A study has begun to simulate movement of stormflow through detention basins at four locations in the Irondequoit Creek watershed and determine the effect on peak flow and water quality. Two types of basins were simulated for each site - a temporary-storage basin, which impounds water during high flows, and a maximum-storage basin, which maintains a permanent pool of water. This paper describes the simulated stormflow attenuation and suspended-sediment removal by both types of basins at the four sites. It also examines the effect of particle-size distribution on sediment removal in both types of basins; the relation of suspended-sediment loads to adsorbed phosphorus, lead, and zinc loads; and the effect that these basins could have on the transport of suspended constituents to Irondequoit Bay, to which Irondequoit Creek is the only large tributary.


This paper provides the design and implementation of an L1-optimal control of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The quadrotor UAV is an underactuated rigid body with four propellers that generate forces along the rotor axes. These four forces are used to achieve asymptotic tracking of four outputs, namely the position of the center of mass of the UAV and the heading. With perfect knowledge of plant parameters and no measurement noise, the magnitudes of the errors are shown to exponentially converge to zero. In the case of parametric uncertainty and measurement noise, the controller yields an exponential decrease of the magnitude of the errors in an L1-optimal sense. In other words, the controller is designed so that it minimizes the L∞-gain of the plant with respect to disturbances. The performance of the controller is evaluated in experiments and compared with that of a related robust nonlinear controller in the literature. The experimental data shows that the proposed controller rejects persistent disturbances, which is quantified by a very small magnitude of the mean error.


The concept of digital libraries is familiar to both librarians and library patrons today. These new libraries have broken the limits of space and distance by delivering information in various formats via the Internet. Since most digital libraries contain a colossal amount of information, it is critical to design more user-friendly interfaces to explore, understand, and manage their content. One important technique for designing such interfaces is information visualization. Although computer-aided information visualization is a relatively new research area, numerous visualization applications already exist in various fields today. Furthermore, many library professionals are also starting to realize that combining information visualization techniques and current library technologies, such as digital libraries, can help library users find information more effectively and efficiently. This article first discusses three major tasks that most visualization for digital libraries emphasize, and then introduces several current applications of information visualization for digital libraries.


This thesis is concerned with the design, development, and evaluation of information visualization tools for supporting exploratory browsing. Information retrieval (IR) systems currently do not support browsing well. Responding to user queries, IR systems typically compute relevance scores of documents and then present the document surrogates to users in order of relevance. Other systems such as email clients and discussion forums simply arrange messages in reverse chronological order. Using these systems, people cannot gain an overview of a collection easily, nor do they receive adequate support for finding potentially useful items in the collection. This thesis explores the feasibility of using social interaction history to improve exploratory browsing. Social interaction history refers to traces of interaction among users in an information space, such as discussions that happen in the blogosphere or online newspapers through the commenting facility. The basic hypothesis of this work is that social interaction history can serve as a good indicator of the potential value of information items. Therefore, visualization of social interaction history would offer navigational cues for finding potentially valuable information items in a collection. To test this basic hypothesis, I conducted three studies. First, I ran statistical analysis of a social media data set. The results showed that there were positive relationships between traces of social interaction and the degree of interestingness of web articles. Second, I conducted a feasibility study to collect initial feedback about the potential of social interaction history to support information exploration. Comments from the participants were in line with the research hypothesis. Finally, I conducted a summative evaluation to measure how well visualization of social interaction history can improve exploratory browsing. The results showed that visualization of social interaction history was able to help users find interesting articles, to reduce wasted effort, and to increase user satisfaction with the visualization tool.


Aims: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in many countries. We aimed to investigate differences in mortality and severe morbidity between underweight people (body mass index (BMI)<18.5), overweight people (BMI 25 to <30), obese people (BMI≥30), and those with normal weights (BMI 18.5 to <25). Methods: Random samples of the Swedish population aged 16—74 years in 1980—81 and 1988—89 were followed for 12 years with regard to all-cause mortality and mortality from circulatory diseases, all inpatient care, and inpatient care for circulatory and musculoskeletal diseases. Relative risks (RRs) for different levels of BMI were adjusted for age, longstanding illness, smoking, and educational level at baseline. In addition, analyses were made with delayed entry until the fourth-year after interview. Results: Obesity and underweight, but not overweight, was associated with higher all-cause mortality. Among underweight men, the adjusted RR for all-cause mortality was 2.4 (95% confidence interval 1.6—3.6), and among underweight women it was 2.0 (1.5—2.7), but population attributable risks (PARs) were small, at 1.2% and 2.7%, respectively. Overweight was associated with increased risks for inpatient care for circulatory diseases, with PARs being 13.4% among men and 8.1% among women, and musculoskeletal diseases (PARs were 12.7% and 12.9%, respectively). Obese men and women had about 50% higher risks of all-cause mortality than normal-weight people, PARs being 3.2% and 3.8% respectively. Conclusions: This study supports the findings of other studies, in that overweight seems to be an exaggerated risk factor for all-cause mortality, but is related to other chronic disease. Underweight and obesity generally implies greater increases of RRs, but avoidance of overweight may have greater effect on the population level with regard to reduced cardiovascular and locomotor disease.


The question of the legitimacy of preventive war has been at the center of the debate about the proper response to terrorism and the legitimacy of the Iraq War. One side has argued that preventive war is a legitimate and necessary tool for nations to use in defense against terrorists; the other side has claimed that war is permissible only in self-defense, and that therefore the preventive use of military force is unjustified both legally and morally. In this essay I attempt to clarify the terms of this debate by demonstrating that neither side is precisely correct. Both under Just War Doctrine and common sense morality, preventive war is indeed justifiable, so long as it satisfies the basic requirements for going to war such as necessity and proportionality. However, under the current international law regime governed by the United Nations Charter, the use of preventive international force is restricted to the Security Council alone. Individual nation states are permitted to use international force only in self-defense. The rise of international terrorism does not by itself change this situation; preventive force against terrorist organization is permissible and appropriate, but it must be authorized by the Security Council in order to be legitimate. Only if the Council proved wholly ineffective in exercising its authority would the right to preventive war revert to individual nations. For all the shortcomings of the United Nations, however, I argue we have not reached a state of total breakdown of international authority sufficient to justify a return to the legitimacy of unilateral preventive war.


From the Publisher:
PostgreSQL Essential Reference is a reference book for developers and system administrators who are already familiar with SQL database concepts but that need clear and concise documentation that is specific to PostgreSQL. The book is divided into 3 parts; Basic SQL Reference, PostgreSQL specifics, and PostgreSQL administration. On a whole, it provides a command, the syntax, available options, description, and example code. Readers will be able to easily utilize the code and concepts into their use f the product.An added advantage to this book is that provides all reference material in two ways; alphabetically and by task. This is important because readers of the book will be looking for this information by both methods.


Nickel cobalt oxide nanofilms were grown by electrodepositing method using heptahydrated nickel tetraoxosulphate (VI) salt as source of nickel ion, Citric acid as oxidizing agent, hexahydrated cobalt chloride salt as source of cobalt ion, and Sodium hydroxide as pH adjuster. The percentage doping was varied from 3% to 23% in intervals of 5%. Results of the study show that optical properties viz absorbance, reflectance, refractive index, extinction coefficient, are directly proportional to percentage doping with cobalt while percentage transmittance is inversely proportional. However, the films exhibit low absorbance and reflectance in all the regions of electromagnetic spectrum and high transmittance in the regions. .


Planning of tourism development and its spatial disposition in Europe and world today are an important segment of the overall economic development. Having in mind its important economic and social functions, as well as its capability to intensify its other economic branches (agricultural and economic potentials, services of various types, transport and other) in a certain territory, it is necessary to realize a precise valorization of tourist values in the spatial plan of municipality and to conclude at what point and at which places the tourism can represent on of development components of the entire economy of the territory to be planed. The example of the spatial plan of Subotica and main guidelines, concept and planning priorities which can be expected in the forthcoming period are presented in this paper. It is without any doubt that the municipality of Subotica with its geostrategic position, the proximity of the EU and important natural and cultural tourist potentials is a suitable space for application of contemporary principles of the tourism development planning and their correlation with other segments of integral development for the whole municipality.


This article explores the impact of institutional proliferation on the politics of refugee protection. The refugee regime mainly comprises the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Recently, however, new parallel and overlapping institutions have emerged in relation to two previously unregulated areas: internally displaced persons (IDPs) and international migration. This institutional proliferation has affected both state strategy and IO strategy in relation to refugee protection. It has enabled Northern states to engage in regime shifting. They have used the new institutions to prevent refugees reaching their territory, thereby avoiding incurring UN rules on refugee protection, and transferring burdens to Southern states. The resulting reduction in international cooperation in the refugee regime has contributed to UNHCR fundamentally redefining its strategy in order to become more relevant to Northern states. In particular, it has pursued states into the migration and IDP regimes into which they have shifted through a combination of stretching its mandate, engaging in the politics of the emerging regimes, and issue-linkage. The article's analysis draws attention to the potentially significant relationship between institutional proliferation and IO adaptation and change.


This study examines the relationship between rapid relative reward comparisons and incentive contrast among rats (n=5). Animals were trained to lever-press in order to obtain access to a sucrose solution (concentration used: 1%, 10% or 20% in tap water). These rewards were placed outside an operant box which could be reached through a small hole displaying sessions with mixed comparisons (1v20%, 20v1%) or single sessions (1v1%, 10v10%, 20v20%) that rotated between two spouts containing the pre-randomized order of paired blocks; allowing for comparative analysis between two spouts/concentrations and blocks of responses. Throughout weekly testing each animal experienced a value upshift (positive) or downshifts (negative) relative to another outcome as we examined the incentive contrast effects on behavioral performance. We examined the influence of dynamic comparisons between the two reward outcomes in a repeated measures design with three sessions: a single outcome and a mixed outcome followed by a single outcome session the next day for extinction. Results signified rats experienced negative contrast and scaled their behavioral responses in decreased motivated action to obtain the incentive reward. Positive induction, however, was not obtained and proposes further research and analysis to understand the comparative values and to determine when motivational systems are registered to initiate behavior in animal paradigms. The future direction of this novel design and research area could be essential for investigating interactions between external and internal factors of motivation and reward processing as learning continues to play a role in conditioning and predictive contrast.


The present study seeks to address the pedagogical training of higher education teachers and the implications for the ways of teaching. The study was conducted at a faculty of a Mozambican university, hereinafter referred to by the pseudonym Joao Luis Cabral University. Thus, our research seeks to understand how the pedagogical training practices of higher education teachers are characterized and what implications are recognized and can be observed in the way they teach. In order to answer our starting question, we chose to conduct our research by means of a case study, since the phenomenon occurs in a context of its own specificity. We also chose to approach the study in light of the interpretative paradigm. This option is due to the fact that it fits in with our concern of seeking to understand the pedagogical training practices of teachers. Given the nature of our study, we selected the following data collection techniques, namely: semi-structured interviews, focus group and classroom observation. Next, in order to answer our questions, we selected not only a number of subjects directly involved in pedagogical training, but also some direct beneficiaries of this training, ie students, teachers, trainers and the director of the University. Pedagogical training was perceived by our interviewees as an essential and indispensable tool to be able to properly guide the teaching-learning process, although their practices express a contrary tendency, as there was a poor application of the feedback method and an excessive predominance of the expository method, making evident the use of a transmissive didactic model more focused on the fulfillment of the teaching program than on learning. Keywords : teacher education, professional development, teaching professional knowledge.


The amount of energy generated from a photovoltaic installation depends mainly on two factors—the temperature and solar irradiance. Numerous maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been developed for photovoltaic systems. The challenge is what method to employ in order to obtain optimum operating points (voltage and current) automatically at the maximum photovoltaic output power in most conditions. This paper is focused on the structural analysis of mathematical models of PV cells with growing levels of complexity. The main objective is to simulate and compare the characteristic current-voltage (I-V) and power-voltage (P-V) curves of equivalent circuits of the ideal PV cell model and, with one and with two diodes, that is, equivalent circuits with five and seven parameters. The contribution of each parameter is analyzed in the particular context of a given model and then generalized through comparison to a more complex model. In this study the numerical simulation of the models is used intensively and extensively. The approach utilized to model the equivalent circuits permits an adequate simulation of the photovoltaic array systems by considering the compromise between the complexity and accuracy. By utilizing the Newton–Raphson method the studied models are then employed through the use of Matlab/Simulink. Finally, this study concludes with an analysis and comparison of the evolution of maximum power observed in the models.


The objective of the study is to offer a review of the instruments designed for measuring the subjectively assessed quality of life of seniors. At present it is possible to notice an increase of interest in the issue of the quality of life of specific groups of population; in addition, there is a large number of tools for its measuring. The aim of the present study is to provide a systematic review of generic and specific instruments for measuring quality of life of seniors which have been published in peer-reviewed journals and whose psychometric parameters have been verified. The search procedure formed a part of a larger retrieval search in which we analyzed 4829 abstracts in EBSCO and ProQuest Central full-text databases. We found 831 instruments which claimed to be measuring quality of life and were verified their reliability or validity. We identified 3 groups of instruments suitable for use in the senior age-group: generic methodologies applicable to adults in general, 7 generic tools and 9 specific tools designed exclusively for the senior age. The paper presents the measures designed for seniors who were analyzed and compared with regard to their psychometric parameters, purpose and theoretical framework utilized for their construction. In conclusion the authors of the study provide recommendations for the use of the selected methodologies for measuring the subjectively assessed quality of life of seniors.


Considerable attention has recently been given to possible contradictions between public sector reform initiatives aimed at making agencies more responsive to political institutions and publics, and initiatives designed to make them more responsive to markets. This article reports on a study that demonstrates ways in which tensions and conflict can arise within a government agency when the aims of political responsiveness and market responsiveness are pursued simultaneously. The study also shows that conflict arises not only from contradictions between political and market responsiveness, but also from failures in organizational structure and change implementation strategies. Despite this, it is possible that the contradictions between the reforms need not be fatal if integrative structures are adopted and if conditions are created for effective participation and collaboration.


The emergence of unpleasant assumptions about Islamic religious education, such as Islam is taught more on memorization that must be practiced. So the problem that is often encountered in teaching, especially teaching Islam is how to present material to students well so that the results are effective and efficient. In order for the learning of Islamic religious education (pendidikan agama Islam/PAI) on the material of the names of the books of God to be embedded in students well, then many concepts of active learning models are offered. One of them is by implementing a cooperative learning model through the crossword puzzle strategy that is expected to increase students' learning motivation. By involving them actively in the learning process, students will experience or even discover science independently. The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of cooperative learning through the crossword puzzle strategy in increasing learning motivation in the Grade 5 PAI Subjects of Jombatan 1 Elementary School in Jombang Regency. The research method used is action research. In collecting data, the author uses the observation method, checklist, and participatory methods. The results of the study show that the implementation of cooperative learning through crossword puzzle strategies is effective in increasing the motivation to learn PAI subjects. This can be seen from the enthusiasm of students in working on group puzzles in PAI learning about the names of God's books. And learning that had been stiff and boring had become more alive because educators directly involved students in learning, not only listening, seeing and working on the questions given. Having been well implemented and in accordance with existing learning concepts, this could also be seen from the preparation, implementation (an application) and evaluation carried out in well-designed teaching and learning activities.


While most Corn Belt farmers consider planting Bt corn to control European corn borer, southwestern Kansas farmers must also take into account an array of other insect pests, including corn rootworm, spider mites, and southwestern corn borer. This research uses a decision analysis framework to estimate the expected economic value of Bt corn in southwest Kansas. Mean per acre Bt values ranged from $12.49 to $34.60, well above the technology fee assumed to be $14 per unit, or $5.25 per acre at a seeding rate of 30,000 seeds per acre. The minimum value over all scenarios was $8.69 per acre. Using Monte Carlo simulation, it was shown that European and southwestern corn borer infestation probabilities, expected corn price, and expected pest-free yields are important determinants of the value of Bt corn.


The British Aesthetic Tradition: From Shaftesbury to Wittgenstein is the first single volume to offer readers a comprehensive and systematic history of aesthetics in Britain from its inception in the early eighteenth century to major developments in Britain and beyond in the late twentieth century. The book consists of an introduction and eight chapters, and is divided into three parts. The first part, The Age of Taste, covers the eighteenth-century approaches of internal sense theorists, imagination theorists and associationists. The second, The Age of Romanticism, takes readers from debates over the picturesque through British Romanticism to late Victorian criticism. The third, The Age of Analysis, covers early twentieth-century theories of Formalism and Expressionism to conclude with Wittgenstein and a number of views inspired by his thought.


This dissertation considers the implications of using recordings of free improvisations on world music instruments and other instruments as source material for fixed media musical compositions. Generating material in this way demanded the formulation of new working methods which inevitably impacted on the character and style of the work produced. A methodology was evolved based on aspects of the performance practice of free-jazz improvisation. The individual style of free-jazz improvisation was a major part of the syntax of the created music. This further enabled novelty in that an improvised based -style replaces the conventional Western reliance on notation and its associated compositional techniques. Rather, sound is generated spontaneously and guided only by aural monitoring of it. A fascination with the sounds of world instruments led to an exploration of the sounds of those instruments in new contexts. Instruments, both world and western classical, became treated as found objects or utilised in 'studies in ignorance' in the manner of Sun Ra.1 The improvised material was then manipulated using computer software and structured into fixed-media works. Gesture, texture and timbre dominate these structures rather than preconceived themes or harmonic schemes. Most of the music presented with the thesis is text based or inspired by text; this provides further structural underpinning. I wished to explore the relationship between the Weird Realist aesthetic as posited by Graham Harman in the works of H.P. Lovecraft and an analogous musical response. The separation of quality from object in Lovecraft chimed with experiences of sensory distortion when under shamanic trance and this resulted in Shamanic Incantation No. 5, the only non-text based work. A fascination with fantasy in general led to the composition of an opera in Klingon in which the text and music combine to present a series of tableaux that hint at aspects of sacred violence and the breakdown of shared values in times of war. As if to underline this point, Grodek No.4 presents a collage of disturbing materials drawn from stride jazz piano, free improvisation and expressionist sprechgesang; all of which combine in a new context to illuminate Georg Trakl's poem on the horrors of violence. As a result of these compositional procedures a cogent sound world using improvisation and electronics was created. The influence of Weird Realism and the use of world instruments stimulated ideas about how musical material can be distorted and re-contextualised. The combination of improvisatory and 'composed' elements was fruitful and shows a way of working with two different types of intuition, one in real time, the other not. This suggests possibilities for further exploring the combining of different experiential modes in creative work.

1 A key recording in this respect is Sun Ra, Strange Strings, El Saturn 502, 1966, explored later in the thesis.


The 27th edition of the 2006 Report of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Committee on Infectious Diseases, known to most clinicians as "The Red Book," is considered the "Bible" of pediatric infectious diseases. In addition to providing an updated and exhaustive summary of the clinical manifestations, etiology, epidemiology, diagnostic tests, treatment, isolation, and control measures for >200 pediatric infectious diseases, this reference discusses a number of related topics, including management. With >350 liaisons and collaborators from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Institutes of Health, the Canadian Paediatric Society, the World Health Organization, and others, the 12-member 2004–2006 Committee on Infectious Diseases issued the current edition, which reflects the state of the art at the time of publication and is updated every 3 years.

The Red Book began as an 8-page mimeographed report assembled in 1937 by the Committee on Immunization and Therapeutic Procedures for Acute Infectious Diseases (currently the Committee on Infectious Diseases) and titled "Immunization Procedures." A revision issued in 1938 in pamphlet form was actively sought, and annual issues became more comprehensive, with the addition of 76 pages reflecting the increase in therapeutic antimicrobial drug options in the ensuing 10 years.

The current 992-page 27th edition has newly added sections, including key developments in combination vaccines, the 2006 AAP standards for child and adolescent immunization practices, parental refusal to vaccinate, updates on prevention of mosquitoborne infections, and updated information on emerging infectious diseases and pathogens, including Baylisascaris, metapneumovirus, West Nile virus, coronaviruses, pertussis, tuberculosis, and pneumococcal, meningococcal, and varicella infections. Expanded discussions of drug interactions as well as the revised American Heart Association recommendations for the prevention of bacterial endocarditis are presented. Many website resources have been added throughout the text to provide the reader with links to expanded information about the topic.

The text is organized into 5 sections with a comprehensive list of appendixes. Section 1 reviews active and passive immunization and provides a practical discussion of numerous aspects of vaccine administration, including vaccine shortages, reporting of vaccine-preventable diseases, and parental misconceptions about vaccinations. Section 2 provides recommendations for care of children in special circumstances, including the topic areas of biological terrorism, children in out-of-home child care, infection control, and medical evaluation of internationally adopted children. This section serves as a comprehensive resource for both general and infectious diseases pediatricians. The 3rd section, an alphabetical summary of infectious diseases, comprises the bulk of the text. Sections 4 and 5 address the expanding category of antimicrobial agents, therapy, and prophylaxis, including guidelines and indications for their appropriate use.

The area of infectious diseases is rapidly emerging and changing, so the guidelines presented in the current edition may have undergone updating and revision following publication. Therefore, readers are urged to monitor updated recommendations issued by the Committee on Infectious Diseases on the Red Book Online website (http://www.aapredbook.org). This site also lists errata from the current edition and allows readers to register to be notified when new errata are posted, when new policy statements are issued, and when site updates and new features are added. Readers may also register for a customized citation/keyword alert.

The 27th edition of the Red Book is a vital resource for adult and pediatric infectious disease practitioners as well as general practitioners and is considered by many the quintessential resource and reference for clinical practice.


Donors and non-governmental organizations are showing increased interest in integrated landscape initiatives (ILIs), where landscape stakeholders work together to achieve common goals related to development, climate change and conservation. In order to support the work of ILIs, we developed a novel methodology with which stakeholders—organized in multi-stakeholder partnerships—can assess how financial flows in the landscape are impacting their common goals and to identify funding gaps. Piloting the methodology in three landscapes in Indonesia, Ghana and Vietnam, we found that there were trade-offs between ensuring broad stakeholder participation in the assessments (to capture different perspectives) and the level of technical and quantifiable detail that could be acquired. The methodology effectively contributed to a common understanding among landscape-level stakeholders and triggered discussions on methods in which financial flows can be adapted to reduce their negative impacts or increase their positive impacts. It also functioned as a basis for the development of joint action plans and to initiate collaborations with the providers of financial flows that have potential to contribute to common landscape objectives. In addition to promoting common understanding and providing a basis for the development of action plans, we conclude that implementing the methodology also helped with strengthening the landscape partnerships themselves.


"Mr. Baker perceives the harlem Renaissance as a crucial moment in a movement, predating the 1920's, when Afro-Americans embraced the task of self-determination and in so doing gave forth a distinctive form of expression that still echoes in a broad spectrum of 20th-century Afro-American arts. . . . "Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance" may well become Afro-America's 'studying manual.'"--Tonya Bolden, "New York Times Book Review"


While physicians' financial relationships with pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers are increasingly of concern to legislators and regulators, plaintiffs have had only limited success pursuing private law remedies for the harms that result from conflicts of interest. Courts have long channeled individual patients' claims against their conflicted doctors into the medical malpractice cause of action, where patients have difficulty establishing that their physicians' conflicts caused them to suffer concrete and compensable injuries. With recent notable exceptions, courts have also blocked patients' claims against drug and device manufacturers. Courts apply the learned intermediary doctrine to dispose of failure-to-warn personal injury suits, without regard to whether the plaintiff's physician had a financial relationship with the defendant manufacturer. Third-party payers, such as employers, insurance companies, and union health and welfare funds, have similarly struggled to overcome a strong presumption of physician independence. Courts routinely find that a physician's prescribing decision breaks the chain of causation between a manufacturer's illegal promotional efforts and a payer's obligation to pay for a prescription, even when those promotional efforts include the payment of kickbacks.Courts can and should move beyond the "independent physician"litigation heuristic. In personal injury cases, courts can do this by engaging in a fact-based analysis of not just whether a financial relationship affected a physician's decision to prescribe a drug or device but also whether the defendant drug or device company intended the relationship to have such an effect. The latter inquiry is more straightforward than the former, which could work to plaintiffs' advantage, and it is equally relevant to the question whether the learned intermediary doctrine should apply. In economic injury cases, courts can move beyond the heuristic by allowing plaintiffs to use standard statistical methods to demonstrate that physicians' prescribing decisions were not independent in the aggregate. If the doctrine were to evolve in these ways, it would bring closer the goal of ensuring that patients and payers are fairly compensated for the harms caused by conflicts of interest. It would also provide an additional incentive to drug and device companies to ensure that the payments they make to physicians are legitimate.


SPARC was started in 1997 by a number of large research libraries in the US. Its main goal was to restore a competitive balance of the STM journals publishing market. A number of programmatic areas were initiated in order to realize this goal: SPARC Alternatives, SPARC Leading Edge, SPARC Scientific Communities, and SPARC Communication and Advocacy. Since two years SPARC puts a special emphasis on Open Access, including institutional repositories. The paper gives an overview of the activities of SPARC and its partners in these areas. The results are evaluated and compared with the measures defined in 1997. Finally, the paper describes the possibilities for libraries to contribute to the realization of SPARC's goals.


In response to the fatal shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes by police in London in 2005, artist Monica Ross decided to try and learn the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by heart. She first attempted to publicly recite the Declaration from memory in the performance rights repeated – an act of memory at Beaconsfield, London, 2005. This has since become the series Anniversary – an act of memory, beginning with a solo recitation by Ross to mark the 60th anniversary of the Declaration in 2008. The series approaches performance as a live and generative medium, with recitations recorded using photography and video, edited in consultation with the co-recitors and posted on you tube as an open archive. Resisting the impulse to foreground the content of such an explicitly political work, I argue that it is in the structure of this performance in sixty acts and its temporal unfolding in time and place, across different contexts and communities, that its political and ethical significance lies. The inevitable pauses in each recitation find their counterpart in the patient, discreet and sympathetic waiting of the co-recitors and the artist herself, who are assigned the double role of performer and audience. I turn to the critical apparatus of psychoanalysis, not only because it elaborates the links between remembering and repetition, which are viewed as not simply connected but as part of a dialectic, but also because, in its practice (analysis), it both requires and values a great deal of waiting. Anniversary is contextualised among other works by Monica Ross and others, with particular reference to the impact of feminism on art practice.


Authors John Clarke and Janet Newman present an original analysis of the creation of new state forms that critically examines the political forces that enabled "more and better management" to be presented as a solution to the problems of the welfare state in Britain. Examining the micro-politics of change within public services, the authors draw links among politics, policies, and organizational power to present an incisive and dynamic account of the restructuring of social welfare. Clarke and Newman expose the tensions and contradictions in the managerial state and trace the emergence of new dilemmas in the provision of public services. They show that these problems are connected to the recurring difficulties in defining the "the public" that receives these services. In particular they question whether the reinvention of the public as either a nation of consumers or a nation of communities can effectively address the implications of social diversity. A cogent critique of the social, political, and organizational conflicts and instabilities that are embedded in new state forms, The Managerial State will be essential reading for students and academics in social policy, public policy, and public management. It will also be of interest to academics in sociology, politics, and organization studies.


Mode propagation and field distribution in a strip-loaded waveguide are analyzed for the case where the refractive index of the loading film is higher than that of the waveguide. It is found that the propagation constant is remarkably changed by loading the film with the thickness around the cutoff. As a result, the effect of the optical energy confinement below the strip film is large compared with the previously proposed case where the low-index film is loaded, and the use of the high refractive-index film as the loading strip is very attractive for constructing a three-dimensional waveguide structure.


We report on electrical properties and microstructure of epitaxial thin NbN films grown on 3C-SiC/Si substrates by means of reactive magnetron sputtering. A complete epitaxial growth at the NbN/3C-SiC interface has been confirmed by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) along with x-ray diffractometry (XRD). Resistivity measurements of the films have shown that the superconducting transition onset temperature (TC) for the best specimen is 11.8 K. Using these epitaxial NbN films, we have fabricated submicron-size hot-electron bolometer (HEB) devices on 3C-SiC/Si substrate and performed their complete DC characterization. The observed critical temperature TC = 11.3 K and critical current density of about 2.5 MA cm − 2 at 4.2 K of the submicron-size bridges were uniform across the sample. This suggests that the deposited NbN films possess the necessary homogeneity to sustain reliable hot-electron bolometer device fabrication for THz mixer applications.


Bilevel optimization, the problem of minimizing a value function which involves the arg-minimum of another function, appears in many areas of machine learning. In a large scale empirical risk minimization setting where the number of samples is huge, it is crucial to develop stochastic methods, which only use a few samples at a time to progress. However, computing the gradient of the value function involves solving a linear system, which makes it difficult to derive unbiased stochastic estimates. To overcome this problem we introduce a novel framework, in which the solution of the inner problem, the solution of the linear system, and the main variable evolve at the same time. These directions are written as a sum, making it straightforward to derive unbiased estimates. The simplicity of our approach allows us to develop global variance reduction algorithms, where the dynamics of all variables is subject to variance reduction. We demonstrate that SABA, an adaptation of the celebrated SAGA algorithm in our framework, has $O(\frac1T)$ convergence rate, and that it achieves linear convergence under Polyak-Lojasciewicz assumption. This is the first stochastic algorithm for bilevel optimization that verifies either of these properties. Numerical experiments validate the usefulness of our method.


The Cancer Resource Center where I did my internship functions with the financial support of a local foundation and community donations. The center is open to the public. The terms of my practicum were that I spent three days per week at the clinic where the center is located with an average of twelve hours per week over Fall 2011 and Spring semesters 2012. My intent was to cover all aspects of client care with the Resource Center as my physical and philosophical base, including the Children's Hospital, Oncology and Hospice Ward, the Fusion Center (Chemotherapy), Children's Cancer Center, and the waiting rooms. The center is where I hung my coat, checked in with my supervisor, and adopted the attitude of assisting cancer survivors (the term used by the center for all cancer patients), and their families as they went through the experience of cancer, using art therapy as my way of doing so. Each area presented its own unique challenges in applying Art Therapy to cancer treatment. ART THERAPY AND CANCER SUPPORT: PATIENT AND FAMILY 3


This deeply moving collection of poetry by Renato Rosaldo focuses on the shock of his wife Michelle (Shelly) Rosaldo's sudden death on October 11, 1981. Just the day before, Shelly and her family had arrived in the northern Philippine village of Mungayang, where she and her husband Renato, both accomplished anthropologists, planned to conduct fieldwork. On October 11, Shelly died after losing her footing and falling some sixty feet from a cliff into a swollen river. Renato Rosaldo explored the relationship between bereavement and rage in his canonical essay, "Grief and a Headhunter's Rage," which first appeared in 1984 and is reprinted here. In the poems at the heart of this book, he returns to the trauma of Shelly's death through the medium of free verse, maintaining a tight focus on the events of October 11, 1981. He explores not only his own experience of Shelly's death but also the imagined perspectives of many others whose lives intersected with that tragic event and its immediate aftermath, from Shelly herself to the cliff from which she fell, from the two young boys who lost their mother to the strangers who carried and cared for them, from a tricycle taxi driver, to a soldier, to priests and nuns. Photographs taken years earlier, when Renato and Shelly were conducting research across the river valley from Mungayang, add a stark beauty. In a new essay, "Notes on Poetry and Ethnography," Rosaldo explains how and why he came to write the harrowing yet beautiful poems in The Day of Shelly's Death . More than anything else though, the essay is a manifesto in support of what he calls antropoesia , verse with an ethnographic sensibility. The essay clarifies how this book of rare humanity and insight challenges the limits of ethnography as it is usually practiced.


An infiltration and dye transport experiment was conducted to visualize flow and transport processes in a heterogeneous, layered, sandy‐gravelly fluvial deposit adjacent to Rio Bravo Boulevard in Albuquerque, NM. Water containing red dye followed by blue‐green dye was ponded in a small horizontal zone (about 0.5 by 0.5 m) above a vertical outcrop (about 4 by 2.5 m). The red dye lagged behind the wetting front due to slight adsorption, thus allowing both the wetting front and dye fronts to be observed in time at the outcrop face. After infiltration, vertical slices were excavated to the midpoint of the infiltrometer, exposing the wetting front and dye distribution in a quasi three‐dimensional manner. At small scale, wetting front advancement was influenced by the multitude of local capillary barriers within the deposit. However, at the scale of the experiment, the wetting front appeared smooth with significant lateral spreading, twice that in the vertical, indicating a strong anisotropy due to the pronounced horizontal layering. The dye fronts exhibited appreciably more irregularity than the wetting front, as well as the influence of preferential flow features (a fracture) that moved the dye directly to the front, bypassing the fresh water between. To illustrate the ability of equivalent homogeneous media models to capture the behavior of the wetting front, we performed numerical simulations using equivalent homogeneous media with isotropic, anisotropic, and moisture‐dependent anisotropic properties. Those containing anisotropy matched the experimental data best.


This paper proposes a novel statistical sensitivity analysis for dynamic models, which is based on an enhanced maximal information coefficient (MIC) method. We enhanced the MIC method to handle multivariate sensitivity analysis; rather than just univariate analysis. The main motivation of this enhancement is overcoming the research gaps in the current state of the art of eigenvalue analysis. We postulate that this novel sensitivity analysis represents a solid foundation to study the multivariate complex nonlinear non-monotonic relationships between behavior modes – expressed by eigenvalues – and the model parameters. The experiments conducted corroborate our postulation.


In its narrative style as well as in its cultural environment, magical realism provides the optimal literary field to respond to the cultural issues and conditions that traverse contemporary postcolonial society. For example, the codification in the magical-realist narrative of both colonial and postcolonial discourses, involved in a dialectical struggle, reflects many of the problematic relations existing between colonizer and colonized in postcolonial culture. This leads to the investigation of hybridity as an important trope in the ongoing process of literary and cultural decolonization. This article explores the function of hybridity in three novels by Ben Okri, showing how, through the destabilization of such spaces as the real and the imaginary, the new and the old, and the self and the other, a third space emerges where irreconcilable perspectives and contradictory properties coexist, although problematically. In this sense, the fictional space, time and characters displace polar oppositions and make it difficult to conceive of any version of reality as having a greater claim to absolute truth or unique referentiality. Consequently, and in theoretical and political terms, what magical realism tries to do here is replacing the dominant culture and its version of truth by a new mode of perception that opens up various levels of thought and accepts the possibility of many truths to be considered simultaneously and not hierarchically.


For this, my contribution to the Feminist Legal Theory Projects's Twenty-fifth Anniversary Volume Beyond the Boundaries of the Law, I take the invitation to participants to be to speak very personally about how we came to feminist legal theory and what we made of it. I take my title from the New Testament, because I came to my own radical take on sameness feminism through teenage engagement with the Catholic Church's radical past and repressive future on matters of sex equality and through engagement in college and graduate school with arguments for the equality of the sexes made from the Middle Ages through the French revolution by otherwise conservative women defending their own right to participate in male-dominated enterprises and otherwise radical men willing to call all received ideas into question, even those concerning women's place.The essay will be in part a reminder that there are far more generations than three who have sought to transcend the boundaries of the law through feminist theory: feminists, male and female, have been making their case for centuries. It will also be in part an elegy for potential alliances lost: though many of the women who in prior centuries sought to bring their sex beyond the boundaries of the law were self-described conservatives on other matters, in my lifetime feminism and conservatism have come to be seen as antithetical, something I dealt with on a daily basis as a faculty member in two of the nation's most conservative law schools, Virginia and Chicago. Also in my lifetime, the Church that brought me to sameness feminism at first repudiated sex equality and then turned to an embrace of difference, as official guardian of doctrinal purity Joseph Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, in official pronouncements explicitly rejecting the sort of sex and gender theory to which I am committed, came close to suggesting that even souls have a sex.


This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Trévo dietary supplement (TDS) in caffeine induced oxidative stress in albino rat models. Thirty healthy male albino rats of 12 weeks old were divided into five groups with six rats in each group using a completely randomized design (CRD). The rats were treated with combinations of caffeine and TDS orally via oral gavage. The treatment lasted for 65 days. Results of the oxidative stress markers showed a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the plasma level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activity (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in caffeine treated groups when compared with the control group; also with an increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in caffeine treated rats. However, TDS attenuated the caffeine-induced oxidative stress in the albino rat models in a dose dependent manner. This study therefore, reveals that TDS is effective in attenuating caffeine-induced oxidative stress in albino rat models.


We discovered a virus infecting Entomophthora muscae, a behavior-manipulating fungal pathogen of dipterans. The virus, which we name Entomophthovirus, is a capsid-forming, positive-strand RNA virus in the viral family iflaviridae, whose known members almost exclusively infect insects. We show that the virus RNA is expressed at high levels in fungal cells in vitro and during in vivo infections of Drosophila melanogaster, and that virus particles are present in E. muscae. Two close relatives of the virus had been previously described as insect viruses based on the presence of viral genomes in transcriptomes assembled from RNA extracted from wild dipterans. By analyzing sequencing data from these earlier reports, we show that both dipteran samples were co-infected with E. muscae. We also find the virus in RNA sequencing data from samples of two other species of dipterans, Musca domestica and Delia radicum, known to be infected with E. muscae. These data establish that Entomophthovirus is widely, and seemingly obligately, associated with E. muscae. As other members of the iflaviridae cause behavioral changes in insects, we speculate on the possibility that Entomophthovirus plays a role in E. muscae involved host manipulation.


Research attempting to predict repression, including the policing of protest, has tended to rely on pooled time series data, which statistically produces coefficients that estimate the average relationship between each variable and the outcome across the entire pooled time period. When relationships are very stable, this statistical assumption, referred to as temporal homogeneity, is unproblematic. But, when enforced without testing, it threatens to artificially "stabilize" temporally heterogenous relationships. In terms of protest policing, this has resulted in relatively ahistorical empirical explanations of protest policing. This article imports modeling techniques from work on identifying historical periods to show how temporal moving regressions can be built to recognize and model temporal heterogeneity in the factors influencing protest policing. We present three important uses for these models: testing exhaustively for temporal heterogeneity in apparently stable findings; testing for temporal heterogeneity that may reconcile otherwise contradictory findings; and inductively combining orthogonal research lines. We demonstrate the utility of each in examinations of protest policing. More generally, we show the potential of temporal moving regressions for uncovering new insights and bringing greater historical sensitivity to research on protest and beyond.


This first systematic survey of genetic variation in P. monodon populations in Australia over a wide geographical range demonstrated highly significant differences in gene frequencies between the west-coast population and those on the northern and eastern coastlines. Some variation in gene frequencies among populations within the northern and eastern coastlines was detected in chi-square tests. Several loci (GPI*, PGM* and MPI*) contributed to the significant differences among populations. Genetic diversity decreased from east to west, suggesting colonization of the northern and western coasts by populations from the east after the last opening of the Torres Strait (c. 8000 BP). Evidence of genetic differences between western compared with northern and eastern populations is now available for three species of penaeid. These differences suggest, at least, that gene flow over several thousand years has been insufficient to erase genetic differences evolved during separation. Penaeid populations may therefore be more structured than has been thought, and the genetic homogeneity emphasized to date may be a result of the lack of genetic markers rather than a lack of population structure.


The Asia-Europe container trade is second only to the trans-Pacific trade in terms of volume transported. In the typical structure of the supply chains associated with the Asia to Europe inbound container trade, containers are stuffed in China, and the cargo is subsequently cross-docked at a major European logistics hub or a distribution center closer to the customer for further distribution to the final retailing points. However, this solution may not be optimal from the perspective of total logistics cost and CO2 emissions. Upstream buyer consolidation at the origin and/or a downstream intermodal system at the destination have been regarded as potential solutions that improve the performance of supply chains under certain circumstances. The present research identifies new supply chain solutions in sea-based China-Europe cargo flows. Based on the identified new solutions, the performance of potential solutions in terms of logistics cost and CO2 emissions can be compared with those of more traditional solutions, thus revealing under which circumstances the new solutions may be preferable. The core of this research is based on case studies obtained from Scandinavian chain retailers as well as a large number of interviews with central actors in the China-Europe trades, with particular focus on cargo-flows destined for peripheral regions of Europe, represented by Scandinavia and Ireland. The findings suggest that the solutions characterized by upstream buyer consolidation and a downstream rail-based or maritime feeder-based systems may have positive impacts on logistics cost and CO2 emissions. The analysis suggests that such new solutions might be desirable as an alternative to the usual arrangements in this China-Europe container trade, in particular in situations where there are limited order quantities from each vendor, there are many different vendors located within a confined geographical region in China, where total order volumes are big enough from one region in China to achieve a sufficient utilization of consolidated containers, where cargo is characterized by small units which are not palletized, where the final retailing points are far from Central-European logistics hubs, and where the majority of the importers' cargo-flow is sourced in China © FORFATTER/


In this article, I suggest that doing nothing and being bored can be invaluable to the creative process. In our present networked society, introspection and reflection have become lost arts. Instead, we are at risk of becoming victims of informational overload. The balance between activity and inactivity has become seriously out of sync. However, doing nothing is a great way to induce states of mind that nurture our imagination. Slacking off may be the best thing we can do for our mental health. Seemingly inactive states of mind can be an incubation period for future bursts of creativity. Keeping busy can be a very effective defense mechanism for warding off disturbing thoughts and feelings. But by resorting to manic-like behavior we suppress the truth of our feelings and concerns, consciously or unconsciously avoiding periods of uninterrupted, freely associative thoughts. Yet unconscious thought processes can generate novel ideas and solutions more effectively than a conscious focus on problem solving. I end by recommending some actions and conditions that can help achieve this state of mind.


Human aging is associated with cognitive decline and an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease. Our objective for this study was to evaluate potential relationships between age and variation in gene expression across different regions of the brain. We analyzed the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data from 54 and 101 tissue samples across 13 brain regions in post-mortem donors of European descent aged between 20 and 70 years at death. After accounting for the effects of covariates and hidden confounding factors, we identified 1,446 protein-coding genes whose expression in one or more brain regions is correlated with chronological age at a false discovery rate of 5%. These genes are involved in various biological processes including apoptosis, mRNA splicing, amino acid biosynthesis, and neurotransmitter transport. The distribution of these genes among brain regions is uneven, suggesting variable regional responses to aging. We also found that the aging response of many genes, e.g., TP37 and C1QA, depends on individuals' genotypic backgrounds. Finally, using dispersion-specific analysis, we identified genes such as IL7R, MS4A4E, and TERF1/TERF2 whose expressions are differentially dispersed by aging, i.e., variances differ between age groups. Our results demonstrate that age-related gene expression is brain region-specific, genotype-dependent, and associated with both mean and dispersion changes. Our findings provide a foundation for more sophisticated gene expression modeling in the studies of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.


This thesis presents detailed investigations of the effect of end wall profiling on the secondary flow in a large scale, linear cascade with nozzle guide vanes. The purpose of this project is to look into the secondary flow structure in the linear cascade and the influence of the shaped end wall on the secondary flow. By applying the non-axisymmetric end wall, the secondary flow is reduced compared to the flat end wall data. The yaw angle variation at the exit of the blade passage is reduced. The cascade was designed according to the nozzle guide vane from ALSTOM Energy Ltd. It was manufactured and connected to the low speed wind tunnel in the Thermo- Fluids Lab in Durham. The data acquisition system was designed and commissioned. Five hole probes were designed and calibrated according to the cascade test condition. The flow field with the flat end wall in the cascade was investigated using five hole probes through different traverse slots. Flow visualisations were conducted as well. The secondary flow structure and the loss development in the cascade are understood. Transitional trips were put on the blade surfaces and their effects on the secondary flow were observed. The CFD code was modified to fit the cascade case. It was validated against the Durham standard case and the flat end wall results. Different numerical schemes and turbulence models were evaluated. Different shaped end walls were systematically tested by the CFD code. The best end wall profile was selected and manufactured. It was then tested in the cascade. Detailed investigations by five hole probes, flow visualisation and wall static pressure measurements were conducted. The results were compared to the flat end wall results and the CFD prediction. The secondary flow and the total pressure loss were reduced. The test data in the cascade will supply the evidence and data for the real turbine design. The chosen end wall profile will hopefully be tested in a test turbine.


Relatively few tropical tree species have been used extensively in plantations. Species of pines and eucalypts are used in about one third of the total area of tropical forest plantations, and acacias are also commonly planted. In utilising genetic resources effectively, it is important to assess the relative contributions of the genotype and the environment to the phenotype, and the relative magnitude of genetic variation at each level in the genetic hierarchy: species, provenances, and down to individual trees. The significance of quantitative variation and molecular genetics in the selection of genetic resources is discussed and the use of these different types of information in the design and implementation of tree improvement strategies described. Different approaches to the selection of genetic resources at each level of the genetic hierarchy are reviewed with particular reference to selection for water and nutrient use efficiency. While marker-aided selection, physiological testing and modelling may be valuable in the future, traditional field testing remains an absolute necessity. (Resume d'auteur)


CONTEXT
Pituitary dysfunction with abnormal GH secretion and neurocognitive deficits are common consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Recognizing the comorbidity of these symptoms is of clinical importance; however, efficacious treatment is currently lacking.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
A review of studies in PubMed published between January 1980 to March 2020 and ongoing clinical trials was conducted using the search terms "growth hormone," "traumatic brain injury," and "gut microbiome."

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
Increasing evidence have implicated the effects of TBI in promoting an interplay of ischemia, cytotoxicity and inflammation that renders a subset of patients to develop post-injury hypopituitarism, severe fatigue, impaired cognition and behavioral processes. Recent data have suggested an association between abnormal GH secretion and altered gut microbiome in TBI patients, thus prompting the description of a hypothesized new clinical syndrome called "Brain Injury Associated Fatigue and Altered Cognition" (BIAFAC). Notably, these patients demonstrate distinct characteristics to those with GH deficiency from other non-TBI causes in that their symptom complex improves significantly with recombinant human GH treatment, but does not reverse the underlying mechanistic cause as symptoms typically recur upon treatment cessation.

CONCLUSION
The reviewed data describes the importance of alterations of the GH/IGF-I axis and gut microbiome after brain injury and its influence in promoting neurocognitive and behavioral deficits in a bi-directional relationship, and highlight a new clinical syndrome that may exist in a subset of TBI patients in whom recombinant human GH therapy could significantly improve symptomatology. More studies are needed to further characterize this clinical syndrome.


Findings present possible avenue for preventing metastasis Primary lung cancer shifts to metastatic disease by suppressing a family of small molecules that normally locks the tumor in a noninvasive state, researchers at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reported in the Sept. 15, 2009 edition of Genes and Development. "Existing treatments have little success against cancer that has spread to other organs, so finding a way to prevent metastasis could have a huge impact on survival," said senior author Jonathan Kurie, M.D., professor in M. D. Anderson's Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology. "To do that, we need to understand the cues that initiate metastasis. In this paper we show that microRNA-200 is one of those central cues," Kurie said. MicroRNAs are single-stranded bits of RNA that regulate messenger RNA expressed by genes to order the creation of a specific protein. All primary tumors in a strain of mice prone to metastatic lung cancer became invasive and spread when miR-200 was suppressed. Protecting miR-200 from blockade completely prevented metastasis in another group of the mice, the researchers found. Tumors shift between noninvasive and invasive state The team found that miR-200 needs to be shut down for the primary tumor to change from stationary epithelial cells to mobile mesenchymal cells. This epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is recognized as a crucial step in metastasis, which causes 90% of all cancer deaths. An estimated 80% of all solid tumors originate in the epithelial cells, which line an organ or its cavities and are generally immobile. Mesenchymal cells are mobile and can differentiate into many different cell types. When the team profiled a panel of 40 human lung cancer cell lines that had been characterized on the basis of EMT features (epithelial versus mesenchmyal) and site of origin (primary lung tumor versus metastasis), miR-200 expression was highest in those cells with epithelial features and was the best of more than 700 microRNAs tested as an indicator of metastatic or primary origin. "Highly metastatic lung cancer cells had completely shutdown miR-200 expression, that's what triggered EMT in those cells," Kurie said. "When we went back and forced overexpression of miR-200, the cells remained locked in the epithelial state and could no longer metastasize." The team also found that the cancer cells could shift from epithelial to mesenchymal and back depending on the cell's context. The same cells that remain epithelial in Matrigel become "blatantly mesenchymal" when moved to the mouse model and assume an intermediate state when growing in plastic dishes. Matrigel is a gelatinous mixture that is designed to simulate the complex environment that cells occupy called the extracellular matrix. "If you take the tumors out of the mice and back to the Matrigel, they revert to epithelial cells," Kurie said. "These cells are highly plastic and responsive to the extracellular environment. "The idea that these highly plastic cells are the source of metastasis indicates that metastatic capacity is a regulatable tumor cell function. That's new," Kurie said. "Identifying the signals that govern plasticity could lead to a novel way of targeting and preventing metastasis." Kurie and colleagues continue to work on identifying upstream regulators of miR-200 that might provide targets for therapy. The researchers started with a strain of mice that develops metastatic lung cancer based on mutations in the Kras oncogene and the tumor-suppressing p53 gene. Cell lines isolated from these mice were introduced in wild-type mice and the resultant tumors characterized for metastatic potential. All tumor cell lines were profiled for gene expression. "The thing that popped out strongly was an EMT signal present in the metastatic cells but not in the non-metastatic cells," Kurie said. The team then profiled the tumors for microRNA expression. Out of thousands of miRNAs, only the miR-200 family of five miRNAs, along with three others, emerged as differentially expressed. The other three are being studied. Co-authors with Kurie were first author Don Gibbons, M.D., Ph.D., Wei Lin, M.D., Zain Rizvi and Nishan Thilaganathan, all of the Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology; Chad Creighton, Ph.D., and Yiqun Zhang of the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine; Philip Gregory, Ph.D., and Gregory Goodall, Ph.D., of the Centre for Cancer Biology, Hanson Institute in Adelaide, Australia; and Liqin Du, Ph.D., of the Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development at The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. The research was funded by grants from the National Cancer Institute, including the Lung Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence; the David M. Sather Memorial Fund, the Armour Family Lung Cancer Research Fund and the Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center at Baylor College of Medicine. Gibbons also was supported by a Young Investigator Award from The ASCO Cancer Foundation and an International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) Fellow Grant.


Environmental Context. Dating estuary sediments provides insights into the materials entering the estuary and can pinpoint when the contamination occurred. Heavy metal contamination is a known health risk but attributing it to a source can be contentious. For a sample sourced downstream of a city and a mining region, lead-210 dating and stable lead isotope analyses uncovered the sources of lead inputs. These methods quantified the extent that upstream mining activities and, for the first time, the extent that non-mining inputs (vehicles, industry) contributed to the estuary's pollution. Abstract. 210Pb dating and heavy metal analyses (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) have been combined to establish an historical profile of pollutant levels in sediments in the Tamar Estuary (Tasmania, Australia) over the past century. Heavy metal profiles through the core show a strong correlation with mining activities and industrialization during the past century, reflecting catchment disturbance in one of Australia's earliest settled areas. A source apportionment of Pb in the sediment core using stable Pb isotope ratios (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) shows that mine pollution has been contributing 10-25 mg kg-1 to Tamar Estuary sediments since the start of mining in the early 1890s, whilst non-mining inputs were not significant until post-1930 and became increasingly significant post-World War II. Since the 1950s-1960s, non-mining anthropogenic Pb inputs have become as significant as Pb from mining activities, although there does appear to be a decline in non-mining inputs during the past 20 years, which is consistent with findings elsewhere where reductions in atmospheric Pb levels have been observed and are attributed to the phasing-out of leaded gasoline. The source apportionment does, however, suggest that Pb from mine pollution at Storys and Aberfoyle Creeks continues to impact upon upper Tamar Estuary sediment quality.


This thesis focuses on developing analytical methodologies based on ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) for both physical and chemical properties of synthetic polymer. Beyond numerical experimental data, a comprehensive and visualized interpretation of polymer structure and topology was achieved by theoretical computational approach: molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and collision cross section (CCS) calculation.
In the first study (Chapter 4), the CCS of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol (PPG) were measured in dependence of the number of monomer units (n) per chain. A model equation was applied to elucidate the main factor (characteristic ratio, Cn) determining the incremental tendency of CCS against n. For PEG and PPG, Cn of 3.96 and 5.76 were obtained respectively. Detailed evaluation of the data shows that the globule model has good agreement with the literature reference values. IM-MS experiments on charged poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) also showed good accordance with reported values, verifying sufficient versatility of the proposed method. The presented procedure is extremely quick and easy to perform and provides stunningly rapid access to the conformation data of synthetic polymers.
Rayleigh limit equation, describes physical process of electro-spray ionization, provides a useful relation between surface tension and radius of charged droplet. In the second study (Chapter 5), the lower threshold size of cation adducted polymer was analyzed by MS experiment. MD simulation gives convenient access to determine the radius of the critical stable charged polymer of diverse type in spherical dimension. This approach yielded very good result which in good agreement with the literature-known reference values of surface tension (PEG : 45.0 mN/m, PPG : 33.1 mN/m, PMMA : 40.0 mN/m and PS : 32.4 mN/m). The proposed method also provides an extremely swift and precise measurement for polymer without any external disturbances of solvents or impurities.
In the third study (Chapter 6), doubly charged ion system was investigated as a model case study of multiply charged polymer. The dependency of the effective collision cross section on n was evaluated with MD simulations. Assuming a balance between elastic and Coulomb forces inside short and asymmetric doubly-charged chains, a method for determine relative dielectric constant (ε τ ) was developed. ε τ was found to be 7.87 for PEG and 6.18 for PPG, respectively. The proposed method using IM-MS is clearly carried out in the absence of solvent inside the polymer yielding intrinsic material properties.
The fourth study (Chapter 7) was designed to detect and classify isomer of star-polymer by utilizing precisely synthesized polyethylene glycol with multi-arm (star-PEG). Grafting pattern of star-PEG can be represented from experimental determined CCS of doubly charged species. Besides CCS dependency, energy resolved-ion mobility spectrometry (ER-IMS) was performed to identify the corresponding isomer. To compensate poor resolution in ion mobility spectrometry, the profile an ion mobility chromatogram (IMC) was deconvoluted with Gaussian functions was applied to extract peaks from IMC as an alternative procedure. Both IM-MS and ER-IMS measurement were demonstrated for each extracted IMC, and thus, IMC broadening could be concluded that coexisting isomers in commercial star-PEG. The cross-check in conjunction with CCS and ER-IMS analysis is powerful and reliable analytical methodology for a successful revealing isomer in star-polymer.


Purpose: The aim of the study is both theoretical and utilitarian. This paper aims to characterize the economic support instruments used during the COVID-19 pandemic from a theoretical point of view. From a practical point of view, the study aims to diagnose the economic and social effects of intervention by the State in the economy under the so-called "Anti-crisis shield" during the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic Poland. Methodology/approach: The study will use analyses of selected literature in the field of economic and social sciences, legal acts introducing instruments of economic support, content-related, including government studies on the economic effects of the pandemic, statistical data contained in professional papers in the field outlined in this paper. Main findings: The paper will analyze the applied instruments to support the economy during the crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic. Originality/value: The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic is the first crisis of its kind to affect all countries of the world, with repercussions in all areas of social, economic, and cultural life. For societies, nations, states, or individual citizens, it is something new, unknown, dangerous, and dreadful. The scientific community lacks professional, scientific, synthetic papers on the economic impact of the COVID-19 induced pandemic and its mitigation options. This paper would be a scientific proposal to reduce the negative economic impact of a pandemic with the possibility of applying it in practice.


In this chapter, dependencies between the different protocol layers and across the hops through WMNs will be exploited to deliver video streaming with high QoE. Specifically, a cross-layer optimization approach is applied to a replication strategy for video on-demand over WMNs. Additionally, the authors consider a distributed implementation algorithm, namely Mod&Timer, to handle the placement of replicas for saving storage resources of the network. Simulation results are shown to demonstrate that the proposed cross-layer design outperforms many existing schemes in terms of QoE. More importantly, compared to other strategies without cross-layer interaction, the proposed cross-layer design satisfies the heterogeneous bandwidth constraint of end users.


We demonstrate coherent control of spontaneous emission from an indirectly coupled transition in a microwave driven four-level atomic system. The transition of concern is not directly coupled by any laser fields, while the ground state is coupled to another ground state by a microwave field. We show that the coupling of the microwave field produces interesting features such as double narrow lines in the emission spectrum. The heights, widths and positions of the emission peaks can be controlled by modifying the Rabi frequency and detuning of the microwave field. We discuss the spectra in the dressed states basis.


The North Pole has long been a lure for adventures. It has drawn those looking for a northwest passage to rich Asian trade routes, and it has attracted those simply hunting fro fame and the glory of being the first to get there. By the end of the 19th century, hundreds had lost their lives pursuing the quest. Inspired in part by the fantasies of Jules Verne and others, the search had intensified to such a degree at the turn of the century that royalty, explorer clubs, and newspapers were funding expeditions. Newspapers in the United States and Europe could not get enough material to satisfy the hunger of their readers for more. This volume chronicles the adventures of Swedish engineer Salomon August Andree, who made the first failed attempt to reach the North Pole in a hydrogen balloon in 1897, and of American journalist Walter Wellman, who organized and led three unsuccessful air expeditions from 1907 to 1909. The book investigates the stories behind the quests to reach this remote and inhospitable outpost by air and examines how those stories were created and reported by the press. P.J. Capelotti takes readers along of the archaeological remains of early polar aviators, the first such study by a professional archaeologist. He looks at the aviation science of these attempts, as well as the brilliance and folly of those who led them. What he uncovers allows readers to reflect on the distortions of the written historical record, particularly unkind to Wellman, and what that may tell us about our own age of exploration as we look to the last frontiers in space.


In a climate of economic instability, and at a time when artistic practices are continuing to diversify, the symposium aims to explore a number of modes of studio practice. How does exposure to different models of the studio within art school impact on how artists use a studio upon graduation? How do studio groups differ in their support of artist's practices? What is the relationship between artists and their assistants?

Speakers include a number of prominent art educators; studio groups from a range of different cities; artists and academics who will discuss the practices of artists who employ teams of assistants within their studios.


In 2016, several prominent athletes kneeled or sat during the national anthem of their games to protest social injustice in America . For their activism, these athletes inconsistently experienced both positive and negative consequences from their sponsors and fans . Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate this phenomenon more closely by examining the effect of activism type and activism effort on a sponsor's brand image and purchase intention of a product the athlete endorses, when controlling for brand familiarity . Participants (N = 384) were randomly assigned into groups in a 2 (activism type: safe, risky) x 2 (activism effort: low, high) experimental study . Results indicated brand image and purchase intention were negatively impacted by risky activism compared to safe activism, but activism effort had no effect on the two variables . Further implications and future research are expanded upon in the discussion .


C. paralia was found to be a solitary endoparasite. The larva left its host just before completing its development and pupated near the remains of its primary host inside the mummified scale insect. It preferred encyrtids as primary hosts and could develop as a tertiary parasite in larvae of its own species. The developmental threshold was 11,2i?½C and the thermal constant was 202,7 day-degrees. Rearing C. paralia in a host only half as big as M. flavus reduced the body size to about half and the female percentage by more than half. Adult life span was little affected by low relative humidity. Females lived longer than males. After a pre-oviposition period of about two days they laid on average 62,6 eggs each, almost all during the first half of their life.


Summary

Biological properties of Moroccan propolis have been scarcely studied. In the present work, the total phenols and flavonoids from 21 samples of propolis collected in different places of Morocco or 3 supplied in the market were determined, as well as the in vitro capacity for inhibiting the activities of acetylcholinesterase, α-glucosidase, α-amylase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase, xanthine oxidase and hyaluronidase. The results showed that samples 1 (region Fez-Boulemane, Sefrou city) (IC50 = 0.065, 0.006, 0.020, 0.050, 0.014 mg mL−1) and 23 (marketed) (IC50 = 0.018, 0.002, 0.046, 0.037, 0.008 mg mL−1) had the best in vitro capacity for inhibiting the α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipoxygenase, tyrosinase and xanthine oxidase activities, respectively. A negative correlation between IC50 values and concentration of phenols, flavones and flavanones was found. These activities corresponded to the generally higher amounts of phenols and flavonoids. In the same region, propolis samples have dissimilar phenol content and enzyme inhibitory activities.


Obesity is becoming a worldwide concern, with more than 300 million individuals who are obese and a further 750 million who are overweight. This increase is important as obesity has been linked to an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, type two diabetes mellitus, stroke and some cancers. One factor receiving increasing attention to explain variation in obesity prevalence is the role of the built environment. This involves examining how features of the built environment such as green space or food premises vary by neighbourhood area. The presence of such resources within a neighbourhood can influence obesity through encouraging a healthy or unhealthy environment. It is important to understand how neighbourhoods influence obesity. This will allow the creation of effective public policy and urban design initiatives to reduce the obesity prevalence. Little research has examined how the quality of these resources varies between neighbourhoods and their effect on the prevalence of obesity. This thesis addresses this using a systematic site survey tool to investigate how the quality of built environment resources varies by neighbourhood deprivation. It also employs a questionnaire to examine residents' perception of their neighbourhood as these can influence obesity through the utilisation of healthy resources. Three key findings were identified: there is a significant relationship between deprivation and the number of neighbourhood resources; the quality of these resources increases as deprivation increases; and residents in a high deprivation neighbourhood had a more positive perception of the neighbourhood. As a result, high deprivation neighbourhoods may be less likely to promote obesity as they have higher quality resources and residents have a more positive perception of the environment. These findings suggest that the influence of the built environment is context specific and that it may not be as influential on obesity in Christchurch. It highlights the need to consider both individual and environmental factors in explaining the geographic variation of obesity.


The Supreme Court has described the Indian Commerce Clause as the primary constitutional basis for federal exclusive and plenary power over Indian affairs. Recently, Justice Clarence Thomas, citing current scholarship, has argued that the Clause's original understanding does not support this authority, with radical implications for current doctrine.This Article uses unexamined historical sources to question this debate's fundamental premise. It argues that the Indian Commerce Clause, open-ended when written, was a minor component of eighteenth-century constitutional thought. This Article instead posits alternate sources for federal authority over Indian affairs, drawing particularly on the Washington Administration. Asserting federal power against the states, the Administration embraced a holistic constitutional reading akin to present-day field preemption. With respect to authority over Indians, the Administration, through law-of-nations interpretations, asserted ultimate U.S. sovereignty over tribes, while acknowledging Native autonomy beyond these limitations. Yet these supposedly narrow legal principles ultimately formed the basis for the later elaboration of plenary power over tribes.On the one hand, this history provides a more solid foundation for doctrinal principles derided as incoherent. On the other hand, it suggests more cabined federal authority over Indians. Ultimately, the Article demonstrates the value of more historically grounded reconstructions of constitutional understandings.


Gridlock in the multilateral climate negotiations has created growing scholarly and practical interest in the use of minilateral forums. A large variety of climate club proposals have been developed in recent years, which promise more effective bargaining among the main climate powers, better incentives to encourage mitigation efforts and discourage free-riding, and new ways to align international power asymmetries with the interests of the global climate regime. I investigate the three dominant rationales that underpin minilateralist proposals. I offer a critical review of their potential as well as their limitations in promoting global climate action. I argue that minilateralism is unlikely to overcome the structural barriers to a comprehensive and ambitious international climate agreement. However, climate clubs can enhance political dialogue in the context of multilateral negotiations and can provide a more conducive environment for great power bargaining. They can create club benefits that strengthen mitigation strategies and help reduce the dangers of free-riding for so-called coalitions of the willing. And they can help re-legitimate the global climate regime against the background of profound power shifts that have slowed down progress in the multilateral negotiations.


The relationship between psychology and religion has been an issue of lively discussion over the past century. From the work of psychological pioneers like William James down to the present, this relationship has been conceptualized in different ways, and many debates have taken place about the superiority of one approach over another. The articles in this issue are intended as a contribution toward understanding the philosophical difficulties behind the attempts to relate religion with the modern field of psychology. They also suggest the possibility of a dialogical, hermeneutic approach to the task of integration. Scholars have taken a number of stances with regard to the relationship between the sciences--including psychology--and religion. In the separation approach, religion and science are seen as separate endeavors with their own domains of knowledge and practice. This view was common in the early modern period and can be seen in recent writers such as Steven J. Gould, who declares that science and religion have their own non-overlapping "magisteria" or subject areas (Gould, 1999). Opposed to this is the common view that sciences like psychology have common concerns with religion and thus can't be completely separated. Attempts that assume non-separation and seek to formulate a relationship between psychology and religion are the heart of the integration enterprise. Attempts at integration have taken different forms over the years. In assimilation approaches, ideas or practices from one area are imported into the other area and fit within a pre-existing framework. In the extreme case of assimilation, science and religion seek to totally explain the other based on an alternate worldview and set of practices. Examples of this latter approach would include Pascal Boyer's book Religion Explained (2001), which uses a reductive cognitive and evolutionary naturalism to demystify religion, or the work of D. T. Suzuki, who used Zen Buddhist thought to explain unconscious phenomena of interest to psychodynamic theorists (e.g. Suzuki, 1960). Some of these assimilative approaches lead to coherence models that see underlying agreement between psychology and religion. Others see a picture of conflict as popularized by some influential late 19th century and early 20th century writers (e.g., White, 1901); those holding a conflict thesis often believe implicitly or explicitly that psychological and scientific thinking will eventually replace religious thought. This "against" model (Carter & Narramore, 1979) is no longer seen as valid from a historical perspective (e.g., Brooke, 1991), but remains popular with writers such as Paul Churchland (1995, 1996), who tends to see religious beliefs as "folk" beliefs that eventually should be replaced. A century of work on the relationship between psychology and religion has produced a rich literature, but problems remain. As Richard Gorsuch (2002) has astutely noted, many systems for integration have been proposed but have had little impact on the actual integration enterprise. A lack of consensus among scholars about what integration is and how it should be done remains, despite the best efforts of many to resolve the issue. Intellectual history tells us that when intractable problems like this arise, the lack of progress is often because there are unspoken assumptions, philosophical confusions or differences at work. In this situation we need clarification and refinement of the questions we are asking, rather than definitive answers about the relationship between psychology and religion. Philosophical analysis is ideally suited to this kind of task, but little has been applied to the problem of integration, especially in the psychological literature on the topic. Especially absent has been the sort of analysis that tries to reveal unexamined, consequential assumptions and tacit values in need of critical assessment. …


Based on Kirchoff's second law, we investigate the spectral-directional thermal emissivity of a photonic quantum well (PQW) structure with a zero-averaged-refractive-index (zero-n¯) gap coating on an absorbing substrate. It is shown that the thermal emission through tunneling modes having frequencies in the zero-n¯ gap is not only weakly dependent on the emission angle and polarization state but also insensitive to the unit-cell size scaling of the barrier photonic crystal. More importantly, the PQW structure promises the frequency-selective thermal emission for both TE and TM polarization states along a well-defined direction. This may result in designing thermal antennas.


This study assesses the reliability and validity of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI), an American survey instrument, in an Australian context. The results of this study were compared with those generated by a comparison study held at a different Australian university and also against other internationally published research. There was a high degree of similarity between the LASSI scores from the students at the two Australian universities, however these scores were considerably different from norms published in the LASSI manual. The students' scores in this study were also compared with data on their gender and age and the analysis demonstrated significant differences in both instances. A comparison of the results from this research against its earlier companion study suggests a degree of testretest reliability for the LASSI instrument in the Australian undergraduate context in which the studies were conducted. However, a principal component analysis of the data in this study raises questions about the validity of the LASSI as a measure of students' study skills and learning strategies.


Structural study of Palaeozoic folds has been followed by fractal and structural analyses of the fault network in the rock mass underlying the Upper Silesian-Cracovian giant Zn-Pb ore deposits of Mississippi Valley-type. Spatial distribution of the ore occurrences plotted against a background of the results of tectonic study points to determined basement fractures and related Palaeozoic secondary faults as to the zones that enable short-distance flow of mineralising solutions.


Abstract Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) has been regarded as a rare, extreme form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Like ALS, it is a clinical diagnosis without established biomarkers. We sought to explore loss of cerebral myelin in relation to clinical features, including cognitive impairment, in cases of both ALS and PLS. A novel MRI sequence (mcDESPOT) sensitive to water pools within myelin and intra- and extra-cellular spaces was applied to 23 ALS patients, seven PLS patients and 12 healthy controls, with interval follow-up in 15 ALS and four PLS patients. Results demonstrated that PLS patients were distinguished by widespread cerebral myelin water fraction reductions, independent of disease duration and clinical upper motor neuron burden. ALS patients showed a significant increase in intra- and extra-cellular water, indirectly linked to neuroinflammatory activity. Limited measures of cognitive impairment in the ALS group were associated with myelin changes within the anterior corpus callosum and frontal lobe projections. Longitudinal changes were only significant in the PLS group. In conclusion, in this exploratory study, myelin imaging has potential to distinguish PLS from ALS, and may have value as a marker of extramotor involvement. PLS may be a more active cerebral pathological process than its rate of clinical deterioration suggests.


In Strickland vs. Washington, the Supreme Court acknowledged that the role of counsel is critical to the ability of the adversarial system to best insure that just results are produced. Yet, the Court did not elaborately define the Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel and lower courts, have set the bar shockingly low.In this article we examine the quality of attorneys who litigate Sexually Violent Predator Act (SVPA) cases, and conclude that a failure to apply a higher standard of adequate counsel – beyond what was set out in Strickland – results in humiliation, shame and lack of dignity for clients. Effective and competent counsel must be cognizant of how shame and humiliation corrupts our legislation, court proceedings and subsequent management of the sex offender population.We explore the concepts of shame and humiliation and how the effects of these concepts damage not only the client, but the integrity of the court proceeding and subsequent goals of treatment rehabilitation. We focus on the volatile "arranged marriage" of law and psychology in sex offender civil commitment cases that require attorneys to have a particular set of skills and knowledge in order to conduct a fair, judicious and ethical trial, and to secure an accurate verdict. This is necessary to not only preserve the dignity of the legal system but additionally preserve the dignity of clients facing – what is most likely considered – one of the most undignified adjudicative determinations: that of "sexual violent predator. We propose that without specialized training and expert collaboration, attorneys cannot provide even remotely adequate or effective representation.We consider these issues through the prism of therapeutic jurisprudence, which we believe is vital to any authentic understanding of the underlying issues and offer suggestions to prevent and minimize client shame, humiliation and lack of dignity (including sample dialogues that counsel might have with her client).


Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a kind of antibiotic, remains in the environment and threatens public health. Ozone as a strong and green oxidant was widely used for selective oxidation degradation of residual SMX. However, it is hard to elucidate the detailed oxidation mechanism through current experimental approaches. A theoretical study has been carried out herein for exploring possible ozonation pathways of SMX. Two reaction mechanisms, viz., direct addition (DA) and H atom transfer (HAT), are considered. The results show that the primary oxidation of aromatic rings (benzene or isoxazole rings) of SMX follows the DA mechanism, featuring an electrophilic addition. Whereas, the oxidation of amino and methyl groups of SMX follows the HAT mechanism. Following the proposed mechanisms, the primary oxidation products detected in previous experiments could reasonably be obtained according to the current calculations. More importantly, O3 molecules as an electrophilic agent feasibly attack the moiety having a large orbital contribution to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of sulfonamides. This result suggests that the primary ozonation site of sulfonamides could be theoretically predictable through the information of their frontier molecular orbitals. Meanwhile, a positive correlation between the O3-mediated HAT energy barriers and bond dissociation energies has been found for N-H and C-H bond oxidations.