Business-driven identification of services is a precondition for a successful implementation of service-oriented architectures (SOA). This article compares existing identification methods retrieved from related work and discusses the shortcomings. In particular, a lack of economic aspects constitutes a problem and leaves space for improvements. Finally, the paper proposes a process-oriented method of service identification. This approach incorporates the business point of view, strategic and economic aspects as well as technical feasibility.


PDDL+ models are advanced models of hybrid systems and the resulting problems are notoriously difficult for planning engines to cope with. An additional limiting factor for the exploitation of PDDL+ approaches in real-world applications is the restricted number of domain-independent planning engines that can reason upon those models.
With the aim of deepening the understanding of PDDL+ models, in this work, we study a novel mapping between a time discretisation of pddl+ and numeric planning as for PDDL2.1 (level 2). The proposed mapping not only clarifies the relationship between these two formalisms but also enables the use of a wider pool of engines, thus fostering the use of hybrid planning in real-world applications. Our experimental analysis shows the usefulness of the proposed translation and demonstrates the potential of the approach for improving the solvability of complex PDDL+ instances.


This study aims to fulfil two literature gaps in the person-environment fit theory, in particular the supply-value fit or S-V fit relating to work congruence. Firstly, previous research in S-V fit tended to look mainly at autonomy and supervision style. However, there appears to be no reported research that has simultaneously investigated, in a single study, the effects of the discrepancy between the perceived and desired levels of work quantity, variety, power, responsibility and concentration required for the job and its relationship with satisfaction at work. Secondly, the S-V fit theory has been relatively established in developed countries such as America and Britain. However, it would be interesting to discover whether the theory is also applicable among workers in small isolated towns in a developing country such as Malaysia. Questionnaires were distributed and collected from two hundred and eighty respondents working in small towns in Peninsular Malaysia. Support for the S-V fit theory was obtained, as results suggested that the greater the discrepancy between the supplies and values of work quantity, variety, power, responsibility and concentration required at work, the lesser was the satisfaction.


Abstract Aims To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies in order to estimate the effect of US medical marijuana laws (MMLs) on past‐month marijuana use prevalence among adolescents. Methods A total of 2999 papers from 17 literature sources were screened systematically. Eleven studies, developed from four ongoing large national surveys, were meta‐analyzed. Estimates of MML effects on any past‐month marijuana use prevalence from included studies were obtained from comparisons of pre–post MML changes in MML states to changes in non‐MML states over comparable time‐periods. These estimates were standardized and entered into a meta‐analysis model with fixed‐effects for each study. Heterogeneity among the study estimates by national data survey was tested with an omnibus F‐test. Estimates of effects on additional marijuana outcomes, of MML provisions (e.g. dispensaries) and among demographic subgroups were abstracted and summarized. Key methodological and modeling characteristics were also described. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results None of the 11 studies found significant estimates of pre–post MML changes compared with contemporaneous changes in non‐MML states for marijuana use prevalence among adolescents. The meta‐analysis yielded a non‐significant pooled estimate (standardized mean difference) of −0.003 (95% confidence interval = −0.012, +0.007). Four studies compared MML with non‐MML states on pre‐MML differences and all found higher rates of past‐month marijuana use in MML states pre‐MML passage. Additional tests of specific MML provisions, of MML effects on additional marijuana outcomes and among subgroups generally yielded non‐significant results, although limited heterogeneity may warrant further study. Conclusions Synthesis of the current evidence does not support the hypothesis that US medical marijuana laws (MMLs) until 2014 have led to increases in adolescent marijuana use prevalence. Limited heterogeneity exists among estimates of effects of MMLs on other patterns of marijuana use, of effects within particular population subgroups and of effects of specific MML provisions.


[1] Early work within the Aqua validation activity revealed there to be large differences in water vapor measurement accuracy among the various technologies in use for providing validation data. The validation measurements were made at globally distributed sites making it difficult to isolate the sources of the apparent measurement differences among the various sensors, which included both Raman lidar and radiosonde. Because of this, the AIRS Water Vapor Experiment–Ground (AWEX-G) was held in October-November 2003 with the goal of bringing validation technologies to a common site for intercomparison and resolving the measurement discrepancies. Using the University of Colorado Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer (CFH) as the water vapor reference, the AWEX-G field campaign permitted correction techniques to be validated for Raman lidar, Vaisala RS80-H and RS90/92 that significantly improve the absolute accuracy of water vapor measurements from these systems particularly in the upper troposphere. Mean comparisons of radiosondes and lidar are performed demonstrating agreement between corrected sensors and the CFH to generally within 5% thereby providing data of sufficient accuracy for Aqua validation purposes. Examples of the use of the correction techniques in radiance and retrieval comparisons are provided and discussed.


In a recent study, U.S. trial judges reviewed a case involving a fictional violent crime, including psychiatric testimony that the perpetrator had been diagnosed as a psychopath. Some of them also read testimony from a neurobiologist who testified that the perpetrator possessed a specific genetic variant linked to violent behavior and that research with other psychopaths has identified abnormalities in brain function that may undermine the normal human aversion to inflicting harm on others. When asked how they would sentence the criminal, the judges who read this biological explanation handed out modestly reduced prison sentences. That judges would be swayed by biological evidence in such a violent case surprised the study researchers, who report their findings on page 846 of this week9s issue.


This article introduces the concept of orchestration as the mobilization of an intermediary by an orchestrator on a voluntary basis in pursuit of a joint governance goal. Orchestrator-Intermediary theory then provides a model of indirect governance that supplements delegation models premised on principal-agent theory. Under both theories, governors enhance their governance capacity by drawing on the capabilities of third parties. Whereas delegation is premised on hard 'contractual' control over the agent, however, orchestration relies on the soft control of like-minded intermediaries through material and ideational support. The two models overlap, and governors mix them in practice, but distinguishing between them analytically can broaden and deepen analysis of indirect forms of governance. This article discusses the circumstances under which each model provides a better fit for real-world problems, as well as the key limitations of each model. Among other things, orchestration is relatively more likely in democratic than authoritarian systems, when governors have limited direct capacities of their own and when veto players are more numerous. Orchestration is not always more desirable than delegation, but it provides an important alternative in some circumstances. Multiple examples from both domestic and international settings are used to illustrate this claim. The article closes with key considerations regarding the effectiveness and legitimacy of orchestration.


Bacterial cultures, when under appropriate conditions, will grow into a biofilm. This weak hydrogel, composed of a complex conglomeration of bacterial clusters and extrapolymeric substances, serves to protect and insulate the bacteria from mechanical disturbances and environmental perturbations that may include antibiotics. Measuring the bulk rheology of the biofilm provides a quantitative description of the macroscopic structural integrity of the soft solid, which can be used to evaluate the efficacy of techniques that are often directed at their removal or prevention. Techniques for measuring the rheology of biofilms vary significantly, ranging from filtering or scraping the biofilm from its growth medium to attempting to grow the biofilm directly on the geometry of the rheometer. In this study, we developed a protocol for measuring the bulk rheology of a biofilm that was grown in a liquid medium. By keeping the biofilm intact from its growth phase through its rheological measurement, this method allows the mechanical strength of the biofilm to be probed without compromising its integrity. Presented in the form of case studies, the results from this study confirmed the gel-like structure of the biofilm of the wild-type strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1). The flexibility of this protocol was shown by varying the incubation time of the biofilm from 4 to 9 days, providing a bulk elastic modulus that varied over two orders of magnitude and a yield stress that varied by an order of magnitude. Finally, in an attempt to demonstrate the fragility of biofilm, measurements were also taken on samples that were simply transferred from their incubated Petri dish to the rheometer. Results from the mechanical robustness of the biofilm are highlighted to emphasize the importance of understanding and addressing the mechanical strength of the biofilm system before attempting to remove the bacterial contamination through chemical or mechanical means.


Your Best Prospects Are Referred Prospects!
 Nobody likes cold calls. And nobody really needs to make them. The Referral of a Lifetime teaches a step-by-step system that will allow anyone to generate a steady stream of new business through consistent, qualified referrals while retaining and maximizing business with existing customers. Tim Templeton emphasizes the importance of applying the golden rule in business—putting the relationship with your customer first, rather than just making the sale.

 This second edition adds a technique for creating a profile of your ideal customer and explains how to reach the tipping point on online reviews and testimonials so you can expand your business 24/7. Your customers, colleagues, and friends already know every new contact you will ever need to succeed. When you apply Tim Templeton's system, they will naturally refer those potential new customers to you.


Infrared silver halide fibers were studied concerning the optical degradation induced by photodarkening. Infrared transmittance decreased notably in the shorter wavelength (near-infrared) region by the exposure to ultraviolet (UV) or visible light below a wavelength of /spl sim/600 nm. Black paint was tentatively coated on the unclad fiber for photodarkening protection, but the infrared transmittance of the fiber decreased heavily due to the evanescent wave absorption by the paint. To reduce this absorption loss, a fluorocarbon polymer was coated between the fiber core and the black paint. Consequently, efficient transmission was realized in the infrared region except for the 7-10-/spl mu/m wavelength range, where the fluorocarbon polymer has a strong absorption band. In the 2-7-/spl mu/m wavelength range, the fiber that was heated at 100/spl deg/C in the polymer coating process exhibited higher transmittance than the original uncoated fiber. No optical degradation of the coated fiber was observed, even after irradiation with UV light for a period of 70 h.


One key to improving high-performance computing (HPC) productivity is finding better ways to measure it. We define productivity in terms of mission goals, i.e., greater productivity means that more science is accomplished with less cost and effort. Traditional software productivity metrics and computing benchmarks have proven inadequate for assessing or predicting such end-to-end productivity. In this paper we describe a new approach to measuring productivity in HPC applications that addresses both development time and execution time. Our goal is to develop a public repository of effective productivity benchmarks that anyone in the HPC community can apply to assess or predict productivity


BackgroundHigh-frequency (e.g., gamma 30 to 50 Hz) coherent neural activity has been postulated to underlie binding of independent neural assemblies and thus integrate processing across distributed neuronal networks to achieve a unified conscious experience. Prior studies suggest that gamma activity may play a role in perceptual mechanisms, but design limitations raise concerns. Thus, controversy exists as to the hypothesis that gamma activity is necessary for perceptual awareness. In addition, controversy exists as to whether the primary sensory cortices are involved directly in the mechanisms of conscious perception or just in processes prior to conscious awareness. Objective To investigate the relation of gamma coherence and perception. MethodsDigital intracranial electrocorticographic recordings from implanted electrodes were obtained in six patients with intractable epilepsy during a simple somatosensory detection task for near-threshold stimuli applied to the contralateral hand. Signal analyses were then conducted using a quantitative approach that employed two-way Hanning digital bandpass filters to compute running correlations across pairs of channels at various time epochs for each patient and each perception state across multiple bandwidths. Results Gamma coherence occurs in the primary somatosensory cortex approximately 150 to 300 milliseconds after contralateral hand stimuli that are perceived, but not for nonperceived stimuli, which did not differ in character/intensity or early somatosensory evoked potentials. Conclusion The results are consistent with the possible direct involvement of primary sensory cortex in elemental awareness and with a role for gamma coherence in conscious perception.


The Obama administration has developed two broad programs to defer immigration enforcement actions against undocumented persons living in the United States: (1) Deferred Action for Parents of Americans and Lawful Permanent Residents (DAPA); and (2) Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The DACA program, which began in August 2012, was expanded on November 20, 2014. DAPA and the DACA expansion (hereinafter referred to as "DACA-plus") are currently under review by the US Supreme Court and subject to an active injunction. This paper offers a statistical portrait of the intended direct beneficiaries of DAPA, DACA, and DACA-plus. It finds that potential DAPA, DACA, and DACA-plus recipients are deeply embedded in US society, with high employment rates, extensive US family ties, long tenure, and substantial rates of English-language proficiency. The paper also notes various groups that would benefit indirectly from the full implementation of DAPA and DACA or, conversely, would suffer from the removal of potential beneficiaries of these programs. For example, all those who would rely on the retirement programs of the US government will benefit from the high employment rates and relative youth of the DACA population, while many US citizens who rely on the income of a DAPA-eligible parent would fall into poverty or extreme poverty should that parent be removed from the United States. This paper offers an analysis of potential DAPA and DACA beneficiaries. In an earlier study, the authors made the case for immigration reform based on long-term trends related to the US undocumented population, including potential DAPA and DACA beneficiaries (Warren and Kerwin 2015). By contrast, this paper details the degree to which these populations have become embedded in US society. It also compares persons eligible for the original DACA program with those eligible for DACA-plus. As stated, the great majority of potential DAPA and DACA recipients enjoy strong family ties, long tenure, and high employment rates in the United States. Nearly one-half of the DAPA population and far higher percentages of the two DACA populations speak English well, very well, or exclusively. An unknown, albeit not insubstantial percentage of both the DAPA- and DACA-eligible may already qualify for an immigration benefit or relief that would put them on a path to permanent residency and US citizenship. These mostly low-wage populations have relatively high rates of poverty and low rates of health insurance. Not surprisingly, the educational attainment, school enrollment rates, and English-language proficiency of the DACA-eligible substantially exceed those of the DAPA-eligible. Both populations enjoy high levels of computer and Internet access. The Center for Migration Studies (CMS) derived its estimates on the DAPA- and DACA-eligible from statistics on the foreign-born population collected in the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey (ACS), as described in Warren (2016). It first derived detailed estimates for all undocumented residents, and then used the characteristics of this population (e.g., year of entry, age at entry, etc.) to tabulate the numbers of those who would be eligible for DAPA and DACA in 2014, which is the most recent year available.


THE DISPUTE BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN appears to have come full circle since the 1950s and 1960s to rest once again on the contested state of Kashmir. But the destructive power possessed by both states has grown enormously since that earlier era, and now includes short-range nuclear weapons and sophisticated conventional arsenals. This growth of military power has meant not just a greater capacity to coerce, deter, and defend, but also a realization that the enormous costs of war will probably outweigh any rational geopolitical gains. With this double-edged nuclear dimension, South Asia stands poised between danger and opportunity. Although South Asia is not part of the three great formations of North America, Europe, and East Asia that form the core of the international system, the region matters for security, economic, and political reasons. Indian and Pakistani conventional military power have always determined security in and around South Asia, but the current or potential nuclear capabilities of these two nations now affect international security as well. The region also matters because of its economic potential: India and Pakistan have embarked on economic reforms and are growing at rates between four and seven percent per year. With more than a billion people between them, they constitute a market as large as China's. Finally, South Asia merits attention because three nations in the region, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal, have made transitions to democracy since 1988, while two other democracies, India and Sri Lanka, survive in difficult circumstances. The success of South Asia's new and old democracies in the midst of some of the most hostile conditions on earth could greatly strengthen the cause of democracy worldwide. Disagreement between India and Pakistan comes from several sources, including the insecurity that Pakistan feels as a result of India's larger size and power and the conflicting nation-building philosophies of the two countries. This philosophical disagreement, between Indian secularism and Pakistani religious particularism, has acquired a zero-sum quality, with the success of secularism taken to be the failure of particularism, and vice versa. In addition, migrations, ethnic rebellions, communal violence, disputes over water, economic inequality, narcotics, and the spread of small arms have contributed to regional instability. But the most pressing issue in South Asian stability since 1989 has been the Indo-Pakistani dispute over Kashmir, which has already caused two wars between India and Pakistan, first in 1948 and again in 1965. In 1989, Kashmir exploded with violence in the Indian-held portion and soon faced a full-scale insurrection. In 1990 tensions between India and Pakistan rose in the wake of Pakistani military exercises and an Indian military build-up in Kashmir, and spiraled into what could have become a nuclear confrontation. Even as the two countries sobered in the wake of the crisis, tensions continued. The destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by Hindu extremists in December 1992 led to riots all over the Indian subcontinent and the demolition of Hindu temples in Pakistan. When Kashmiris on the Pakistani side of the border attempted to cross into India despite warnings from Indian authorities that they would be repelled by force, Pakistani forces shot and killed a number of demonstrators to prevent a border incident. The most serious incident since then occurred in early 1996, when a rocket attack destroyed a mosque in Pakistani-held Kashmir. Islamabad blamed Indian forces, and the two sides exchanged artillery fire. Tension between India and Pakistan over Kashmir has caused anxiety outside the region, but seen in light of the regional record these tensions are not as alarming as they may initially appear. The same confluence of factors present in South Asia since 1989--internal troubles in Kashmir, Pakistani aid for the insurgents, and domestic political instability in India--combined to produce war in 1948 and 1965. …


Abstract Losses disguised as wins (LDWs) appear to reinforce gambling persistence. However, little research has examined this phenomenon with real gamblers in natural gambling settings. We aimed to examine the relationship between within-session outcome size and subsequent gambling persistence. Account-based gambling data of individuals playing LDW games over a randomly selected day (2,035,339 bets made by 8636 individuals) was examined. We used a logistic mixed effects model to examine the relationship between the outcome of the previous bet (loss, LDW and real wins) and the odds of continuing betting in a game session. The odds of continuing betting in a game session were positively associated with the outcome of the previous bet. Compared to LDWs, losses lowered the odds of continuing a game session. In contrast, real wins implied greater odds of continuing a game session compared to LDWs. It is concluded that LDWs increase the likelihood of continuing betting compared to losses, but decrease the likelihood of continuing to gamble compared to real wins. As LDWs increase the number of bets made within a gambling session, and hence within-session gambling persistence, LDWs may potentially play an etiological role in the development of gambling problems over time.


Simulating neural tissue requires the construction of models of the anatomical structure and physiological function of neural microcircuitry. The Blue Brain Project is simulating the microcircuitry of a neocortical column with very high structural and physiological precision. This paper describes how we model anatomical structure by identfying, tabulating, and analyzing contacts between 104 neurons in a morphologically precise model of a column. A contact occurs when one element touches another, providing the opportunity for the subsequent creation of a simulated synapse. The architecture of our application divides the problem of detecting and analyzing contacts among thousands of processors on the IBM Blue Gene/L™ supercomputer. Data required for contact tabulation is encoded with geometrical data for contact detection and is exchanged among processors. Each processor selects a subset of neurons and then iteratively 1) divides the number of points that represents each neuron among column subvolumes, 2) detects contacts in a subvolume, 3) tabulates arbitrary categories of local contacts, 4) aggregates and analyzes global contacts, and 5) revises the contents of a column to achieve a statistical objective. Computing, analyzing, and optimizing local data in parallel across distributed global data objects involve problems common to other domains (such as three-dimensional image processing and registration). Thus, we discuss the generic nature of the application architecture.


What are the implications of collaboration between practitioners of distinct creative disciplines, and what approaches can enhance such engagements? This inquiry is investigated through Practice Research with project-based and iterative methodology aiming towards developing a novel framework for organising collaborative environments. Presented here is the thesis that investigates modes of interaction between disciplines and practitioners in collaborative projects. They are nested under the rubric of polydisciplinarity, with a particular focus on the interaction between sound and movement through consumer digital tools. The conceptual basis of this investigation, distinguishing its contribution to thinking and making in its creative field, is informed by symbiosis, a phenomenon describing close and persistent relationships between organisms of different species, where the organisms establish a means to overcome the limitations posed by their environment through augmenting their biological traits. This research contends that symbiotic traits can be identified within practices between practitioners of distinct disciplines, and interprets these into a set of strategies and precepts that can facilitate effective synergies between collaborators. The practice conducted as part of this research concerns collaborations between the author's sonic arts approaches and practitioners using physical movement as their predominant expressive medium. The knowledge borne out of this practice, as well as existing models of interaction between disciplines and practitioners, are investigated through a conceptual debate with knowledge acquired from the field of biology. The research contributions combine practice and theory; the body of practice concerns performance works created as part of the collaborators' professional engagements, as well as a number of studio-based experiments testing and activating the theoretical underpinnings, concentrating on an adaptive approach in collaboration. Then these collaborative engagements and experiments lend pathways to findings, a theoretically describable set of efficient and distinctive modes of collaboration. The practice-led contribution focuses on a framework for collaborative engagement, arranged in respect to the three types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism. Identifying distinct modes of hierarchy, stages in process, and direction of active influence between practitioners and expressive medium, the framework posits an adaptive approach in collaborative engagement, with the potential to facilitate collaborations within the wider field of performance practice.


Spatial and temporal effects arising in photorefractive crystals during the process of double phase conjugation are analyzed numerically with a novel beam-propagation method. Slowly varying envelope wave equations in the paraxial approximation are solved under the appropriate boundary conditions. Our analysis includes dynamical effects caused by the buildup of diffraction gratings in the crystal and the turn-on of phase-conjugate beams as well as spatial effects caused by the finite transverse spread of beams and by the propagation directions of the beams. Various phenomena are observed, such as self-bending of phase-conjugate beams, convective flow of energy out of the interaction region, mode oscillations, critical slowing down at the oscillation threshold, and irregular spatial pattern formation. For a real beam-coupling constant and constructive interaction of interference fringes in the crystal we find steady or periodic behavior. For a complex coupling constant and/or induced phase mismatch in the grating a transition to spatiotemporal chaos is observed. We believe that under stable operating conditions the transverse double phase-conjugate mirror in the paraxial approximation is a convective oscillator, rather than an amplifier. Improved agreement with experimental results is obtained.


This paper uses hybrid control to model a problem of computer network systems, the dynamic behavior of bandwidth sharing among competing TCP traffic. It has been well known in the computer network community that well-behaved (TCP-friendly) congestion control mechanisms are crucial to the robustness of the Internet. Congestion control determines the transmission rate for each flow. Right now, most TCP-friendly research focuses only on the average throughput behavior without considering how the data is sent out in the short-term (e.g. bursty or smooth). However, recent experimental results show that short-term rate adjustments can change the bandwidth sharing result. Therefore, it is important to study the dynamic behavior of bandwidth sharing, and its impact on the long-term average throughput behavior. While existing network models and simulators for TCP-friendly control work well in general, they can not be used for theoretical proofs of the stability of the bandwidth-sharing behavior by competing TCP-friendly congestion controls. We want models that can capture the system's dynamic behavior to help us understand and predict the impact of short-term rate adjustments. In this paper, we present a hybrid state-space-based model for the bandwidth sharing among TCP-friendly flows. We explain the hybrid nature of the system, which has a distributed control algorithm and is event-driven. The model helps us to understand the system's behavior in general and we use it to prove the system's stability under certain assumptions about packet loss. We also describe simulations and experiments to explore the cases in which these assumptions do not hold. This paper presents some preliminary results.


Tumour promoting phorbol esters such as 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) exert a multitude of biological effects on many cellular systems, many of which are believed to be mediated via the activation of the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). TPA and other biologically active phorbol esters inhibited the proliferation of the A549 human lung carcinoma cell line. However, after 5-6 days culture in the continued presence of the phorbol ester cells began to proliferate at a rate similar to that of untreated cells. Resistance to TPA was lost following subculturing, although subculture in the presence of 10 nM TPA for more than 9 weeks resulted in a more resistant phenotype. The selection of a TPA-resistant subpopulation was not responsible for the observed resistance. The antiproliferative properties of other PKC activators were investigated. Mezerein induced the same antiproliferative effects as TPA but synthetic diacylglycerols (DAGs), the presumed physiological ligands of PKC, exerted only a non-specific cytotoxic influence on growth. Bryostatins 1 and 2 were able to induce transient growth arrest of A549 cells in a manner similar to phorbol esters at nanomolar concentrations, but at higher concentrations blocked both their own antiproliferative action and also that of phorbol esters and mezerein. Fourteen compounds synthesized to mimic features of the phorbol ester pharmacophore and/or DAGs did not mimic the antiproliferative properties of TPA in A549 cells and exerted only a DAG-like non-specific cytotoxicity at high concentrations. The subcellular distribution and activity of PKC was determined following partial purification by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Treatment with TPA, mezerein or bryostatins resulted in a concentration-dependent shift of PKC activity from the cytosol to cellular membranes within 30 min. Significant translocation was not observed on treatment with DAGs. Chronic exposure of cells to TPA caused a time- and concentration dependent down-regulation of functional PKC activity. A complete loss of PKC activity was also observed on treatment with growth-inhibitory concentrations of bryostatins. No PKC activity was detected in cells resistant to the growth-inhibitory influence of TPA. Measurement of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations using A549 cells cultured on Cytodex 1 microcarrier beads revealed that TPA, mezerein and the bryostatins induced a similar rapid rise in intracellular Ca2+ levels.


In the context of interactive query sessions, it is common to issue a succession of queries, transforming a dataset to the desired result. It is often difficult to comprehend a succession of transformations, especially for complex queries. Thus, to facilitate understanding of each data transformation and to provide continuous feedback, we introduce the concept of "data tweening", i.e., interpolating between resultsets, presenting to the user a series of incremental visual representations of a resultset transformation. We present tweening methods that consider not just the changes in the result, but also the changes in the query. Through user studies, we show that data tweening allows users to efficiently comprehend data transforms, and also enables them to gain a better understanding of the underlying query operations.


Conservation projects occur under many types of uncertainty. Where this uncertainty can affect achievement of a project's objectives, there is risk. Understanding risks to project success should influence a range of strategic and tactical decisions in conservation, and yet, formal risk assessment rarely features in the guidance or practice of conservation planning. We describe how subjective risk analysis tools can be framed to facilitate the rapid identification and assessment of risks to conservation projects, and how this information should influence conservation planning. Our approach is illustrated with an assessment of risks to conservation success as part of a conservation plan for the work of The Nature Conservancy in northern Australia. Risks can be both internal and external to a project, and occur across environmental, social, economic and political systems. Based on the relative importance of a risk and the level of certainty in its assessment we propose a series of appropriate, project level responses including research, monitoring, and active amelioration. Explicit identification, prioritization, and where possible, management of risks are important elements of using conservation resources in an informed and accountable manner.


The use of electricity involves a wide range of activities that, because of its diversity, characteristics and relative importance causes different environmental impacts during the extraction, processing, transport and consuming activities. It is the role of the government to elaborate the rules for the incorporation of environmental aspects in the different segments of the market for different electrical energy sources and in all the stages of the process, from the initial evaluation to the construction and exploitation phases. Among the environmental key aspects to considerate, are the electric and magnetic fields, in which society has taken special interest as they are believed to be involved in health hazard. The faculties of the regulatory authority is dictate regulations and technique procedures to be fulfilled by the agents, and check their compliance. In the course of time since the mentioned obligations, the authority has gathered information regarding electric and magnetic fields that includes those planned in the Companies Environmental Planning and those obtained ad-hoc in the role of controller. In order to systematize this information, a data base has been designed considering different types of electric installations, the company which they belong to, equipment used in the measurements, representative layouts with measure points and profiles of the electric and magnetic fields that were obtained.


Poor Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) results and widespread disappointing mathematics results in South Africa necessitate research-based and more efficient professional development for in-service mathematics teachers. This article reports on the profiling of mathematics teachers' statistical knowledge, beliefs and confidence in order to inform the development of in-service teacher education programmes in statistics for Grade 8 and Grade 9 teachers. Ninety mathematics teachers from schools with culturally diverse learner populations in an urban region in South Africa were profiled using an adapted profiling instrument (Watson, 2001). Although statistics formed part of quite a number of these teachers' initial teacher education and about half of them were involved in professional development in statistics education, they still teach traditionally, rather than using a more data driven approach. Teachers indicated high levels of confidence in teaching most statistics topics but showed low levels of statistical thinking when they had to apply their knowledge of concepts, such as sample and average in social contexts including newspaper articles and research reports.


The Hippolyte inermis Leach 1815 population from Zostera marina beds in southern Spain showed two recruitment periods that occurred simultaneously for both sexes (from September to December and from April to June), in a size range between 1.67 and 1.90 mm carapace length, due to gonadal activity and eggs hatching in summer and winter. The estimated Von Bertalanffy parameters were used to determine absolute growth and showed that males live for around 8 months and females for around 12 months; consequently, four cohorts for males and 7 to 8 for females can coexist throughout the cycle. The sex ratio favours females throughout the entire life cycle. Data published on the reproductive biology of H. inermis support the idea that this is a protandric hermaphrodite species, though recent studies have revealed that there is no histological proof of hermaphroditic sexuality in adult specimens of this species. The results obtained here indicate that the Canuelo Beach Hippolyte inermis population has a gonochoric structure. If H. inermis were to have hermaphroditic sexuality, the sex reversal of adult males would occur in a single moult in the size range between 2.42 and 3.22 mm. These new, secondary females would be incorporated into the primary female cohort at practically the same size, although they would be 0.12 to 5.20 months younger. Our results, compared with those from other population studies, suggest that this species has a highly plastic population structure, which seems to be determined by external factors and which varies between the protandric and gonochoric condition, depending on the conditions of the habitat.


Background Data of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients are limited due to the small representation of this complication in previous case series or the focus on the comparison to adult SLE, precluding an accurate analysis of associated factors and outcomes in patients with and without this severe complication. Objectives To evaluate prevalence, clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities and treatment in a multicenter cohort study including 847 cSLE patients with and without diffuse DAH, as well as concomitant parameters of severity. Methods DAH was defined as the presence of at least three respiratory symptoms or signs associated with diffuse interstitial/alveolar infiltrates on chest x-ray or high-resolution computer tomography and sudden drop in hemoglobin levels with no other source of bleeding. Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was performed adjusting the significance level (p<0.0022). Results DAH was evidenced in 19/847 (2.2%) cSLE patients. Cough/dyspnea/tachycardia/hypoxemia occurred in all cSLE patients with DAH. Concomitant parameters of severity observed were: mechanical ventilation in 14/19 (74%), hemoptysis 12/19 (63%), macrophage activation syndrome 2/19 (10%) and death 9/19 (47%). Further analysis of cSLE patients at DAH diagnosis compared to 76 cSLE control patients without DAH with same disease duration [3 (1–151) vs. 4 (1–151) months, p=0.335], showed higher frequencies of constitutional involvement (74% vs. 10%, p<0.0001), serositis (63% vs. 6%, p<0.0001) and sepsis (53% vs. 9%, p<0.0001) in the DAH group. The median of disease activity score (SLEDAI-2K) was significantly higher in cSLE patients with DAH [18 (5–40) vs. 6 (0–44), p<0.0001]. The frequencies of thrombocytopenia (53% vs. 12%, p<0.0001), intravenous methylprednisolone (95% vs. 16%, p<0.0001) and intravenous cyclophosphamide (47% vs. 8%, p<0.0001) were also significantly higher in DAH patients. Conclusions This is the largest study to evaluate DAH. This complication, although not a disease activity score descriptor, occurs in the context of significant moderate/severe cSLE flare. Importantly, we identified that this condition is associated with serious disease flare complicated by sepsis and with high mortality rate. Acknowledgements This study was supported by research grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnolόgico (CNPq 301805/2013-0 to RMRP, 303752/2015-7 to MTT, 301479/2015-1 to CSM, 305068/2014-8 to EB and 303422/2015-7 to CAS), Federico Foundation (to EB, RMRP and CAS) and by Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa "Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente" da USP (NAP-CriAd) to CAS. Disclosure of Interest : None declared


The first two years of the Obama administration have led to expectations, both in the United States and abroad, that in the coming years America will increasingly promote the international rule of law - a position that many believe is both ethically necessary and in the nation's best interests. With "The Perils of Global Legalism", Eric A. Posner explains that such views demonstrate a dangerously naive tendency toward legalism - an idealistic belief that law can be effective even in the absence of legitimate institutions of governance. After tracing the historical roots of the concept, Posner carefully lays out the many illusions - such as universalism, sovereign equality, and the possibility of disinterested judgment by politically unaccountable officials - on which the legalistic view is founded. Drawing on such examples as NATO's invasion of Serbia, attempts to ban the use of land mines, and the free-trade provisions of the WTO, Posner demonstrates throughout that the weaknesses of international law confound legalist ambitions - and that whatever their professed commitments, all nations stand ready to dispense with international agreements when it suits their short- or long-term interests.


This Article pre-print is brought to you for free and open access by the Philosophy at Digital Commons @ Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy Faculty Works by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Repository Citation Baehr, Jason, "Review of Ernest Sosa, Knowing Full Well" (2012). Philosophy Faculty Works. 29. http://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/phil_fac/29


Background: In a series of aviary experiments, we showed that little egrets (Egretta garzetta, the predators) and common goldfish (Carassius auratus, their prey) play a behavioural game in which the egrets adjust the timing of their predatory visits to experimental pools, and the fish adjust their exposure to predation by moving between a safe habitat that lacks food and a risky habitat that contains food. But we did not determine whether they do so in response to variation in the density of the fish. Question: Will the egret and the fish respond optimally to variation in prey density? Methods: We used two identical aviaries (7 m diameter), each with three separate pools of water (1.52 m diameter, 0.60 m deep, ∼1000 litres). In the centre of each pool was a single, solid disk (radius of 18.75, 22.75 or 36.75 cm) – the cover – which fish could hide under to protect themselves from egret predation. But fish could feed only in the risky habitat, i.e. the open water beyond the cover. In each 6 hour trial, the three pools had a single cover size and one of three densities of fish (10, 15, or 20) so that we could isolate the effect of number of fish from that of cover size. With high-definition CCTV cameras that yielded a panoramic view of the aviaries, we tabulated the behavioural data of egrets and fish every minute of each 6 hour trial – egret location and fish captures as well as the number of fish in each pool that were in the risky habitat. We also measured the number and percentage of food particles consumed by the fish. We counted the number of surviving fish at the end of each trial. We analysed these data parametrically using Python and SPSS. Results: Fish swam in the open water much less when an egret was patrolling the aviary. Risktaking by the fish in every control cell (no egret) exceeded risk-taking in its experimental counterpart. Risk-taking was correlated negatively with cover size. The highest number of fish in a pool (i.e. 20) was associated with the least amount of risk-taking. Neither the proportion of fish captured by the egret nor the tendency for risk-taking displayed by the fish varied at Correspondence: Z. Abramsky, Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. email: email@example.com Consult the copyright statement on the inside front cover for non-commercial copying policies. Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2018, 19: 333–352 © 2018 Zvika Abramsky different initial numbers of fish in a pool. Cover size, initial number of fish and their interaction affected the number of per-capita food particles that remained at the end of experimental trials in complex ways. Contrary to our prediction, the fish in the pools with small covers left less uneaten food per capita. The egret captured a smaller proportion of fish as cover size increased. But the number of fish captured by the egret rose with cover size and declined with the initial number of fish. The egret spent more time in a single pool if the initial number of fish was higher, and it took longer before returning to such a pool. The more often the egret visited a pool, the less often fish ventured into open water. However, also contrary to our prediction, the fish were most active in the pools with smaller covers (even though they experienced the highest mortality there). All of these findings combine to optimize the egret's capture of fish during a trial. Conclusion: The fish and the egret were locked in a behavioural game in which each player adjusted its behaviour to that of the other player.


The success and longevity of Neil Young's forty-year recording career rests largely on his musical eclecticism. As a solo artist, as a member of such bands as Crosby, Stills, Nash,
and Young, and in a highly touted collaboration with Pearl Jam in 1995, Young has had a recorded output ranging from plaintive singer/songwriter material, to 1980s techno-pop, to the music that garnered him the title "Godfather of Grunge."
This is no mean feat, and one approaches Echard's book in the hope that he will shed light on Young's achievement.


Should teachers concentrate on critical thinking, estimation, measurement, and graphing rather than college-clone algorithmic physics in grades K--12? Thus far physics education research offers little substantive guidance. Mathematics education research addressed the mathematics analogue of this question in the 1930's. Students in Manchester, New Hampshire were not subjected to arithmetic algorithms until grade 6. In earlier grades they read, invented, and discussed stories and problems; estimated lengths, heights, and areas; and enjoyed finding and interpreting numbers relevant to their lives. In grade 6, with 4 months of formal training, they caught up to the regular students in algorithmic ability, and were far ahead in general numeracy and in the verbal, semantic, and problem solving skills they had practiced for the five years before. Assessment was both qualitative -- e.g., asking 8th grade students to relate in their own words why it is `that if you have two fractions with the same numerator, the one with the smaller denominator is the larger'; and quantitative -- e.g., administration of standardized arithmetic examinations to test and control groups in the 6th grade. Is it time for a science counterpart of the Benezet/Berman Manchester experiment of the 1930's?


With the increasing commoditization of computer vision, speech recognition and machine translation systems and the widespread deployment of learning-based back-end technologies such as digital advertising and intelligent infrastructures, AI (Artificial Intelligence) has moved from research labs to production. These changes have been made possible by unprecedented levels of data and computation, by methodological advances in machine learning, by innovations in systems software and architectures, and by the broad accessibility of these technologies.
The next generation of AI systems promises to accelerate these developments and increasingly impact our lives via frequent interactions and making (often mission-critical) decisions on our behalf, often in highly personalized contexts. Realizing this promise, however, raises daunting challenges. In particular, we need AI systems that make timely and safe decisions in unpredictable environments, that are robust against sophisticated adversaries, and that can process ever increasing amounts of data across organizations and individuals without compromising confidentiality. These challenges will be exacerbated by the end of the Moore's Law, which will constrain the amount of data these technologies can store and process. In this paper, we propose several open research directions in systems, architectures, and security that can address these challenges and help unlock AI's potential to improve lives and society.


Most diversity training programs are a waste of money, says Iris Bohnet. Companies often conduct programs without ever measuring their impact. And unfortunately, research on their effectiveness shows they seldom change attitudes, let alone behavior. The solution? Focus on processes, not people. Behavioral science tells us that it's very hard to eliminate our biases, but we can redesign organizations to circumvent them. Behavioral design makes it easier to do the unbiased thing by either preventing biased choices or changing people's beliefs. Companies can start by collecting data on their current diversity training. Then they must bring the same rigor to people management that they apply to financial and marketing decisions. This means defining the desired change, implementing new programs, collecting hard data, and evaluating the results. Even simple changes can be effective. For example, hiring managers can use software that allows them to strip age, gender, socioeconomic background, and similar information out of resumes so that they focus only on talent. Bias affects everyone, despite efforts at awareness and the best of intentions. The good news, says Bohnet, is that behavioral design can break the link between our gut reactions and our actions, and allow our biased minds to get things right.


As supported by commonsense and substantial evidence (discussed in Sections 1 and 2), one's attitude toward wealth may affect utility and people can, at least to some extent and at some costs, choose their attitudes. Using a very simple model of attitude choice (Section 3) and analysing the comparative-static effects of some economic changes (Section 4), this paper shows that individuals with high/low incomes tend to adopt an attitude emphasizing the importance of material consumption more/less. Economic growth unambiguously increases the utility of the rich (unless the generation of growth itself is too costly) by increasing both their income and the prevailing materialistic attitude. It has an ambiguous effect on the poor as it makes them better off through a higher income level but worse off through a higher prevailing materialistic attitude.


In this study the authors analyze the degree of output diversification (anything produced in the farm that is not a subsistence crop, i.e., corn or beans) among 520 hillside farmers in El Salvador. Techniques were employed to construct a comparison group that resembles the treatment group based on observed characteristics while statistical controls were applied to measure differences on diversification for the treatment group at two points in time (2002 and 2005) and between the treatment and comparison groups at a given point in time (2005), allowing for before-after and with-without comparisons. The outcome of the study showed that overall, more diversified farm plans are positively associated with farm size, schooling, participation in communal organizations, and with the frequency of extension visits, which captures the PAES intervention. Also, farmers involved with PAES have significantly increased the number of agricultural activities in their farms between 2002 and 2005.


Because I intend to be prescriptive (or, when it comes to the esteemed members of the bench who may be in the audience, "suggestive," since it is they who wield the gavels while I -- as any lawyer appearing before members of the bench -- have only words), I must confess some biases before going further. First, I believe in "sunshine in litigation" and openness of both court records and discovery. I believe that courts are public forums, and that arguments about the privacy of disputes should generally be outweighed by the public's right to know. Some have strongly argued that civil courts exist to serve "private parties bringing a private dispute." I believe, however, that even if the dispute began as a private one, once the courts are involved it is at most a private dispute in a public forum. Once the disputants go to court, the public nature of the forum trumps the formerly private nature of the dispute.This paper makes three arguments. First, while they have obvious duties to the parties in litigation, courts - -and the judges in charge of them -- have other duties to a broader public interest, consistent with the highest goals of judicial ethics. Second, judges can and should take an active role in protecting the public interest by ensuring that information obtained in connection with a legal dispute that directly concerns a substantial danger to the public health or safety remains available to the public regardless of the desires of the parties. Third, although the resources available to most judges are obviously limited, they can nevertheless successfully accomplish such a goal, by (1) modifying the existing court rules governing discovery and case settlement; (2) narrowing the acceptable grounds for protective orders, especially stipulated protective orders; (3) modifying the jurisdiction's ethical rules of professional conduct to prohibit lawyer collaboration in "secretizing" such information; and (4) educating and requiring the trial bench to follow these modifications and rules.


After the Walkerton tragedy in 2000, where drinking water contamination left seven people dead and many suffering from chronic illness, the Province of Ontario, Canada implemented policies to develop Source Water Protection (SWP) plans. Under the Clean Water Act (2006), thirty-six regional Conservation Authorities were mandated to develop watershed-based SWP plans under 19 Source Protection Regions. Most First Nations in Ontario are outside of these Source Protection Regions and reserve lands are under Federal jurisdiction. This paper explores how First Nations in Ontario are attempting to address SWP to improve drinking water quality in their communities even though these communities are not part of the Ontario SWP framework. The case studies highlight the gap between the regulatory requirements of the Federal and Provincial governments and the challenges for First Nations in Ontario from lack of funding to implement solutions to address the threats identified in SWP planning. This analysis of different approaches taken by Ontario First Nations shows that the Ontario framework for SWP planning is not an option for the majority of First Nations communities, and does not adequately address threats originating on reserve lands. First Nations attempting to address on-reserve threats to drinking water are using a variety of resources and approaches to develop community SWP plans. However, a common theme of all the cases surveyed is a lack of funding to support implementing solutions for the threats identified by the SWP planning process. Federal government initiatives to address the chronic problem of boil water advisories within Indigenous communities do not recognize SWP planning as a cost-effective tool for improving drinking water quality.


Extreme events like wildfire, flooding and drought, and activities related to managing these events (fire dam, bridge and road construction and water regulation) potentially impact freshwater crayfish populations, although limited information exists. Our study analysed abundance data for four freshwater crayfish species across an 11-year period, including pre- and post-wildfire and post-flooding data, and described the impacts of human actions on their populations in the Grampians National Park in Victoria, Australia. Wildfire and flooding were generally associated with reduced crayfish abundances for Euastacus bispinosus, Cherax destructor, Geocharax falcata and Gramastacus insolitus, but in some habitats, C. destructor, G. falcata and G. insolitus did not decline. A general trend of decreasing abundances for all species was evident over the study period, likely due to the landscape-scale impacts of wildfire, flooding and the shrinking of available habitat during drought. Southeastern Australia is a crayfish biodiversity hot-spot and increased frequencies of wildfire, flooding and drought are forecast for this region as climate change progresses, threatening crayfish populations. Therefore, it is important that disaster recovery management seeks to minimise additional damage to crayfish habitat availability and connectivity.


If teachers and teacher educators are willing to support the learning of students, it is important for them to learn what motivates students to engage in learning. Students have their own preferences on design characteristics of powerful learning environments in vocational education. We developed an instrument - the Inventory Powerful Learning Environments in Vocational Education - to measure students' preferences on characteristics of powerful learning environments in vocational education. We investigated whether student preferences on the design of their learning environments are in line with what is described in the literature as beneficial for learning. Data of 544 students show that the preferences of students support most characteristics of PLEs in vocational education. Looking through the eyes of students, teachers have to challenge their students and encourage them to take their learning in their own hands. Adaptive learning support is needed. Remarkable, students do not prefer having reflective dialogues with teachers or peers.


In this paper, the problem of proactive caching is studied for cloud radio access networks (CRANs). In the studied model, the baseband units (BBUs) can predict the content request distribution and mobility pattern of each user and determine which content to cache at remote radio heads and the BBUs. This problem is formulated as an optimization problem, which jointly incorporates backhaul and fronthaul loads and content caching. To solve this problem, an algorithm that combines the machine learning framework of echo state networks (ESNs) with sublinear algorithms is proposed. Using ESNs, the BBUs can predict each user's content request distribution and mobility pattern while having only limited information on the network's and user's state. In order to predict each user's periodic mobility pattern with minimal complexity, the memory capacity of the corresponding ESN is derived for a periodic input. This memory capacity is shown to capture the maximum amount of user information needed for the proposed ESN model. Then, a sublinear algorithm is proposed to determine which content to cache while using limited content request distribution samples. Simulation results using real data from Youku and the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications show that the proposed approach yields significant gains, in terms of sum effective capacity, that reach up to 27.8% and 30.7%, respectively, compared with two baseline algorithms: random caching with clustering and random caching without clustering.


Despite the progress that has been made in the visualisation of information since Haeckel's time, phylogenetic visualisation has moved forward remarkably little. In this brief essay, I give a short review of what I consider to be some recent major advances, and outline a new kind of phylogenetic visualisation. This new graphic, the fibre plot, uses the metaphor of sections through a tree to describe change in a phylogeny. As an animation, I suggest it is a powerful method to help interpret large phylogenetic hypotheses, although snapshots of it can also be displayed. As we enter the Anthropocene, I argue there has never been a greater need to know humanity's true place in the world, as depicted in the tree of life.


ABSTRACT Is there a connection between increased use of digital media and changing patterns of political participation? This study tests how the use of online media for different purposes (social interaction, creative expression, online news use, social media news use) is related to three types of political participation. It examines whether mobilizing effects are partly indirect due to different understandings of citizenship (dutiful, optional, individual, collective) that may be fostered by digital media use. The study is based on a survey of a sample of the Danish population (n = 1322), including data from two online survey waves and a smartphone-based media diary that documents respondents' social media use. Results indicate support for a new pathway to participation, but the relationship depends on whether citizens are socialized in a digital media environment.


Selective autophagy comprises cytoplasm-to-lysosome trafficking routes that transport cargos using double-membrane vesicles (autophagosomes). Cargos are detected by receptor proteins, which typically also bind to lipid-conjugated LC3 proteins on autophagosome membranes. We dissected lysosomal delivery of four SQSTM1-like receptors by genome-wide CRISPR screening looking for novel autophagy-related (ATG) factors and trafficking routes. We uncovered new mammalian ATG factors including TMEM41B, an endoplasmic reticulum membrane protein required for autophagosome membrane expansion and/or closure. Furthermore, we found that certain receptors remain robustly targeted to the lysosome even in the absence of ATG7 or other LC3 conjugation factors. Lastly, we identified a unique genetic fingerprint behind receptor flux in ATG7KO cells, which includes factors implicated in nucleating autophagosome formation and vesicle trafficking factors not previously linked with autophagy. Our work uncovers new ATG factors, reveals a malleable network of autophagy receptor genetic interactions, and provides a valuable resource (http://188.8.131.52:3838/cscrispr/) for further mining of novel autophagy mechanisms.


Subsidy has been consistently considered as an efficient way to attract consumers with low price, and can be measured through users' price perception. By focusing on car-hailing apps, this study investigates users' switching intention and continuous usage based on value-intention framework and Limayem's intention-habit-usage model under the context of lower subsidy. Price perception, as a perceived cost, was proved to have an effect on perceived value. From value perspective, utilitarian value, hedonic value and social value are conjointly hypothesized to affect users switch intention, while the switch intention is influenced by habit and alternative attractiveness. The relationships between switch intention and continuous usage are also investigated. Questionnaire data collected from 295 valid car-hailing apps users provide support for hypothesis validation of the research model. Discussions and implications of this study are provided.


Title of thesis: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS ON DROPLET PRODUCTION BY BUBBLES RISING TO A FREE SURFACE Karan Parmar, Master of Science, 2013 Thesis directed by: Professor James H Duncan Department of Mechanical Engineering Air bubbles traveling upwards from within a liquid, burst at the free surface and eject droplets into the air. The liquid droplets produced from the bursting of air bubbles at the free surface of the ocean have long been considered as constituting a significant fraction of the marine aerosol production. This process plays an important role in the transfer of mass and energy between the ocean and the atmosphere. The droplets are generated by two distinct mechanisms which characterize the drops as either jet droplets or film droplets. The goal of this study is to obtain statistical data about the size of these droplets produced by air bubbles bursting on a non-quiescent free surface and study effects of surfactant on the droplet distribution. Two different surface conditions are created by using clean water and a 0.4% v/v aqueous solution of Triton X-100 surfactant. A bubble field is created with air injected through an array of hypodermic needles arranged in a grid pattern and five different bubble production rates are studied for each surface condition. Measurements of the bubble diameters as they approach the free surface are obtained with diffuse light shadowgraph images. A laser-light high-speed cinematic shadowgraph system is employed to record and measure the diameters and motions of the droplets. The movies are processed on a custom-built MATLAB code which measures droplets as small as 100 μm to within 7% error. Droplets with diameters between 50 μm and 100 μm are also measured, but with lower accuracy. The droplet diameter distributions as a function of the bubble production rate and surfactant conditions are reported. The results show a clear distinction between the droplet distributions obtained in clean water and the surfactant solution. A bimodal droplet distribution is observed for clean water with at least two dominating diameter peaks. For the surfactant solution, a single distribution peak is seen. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS ON DROPLET PRODUCTION BY BUBBLES RISING TO A FREE SURFACE


Reciprocal altruism and inclusive fitness are generally considered alternative mechanisms by which cooperative, altruistic traits may evolve. Here we demonstrate that very general versions of Hamilton's inclusive fitness rule (developed by Queller) can be applied to traditional reciprocal altruism models such as the iterated prisoner's dilemma. In this way we show that both mechanisms rely fundamentally on the same principle - the positive assortment of helping behaviors. We discuss barriers to this unified view, including phenotype/genotype differences and nonadditive fitness (or utility) functions that are typical of reciprocal altruism models. We then demonstrate how Queller's versions of Hamilton's rule remove these obstacles.


This Article argues that the norms and legal practices of global finance in the arenas of sovereign debt and private wealth have led to a significant market failure, in particular the over-supply of sovereign borrowing and a related misallocation of global capital away from its most productive uses. It suggests that this deficiency rests on two related elements: First, a separation of the risks and benefits of sovereign state control, which has resulted from a failure to properly and coherently define the lines between 'public' and 'private' across the international financial arenas of sovereign borrowing and private client banking. And, second, the self-interested and potentially internally conflicted actions of major global banks. I use the lens of 'vulture fund' asset collection efforts in sovereign debt to highlight this problematic outcome, and also ask whether such recovery efforts offer a potential 'private' correction for the market failure. Ultimately, I argue that the vulture fund strategy is insufficient as a corrective, resting on internal inconsistencies and giving rise to its own pathologies. More significant structural reforms and conceptual reconfigurations are necessary, which might capture the benefits of the funds' efforts while minimizing their costs. The Article also tentatively raises deeper theoretical and historical questions about how the lines between public and private wealth have arisen in global finance and how they might be drawn going forward.


In this groundbreaking publication, originally published in 1972, George Nickelsburg places ideas in their historical circumstances as he probes biblical and post biblical texts and challenges widely accepted scholarship. The continuities in literary forms demonstrate that divine justice was the central issue, but that people differed as to whether that justice was enacted in this life, in the assumption to heaven, in a resurrection, or in the ongoing life as an immortal soul. The expanded edition includes subsequent studies on the resurrection accounts and theologies of the New Testament, the New Testament passion narratives, and Jewish and Christian theologies about the Son of Man. This book provides a window into aspects of the ancient apocalyptic worldview whose dynamics and functions are often misunderstood.


The first detailed, unbiased comparison of the three leading PHP frameworksWeb developers have been eager for an impartial comparison of leading PHP frameworks so they can make educated decisions about the most effective tool for their needs. This guide uses Symfony, CakePHP, and Zend Framework to solve key problems, providing source code examples and comparisons for each. It explains the approach and reviews the similarities and differences in the three frameworks, providing reliable information on which to base your decisions.Symfony, CakePHP, and Zend Framework are considered the leading PHP frameworks; developers need an unbiased comparison to choose which one works best for their individual situationsThis guide uses each framework to solve the same problems, illustrating the solutions with source code examples and working applicationsCovers wide range of topics, from installation and configuration to most advanced features like AJAX, web services and automated testing.Includes an appendix of new PHP frameworks, including CodeIgniter, Lithium, and AgaviBestselling PHP author Elizabeth Naramore serves as technical editorComparison of PHP Web Frameworks provides the impartial, side-by-side comparison that developers have been looking for.


Although it is commonplace today to argue that population growth drives many or most environmental problems, Jane Jacobs has questioned the prevailing view, noting that the empirical evidence for it is actually rather slim. This article presents a case study of the pressures that population places on water in the Middle East, concluding that the countries of the region suffer from inappropriate patterns of water use rather than from excessive population. Heavy reliance on agriculture for employment or to earn foreign exchange can only lead to environmental collapse in such an arid region. In particular, to develop export markets for agricultural products is really to export water from a water–poor region. With such short–sighted policies in place, the region has already entered upon a severe crisis of recurring and intensifying water shortages that are exacerbated by population growth. If more intelligent use were made of the waters of the region, a population considerably larger than found at present could be supported without excessive stress on water resources or the natural ecology. To accomplish this, the nations of the region must create legal institutions to enable them to undertake integrated (joint) management of their shared water resources.


This paper presents the experiments and makes a research on combining 3D animation with Sound material for effective learning of Information Technology subject among the adult learners between the ages 20 to 30. This paper proposes to make use of Autodesk 3D Studio Max animation software technologies to learn IT and then generate learning materials according to software features. Autodesk 3D Studio Max 2010 released by Autodesk University (USA) is a kind of animation software. It has features of being powerful entertainment animation capability and easily integrates with other 3D software. Therefore, it is used by many animation colleges in India. On the above of experiment, the paper introduces an approach on how to simplify the IT learning method. It also finds a solution on how to use and integrate Autodesk 3D Studio Max learning materials with the current learning platform seamlessly for better learning. The purpose of the research reported in this paper was to find out the usefulness of 3D animated learning material for supporting Information Technology learners between the age groups 20 to 30.


Making high-bandwidth Internet access pervasively available to a large worldwide audience is a difficult challenge, especially in many developing regions. As we wait for the uncertain takeoff of technologies that promise to improve the situation, we propose to explore an approach that is potentially more easily realizable: the use of digital storage media transported by the postal system as a general digital communication mechanism. We shall call such a system a Postmanet. Compared to more conventional wide-area connectivity options, the Postmanet has several important advantages, including wide global reach, great bandwidth potential, low cost, and ease of incremental adoption. While the idea of sending digital content via the postal system is not a new one, none of the existing attempts have turned the postal system into a generic and transparent communication channel that not only can cater to a wide array of applications, but also effectively manage the many idiosyncrasies associated with using the postal system. In the proposed Postmanet, we see two recurring themes at many different levels of the system. One is the simultaneous exploitation of the Internet and the postal system so we can combine their latency and bandwidth advantages. The other is the exploitation of the abundant capacity and bandwidth of the Postmanet to improve its latency, cost, and reliability.


The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood due to a lack of ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day people. We report genome-wide data from 191 individuals from Mongolia, northern China, Taiwan, the Amur River Basin and Japan dating to 6000 BCE – 1000 CE, many from contexts never previously analyzed with ancient DNA. We also report 383 present-day individuals from 46 groups mostly from the Tibetan Plateau and southern China. We document how 6000-3600 BCE people of Mongolia and the Amur River Basin were from populations that expanded over Northeast Asia, likely dispersing the ancestors of Mongolic and Tungusic languages. In a time transect of 89 Mongolians, we reveal how Yamnaya steppe pastoralist spread from the west by 3300-2900 BCE in association with the Afanasievo culture, although we also document a boy buried in an Afanasievo barrow with ancestry entirely from local Mongolian hunter-gatherers, representing a unique case of someone of entirely non-Yamnaya ancestry interred in this way. The second spread of Yamnaya-derived ancestry came via groups that harbored about a third of their ancestry from European farmers, which nearly completely displaced unmixed Yamnaya-related lineages in Mongolia in the second millennium BCE, but did not replace Afanasievo lineages in western China where Afanasievo ancestry persisted, plausibly acting as the source of the early-splitting Tocharian branch of Indo-European languages. Analyzing 20 Yellow River Basin farmers dating to ∼3000 BCE, we document a population that was a plausible vector for the spread of Sino-Tibetan languages both to the Tibetan Plateau and to the central plain where they mixed with southern agriculturalists to form the ancestors of Han Chinese. We show that the individuals in a time transect of 52 ancient Taiwan individuals spanning at least 1400 BCE to 600 CE were consistent with being nearly direct descendants of Yangtze Valley first farmers who likely spread Austronesian, Tai-Kadai and Austroasiatic languages across Southeast and South Asia and mixing with the people they encountered, contributing to a four-fold reduction of genetic differentiation during the emergence of complex societies. We finally report data from Jomon hunter-gatherers from Japan who harbored one of the earliest splitting branches of East Eurasian variation, and show an affinity among Jomon, Amur River Basin, ancient Taiwan, and Austronesian-speakers, as expected for ancestry if they all had contributions from a Late Pleistocene coastal route migration to East Asia.


This contribution considers the protection of fundamental rights in the Netherlands and South Africa. Both countries strive to be constitutional democracies that respect basic rights. But both countries go about this aim in very different ways. These different paths to constitutionalism are compared, as well as the reasons for these differences and whether it can be said that these differences are justifiable. This is done by comparing the character of the rights guaranteed in the Dutch and South African legal orders, the sources of these rights and the locus or centre of protection in both systems. The conclusion is reached that no single or perfect route to attaining the desired protection of fundamental rights exists, but that one should always enquire as to the state of individual freedom and the right to make free political choices in measuring the worth of a system's protection of rights.


The transatlantic slave trade brought individuals from diverse African regions and cultures to a common destiny in the American South. In this comprehensive study, Michael Gomez establishes tangible links between the African American community and its African origins and traces the process by which African populations exchanged their distinct ethnic identities for one defined primarily by the conception of race. He examines transformations in the politics, social structures, and religions of slave populations through 1830, by which time the contours of a new African American identity had begun to emerge. After discussing specific ethnic groups in Africa, Gomez follows their movement to North America, where they tended to be amassed in recognizable concentrations within individual colonies (and, later, states). For this reason, he argues, it is possible to identify particular ethnic cultural influences and ensuing social formations that heretofore have been considered unrecoverable. Using sources pertaining to the African continent as well as runaway slave advertisements, ex-slave narratives, and folklore, Gomez reveals concrete and specific links between particular African populations and their North American progeny, thereby shedding new light on subsequent African American social formation. |Recovers the diverse ethnic roots of Africans brought into slavery in the American South by identifying concrete links between African populations and their North American progeny.


Aim: is to compare between the outcome and complications in the use of local and general anesthesia in the management of sever blepharoptosis by use of straight needle threading technique and silk suture as a frontalis suspension. Settings and Design: it's a prospective comparative study using two group one under local anesthesia and the other under general anesthesia with standardization of the cases as all has sever ptosis and poor levator functions, technique as the straight needle threading technique was used, material of thread was silk in 92% of cases, and sex distribution was of no statistical significance. Methods and materials: The parameters used for comparison were the following:-Satisfaction, Correction, Symmetry, Lid crease height (visible pretarsal height), Infection, stich abscess, stich granuloma, Eye opening during sleeping, Lagophthalmus, Entropion, Exposure keratitis. A 120 eye was operated on 95 patients; 25 patients (50 eyes) bilateral, 70 patients (70 eyes) unilateral, 36 eyes (30%) were operated on under local anesthesia, and 84 eyes (70%) were done under GA. The minimal age was 2years, maximum age 75 years, median 12 years, mean 19.8 years. The patients above the age of 16 years old were asked to choose between local or GA while below that age the correction was done under GA only. Results: There was no statistical significant difference in the all the nine parameters except the eye opening during sleeping were higher in the general anesthesia group. Conclusion: The use of local anesthesia is easier, of less risk, and lower cost with same aesthetic results of general anesthesia.


In this Thesis we have presented our work on the analysis of galaxy clusters through their X-ray emission and the gravitational lensing effect that they induce. Our research work was mainly finalised to verify and possibly explain the observed mismatch between the galaxy cluster mass distributions estimated through two of the most promising techniques, i.e. the X-ray and the gravitational lensing analyses. Moreover, it is an established evidence that combined, multi-wavelength analyses are extremely effective in addressing and explaining the open issues in astronomy: however, in order to follow this approach, it is crucial to test the reliability and the limitations of the individual analysis techniques. In this Thesis we also assessed the impact of some factors that could affect both the X-ray and the strong lensing analyses.


This wide-ranging and informative survey of 'outsider' groups in the Roman Empire will contribute greatly to our understanding of Roman social history. Examining men such as as Viriatus, Tacfarinus, Maternus and Bulla Felix, who were called latrones after clashing with the imperial authorities, special attention is given to perhaps the best-known 'bandit' of all, Spartacus, and to those who impersonated the emperor Nero after his death. Topics covered include: * Whom did the Romans see as bandits (latrones)? * What did they understand as robbery (lactrocinium)? * How pressing was the threat that the bandits posed? * How did their contemporaries perceive the danger? We are shown that the term latrones was not just used to refer to criminals but was metaphorically and disparagingly applied to failed political rebels, rivals and avengers. The word also came to represent the 'noble brigands', idealising the underdog as a means of criticising the winning side. The author therefore presents 'the bandit' as a literary construct rather than a social type.


Reid's recipe for a finite abelian subgroup $G\subset
\text{SL}(3,\mathbb{C})$ is a combinatorial procedure that marks the toric fan
of the $G$-Hilbert scheme with irreducible representations of $G$. The
geometric McKay correspondence conjecture of Cautis--Logvinenko that describes
certain objects in the derived category of $G\text{-Hilb}$ in terms of Reid's
recipe was later proved by Logvinenko et al. We generalise Reid's recipe to any
consistent dimer model by marking the toric fan of a crepant resolution of the
vaccuum moduli space in a manner that is compatible with the geometric
correspondence of Bocklandt--Craw--Quintero-V\'{e}lez. Our main tool
generalises the jigsaw transformations of Nakamura to consistent dimer models.

 Comment: 29 pages, published version


Background: The cause for disease and mortality throughout the infant was hypoxic ischemical encephalopathy secondary to perinatal asphyxia. It leads to permanent neuropsychological disability. Identification of a biomarker for hypoxic insult can not only help in earlier implementation of neuro-protective strategies but also in prognosticating the long term outcome. Method: A prospective observational study conducted in IMS and SUM hospital over a period of 2 years in which 60 newborns with clinical evidence of HIE were recruited as case group. A group of 20 newborns with no evidence of HIE served as control. The serum neuron specific enolase (NSE ) levels at 4hours and 48 hours of birth of both the groups were tested and compared. Results: The mean serum NSE levels at 4hours and 48 hours was significantly higher in the case group ( 42.43 ng/ml, 28.97 ng/ml) as compared to the control group (18.51ng/ml, 15.62ng/ml). Additionally, the mean serum NSE stages increased by the harshness of HIE in the various subgroups as per the clinical staging. ROC curve for this study has shown a good predictability for neurological outcome. For the cut off value of 40.4 mcg/l, the sensitivity was 80 % and specificity was 81.2 %. Conclusion: Serum NSE levels can be a reliable biomarker for neurological insult in Hypoxic ischemic Encephalopathy insult in order to implement early neuroprotective strategy


US foreign policymakers face novel challenges in the 21st century. Jihadists and environmental crises have replaced armies and missiles as the greatest threats, and globalization has eroded the significance of national borders. Many problems that were once national are now global, and dangers that once came only from states now come also from societies--not from hostile governments, but from hostile individuals or from impersonal social trends, such as the consumption of fossil fuels. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Despite this sea change of new challenges, there have been only ripples of new thinking about how to address them. While the problems have become largely global and societal, the solutions have not changed accordingly. The United States must craft a new foreign policy adapted to a world of complex global challenges which require thoughtful and global solutions. An Unchanging Approach to a Changing Paradigm The failure to modernize US strategic thinking has had serious consequences. Almost six years after 9/11, the international community has achieved only modest improvement in international intelligence coordination and law enforcement to combat Jihadist and criminal networks, and the world has done almost nothing to address the underlying causes of Jihadism. Incredibly, even though Al Qaeda has tried to acquire nuclear weapons, the US government has underfunded efforts to secure loose nukes and fissile materials. US ports, cities, power plants, and transportation networks remain highly vulnerable, and almost nothing has been done to improve the ability to recover from a nuclear or biological terror attack. Rather than meeting radically new security challenges with radically new approaches, the US government has fought the "war on terror" the old-fashioned way, that is to say, with military force. Literally and figuratively unable to grasp the real stateless enemy, President Bush waged war instead against a state, Iraq, even though its dictator had nothing to do with Al Qaeda. Not surprisingly, waging a 20th century war in the 21st century has not produced the desired results. Policymakers also have not yet adopted a new paradigm for coping with economic globalization. Despite the profound transformation and rapid growth of the global economy in recent years, they have not gotten beyond tired old debates about "free trade versus protectionism," and they have done little to modernize the international organizations tasked with managing the global economy. The breakdown of the Doha round suggests that the World Trade Organization may no longer be able to politically finesse the social consequences of free trade agreements in the Internet age. The world community has likewise done far too little to stop global warming or the depletion of natural resources such as fish, farmland, and clean water. Indeed, the United States has failed to even follow, much less to lead, the modest international efforts that have been made on climate change. The neoconservative experiment for radical transformation through unilateralism has ended in failure, having proved itself poorly adapted to the realities of the 21st century. The war in Iraq has demonstrated that raw US power cannot transform the Middle East--instead, it has shown that the unrestrained and careless use of that power can damage credibility and weaken alliances. Some foreign policy analysts from both political parties now argue that the United States should now return to 20th century realism, in other words, to a policy focused not upon changing other societies, but rather upon maintaining stability and maximizing national power. They correctly point out that neoconservative efforts to transform other societies through force were naive and ill-conceived. Despite this advice to turn to a traditional realist paradigm, US leaders must do better than just return to the balance-of-power politics of the last century, as the most urgent problems today--from Jihadism to global warming--do not respect national borders, and many of these problems are not state-sponsored. …


For the Western allies the breakdown of the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1947 and the onset of the cold war precipitated the controversy over Germany's future and established perceptions of the Soviet threat. Through the investigation of British and French diplomatic archives, the aim of this thesis is to compare how Britain and France responded to the prospect of West German rearmament, why this issue challenged the entente and assess how their different objectives shaped the issue of West German rearmament and in turn the cold war.
Echoing past diplomatic traditions, British and French perceptions of a future threat in Europe differed significantly. An analysis of this thread will demonstrate how the Foreign Office, although initially opposed the military argument in favour of using German resources for the defence of the West, eventually reached a compromise with the Chiefs of Staff (COS) in the form of the West German gendarmerie. At the Quai d'Orsay, however, French foreign policy, dominated by a fear of a future German threat and undermined by internal political innnobilisine of the Fourth Republic, refused to consider the possibility
despite repeated warnings. In September 1950 the United States proposed to its NATO allies the rearmament of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). This controversial proposal brought the debate onto the international stage, highlighted the divergent British and French positions and raised tensions within the Western alliance. Britain accepted the American
proposal in a bid to reinforce the Atlantic dimension of European defence. The French response, a counter-proposal for a European Defence Community (EDC), was an attempt to save the Schuman Plan and France's bid to define West Germany's role in Europe. Due the Britain's reluctance to reconcile her atlanticist tendencies with the French vision for Europe, Britain stayed out of the French plan. The thesis will examine why the EDC had a turbulent path to ratification and assess why, despite French pleas, Britain declined to join the project.
In fact, as will be argued here, as the EDC faced criticism from various sides, including from the French military, the Foreign Office began to prepare alternatives in the event of the EDC's collapse. In August 1954 the EDC did indeed collapse, prompting the British-led solution of West Germany's entry into NATO in May 1955. Nine days later the Warsaw Pact was established thereby consolidating the cold war and providing it with some of its permanent features.


The objective of the International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS) is to bring together researchers and practitioners from diverse areas to investigate, discuss, and examine the fundamental principles, state of the art, critical challenges, and applications of engineering self-adaptive and self-managing systems.

Self-adaptation and self-management are key objectives in many modern and emerging software systems, including the industrial internet of things, cyber-physical systems, cloud computing, and mobile computing. These systems must be able to adapt themselves at run time to preserve and optimize their operation in the presence of uncertain changes in their operating environment, resource variability, new user needs, attacks, intrusions, and faults.

Approaches to complement software-based systems with self-managing and self-adaptive capabilities are an important area of research and development, offering solutions that leverage advances in fields such as software architecture, fault-tolerant computing, programming languages, robotics, mixed-initiative systems, and run-time program analysis and verification. Additionally, research in this field is informed by related areas like biologically-inspired computing, artificial intelligence, machine learning, control systems, and agent-based systems. The SEAMS symposium focuses on applying software engineering to these approaches, including methods, techniques, and tools that can be used to support self-* properties like self-adaptation, self-management, self-healing, self-optimization, and self-configuration.


Book synopsis: The Routledge Handbook of Identity Studies offers an exceptionally clear overview of the analysis of identity in the social sciences, and in so doing seeks to develop a new agenda for identity-studies in the twenty-first century.

The key theories of identity, ranging from classical accounts to postmodern, psychoanalytic and feminist approaches, are drawn together and critically appraised, and there are substantive sections looking at racial, ethnic, gendered, queer, consumerist, virtual and global identities.

The Handbook also makes an essential contribution to the debate now opening up over identity-politics and its cultural consequences. From anti-globalization protestors to new ecological warriors, from devotees of therapy culture to defenders of international human rights: the culture of identity-politics is fast redefining the public political sphere. What future for politics is there after the turn to identity?

Throughout there is a strong emphasis on interdisciplinarity with essays covering sociology, psychology, politics, cultural studies and history. The Handbook's clear and direct style will appeal to a wide undergraduate audience in the social sciences and humanities.


Abstract The Nanga Parbat massif is a rapidly eroding, thrust-related antiform that is distinct from other regions of the Himalayan orogen in being both intruded by Late Miocene-Pliocene anatectic granites and permeated by a vigorous hydrothermal system. Exhumation is achieved by erosion during thrusting along the Liachar thrust in the apparent absence of extensional tectonics. At depths in excess of 20 km, small batches of leucogranitic melt have been generated by fluid-absent breakdown of muscovite from metapelitic lithologies. These melts ascend several kilometres prior to emplacement, aided by low geothermal gradients at depth and by interaction with meteoric water as they reach shallow levels. At intermediate depths ( ~ 15 km) limited fluid infiltration is restricted to shear zones resulting in localised anatexis. Within the upper 8 km of crust, magmatic and meteoric fluid fluxes are channelised by active structures providing a feedback mechanism for lbcusing deformation. Leucogranite sheets show a range of pre-full crystallization and high-temperature crystal-plastic textures indicative of strain localisation onto these sheets and away from the country rocks. At subsolidus temperatures meteoric fluids promote strain localisation and may trigger cataclastic deformation. Since nearsurface geothermal gradients are unusually steep, the macroscopic transition between distributed shearing and substantial, but localised, cataclastic deformation occurred at amphibolite-facies conditions (~600°C). Even with the greatest topographic relief in the world, the meteoric system of Nanga Parbat is effectively restricted to the upper 8 km of the crust, strongly controlled by active structures.


In this paper a mathematical model for the movement of water particles in a river is constructed. Using the model it will be possible to find an analytic expression for the distribution function F(t) of the transit time , T, needed for a water particle to travel from one cross section of the river to another. This implies that we obtain a quantitative description of the longitudinal dispersion in the river. Briefly the model can be described as follows. Firstly we divide the river into two layers, an upper layer and a lower layer. (The «border-line» between the two layers will depend on the mean velocity of the river and on the velocity profile across the river.) Secondly we assume that the longitudinal velocity is constant (and positive) in the upper layer and zero in the lower layer. Finally we assume that a water particle moves back and forth between the two layers in a random way. The probability law governing this movement will depend on a parameter characterizing the roughness of the bottom of the river.