Growth and proliferation of microorganisms such as the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are controlled in part by the availability of nutrients. When proliferating yeast cells exhaust available nutrients, they enter a stationary phase characterized by cell cycle arrest and specific physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes. These changes include thickening of the cell wall, accumulation of reserve carbohydrates, and acquisition of thermotolerance. Recent characterization of mutant cells that are conditionally defective only for the resumption of proliferation from stationary phase provides evidence that stationary phase is a unique developmental state. Strains with mutations affecting entry into and survival during stationary phase have also been isolated, and the mutations have been shown to affect at least seven different cellular processes: (i) signal transduction, (ii) protein synthesis, (iii) protein N-terminal acetylation, (iv) protein turnover, (v) protein secretion, (vi) membrane biosynthesis, and (vii) cell polarity. The exact nature of the relationship between these processes and survival during stationary phase remains to be elucidated. We propose that cell cycle arrest coordinated with the ability to remain viable in the absence of additional nutrients provides a good operational definition of starvation-induced stationary phase.


* The Vikings on Film: Essays on Depictions of the Nordic Middle Ages. Ed. Kevin J. Harty. Jefferson: McFarland & Co., 2011. Pp. 236. This collection of fourteen essays is the first scholarly anthology to examine cinematic representations and re-imaginings of the Vikings and their exploits. The book's editor, Kevin J. Harty, an English professor and Arthurian expert at La Salle University, has previously published extensively on the "the reel Middle Ages"--a term he coined. The project is partly inspired by Andrew Wawn's 2000 study The Vikings and the Victorians: Inventing the Old North in Nineteenth-century Britain. That work explored the term "Viking" as masking a wildly elastic variety of different constructions of Vikingism which were far more reflective of Victorian attitudes about race, nationhood, gender, and class than they were historically accurate evocations of the Viking age. Representations of the Vikings on film and television over the past century likewise more tellingly mirror the cultural and commercial horizons of their filmmakers, financiers, and target audiences than they do anything else. As Harty's introduction points out, film representations of the Vikings are nearly as old as the medium itself, and a spate of Anglo/American early silent short films emerged in the early twentieth century. The first known Viking film is Great Britain's The Viking's Bride (1907), followed by the American studio Vitagraph's The Viking's Daughter, the Story of Ancient Norsemen (1908) and The Last of the Saxons (1910), both directed by James Stuart Blackton. Thomas Edison's company produced The Viking Queen in 1914. As far as we know, prints of these one and two-reel silent films have most probably perished, victims of neglect and the notoriously vulnerable nitrate stock they were shot on. The book's first essay focuses on the 1958 classic Hollywood epic The Vikings, an iconic popular work that still remains the most widely-known Viking film over a half century later. A color photo of producer-star Kirk Douglas as the maimed, one-eyed warrior Einar graces the book's cover. The Vikings was a product of Hollywood's wide-screen "sword-and-sandal" cycle of the 1950s and early 1960s. Directed by Richard Fleischer, it featured an all-star cast led by Douglas, Tony Curtis, Ernest Borgnine, and Janet Leigh. Jack Cardiff's super-saturated Technicolor cinematography (with location shooting in western Norway and Brittany) and composer Mario Nascimbene's score (and its stirring three-note fanfare) also contributed to the film's popularity and durability. The film even spawned a short-lived TV series, Tales of the Vikings, produced by Douglas, which aired for 39 half hour episodes during 1959-60. Kathleen Coyne Kelly's essay here integrates theorists like Metz and Baudrillard into her discussion of scopic tropes in the film. She also documents the correspondence battles pitching Hollywood's self-censoring Production Code Administration (PCA) against United Artists and Douglas' own company Bryna Productions over elements of violence and sexual innuendo in the script that are quite tame by today's standards. The next essay explores the 1964 British-Yugoslavian co-production The Long Ships, starring American actors Richard Widmark, Sidney Poitier, and Russ Tamblyn, and directed by the British Jack Cardiff (whose storytelling skills did not nearly match his cinematographer gifts as one of film history's greatest colorists in Powell and Pressburger's The Red Shoes and Black Narcissus). Donald L. Hoffman jocularly titles his essay "Guess Who's Coming to Plunder?" as a sly wink to Sidney Poitier's black saint persona in progressive 1960s films like Stanley Kramer's interracial marriage comedy-drama, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967). In his analysis, Hoffman gives a sharp post-colonial reading to this quest narrative of Vikings battling Moors over a fabled golden bell treasure. Leading man Richard Widmark chose to play the lead Viking, Rolfe, for roguish comedy while Poitier gave a Shakespearian Othello-like gravitas to his role as the Moorish chieftan, El Mansuh. …


Cross- and up-selling in inbound call centers is a growing business practice, with the promise of enhanced revenue generation and customer retention. Yet firms struggle to create conditions that are conducive to customer service representatives' (CSRs') concurrent engagement in service and sales. By developing a framework of the antecedents and performance consequences of aligned sales and customer service provision, this study advances understanding of ambidexterity at the employee level. The framework receives strong support from an empirical study based on CSRs' survey responses and matched performance data. A CSR's locomotion orientation facilitates ambidextrous behavior and interacts positively with an assessment orientation. However, team identification and bounded discretion impair this valuable interplay. Ambidextrous behavior also increases customer satisfaction and sales performance but decreases efficiency. Nevertheless, the overall performance effect is positive.


This paper presents a discursive analysis of a political news interview as a site for the interactional organization of the public constitution of recent past. In a context of commemoration and finding out the truth about the past, the focus is on how the collective memory of socio-political events and political accountability is managed and what discursive practices representatives of nation-states draw upon to understand and construct ideological representations of socio-political events, namely the Romanian 'revolution' of 1989. The analysis shows how the possibility versus the actuality of knowing the truth about the events, (political) accountability and stake for actions are discussed, framed and given significance by constituting the 'events' of 1989 as 'revolution'. The analysis further reveals how this ascribed categorial meaning is used by the interviewee as background for delegitimizing critical voices and sidestepping responsibility for past actions and knowing the truth. Social and community psychologists can learn more about how individuals and communities construct ideological versions of socio-political events by considering the interplay between questions of political accountability and arguments over the meaning of political categories, and engaging with the accounting practices in which the meaning of socio-political events is being negotiated by members of society Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract:This article analyzes four musical works written for the commemorative centennial year of the Emancipation Proclamation, 1963: We Insist! Max Roach's Freedom Now Suite, featuring the vocalist Abbey Lincoln; Duke Ellington's theatrical production My People; John Coltrane's "Alabama"; and Nina Simone's "Mississippi Goddam." This diverse set of songs expresses the contradiction of Black life and death in America during the modern civil rights movement. Within the structure of each musical piece is a tension described as "the break" in which resistance to the disavowal of Black suffering and the demand for true freedom is performed. The analysis of such breaks helps explain the tenuous position of Black performers in this moment, the precipice they navigated onstage in 1963, as well as a larger tension that undergirded the Black freedom struggle: namely, the impulse to celebrate liberation against a cognizance of its failure to materialize in any substantive form.


Context. The ever-growing number of large spectroscopic survey programs has increased the importance of fast and reliable methods with which to determine precise stellar parameters. Some of these methods are highly dependent on correct spectroscopic calibrations. Aims. The goal of this work is to obtain a new spectroscopic calibration for a fast estimate of Te and [Fe/H] for a wide range of stellar spectral types. Methods. We used spectra from a joint sample of 708 stars, compiled from 451 FGK dwarfs and 257 GK-giant stars. We used homogeneously determined spectroscopic stellar parameters to derive temperature calibrations using a set of selected EW line-ratios, and [Fe/H] calibrations using a set of selected Fei lines. Results. We have derived 322 EW line-ratios and 100 Fei lines that can be used to compute Te and [Fe/H], respectively. We show that these calibrations are e ective for FGK dwarfs and GK-giant stars in the following ranges: 4500 K < Te < 6500 K, 2:5 < logg < 4:9 dex, and 0:8 < [Fe=H] < 0:5 dex. The new calibration has a standard deviation of 74 K for Te and 0:07 dex for [Fe/H]. We use four independent samples of stars to test and verify the new calibration, a sample of 56 giant stars, a sample composed of Gaia FGK benchmark stars, a sample of 36 GK-giant stars of the DR1 of the Gaia-ESO survey, and a sample of 582 FGK-dwarf stars. We also provide a new computer code, GeTCal, for automatically producing new calibration files based on any new sample of stars.


Postcard sent from John C. Barr in Jerseyville, IL to Charles B. Moore giving a brief overview of recent events. Mr. Barr notes a visit from a friend and the ripening of fruit plants. Two notes on the front of the card read: "Received May 8 1874" and "4th. 1 inch rain last night."


There has been a recent resurgence of interest in the work of Vilfredo Pareto, one of the founders of modern economics. This book reconstructs the genesis and significance of Pareto's theory of choice which is Pareto's greatest contribution to economic science and which was used by John Hicks, amongst others, to develop microeconomics.


Even when the first subject matter of copyright control was literary works, the specific rights of authors who produce these works had never been clearly articulated. Copyright laws have protected a statutory right to distribute the work to the public that may be broadly owned by both author and publisher while the common-law right of property over the work, which would have protected an author's creative interest in the work, have been dismissed by the courts as a legitimate source of law. This paper examines literary property as a form of authorial rights, which authors may potentially have over works of authorship and which is both separate and distinct from statutory copyright. By looking at publication contracts between manuscript publishers and authors such as John Milton, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Thoreau, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, this paper suggests that there are two sources of rights over literary and artistic works - one at common-law and another at statute – as evidenced by the fact that authors retained personal property rights over their work after exclusive rights to print were assigned to the publisher. Should the notion of literary property be accepted as another source of right for the author, there will be immense implications for how scholars, jurists, and policy-makers understand and shape copyright laws. If literary property is acknowledged as separate from statutory copyright, then ownership of the work and ownership of the specific rights under §106 of the Copyright Act would entail different entitlements. The author's role in the copyright system will be more clearly defined as ownership of literary property delineates rights owned and obligations owed by authors who produce literary works for the rest of society. Finally, this paper argues that social expectation to access creative works may be checked against the authors' right to protect their creative personality and integrity as well as the publishers' right to receive fair payment for the use of the work if a clear conceptual distinction between literary property and copyright is drawn.


We have isolated cDNA clones for mouse tenascin and analyzed expression of tenascin mRNAs during embryonic development of the kidney and gut. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse tenascin cDNAs shows a modular structure of repeats similar to chicken and human tenascin. In mouse there are 14.5 cysteine-rich repeats with similarity to the EGF repeat, followed by several repeats with similarity to the type III repeat of fibronectin. A longer variant contains 13 fibronectin type III repeats, whereas a shorter splice variant of mouse tenascin lacks the 5 type III repeats that occur directly after the fifth repeat in the longer variant. Contrary to the chicken and human sequences, mouse tenascin does not contain an RGD sequence in the third type III repeat implicated in cell attachment, or in any other positions. In Northern hybridizations to RNA from primary embryonic fibroblasts, the cDNA clone M 20/1 detects two mRNAs with sizes close to 6 and 8 kb. This, and the other data presented here suggest that the two major mouse tenascin polypeptides arise through an alternative RNA splicing. The two major mRNAs are differentially expressed during development. The 8- kb mRNA is more prominent than the 6-kb mRNA throughout prenatal kidney development, but during postnatal development the ratio of the two mRNAs changes. A different expression pattern is seen in the developing gut where the 6-kb mRNA predominates during embryogenesis with the 8-kb mRNA appearing later. The mRNA data of the developing gut correspond with previous protein data, which showed that the shorter Mr 210,000 polypeptide predominates during earlier developmental stages and the larger Mr 260,000 polypeptide appears later in the embryonic gut (Aufderheide, E., and P. Ekblom. 1988. J. Cell Biol. 107:2341-2349).


Land Grant Universities are partnering with private firms to fulfill the university mission. Public and private entities can come together in mutually beneficial activities, measured by fulfillment of each party's mission. Rules of engagement are discussed. Six actual agreements currently in operation between Kansas State University and private entities represent a range of types of public-private agreements. The principal components of each agreement are described and the benefits to each party enumerated in the context of organizational missions.


This thesis is part of ESA's effort to advance Europe's employed planetary protection policy to avoid unwanted contamination of our solar bodies due to mankind's spaceflight program.
Consequently the biological contamination of each spacecraft is monitored and, if necessary, reduced before launch. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to identify and analyse the con-tamination level and phylogenetic diversity present in a European class 100,000 clean room (no more than 100k particles larger than 5 µm per foot3). In addition, the physiological properties of the cultivable bacteria collected from inside the facility were examined to identify possible changes in the bacterial characteristics due to the selective conditions present in such an environment. To achieve these goals three lines of work have been pursued:

I. Evaluation and optimization of the established microbial sampling protocols
Clean rooms represent a low biomass environment for which an effective and sensitive analysis of the collected samples is fundamental. The first step of this thesis was to critically evaluate existing microbial sampling protocols typically applied for the bioburden control of clean rooms. The swab technique, as specified by NASA (NPG: 5340.1D, 1980), was analysed by spiking an area with a defined number of spores and comparing the results of the swabbing method with the actual number of spores applied. During the analysis two major weaknesses in the sampling process were identified. First, only 50-60% of the actual spores present were picked up by the swab during sampling. Second, from those spores picked up, only 50% were again detachable from the swab and contribute to the final contamination count. These two factors will lead to an overall under-estimation of the real bioburden by up to 300% (Nellen et al., 2006). Once the analysis revealed that half of the collected microorganisms are retained in the swab, it was tested if this major shortcoming could be utilized. Several DNA extraction techniques were tested and combined to establish an effective method of directly isolating DNA from the swab-heads used during sampling. Specific protocols were developed, and it is now possible to identify cultivable and uncultivable bacteria from the same sample. The results of this optimization work will be incorporated into Europe's future planetary protection bioburden monitoring protocols of space craft assembly facilities.

II. Identification of the cultivable and uncultivable bacterial phylogenetic diversity of a class 100k clean room facility
For this purpose ESA's hardware testing facility (class 100k clean room) at ESTEC, (Noordwijk, Netherlands) was chosen as model system for a test sampling. After the sample collection, aerobic cultivation techniques and 16S rDNA based relatedness comparison were used in combination to identify the bacterial phylogentic variety present inside the facility. This work represents the first phylogenetic study of the cultivable and uncultivable bacterial fraction inside a European clean room. The integration of direct DNA analysis into the standard sampling assay raised the number of detected bacteria from 18 to 80 distinguishable species (≥97% 16S rDNA sequence similarity). Furthermore, it was possible to extract and identify the uncultivable bacterial fraction from each of the sampled locations; whereas, some of the locations did not yield any cultivable bacteria. This increase in phylogenetic data by molecular based methods is a known fact (Amann et al., 1995) and emphasizes the importance of including such methods into ESA's bioburden monitoring process. Over 90% of the identified bacteria could be associated with three phyla, the Firmicutes (45%), the Actinobacteria (18.75%) and the Proteobacteria (30%). These 3 phyla are typical representatives of environmental and human associated samples and correspond to the two main contamination sources identified in this study: the human work crew (52%) and the urban surroundings outside the clean room (40%). Most of the detected bacterial species are harmless for the human work crew, nonetheless several pathogenic species were detected. These bacterial families should be monitored more closely during later studies. Only three species (Granulicatella adiacens, Mycobacterium chitae and Streptococcus mitis) could be identified in each of the three sampled access-restriction classes of the ESTEC facility.

III. Analysis of the resistance potential of the collected cultivable bacteria
Additionally, the question was addressed if the highly restrictive clean room environment could lead to a change in the physiological properties of the present bacterial community. The hypothesis was tested by using a microtiter based screening procedure to analyse the resistance potential of the cultivable bacterial community. The resistance characteristics of 62 collected isolates was tested against a selection of 23 harmful treatments. Though the difference in potency between different treatments (highly to mildly lethal) could be detected on the community level, no raised community resistance was observable under the tested conditions. It was striking that a high variance in the resistance characteristics between individual strains of the same species could be observed.
Additionally, during this study several strains were identified which exhibit a marked increase in their resistance against one or more of the tested influences. These results lead to the conclusion that though changes in individual strains seemed to be promoted by the clean room conditions, no community level changes can be observed under the tested conditions. Furthermore, the molecular changes leading to the observed resistances need to be examined in detail to identify the source and if these resistances were obtained while the bacteria were inside the clean room or before they were brought into the facility.


– The purpose of this paper is to propose that the choice of marketing tactics is influenced by the company's external environment. It aims to illustrate the marketing tactics suggested for a complex, turbulent environment, when marketing and the environment are viewed through a complexity lens., – A marketing mix model, derived from complexity literature, was assessed via a multiple case study to identify the type of marketing mix suggested for a complex, turbulent environment. The study was exploratory, using in‐depth interviews with two companies in the IT industry., – The results tentatively confirmed that the more successful company used a destabilizing marketing mix, and suggest that using complexity theory to develop marketing tactics could be helpful in turbulent environments., – The findings are limited by the study's exploratory, qualitative nature and the small sample. Generalizing should be done with care and therefore further research with larger samples and in different environments is recommended., – The paper will benefit marketers by emphasizing a new way to consider future marketing activities of their companies. The model can assist marketers to identify the tactics to use, dependent on the nature of their environment., – Most work on complexity in marketing has concentrated on strategy, with little emphasis on tactics and the marketing mix. Therefore, the paper is an important contribution to the understanding of marketing mix choices, of interest to both practising marketers and marketing academics.


Several recent studies have indicated that miR-30a plays critical roles in various biological processes and diseases. However, the mechanism of miR-30a participation in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) regulation is ambiguous. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-30a may function as a novel therapeutic target for lung fibrosis by blocking mitochondrial fission, which is dependent on dynamin-related protein1 (Drp-1). However, the regulatory mechanism between miR-30a and Drp-1 is yet to be investigated. Additionally, whether miR-30a can act as a potential therapeutic has not been verified in vivo. In this study, the miR-30a expression in IPF patients was evaluated. Computational analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay system were used to identify the target gene of miR-30a, and cell transfection was utilized to confirm this relationship. Ten–eleven translocation 1 (TET1) was validated as a direct target of miR-30a, and miR-30a mimic and inhibitor transfection significantly reduced and increased the TET1 protein expression, respectively. Further experimentation verified that the TET1 siRNA interference could inhibit Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Finally, miR-30a agomir was designed and applied to identify and validate the therapeutic effect of miR-30a in vivo. Our study demonstrated that miR-30a could inhibit TET1 expression through base pairing with complementary sites in the 3′untranslated region to regulate Drp-1 promoter hydroxymethylation. Furthermore, miR-30a could act as a potential therapeutic target for IPF.


During the last decade, overlay networks based on distributed hash tables have become the de facto standard for data management in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems, with Chord being its most prominent representative. Essentially, with its fully decentralized approach, Chord avoids any bottleneck and single point of failure while guaranteeing data to be retrieved in O(log N) hops in a network consisting of N nodes. By optimizing the number of hops for data access, Chord implicitly assumes that all connections between nodes have comparable bandwidth and latency characteristics. However, in heterogeneous, mobile P2P systems that consist of both mobile and fixed nodes, this is not the case. Moreover, due to the mobility of nodes, connection parameters can dynamically change. Especially in mobile P2P applications where low latency for data access is essential, such as in emergency management, routing should aim at reducing the overall latency, rather than the number of hops in the network. In this paper, we present COMPASS, a protocol for efficient data access in heterogeneous mobile Chord-based P2P systems. COMPASS takes into account that the network latency of nodes in a mobile P2P network may significantly differ and thus aims at minimizing the overall latency, even if this necessitates more hops in the network. This is done by probing the network and by maintaining, in addition to Chord's finger table, at each peer a data structure called COMPASS table. We present in detail the initialization and maintenance of the COMPASS table that dynamically adapts to changing node characteristics. Evaluation results show that COMPASS outperforms standard Chord-based routing and reduces the overall latency in heterogeneous P2P networks consisting of fixed and mobile nodes.


Abstract Aims To determine whether doctors, nurses or the multi-professional team (MPT) are better at prognosticating in advanced cancer. To determine which clinician factors influence prognostic accuracy. To investigate patients' views about receiving prognostic information and to evaluate the accuracy of their own estimates. Methods As part of a large prospective multi-centre study to develop a novel prognostic scoring system for patients with advanced cancer, clinicians were asked to estimate whether patients were expected to live for 'days', 'weeks' or 'months+'. Patients were asked whether and how they would wish to receive prognostic information and whether they would be willing/able to estimate their own prognosis. Survival was calculated from date of study entry. Prognostic accuracy of different groups was compared using linear weighted κ (LWK). Results 1018 patients with advanced cancer were studied; 127 doctors, 281 nurses and 290 patients provided 829, 954 and 290 prognostic estimates respectively. MPT estimates were available for 987 patients. LWK varied between 0.14 (patients) and 0.46 (MPT). Patients' estimates were significantly worse than doctors', nurses' or MPT estimates (all p<0.001). Nurses' estimates were significantly worse than the MPT estimate (p=0.007). No clinician factors (age, gender, experience or grade) were consistently associated with better prognostic accuracy. Most patients (61.4%) wanted to know their prognosis of whom 48% wanted to know it 'approximately' and 52% wanted to know 'exactly'. Conclusion Most patients wish to know their prognosis. Clinicians' predictions are inaccurate and patients' predictions are significantly worse. MPT estimates are the most accurate.


This paper describes the practical application of web intelligence for visitor behavioural analysis. The objective of the paper is to show how the research in data mining carried out in the authors' laboratory has been synthesised to address the requirements of web intelligence. Initially, Web Intelligence is defined, and the data components used are explained. The web mining components of web intelligence are then outlined. Our research goals and our previous work is described in the following sections, followed by the inter-linked goals for digital marketing using web intelligence. The main body of the paper describes the various data- mining based analytical processes employed for web intelligence. The section on closing the marketing circle describes how the output of web intelligence can form a firm foundation for personalisation activities. The final section draws conclusions on the application of web intelligence in the near future.


The hilly northern part of the north-northeast-trending Great Dyke – the Mvukwe Range – comprises a 300 km2, elongate mass of exposed serpentinite displaying remnants of two principal erosion surfaces: an arealy-dominant upper surface and a subordinate lower surface confined to a northerly location. Both surfaces, assigned to successive phases of the composite, continent-wide, mid-Cretaceous to end-Oligocene, African Surface, are represented by variably-preserved table-lands of plateaus, mesas, buttes, and accordant summits. To the east and west, inselberg-bearing, granitic plains form a composite, Miocene, Post-African etch surface at contrasting lower elevations, resulting in eccentric dispositions of African erosion surfaces and Post-African internal valleys, all attributed to the varying maturity of the main drainage systems either side of the Mvukwe Range, a probable regional watershed since pre-Karoo times.

The lower and upper African surfaces have present-day elevations of ca. 1525 m and (mostly) ca. 1620 m, respectively, although an original vertical separation of ca. 200 m is estimated in the north. Complex northward variations in preservation and elevation of the upper surface, plus a general northward increase in modal olivine in the serpentinised dunite protolith, point to significant regional uplift, probably associated with Tertiary displacement of the Zambezi Escarpment horst active since the Triassic at the northern extremity of the Great Dyke, as well as possible re-activation of Zambezi belt-related Proterozoic faults.

Preserved African Surface regoliths comprise (cliff-forming) horizontally-fractured serpentinite overlain by a composite silica cap of horizontally-fractured serpentinite with sheeted silica veins below ferruginous silicified serpentinite. The predominantly, goethite-chrysotile African regoliths carry nickel enrichments of 1 to 2% Ni (or more) to depths of up to 10 m (or more) in the fractured serpentinite and sheeted silica vein zones; other nickel enrichments occur more sporadically within the protolith. Three principal mineralogical associations are postulated for the contained nickel: (1) discrete, fracture-related, 'garnieritic' minerals (in both regolith and protolith), (2) nickeloan serpentine within drusy vugs associated with silica veins, and, probably, (3) pervasive enrichments associated with goethite and/or chrysotile. Cobalt, concentrated towards the top of the preserved regolith profile, is most likely linked to goethite via a primary association with Mn.

The geomorphological and geological features of Great Dyke nickel laterites are closely analogous to those of classic, saprolite-type nickel laterite deposits in Brazil. Both groups probably formed in fundamentally similar ways, the lower grade/thickness of the Great Dyke deposits attributable to the slightly differing climatological and geomorphological histories of northern Zimbabwe and of equatorial and tropical Brazil.


This paper introduces an approach to emotion driven design that was based on the process that underlies emotional responses to consumer products. Three levels, and nine associated classes of product-evoked emotions are discussed, which are each the outcome of a unique pattern of eliciting conditions. The approach is based on two main propositions. The first is that all emotional reactions result from an appraisal process in which the individual appraises the product as (potentially) harming or favoring his or her wellbeing. This appraisal is a nonrational sense-evaluation of the product's relational meaning. In this perspective, the appraisal is considered a key-parameter that determines if a product evokes an emotion, and if so, what emotion is evoked. Three main appraisal types are identified: an usefulness appraisal, a pleasantness appraisal, and a rightfulness appraisal. The second proposition is that products can generate at least three classes of emotional stimuli: stimuli with a product-focus (i.e. the qualities and properties of the product); with an activity-focus (i.e. when using the product), and with a self-focus (i.e. consequences of using the product). The three appraisals and three levels of person-product relationships combine to a framework of nine sources of product emotions. The framework is used as the basis for an approach to design that aims for three levels of emotional product appeal.


Mercury induces autoimmune disease and increases IL-4 production and IgE levels in certain rodent strains. The object of this study was to determine if mercury was capable of inducing Th2 cytokine production in human leucocytes. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were incubated with PMA/ionomycin or Con A in the presence or absence of methyl mercury (CH3Hg) or mercuric chloride (HgCl2). IL-4 and gamma-IFN were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: IL-4 production significantly increased at low concentrations of CH3Hg (0.5 uM, p < 0.01), while gamma-IFN production was suppressed starting at CH3Hg 2 uM (p = 0.004). Inorganic mercury (HgCl2) increased IL-4 only at concentrations 10–20 times higher than CH3Hg. These findings suggest a mechanism by which mercury could trigger or potentiate TH2 cytokine production in humans.


Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes an orofecal disease transmitted through poor hygiene environments, contaminated food (mainly pork products), or by contacts with infected animals. Very little data are currently available regarding the disease in the Southwestern Indian Ocean Islands. We report the first sero- and viro-survey for HEV in human and swine in Madagascar. A seroprevalence rate of 14.1% (60 of 427) was measured in slaughterhouse workers. Seroprevalence to HEV in pigs was estimated to 71.2% (178 of 250), strongly suggesting the existence of a zoonotic cycle. Three out of 250 pig livers (1.2%) tested HEV RNA-positive by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Phylogenetic analyses based on 1-kb sequences of the ORF 2-3 identified these viruses as HEV genotype 3. Sequences clustered in a distinct Malagasy sub-clade, possibly representative of a new sub-genotype, for which the date of emergence was estimated around 1989. Further studies are needed to confirm other transmission routes of HEV to humans, especially through non-zoonotic cycles.


A volcanic eruption is a phenomenon in which ballistic bombs, lapilli, volcanic ash, lava, and gas are discharged. Volcanic ash and gas are carried by the wind, and pyroclastic flows and lava flows are carried away by the force of gravity. These cause disasters of various forms in the areas around volcanoes, sometimes far from eruptive center. Accordingly, volcanic countries, particularly Asian countries such as Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines, have been the scenes of volcanic disasters. We conducted the research project "Integrated study on mitigation of multimodal disasters caused by the ejection of volcanic products" with the Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation and other institutes in Indonesia under the SATREPS project from FY2013 to 2018. The aim of the project was to advance volcanic hazard mitigation, and I served as the guest editor of "Special Issue on Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products" (2016) and "Special Issue on Integrated Study on Mitigation of Multimodal Disasters Caused by Ejection of Volcanic Products: Part 2" (2019) of the Journal of Disaster Research. The articles in the Special Issues have been downloaded by many researchers. The Special Issues cover many topics related to volcanic disasters, but the main theme is how to forecast real-time volcanic hazards using data monitoring, since it is this monitoring that triggers the issuing of warnings.
 I have studied the volcanic activity of Sakurajima, the most active volcano in Japan, for 40 years, primarily to forecast its eruptions. Forecasting the eruptions is not as important as forecasting the hazards and risks posed by volcanic actions. Research done on the mitigation of the volcanic hazards of Sakurajima as well as Indonesian volcanoes has been enhanced by interaction. The cumulative volume of magma stored in the past 100 years indicates that Sakurajima has the potential for a large-scale eruption (VEI > 4). An eruption and its dispersal of volcanic ash in particular would cause a variety of disasters over a wide area, as described in the other issues of Journal of Disaster Research. I hope that the research results will be utilized for hazard mitigation in the event of future large-scale eruptions. The research could be advanced through collaboration with studies aimed at the enhancement of resilience and recovery.


The intermittent exercise pattern associated with soccer makes analysis of the demands of the sport more complex than in many individual sports. The aim in this thesis was to determine the physiological and metabolic responses to soccer-specific exercise. The demands associated with elite level match-play were evaluated by techniques of motion-analysis. Laboratory based soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocols were then devised to determine the physiological strain associated with soccer and investigate the effects of increased ambient temperature and whole body pre-cooling on performance.
The work-rate profiles of elite South American soccer players and English Premier League players, performing in international and club level respectively, were determined. English Premier League players covered a greater total distance during a game than the South American players (P< 0.05). Differences were found for the total distance covered for playing positions with midfield players covering larger distances than forwards. Defenders covered a greater distance jogging backwards than forward players with forwards sprinting a greater distance than defenders. Work-rate was reduced in the second half of the game for all player. The total distance covered by the international players was done mainly at submaximal intensities. High intensity exercise was infrequent and bouts were of short duration. No significant correlations were observed between the work-rate profile and anthropometric charactersitics of individuals.
The use of the doubly-labelled water technique to indicate the energy expenditure during soccer match-play was investigated. The doubly-labelled water technique cannot determine energy expenditure during a soccer match as the rate of turnover of the isotopes is too small to allow the accurate estimation of energy expended.
Laboratory based soccer-specific intermittent protocols elicited physiological responses that were similar in magnitude and pattern to soccer match-play. Physiological demands fluctuated with exercise intensity during intermittent exercise. Oxygen consumption and heart rate were not significantly different during soccer-specific intermittent exercise and steady-rate exercise at the same average intensity. Rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the two protocols, although intermittent exercise performance resulted in a greater rise in rectal temperature as the protocol progressed (P< 0.05). Sweat production did not differ significantly between the two exercise sessions, though the rating of perceived exertion was significantly higher (P< 0.05), for the session as a whole, during intermittent exercise.
Intermittent exercise performance at 26 ° C did not result in significant increases in the physiological, metabolic or thermoregulatory responses when compared to intermittent exercise at 20 ° C. The physiological and metabolic responses were also similar when intermittent exercise was performed after a whole body pre-cooling manoeuvre. Rectal temperature was lowered by the pre-cooling strategy prior to exercise (- 0.6 ± 0.6 ° C, P< 0.05). Rectal temperature during exercise was only significantly lower after pre-cooling than during exercise at 26 ° C. No significant differences were observed in rectal temperature during exercise between the normal and pre-cooled condition. The increase in rectal temperature during the second half of the protocol was significantly greater than the increase observed at 26 ° C or under normal conditions. This may be a consequence of an altered thermoregulatory response due to the pre-cooling manouvre.
In conclusion, the work-rate demands of soccer seem to be predominantly aerobic in nature with anaerobic bouts and the performance of specific match activities increasing the demands placed on players. The demands of intermittent exercise are not significantly different from continuous work performed at the same average intensity though there is tentative evidence for a decrease in the efficiency of the thermoregulatory system during intermittent work. No adverse effects upon intermittent exercise performance were noted under conditions of moderate heat stress, while any thermoregulatory benefits of whole body pre-cooling during intermittent work are probably only transient.


Hexavalent chromium is difficult to remove during conventional biological wastewater treatment. This is because the hexavalent form is dissolved and is only sparingly removed by adsorption onto biomass in conventional processes. Hexavalent chromium is of particular concern because of its aquatic toxicity, and an increasing number of wastewater works have effluent discharge limits to protect receiving water courses, some as low as 8 μg Cr L −1 . A relatively simple improvement to the removal of chromium could be made by switching the aluminium or ferric solution dosed at most treatment works for the removal of solids, organic load and phosphorus, to a ferrous salt. Ferrous reduces hexavalent chromium to insoluble trivalent chromium, which can be readily settled out of waste streams as a particulate. In the present study, laboratory experiments using real wastewater and ferrous doses of 10 mg Fe L −1 achieve the chromium discharge consent of 8 μg L −1 from initial solution concentrations of up to 40 μg L −1 . A ferrous chloride dosing system was subsequently installed at an operational sewage treatment works that has produced an average final effluent chromium concentration of 2.4 μg L −1 (with a maximum of 4.2 μg L −1 ), despite influent spikes >300 μg L −1 .


R is rapidly growing in popularity as the environment of choice for data analysis and graphics both in academia and industry. Lattice brings the proven design of Trellis graphics (originally developed for S by William S. Cleveland and colleagues at Bell Labs) to R, considerably expanding its capabilities in the process. Lattice is a powerful and elegant high level data visualization system that is sufficient for most everyday graphics needs, yet flexible enough to be easily extended to handle demands of cutting edge research. Written by the author of the lattice system, this book describes it in considerable depth, beginning with the essentials and systematically delving into specific low levels details as necessary. No prior experience with lattice is required to read the book, although basic familiarity with R is assumed. The book contains close to150 figures produced with lattice. Many of the examples emphasize principles of good graphical design; almost all use real data sets that are publicly available in various R packages. All code and figures in the book are also available online, along with supplementary material covering more advanced topics.


: This research focuses on airborne integrity algorithms for shipboard relative GPS (SRGPS) navigation. Airborne autonomous detection is required for navigation threats that are undetectable by integrity monitors at a shipboard differential reference station. These threats can be separated into two basic categories: (1) aircraft receiver failures, and (2) signal-in-space anomalies whose effects depend on the displacement between the user and the ship. For the anticipated carrier-phase SRGPS navigation architecture, tracking-loop cycle slips are well-known threats in the first category. Ionospheric gradient and satellite orbit ephemeris anomalies are relevant threats of the second type. Airborne autonomous monitoring algorithms to detect these threats are described in this paper. Monitor performance is directly evaluated relative to the integrity requirements for aircraft shipboard landing navigation applications.


This paper explores how alternative assumptions about household portfolio behavior affect estimates of the revenue cost of excluding state and local government interest payments from the federal income tax base. Standard tax expenditure estimates assume that current holders of tax-exempt bonds would replace their holdings of tax-exempt bonds with taxable bonds if the tax exemption were eliminated. We consider a number of alternative possible portfolio responses. Because taxable bonds are among the most heavily taxed assets, assuming that investors holding tax-exempt bonds would otherwise hold taxable bonds yields a larger estimate of the revenue cost of tax exemption than many alternative assumptions. Based on data from the 2004 Survey of Consumer Finances, we estimate that the revenue cost of tax exemption under the "taxable bond substitution hypothesis" is $14.2 billion, compared with $10.1 billion if corporate stock replaces tax-exempt bonds in household portfolios, and $7.9 billion if investors distribute their tax-exempt bond holdings in proportion to the other assets currently in their portfolios. We also explore the revenue effects of capping the dollar amount of tax-exempt interest per tax return and of limiting tax-exempt interest as a fraction of AGI.


Abalone fisheries in Australia and New Zealand are managed at scales of 100s of kilometers with zonal Legal Minimum Lengths (LML) and Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ), for commercial divers, and short fishing seasons, trip and possession limits for the recreational sector. Abalone resources are comprised of many independent populations which vary widely in their size of maturity. Under focused fishing pressure local populations with larger sizes of maturity have relatively little of their breeding stock protected by a zonal LML. Populations with a large size of maturity relative to the zonal LML are prone to local extinction. A gardening approach to abalone management would allow cultivators to learn optimal shell sizes and harvest rates for individual reefs while allowing government agencies to withdraw into the role of regulator and advisor.

Optimizing abalone production necessitates changing the nature of existing property rights from an allocation of zonal catch (ITQ), into a right to harvest a defined area; Territorial User Rights Fishery (TURF). Among the institutional impediments to this reform are the complex allocation issues involved. The first concerns the mechanism by which agencies and stake holders could agree to change existing commercial allocations into an equitably proportional allocation of the harvestable area. Two proposed mechanisms illustrate the essential elements required; equity, transparency and independence from outside influence. The second issue concerns allocation between the commercial sector, recreational and traditional harvesters, and non-extractive users. The current systems generally avoid explicitly allocating shares between these sectors TURF management necessitates making this allocation explicit.


This paper presents an overview of the current state of the art in multiple testing in genomics data from a user's perspective. We describe methods for familywise error control, false discovery rate control and false discovery proportion estimation and confidence, both conceptually and practically, and explain when to use which type of error rate. We elaborate on the assumptions underlying the methods and discuss pitfalls in the interpretation of results. In our discussion, we take into account the exploratory nature of genomics experiments, looking at selection of genes before or after testing, and at the role of validation experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


BACKGROUND
Intracranial hypertension due to primary and secondary injuries is a prime concern when providing care to patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Increases in intracranial pressure vary depending on compensatory processes within the craniospinal space, also referred to as intracranial adaptive capacity. In patients with traumatic brain injury and decreased intracranial adaptive capacity, intracranial pressure increases disproportionately in response to a variety of stimuli. However, no well-validated measures are available in clinical practice to predict the development of such an increase.

OBJECTIVES
To examine whether P2 elevation, quantified by determining the P2:P1 ratio (=0.8) of the intracranial pressure pulse waveform, is a unique predictor of disproportionate increases in intracranial pressure on a beat-by-beat basis in the 30 minutes preceding the elevation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury, within 48 hours after deployment of an intracranial pressure monitor.

METHODS
A total of 38 patients with severe traumatic brain injury were sampled from a randomized controlled trial of cerebral perfusion pressure management in patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

RESULTS
The P2 elevation was not only present before the disproportionate increase in pressure, but also appeared in the comparison data set (within-subject without such a pressure increase).

CONCLUSIONS
P2 elevation is not a reliable clinical indicator to predict an impending disproportionate increase in intracranial pressure.


Background: In child health care immunization is a common task for the child health nurse. Often children are unprepared, afraid and preoccupied with pain in the vaccination situation. Most children experience the presence of the parents as important during the procedure. Parents who prepare their child reduce the child's stress during the vaccination situation. An interaction occurs between the child health nurse and the child where participation is a prerequisite for the experience to be a positive outcome. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the child health nurses' experiences of vaccinating children aged 0-6 years.Method: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were performed with twelve child health nurses. Data was analyzed using a content analysis focusing in manifest content. Results: Child health nurses' experiences of vaccinating commuted between the sense of power and confident. The crucial experience was the support and cooperation that the child health nurses experienced with the parents. It emerged a theme: Participation, three main categories: Sense of power, sense of confidence and cooperation with parents and six subcategories: Abuse, powerlessness, experiences, strategies, common goals and approaches and different goals and approaches. Conclusion: The result indicates that the parents have a dominant role in the vaccination situations with the ability to affect the health nurse's experience. Child health nurse, child and parents must cooperate to vaccinations to be carried out and be perceived in a positive way


This essay defines the category of "visual history" and introduces its operations across the essays included in this special issue. It proposes that such narratives accelerated time in cultures where it became increasingly common to traverse spatial distances. In this way, visual histories are not simply guides to the times, but guides to time itself.


The success of a multimedia information system depends heavily on the way the data is represented. Although there are "natural" ways to represent numerical data, it is not clear what is a good way to represent multimedia data, such as images, video, or sound. We investigate various image representations where the quality of the representation is judged based on how well a system for searching through an image database can perform-although the same techniques and representations can be used for other types of object detection tasks or multimedia data analysis problems. The system is based on a machine learning method used to develop object detection models from example images that can subsequently be used for examples to detect-search-images of a particular object in an image database. As a base classifier for the detection task, we use support vector machines (SVM), a kernel based learning method. Within the framework of kernel classifiers, we investigate new image representations/kernels derived from probabilistic models of the class of images considered and present a new feature selection method which can be used to reduce the dimensionality of the image representation without significant losses in terms of the performance of the detection-search-system.


Abstract. Availability of in situ river monitoring data, especially of data shared across boundaries, is decreasing, despite growing challenges for water resource management across the entire globe. This is especially valid for the case study of this work, the Brahmaputra Basin in South Asia. Commonly, satellite altimeters are used in various ways to provide information about such river basins. Most missions provide virtual station time series of water levels at locations where their repeat orbits cross rivers. CryoSat-2 is equipped with a new type of altimeter, providing estimates of the actual ground location seen in the reflected signal. It also uses a drifting orbit, challenging conventional ways of processing altimetry data to river water levels and their incorporation in hydrologic–hydrodynamic models. However, CryoSat-2 altimetry data provides an unprecedentedly high spatial resolution. This paper suggests a procedure to (i) filter CryoSat-2 observations over rivers to extract water-level profiles along the river, and (ii) use this information in combination with a hydrologic–hydrodynamic model to fit the simulated water levels with an accuracy that cannot be reached using information from globally available digital elevation models (DEMs) such as from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) only. The filtering was done based on dynamic river masks extracted from Landsat imagery, providing spatial and temporal resolutions high enough to map the braided river channels and their dynamic morphology. This allowed extraction of river water levels over previously unmonitored narrow stretches of the river. In the Assam Valley section of the Brahmaputra River, CryoSat-2 data and Envisat virtual station data were combined to calibrate cross sections in a 1-D hydrodynamic model of the river. The hydrologic–hydrodynamic model setup and calibration are almost exclusively based on openly available remote sensing data and other global data sources, ensuring transferability of the developed methods. They provide an opportunity to achieve forecasts of both discharge and water levels in a poorly gauged river system.


The Irish playwright, Friel is among the most prominent contemporary writers. In his works he deals mainly with socio-cultural issues in Ireland. His 1980 play, Translations focuses on the problem of language and cultural colonization in Ireland. Hailed as a postcolonial work, the play is not limited to the depiction of the problem; it presents some suggestions and probable solutions to the problem, especially with a different look at the role and significance of "translation". While showing a tangible picture of colonial struggles, it tries not to depict a one-sided picture of the problem. The present paper focuses on Friel's different view toward Irish colonization and Irish cultural nationalism. The objective of the paper is to show how Friel looks differently at the function of language and the crucial role of "translation" in colonial struggles.


Sparse additive models are families of d-variate functions with the additive decomposition f* = Σj∈S fj*, where S is an unknown subset of cardinality s < d. In this paper, we consider the case where each univariate component function fj* lies in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), and analyze a method for estimating the unknown function f* based on kernels combined with l1-type convex regularization. Working within a high-dimensional framework that allows both the dimension d and sparsity s to increase with n, we derive convergence rates in the L2(P) and L2(Pn) norms over the class Fd,s,H of sparse additive models with each univariate function fj* in the unit ball of a univariate RKHS with bounded kernel function. We complement our upper bounds by deriving minimax lower bounds on the L2(P) error, thereby showing the optimality of our method. Thus, we obtain optimal minimax rates for many interesting classes of sparse additive models, including polynomials, splines, and Sobolev classes. We also show that if, in contrast to our univariate conditions, the d-variate function class is assumed to be globally bounded, then much faster estimation rates are possible for any sparsity s = Ω(√n), showing that global boundedness is a significant restriction in the high-dimensional setting.


Relapsing fever (RF) is caused by different species of Borrelia transmitted by soft ticks or by the human body louse. Illness is characterized by reappearing peaks of high concentrations of spirochetes in blood, concordant with fever peaks separated by asymptomatic periods. Neuroborreliosis is one of the most severe manifestations of RF borreliosis. To understand the immune response during early RF, we analyzed immune cells in brain and kidney of mice infected with B. crocidurae during the acute infection. Our results indicate that brain defense is comprised primarily of innate immune cells. Despite the infiltration of innate immune cells, Borrelia was not completely eradicated. A failure of the host brain to clear the bacteria may give the pathogen a niche where it can persist. Using our mouse model, we revealed that Borrelia duttonii could persist in the mouse brain for up to 270 days, without being present in the circulation. The infection was silent with no change in host gene expression, and the spirochetes could re-enter the circulation after immunosuppression. We propose that the brain is used by the pathogen to evade host immunity and serves as a possible natural reservoir for B. duttonii, a spirochete that has rarely been found in any mammalian host other than man. Borrelia-induced complications during pregnancy have been reported, and are especially common in RF. In our established mouse model of gestational RF, we could show that the fetuses suffered from severe pathology and growth retardation, probably as a consequence of placental destruction. We could also show trans-placental transmission of the bacteria leading to neonatal RF. Surprisingly, pregnant dams had a lower bacterial load and less severe disease, showing that pregnancy has a protective effect during RF. We have used the gestational RF model to investigate host factors favoring disease resolution. Because the spleen is the primary organ responsible for trapping and removing blood-borne pathogens, we have compared temporal changes in spleen immune cell populations and cytokine/chemokine induction during the infection. Spleens of pregnant mice had earlier neutrophil infiltration, as well as faster and higher production of pro-inflammatory mediators. This rapid, robust response suggests a more effective host defense. Thus, an enhanced pro-inflammatory response during pregnancy imparts a distinct advantage in controlling the severity of relapsing fever infection.


The unit commitment problem is a typical scheduling problem in an electric power system. The problem is determining the schedules for power generating units and the generating level of each unit. The decisions concern which units to commit during each time period and at what level to generate power to meet the electricity demand. In this paper we develop a stochastic programming model which incorporates the uncertainties of electric power demand. It is assumed that demand uncertainty can be represented by a scenario tree. We propose a stochastic integer programming model in which the objective is to minimize expected cost. In this model, on/off decisions for each generator are made at the first stage. The approach to solving the problem is based on Lagrangian relaxation and dynamic programming.


Although the behavioral economics and happiness economic literature are hot areas in legal and economic scholarship, the U.S. policymakers, until recently, have not embraced the literature. That is changing with the financial crisis. Policymakers are re-examining the assumptions underlying many neoclassical economic theories embedded in their policies. This article addresses one cornerstone of neoclassical economic theory, namely that rational consumers pursue their economic self-interests. It is commonly associated with Adam Smith's famous statement: "It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we can expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest." This assumption of self-interest has had profound policy implications as it pervades many areas of the law.The article first outlines how this assumption of self-interest has shaped U.S. competition policy over the past thirty years. It next surveys the behavioral experiments, which show that many individuals do not solely pursue their self-interest. Indeed, appealing to self-interest, as several of these experiments demonstrate, may lead to suboptimal outcomes. The assumption also disregards the important effect of social, ethical, and moral norms on human behavior. Because the assumption of self-interest is not descriptive, the article next addresses whether governmental policies should advocate the pursuit of self-interest. Using the recent findings from the happiness economic literature, the article shows why appealing to self-interest may make citizens more, not less, miserable. It then discusses the risks if governmental policies prime individuals to pursue their self-interest. The article has broad implications for U.S. economic and legal policies, as the assumption of self-interest implicates, among other things, environmental concerns, consumerism, the problems Americans face in a debt economy, and privacy concerns.


Formed by images of crowded city streets and towering skyscrapers, our understanding of nineteenth-century Chicago completely neglects the fact that the city itself was only the center of a web of neighborhoods, farm communities, and industrial towns - many connected to the city by the railroad. Farmers used trains to transport produce into the city daily; businessmen rode the rails home to their commuter suburbs; and families took vacations mere miles outside of the Loop. Historian and coeditor of the acclaimed "Encyclopedia of Chicago", Ann Durkin Keating resurrects for us here the bustling network that defined greater Chicagoland. Taking an entirely new approach to the history of the city, Keating shifts the focus away from the city to the landscapes and built environments of the entire metropolitan region. Organized by four categories of settlements - farm centers, industrial towns, commuter suburbs, and recreational and institutional centers - that framed the city, "Chicagoland" offers the collective histories of 230 neighborhoods and communities, the people who built them, and the structures they left behind that still stand today. Keating reanimates nineteenth-century Chicagoland with more than a hundred photographs and maps; we find here the taverns, depots, and way stations that were the hubs of the region's vibrant, mobile life. Keating also includes an appendix of driving tours so readers can see this history for themselves. "Chicagoland" takes us into the buildings and sites that are still part of our landscape and repopulates them with the stories and characters behind their creation. The result is a wide-angle historical view of Chicago, an entirely new way to understand the region.


The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused significant mortality and morbidity worldwide, sparing almost no community. As the disease will likely remain a threat for years to come, an understanding of the precise influences of human demographics and settlement, as well as the dynamic factors of climate, susceptible depletion, and intervention, on the spread of localized epidemics will be vital for mounting an effective response. We consider the entire set of local epidemics in the United States; a broad selection of demographic, population density, and climate factors; and local mobility data, tracking social distancing interventions, to determine the key factors driving the spread and containment of the virus. Assuming first a linear model for the rate of exponential growth (or decay) in cases/mortality, we find that population-weighted density, humidity, and median age dominate the dynamics of growth and decline, once interventions are accounted for. A focus on distinct metropolitan areas suggests that some locales benefited from the timing of a nearly simultaneous nationwide shutdown, and/or the regional climate conditions in mid-March; while others suffered significant outbreaks prior to intervention. Using a first-principles model of the infection spread, we then develop predictions for the impact of the relaxation of social distancing and local climate conditions. A few regions, where a significant fraction of the population was infected, show evidence that the epidemic has partially resolved via depletion of the susceptible population (i.e., "herd immunity"), while most regions in the United States remain overwhelmingly susceptible. These results will be important for optimal management of intervention strategies, which can be facilitated using our online dashboard.


Background and Objective: There are various postulated possible causes of surgically symptomatic prolapsed intervertebral discs in the lumbar and sacral regions. They may be acting singularly or collectively. Yet, these factors, which could vary in different environments, have not been satisfactorily confirmed. The intention of this study is to share the experience of the author in the occurrence, possible causative factors, and treatment of surgically symptomatic prolapsed lumbar and sacral intervertebral discs in females, and to compare this experience in Switzerland, Nigeria, and Jamaica using surgery records for a period of over 39 years. Materials and Methods: Records of these cases were examined and analyzed with the intent of comparing the frequency of occurrence and possible causative factors of this lesion in some countries. Results: There were 60 locations in 51 patients in Basel (Caucasian population only), 4 locations in 1 patient in Imo and Ebonyi States (African population only), and none in Jamaica (mixed population). The patients′ ages ranged from 19 to 71 years in Switzerland, and the only patient in Nigeria was 49 years old. Conclusion: The study revealed that surgically treated symptomatic prolapsed lumbar and sacral intervertebral discs in females occurred more in Basel, Switzerland, than in Imo and Ebonyi States of Nigeria and none occurred in Jamaica, West Indies. Racial differences, certain sporting/recreational activities, smoking, and type of profession could have contributed to the development of this disease.


Privacy is paramount when communicating sensitive information in today's increasingly networked world. Both the business and government sectors have evermore demanding secure communication needs. Conventional information assurance methods face increasing technological challenges and future threats, including unanticipated advances in mathematics, high-performance computing, and the possibility of large-scale quantum computation. Quantum cryptography is an emerging technology in the field of cryptographic systems where quantum mechanics is used to guarantee secure communication between two parties. This paper discusses the limitations of conventional cryptography and some recent advancement in Quantum Cryptography.


Evaluating the performance of parallel and heterogeneous programs and architectures can be challenging. An emulator or simulator can be used to aid the programmer. To provide guidance and feedback to the programmer, the simulator needs to present traces, reports, and debugging information in a coherent and unambiguous format. Although these outputs contain a lot of detailed information relative to the logical and physical transactions about the execution, they are usually extremely large and hard to analyze. What is needed is an interface into the simulator that can help programmers and architects shift through this myriad of data. In this contribution, we describe the M2S-Visual trace-driven visualization tool, a complementary addition to Multi2sim (M2S) heterogeneous system simulator. M2S-Visual provides a graphical representation of parallel program execution on the simulator. M2S is an established simulator, designed with an emphasis on simulating the execution of parallel applications on graphics processing units, and provides a number of instrumentation capabilities that enable research in architecture exploration and application characterization. This visualization framework, added to Multi2sim, aims to complement (and potentially replace) text-based statistical profiling, enabling the user to better learn and understand each software transaction executed on the simulated hardware. While M2S supports emulation of both OpenCL and CUDA programs, our visualization framework presently only supports OpenCL execution. M2S supports execution on both CPUs (X86, ARM and MIPS) and GPUs (AMD Evergreen and Southern Islands, and NVIDIA Fermi and Kepler), but presently only supports detailed visualization on a multicore X86 CPU and AMD Evergreen and Southern Islands GPUs. Besides supporting OpenCL programming and debugging, an additional goal is to deliver a reliable product for teaching the details of parallel programming execution on heterogeneous systems. Given the move to many-core architectures in the industry, this toolset is timely and addresses a growing gap in our educational infrastructure. The tool is also designed to support the research community, providing analysis of performance bottlenecks of OpenCL programs. We also incorporated the option to produce visualization graphs which provide deeper insight into application performance and hardware resource utilization.


Local Geography: Essays on Multicultural Hawai'i takes the reader on a journey through Hawai'i's multiethnic society during the second half of the twentieth century. In eight autobiographical essays, the author looks back at his colonial upbringing and education and his attempt to find a center from which to develop beliefs and values that fit the land, sea, community, and cultures in which he grew up. He examines the tensions among descendants of natives, immigrants, and colonials and the roles that place, race, class, culture, and nation have played in shaping his identity.


The ignition of the supersonic boundary layer flow of a combustible mixture over a flat plate is studied through both direct numerical integration and activation energy asymptotics. Since ignition can be induced through either internally generated viscous heating or heat transfer from a hot wall, analyses are conducted for both an adiabatic wall and an isothermal wall whose temperature can be either higher or lower than the maximum frozen temperature in the flow. The analyses provide a description of the flow structure under various ignition situations, especially the extent of flow non-similarity and the interaction between the inner reaction region and the outer frozen regions. Explicit expressions for the ignition distance are obtained for all ignition situations, and the corresponding effects of the physical parameters on the ignition delay are also assessed. Specifically, it is demonstrated that, for low free-stream Mach number M∞, the ignition distance increases linearly with M∞ because of the decreased residence time, and for high M∞ it decreases exponentially with M∞ because of viscous heating. Results from the asymptotic analyses are found to compare well with those obtained from the direct numerical integration.


Cognitive narratology has contributed significantly to our understanding of reading fiction, namely, what happens when we read and why we read at all. According to scholars such as Lisa Zunshine, Alan Palmer, and George Butte, we have an evolved craving to read the minds of others, and reading fiction ultimately is a busy act of reading and misreading minds of characters in the storyworld. My paper questions this cognitivist belief by using Korean "bad taste" webtoons (online comics using violent verbal and visual for amusement) as a case study. I discuss ways in which the absence of readable minds and empathy as well as technological properties of these webtoons debunk the myths of mind reading and readable minds and their impact on immersive reading experience. Instead they allow for what neurologists call "detachment manipulation condition" and the concurrence of mixed feelings (negative and positive), leading to a mode of reading that works the best when readers remain irrelevant to and detached from the fictional world that they witness, but do not experience. Overall, this paper reconsiders what constitutes immersion in a fictional world, the role of mind reading and empathy in fiction, and the intersection between narrative and technology among other things.


BACKGROUND
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is essential for ATP generation and has antioxidant properties. Decreased CoQ10 levels have been reported in human heart failure (CHF), but it remains unclear if this is a conserved feature of CHF. The objective of the study was to determine if tachycardia-induced CHF in the dog is associated with reduced CoQ10 levels. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that CoQ10 supplementation may improve CHF severity by preventing CoQ10 deficiency (if present) or via antioxidant effects.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Serum and myocardial levels of CoQ10 were examined in normal dogs (n = 6), dogs with CHF (control, n = 5), and dogs with CHF treated with CoQ10 (CoQ10; 10 mg/kg/day, n = 5). Serum CoQ10 levels did not change with CHF in control dogs, and myocardial levels were similar to those of normal dogs. CoQ10 therapy increased serum but not myocardial levels of CoQ10. In early CHF, CoQ10-treated dogs had lower filling pressures, and, in severe CHF, CoQ10-treated dogs had less hypertrophy as compared with untreated dogs. Other indices of CHF severity were similar in control and CoQ10-treated dogs.

CONCLUSION
These data indicate that CoQ10 deficiency is not present in this model of CHF. Although dramatic effects on hemodynamics were not observed, CoQ10 supplementation did appear to attenuate the hypertrophic response associated with CHF. Key words: enzymes, cardiomyopathy, hormones, antioxidant.


This book re-examines early twentieth-century British welfare economics in the context of the emergence of the welfare state. There are fresh views of the well-known Cambridge School of Sidgwick, Marshall, Pigou, and Keynes, by Peter Groenewegen, Steven G. Medema, and Martin Daunton. This is placed against a less well-known Oxford approach to welfare: Yuichi Shionoya explores its foundations in the idealist philosophy of T. H. Green; Roger E. Backhouse considers the work of its leading exponent, J. A. Hobson; and Tamotsu Nishizawa discusses the spread of this approach in Britain. Finally, the book covers welfare economics in the policy arena: Maria Cristina Marcuzzo and Atsushi Komine discuss Keynes and Beveridge, and Richard Toye points to the possible influence of H. G. Wells on Churchill and Lloyd George. A substantial introduction frames the discussion, and a postscript relates these ideas to the work of Robbins and subsequent developments in welfare economics.


Ideologies that support racial domination and White supremacy remain foundational in U.S. society, even as the nation becomes increasingly diverse and progressively focused on quantitative measurement. This study explores how a prominent mainstream news outlet represents the growth of the nation's second largest population, Latinos, within this changing demographic and numeric environment. Drawing from two frameworks, the Latino Threat Narrative and Color-Blind Racism, quantitative and qualitative analyses are conducted with 174 Los Angeles Times (LAT) articles about 2000 and 2010 census results. Reporters for the LAT, located in the single most important U.S. location for Latinos, frame Latinos and their population dynamics in line with the overtly racist narrative of Latino threat and the covertly racist ideology of color-blind racism. Moreover, the analyses reveal that quantitative logics circulating in the present evaluative climate further the view that Latinos pose cultural-demographic threats to the nation. Quantification also enhances color-blind frames and rhetorical strategies justifying present-day racial stratification and the subordinate locations of non-White groups. This suggests how White supremacy retains its power as the populations and metrics of evaluation change. Finally, given recent research linking demographic trends and media representations with attitudes, policy positions, and political partisanship, these representations have implications for the well-being of Latinos, other populations, and the nation.


In underground coal mining, particularly room-and-pillar methods, the coal pillars play a significant role in roof stability. If the pillar dimensions are increased, the pillar bearing capacity also increases, but more coal remains in the pillar and therefore the recovery of mining operation decreases. Therefore, determining the optimum pillar dimension based on technical, economical and performance parameters is important. In this paper, the coal pillar is designed by using the concept of ground reaction curve (GRC). For this purpose, the GRC for coal pillars is drawn and then the elastic and plastic zone of coal pillar behavior is determined. Based on elastic and plastic zone, different equations are presented to draw a pillar reaction curve and the process of coal pillar design based on GRC is explained. As a case study, this new technique is applied to study the coal pillar state in Tabas coal mine of Iran. The results show that the presented new approach is successfully used in the design of the optimum coal pillar dimensions, and also determines the elastic and plastic behavior limit, which is important especially for the logical design of yield pillars.


Traditionally, when building an n-gram model, we decide the span of the model history, collect the relevant statistics and estimate the model. The model can be pruned down to a smaller size by manipulating the statistics or the estimated model. This paper shows how an n-gram model can be built by adding suitable sets of n-grams to a unigram model until desired complexity is reached. Very high order n-grams can be used in the model, since the need for handling the full unpruned model is eliminated by the proposed technique. We compare our growing method to entropy based pruning. In Finnish speech recognition tests, the models trained by the growing method outperform the entropy pruned models of similar size.


Understanding selection on intra- and interspecific interactions that take place in dispersal-limited communities is a challenge for ecology and evolutionary biology. The problem is that local demographic stochasticity generates eco-evolutionary dynamics that are generally too complicated to make tractable analytical investigations. Here we circumvent this problem by approximating the selection gradient on a quantitative trait that influences local community dynamics, assuming that such dynamics are deterministic with a stable fixed point. The model nonetheless captures unavoidable kin selection effects arising from demographic stochasticity. Our approximation reveals that selection depends on how an individual expressing a trait change influences (1) its own fitness and the fitness of its current relatives and (2) the fitness of its downstream relatives through modifications of local ecological conditions (i.e., through ecological inheritance). Mathematically, the effects of ecological inheritance on selection are captured by dispersal-limited versions of press perturbations of community ecology. We use our approximation to investigate the evolution of helping within species and harming between species when these behaviors influence demography. We find that altruistic helping evolves more readily when intraspecific competition is for material resources rather than for space, because in this case the costs of kin competition tend to be paid by downstream relatives. Similarly, altruistic harming between species evolves when it alleviates downstream relatives from interspecific competition. Beyond these examples, our approximation can help better understand the influence of ecological inheritance on a variety of eco-evolutionary dynamics in metacommunities, from consumer-resource and predator-prey coevolution to selection on mating systems with demographic feedbacks.


Plastic pollution has become a pressing environmental problem. An increasing mass of plastic
products ends up in oceans and landfills. One international grassroots organization—the
Plastic Soup Foundation (PSF)—tries to influence politics and policies of governments
and businesses that can be held responsible for this pollution. In Michiel Roscam Abbing's
recent book Plastic Soup Atlas of the World, the current problematique of plastic pollution
is presented from a broad perspective and in a highly accessible way. This article's main
objective is to investigate, first, what can be learned from the PSF's history and context and,
second, whether this knowledge can deliver points of departure for enhancing the social
quality approach to become functional for addressing environmental questions from the
perspective of societal changes.


In 2006-2008 'Willow Creek' winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and 'Trical 102' triticale (X Triticosecale Wttn.) were evaluated, under dryland conditions, for biomass production and forage quality under grazing and haying systems. Grazing enclosures were constructed in uniform sites of the fields. Each enclosure was randomly assigned a treatment (date to be grazed) and a replication (r = 3 in 2006 and 2008, r = 4 in 2007). For the hay-only component, cereals were harvested at the anthesis stage (A). For pasture, the cereals were subjected to a single grazing event at three stages of maturity, vegetative (V), boot (B), and heading (H). Ewe lambs grazed plots to approximately 5 cm. Subsequent regrowth was harvested as hay at A, and forage yield and quality were measured. Ungrazed forage plots were evaluated for forage yield and quality at each stage of maturity. Hay yields of ungrazed plots at A were 4,030 to 13,072 kg/ha for wheat and 8,541 to 12,569 kg/ha for triticale. Grazing wheat at most stages of maturity reduced (P 0.05), when regrowth was measured at A. A single-grazing event of wheat at V had available forage yields of 61 to 3,159 kg/ha, and 215 to 601 kg/ha for triticale. Delaying grazing to later stages of maturity resulted in successively greater losses of subsequent forage yield. In a mixed pasture-hay system, total forage availability was impacted by -10 to -29% for wheat and -8 to -28% for triticale, when grazed at V. Forage quality was greatest at early V and declined throughout maturity. These data indicate that grazing winter cereals in a pasture-hay system at early V will maximize total available biomass and forage quality. High forage quality (CP and digestibility) and minimal risk of nitrate toxicity occurred in the mixed pasture-hay system.


Many processes in the Earth, such as magma migration, can be described by the flow of a low-viscosity fluid in a viscously deformable, permeable matrix. The purpose of this and a companion paper is to develop a better physical understanding of the equations governing these two-phase flows. This paper presents a series of analytic approximate solutions to the governing equations to show that the equations describe two different modes of matrix deformation. Shear deformation of the matrix is governed by Stokes equation and can lead to porosity-driven convection. Volume changes of the matrix are governed by a nonlinear dispersive wave equation for porosity. Porosity waves exist because the fluid flux is an increasing function of porosity and the matrix can expand or compact in response to variations in the fluid flux. The speed and behaviour of the waves depend on the functional relationship between permeability and porosity. If the partial derivative of the permeability with respect to porosity, ∂kϕ/∂ϕ, is also an increasing function of porosity, then the waves travel faster than the fluid in the pores and can steepen into porosity shocks. The propagation of porosity waves, however, is resisted by the viscous resistance of the matrix to volume changes. Linear analysis shows that viscous stresses cause plane waves to disperse and provide additional pressure gradients that deflect the flow of fluid around obstacles. When viscous resistance is neglected in the nonlinear equations, porosity shock waves form from obstructions in the fluid flux. Using the method of characteristics, we quantify the specific criteria for shocks to develop in one and two dimensions. A companion paper uses numerical schemes to show that in the full equations, viscous resistance to volume changes causes simple shocks to disperse into trains of nonlinear solitary waves.


We present an approach for inferring symbolic resource bounds for purely functional programs consisting of recursive functions, algebraic data types and nonlinear arithmetic operations. In our approach, the developer specifies the desired shape of the bound as a program expression containing numerical holes which we refer to as templates. For e.g, time ≤ a ∗ height(tree) + b where a, b are unknowns, is a template that specifies a bound on the execution time. We present a scalable algorithm for computing tight bounds for sequential and parallel execution times by solving for the unknowns in the template. We empirically evaluate our approach on several benchmarks that manipulate complex data structures such as binomial heap, lefitist heap, red-black tree and AVL tree. Our implementation is able to infer hard, nonlinear symbolic time bounds for our benchmarks that are beyond the capability of the existing approaches.


This report is a series of appendices to accompany the paper Automated Theorem Proving in Euler Diagram Systems. Here we include some details omitted from that paper and some additional discussions that may be of interest. In appendix A, we give an overview of the A* search algorithm in the context of theorem proving. We establish the expressiveness of Euler diagrams in appendix B. A complete worked example showing how to calculate the restrictive heuristic is given in appendix C. The proofs of the three theorems given in the paper are included in appendix D. The notion of clutter in Euler diagrams and how our tactics steer Edith towards proofs containing diagrams with low `clutter scores' is covered in appendix E. Details on how we generated proof tasks to evaluate Edith are given in appendix F. Finally, much of our evaluation is presented in appendix G, although the main results are included in the paper.


This study reports on an acoustic phonetic analysis of the realization of the coronal stop consonants /t/ and /d/ in British Asian English. These segments are often reported to be salient features of the variety, but have rarely been subjected to comprehensive acoustic analysis. The results demonstrate that, compared to ethnically White speakers, British Asian /t/ is characterized by shorter voice onset times, greater burst intensity, lower overall spectral energy, and a more compact burst spectrum. The acoustic measures suggest a louder and shorter burst with a more retracted place of articulation. Results for /d/ revealed no significant differences between ethnic groups.


This book takes a fresh look at garden-worthy plants for Australian conditions. It will help gardeners to reappraise their climate, select appropriate plants and modify gardening practices to create beautiful gardens featuring native and exotic plants with proven drought tolerance, reliability and minimal weed potential.

The New Ornamental Garden shows how heat, cold, water availability, rainfall patterns, length of growing season, evaporation rate and humidity influence plant growth in Australia, from the wet sub-tropics to the temperate climate of southern Australia. It also discusses the influence of microclimates within a garden: dry sun, dry shade, moist sun, moist shade, seaside conditions, exposed sites, urban situations and root competition from eucalyptus and allelopaths.

The main focus of the book is the plant index, which contains notes on hundreds of plant varieties and how they function in the garden. All gardeners will benefit from reading this book!


The lenition of intervocalic consonants is typically phonologized in sound change only within word domains. At first blush, this morphological restriction might seem to contradict the Neogrammarian hypothesis of exclusively phonetic conditioning in sound change. In this paper I examine the weakening of intervocalic voiced stops/affricates in Istanbul Judeo-Spanish. Comparison with Old Spanish shows that in the native lexicon intervocalic lenition has affected only word-internal consonants. Even consonants following a prefix boundary remain unaffected.

I argue that, at the time of the expulsion of the Spanish Jews, the language already had the spirantization process, at least in incipient form. This process, which continues to operate across the board in Mainstream Spanish, became restricted at the word level in Judeo-Spanish. This interpretation, consistent with the Neogrammarian hypothesis, is the only one that offers an explanatory account and is supported by the evidence from other similar developments in the history of the Romance languages and with results from recent acoustic studies on incipient or optional lenition processes.


Cage design and stocking density are important aspects of aquaculture farm design, therefore understanding how fish behave at different stocking densities is critical information for farm managers. In this study, high resolution acoustic telemetry was used to investigate the swimming behavior of adult Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, that were stocked at four densities (5, 10, 25, and 45 kg/m3). Acoustic tags were placed into the abdominal cavity of five fish per density treatment so their swimming behavior could be continuously monitored throughout the study. An array of hydrophones made it possible to calculate the position of each fish in three dimensions, at ∼2–5 sec intervals, for 4–30 d. Three underwater cameras were used to obtain additional data about the distribution of fish in the cage during the daytime. At the lowest density, the cod spent the majority (64.3 ± 0.08%) of their time in the bottom third of the net pen. As density increased, the fish moved higher in the water column, and this behavior was most evident at night, at all densities. At no time throughout the entire study were there any obvious occurrences of schooling behavior, even at the highest density (45 kg/m3).


Calcium signals the making of symbiosis Plant cell nuclei respond to signals from symbiotic nitrogenfixing rhizobial bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi with oscillating Ca2+ release. Charpentier et al. identified a trio of responsible Ca2+ channels in a legume. These channels contain nuclear localization signals and are expressed in root cell nuclear envelopes. The channels function early in the establishment of symbiosis to produce oscillations in Ca2+ release from nuclear stores. Science, this issue p. 1102 Calcium channels coordinate to release pulses of calcium in response to microbes to initiate plant root symbioses. Nuclear-associated Ca2+ oscillations mediate plant responses to beneficial microbial partners—namely, nitrogen-fixing rhizobial bacteria that colonize roots of legumes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi that colonize roots of the majority of plant species. A potassium-permeable channel is known to be required for symbiotic Ca2+ oscillations, but the calcium channels themselves have been unknown until now. We show that three cyclic nucleotide–gated channels in Medicago truncatula are required for nuclear Ca2+ oscillations and subsequent symbiotic responses. These cyclic nucleotide–gated channels are located at the nuclear envelope and are permeable to Ca2+. We demonstrate that the cyclic nucleotide–gated channels form a complex with the postassium-permeable channel, which modulates nuclear Ca2+ release. These channels, like their counterparts in animal cells, might regulate multiple nuclear Ca2+ responses to developmental and environmental conditions.


We derive homogeneous abundances of Fe, O, Na, and α-elements from high-resolution FLAMES spectra for 76 red giant stars in NGC 6715 (M54) and for 25 red giants in the surrounding nucleus of the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf galaxy. Our main findings are the following. (1) We confirm that M54 shows intrinsic metallicity dispersion, ∼0.19 dex rms. (2) When the stars of the Sgr nucleus are included, the metallicity distribution strongly resembles that in ω Cen; the relative contribution of the most metal-rich stars is, however, different in these two objects. (3) In both globular clusters (GCs) there is a very extended Na–O anticorrelation, which is a signature of different stellar generations born within the cluster. (4) The metal-poor and metal-rich components in M54 (and ω Cen) show clearly distinct extension of the Na–O anticorrelation, the most heavily polluted stars being those of the metal-rich component. We propose a tentative scenario for cluster formation that could explain these features. Finally, similarities and differences found in the two most massive GCs in our Galaxy can be easily explained if they are similar objects (nuclear clusters in dwarf galaxies) observed at different stages of their dynamical evolution.


Innovation of solid-state sources of coherent radiation, including lasers and nonlinear optical frequency convertors, has long been a materials-limited field. That is why advances in optical materials offer opportunities improvements in performance and new applications. In this special issue, we focus on laser and nonlinear materials with new device fabrication methods and designs for new light sources.


This document describes a two-rate, three-color marker that has been
in use for data services including Frame Relay services. This marker
can be used for metering per-flow traffic in the emerging IP and L2
VPN services. The marker defined here is different from previously
defined markers in the handling of the in-profile traffic.
Furthermore, this marker doesn't impose peak-rate shaping
requirements on customer edge (CE) devices. This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


The downward velocity of parts of buildings in the course of rapid collapse is compared with the velocity in free fall. The comparison shows that there are significant upward reactions acting on the falling parts. Based on laboratory tests on scaled down rubble, a power law compaction curve is introduced and the penetration of a falling mass into the rubble is predicted. It is shown that deeper layers of rubble can be represented by a modification in one of the parameters of the compaction curve. The use of a compaction curve in a computer model of the collapse is discussed.


OCB3 is one of the winners of the CAESAR competition and is among the most popular authenticated encryption schemes. In this paper, we put forward a fine-grain study of its security against side-channel attacks. We start from trivial key recoveries in settings where the mode can be attacked with standard Differential Power Analysis (DPA) against some block cipher calls in its execution (namely, initialization, processing of associated data or last incomplete block and decryption). These attacks imply that at least these parts must be strongly protected thanks to countermeasures like masking. We next show that if these block cipher calls of the mode are protected, practical attacks on the remaining block cipher calls remain possible. A first option is to mount a DPA with unknown inputs. A more efficient option is to mount a DPA that exploits horizontal relations between consecutive input whitening values. It allows trading a significantly reduced data complexity for a higher key guessing complexity and turns out to be the best attack vector in practical experiments performed against an implementation of OCB3 in an ARM Cortex-M0. Eventually, we consider an implementation where all the block cipher calls are protected. We first show that exploiting the leakage of the whitening values requires mounting a Simple Power Analysis (SPA) against linear operations. We then show that despite being more challenging than when applied to non-linear operations, such an SPA remains feasible against 8-bit implementations, leaving its generalization to larger implementations as an interesting open problem. We last describe how recovering the whitening values can lead to strong attacks against the confidentiality and integrity of OCB3. Thanks to this comprehensive analysis, we draw concrete requirements for side-channel resistant implementations of OCB3.