mortality. IaIp, given by i.p. administration at doses between 15 and 45 mg/kg from 1 to 6 h after the onset of sepsis, improved survival to ∼90% (p = 0.0159) in both LPS-induced sepsis and with live bacterial infections. The greatest effect was on reversal of hemorrhagic pneumonitis. The effects were dose and time dependent. Systemic cytokine profile and tissue histology were examined. Survival was compared in IL-10 knock out animals. Systemic cytokine levels including TNF-α and IL-10 were increased after induction of sepsis and modulated significantly after IaIp administration. Because the effect of IaIp was still demonstrable in IL-10 deficient mice, we conclude the beneficial effects of IaIp is because of suppression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α rather than augmentation of IL-10. IaIp may offer significant benefits as a therapeutic adjunct to treatment of sepsis in neonates and adults.


A discrete denoising algorithm estimates the input sequence to a discrete memoryless channel (DMC) based on the observation of the entire output sequence. For the case in which the DMC is known and the quality of the reconstruction is evaluated with a given single-letter fidelity criterion, we propose a discrete denoising algorithm that does not assume knowledge of statistical properties of the input sequence. Yet, the algorithm is universal in the sense of asymptotically performing as well as the optimum denoiser that knows the input sequence distribution, which is only assumed to be stationary. Moreover, the algorithm is universal also in a semi-stochastic setting, in which the input is an individual sequence, and the randomness is due solely to the channel noise. The proposed denoising algorithm is practical, requiring a linear number of register-level operations and sublinear working storage size relative to the input data length.


Motivated by a specific problem concerning the relationship between radar reflectance and rainfall intensity, the paper develops a space–time model for use in environmental monitoring applications. The model is cast as a high dimensional multivariate state space time series model, in which the cross‐covariance structure is derived from the spatial context of the component series, in such a way that its interpretation is essentially independent of the particular set of spatial locations at which the data are recorded. We develop algorithms for estimating the parameters of the model by maximum likelihood, and for making spatial predictions of the radar calibration parameters by using realtime computations. We apply the model to data from a weather radar station in Lancashire, England, and demonstrate through empirical validation the predictive performance of the model.


OBJECTIVE
In the everyday life, stress is deemed as something unfavorable that may enhance the risk for the development or worsen a disease. However, in its nature, stress is adaptive reaction of the body. Its main characteristic is the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Previously, we have shown that activation of the HPA axis plays a gastroprotective role during acute stress. The aim of our study was to clarify the effects of chronic stress and chronically elevated basal corticosterone levels on the gastric ulceration and cardiovascular vulnerability in rats.

METHODS
Male Wistar rats were repeatedly restrained 60 min daily for 14 days and examined on day 15th. The gastric ulceration was induced by a s.c. injection of indomethacin (35 mg/kg). The cardiovascular vulnerability was examined in urethane-anaesthetized rats in an experimental angina pectoris model (epinephrine, 10 µg/kg, 30 s later phentolamine, 15 mg/kg, both i.v.).

RESULTS
We confirmed the development of chronic stress consequences by changes in several somatic parameters (body weight decrease, thymus involution, adrenal gland hypertrophy), and elevated resting corticosterone levels. However, the gastroprotective effect of chronic stress was not manifested and there was no aggravation of indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration, either. In the experimental angina pectoris model, previous chronic stress did not have any profound effect on the blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram changes.

CONCLUSIONS
In contrast to the general view on the harmfulness nature of the stress, we were unable to find a harmful effect of chronic stress on the internal diseases (gastric ulceration and angina pectoris). However, its protective effect was also missing among present experimental conditions.


To realize the potential benefi ts from looking at the relationship between an organization's culture and its justice in the health profession, inputs need to be decided up and then measured. While various inputs could be considered, the people who work within the organization, the human assets are perhaps the most essential factor to consider even though this element is capricious. Examination into the relationship under study recognizes that an organization's culture, along with its internal justice is two components that empower representative fulfi llment. Upon recognizing this, exploration has been underway in these territories as two separate fi elds of study which have produced few results. Therefore, the interrelation between culture and justice remains obscure, particularly in the ways these two impact each other in the machinations of the organization. One study produced some data by using a cross-section of 223 wellbeing laborers at a Malatya, Turkey open clinic. The study explored connections between culture and justice within the organization from May 2016 to June 2016. With twenty being the highest score possible in this particular study, the mean score for the organization's culture was 11.4 ± 2.3 and their justice mean score was 14.0 ± 4.8. Relationship examination demonstrated all areas of the organization's culture had measurably critical positive relationships with areas of the organization's justice (0.434 ≤ r ≤ 0.636), except for the force space. The study found a positive relationship between the justice scores and the scores of general society. However, connections between them are moderate, indicating diff erent elements can greatly impact fi nal determinations. This fi nding suggests that even though it might be helpful for supervisors to use hierarchical society as a way to measure or modify the culture within their organization, this measurement or comparison should not be overly depended upon.


The degree of herbivory and the effectiveness of defense varies widely among plant species. Resource availability in the environment is proposed as the major determinant of both the amount and type of plant defense. When resource are limited, plants with inherently slow growth are favored over those with fast growth rates; slow rates in turn favor large investments in antiherbivore defenses. Leaf lifetime, also determined by resource availability, affects the relative advantages of defenses with different turnover rates. Relative limitation of different resources also constrains the types of defenses. The proposals are compared with other theories on the evolution of plant defenses.


Considerable evidence indicates that cloned CTL cell lines kill target cells by releasing toxic granules that contain a cytolytic protein, called perforin, and several serine esterases (granzymes A to F). However, primary CTL, such as the highly cytolytic peritoneal exudate lymphocyte (PEL) cell population, have been found by a hemolytic assay to have no perforin, or perhaps only borderline levels of that protein, suggesting that these cells use a different lytic mechanism. To determine whether or not primary CTL express the perforin gene, we have here compared mRNA from PEL CTL and from a cloned CTL cell line, 2C, by Northern blot analysis using a perforin cDNA probe. CD8+ PEL CTL contain approximately 30% of the amount of perforin message present in 2C. Moreover, depletion of CD8+ T cells from the total peritoneal exudate cell population removes both cytolytic activity and perforin message. We have previously shown that PEL CTL elicit the same changes in target cells as cloned CTL cell lines and are resistant to lysis by the toxic granules purified from these cells lines. Taken together these results are consistent with the view that primary CTL, as well as long term cloned CTL cell lines, exercise their cytolytic activity by means of perforin.


Regulation 55 was one of 126 regulations adopted by the judges of the International Criminal Court on 26 May 2004. It permits a Chamber to legally recharacterize the facts contained in the prosecution's Document Containing the Charges, subject to certain important procedural constraints. This Chapter provides a comprehensive critique of Regulation 55, which has already had a significant impact on at least three cases: Lubanga, Bemba, and Katanga. Section I argues that the judges' adoption of Regulation 55 was ultra vires, because the Regulation does not involve a 'routine function' of the Court and is inconsistent with the Rome Statute's procedures for amending charges. Section II explains why, contrary to the practice of the Pre-Trial Chamber and Trial Chamber, Regulation 55 cannot be applied either prior to trial or after trial has ended. Finally, Section III demonstrates that Pre-Trial Chamber and Trial Chamber have consistently applied Regulation 55 in ways that violate both prosecutorial independence and the accused's right to a fair trial.


The Thirty-Three Articles was adopted by the Potchefstroom Burgerraad on 9 April 1844 and confirmed four years later on 23 May 1849 by the unified Volksraad of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek at Derdepoort. The Thirty-Three Articles contained provisions pertaining to general and judicial administration and was held out as a kind of constitution in its day. It retained its status as a basic law despite the adoption of the constitutions of 1858, 1889 and 1896, and was only repealed in 1901 after the British annexation of the Republic. The Thirty-Three Articles had a lasting impact on the legal development of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. This contribution examines its nature and content, focusing in particular on article 31 which made provision for the law to be applied. Reference is made to three different approaches in the application of this provision by the courts.


Introduction: The technique of dental anesthesia of the anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN) is complex and may become more difficult in total edentulous patients, since the reabsorption of the alveolar process and subsequent decrease in face height alters the local morphology and topography, including the anatomical accidents of reference for this technique. The aim of this study is to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the vestibular alveolar crest of the first upper premolar to the center of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) in skulls with dentulous and edentulous maxillae. Material and Methods: 30 adult skulls, divided into 15 dentulous skulls and 15 senile edentulous skulls, were collectedfrom the human Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Uberlandia. The distance between the alveolar bone crest of the first upper premolar from the center of the IOF in the maxilla was measured with a digital caliper.  Results: Measurements between these distances revealed that the averages between dentulous and edentulous maxillae presented differences of 4.0 mm (right side) and 4.2 mm (left side) in distance. In the dentulous maxillae, the sides had a mean difference of 0.4 mm and, and the sides of the edentulous maxillae showed an average difference of 0.2 mm. The differences were statistically significant between the dentulous and edentulous skulls, but not within their respective antimeres. Conclusion: We concluded that for a safe clinical performance of the ASAN anesthesia technique in the IOF region, the penetration of the needle should be 4 mm smaller in the edentulous patients when compared with the total dentulous, providing safety for the technique and comfort for the patient.


ABSTRACT Germany is well known around the world for the strength of its economy, its industry and for the 'German model' for higher engineering education based on developing technological skills at a very high level. In this article, we firstly describe the former and present model of engineering education in Germany in a context of the globalisation of the world economy and of higher education, in order to understand how it covers the current demand for engineering resources. Secondly, we analyse the impact of globalisation from a technological perspective. To this end, we describe initiatives for innovation driven by the German federal government and engineering societies, and summarise the first impacts on engineering education and on social competence for engineers. Thirdly, we explore to what extent engineering education in Germany trains engineers in social and intercultural competency to comply with the future demands of the challenge of globalisation.


The subtropical ridge (STR) is the mean pressure ridge in the mid-latitudes, and is one of the key features affecting climate variability and change in southeast Australia. Changes to the STR and associated changes to rainfall in a warming climate are of strong interest, and the new Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) model archive provides new opportunities to examine this. Here we show that the STR is projected to strengthen and move pole-ward under global warming, contributing to reduced rainfall in the cool season in southeast Australia. This result is largely consistent among 35 models examined, and CMIP5 shows a greater increase in intensity relative to position than CMIP3 did. We show that the simulation of the STR in the CMIP5 is similar to that of the previous CMIP3 in many respects, including the underestimation of both the historical trends in the STR intensity and the correlation between inter-annual STR intensity and southeast Australian rainfall. These issues mean we still have reduced confidence in regional rainfall projections for southeast Australia and suggest that CMIP5 rainfall projections for this region in April to October may be underestimates.


This book explores the issue of development-induced resettlement, with a particular emphasis on the humanitarian, legal, and social aspects of this problem. Today, so-called development-induced displacement and resettlement' (DIDR) is one of the dominant causes of internal spatial mobility worldwide. Each year over 15 million people are forced to abandon their homes to make space for economic development infrastructure. The construction of dams and irrigation projects, the expansion of communication networks, urbanization and re-urbanization, the extraction and transportation of mineral resources, forced evictions in urban areas, and population redistribution schemes count among the many possible causes. Terminski aims to present the issue of development-caused displacement as a highly diverse, global social problem occurring in all regions of the world. As a human rights issue it poses a challenge to public international law and to institutions providing humanitarian assistance. A significant part of this book is devoted to the current dynamics of development-caused resettlement in Europe, which has been neglected in the academic literature so far.


It is shown that the generation of surface plasmons on a metal-dielectric interface, i.e., a Au-double-slit and air interface, appreciably affects the intensity of the diffracted light. With a specific example of Au-double-slit and electro-optic devices before the slits, the spectral switching in the diffracted field with the polychromatic light is shown for the first time, to our knowledge. It is found that at the observation point due to the surface plasmon effect the intensity of the diffracted light periodically increases and decreases with the separation of the double-slit.


This paper describes work carried out on a composite space frame system. The system, previously developed for roof construction, comprised a pyramidal arrangement of steel angles and circular bars. In its composite form the top chord of the system consisted of a profiled steel sheet/concrete slab attached to the underlying steel angles with screws acting as shear connectors. The experimental investigation centered on the behaviour of the top chord acting as a strut carrying significant axial forces as an element in the space frame together with the vertical forces associated with the floor loading. The analysis of the composite space frame was carried out by modelling the composite top chord as a composite T-beam comprised of composite beam elements and thin steel plate elements. Matrix and finite element methods were used to calculate the force distribution and deformation of the full composite space frame.


We have explored the electronic natures of representative expanded porphyrins, [26]- and [28]hexaphyrins, to investigate the interplay between the aromaticity and antiaromaticity that is brought by two electron oxidation/reduction processes. The excited singlet and triplet states of [26]hexaphyrin in solution exhibit lifetimes of 125 ps and 1.8 mus, respectively, as revealed by various time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. On the other hand, [28]hexaphyrin shows faster singlet and triplet lifetimes than those of [26]hexaphyrin, which is largely in accordance with the perturbation of aromaticity due to the pi electron formulation of [4n] in [28]hexaphyrins. The two-photon absorption cross-section values at 1200 nm for [26]hexaphyrins show ca. 9890 GM which is >10(2) larger than those of porphyrins. The reduced TPA values of 2600 and 810 GM of [28]hexaphyrin and perfluorinated [28]hexaphyrin, respectively, match well with their relatively short excited-state lifetimes. Overall, the enhanced excited-state lifetimes for various hexaphyrins go in line with the increased TPA cross-section values and the ring planarity.


The appearance of new immersive TV content has increased the interactive possibilities presented to the viewers. Increased interactivity is seen as a valuable feature in viewing richer television content, but new functionalities are limited by what can be done naturally and intuitively using available devices like remote controls. Therefore, new interaction techniques, such as visual gestures control systems, have appeared aiming to enhance the viewers' viewing experience. In this work we begin uncovering the potential and challenges of gesture interaction with ultra high definition video for people watching TV together. As a first step we have done a study with a group of people interacting with such content using a gesture-based system in the home environment.


Ohio's water resources support a complex web of human activities and nature—clean and abundant water is needed for drinking, recreation, farming, and industry, as well as for fish and wildlife needs. The distribution of rainfall can cause floods and droughts, which affects streamflow, groundwater, water availability, water quality, recreation, and aquatic habitats. Ohio is bordered by the Ohio River and Lake Erie and has over 44,000 miles of streams and more than 60,000 lakes and ponds (State of Ohio, 1994). Nearly all the rural population obtain drinking water from groundwater sources. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) works in cooperation with local, State, and other Federal agencies, as well as universities, to furnish decisionmakers, policymakers, USGS scientists, and the general public with reliable scientific information and tools to assist them in management, stewardship, and use of Ohio's natural resources. The diversity of scientific expertise among USGS personnel enables them to carry out largeand small-scale multidisciplinary studies. The USGS is unique among government organizations because it has neither regulatory nor developmental authority—its sole product is reliable, impartial, credible, relevant, and timely scientific information, equally accessible and available to everyone. The USGS Ohio Water Science Center provides reliable hydrologic and water-related ecological information to aid in the understanding of use and management of the Nation's water resources, in general, and Ohio's water resources, in particular. This fact sheet provides an overview of current (2012) or recently completed USGS studies and data activities pertaining to water resources in Ohio. More information regarding projects of the USGS Ohio Water Science Center is available at http://oh.water.usgs.gov/. S a n d u s ky R iv er M ah ning iver


There are a few researches linking to social networking, education, selfefficacy, entrepreneurship and subjective well-being (SWB). Previous researches related to economic relations and SWB, especially to compare the SWB between countries. Different from the theese, this research is more comprehensive in discussing entrepreneurship. This research was intended to analyze the effects of social networking, education, and self-efficacy on entrepreneurship and subjective well-being of small-scaled embroidery industries in Probolinggo. The samples of this research consisted of 130 out of 150 embroidery entrepreneurs in Probolinggo. As means of data collection, the researchers applied survey method by asking questionnaire to the respondents (entrepreneurs at Probolinggo embroidery industries center). The questionnaire used in this research had been passed validity and reliability test to assure the questionnaire was valid and reliable. Meanwhile, data analysis process was conducted based on Partial Least Square (PLS) technique. The findings of this research indicated that: 1) embroidery entrepreneurs' social networking significantly affected their entrepreneurship; 2) their education did not significantly affect their entrepreneurship; 3) their self-efficacy significantly affected their entrepreneurship; 4) social networking significantly affected their subjective well-being; 5) their education did not significantly affect their subjective well-being; 6) self-efficacy significantly affected their subjective well-being; 7) entrepreneurship of the entrepreneurs at Probolinggo embroidery industries center significantly affected their subjective well-being.


The numbers of crossings of a hyperplane by discrete approximations for trajectories of an $\alpha$-stable random process (with $1<\alpha<2$) and some processes related to it are investigated. We consider an $\alpha$-stable process is killed with some intensity on the hyperplane and a pseudo-process that is formed from the $\alpha$-stable process using its perturbation by a fractional derivative operator with a multiplier like a delta-function on the hyperplane. In each of these cases, the limit distribution of the crossing number of the hyperplane by some discret approximation of the process is related to the distribution of its local time on this hyperplane. Integral equations for characteristic functions of these distributions are constructed. Unique bounded solutions of these equations can be constructed by the method of successive approximations.


The recent literature indicates that preserving global pairwise sample similarity is of great importance for feature selection and that many existing selection criteria essentially work in this way. In this paper, we argue that besides global pairwise sample similarity, the local geometric structure of data is also critical and that these two factors play different roles in different learning scenarios. In order to show this, we propose a global and local structure preservation framework for feature selection (GLSPFS) which integrates both global pairwise sample similarity and local geometric data structure to conduct feature selection. To demonstrate the generality of our framework, we employ methods that are well known in the literature to model the local geometric data structure and develop three specific GLSPFS-based feature selection algorithms. Also, we develop an efficient optimization algorithm with proven global convergence to solve the resulting feature selection problem. A comprehensive experimental study is then conducted in order to compare our feature selection algorithms with many state-of-the-art ones in supervised, unsupervised, and semisupervised learning scenarios. The result indicates that: 1) our framework consistently achieves statistically significant improvement in selection performance when compared with the currently used algorithms; 2) in supervised and semisupervised learning scenarios, preserving global pairwise similarity is more important than preserving local geometric data structure; 3) in the unsupervised scenario, preserving local geometric data structure becomes clearly more important; and 4) the best feature selection performance is always obtained when the two factors are appropriately integrated. In summary, this paper not only validates the advantages of the proposed GLSPFS framework but also gains more insight into the information to be preserved in different feature selection tasks.


Spreading of oil on calm water is analyzed for the second stage of spread, which is controlled by a balance between gravity and viscous forces. The analysis, using the integral boundary-layer method, agreed well with a numerical solution for the case of unidirectional spread. The analysis is extended to include axisymmetric spread for which there is no sound theoretical treatment presented in the literature. The approximations made in the model are discussed based on the lubrication approximation and order-of-magnitude arguments.


We quantify a class of commonly-employed general equilibrium models of international trade and pricing-to-market that feature firm-level heterogeneity and consumers with nonhomothetic preferences. We demonstrate theoretically that the models lack the flexibility to match salient features of US firm-level data. Consequently, we outline a theoretical framework that can reconcile the documented price dispersion across firms and markets, while maintaining consistency with cross-sectional observations on firm productivity and sales. We calibrate the model's parameters to match bilateral trade flows across 71 countries as well as the productivity and sales advantages of US exporters over non-exporters. We find that the calibrated model accounts for the majority of the dispersion in prices of tradables across countries of different income levels, while maintaining a tight quantitative fit to firm-level data. Given its additional flexibility, the model quantitatively outperforms the existing alternatives and yields welfare gains for the US that are 14-54% higher, but at the cost of loss of tractability.


The Jerusalem Post -"In this excellent historical resume, a dozen British, American and Israeli scholars, including the editors, examine Britain"s relations with Egypt and the Arab league, its miscalculations in Iraq and Jordan and its inability to resolve the Palestinian question." Imperial and Commonwealth History-" As a whole, Cohen and Kolisky"s Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East provides a penetrating set of essays which throw much-needed light on the reasons for Britain"s fall from pre-eminence in the ten years following the end of the Second World war." MESA Bulletin 33, 1999 "The collection covers old ground, but it does so with new documentary material and some interesting interpretations." Twentieth Century British History- " It offers a wide-ranging and informative collection of articles which should prove of interest to readers of British and Middle Eastern history, politics and economics.


This manual provides guidance for reporting antimicrobial resistance under the framework of Directive 2003/99/EC and Commission Implementing Decision 2020/1729/EU in food-producing animals and foodstuffs derived thereof. The objective is to harmonise and streamline the reporting made by the Member States to ensure that the antimicrobial resistance data collected are relevant and easy to analyse at the European Union level. Detailed guidelines are provided for the reporting of data and text forms. This guidance typically applies to Salmonella spp., indicator commensal Escherichia coli, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni, and the animal populations and food categories to be reported on. Guidance is also provided on indicator Enterococcus and meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The manual notably includes specific guidance for reporting mandatory data on Salmonella spp. and commensal indicator E. coli producers of ESBLs/AmpCs/carbapenemases obtained from the harmonised routine monitoring, and ESBL-/AmpC-/carbapenemase-producing E. coli derived from specific monitoring. This manual is specifically aimed at guiding the reporting of information deriving from the year 2021.


Research indicates that ethnic majority group children show a consistent preference for their ethnic in-group, whereas the ethnic preferences of minority groups are less conclusive. The present study assessed the ethnic attitudes of 5 – 12 year old children from an ethnic majority group (59 Anglo-Australian) and a minority group (60 Pacific Islander). Participants rated members of Anglo-Australian, Pacific Islander, and Aboriginal (indigenous Australian) groups. Results revealed that the majority group participants rated the in-group more positively than the two out-groups, with the indigenous out-group being rated less positively. In contrast, the ethnic minority participants rated the in-group and the ethnic majority out-group equally positively, while the Aboriginal out-group was also rated least positively. A preference for ingroup neighbours was also displayed by both the ethnic majority and ethnic minority participants, with the Aboriginal out-group again being least preferred as neighbours. The results also revealed that these effects varied with age for the ethnic majority, but not the ethnic minority group participants. The results are discussed in relation to findings on children's ethnic attitudes and intercultural relations.


Transiting circumbinary planets discovered by Kepler provide unique insight into binary star and planet formation. Several features of this new found population, for example the apparent pile-up of planets near the innermost stable orbit, may distinguish between formation theories. In this work, we determine how planet-planet scattering shapes planetary systems around binaries as compared to single stars. In particular, we look for signatures that arise due to differences in dynamical evolution in binary systems. We carry out a parameter study of N-body scattering simulations for four distinct planet populations around both binary and single stars. While binarity has little influence on the final system multiplicity or orbital distribution, the presence of a binary dramatically effects the means by which planets are lost from the system. Most circumbinary planets are lost due to ejections rather than planet-planet or planet-star collisions. The most massive planet in the system tends to control the evolution. Systems similar to the only observed multi-planet circumbinary system, Kepler-47, can arise from much more tightly packed, unstable systems. Only extreme initial conditions introduce differences in the final planet populations. Thus, we suggest that any intrinsic differences in the populations are imprinted by formation.


Dr. Brooks Cash from the Uniform Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, moderated the topic "Nonconstipation Irritable Bowel Syndrome" with Drs. Lin Chang from David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Lucinda Harris from Mayo School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ; and Brian Lacy from Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH. The discussion focused primarily on: The prevalence, incidence and impact of nonconstipation irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); the impact of nonconstipation IBS on quality of life and economics; the etiology and pathophysiology of IBS including: the multifactorial aspect of IBS, genetic predisposition to IBS, infections as a trigger and other triggers; healthcare-related costs for IBS, including diagnostic costs for nongastrointestinal-related symptoms; the role of diagnostic tests; the role of diet; pharmacologic options; and the use of complementary and alternative medicine. Med Roundtable Gen Med Ed. 2014;1(4):323–334.


This report considers how the arts and cultural institutions contribute to the appeal of place. Cultural institutions are a prominent part of UK society – and many have a rich and long heritage. The impact of such institutions has often been evaluated in terms of engagement and participation or on the direct economic impact of cultural institutions. This study primarily focuses on the wider role of cultural institutions in their local economies; their innovative activities; how they connect to other local organisations such as universities; and how they collaborate with academics from the Arts and Humanities.


Diatoms are a fundamental component of the oceanic ecosystem. Because of the massive primary production they are responsible for they play a pivotal role in several biogeochemical cycles as well as in the marine food web. This high relevance is due to their global distribution together with their seasonal dominance in many of the planktonic communities. This ecological 'success' is granted by their diversity, being diatoms the most diverse microalgae taxa. Notwithstanding the relevant role of this taxa, little is known about their biology and ecology, given the lack of large scale observations and the large number of uncultured species. Here I describe global scale diatom diversity exploring in parallel their taxonomic and their functional diversity. Different methodological frameworks were developed to measure both classes of diversity from meta-omic data. As results, herein it is described the first assessment of diatom taxonomic richness at a global scale together with its statistical modeling using a machine-learning approach. Moreover, a completely new approach to characterize the functional diversity is provided. It is based on the phylogenies of nitrogen transporter marker gene families that proved to be optimal markers of functional traits such as size and resource utilization traits. Finally, the outcome of a numerical modeling exercise was compared to omic taxonomic data with the aim of improving the diatom model types. The whole work has been developed exploiting the unprecedented amount of data provided by the Tara Oceans expedition.


The relationship between obesity and cholesterol cholelithiasis is not well understood at physiologic or genetic levels. To clarify whether obesity per se leads to increased prevalence of cholelithiasis, we examined cholesterol gallstone susceptibility in three polygenic (KK/H1J, NON/LtJ, NOD/LtJ) and five monogenic [carboxypeptidase E (Cpe fat), agouti yellow (Ay), tubby (tub), leptin (Lepob), leptin receptor (Lepr db)] murine models of obesity during in-gestion of a lithogenic diet containing dairy fat, cholesterol, and cholic acid. At 8 weeks on the diet, one strain of polygenic obese mice was resistant whereas the others revealed low or intermediate prevalence rates of cholelithiasis. Monogenic obese mice showed distinct patterns with either high or low gallstone prevalence rates depending upon the mutation. Dysfunction of the leptin axis, as evidenced by the Lepob and the Lepr db mutations, markedly reduced gallstone formation in a genetically susceptible background strain, indicating that in mice with this genetic background, physiologic leptin homeostasis is a requisite for cholesterol cholelithogenesis. In contrast, the Cpe fat mutation enhanced the prevalence of cholelithiasis markedly when compared with the background strain. Since CPE converts many prohormones to hormones, a deficiency of biologically active cholecystokinin is a likely contributor to enhanced susceptibility to cholelithiasis through compromising gallbladder contractility and small intestinal motility. Because some murine models of obesity increased, whereas others decreased cholesterol gallstone susceptibility, we establish that cholesterol cholelithiasis in mice is not simply a secondary consequence of obesity per se. Rather, specific genes and distinct pathophysiological pathways are responsible for the shared susceptibility to both of these common diseases.


In Maryland v. King, the Supreme Court allowed police to extract a DNA sample from the cheek of a lawfully arrested individual without first securing a warrant, likening the sample to photos and fingerprints routinely taken during booking. Although King has already prompted a substantial body of critical commentary, to date an important outgrowth of the decision has eluded attention: What if, unlike in King, an individual is unlawfully arrested, without probable cause, yet police secure a DNA sample pursuant to a routine booking procedure?In his King dissent, Justice Scalia surmised that "[a]s an entirely predictable consequence of [the majority's] decision, your DNA can be taken and entered into a national DNA database if you are ever arrested, rightly or wrongly, and for whatever reason." As it turns out, under current exclusionary rule doctrine, there is considerable truth to Justice Scalia's assessment. In a line of cases stretching back several decades, courts have permitted police to retain and use for investigative purposes photos and fingerprints secured through unlawful arrests. Suppression is required when it can be shown that the purpose of the illegal arrest was to secure the prints, photos, or both — a finding often undercut when the evidence is acquired pursuant to a routine booking procedure.Against this backdrop, the King majority's willingness to uncritically couple DNA samples with fingerprints and photos assumes added importance. This article, part of a symposium hosted by the Texas Tech School of Law, addresses whether the coupling obliges an equally uncritical application of exclusionary rule doctrine vis-a-vis unlawfully secured DNA. Answering in the negative, the article urges legislative action to limit the government's ability to retain and use unlawfully secured DNA.


This paper describes the development of a test concerned with creative thinking in science education. It serves as a measuring instrument in the science education project "Kolumbus-Kids" at Bielefeld University and is based on a test for the analysis of deductive and creative thinking. Creating the test included the age-appropriate adjustment of the items as well as the adaptation of the questions to the context of science education. The central thesis concerns the connection of creative thinking and intelligence. The relationship is of particular interest in the project "Kolumbus-Kids", since this project is catered to gifted pupils. Means for promoting creative thinking skills were studied in the literature and could be compared with the project's didactic concept, thus allowing the assumption that the lessons of "Kolumbus-Kids" indeed enhance the pupils' creative thinking. With regard to these findings, the central hypothesis stating that pupils of grades four and six will significantly increase their performance can be verified. The significance of gender-specific differences is also examined, but these seem to have no influence. Both boys' and girls' performance increased significantly over the six months of participation in "Kolumbus-Kids".


We study the coordination of environmental policy within an agreement in the context of international trade. In an n-country intra-industry trade model, firms produce a horizontally differentiated good and consumers have a taste for variety. Governments choose strategically an emission tax and their membership in an international agreement. We show that only a strong taste for variety reduces the competition among governments sufficiently enough to allow for some form of policy coordination, though full cooperation will never be obtained.