In an interview with China Daily in 2014, Wang Yudong, director of the art trade centre at the Beijing Culture Free Port, declared: "We have mapped out a global free-port strategy. Our aim is to build an art free-port network in Asia" (Deng, 2014: para. 5). Facilitated by state partners from Geneva to Singapore, Luxembourg, Germany, Paris and the state-affiliated Beijing Gehua Cultural Development Group of the Beijing Freeport of Culture, freeports are believed by many governmental organisations to be a fast-track to a more mature and sustainable art market. In broad terms, freeports are special customs areas, or small customs territories, in which customs regulations are generally less strict, or for which there are no customs duties. Though each freeport varies slightly in terms of its individual jurisdictional arrangement with the respective states, they have established themselves as prominent nodes for international wealth and its traffic.


The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma discuss the workup and management of tumors of the exocrine pancreas. These NCCN Guidelines Insights provide a summary and explanation of major changes to the 2012 NCCN Guidelines for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. The panel made 3 significant updates to the guidelines: 1) more detail was added regarding multiphase CT techniques for diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer, and pancreas protocol MRI was added as an emerging alternative to CT; 2) the use of a fluoropyrimidine plus oxaliplatin (e.g., 5-FU/leucovorin/oxaliplatin or capecitabine/oxaliplatin) was added as an acceptable chemotherapy combination for patients with advanced or metastatic disease and good performance status as a category 2B recommendation; and 3) the panel developed new recommendations concerning surgical technique and pathologic analysis and reporting.


Monoterpene mixing ratios and fluxes were measured above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada mountains from July to October 1998. Data were obtained during a variety of weather regimes including periods of extreme heat and dryness as well as during rain. Monoterpene emissions were highly elevated during and after the rain events, and the expected exponential increase of emissions with temperature did not occur during extremely hot and dry conditions, suggesting an influence of ambient humidity levels on monoterpene emissions. Therefore, we propose a modified emission algorithm based on responses to both temperature and humidity.


One of the aims of the European Directive 2010/31/EU (formerly 2002/91/EC) is to reduce the energy consumption of buildings introducing an energy labeling protocol which is expected to capture the attention and reorient the market, sustaining the diffusion of more efficient solutions. In order to evaluate the building energy performance, either analytical approaches or enhanced simulation tools are allowed. The coherence of the methods is important in order to avoid misleading results which can affect the evaluation by the market and eventually compromise the Directive effectiveness. The European Standard EN ISO 13790:2008 suggests to use the dynamic simulation in improving and tuning the quasi-steady state method proposed, and in particular to refine the correlation used to calculate the utilization factors (i.e., the dynamic parameters which reduce the thermal gains for heating need calculation and the thermal losses for cooling). Many efforts in calibrating the EN ISO 13790:2008 led to some changes on the correlations proposed in order to adapt the method to the climatic conditions, especially for the cooling season, and the building stock's characteristics in different countries, but large discrepancies have been found. Differently from the previous works, the authors analyze the discrepancy sources focusing firstly on thermal losses, instead of considering directly the final result in term of energy needs. In this paper, the deviations between the thermal losses are evaluated, by means of an extensive use of simulation, analyzing a set of a 960 configurations obtained by the factorial combination of different values for the building shape, envelope insulation and composition, window type and size, ventilation rate and climatic conditions. Six different setpoint conditions were considered for the simulations. The analysis allowed the authors to identify the relevance of the deviations and to suggest ways to improve the correspondence between simulation and quasi-steady state methods in tuning processes.


A new concept for the measurement of chromatic dispersion is presented. The group delay of the device under test is directly obtained from the instantaneous frequency of a short optical pulse after propagation in the device, itself obtained with temporal and spectral interferometry. Temporal and spectral fringe encoding provide excellent accuracy and resistance to noise, and a wide variety of dispersions can be characterized even at high insertion losses.


Judges and scholars have long debated the legitimacy and contours of federal common law causes of action — actions created neither by Congress nor by state law. The question of federal judicial power to recognize federal common law causes of action arises in a range of contexts in the field of federal courts, including with respect to whether federal courts may recognize an implied right of action for the violation of a constitutional or statutory provision that does not specifically create one. Recently, the power of federal courts to recognize federal common law causes of action has emerged as a key question under the 1789 Alien Tort Statute ("ATS"), a purely jurisdictional statute that the Supreme Court recently has attempted to apply in accordance with its original meaning. In interpreting the ATS to allow federal courts to adjudicate some federal common law causes of action, the Supreme Court has embraced a common — but mistaken — assumption about how early federal courts operated: namely, that early federal courts found causes of action in the ambient unwritten law of the era.This Article explains why this widespread assumption is false. Early federal courts did not rely on ambient common law to supply causes of action in civil suits within their jurisdiction. Rather, early Congresses enacted specific statutes that prescribed the civil causes of action available in federal court. In particular, the Process Acts of 1789 and 1792 defined the causes of action that federal courts could adjudicate in actions at law, as well as in cases in equity and admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. In enacting these laws, Congress did not leave federal courts free to derive causes of action from the common law in the abstract. Rather, Congress specifically adopted several preexisting, well-developed bodies of law for use in federal court — most notably, requiring federal courts to borrow state causes of action in common law cases. While the Process Acts of 1789 and 1792 remained in force, federal courts adjudicated only those causes of action authorized by Congress. This history has important implications for questions of federal judicial power today. The example of the ATS illustrates how a proper understanding of the original source of the cause of action in federal court can both inform and transform debates over the origins and nature of federal judicial power.


Administering medicine to children is a part of everyday nursing practice that is complex and multifaceted. However, medicine errors are prevalent in all areas of nursing. One means for strengthening a system of safe medicine administration might lie in developing student nurse preparation for registered practice.

This thesis evaluated nurse preparation for administering medicine to children using a multi-stage descriptive design. Preparation through one Diploma in Nursing was evaluated over a period of two years.

20 registered nurses were initially interviewed, and 201 activities characterising practice in administering medicine to children were identified. Activities were formulated into a questionnaire and were rated by 66 students and newly registered nurses according to their perceived involvement. In a second data collection, student perceptions of their involvement were compared with those of their practice-based assessors.

Respondents viewed themselves as highly involved in activities requiring simple practice tasks and communication with families and children, while they were less involved in decision-making, teaching of peers and a small number of more advanced 'adventuring' activities. At qualification, although nurses had completed all theoretical and practical outcomes they still perceived themselves as not fully involved in 25% of practices relating to medicine administration. This supports existing work in relation to the transition of students to registered practice, but is unique in providing specific evidence related to medicine administration.

Perceptions of the level of involvement varied between the practice based assessors and their students, but no significant difference was established between the responses of students who were assessed by assessors and those who were not. Student self-perception may not therefore be consistent with observed practice assessment, and should be explicated as an important part of progress evaluation.

To determine whether course material corresponded to student learning, teaching materials were analysed and compared with student involvement in the role. In medicine administration process and in legal implications there was an increase in student perception of involvement that corresponded with the time they received teaching. They were less immediately involved in activities requiring mathematical skill and pharmacological knowledge, suggesting learning may need greater facilitation in these areas.

In conclusion, nurse preparation should seek to address the breadth of role activities within the domains found in this work. Consideration of factors influencing effective role function and transition, as well as competence, should be included in a strategy for enhancing future practice.


Not surprisingly, local and state government orders aimed at mitigating the spread of novel coronavirus have already provoked a series of objections grounded in civil liberties. Just as quickly, courts entertaining challenges to these orders have stumbled into the central (and long-running) normative debate over emergency powers: Should constitutional constraints on government action be suspended in times of emergency (because emergencies are "extraconstitutional"), or do constitutional doctrines forged in calmer times adequately accommodate exigent circumstances?

In this essay, we argue that the mitigation strategies adopted in response to the coronavirus pandemic highlight three central problems with the "suspension" approach to judicial review of crisis powers. First, the suspension principle adopted by judges in some crisis powers cases is inextricably linked to the idea that the crisis is of finite — and limited — duration. In Smith v. Avino, for example, the underlying crisis (Hurricane Andrew) was over by the time the challenged county-wide curfew was put into effect; the restriction on civil liberties was meant as a stopgap measure while the government restored order. The Fifth Circuit's decisions upholding Texas's coronavirus abortion ban likewise characterizes Texas's order as effectuating a "temporary loss of constitutional rights." But in a public health crisis like the coronavirus pandemic, when the restrictions are designed to slow the progress of the epidemic (and there might therefore be a relationship between the efficacy of the restrictions and the duration for which they will be needed), the stopgaps are potentially indefinite. Allowing for the suspension of more rigorous judicial review in such circumstances therefore risks allowing the exception to swallow the rule.

Second, and relatedly, the suspension model presupposes that "ordinary" judicial review will judge government actions in a crisis too harshly — and, in the process, risks handicapping the government's response. Here, too, the coronavirus pandemic provides a useful (if still-unfolding) counterexample: Even if curtailments of liberty — from business closures to shelter-in-place orders to quarantine orders for travelers — are subjected to the normal scrutiny arising from comparable government incursions into civil liberties, they are likely to be upheld. Every level of government has an unquestionably compelling interest in preventing the spread of a highly contagious (and often lethal) disease. To similar effect, if that compelling interest can be reasonably vindicated through less restrictive measures that are equally available to the government at the same time, it hardly undermines the government's response to require it to pursue them.

Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the suspension model wholly discounts the independent checking function of courts in a crisis — as perhaps the only institution that is in any structural position to push back against potential overreaching by the local, state, or federal political branches. By subjecting government incursions on civil liberties to meaningful judicial review, courts force the government to do its homework — to communicate not only the purposes of its actions, but also how the imposed restrictions actually relate to and further those purposes. In the process, a robust judicial role may be indispensable not only in minimizing the loss of our liberties, but also in facilitating the development of a sustainable, long-term response to this crisis — and a body of law to guide public health legal preparedness for the next one.


Broad-based and hands-on, Phase-Lock Basics, Second Edition is both easy to understand and easy to customize. The text can be used as a theoretical introduction for graduate students or, when used with MATLAB simulation software, the book becomes a virtual laboratory for working professionals who want to improve their understanding of the design process and apply it to the demands of specific situations. This second edition features a large body of new statistical data obtained from simulations and uses available experimental data for confirmation of the simulation results.


The Anthropocene" is now a buzzword in international geoscience circles and commanding the attention of various social scientists and humanists. Once a trickle, I review what is now a growing stream of publications authored by humanists about the Holocene's proclaimed end. I argue that these publications evidence environmental humanists as playing two roles with respect to the geoscientific claims they are reacting to: the roles of "inventor-discloser" or "deconstructor-critic." Despite their importance and their differences, as currently performed these roles hold environmental humanists at a distance from those geoscientists currently trying to popularise the Anthropocene proposition and a set of related grand ideas (like "planetary boundaries"). This is unfortunate because geoscience—like other branches of science—tends to enjoy a higher profile in key decision-making arenas than do humanities subjects. The same can be said of particular social science fields, such as environmental economics. By surveying the wider, febrile geoscience landscape in which the Anthropocene proposition is situated, I reveal opportunities for "engaged-analysis." This involves simultaneously working on and with geoscientists, so too their kindred spirits in the social sciences. "The Anthropocene" concept may soon be among the key signifiers that frame the thinking of societal decision-makers. Environmental humanists can, if so minded, shape its meaning and implications directly. But this will involve more practitioners interested in global environmental change operating outside the "usual" arenas, such as established disciplinary conferences and journals. Engaged analysis offers a way to play the inventor-discloser and deconstructor-critic roles in places where knowledge aspires to inform environmental policy and practice. Though challenging and risky, the potential rewards are considerable.


Ankle arthritis is a debilitating condition that causes severe pain and decreased function in the affected limb on the order of end-stage hip arthrosis, end-stage kidney disease, and congestive heart failure. Total ankle replacement is a viable surgical option for treating end-stage ankle arthritis, but few have studied its effects on balance over time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to test the accuracy of a single-marker method of tracking center of mass, evaluate center of pressure measurements in total ankle replacement patients, and analyze lower extremity joint contributions over a two-year recovery period. Subjects stood on two force platforms for ten seconds in different conditions, and relevant variables were calculated from the force platform and 3D motion capture data. Results showed that increasing recovery time restored partial symmetry between the surgical and non-surgical limbs in ground reaction force, ankle range of motion, and ankle and hip moment contribution in static balance tasks. Furthermore, the ankle and hip may have different roles in postural stability. The results of the studies suggest that total ankle replacement is an effective treatment for end-stage ankle arthritis in terms of restoring postural stability. While patients may not have returned to the level of healthy control subjects, they are more functional and more stable after a two-year recovery period. While further work is needed, the results are encouraging for the outlook of ankle arthritis patients who may need total ankle replacement surgery. Recovery of Balance and Lower Extremity Joint Contributions in Total Ankle Arthroplasty Patients


This paper reports on transfer rate models for the Gnutella signaling protocol. New results on message-level and IP-level rates are presented. The models are based on traffic captured at the Blekinge Institute of Technology (BTH) campus in Sweden and offer several levels of granularity: message type, application layer and network layer. The aim is to obtain parsimonous models suitable for analysis and simulation of P2P workload.


This work studies the impact of time-synchronization in molecular timing (MT) channels by analyzing three different modulation techniques. The first requires transmitter-receiver synchronization and is based on modulating information on the release timing of information particles. The other two are asynchronous and are based on modulating information on the relative time between two consecutive releases of information particles using indistinguishable or distinguishable particles. All modulation schemes result in a system that relate the transmitted and the received signals through an additive noise, which follows a stable distribution. As the common notion of the variance of a signal is not suitable for defining the power of stable distributed signals (due to infinite variance), we derive an expression for the geometric power of a large class of stable distributions, and then use this result to characterize the geometric signal-to-noise ratio (G-SNR) for each of the modulation techniques. In addition, for binary communication, we derive the optimal detection rules for each modulation technique. Numerical evaluations indicate that the bit error rate (BER) is constant for a given G-SNR, and the performance gain obtained by using synchronized communication is significant. Yet, it is also shown that by using two distinguishable particles per bit instead of one, the BER of the asynchronous technique can approach that of the synchronous one.


Abstract Nowadays, metal matrix composites are being comprehensively used in aero and automotive applications. The usage of composites increased because of their impressive properties viz., improved strength, impact resistance, and tailored features. Compared to uncoated, coated reinforcements in the matrix improves wettability with thinner grain boundary, grain fineness, and the ability for secondary hardening. Improvement in thermal expansion and conductivity makes the composite suitable for moderate temperature shock resistance is the new openings in the field. Conventional liquid stir casting, Rheo-process, and Diffusion roll bonding are some of the methods employed for the processing of composites. Hybridisation of reinforcements with at least one as coated in the matrix improves solid solution strengthening of composites, hence responsible for improved strength and bulk hardness. Generally, a critical literature survey points to copper and nickel coatings. Copper coating rises microhardness, shows poor EMI shielding effectiveness compared to nickel-coated, whereas, nickel-coated reinforcement composites show excellent corrosion resistance compared to that of copper-coated reinforcement. Cobalt-coated nanoparticles reinforced composites upsurges compressive strength and tribological properties compared to nickel-coated ones. However, the extensive review work undertaken collects the possibilities of using different reinforcements in bare state and coated state with or without hybridisation. A comparison of data with property analysis will open the way for further research activities with hybridisation of both or single-coated reinforcements in the matrix and may help to prepare the standard guidelines to advance with a statistical approach. The objective of the present work is to collect the data on the aluminium matrix composites with different reinforcements in coated as well as bare forms and dig on the possibilities for property enhancement.


The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most widespread human pathogens known today, yet its origin and evolutionary history are still unclear and controversial. Here, we report the analysis of three ancient HBV genomes recovered from human skeletons found at three different archaeological sites in Germany. We reconstructed two Neolithic and one medieval HBV genomes by de novo assembly from shotgun DNA sequencing data. Additionally, we observed HBV-specific peptides using paleo-proteomics. Our results show that HBV circulates in the European population for at least 7000 years. The Neolithic HBV genomes show a high genomic similarity to each other. In a phylogenetic network, they do not group with any human-associated HBV genome and are most closely related to those infecting African non-human primates. These ancient virus forms appear to represent distinct lineages that have no close relatives today and went possibly extinct. Our results reveal the great potential of ancient DNA from human skeletons in order to study the long-time evolution of blood borne viruses.


This article presents a new approach for modeling client satisfaction determinants relationships in service environment. The principal advantages between proposed approach and traditional methods for modeling relationships, like, for example, structural equation modeling, are: (i) possibility of identifying relationships between multiple determinants by using a relatively small sample size, (ii) request a simpler statistical estimation procedure, (iii) possibility of minimizing the specification error on modeling process, since it can be considered all significant variables without getting a very complex model. The proposed approach is showed by an applied study with a la carte restaurant clients. This study made possible construct causal diagrams, validity the proposed modeling and identifying converging and diverging aspects from literature findings.


Sedimentary deposits in midlatitude continental basins often preserve a paleoclimate record complementary to marine-based records. However, deriving that paleoclimate record depends on having well-exposed deposits and establishing a sufficiently robust geochronology. After decades of research, we have been able to correlate 77 tephra beds exposed in multiple stratigraphic sections in the Death Valley area, California, United States. These correlations identify 25 different tephra beds that erupted from at least five different volcanic centers from older than 3.58 Ma to ca. 32 ka. We have informally named and determined the ages for seven previously unrecognized beds: ca. 3.54 Ma tuff of Curry canyon, ca. 3.45 Ma tuff of Furnace Creek, ca. 3.1 Ma tuff of Kit Fox Hills, ca. 3.1 Ma tuff of Mesquite Flat, ca. 3.15 Ma tuff of Texas Spring, 3.117 ± 0.011 Ma tuff of Echo Canyon, and the ca. 1.3 Ma Amargosa ash bed. Several of these tephra beds are found as far northeast as central Utah and could be important marker beds in western North America.
Our tephrochronologic data, combined with magnetic polarity data and ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar age determinations, redefine Neogene sedimentary deposits exposed across 175 km^2 of the Death Valley area. The alluvial/lacustrine Furnace Creek Formation is a time-transgressive sedimentary sequence ranging from ca. 6.0 to 2.5 Ma in age. The ca. 2.5−1.7 Ma Funeral Formation is typically exposed as a proximal alluvial-fan facies overlying the Furnace Creek Formation. We have correlated deposits in the Kit Fox Hills, Salt Creek, Nova Basin, and southern Death Valley with the informally named ca. 1.3−0.5 Ma Mormon Point formation. In addition, our correlation of the late Pleistocene Wilson Creek ash bed 15 in the Lake Rogers deposits represents the first unambiguous sequences deposited during the Last Glacial Maximum (marine isotope stage [MIS] 2) in Death Valley.
Based on this new stratigraphic framework, we show that the Pliocene and Pleistocene climate in Death Valley is consistent with the well-established marine tropical/subtropical record. Pluvial lakes in Death Valley and Searles Valley began to form ca. 3.5−3.4 Ma in the late Pliocene during MIS MG5. Initiation of lakes in these two hydrologically separated valleys at the same time at the beginning of a cooling trend in the marine climate record suggests a link to a cooler, wetter (glacial) regional climate in North America. The Death Valley lake persisted until ca. 3.30 Ma, at the peak of the M2 glaciation, after which there is no evidence of Pliocene lacustrine deposition, even at the peak of the Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (ca. 2.75 Ma). If pluvial lakes in the Pliocene are an indirect record of glacial climate conditions, as they are for the Pleistocene, then a glacial climate was present in western North America for ∼200,000 yr during the Pliocene, encompassing MIS MG5−M2.
Pleistocene pluvial lakes in Death Valley that formed ca. 1.98−1.78 Ma, 1.3−1.0 Ma, and ca. 0.6 Ma (MIS 16) are consistent with other regional climate records that indicate a regional glacial climate; however, Death Valley was relatively dry at ca. 0.77 Ma (MIS 19), when large lakes existed in other basins. The limited extent of the MIS 2 marsh/shallow lake in the Lake Rogers basin of northern Death Valley reflects the well-known regional glacial climate at that time; however, Death Valley received relatively lower inflow and rainfall in comparison.


Understand how Cisco IDS can be used to protect, monitor, and enforce physical security policies Review techniques applicable to both network- and host-based platforms Review the security wheel concepts and apply security to AVVID using the SAFE Blueprint Install and configure the Cisco IDS to monitor your network for malicious activity Understand Cisco Threat Response (CTR) benefits and how it operates Apply alarm signatures and gain the proficiency to create your own custom signatures Deploy Cisco IDS effectively in your network using sensor and management platforms Get inside the Cisco Security Agent (CSA) architectureIn addition to firewalls and other security appliances intended to limit outsider access to a network, intrusion detection and targeted countermeasures are a critical component of a complete network security plan. The Cisco Intrusion Detection Sensors and Management options work as a united system to provide detection, notification, and aggressive lockdown to malicious network breaches. CCSP Self-Study: Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System (CSIDS), Second Edition, offers in-depth configuration and deployment information for the reliable and intensive intrusion detection solutions from Cisco Systems.CCSP Self-Study: Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System (CSIDS), Second Edition, is a Cisco authorized, self-paced learning tool that helps you gain mastery over the use of both the host-based and network-based IDS options (as well as the Cisco Threat Response functionality) by presenting a consolidated all-inclusive reference on all of the current Cisco IDS sensor platforms and management platforms. Chapter overviews bring you quickly up to speed and help you get to work right away. Configuration examples are designed to show you how to make the most of your IDS system, and unique chapter-ending review questions test your knowledge.Whether you are seeking a reference guide to working with the CIDS sensor and management platforms or a study guide for the 642-531 exam, CCSP Self-Study: Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System (CSIDS), Second Edition, supports your effective use of the Cisco IDS.CCSP Self-Study: Cisco Secure Intrusion Detection System (CSIDS), Second Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco Systems that can include simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.This volume is in the Certification Self-Study Series offered by Cisco Press. Books in this series provide officially developed training solutions to help networking professionals understand technology implementations and prepare for the Cisco Career Certifications examinations.


Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly used for detection, localization and staging of prostate cancer over the last years. It combines high-resolution T2 weighted-imaging and at least two functional techniques, which include dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy. Although the combined use of a pelvic phased-array and an endorectal coil is considered the state-of-the-art for magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of prostate cancer, endorectal coil is only absolute mandatory for magnetic resonance imaging spectroscopy at 1.5 T. Sensitivity and specificity levels in cancer detection and localization have been improving with functional technique implementation, compared to T2 weighted-imaging alone. It has been particularly useful to evaluate patients with abnormal PSA and negative biopsy. Moreover, the information added by the functional techniques may correlate to cancer aggressiveness and therefore be useful to select patients for focal radiotherapy, prostate sparing surgery, focal ablative therapy and active surveillance. However, more studies are needed to compare the functional techniques and understand the advantages and disadvantages of each one. This article reviews the basic principles of prostatic mp-magnetic resonance imaging, emphasizing its role on detection, staging and active surveillance of prostate cancer.


Over the last 20 years, Lagos has had to make large-scale investments in transport infrastructure to keep up with its growing population. Most notably, in 2008, Lagos opened the first ever Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system on the African continent. Today, the system boasts two different lines which cover over 35.5 km of track and transport over 350,000 commuters on a daily basis. Through the BRT and wider reforms, Lagos has been able to achieve reductions in travel times of up to one-third since 2008, relieving an estimated USD$240M in economic loss each year. This case study provides a detailed account of the Lagos experience, highlighting key factors behind its successful reforms as well as important lessons for other cities looking to improve their public transport systems.


Background: The prevention and treatment of cognitive decline in the elderly population is reaching an increasing significance as people are living longer than they have in the past due to better healthcare services. Dementia is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in the aging population, and society would greatly benefit from strategies to delay or decrease the progression. It has been suggested that certain medications, dietary measures, mental activity, and exercise may decrease the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. There has been mixed evidence that people who use a specific cholesterol lowering medication, the HMG-CoA reductase class, better known as statins, are less likely to develop dementia. However, direct evidence of statin effects of neuropathologic markers of Alzheimer's disease is lacking. This paper will review recent research on the usage of statins in the treatment of dementia and its efficacy and validity. Methods: A systematic review of the past six years of published literature was conducted using the search engines MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed using keywords dementia, Alzheimer's, cognitive decline, and statins. Relevant references were retrieved and reviewed. Original research and cohort studies that included statin usage and cognitive decline were analyzed. Meta-analyses were excluded. Only studies published within the past six years were analyzed. The population included older adults greater than 60 years old who did not have baseline dementia at the time the study was initiated, and who used statin therapy for at least four months, monitored over the course of at least five years. Articles of original research that examined the effects of statin medications on cognitive function were selected. Seven studies were selected that met the above criteria, and were analyzed for quality and significant results. Results: Results from studies varied as to whether statins had any protective effects in the decline of dementia. Some studies made conclusions based on patient's function on cognitive tests alone, while other looks into more advanced tests such as cranial MRI scans or even brain biopsies. Of the seven studies reviewed, three concluded a decrease in cognitive decline while taking a statin medication, however four did not. One exam looked into cognitive decline as well as brain biopsies and found that although there was no significant change in cognitive outcome, there were some benefits on brain autopsy of statin users. However, another study where brain biopsies were performed did not find any significant improvement due to statin medications. MRI analysis did not yield any significant benefit from statin drugs. Conclusion: Based on the above results, there are no significant consistent indications to use statins in the prevention of dementia. Statins may play a role in limiting cognitive decline, however more detailed analysis needs to be performed in order to better understand the role that statins play. Degree Type Capstone Project Degree Name Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies First Advisor Annjanette Sommers MS, PA-C Second Advisor Rob Rosenow PharmD, OD


Rules regulating a company's capital (legal capital rules) have traditionally been considered a creditor protection mechanism. More recently, however, commentators have suggested that legal capital rules are an ineffective and unnecessary form of creditor protection in developed economies, since the rules themselves are incapable of delivering the desired protection, and other strategies are available to provide what is necessary. These other strategies include directors' duties (of the creditor-regarding variety) and contractual mechanisms (enabling creditors to protect themselves contractually). In developed economies, the existence of these alternative strategies diminishes the need for a strict legal capital regime. The position might be different in developing economies. Do legal capital rules have a role to play in creditor protection in a transitional economy, where a comparable framework of creditor protection mechanisms is missing or under-developed. In light of the inadequacy of the ex post creditor protection framework in the transitional economy of Ukraine, the protection offered by the legal capital rules (however limited) emerges as a potentially useful collective guarantee against the opportunistic withdrawal of assets by corporate controllers. However, the practical effect of even such basic regimes is often compromised by the corporate environment in which the regime operates. Underdeveloped market mechanisms, non-transparent ownership structures and weak judicial credibility can adversely affect creditor protection. In such an environment, pressure to deliver functional convergence by way of voluntary corporate governance codes, international organisations' initiatives, and training in international judicial standards can be effective in helping to move forward the necessary changes by bearing on the acceptance of best practices and ethics.


Despite of many actions taken to speed-up the diffusion and adoption of ICT, Lithuania is still the not satisfactory situation. The annual report 2007 of European Union i2010 Strategy has stated that "from a low background Lithuania has moved into being a mid-level performer in some regards, but is still low in most indicators". The aim of the paper is to answer the question why the efforts were not effective enough and how libraries could help to improve the situation and assure the equal access to ICT for all. The paper is defending a hypothesis that many efforts are put to the supply side but too little attention is given to the side of demand. The process of the adoption of ICT is analyzed from the perspective of the ICT domestication theory. The methodology used in the study is based on the literature analyzes and case studies. The paper presents several projects as examples of fostering ICT demand: Rural Internet Access Points project, "Window to the Future" initiative, etc. As a complex solution for considerably better use of the possibilities of information technologies among Lithuanian population currently developed libraries' public access computing project "Libraries for Innovation" is presented. It is expected that the project, funded by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, will significantly increase possibilities for using free computers and the Internet, especially in rural areas; librarians will become active promoters of local communities and assistants in mastering possibilities of information technologies; a lot of people will be encouraged and trained to use computers and the Internet. Expanding access to information, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is planning to support more European countries for provision of no-cost access to computers and the Internet in public libraries, so the experience of Lithuania might be useful to the academic community as well as to the patricians of librarianship and information fields.


An analysis ofthe naming patterns of Jamaican slaves in the mid-eighteenth century shows that whites considered blacks to be entirely different from themselves. The taxonomic differences between European naming practices and slave naming practices were both considerable and onomastically significant. Slaves could be recognized by their names as much as by their color. Slaves reacted to such naming practices by rejecting their slave names upon gaining their freedom, though they adopted methods of bricolage common to other aspects of Afro-Caribbean expressive culture.


"How much of our academic talent can we afford to waste? If the answer is 'none,' then ... the elimination of the small high school through district reorganization and consolidation should have top priority." --James Conant, president of Harvard University, 1959 "One of the key issues that I believe affects safety and the whole educational enterprise is the size of our schools. This is an area where we have made terrible mistakes.... Too many schools are just too big." --James Hunt, governor of North Carolina, 2001 How times change. Small schools, once derided as relics of the education system and obstacles to national progress, now lie at the heart of one of America's most popular reform strategies. After decades on the endangered species list, small schools have become the next big thing in education. [ILLUSTRATION OMMITTED] The idea behind small schools is simple: having fewer students in each school should create a more nurturing environment where all kids can receive the attention they need--and none fall through the cracks that may develop at a larger school. Among its followers, the small-schools movement includes some of the heaviest hitters in the education world, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Annenberg Foundation, and the New York City school system. For several years, reformers in New York City have been carving large comprehensive high schools into several smaller "learning academies" or "schools within a school" housed within the same building. Now the goal is to create 200 small high schools citywide--an effort that the Gates Foundation is supporting with a $51 million grant awarded in September 2003. Gates awarded another big-city district, San Diego, with $11 million to turn three large high schools into 18 smaller academies. Support for small schools also comes from some advocates of charter schools and school vouchers. To justify the push for smaller schools, some proponents point to the fact that, on average, private schools are a third smaller than public schools, an indication that the private sector is responding to the market's demand for smaller schools. Yet there has not been enough rigorous research examining the effects of school size on student achievement. The basic problem researchers face is that families make educational and residential choices that determine the schools their children attend. If small schools attract unusual students to begin with, then it will be hard to know whether differences in achievement between students in small and large schools have anything to do with the schools themselves or are merely reflecting preexisting differences between the students. However, the sudden growth in the size of the average school during the mid-20th century created a kind of natural experiment that enabled me to address this issue without many of the drawbacks that have hindered earlier research. Vanishing Act The United States was once a nation of small schools. In fact, as late as the 1930s, most American schools employed just one teacher. Over the ensuing decades, however, the number of schools declined rapidly, from a peak of 271,000 in 1920 to a low of around 83,000 schools in the late 1980s (since then, about 10,000 schools have been added nationwide). Meanwhile, public school attendance roughly doubled between 1929 and 1969, the period of most rapid consolidation. The combination of consolidation and rising attendance produced a five-fold increase in school size during this short time, with average daily attendance per school rising from 87 to 440 students (see Figure 1). Schools employing just one teacher all but disappeared from the landscape; just 400 one-teacher schools remained as of 2000. The movement to consolidate schools must be seen as part of the larger 20th-century effort to "professionalize" education. To the reformers known today as history's Progressives, putting schools in the hands of professional educators was seen as a cure for both the corruption of urban school systems and the parochialism of rural systems. …


Many of the most common human functions such as temporal and non-monotonic reasoning have not yet been fully mapped in developed systems, even though some theoretical breakthroughs have already been accomplished. This is mainly due to the inherent computational complexity of the theoretical approaches.

In the particular area of fault diagnosis in power systems however, some systems which tried to solve the problem, have been deployed using methodologies such as production rule based expert systems, neural networks, recognition of chronicles, fuzzy expert systems, etc.

SPARSE (from the Portuguese acronym, which means expert system for incident analysis and restoration support) was one of the developed systems and, in the sequence of its development, came the need to cope with incomplete and/or incorrect information as well as the traditional problems for power systems fault diagnosis based on SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) information retrieval, namely real-time operation, huge amounts of information, etc.

This paper presents an architecture for a decision support system, which can solve the presented problems, using a symbiosis of the event calculus and the default reasoning rule based system paradigms, insuring soft real-time operation with incomplete, incorrect or domain incoherent information handling ability. A prototype implementation of this system is already at work in the control centre of the Portuguese Transmission Network.


It is a true challenge to develop a successful science park model. This is due to the fact that such a project takes usually much longer than expected, and that there are various indigenous and external factors that affect the development paths of such parks. Anyway, newly industrialised countries (NICs) are aggressively building their high-tech clusters to support the national and regional technology development. The case of South Korea as one of many NICs is not an exception in this. This paper deals with the developmental strategies of, as well as the linkages between, actors in Daedeok Science Town (DST). The focus is on how the South Korean Government, which is the most important actor involved in the creation of DST, implements the DST-related development policy.


The goal of this one-day workshop is to open space for disruptive techniques and strategies to be used in the making, prototyping, and conceptualizations of the artifacts and systems developed and imagined within HCI. Specifically, this workshop draws on strategies from art, speculative design, and activism, as we aim to productively "trouble" the design processes behind HCI. We frame these explorations as "disruptive improvisations" - tactics artists and designers use to make the familiar strange or creatively problematize in order to foster new insights. The workshop invites participants to inquire through making and take up key themes as starting points to develop disruptive improvisations for design. These include modesty, scarcity, uselessness, no-technology, and failure. The workshop will produce a zine workbook or pamphlet to be distributed during the conference to bring visibility to the role these tactics of making in a creative design practices.


This thesis deals with the navigation tracks of the Research Vessel Polarstern and it provides a software application for statistical analysis of these tracks.

The scope of this program follows two requirements. Firstly the program provides an assessment functionality for post processing of old tracks of R/V Polarstern to include all these tracks in long term storage and archiving system of AWI, the PANGAEA network. Secondly, it provides an online assessment tool to analyze the navigation information onboard the vessel in real time.

The software application has been developed using Borland C++ Builder 6 environment under Windows 7 operating system. The numeric functions of this application are following ANSI standard of C++ programming language, and thus it could be implemented in any developing environments using this standard.

A full description of the navigation systems onboard the R/V Polarstern has been reviewed to investigate how the possible connections and relations between different sensors act, to understand how the cruise track is produced and to find appropriate analysis methods.

In particular, a statistical method is introduced for analyzing the navigational data of the vessel from different sources onboard. This method consists of several tests for detecting and identifying the outliers in the data. It follows a decision based filter that keeps the original data if it successfully passes the outlier tests. In addition, the filter replaces the outliers with appropriate solutions that are calculated using different routines such as transformation from different devices as well as interpolation and extrapolation procedures. This method provokes smoothing of the original data as well.

As results of the online and the offline mode, the final product is a file, called "Master track", which consists of seven columns. These columns are: the date and time of the records with one second interval, the evaluated position of the vessel given in geographical coordinates, the heading of the ship, the roll and pitch and finally a quality number that indicates the precision of the position. In addition a generalized version of the Master track is provided applying Ramer–Douglas–Peucker algorithm.

At the end of this work some results are presented to show the improvements that have been achieved using the application. A sample Master track and the corresponding generalized track were finally published in PANGAEA.


Aims. The early evolutionary stage of brown dwarfs (BDs) is not very well characterized, especially during the embedded phase. Our goal is to gain insight into the dominant formation mechanism of very low-mass objects and BDs.

Methods. We have conducted deep observations at 870 μm obtained with the LABOCA bolometer at the APEX telescope in order to identify young submillimeter (submm) sources in the Barnard 30 dark cloud. We have complemented these data with multi-wavelength observations from the optical to the far-IR and compiled complete spectral energy distributions in order to identify the counterparts, characterize the sources and to assess their membership to the association and stellar or substellar status based on the available photometric information.

Results. We have identified 34 submm sources and a substantial number of possible and probable Barnard 30 members within each individual APEX/LABOCA beam. They can be classified into three distinct groups. First, 15 of these 34 have a clear optical or IR counterpart to the submm peak and nine of them are potential proto-BD candidates. Moreover, a substantial number of them could be multiple systems. A second group of 13 sources comprises candidate members with significant infrared excesses located away from the central submm emission. All of them include BD candidates, some displaying IR excess, but their association with submm emission is unclear. In addition, we have found six starless cores and, based on the total dust mass estimate, three might be pre-substellar (or pre-BDs) cores. Finally, the complete characterization of our APEX/LABOCA sources, focusing on those detected at 24 and/or 70 μm, indicates that in our sample of 34 submm sources there are, at least: two WTTs, four CTTs, five young stellar objects, eight proto-BD candidates (with another three dubious cases), and one very low luminosity objects.

Conclusions. Our findings provide additional evidence concerning the BD formation mechanism, which seems to be a downsized version of the stellar formation.


India is a rising power in the multipolar world. This book showcases India's endogenous political ideas and strategic thinking, both of which are the key resources that underpin and drive this rise. Kautilya's Arthashastra is a major source of these ideas. It is a premodern treatise on statecraft and a foundational text of political science. So far, political science and international relations theory have largely ignored Kautilya, or, at best, labelled him merely as the 'Indian Machiavelli'. Such a characterisation vastly undervalues the riches and depth of the contributions of Kautilya – a contemporary of Aristotle – whose contributions can be compared more appropriately to those of Artistotle's politics. Kautilya's contributions are recognised by such masters of western political theory as Max Weber and Hans J. Morgenthau. But in South Asia, Kautilya has remained adrift of the academic mainstream and has been given little prominence in public life, both intellectually and politically. Despite such scholarly negligence, everyday life in India – in terms of the institutions and process that constitute it – has remained deeply grounded in the political heritage of premodern India, succinctly codified in Kautilya's Arthashastra. These themes are explored in this book through such bridge concepts as the 'modernity of tradition' and the 're-use of the past' in tackling contemporary political problems. These concepts are the key factors that explain the resilience and stability of India's hybrid political institutions and democratic system. 'Kautilya's Arthashastra: an Intellectual portrait – Classical Roots of Modern Politics in India' is an indispensable key to understanding contemporary India and a major contribution to South Asian area studies, comparative politics and global political theory.


We present an efficient algorithm for generating unitary maps on a d-dimensional Hilbert space from a time-dependent Hamiltonian through a combination of stochastic searches and geometric construction. The protocol is based on the eigendecomposition of the map. A unitary matrix can be implemented by sequentially mapping each eigenvector to a fiducial state, imprinting the eigenphase on that state, and mapping it back to the eigenvector. This requires the design of only d state-to-state maps generated by control wave forms that are efficiently found by a gradient search with computational resources that scale polynomially in d. In contrast, the complexity of a stochastic search for a single wave form that simultaneously acts as desired on all eigenvectors scales exponentially in d. We extend this construction to design maps on an n-dimensional subspace of the Hilbert space using only n stochastic searches. Additionally, we show how these techniques can be used to control atomic spins in the ground-electronic hyperfine manifold of alkali metal atoms in order to implement general qudit logic gates as well to perform a simple form of error correction on an embedded qubit.


Abstract We investigate the way in which the Gribov problem is manifested in the BRST quantization of simple quantum mechanical models by comparing models with and without a Gribov problem. We show that the hermiticity and nilpotency of the BRST charge together with the Batalin–Vilkovisky theorem yieldnontrivialsupplementary conditions on gauge fixing fermions. If the gauge fixing fermion satisfies the supplementary conditions, the BRST physical states form a space isomorphic to the Dirac space, and the BRST formal path integral does not suffer from the Gribov problem. The conventional gauge fixing fermion, that gives rise to the Faddeev–Popov integral, fails to satisfy the supplementary conditions due to the Gribov problem. Alternatively, enforcing the conventional gauge fixing fermion, these supplementary conditions imply restrictions on the BRST physical states for which the Batalin–Vilkovisky theorem holds. We find that these BRST physical states arenotisomorphic the Dirac states. This can be interpreted as a violation of the Batalin–Vilkovisky theorem on the space of Dirac states and implies a breakdown of unitarity and a general dependence of physical quantities on the gauge condition.


Arguably the cost of the typical finance function has halved over the last two decades, during which time expectations from the business have almost doubled. A series of transformation programs have implemented ERP systems, established shared services centres (SSCs) and addressed the stringent demands for greater control and regulatory compliance. At the same time, the pressure to benchmark performance against 'world's best practice' have also increased, together with the demand from business units for better and more comprehensive decision relevant information based on a single version of the truth. In this article David Mitchell and Ian Herbert look at the nature of 'continuous improvement', as a 'business as usual' (BAU) process, and the emerging role for accountants as the executive managers of global business processes (often titled "Global Process Owners").


The lonely researcher trying to crack a problem in her office still plays an important role in fundamental research. However, a vast exchange, often with participants from different fields is taking place in modern research activities and projects. In the "Research Value Chain" (a simplified depiction of the Scientific Method as a process used for the analyses in this paper), interactions between researchers and other individuals (intentional or not) within or outside their respective institutions can be regarded as occurrences of Collective Intelligence. "Crowdsourcing" (Howe 2006) is a special case of such Collective Intelligence. It leverages the wisdom of crowds (Surowiecki 2004) and is already changing the way groups of people produce knowledge, generate ideas and make them actionable. A very famous example of a Crowdsourcing outcome is the distributed encyclopedia "Wikipedia". Published research agendas are asking how techniques addressing "the crowd" can be applied to non-profit environments, namely universities, and fundamental research in general. This paper discusses how the non-profit "Research Value Chain" can potentially benefit from Crowdsourcing. Further, a research agenda is proposed that investigates a) the applicability of Crowdsourcing to fundamental science and b) the impact of distributed agent principles from Artificial Intelligence research on the robustness of Crowdsourcing. Insights and methods from different research fields will be combined, such as complex networks, spatially embedded interacting agents or swarms and dynamic networks. Although the ideas in this paper essentially outline a research agenda, preliminary data from two pilot studies show that nonscientists can support scientific projects with high quality contributions. Intrinsic motivators (such as "fun") are present, which suggests individuals are not (only) contributing to such projects with a view to large monetary rewards.


We present an analysis leading to a new space-time classification of the Mexican epithermal deposits, based on new data and interpretations from seven deposits in central Mexico, and a new age for the La Guitarra deposit, Temascaltepec district. From the latter, adularia from a barren stage of mineralization and from quartz bands of the main ore stage, together with orthoclase phenocrysts from host monzogranites (with a known late Laramide age) were analyzed by the 40Ar/39Ar method. The ages obtained from adularia samples are 32.9 ± 0.1 Ma and 33.3 ± 0.1 Ma, corresponding to the middle part of Lower Oligocene. These ages are slightly younger than that of the ignimbrite succession exposed next to the study area, and they suggest that the deposit is related to the crystallization of comagmatic intrusive rocks. Contrary to previous assumptions of a Miocene age for several epithermal deposits in southern Mexico, the ages from La Guitarra show that, south of the Trans-Mexican volcanic belt, these deposits may be Oligocene or older. In addition, the interpretation of a genetic link between intrusive rocks and epithermal mineralization is consistent with previous work on fluid geochemistry of the deposit.

To evaluate the obtained ages in a regional context, we analyzed the geographic distribution and age of Tertiary epithermal deposits in central Mexico. Our study shows that mineral deposits coincide with the main volcanic pulses of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The distribution of epithermal deposits can be thus divided into three main groups: (1) between ~48 and ~40 Ma, (2) between ~36 and ~27 Ma, and (3) between ~23 and ~18 Ma. Within the first group are the Batopilas and Topia deposits that record the oldest ages found for epithermal deposits in Mexico. Deposits of this age are hosted by the Lower Volcanic Supergroup of the Sierra Madre Occidental, and are related to the Laramide magmatism of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Many of the epithermal deposits in Mexico occur within the second time span in a northwest-southeast belt from Chihuahua to the Mexico and Guerrero states. These deposits are related to the main episode of ignimbrite flare-up of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The third group includes the Bolanos, San Martin de Bolanos, and Pachuca-Real del Monte deposits, plus, possibly, seven other epithermal deposits analyzed in this work. These deposits are related to the last ignimbrite flare up of the Sierra Madre Occidental with a general west-northwest–east-southeast distribution, recently documented in the southern Sierra Madre Occidental.


Regularization is a common technique used to improve image quality in inverse problems such as MR image reconstruction. In this work, we extend our previous Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) implementation of MR image reconstruction with compensation for susceptibility-induced field inhomogeneity effects by incorporating an additional quadratic regularization term. Regularization techniques commonly impose the prior information that MR images are relatively smooth by penalizing large changes in intensity between neighboring voxels. However, the associated computations often increase data access and the overall computational load, which can lead to slower image reconstruction. This motivates us to adopt a GPU-enabled implementation of spatial regularization using sparse matrices. This implementation enables the computations for the entire reconstruction procedure to be done on the GPU, which avoids the memory bandwidth bottlenecks associated with frequent communications between the GPU and CPU. Both the CPU and GPU code of this implementation will be available for release at the time of the conference.


Sharon A. Kowalsky. Deviant Women: Female Crime and Criminology in Revolutionary Russia, 1880-1930. DeKaIb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press, 2009. xii, 3 14 pp. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $42.00, cloth.In this insightful study, Sharon Kowalsky examines changing notions of female crime in the pre- and post- revolutionary eras. She begins with the story of young Nastia E., a former peasant living in Moscow who sliced off her husband's penis in 1923 and was acquitted on grounds of temporary insanity. Soviet criminologists attributed Nastia' s act to her rural backwardness, infertility, jealousy, and a flare-up of venereal disease. Indeed, views of female offenders were refracted through assumptions about women's "traditional isolation in the domestic sphere" (p. 79), reproductive cycles, maternal instinct distorted or gone wrong, and errant sexuality. Kowalsky traces these notions to the duelling schools of nineteenth-century anthropological and sociological criminology. Not surprisingly, explanations that emphasized social factors held more sway in the Imperial Russian context, given widespread poverty and dissatisfaction with the autocratic state. Yet despite a rejection of biology as a cause of criminal behaviour, essen tialist notions about female offenders persisted well into the 1920s. If, as in Nastia' s case, Soviet women could be driven to distraction by problems relating to their gender and class, then, as Kowalsky astutely points out, the revolutionary project as a whole remained in jeopardy.Kowalsky maps a gendered "geography of crime" (p. 117), showing how Soviet criminologists distinguished between (male) urban offences marked by planning and sophistication, and (female) rural ones associated with backwardness and spontaneity. Kowalsky' s discussion of infanticide ascribed to female ignorance and biology, and remnants of "the 'old' way of life" (p. 163) illustrates this confluence of geography and gender. Even when women killed their newborns in the city, the crime was linked to their peasant roots; true proletaria would do no such thing. Observers had to face the fact that despite the law that ended illegitimacy and policies ostensibly providing women with education, child support, alimony, and access to abortion, some mothers still found reasons to kill their babies. Soviet jurists and criminologists approached this reality in good paternalistic mode, treating women accused of infanticide and many other female offenders with a compassion and leniency rarely extended to men. But there was a steep price to pay: female criminals in particular and women in general remained saddled with an image that left them as primitive creatures ill-suited to Bolshevik- style enlightenment and socialism. …


Case series of urinary tract infection (UTI) in neonates (0 to 1 month of life) hospitalized in the neonatal care unit of Cagliari's university hospital during a five-year period. The major findings of this study are the prevalence of the infections in the male sex, the very high sensitivity of leukocyte esterase in detecting UTI, a higher C reactive Protein (CRP) sensitivity and specificity in comparison with procalcitonin (PCT) among markers of pyelonephritis. Moreover E. coli demonstrated an elevated ampicillin resistance. The retrospective evaluation of the data has led to an improvement in preventive strategies and medical-therapeutic choices applied in our department for the management of UTI. In view of the lack of national and international guidelines for UTI in this specific period of life, our data will to contribute to establishing generally accepted treatment procedures in this age group.


Lacking decent educational, employment and cultural opportunities, globally, generations of young people struggle to cultivate their potential and act upon their dreams for a better future. Those living amidst poverty and violence are particularly exposed to vulnerabilities that limits their ability to escape from exclusion and move up the social ladder. Generally, youth facing marginalization are approached either as a problem to be dealt with through repressive policies or passive objects of social action, rather than subjects, rights-holders, and creators of innovative solutions to contemporary societal challenges. As we consider more inclusive and context-sensitive ways to work for and with young people, emancipatory education offers a relevant framework of theory and practice that can inform efforts to capacitate, empower, and more actively engage youth in local development processes. Informed by the theoretical lens of critical pedagogy and employing a qualitative case study methodology, this dissertation explores the opportunities and constraints of applying elements of a Freirean emancipatory education in non-formal youth education provisions as an instrument to promote individual and territorial transformation in communities at the margins. Drawing from qualitative and quantitative data from an entrepreneurship program supporting hundreds of youth from the favelas and peripheries of Rio de Janeiro in advancing their own actions for change, the study investigates into three central thematics concerning: the lifeworld of participants and outcomes at the individual level; project creation and community impact; and program methodology vis-a-vis the underlying dimensions of critical pedagogy and applicability lessons. Following the systematization and linkage of theories, processes, methods and experiences, the study findings demonstrate the program's relevance to broader opportunity schemes in youth empowerment, youth-led community transformation, and a youth-centered emancipatory education, contributing to a better understanding of critical pedagogy as a platform of possibility for young people in poverty-stricken territories. Together, these practical tools for capacity building, protagonism and participation - which draw from youth's social history and knowledge - provides an illustration of how young people take part in social action, exercise their agency, and promote their cultural identities, while creating new platforms to challenge exclusion and advance practices of positive social regeneration.


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How does voluntary participation in dangerous leisure activities requiring skills ('edgework') compare, for example, to gambling and thrill seeking and why does edgework thrive in societies preoccupied with safety and security? Lyng (1990) assumes edgework constitutes an escape from alienating working conditions and disenchanting rationalism in risk societies bearing upon blue and white collar workers alike. He also distinguishes these structural forces as drivers of edgework from a cultural explanation tying participation in edgework to individualism and anti-institutionalism. Besides, according to Fletcher (2008) and others, although athletes themselves legitimize their engagement in edgework as an escape from alienating and disenchanting living conditions, this is actually not the real reason for their participation in edgework. Instead, edgework supposedly provides an arena for the accumulation and display of cultural capital needed for members of the professional middle class to sustain their position on the labor market. We refute Lyng's explanation and partly the cultural explanation as well and we validate the latter one based on two surveys among Dutch citizens (N=1,302; N=299). On the one hand, edgework cannot be explained by either perceived alienation, disenchantment, and institutionalism. On the other hand, it can be explained by individualism and the professional middle class is overrepresented in edgework, partly because its members cherish Protestant ethics such as the deferral of gratification and perseverance. This suggests that although edgeworkers resist the risk society in name, they in fact reproduce its underlying stratified class structure by investing in the symbolic capital needed to sustain and shield their own socio-economic position.


Optimal transport (OT) provides a way of measuring distances between distributions that depends on the geometry of the sample space. In light of recent advances in solving the OT problem, OT distances are widely used as loss functions in minimum distance estimation. Despite its prevalence and advantages, however, OT is extremely sensitive to outliers. A single adversarially-picked outlier can increase OT distance arbitrarily. To address this issue, in this work we propose an outlier-robust OT formulation. Our formulation is convex but challenging to scale at a first glance. We proceed by deriving an \emph{equivalent} formulation based on cost truncation that is easy to incorporate into modern stochastic algorithms for regularized OT. We demonstrate our model applied to mean estimation under the Huber contamination model in simulation as well as outlier detection on real data.


Election news coverage has a tendency to frame politics as a strategic game, to increase the role of the journalists as interpreters of political issues and events, and to include a conflict frame. These patterns in election news coverage indicate increased mediatization where media logic rather than political logic governs news media content. However, political news research outside of the election campaign indicate that news media is less independent from political actors. Drawing on literature on mediatization, media interventionism, political news journalism, news framing and source use, the purpose of this article is to empirically investigate whether election news coverage is representative of political news journalism in terms of degree of mediatization. The study is based on a systematic comparison of three content analyses based on the same coding schedule and coding procedure from different news coverage; the Financial Crisis 2008, the Election Campaign 2010 and routine political news coverage 2012 in Sweden. The main conclusion from this study is that mediatization of media coverage is substantially influenced by the specific context of the news. In sum, mediatization of political journalism is moderated by different news reporting contexts such as the election campaign.


In 1951 Robert Motherwell published a collection of writings called The Dada Painters and Poets: An Anthology. Conceived as a sequel to that volume, Surrealist Painters and Poets: An Anthology does for Surrealism what Motherwell's book did for Dadaism. The concept and contents were discussed with Robert Motherwell and met with his enthusiastic approval.The essays, manifestos, poems, and texts in this anthology offer a composite picture of the Surrealists -- their convictions, styles, and spirit -- from the movement's beginnings in France just after World War I to its second flowering in America after World War II. The book includes writers and artists from Belgium, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Guyana, Italy, Martinique, Mauritius, Mexico, Spain, Switzerland, Senegal, Uruguay, and the United States. Caws's main criterion for inclusion was that the works be the best and most representative of the different forms of Surrealism. Among others, the artists and writers include Andre Breton, Marcel Duchamp and Rrose Selavy, Max Ernst, Mina Loy, Francis Picabia, and Tristan Tzara.


We present an analysis for self-focusing of an elliptic Gaussian laser beam in a saturable nonlinear medium. It is shown that stationary self-trapped propagation is forbidden in a saturable medium. Though self-trapped propagation does not occur, a virtual threshold power for self-focusing can be defined. Above this threshold power value, but not far from it, the beam focuses. Below this threshold the beam defocuses. It is also shown that the effective beam radius never reaches zero, which is a property of a Gaussian laser beam.


Abstract. The uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) by the ocean leads to a process known as ocean acidification (OA), which lowers the aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) and pH, and this is poorly documented in coastal environments including fjords due to lack of appropriate observations. Here we use weekly underway data from the Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) program covering the period 2005–2009 combined with data from research cruises to estimate ΩAr and pH values in several adjacent western Norwegian fjords, and to evaluate how seawater CO2 chemistry drives their variations in response to physical and biological factors. The OA parameters in the surface waters of the fjords are subject to strong seasonal and spatially coherent variations. These changes are governed by the seasonal changes in temperature, salinity, formation and decay of organic matter, and vertical mixing with deeper, carbon-rich coastal water. Annual mean pH and ΩAr values were 8.13 and 2.21, respectively. The former varies from minimum values ( ≈  8.05) in late December – early January to maximum values of around 8.2 during early spring (March–April) as a consequence of the phytoplankton spring bloom, which reduces dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). In the following months, pH decreases in response to warming. This thermodynamic decrease in pH is reinforced by the deepening of the mixed layer, which enables carbon-rich coastal water to reach the surface, and this trend continues until the low winter values of pH are reached again. ΩAr, on the other hand, reaches its seasonal maximum (> 2.5) in mid- to late summer (July–September), when the spring bloom is over and pH is decreasing. The lowest ΩAr values ( ≈  1.3–1.6) occur during winter (January–March), when both pH and sea surface temperature (SST) are low and DIC is its highest. Consequently, seasonal ΩAr variations align with those of SST and salinity normalized DIC (nDIC). We demonstrate that underway measurements of fugacity of CO2 in seawater (fCO2) and SST from VOS lines combined with high frequency observations of the complete carbonate system at strategically placed fixed stations provide an approach to interpolate OA parameters over large areas in the fjords of western Norway.


Recent years have seen the growing deployments of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) in many mission-critical applications such as security, civil infrastructure, and transportation. These applications often impose stringent requirements on system sensing fidelity and timeliness. However, existing approaches treat these two concerns in isolation and hence are not suitable for CPSs where system fidelity and timeliness are dependent on each other because of the tight integration of computational and physical resources. In this paper, we propose a holistic approach called Fidelity-Aware Utilization Controller (FAUC) for Wireless Cyber-physical Surveillance (WCS) systems that combine low-end sensors with cameras for large-scale ad hoc surveillance in unplanned environments. By integrating data fusion with feedback control, FAUC can enforce a CPU utilization upper bound to ensure the system's real-time schedulability although CPU workloads vary significantly at runtime because of stochastic detection results. At the same time, FAUC optimizes system fidelity and adjusts the control objective of CPU utilization adaptively in the presence of variations of target/noise characteristics. We have implemented FAUC on a small-scale WCS testbed consisting of TelosB/Iris motes and cameras. Moreover, we conduct extensive simulations based on real acoustic data traces collected in a vehicle surveillance experiment. The testbed experiments and the trace-driven simulations show that FAUC can achieve robust fidelity and real-time guarantees in dynamic environments.


Peace Islands Institute's Women Association published a cookbook that contains recipes from three Abrahamic traditions, Christianity, Judaism and Islam. The idea of publishing a book came about when women of three Abrahamic faiths collected traditional recipes from their respective cuisines and publish them in a book to generate revenues for soup kitchens in the area. Revenue from sales of the first editions were donated to Cumoc Echo in Paterson and Faith Kitchen in Dover, NJ. Directors of Cumoc and Faith Kitchen were pleased with donations, who expressed that publishing a cookbook that was prepared by members of three faiths demonstrates an exemplary activity aimed at fighting Poverty. Peace Islands Institute thanks to Lynn Webb, Nuray Sonmez, Stephanie Carbone, Rukiye Koc, Barbara Osborne and Nesrin Yilmaz for their hard work and dedication in carrying out such an excellent project.


The importance of managing dissatisfied consumers has increased because of severe competition from the introduction of new types of stores, such as online shopping. Focuses on consumers who complain directly to the offending firms because their dissatisfaction provides a firm with the opportunity to improve its customer service. In contrast to studies that examine determinants of complaint behavior to resolve customer dissatisfaction, examines how attitudinal and perceptual variables, influenced by generalized personal factors, affect complaint intention. Performs a path analysis to examine the links among generalized personal antecedents, attitudinal and perceptual mediators, and customer's complaint intentions. The empirical results confirm that attitudinal and perceptual mediators positively influence complaint intention. Furthermore, three generalized personal antecedents affect attitudinal and perceptual mediators. The empirical results indicate that attitude toward complaining plays a central role in mediating between three generalized personal antecedents and complaint intention. Finally, provides managerial implications that suggest ways firms can manage customers' complaints to enhance customer satisfaction.


This research was conducted to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of a UV/H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ process as a posttreatment step for complete treatment of a biologically treated composting leachate. This study was an experimental study and was conducted during April to September 2013. Leachate samples from the effluent of a multistep biological treatment system were used for further treatment by the UV/H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ process. The effectiveness of the pH values (2-10), H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ concentrations (0.5-4 g/L), and reaction times (15-75 min) were evaluated to determine optimum operational conditions. The highest removal efficiencies were 90%, 92%, 90%, and 88% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand$_{5}$ (BOD$_{5})$, total organic carbon (TOC), and total suspended solids (TSS) respectively, at the optimum operation conditions (pH 4, 3 g/L H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ concentration, and 75 min reaction time). The UV/H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ was found to oxidize preferably COD and BOD$_{5}$ of the leachate samples and, as a consequence, a decrease in the organic loads of the leachate was observed after oxidation treatment. The UV/H$_{2}$O$_{2}$ process proved to be a feasible posttreatment method for a biologically treated composting leachate and effectively reduced the organic loads.


Recent empirical evidence suggests that essentialist beliefs about social groups are often associated with prejudice and discrimination against them. This relation is moderated by social status and beliefs about system stability. This study aimed at: first, evaluating the factorial structure of beliefs about sexual orientation. Second, evaluating the effect of beliefs in system stability and the use of essentialist arguments within a normative social category (heterosexuals) and a non-normative one (homosexuals) in a community sample in Colombia. To test this relationship we created a multifactorial design of 3 (belief in system stability: imminent change, stability and control) x 2 (sexual orientation), introducing essentialist beliefs about sexual orientation as a dependent variable. Findings suggest that beliefs about sexual orientation load on two essentialist dimensions: immutability and fundamentality. Also, findings suggest that beliefs in the immutability of sexual orientation are unrelated, whereas the beliefs about the fundamentality of sexual orientation significantly relate to prejudice and discrimination among heterosexual but not among homosexual people. The implications of these findings are discussed.


This thesis investigates the psychosocial issues and lived experiences of adolescent girls and young women after the 2005 Pakistan earthquake. It explores the coping strategies they adopted during the disaster and in the long recovery phase, presenting their psychosocial issues, disaster lived experiences, and personal transformations. The context of study is the growth of interest in mental health and disasters but the gap and lack of any major focus on gender and adolescent girls' knowledge and experience provides a particular impetus for the study. The research study adopted an interpretive phenomenological methodology (IPA) that quickly expanded beyond the individual scale of internalized self to encompass the wider social domain.

This study deployed mixed research methods to explore adolescent girls' life-world such as semi- structured interviews, narrative interviews, field notes, researcher's journal, participant observations and timeline drawing. The techniques of data collection included interviews through different sources of media such as skype, emails, WhatsApp. These methods also aided as a therapeutic tool for the participants by allowing them an opportunity to know and understand their existence and life-world through in-depth interviews.

The data of this thesis is based on 70 qualitative interviews conducted largely in the rural areas of Chipa village and Muzzaffarabad city. The interviews were largely conducted in rural areas, but a series of interviews were done in urban areas to allow understanding and clarity of the rural culture. While not a meaningful sample in a statistical sense, the qualitative urban analysis allows for conclusion about the non-cultural movements of rural areas. The methodological approach was to draw on clinical experience, as a psychologist and frame that discussion in the human hermeneutics of lifeworld analysis. This considered the individual in their own setting including the constraints provided by family regulations and community norms under Islamic culture.

The study provides a new understanding of the unmet needs, lived experiences and psychosocial issues of adolescent girls and young women over the seven years between the earthquake and the field research. It highlights the strategies adopted, which in some cases have led to post-traumatic growth and in others to a continuing anxiety about the hazardous and socially constraining environment they inhabit. It presents life-world snapshots in the form of holistic narratives. The study also provides a theoretical and conceptual framework for adolescent people in disasters particularly in context of age and gender. It is crucial to have an adequate balance amongst the four components of life-world to ensure psychosocial wellbeing. The study offers recommendations for local agencies, NGOs and INGOs to inform their policy and practice by recommending greater levels of assistance and revision in their policies concerning adolescent girls and young women.

The conclusion of this research study is that suffering through the disaster trauma and uncertainty is mainly part of an individual's life-world; considering their living standards and wellbeing. Mainly these components are; Psychological Self, Home-Family, Community and Beyond Community. Having a better understanding and awareness of self and self-care leads to better psychosocial wellbeing. At the same time, adequate amount of support, care and love from family members including parents, siblings and relatives is therapeutic in wake of trauma. Community and Beyond Community plays a vital role in psychosocial wellbeing of adolescents and young women in particular. Provided enough socializing opportunities, regular participation post disaster activities and home reconstruction only leads to psychosocial resilience. This is evident from the finding chapters discussed and analysed thoroughly above, that all of these four components are crucial to draw upon the psychosocial resilience resulting in wellbeing and self-awareness of young women.

The study offers recommendations for local agencies, NGOs and INGOs to inform their policy and practice by recommending greater levels of assistance and revision in their policies concerning adolescent girls and young women. This could only be possible by listening to their voices, their issues, and lived experiences. It can always develop new opportunities to deal with the issues of the adolescent girls and young women by being mindful of various ways to deal with their uncertainties.


In television comedies, the system of the English language, defined here as a set of choices from conventionalised language elements (Halliday 1994: xxvi) is used to create humour. From this perspective, humorous communication first appears as a phenomenon of instantiation (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 26–29), which uses, but does not immediately affect, the language system. In the light of the incongruity theory of humour (Morreall 1989), according to which humour arises from ill-fitting elements introduced into a context of expectation, a first – expectable – pattern of the language system in humour is the following: The audience's expectation in humorous discourse is built up by using the resources offered by the English standard language, whereas the incongruous element is beyond "normal" language. In a discussion of examples from phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax, linguistic varieties and text patterns – taken from various TV comedies – it becomes apparent, however, that this is but one pattern in many: alternatively, there are incongruities which are firmly based on our language system, and there are some that represent alternative language systems, which in turn indicate alternative worlds. A further section shows that different language systems can be assumed for various levels of communication and carriers of incongruities. In comedy as well as in real life, each speaker has their own variety, marked by different systemic options. Finally, it is shown how the fictional communication of the characters in a comedy may influence the sub-systems of English. Words and phrases from comedy may enter our language, and knowledge of specific comedy patterns may become part of our communicative repertoire, which may endanger the emergence of humour, if incongruities become too predictable.


This work is a part of a larger project together with Danisco Sugar AB, which tries to prevent compaction in the subsoil when using heavy sugar beet harvesters. The work is based on measuring the water con tent during a growing season (1997) and to calculate the water content with the simulation model SOIL. After that, the water con tent has been simulated from weather data for a longer period, and the risk for compaction in the autumn has been calculated. Agriculture has gone through a lot of changes since the second world war, for example the machines have become larger and heavier. The purpose of the project was to examine how often soil compaction in the subsoil should arise by measuring and calculating the water con tent. We have measured the water content every 14th day during the growing season 1997 on two sites: Elvireborg east of Landskrona and Kronoslatt dose to Hemmesdynge in the very south of Sweden. At Elvireborg sampling was made in sugar beets and spring wheat, and at Kronoslatt in sugar beets and spring barley. The soil at Elvireborg is a sandy day loam with a porosity of 38 % (vol/vol) with 18,4 % (vol/vol) water at permanent wilting point and 15,6 % plant available water. The soil has a good hydraulic conductivity in the topsoil (O - 30 cm), but much lower in the lower part of the subsoil (60-100 cm). During dry summers the hydraulic conductivity will improve by crack formation. Kronoslatt is a sandy loam with a porosity of 36,7 % with 12,6 % (vol/vol) water at permanent wilting point and 20,9 % plant available water. Kronoslatt has a strongly reduced hydraulic conductivity in the subsoil (30 - 100 cm) in comparison with the topsoil (O - 30 cm). An opened cylinder drill or an Ultuna drill was used to take out the soil samples to determine the water content at every 10th centimeter to one meter depth. Soil cores were sampled to one meter depth to determine saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention. The water content was used to calibrate the simulation model (SOIL). Weather data for 1997 was collected from Jordberga sugar factory for Kronoslatt and from Svalov weather station for Elvireborg. In the simulations the daily mean values were used for temperature, precipitation and sun radiation. Calculations have been done for changes in water content in 1997 and for the period 1963 - 1988 with 1997 as a calibration year. The precompression stress (Casagrande, 1936) was determined at four water tensions, and a logarithmic function was made between precompression stress and water tension. By combining this function with the soil water simulation, the susceptibility to compaction was estimated. The cereal crops took up less water than the sugar beets, and the sugar beets took up water during a longer period of the year, depending on a longer growing season. In the end of July practically all plant available water in the profile had been used in 1997. The measured water con tent was sometimes below permanent wilting point and lower than the simulated values. However, in general there was good correlation between measured and simulated values. Calculations were also made for the vertical soil stress in the soil, for a wheel load of 8 tons and 220 kPa ground contact pressure corresponding to a fully loaded sugar beet harvester. The soil was considered susceptible to compaction when the stress at a certain depth was higher than the precompression stress of the soil at that specific water content. Driving late in the autumn involves a big risk of compaction of the subsoil both at Elvireborg and Kronoslatt. From the middle of October there was a compaction risk in the subsoil at 50 cm depth for half of the years. In the results over the whole year, the Elvireborg site was more susceptible to subsoil compaction than Kronoslatt. This could be due to Kronoslatt being a more compact soil with a higher precompression stress.


Speculation exists that the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) as a public health emergency in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is partially related to high temperatures associated with the 2015-2016 El Nino event. Analysis of related flaviviruses -such as dengue and chikungunya, which are transmitted by the same vectors- suggests that ZIKV is sensitive to climate. Quantifying the climate contribution to ZIKV transmission is an important step in better understanding the conditions conducive to the 2014-2016 epidemic, and permits the development of climate-informed short- and long-term strategies for ZIKV prevention and control. Using a novel timescale-decomposition methodology, here we demonstrate that extreme climate anomalies observed in most parts of South America during the current epidemic are not caused exclusively by El Nino or climate change -as speculated-, but are the result of a particular combination of climate signals acting at multiple timescales. In Brazil, the heart of the epidemic, we find that dry conditions present during 2013-2015 are explained primarily by year-to-year variability superimposed on decadal variability, but with little contribution of long-term trends. In contrast, the extreme warm temperatures of 2014-2015 resulted from the compound effect of climate change, decadal and year-to-year climate variability. The increasingly probable 2016-2017 La Nina suggests that ZIKV response strategies adapted for a drought context in Brazil may need to be revised to accommodate the likely return of heavy rainfall. Temperatures are likely to remain warm given the importance of long term and short term trends.


Infections worsen survival in cirrhosis; however, simple predictors of survival in infection‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (I‐ACLF) derived from multicenter studies are required in order to improve prognostication and resource allocation. Using the North American Consortium for Study of End‐stage Liver Disease (NACSELD) database, data from 18 centers were collected for survival analysis of prospectively enrolled cirrhosis patients hospitalized with an infection. We defined organ failures as 1) shock, 2) grade III/IV hepatic encephalopathy (HE), 3) need for dialysis and mechanical ventilation. Determinants of survival with these organ failures were analyzed. In all, 507 patients were included (55 years, 52% hepatitis C virus [HCV], 15.8% nosocomial infection, 96% Child score ≥7) and 30‐day evaluations were available in 453 patients. Urinary tract infection (UTI) (28.5%), and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) (22.5%) were the most prevalent infections. During hospitalization, 55.7% developed HE, 17.6% shock, 15.1% required renal replacement, and 15.8% needed ventilation; 23% died within 30 days and 21.6% developed second infections. Admitted patients developed none (38.4%), one (37.3%), two (10.4%), three (10%), or four (4%) organ failures. The 30‐day survival worsened with a higher number of extrahepatic organ failures, none (92%), one (72.6%), two (51.3%), three (36%), and all four (23%). I‐ACLF was defined as ≥2 organ failures given the significant change in survival probability associated at this cutoff. Baseline independent predictors for development of ACLF were nosocomial infections, Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) score, low mean arterial pressure (MAP), and non‐SBP infections. Independent predictors of poor 30‐day survival were I‐ACLF, second infections, and admission values of high MELD, low MAP, high white blood count, and low albumin. Conclusion: Using multicenter study data in hospitalized decompensated infected cirrhosis patients, I‐ACLF defined by the presence of two or more organ failures using simple definitions is predictive of poor survival. (Hepatology 2014;60:250–256)


The dramatically increased demand for electric devices such as electric vehicles and consumer electronics prompted us to explore new ideas in fabricating novel energy storage devices. In this work, we designed, constructed, and studied an asymmetric hybrid lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) by combining an electric double-layer capacitor cathode and a lithium-ion battery anode. Both electrodes were made of a single-wall carbon nanotube and graphene (SG) composite to reduce restacking of the graphene nanosheets, to improve the energy storage capacity, and to improve the electrical conductivity of the electrodes. One of the electrodes was pre-lithiated electrochemically. After pre-lithiation, the lithiated-SG (Li-SG) electrode showed excellent capacity in lithium intercalation and de-intercalation and was used as the anode of the LIC device. The advantage of the hybrid LIC with asymmetric graphene electrodes is that it maximizes the operable voltage between the two electrodes, thus increasing the energy density of the device. The hybrid LIC fabricated in this work exhibited an energy density of 222 W h kg−1 at a power density of 410 W kg−1.


Pacific trout Oncorhynchus spp. in western North America are strongly valued in ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural views, and have been the subject of substantial research and conservation efforts. Despite this, the understanding of their evolutionary histories, overall diversity, and challenges to their conservation is incomplete. We review the state of knowledge on these important issues, focusing on Pacific trout in the genus Oncorhynchus. Although most research on salmonid fishes emphasizes Pacific salmon, we focus on Pacific trout because they share a common evolutionary history, and many taxa in western North America have not been formally described, particularly in the southern extent of their ranges. Research in recent decades has led to the revision of many hypotheses concerning the origin and diversification of Pacific trout throughout their range. Although there has been significant success at addressing past threats to Pacific trout, contemporary and future threats represented by nonnativ...