Libraries, Archives and Museums (LAMs) should respond as one articulated entity to the user informational needs and to the demands of the scholarly electronic communication. LAMs are stepping forward into the arena of digital stewardship and this move requires new skills and abilities. The specialists are adapting practices and instruments to the pressing needs for digital curation and preservation. The necessity for an active and continuous partnership between the information-intensive organisations, the scholarly community and general public, must be ensured while incorporating the paradigm of guiding the user and empowering the researcher. There are important questions that future digital stewardship raises related to how the professional profile will look like for those powering the specialised structures put in place to safeguard cultural and scientific heritage. What will be the core competences based on what set of skills and abilities? How will the facilities look like? What will be the general environment, and most importantly, will there be a space for common knowledge exchange for those entrusted with maintaining vast bodies of information. The article searches for answers related to the shifting core competencies, future set of skills and abilities and how future facilities will be shaped by these evolutions. The first step is the establishment of spaces especially destined for knowledge exchange to help converge disciplines within LAM framework. Different structural and cultural chances are revealed, starting from job adverts up to the policies addressing the needs of information and knowledge management.


Background: The author pursued this area of interest due to having had a positive experience working as a therapist within a high cohesion treatment team in an in-home setting. This experience with a high cohesion team seemed to lead to more successful results than other teams that were deemed low cohesion, in the same format. This experience led to a general curiosity about why the team this author was on was more effective. Additional research allowed this author to determine the possible link between cohesion, success of treatment and reduced risk for burnout, defined as a response to chronic job related stressors (Maslach, 2003). This possible link paved the way for this research to be accomplished. The purpose of this study was to determine if treatment team cohesion is a factor in determining the success of in-home treatment for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral diagnoses. The link between cohesion and treatment team success has not been specifically researched; however, cohesion has been related to the success of teams in various sports. It was hypothesized that a high cohesion treatment team would result in more successful in-home treatment than a low cohesion treatment team. Methods: A closed record review was completed on 26 participants, with 13 participants in each treatment team. The participants were assigned to a specific team by the Clinical Director of the family preservation services provider based upon the caseload of the clinicians at the time of assignment. The same licensed therapist completed the Work Environment Scale (WES) to determine which team had the higher level of cohesion. Demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, duration of treatment, and medication status were used, along with the CAFAS and GAF scores in two hierarchical linear regression analyses. Two hierarchical linear regressions were performed using SPSS. The first regression utilized the cohesion measure, demographic variables (gender, ethnicity, duration of treatment and medication status), and the initial Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score as independent variables (IVs) to determine the likelihood of prediction of the final GAF score, both individually and combined as a group. The second regression provided the cohesion measure, demographic variables (as listed above) and the initial Child and Adolescent Functional Assessment Scale (CAFAS) score as IVs to determine the likelihood of prediction of the final CAFAS score, both individually and combined as a group. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses did not support the hypothesis; however, the statistical power of the sample size was too low to determine if significant results actually existed. Due to the restraints of managed care, inclusionary and exclusionary restrictions for this particular research and the significant decrease of funding for in-home treatment programs the participants that were appropriate for the purposes of this research unexpectedly resulted in a limited sample size. Conclusions: Results implicated a relationship between the CAFAS scores and the racial background of the participants. While this relationship is unclear the majority of the participants were African American and the clinician completing the CAFAS was Caucasian. Limitations of the study indicate additional research with a larger sample size would be beneficial to determine if there is a relationship between the cohesion of the treatment team and the success of inhome therapy.


This work introduces novel techniques for the fabrication of bio-inspired hierarchical micro- and nanostructures. The enormous potential of these techniques is demonstrated by presenting a synthetic gecko-like adhesive matching the adhesion and self-cleaning of geckos very closely and a nanofur which is superhydrophobic, superoleophilic, underwater air-retaining, and even self-healing when surface treated.


Recent research has shown that subdivision of intervals between beats makes the beat tempo seem slower——a "divided time illusion" (DTI) in music. Another temporal illusion described in the psychophysical literature is that a sustained sound seems longer than a silent interval of the same duration. This "sustained sound illusion" (SSI) may be due to acceleration of an internal pacemaker by continuous sound, or it may result from slower perception of sound offsets than of sound onsets. Experiment 1 tested the pacemaker acceleration hypothesis in a rhythmic context by asking musicians to compare or reproduce the tempi of isochronous tone sequences played legato ("filled") or staccato ("unfilled"). There was no indication that legato sequences were perceived as slower than staccato sequences. Experiment 2 tested the delayed offset perception hypothesis by asking musicians to judge the relative time of occurrence of abrupt or decaying tone offsets in the interonset intervals of isochronous sequences. There was no evidence of delayed perception of abrupt offsets, and decaying offsets were perceived only slightly late. These results suggest that the SSI, unlike the DTI, does not occur in rhythmic contexts and thus is probably not of musical relevance. More generally, the results challenge some proposed explanations of this illusion and call for further research on the conditions under which it does occur.


Remote patient monitoring is a system that focuses on patients care and attention with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT). The technology makes it easier to track distance, but also to diagnose and provide critical attention and service on demand so that billions of people are safer and more safe. Skincare monitoring is one of the growing fields of medical care which requires IoT monitoring, because there is an increasing number of patients, but cures are restricted to the number of available dermatologists. The IoT-based skin monitoring system produces and store volumes of private medical data at the cloud from which the skin experts can access it at remote locations. Such large-scale data are highly vulnerable and otherwise have catastrophic results for privacy and security mechanisms. Medical organizations currently do not concentrate much on maintaining safety and privacy, which are of major importance in the field. This paper provides an IoT based skin surveillance system based on a blockchain data protection and safety mechanism. A secure data transmission mechanism for IoT devices used in a distributed architecture is proposed. Privacy is assured through a unique key to identify each user when he registers. The principle of blockchain also addresses security issues through the generation of hash functions on every transaction variable. We use blockchain consortiums that meet our criteria in a decentralized environment for controlled access. The solutions proposed allow IoT based skin surveillance systems to privately and securely store and share medical data over the network without disturbance.


Living in groups entails several fitness benefits but also leads to conflicts of interest. The strategies that different species have evolved to manage these conflicts are diverse and in some species aggressive exchanges of various kinds are commonplace. In some species, aggressions are important contributing elements to the organization of their social systems, providing a social order that may serve to avoid future agonistic encounters. Male chimpanzees are known for being gregarious, for exchanging complex social interactions and for forming dominance relationships where aggressions of different intensities can be frequent. Aggressions are costly interactions as they are energetically demanding but also because they encompass social consequences and risks. In this study we aimed to investigate the relationship between aggressive dominance styles and the intensity, the frequency, the duration and the direction of the aggressive interactions in a group of ten young male chimpanzees ("Pan troglodytes verus") housed at la Vallee des Singes in France. First, we investigated whether aggressive interactions were costly behaviors; for this, we classified aggressions into three intensity levels, low, middle and high; we expected to find that if they were energetically demanding, then a negative relation between intensity and duration of aggressive interactions should be obtained. Second, we investigated whether the rank order of individuals varied depending on whether we assessed occurrence of aggression or duration of aggressive episodes for each one of the three levels and for the pooled category. Next, we correlated the two rank orders thus obtained. Finally, we studied whether aggressive dominance rank orders were consistent across the various aggression-based measures. As expected, we found that low intensity aggressions lasted longer than did medium and high aggressive exchanges. With both measures, occurrence and duration, we found similar aggressive patterns for the three levels of aggressions and for the totality of aggressive behaviors. Finally, we found some minor but interesting differences in the aggression-based dominance rankings when we compared individual measures, dyadic measures, the h' de Vries dominance index and the David's Score method. Our results suggest that due to the consistency of several measures, aggressive interactions are valuable to study aggression dominance in this species and that these interactions are selectively used. We also believe that although probing into the aggressive dominance relationships of male chimpanzees can provide a more nuanced view of their social relationships, a fuller understanding of this species' group structure and dominance hierarchies should also incorporate other agonistic behavioral interactions (e.g., submission) and affiliative measures. Partly funded by project grant SFRH/BD/69069/2010 to NAV and PSI2011-29016-C02-01 to FC.


This dialogue was conducted between Yves Gambier and Haina Jin in April and November 2017, and April 2018 in Beijing, China, in order to give a panoramic view of audiovisual translation in China today, the history of which dates back to the silent film era. Audiovisual translation has played an important role in cross-cultural communication, industrial development and social integration in China. Vibrant audiovisual translation activities can be seen in three main directions: translating foreign audiovisual products into Chinese, translating Chinese audiovisual products into foreign languages and audiovisual translation into ethnic minority languages in China. In this dialogue, the three main translation directions, the status of translators, the role of associations, standards, education and training, as well as further development of audiovisual translation in China will be discussed.


This thesis provides evidence supporting the claim that weak static and pulsed magnetic fields have measureable effects upon fibrosarcoma cells. Fibroblast and fibrosarcoma cell lines were exposed to 0, 100, and 200μT fields, with a static 45μT field as the control. Each exposure intensity, other than 0μT, was conducted at a 20 sec pulse repetition rate, as well as the normal static conditions. The cells were tested for variations in oxidative stress, membrane potential, and cell viability. The fibrosarcoma cells were also tested for cell count. The trials were conducted using an electromagnetic system that provided a controlled magnetic environment by blocking out all external magnetic fields. It was found that the magnetic fields did indeed produce changes in cell activity, as well the creation of result variability with respect to exposure strength, but did so without an overall discernable trend. More experiments need to be conducted in order to determine which magnetic fields could be used in therapeutic devices, whether in cancer or other disease treatments. They also need to be completed to better support or deny the spin flip theory that provides a mechanism for extremely weak magnetic fields to interact with cells. The results do show though, that the exposure system detailed in this thesis is useful in conducting cellular experiments and should be used in cell incubators during other experiments to eliminate exposure to unknown magnetic fields. iii


A study was conducted to quantify tar formation in a stratified downdraft gasifier using wood pellets. The effect of biomass flow rate on tar concentration was also analyzed, and more than thirty compounds in tar were quantified. Among the different compounds in tar, tertiary condensed products such as toluene, o/p-xylene, naphthalene, phenol, styrene, and indene were observed in significant amounts. Tar concentration in the syngas was found to be in the range of 340 to 680 mg/Nm3. These concentrations were found to be much higher when compared to a similar gasifier using woodchips.


Abstract Despite tremendous advances in sample preparation and classification algorithms for electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis (SPA), sample heterogeneity remains a major challenge and can prevent access to high-resolution structures. In addition, optimization of preparation conditions for a given sample can be time-consuming. In the current work, it is demonstrated that native electrospray ion-beam deposition (native ES-IBD) is an alternative, reliable approach for the preparation of extremely high-purity samples, based on mass selection in vacuum. Folded protein ions are generated by native electrospray ionization, separated from other proteins, contaminants, aggregates, and fragments, gently deposited on cryo-EM grids, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and subsequently imaged by cryo-EM. We demonstrate homogeneous coverage of ice-free cryo-EM grids with mass-selected protein complexes. SPA reveals that the complexes remain folded and assembled, but variations in secondary and tertiary structures are currently limiting information in 2D classes and 3D EM density maps. We identify and discuss challenges that need to be addressed to obtain a resolution comparable to that of the established cryo-EM workflow. Our results show the potential of native ES-IBD to increase the scope and throughput of cryo-EM for protein structure determination and provide an essential link between gas-phase and solution-phase protein structures.


The Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) Space Reference Federation Object Model (SpaceFOM) version 1.0 is nearing completion. Earlier papers have described the use of the High Level Architecture (HLA) in Space simulation as well as technical aspects of the SpaceFOM. This paper takes a look at different SpaceFOM tools and how they were used during the development and testing of the standard. The first organizations to develop SpaceFOM-compliant federates for SpaceFOM development and testing were NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC), the University of Calabria (UNICAL), and Pitch Technologies. JSC is one of NASA's lead centers for human space flight. Much of the core distributed simulation technology development, specifically associated with the SpaceFOM, is done by the NASA Exploration Systems Simulations (NExSyS) team. One of NASA's principal simulation development tools is the Trick Simulation Environment. NASA's NExSyS team has been modifying and using Trick and TrickHLA to help develop and test the SpaceFOM. The System Modeling And Simulation Hub Laboratory (SMASH-Lab) at UNICAL has developed the Simulation Exploration Experience (SEE) HLA Starter kit, that has been used by most SEE teams involved in the distributed simulation of a Moon base. It is particularly useful for the development of federates that are compatible with the SpaceFOM. The HLA Starter Kit is a Java based tool that provides a well-structured framework to simplify the formulation, generation, and execution of SpaceFOM-compliant federates. Pitch Technologies, a company specializing in distributed simulation, is utilizing a number of their existing HLA tools to support development and testing of the SpaceFOM. In addition to the existing tools, Pitch has developed a few SpaceFOM specific federates: Space Master for managing the initialization, execution and pacing of any SpaceFOM federation; EarthEnvironment, a simple Root Reference Publisher; and Space Monitor, a graphical tool for monitoring reference frames and physical entities. Early testing of the SpaceFOM was carried out in the SEE university outreach program, initiated in SISO. Students were given a subset of the FOM, that was later extended. Sample federates were developed and frameworks were developed or adapted to the early FOM versions. As drafts of the standard matured, testing was performed using federates from government, industry, and academia. By mixing federates developed by different teams the standard could be tested with respect to functional correctness, robustness and clarity. These frameworks and federates have been useful when testing and verifying the design of the standard. In addition to this, they have since formed a starting point for developing SpaceFOM-compliant federations in several projects, for example for NASA, ESA as well as SEE. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20200000864 2020-02-17T06:01:26+00:00Z


The first aim of this PhD thesis was to obtain sound quantitative biological data for three abundant and co-occurring reef-dwelling labrid species, i.e. the Western King Wrasse Coris auricularis, the Brown-spotted Wrasse Notolabrus parilus and the Southern Maori Wrasse Ophthalmolepis lineolatus, in the Jurien Bay Marine Park (JBMP) and in the waters off Perth, 250 km to the south. These data were acquired to undertake the following. 1. Determine whether the maximum body size and age and the instantaneous growth rate of each of these species are consistent with the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE). 2. Test the hypothesis that each species is a protogynous hermaphrodite and that the size and age at maturity and sex change of each species have a similar relationship to its maximum size and age. 3. Test the hypothesis that the food resources in temperate Western Australia are partitioned among each of the three species at both of the above locations and that the species compositions of the prey of each labrid species differs between locations as a result of the differences that are likely to be present in the relative abundances of prey at these two different latitudes. The specific aims associated with the different aspects of the biology and, where appropriate, hypotheses concerning those aspects, are given in the respective chapters.

 The implications of the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) that certain variables for a species follow predictable trends with latitude, i.e. with temperature, was explored using data for three reef-dwelling species of labrid. The maximum length, mass and age of C. auricularis, N. parilus and O. lineolatus, when expressed as the average of the top 10 % of the values for those variables, were significantly greater (P generally < 0.001) in the waters off Perth at c. 32°S than in those of the Jurien Bay Marine Park at c. 30°S. While these latitudinal trends conform to the predictions of the MTE, the instantaneous growth rates of each species during the earlier part of life were similar at both latitudes. The greater rate of growth of each species throughout the remaining and majority of life at the higher latitude suggests either that less energy is required for basal metabolism and/or physical activity in the cooler environment, or that these species are enzymatically better adapted to the lower temperature. In terms of interspecific comparisons, the rank order of maximum length, mass and growth (in terms of both length and mass at age) of these species is the same at both latitudes, but the precise order does vary slightly among these variables. This indicates that the three species respond to the differences between the temperature and other environmental variables at the two latitudes in a similar relative manner. The growth of O. lineolatus was least in both latitudes, irrespective of whether size was expressed in terms of length or mass. The growth of C. auricularis was greater, however, than N. parilus when using length, but either less or the same when employing mass, reflecting a greater body mass at length of the latter species. This difference is relevant as it would appear more appropriate to use mass as the indicator variable when considering predictions based on metabolic rate as this is related to temperature in ectotherms. Growth curves fitted to both the lengths and masses at age for the males of each species lay above and largely parallel to those for their females at all ages, indicating that sex change is size dependent. The rate of instantaneous growth at a given mass for each species, which began to diverge as mass increased, was consistently greater for the cooler than warmer environment (latitude), a trend that does not conform to the predictions of the MTE.

Examination of the histological characteristics of the gonads of a wide size and age range of C. auricularis, N. parilus and O. lineolatus from both the JBMP and waters off Perth, combined with the pattern of distribution of the lengths and ages of each sex, demonstrated that each of these three labrid species are protogynous hermaphrodites. The presence of two and young small C. auricularis with gonads consisting of both immature ovarian and testicular components suggests that this species, at least, may exhibit an early juvenile bisexual stage. All individuals of C. auricularis, N. parilus and O. lineolatus with lengths less than 186, 162 and 223 mm, respectively, and ages less than 3.1, 3.0 and 4.7 years, respectively, were females, whereas the largest and oldest individuals of each species were males. The lengths and ages of the other bisexual individuals of C. auricularis and those of N. parilus and O. lineolatus all fell within the respective length and age ranges at which both females and males of those species were found. The oocytes of these bisexuals were all at the previtellogenic stage, whereas the testicular component always contained spermatocytes and sometimes advanced spermatids. These characteristics suggest that these individuals are changing from female to male.

While the spawning periods of each of C. auricularis, N. parilus and O. lineolatus in the two locations were similar, they differed markedly among those three species. This would reduce the potential for competition for food and space resources by the larvae and juveniles of these species. In the case of each species, a greater amount of energy was invested in gonadal development in the waters off Perth than in the JBMP, thereby parallelling the greater investment of energy in somatic growth in those waters. Thus, in the context of gonadal and somatic growth, each species is apparently better adapted to exploiting the environmental conditions found in the cooler temperatures at the higher latitude, i.e. waters off Perth, than to the warmer temperatures found at the lower latitude. Coris auricularis and O. lineolatus matured at a smaller length and younger age in the cooler waters off Perth than in the warmer environment of the JBMP, which is the converse of the pattern typically exhibited by ectothermic species. While N. parilus also matured at a younger age in the waters off Perth than in the JBMP, the difference was small and, in contrast to the other two species, maturation occurred at a greater length in the cooler environment.

This study confirmed that the dietary compositions of C. auricularis, N. parilus and O. lineolatus differed significantly with latitude (i.e. between JBMP at c. 30°S and c. 32°S off Perth), changed with increasing body size and almost invariably differed among those species in the more offshore reefs in each location in which they cooccurred. Latitudinal differences in the dietary compositions of each species in exposed reefs typically reflected greater contributions by large crustaceans, bivalve molluscs, echinoids and annelids to the diets in the waters off Perth than in the JBMP, whereas the reverse was true for gastropods and small crustaceans. The diet of each species exhibited similar, but not identical, quantitative changes with increasing body size, with the contributions of small crustaceans declining and those of large crustaceans and echinoids increasing, while that of gastropods underwent little change. Within the JBMP, the dietary compositions of both C. auricularis and N. parilus were similar in exposed and sheltered reefs and the same was true for N. parilus in the sheltered reefs and interspersed areas of seagrass. The latter similarity demonstrated that, in both of those divergent habitat types, N. parilus feeds on prey associated with either the sand or the macrophytes that cover and lie between the reefs. Although the main dietary components of each species were the same, i.e. gastropods, small crustaceans (mainly amphipods and isopods), large crustaceans (particularly penaeids and brachyuran crabs) and echinoids, their contributions varied among those species, which accounts for the significant interspecific differences in diet. Coris auricularis had the most distinct diet, due mainly to ingesting greater volumes of small crustaceans, e.g. amphipods and isopods, and lesser volumes of large crustaceans, e.g. brachyuran crabs, which was associated with a relatively narrower mouth and smaller teeth and the absence of prominent canines at the rear of the jaw. The above intra and interspecific differences in dietary composition would reduce, on the south-west coast of Australia, the potential for competition for food among and within these three abundant labrids, each of which belongs to different genera within the Julidine clade.


Alcohol interferes with the central metabolism of the catecholamines and especially with indolamines (5-HT). Thus, the use of an antidepressant such as tianeptine, whose main neurochemical effect is to increase the reuptake of 5-HT, seems to be particularly indicated for the continued treatment of depressed patients after alcohol withdrawal. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy and acceptability during long-term administration of tianeptine in depressed patients (major depressive episode or dysthymic disorder) in a multicentre trial, after withdrawal from alcohol abuse or dependence. The results relate to 130 depressed patients, who abstained from alcohol and received treatment for a year. Only one patient dropped-out because of side-effects, and medication was interrupted in 5% of subjects because of alcoholic relapses. Prescribed in the long term, tianeptine did not produce orthostatic hypotension, changes in bodyweight, or alterations in the ECG. All changes found in haematological and biochemical investigations suggested an improvement in patients' physical state. This, and other studies, indicate that tianeptine appears to have the potential to be a safe antidepressant, which might be particularly useful in those patients who are susceptible to the side-effects of psychotropic drugs.


Using the work of theorists in the field of reader-response theory, this thesis examines the notion that the meaning of a given literary work is a product of the interaction between the reader and the text, and that a given work thus potentially contains a plurality of valid meanings. The theory is applied to selected works of three of Indonesia's most prolific writers in the period 1980-1995: Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Y.B. Mangunwijaya and Putu Wijaya. Each work is subjected to at least two different 'readings' which in each case privilege different features of the text and in effect produce a different literary work.


THE DISCOVERY OF INDIVIDUAL "MIRROR NEURONS" in the macaque brain that fire both when an action is executed and when that same action is observed or heard, and of a homologous system in humans, is leading to an extraordinary conceptual shift in our understanding of perception-action mechanisms, human communication, and empathy. In a recent model of emotional responses to music (Molnar-Szakacs & Overy, 2006), we proposed that music is perceived not only as an auditory signal, but also as intentional, hierarchically organized sequences of expressive motor acts behind the signal; and that the human mirror neuron system allows for corepresentation and sharing of a musical experience between agent and listener. Here, we expand upon this model of Shared Affective Motion Experience (SAME) and discuss its implications for music therapy and special education.We hypothesize that imitation, synchronization, and shared experience may be key elements of successful work in these areas.


Self-reported measures of media exposure are plagued with error and questions about validity. Since they are essential to studying media effects, a substantial literature has explored the shortcomings of these measures, tested proxies, and proposed refinements. But lacking an objective baseline, such investigations can only make relative comparisons. By focusing specifically on recent Internet activity stored by Web browsers, this article's methodology captures individuals' actual consumption of political media. Using experiments embedded within an online survey, I test three different measures of media exposure and compare them to the actual exposure. I find that open-ended survey prompts reduce overreporting and generate an accurate picture of the overall audience for online news. I also show that they predict news recall at least as well as general knowledge. Together, these results demonstrate that some ways of asking questions about media use are better than others. I conclude with a discussion of survey-based exposure measures for online political information and the applicability of this article's direct method of exposure measurement for future studies.


When New Zealand-born and Oxford-educated anthropologist Diamond Jenness set aside hopes of building a career in the South Pacific to join Vilhjalmur Stefansson's Canadian Arctic Expedition, he had little idea of what lay ahead. But Jenness thrived under the duress of that transformational experience: the groundbreaking ethnographic work he accomplished, recounted in People of the Twilight and in Dawn in Arctic Alaska, proved to be a lasting contribution to twentieth-century anthropology, and the foundation of a career he would devote to researching Canada's first peoples. Barnett Richling draws upon a wealth of documentary sources to shed light on Jenness's tenure with the Anthropological Division of the National Museum of Canada - a forerunner of the Canadian Museum of Civilization - during which his investigations took him beyond the Arctic to seven First Nations communities from Georgian Bay to British Columbia's interior. Jenness was renowned as a pre-eminent scholar of Inuit culture, but he also stood out for the contributions his field work made to linguistics, ethnology, material culture, and Northern archaeology. His story is also an institutional one: Jenness worked as a public servant at a time when the federal government spearheaded anthropological research, although his abiding commitment to the first peoples of his adopted homeland placed him at odds with Ottawa's approach to aboriginal affairs. In Twilight and in Dawn is an exploration of one man's life in anthropology, and of the conditions - at the museum, on the reserves, in society's mainstream, and in the world at large - that inspired and shaped Jenness's contributions to science, to his profession, and to public life. An informative study of the evolution of a discipline focused through the life of one of its leading practitioners, In Twilight and in Dawn is an illuminating look at anthropological thought and practice in Canada during the first half of the twentieth century.


We introduce a method to learn imitative policies from expert demonstrations that are interpretable and manipulable. We achieve interpretability by modeling the interactions between high-level actions as an automaton with connections to formal logic. We achieve manipulability by integrating this automaton into planning, so that changes to the automaton have predictable effects on the learned behavior. These qualities allow a human user to first understand what the model has learned, and then either correct the learned behavior or zero-shot generalize to new, similar tasks. We build upon previous work by no longer requiring additional supervised information which is hard to collect in practice. We achieve this by using a deep Bayesian nonparametric hierarchical model. We test our model on several domains and also show results for a real-world implementation on a mobile robotic arm platform.


Abstract All animals are capable of undergoing gametogenesis. The ability of forming haploid cells from diploid cells through meiosis and recombination appeared early in eukaryotes, whereas further gamete differentiation is mostly a metazoan signature. Morphologically, the gametogenic process presents many similarities across animal taxa, but little is known about its conservation at the molecular level. Porifera are the earliest divergent animals and therefore are an ideal phylum to understand evolution of the gametogenic toolkits. Although sponge gametogenesis is well known at the histological level, the molecular toolkits for gamete production are largely unknown. Our goal was to identify the genes and their expression levels which regulate oogenesis and spermatogenesis in five gonochoristic and oviparous species of the genus Geodia, using both RNAseq and proteomic analyses. In the early stages of both female and male gametogenesis, genes involved in germ cell fate and cell-renewal were upregulated. Then, molecular signals involved in retinoic acid pathway could trigger the meiotic processes. During later stages of oogenesis, female sponges expressed genes involved in cell growth, vitellogenesis, and extracellular matrix reassembly, which are conserved elements of oocyte maturation in Metazoa. Likewise, in spermatogenesis, genes regulating the whole meiotic cycle, chromatin compaction, and flagellum axoneme formation, that are common across Metazoa were overexpressed in the sponges. Finally, molecular signals possibly related to sperm capacitation were identified during late stages of spermatogenesis for the first time in Porifera. In conclusion, the activated molecular toolkit during gametogenesis in sponges was remarkably similar to that deployed during gametogenesis in vertebrates.


Essentially all cortical areas receive thalamic inputs and send outputs to lower motor centers. Cortical areas communicate with each other by means of direct corticocortical and corticothalamocortical pathways, often organized in parallel. We distinguish these functionally, stressing that the transthalamic pathways are class 1 (formerly known as "driver") pathways capable of transmitting information, whereas the direct pathways vary, being either class 2 (formerly known as "modulator") or class 1. The transthalamic pathways provide a thalamic gate that can be open or closed (and otherwise more subtly modulated), and these inputs to the thalamus are generally branches of axons with motor functions. Thus the transthalamic corticocortical pathways that can be gated carry information about the cortical processing in one cortical area and also about the motor instructions currently being issued from that area and copied to other cortical areas.


Research activities on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions via effective carbon capture and storage (CCS) techniques are steadily increasing with the concept of storing CO2 as hydrates among the most prominently discussed strategies. The present study utilizes mid-infrared (MIR) fiber-optic evanescent field sensing techniques as a promising in situ monitoring tool for investigation of molecular changes occurring during CO2 hydrate formation. The identification and evaluation of characteristic IR absorption features associated with additive molecules (here, THF and SDS) and their changes during hydrate formation were pronounced via studies in D2O next to H2O as the hydrate-forming matrix. By correlating IR-spectroscopic data with continuously recorded pressure and temperature traces, hypotheses on the involvement and promoting effect of such additives during carbon dioxide gas hydrate formation were experimentally consolidated.


How legitimate are the EU's treaty revision procedures, that is, IGCs and the Convention? Since the rejection of the Constitutional Treaty the recurrence to intergovernmental procedures appears as one way out of the current dilemma. We argue instead that the Convention method is not to blame for the current crisis. On the contrary, it increases the legitimacy of EU constitutionalization considerably.


Strategies for confronting the epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) have included a range of different approaches that focus on prevention and treatment. However, debate persists over what levels of emphasis are appropriate for the different components of the global response. This paper presents an overview of this debate and briefly summarizes the evidence on a range of interventions designed to prevent the spread of HIV infection, paying particular attention to voluntary counselling and testing, treatment for sexually transmitted infections and prevention of mother-to-child transmission. We also review the experience with antiretroviral therapy to date in terms of response rates and survival rates, adherence, drug resistance, behavioural change and epidemiological impact. Although various studies have identified strategies with proven effectiveness in reducing the risks of HIV infection and AIDS mortality, considerable uncertainties remain. Successful integration of treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS will require a balanced approach and rigorous monitoring of the impact of programmes in terms of both individual and population outcomes.


With the Paris Agreement's ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.


This comprehensive introduction to the principles of functional programming using F# shows how to apply basic theoretical concepts to produce succinct and elegant programs. It demonstrates the role of functional programming in a wide spectrum of applications including databases and systems. Coverage also includes advanced features in the .NET library, the imperative features of F# and topics such as text processing, sequences, computation expressions and asynchronous computation. With a broad spectrum of examples and exercises, the book is perfect for courses in functional programming and for self-study. Enhancing its use as a text is an accompanying website with downloadable programs, lecture slides, a mini-projects and links to further F# sources.


Abstract: The voice system of Tagalog has been proposed to be symmetrical in the sense that there are no morphologically unmarked voice forms. This stands in contrast to asymmetrical voice systems, which exhibit unmarked and marked voices (e.g. active and passive in German). This article investigates the psycholinguistic processing consequences of the potential (a)symmetries in the voice systems of Tagalog and German by analyzing changes in cognitive load during sentence production. Tagalog and German native speakers' pupil diameters were recorded while they produced sentences with different voice markings. Growth-curve analyses of the shape of task-evoked pupillary responses revealed that processing-load changes were similar for different voices in the symmetrical voice system of Tagalog. By contrast, actives and passives in the asymmetrical voice system of German exhibited different patterns of processing-load changes during sentence production. This is interpreted as supporting the notion of (relative) symmetry in the Tagalog voice system. Mental effort during sentence planning changes in different ways in the two languages because the grammatical architecture of their voice systems is different. Additionally, an anti-Patient bias in sentence production was found: linking patients to the subject function seems to be associated with greater cognitive effort. This anti-Patient bias in production adds converging evidence to 'subject preferences' reported in the sentence-comprehension literature.


Several hundred specimens of the red drum from Mississippi were critically assessed. Regression equations for standard-length (SL) versus total-length differed between males and females and between small and large members of the same sex. A single regression line represented the weight-SL relationship for males with females. For condition coefficients to be helpful, fish had to be grouped at least by sex, season, and length or stage of maturity. By 12 months of age, most fish were about 30 to 32 cm SL and their distribution ranged throughout Mississippi Sound rather than being restricted to inshore bayou and marsh habitats like younger individuals. Juvenile fish tended to have a high hepatosomatic index (HSI) in winter, and adultshadalow one following spawning. The gonosomatic index (GSI) was typically lower than the HSI except for gravid fish in spring and summer. The number of oocytes available for spawning appeared to be much higher than cited in previous reports. The highest calculated fecundity, occurring in a 758 mm SL fish, was 62 million using a volumetric dis- placement method and 95 million using a gravimetric one. Extrapolated estimates for larger fish were much higher. Resting and yolk-vesicle stage oocytes typically had an irregular shape, an eccentrically located nucleus, and an abundance of highly basophilic substance in the ooplasm. Throughout a seasonal histological examination, both gonads contained, often in an abundance, Periodic-acid-Schiff-positive granular leukocytes. Spawning took place in late September and October one year, but apparently has occurred over longer periods when conditions of temperature and photoperiod were appropriate. No tagged, 1-year-old fish were returned from farther than 33 km from the point of release. Adults, however, apparently migrated extensively, especially from October through April. Those adults tagged several km south of the barrier islands included in- dividuals caught 778 km away in Texas after 746 days and 316 km away in Florida after 399 days. Another fish apparently migrated at least 120 km in inshore waters in 6 days or fewer. An estimated 25 million kg or more of red drum occurred at one time between the Mississippi River and Mobile Point, Alabama. The red drum served as a host for a variety of parasites, some capable of having an adverse effect on natural stocks, on cultured stocks, and on seafood consumers, and most species known to infect the drum are listed in a table. The red drum has succumbed to some microbial agents, low dissolved oxygen concentration, rapidly dropping temperatures, and other detrimental conditions, some unidentified or unexplained. Probably, considerable mortality can be attributed periodically to environmental or environmentally-influenced conditions and to parasitic infections.


This article is a defence of the Fact-Value distinction against considerations brought up by Ruth Anna Putnam in three articles in Philosophy, especially her 'Perceiving Facts and Values' January 1998. I defend metaphysical realism about facts and anti-realism about values against Putnam' intermediate position about both and I relate the matter to the logic of imperatives. The motivations of scientists or historians to select fields of investigation are irrelevant to the objectivity of their hypotheses, and so is the goodness or badness of the social consequences of their work though these may affect their motivations.


Abstract There is insufficient knowledge regarding outcomes among persons who are no longer supervised by the forensic mental health system, and consequently little data to inform public perception regarding the risk of harm posed by such persons. We performed a retrospective case audit and one-year follow-up of all patients receiving an absolute discharge from compulsory forensic care in the years 2013 and 2014 (N = 60) and report on the prevalence of outcomes concerning mental health deterioration, treatment non-compliance, hospital readmission, substance use and recidivism. In the year following absolute discharge, rates of medication non-compliance, hospital readmission and violence increased significantly (odds ratios = 3.51–10.41). Discharged patients who engaged in violence or reoffending (n = 10) were characterized by greater substance use problems, and were less likely to be rated as low risk on the HCR-20. A comparison to a matched sample of community-dwelling but not absolutely discharged patients revealed that those not yet discharged experienced more symptoms of mental illness and greater problems with treatment compliance and social support. The low base rate of serious violence among absolutely discharged patients suggests that the decision-making model employed by the review board in our jurisdiction is a reasonably accurate and balanced one.


Fictional medical television programs are popular with viewers and have been shown to influence health-related outcomes. We sought to systematically analyze real-time viewer discourse on Twitter related to the new medical drama, Code Black. We retrieved all Twitter posts (tweets) and metadata around the time of the airing of Code Black for four consecutive weeks. We developed a codebook using both content assessment of Twitter messages (tweets) and theory-based variables used in entertainment education analyses. We coded all tweets that occurred during the Eastern Standard Time (EST) airing of the program. Tweets that fell into at least one coding category were further analyzed by two independent researchers. We collected a total of 19,369 tweets, with 54% of total tweets originating during the EST airing of the program. There were 1,888 tweets that fit into one or more of six broad coding categories. Qualitative analysis revealed several key themes including real-life motivation to pursue health sciences careers based on the program, engagement regarding medical accuracy, and respect for the nursing profession. Examination of tweets related to Code Black provides insight into viewer discourse and suggests that Twitter may provide a vehicle for leveraging program engagement into real-life discussion and inquiry.


Surveying during bridge construction has many facets requiring professional judgment and expertise. For form work, offset lines are more important than basic center lines. Edges of girders must meet abutments and piers. Settlement and deflection of falsework and permanent camber must be figured into elevations. Close control must be exercised during the entire construction of a bridge. Permanent reference points are important in case the bridge suffers settlement or earthquake.


We present a methodology based on quantum mechanics for assigning quantum conductivity when an ac field is applied across a variable gap between two plasmonic nanoparticles with an insulator sandwiched between them. The quantum tunneling effect is portrayed by a set of quantum conductivity coefficients describing the linear ac conductivity responding at the frequency of the applied field, and nonlinear coefficients that modulate the field amplitude at the fundamental frequency and its harmonics. The quantum conductivity, determined with no fit parameters, has both frequency and gap dependence that can be applied to determine the nonlinear quantum effects of strong applied electromagnetic fields, even when the system is composed of dissimilar metal nanostructures. Our methodology compares well to results on quantum tunneling effects reported in the literature, and is simple to extend to a number of systems with different metals and different insulators between them.


Two simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of Fluorometholone in pharmaceutical formulations in methanol (Method A) and Octane sulfonic acid buffer (pH 3.0) (Method B). Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range 0.1-80 μg/mL in both methods. The linear regression equations were found to be y = 0.040x + 0.005 and y = 0.040x - 0.013 in Method A and B respectively. The % RSD was found to be 0.76 and 0.97 in Method A as well as 0.58 and 0.49 in Method B for intra-day and inter-day precision studies. The % RSD in accuracy studies was also found to be less than 2.0. The proposed methods are simple and suitable for the determination of Fluorometholone in pharmaceutical formulations. No interferences were observed from the excipients in the formulations. The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines.


We have ablated HMGB1 in CD11c+ cells (DCH mice) to evaluate the role of DC HMGB1 loss, immunologically, in vaccination strategies to tumor and in vivo in the setting of pancreatic carcinogenesis. HMGB1 is a chromatin-associated molecule regulating the response to several transcriptional factors, as well as promoting cytosolic autophagy in the setting of stress. When released extracellularly following necrosis or during stress, it serves as a damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule. DCH mice represent a novel model to answer several questions. First, is HMGB1 necessary for DC function? Second, can KO-DCs confer protection as therapeutic vaccines in anti-tumor models of PDAC? Lastly, how is carcinogenesis affected in a Kras-driven model of pancreatic neoplasia (KC mice) in the presence of KO-DCs? KO-DCs to be less responsive to maturational stimuli, have inhibited T cell stimulatory capacity, and skew naive T cells towards regulatory phenotypes. KO-DCs fail to initiate anti-tumor immunity in multiple tumor vaccine models compared to controls. Unexpectedly, DCH mice inoculated with transplantable (pancreatic and colorectal cancer) tumor cells were significantly protected from tumor growth. BM transplants from DCH mice into KC mice resulted in significant inhibition of neoplasia and the associated inflammatory infiltrate. As DCs actively secrete HMGB1 during maturation, we next examined the role of the HMGB1 receptor, the receptor for advanced glycation-endproducts (RAGE) in the promotion of PDAC. We back-crossed RAGE-KO mice into the KC strain (KCR) and evaluated the role of RAGE in modulating the myeloid response to pancreatic carcinogenesis. We observed a significant delay in neoplasia in KCR mice and a correlation with a reduction in the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). In the absence of RAGE and the development of malignant precursor lesions, non-immunosuppressive macrophages were detected in both the spleens and pancreata of KCR mice in lieu of MDSCs. These findings suggest a crucial role for myeloid cells in PDAC, including cell types conventionally thought to be inhibitory for tumor (DCs). Further investigation regarding the dynamic relationship between myeloid cells and PDAC is essential to for the success of immunotherapies in this disease.


The purpose of this paper is to focus with the university-based business plan competition (BPC) and proposes how the theory of effectuation might inform a new model. Such a purpose is timely given the under-challenged nature of the BPC methodology.,Extant literature pertaining to business planning and the business plan within entrepreneurship education and effectuation is reviewed; numerous conceptual issues which undermine BPC provision in its traditional form are then identified. In response to these identified issues, a series of principles which could underpin the introduction of an effectuation-led business coopetition (EBC) are outlined.,Strong emphasis on business plan production within a conventional BPC model raises questions about its capacity to release the entrepreneurial potential of the higher education institution student and provide them with an authentic and relevant entrepreneurial learning experience. Through using the ideas of effectuation to rethink provision, the action of business plan production can usefully be replaced with the action of business implementation. As well as facilitate a beneficial shift from competition to coopetition-based entrepreneurship education.,This paper valuably critiques the efficacy of a commonly employed yet under-challenged methodology for entrepreneurship education; the BPC. The propositions offered can guide competition provision in a more authentic, realistic and relevant way that is potentially better suited to inspiring and supporting entrepreneurial new venturing amongst students and graduates now rather than in the future. The paper thus has practical value to those designing and delivering competition-based entrepreneurship education.


In 2009, Belgium and the Netherlands announced a deal to send approximately 500 Belgian inmates to Dutch prisons, in exchange for an annual payment of £26 million. The arrangement was unprecedented, but justified as beneficial to both nations: Belgium had too many prisoners and not enough prisons, whereas the Netherlands had too many prisons and not enough prisoners. The deal has yet to be replicated, nor has it triggered sustained criticism or received significant scholarly treatment. This Article aims to fill this void by examining the exchange and its possible implications for a global market in prisoners and prison space.In the Article, I suggest three possible doctrinal and discursive frames through which we might view the Belgian-Dutch exchange: (1) prison labor in the context of globalized labor markets; (2) democracy, sovereignty, and the role of community in criminal punishment; and (3) international trade or the exchange and regulation of resources. Further, in focusing on U.S. analogs to this exchange, I emphasize that this ostensibly unique treaty bears much in common with contemporary carceral policy. I argue that this exchange is actually emblematic of a departure from traditional "theories of punishment" and represents a normalization of the prison as a staple of social and economic life.


Much of the literature on social movements centers on cyclical theories of political opportunity. While such work lays an important foundation for understanding contentious politics, it fails to fully integrate movements as actors in the American political system and public policy process. As such, the ways movements exercise power in the American political system, and the ways that power is constrained, are often not clearly conceptualized. This dissertation argues that movements exercise political power in the US in three distinct but overlapping ways; pluralist interest group power, plebiscitary opinion power, and disruptive contentious power. Through public law and empirical analyses, it shows that opportunities to exercise these types of power are limited by three patterns of American Political Development; insiders building structural constraints such as tax and campaign finance laws, political inflation caused by the expansion of political resources such as campaign spending, and institutional thickening that commits government resources to existing issues and limits slack resources for new issues. Case law analysis shows that the Supreme Court's First Amendment doctrines on tax law, campaign finance law, and time, place and manner restrictions disadvantage movements. Empirical analysis of nonprofit tax filings shows that movements have increasingly relied on apolitical organizational forms such as charities. Analysis of protest news reports shows that policing policies have reduced confrontations between police and protesters in ways that lower this visibility of movements. Analysis of congressional hearings and public laws shows that an increasing share of government activity is devoted to administering existing policy commitments. The dissertation concludes that emerging constraints increasingly limit movement power in the future of American politics. As such, this project suggests that declines in social movement influence since the 1960s may not be a cyclical phenomenon, and that political outsiders must learn to adapt to a closed political system. Movement cases considered include LGBTQ Rights, Animal Rights, Disability Rights, and Antiabortion. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Political Science First Advisor Adolph Reed


Introduced predators currently threaten endemic animals on Madagascar through predation, facilitation of human-led hunts, competition, and disease transmission, but the antiquity and past consequences of these introductions are poorly known. We use directly radiocarbon dated bones of introduced dogs (Canis familiaris) to test whether dogs could have aided human-led hunts of the island's extinct megafauna. We compare carbon and nitrogen isotope data from the bone collagen of dogs and endemic "fosa" (Cryptoprocta spp.) in central and southwestern Madagascar to test for competition between introduced and endemic predators. The distinct isotopic niches of dogs and fosa suggest that any past antagonistic relationship between these predators did not follow from predation or competition for shared prey. Radiocarbon dates confirm that dogs have been present on Madagascar for over a millennium and suggest that they at least briefly co-occurred with the island's extinct megafauna, which included giant lemurs, elephant birds, and pygmy hippopotamuses. Today, dogs share a mutualism with pastoralists who also occasionally hunt endemic vertebrates, and similar behavior is reflected in deposits at several Malagasy paleontological sites that contain dog and livestock bones along with butchered bones of extinct megafauna and extant lemurs. Dogs on Madagascar have had a wide range of diets during the past millennium, but relatively high stable carbon isotope values suggest few individuals relied primarily on forest bushmeat. Our newly generated data suggest that dogs were part of a suite of animal introductions beginning over a millennium ago that coincided with widespread landscape transformation and megafaunal extinction.


Peridynamics is motivated in aid of modeling the problems from continuum mechanics which involve the spontaneous discontinuity forms in the motion of a material system. By replacing differentiation with integration, peridynamic equations remain equally valid both on and off the points where a discontinuity in either displacement or its spatial derivatives is located. A functional analytical framework was established in literature to study the linear bondbased peridynamic equations associated with a particular kind of nonlocal boundary condition. Investigated were the finite-dimensional approximations to the solutions of the equations obtained by spectral method and finite element method; as a result, two corresponding general formulas of error estimates were derived. However, according to these formulas, one can only conclude that the optimal convergence is algebraic. Based on this theoretical framework, first we show that analytic data functions produce analytic solutions. Afterwards, we prove these finite-dimensional approximations will achieve exponential convergence under the analyticity assumption of data. At the end, we validate our results by conducting a few numerical experiments.


Using two-dimensional electrophoresis we have investigated the heat-shock response in a pathogenic fungus, Fonsecaea pedrosoi. Fungal cultures were transferred from 37 to 45 degrees C for either 30 or 90 min and then returned back to the initial temperature. Analysis of the total proteins resolved on two-dimensional gels indicated important changes in the accumulation of several peptides according to the duration of treatment and the temperature. The 30-min incubation at 45 degrees C resulted in the induction of several new proteins, whereas other proteins were either increased or decreased. These inductions and repressions of proteins (called heat-shock and heat-stroke proteins, respectively) were either specific to this time period or still present after a 90-min incubation. In addition, the 90-min incubation period led to the enhancement of several proteins, which were therefore called late heat-shock proteins to distinguish them from the early ones detected after 30 min. Finally, when cultures were shifted back to 37 degrees C most of the heat-shock proteins decreased or disappeared; in parallel, most of the heat-stroke proteins were reinduced at this time. These results are in good agreement with previous studies on the heat-shock response and provide additional evidence that this phenomenon is highly conserved among species.


An innovation is a complex series of activities in which an idea is conceived, proceeds through a succession of developmental steps and culminates in a product, a process, or a service that is accepted in the marketplace. It starts with an idea, or initial discovery, that needs to be assessed, developed and tested. Everything, from the smallest incremental improvement to the most radical innovation, starts with an idea. Prospective innovators generally believe that the leap from an idea to market entry is only a short distance and they often do not recognise how complex, costly, and time consuming the process can be. Consequently, it is important to be able to assess the commercial feasibility of new ideas very early in the innovation process, because it is the least costly stage in which to identify and eliminate likely failures (English & Udell, 2004). Inasmuch as many new ideas turn out not to be commercially feasible, indiscriminately investing time, money and effort in them only dilutes the resources available for projects with genuine potential. Innovation is not a democracy in which all ideas are created equal. It is a meritocracy in which those ideas with demonstrated commercial merit should be developed further.


A thesis on " How might students wonder and play their way into deep learning? " A thesis on " How might students wonder and play their way into deep learning? " Abstract: How might we encourage students to "wonder" and " play " their way into deep learning? It is within the context of design education that I explore this question. Design students are expected to develop expertise in designing for wicked problems and long time horizon futures. This requires efficiencies with understanding and navigating complex systems, drawing productively upon vast information resources, agile prototyping skills and evaluative methods, and resilience in a highly iterative, low-‐signal feedback environment. While experts thrive within the complexity of systems-‐ level thinking, novices tend to become overwhelmed, looking to the experts for direction. Experts' knowledge and processes tend to be tacit leaving novices floundering for productive courses of action. This thesis explores a framework for wonder (wonder as experience, interaction, action, sustained action) as a means to bridge this gap. Through this study of wonder, differences in organization of knowledge between experts and novices, aspects of motivation in game and learning environments, fly-‐on-‐the-‐wall observations in a design studio classroom, and two sample participatory and user studies with masters and undergraduate students, this thesis puts forth that wonder provides a framework for: a.) unpacking expert processes thereby making these explicit/accessible to novices; b.) designing student-‐centered learning with flexible scaffolding to address students' motivational ebbs and flows as they develop expertise; c.) increasing agency by triggering the novice's capacity for wonder and extending that through a frame that focuses attention and directs and sustains effort. A thesis on " How might students wonder and play their way into deep learning? "


We would like to thank you for your efforts in reviewing our manuscript and providing many helpful comments and suggestions. Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to our researches. We have studied comments very carefully. Based on comments and suggestions, we have revised the manuscript accordingly. The details are explained as follows.


BACKGROUND: Palmoplantar dermatoses often show therapeutic problem. PUVA therapy represents an effective remedy for refractory dermatoses. PURPOSE: To evaluate the response of palmoplantar dermatoses to PUVA therapy. METHODS: A propsective study undertaken on 50 patients from the Outpatients Department of Dermatology in Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana to study the effect of PUVA therapy in plamoplantar dermatoses. Out of the total of 50 patients, 26 patients (52%) had chronic plaque psoriasis, 19 patients (38%) had vitiligo (acrofacial variety) and 5 patients (10%) had lichen planus. Each patient was given PUVA therapy 3 times of week on alternate days for 6-12 months or remission whichever was earlier and then followed up for 6 months. RESULTS: About 62.5% patients of psoriasis, 55.5% of vitiligo and 60% of lichen planus showed improvement. Main side effects were nausea and erythema (20%). PUVA Therapy had to be stopped in one patient due to flaring of psoriasis. After six months of follow-up, 60% of patients were maintained in remission in psoriasis; none of the patients of vitiligo showed any loss of pigmentation; and, all the patients who showed improvement in lichen planus were maintained in remission. CONCLUSION: PUVA Therapy is a successful treatment for plamoplantar dermatoses like psoriasis, vitiligo and lichen planus. LIMITATION: Open study having no control and small sample size.


In the literature on diffusion of innovations, it is widely known that the characteristics and socio-environmental settings of adopters do evolve in space and time. What about innovations themselves? During the diffusion process, don't some innovations continuously alter in space and time? If so, how does the dynamic character of an innovation influence the diffusion process? In previous research, it has been often assumed that innovations do not continuously alter or get modified when diffusing from a source to potential adopters. This assumption may mean that the innovation is invariant as it diffuses in time and space—i.e., the innovation does not have a continuously dynamic character. Is it always the case in practice? A single form of an innovation is not always necessarily compatible with the preferences, limitations, and residential settings of adopters. The innovation might appear in different forms when it diffuses in space and time, i.e., it is "dynamic". This PhD thesis aims to explore how dynamic innovations diffuse in space and time—a relatively understudied topic in research. In doing so, it distinguishes between the diffusion of dynamic innovations and other kinds of innovations. Anchored on the case of diffusion of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, this thesis is composed of a cover essay and six appended papers. The first two appended papers are systematic literature reviews, aiming at understanding the state of the art of the theoretical and contextual research domains. The third paper is based on a case study in southern Germany and explores the diffusion of a dynamic innovation at adopter level. The fourth paper is empirically focused on a local firm's business model, which is assumed to be a key to understanding the mechanism behind the diffusion of dynamic innovations. The fifth paper is based on lead market hypothesis and tries to explore the diffusion of innovations at the regional level. The sixth paper studies a semi-hypothetical case and offers an innovative method to forecast the diffusion of innovations in general.The contribution of this PhD thesis lies in three research dimensions: context, method, and theory. Firstly, the thesis takes the existing theories (e.g., diffusion of innovations theory and lead market hypothesis) and methods (e.g., case study) and applies them in different contexts of the diffusion of residential solar PV systems: the individual, sub-national, and national level. Secondly, it proposes a new research method, namely the finite element method for forecasting the diffusion of innovations, based on an existing theory (e.g., wave-like diffusion of innovations in time and space) and context (e.g., solar PV systems). Last but not least, the cover essay of this thesis takes the findings of the appended papers and employs an extension of theory of diffusion of innovations. In doing so, it includes the role of the dynamic characteristic of innovations that do alter in time and space during the diffusion process.Overall, the findings of this thesis indicate that the diffusion of dynamic innovations is different in nature, and continuous efforts of change agents are critical for enhancing the diffusion of such innovations. Change agents are especially important to help potential adopters to find out and develop the form of innovation that best fits their needs, limits, and preferences, which are heterogeneous in space and time.


&NA; Cell culture methods are utilized ubiquitously in science and pharmaceutical and biotech industries. Sterility is one crucial factor for maintenance of cells and creation of valid data from experiments. As cells are usually cultured in CO2 incubators, those are one bottleneck in terms of sterility in a cell culture lab. This review gives an overview on the different sterilization procedures for CO2 incubators on the market with emphasize to considerations from a practical point of view. It compares sterilization by dry heat, steam, gas and ultraviolet radiation in terms of validity and practicability in accordance with international standards and regulations and transfers literature consensus about these methods to CO2 incubators. As conclusion, the authors give recommendations for a sterile working environment in line with good cell culture practice.


Background Quality of life (QoL) in endometrial cancer (EC) is understudied. Incorporation of QoL questionnaires and patient-reported outcomes in clinical trials has been inconsistent, and the tools and interpretation of these measures are unfamiliar to most practitioners. In 2012, the Gynecologic Cancer InterGroup Symptom Benefit Working Group convened for a brainstorming collaborative session to address deficiencies and work toward improving the quality and quantity of QoL research in women with EC. Methods Through literature review and international expert contributions, we compiled a comprehensive appraisal of current generic and disease site–specific QoL assessment tools, strengths and weaknesses of these measures, assessment of sexual health, statistical considerations, and an exploration of the unique array of histopathologic and clinical factors that may influence QoL outcomes in women with EC. Results This collaborative composition is the first publication specific to EC that addresses methodology in QoL research and the components necessary to achieve high quality QoL data in clinical trials. Future recommendations regarding (1) the incorporation of patient-reported outcomes in all clinical trials in EC, (2) definition of an a priori hypothesis, (3) utilization of validated tools and consideration of new tools corresponding to new therapies or specific symptoms, (4) publication within the same time frame as clinical outcome data, and (5) attempt to correct for disease site–specific potential confounders are presented. Conclusions Improved understanding of methodology in QoL research and an increased undertaking of EC-specific QoL research in clinical trials are imperative if we are to improve outcomes in women with EC.


INTRODUCTION
The efficacy of oral clomiphene citrate (CC) in the treatment of male hypogonadism and male infertility (MI) with low serum testosterone and normal gonadotropin levels has been reported.

AIM
The aim of this article is to evaluate CC and testosterone gel replacement therapy (TGRT) with regard to biochemical and clinical efficacy and cost.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The main outcome measures were change in serum testosterone with CC and TGRT therapy, and change in the androgen deficiency in aging male (ADAM) questionnaire scores with CC therapy.

METHODS
Men receiving CC or TGRT with either Androgel 1% or Testim 1% for hypogonadism (defined as testosterone < 300 ng/mL) or MI were included. Serum values were collected 1-2 months after treatment initiation and semi-annually thereafter. Retrospective data collection was performed via chart review. Subjective follow up of patients receiving CC was performed via telephone interview using the ADAM questionnaire.

RESULTS
A hundred and four men (65 CC and 39 TGRT) were identified who began CC (50 mg every other day) or TGRT (5 g). Average age (years) was 42(CC) vs. 57 (TGRT). Average follow up was 23 months (CC, range 8-40 months) vs. 46 months (TGRT, range 6-149 months). Average posttreatment testosterone was 573 ng/dL in the CC group and 553 ng/dL in the TGRT group (P value < 0.001). The monthly cost of Testim 1% (5 gm daily) is $270, Androgel 1% (5 gm daily) is $265, and CC (50 mg every other day) is $83. Among CC patients, the average pretreatment ADAM score was 4.9 vs. 2.1 at follow up (P < 0.05). Average pretreatment ADAM sexual function domain score was 0.76 vs. 0.23 at follow up (P < 0.05). There were no adverse events reported.

CONCLUSION
CC represents a treatment option for men with hypogonadism, demonstrating biochemical and clinical efficacy with few side effects and lower cost as compared with TGRT.


Throughout the centuries following the French Revolution (1789 -1799), social scientists and historians have attributed a myriad of causes to the sociopolitical upheaval. Food and beverages played a key role in the coming of French Revolution, for the people were in effect fighting for the right to have nutrition rather than for social or political ideals. Literary analysis of both primary and secondary sources illustrated the integral role of the peasant's stomach to the uprising. The Enlightenment disillusionment of the royals, rising bread prices, discrepancy in food distribution both within and around Paris, and substandard quality of food, wine, and water all combined to create rancor among the commoners. Had the Ancien Régime (Old Regime) taken its responsibility to the people more seriously and ensured their necessities, rather than exploiting the commoner's mercilessly, the French Revolution may never have started, much less caused the death of so many.


We study, by large deviations analysis, the asymptotic performance of Gaussian running consensus distributed detection over random networks; in other words, we determine the exponential decay rate of the detection error probability. With running consensus, at each time step, each sensor averages its decision variable with the neighbors' decision variables and accounts on-the-fly for its new observation. We show that: 1) when the rate of network information flow (the speed of averaging) is above a threshold, then Gaussian running consensus is asymptotically equivalent to the optimal centralized detector, i.e., the exponential decay rate of the error probability for running consensus equals the Chernoff information; and 2) when the rate of information flow is below a threshold, running consensus achieves only a fraction of the Chernoff information rate. We quantify this achievable rate as a function of the network rate of information flow. Simulation examples demonstrate our theoretical findings on the behavior of running consensus detection over random networks.


BACKGROUND
Dengue virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in most tropical and sub-tropical countries of the world. Dengue fever is endemic in Jamaica and continues to be a public health concern. There is a paucity of information on knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of Jamaicans regarding dengue infection.

OBJECTIVE
To describe dengue-related knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of residents of Westmoreland, Jamaica.

METHODS
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 192 parents attending child health clinics in the Parish of Westmoreland was conducted.

RESULTS
More than half of the parents (54%) had good knowledge about signs, symptoms and mode of transmission of dengue. Approximately 47% considered dengue to be a serious but preventable disease to which they are vulnerable. Nevertheless, a majority (77%) did not use effective dengue preventive methods such as screening of homes and 51% did not use bed nets. Educational attainment (OR, 2.98; CI, 1.23, 7.23) was positively associated with knowledge of dengue. There was no correlation between knowledge about dengue and preventive practices (p = 0.34). Radio and TV were the predominant sources of information about dengue fever.

CONCLUSION
Findings suggest that the good knowledge about dengue fever among residents of Westmoreland did not translate to adoption of preventive measures. Health programme planners and practitioners need to identify and facilitate removal of barriers to behaviour change related to control of dengue fever among the population. Future campaigns should focus on educating and encouraging individuals and families to adopt simple, preventive actions, such as, use of insecticide treated bed nets and screening of homes.


A social network analysis among 120 Finnish magicians was carried out through assessing several variables: individual attributes; magicians' competence (expertise), various interactions (mentoring, advice seeking, collaboration), as well as the individuals' perceived status (respect and admiration) and social position. Competence in the skills needed in the domain is the result of a large amount of practice, and institutional education is mostly missing. The tricks of the trade are learned form the more experienced members, or created by magicians themselves. Mediating tricks takes place only inside trusted sub-groups or sometimes the magicians sell the tricks or presentations to each other. The data for the study were collected via questionnaire. The response rate was 81%. The results indicate that social network among magicians was rather sparse. There is, however, some activity on the community level related to advice seeking, support giving, and informal communication. All network dimensions are related to each other, i.e., there are many multiplex network ties among magicians. The analysis indicated that the magical networks shared characteristics of classical networks in terms of power distribution of networking linkages; there were a large number of participants with a few or no linkages at all whereas a small percentage of key actors were extremely well connected with participants of the network. Consequently, peer evaluation indicators measuring support, advice and admiration varied a great deal between the magicians. Based on the cluster analysis, the magicians can be classified as "Community core" (4), "Masters" (9), "Background persons" (13), "Practitioners" (72), and "Soloists" (18), and unclassified (4). Community core is a group consisting of a few prestigious, experienced magicians keeping up the magical network, intensively supporting other magicians on the field, providing advice to other community members. Masters are highly respected magicians who are guiding other magicians but not as intensively as the Community core. Soloists are rather well known and highly respected but not so much engaged in giving advice as Masters or the Core. Practitioners constitute the biggest group that is not very tightly connected to the rest of the group, and, presumably, not so well known in the field. It is concluded that age or seniority does not explain magician competencies as assessed by their peers; while all of the most highly regarded magicians had gone through more than two decades of practice, ages of the most prestigious magicians varied a lot and included some relatively young participants.


Contracture due to hypoxia, to both oxygen and glucose deficiency, and to potassium chloride was induced in rat left ventricular papillary muscle preparations. Under contracture conditions, the sum of resting heat plus contracture heat was measured using Hill-type, planar vacuum-deposited thermopiles. On the basis of the measured total and initial heat output and the corresponding tension-time integral during single twitches under control conditions (Lmax, 21 degrees C, stimulus frequency 12/min), the expected heat output during contracture was calculated, assuming that the contracture tension is maintained by the same calcium-induced cross-bridge cycling as occurs in the single twitch response. With potassium chloride, the contracture tension was 1.33 +/- 0.27 g/mm2, a value which is similar to those found in hypoxic contracture and in contracture due to both oxygen and glucose deficiency. There was no significant difference between measured and calculated values for resting heat plus contracture heat (8.40 +/- 2.84 mW/g measured, 8.55 +/- 2.50 mW/g calculated); there was a linear correlation (r = 0.99) between predicted and measured values (P less than 0.05). The measured value for resting plus contracture heat in hypoxic contracture was 1.88 +/- 0.37 mW/g, whereas a value of 4.80 +/- 1.09 mW/g (P less than 0.005) was calculated on the basis of the twitch heat per tension-time integral and contracture tension (1.09 +/- 0.31 g/mm2). Contracture tension was 1.80 +/- 0.78 g/mm2 in contracture due to oxygen and glucose deficiency, whereas the value for resting plus contracture eat was 1.61 +/- 0.56 mW/g. The calculated resting plus contracture heat value for this preparation was significantly higher (7.45 +/- 3.75 mW/g; P less than 0.05). There was no significant regression between predicted and measured resting heat plus contracture heat in the hypoxic contracture preparations (slope not different from zero). In contracture due to oxygen and glucose deficiency, the linear regression had a slope of 6.06 (P less than 0.05). The results suggest that the potassium chloride contracture relies on cross-bridge cycling as in a twitch contraction, whereas hypoxic contracture and that due to oxygen and glucose deficiency may be explained by cross-bridge formations with no, or very low, heat production, i.e., contracture tensions due to hypoxia and to oxygen and glucose deficiency are maintained by rigor-like cross-bridge formation or by slowly cycling cross-bridges with a long time of cross-bridge attachment.


Slab breakoff is one of the primary processes in the evolution of many collisional orogens. In the Tibet-Himalaya orogen, the timing of breakoff of the Neo-Tethyan slab remains controversial because of a scarcity of solid evidence. This study reports the discovery of Eocene gabbros, dated at 45.0 ± 1.4 Ma (in-situ U-Pb age of titanite) using secondary ion mass spectrometry, from the eastern segment of Tethyan Himalaya in southern Tibet. These rocks show geochemical characteristics similar to those of HIMU (high μ)–type oceanic island basalt and have depleted Sr-Nd isotopes [87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.70312-0.70317; eNd(t) = +4.9 to +5.0]. It is suggested that the gabbros stand as the first direct evidence for partial melting of the asthenosphere followed by rapid magma ascent with negligible crustal contamination. This event, combined with results from relevant studies along the Indus-Yarlung suture zone, is best explained by a sudden and full-scale detachment of subducted Neo-Tethyan slab at great depth. The breakoff model may account for coeval tectonomagmatic activities (development of small-scale, short-lived magmatism and subsequent termination of the Gangdese arc magmatism) in southern Tibet and for the abrupt slowdown (ca. 45 Ma) of Indo-Asia convergence.


Objectives: To assess Quality of Life (QOL), and its associated factors between asthmatic children and their caregivers, and determine the correlation between QOL of patients and caregivers, at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among eligible participants who attended Pediatric Pulmonology Outpatient Clinic of KAUH, during 2016/2017. A data collection sheet was used. The standardized Arabic version of Pediatric Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (PAQLQ) for children aged 7 - 17 years was completed. The caregiver who accompanied the child fulfilled the Pediatric Asthma Caregiver's Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Results: QOL scores were reduced among asthmatic children who had other type of allergy, or a family history of allergies. Uncontrolled management of asthma presented by frequent waking-up at night, frequent wheezes, visiting Emergency Rooms (ER), or hospital admission was associated with poor QOL of both asthmatic children and their caregivers. There is a positive correlation between child symptoms domain of PAQLQ and emotional domain of PACQLQ of their caregivers. Conclusion: Uncontrolled asthma was associated with poor QOL of asthmatic child and caregivers. Better management of asthma is recommended to improve their QOL.


Initially designed as a better alternative than dark trading, the success of periodic auctions has spread across all European stocks. On capped stocks, the market share of periodic auctions rose from 1 to 4.5 percent between early March and September 2018. Nevertheless, on uncapped stocks, periodic auctions doubled in popularity from 0.75 to 1.5 percent over the same period. The random auction end time prevents adverse selection, as shown by the price reversion. In lit and dark trading, passive buy trades are followed by a strong drop in midpoint due to the aggressive sellers. In contrast, periodic auction trades show almost no sign of adverse selection. This feature derives from the random end time of the auction, which creates a level playing field for all market participants. Based on Kepler Cheuvreux trades, this study shows that periodic auction participation mitigates the market impact. In addition, using public market data, this study shows that, on average, trading intensity diminishes after a periodic auction trade while it increases after a dark trade. TOPICS: Exchanges/markets/clearinghouses, security analysis and valuation, developed markets, performance measurement


Objective: To evaluate the evidence basis of single-domain cognitive tests frequently used by behavioral neurologists in an effort to improve the quality of clinical cognitive assessment. Methods: Behavioral Neurology Section members of the American Academy of Neurology were surveyed about how they conduct clinical cognitive testing, with a particular focus on the Neurobehavioral Status Exam (NBSE). In contrast to general screening cognitive tests, an NBSE consists of tests of individual cognitive domains (e.g., memory or language) that provide a more comprehensive diagnostic assessment. Workgroups for each of 5 cognitive domains (attention, executive function, memory, language, and spatial cognition) conducted evidence-based reviews of frequently used tests. Reviews focused on suitability for office-based clinical practice, including test administration time, accessibility of normative data, disease populations studied, and availability in the public domain. Results: Demographic and clinical practice data were obtained from 200 respondents who reported using a wide range of cognitive tests. Based on survey data and ancillary information, between 5 and 15 tests in each cognitive domain were reviewed. Within each domain, several tests are highlighted as being well-suited for an NBSE. Conclusions: We identified frequently used single-domain cognitive tests that are suitable for an NBSE to help make informed choices about clinical cognitive assessment. Some frequently used tests have limited normative data or have not been well-studied in common neurologic disorders. Utilizing standardized cognitive tests, particularly those with normative data based on the individual's age and educational level, can enhance the rigor and utility of clinical cognitive assessment.


The term 'safety barriers' refers to the measures used in the various riskassessment methods to reduce the likelihood and limit the consequences of hazardous events. An industry consensus is yet to be reached with regard to the boundaries and classification of safety barriers. The wide variability of work processes and physical systems that can be classified as barriers and the complex interactions between them means that they are challenging to identify. As such, a holistic view is required in order to foster adequate comprehension. The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (PSA) focuses on maintaining a high level of health, environment, and safety awareness within the petroleum activities on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS). The implementation of safety barriers has been a key safety principle in the PSA regulations for more than 10 years to guide the Norwegian oil and gas industry. The PSA constantly underlines the need for the risk picture to be clear and understandable with links and connections between related elements. This paper intends to provide some practical thoughts on how the boundaries for terms such as 'barrier', 'barrier element', 'barrier system' and 'function' can be determined. We will systemize existing knowledge and connect separate work processes into a unified system that will present barriers in a structured way, thus enabling adequate maintenance and follow-up of the barriers during their lifecycle. We intend to provide clarifications such that companies can manage and meet PSA regulations more precisely and efficiently.


Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1−x)4 (CZTSSe) photovoltaic devices are primarily limited by low open-circuit voltages, believed to be caused in part by disorder on the Cu/Zn sublattice. We show that band tailing in the absorber can be addressed by alloying Ag into CZTSSe to replace Cu. We fabricate thin films across the full alloy range of pure-Cu to pure-Ag and show that as Ag is alloyed into the CZTSe system, the gap between the PL and optical bandgap shrinks from ∼110 meV for pure CZTSe, to 0 meV for the pure Ag compound. Improved device efficiencies up to i0.2% are achieved with low Ag- ACZTSe samples. Unlike CZTSSe champion devices the current record ACZTSe device appears to be limited by the interface rather than bulk defects. To achieve optimal efficiency, the annealing conditions were modified to accommodate the significantly lower melting point of the Ag-containing compound. The range of optimal temperatures across the Cu-Ag- alloy range are shared to accelerate improved device efficiencies.


This study intends to
review and discuss some topics around CiteScore (here abbreviated as CS) which
is a new citation impact indicator of Scopus. Qualitative analysis of journals
based on scientometric indicators has been usual and is a good way of rapid
evaluation of them. Here, we use them to reach a conclusion. We believe that
reliability of CiteScore-based quartile is more and this index is preferred
because in comparison to IF-based quartile, there are some reasons of
preference of CS. In addition, CS can provide a more natural perception on
citations compared to SJR-based quartile computation. The result of this study
can be considered as a proof that both types of SJR- and CiteScore-based
quartiles should not be assumed as baseline of quality evaluations at the same
time.


This article presents the structure and the composition of a newly developed multifaceted test battery for the measurement of creativity within scientific and artistic domains. By integrating existing procedures for the evaluation of creativity, the new battery promises to become a comprehensive assessment of creativity, encompassing both domain-general and domain-specific components. In particular, the test battery was designed for the measurement of the 2 main stages of the creative thinking process: ideation and evaluation. The test battery also includes 2 measures of creative achievement and can be used to assess professional levels of creativity in artistic and scientific creativity, as well as everyday creativity. Because creative thinking is not an isolated phenomenon in human behavior, the battery includes the measurement of 2 constructs, intelligence and personality, both of which are highly relevant for creativity. Preliminary results from a vast administration campaign of this test battery are presented.


The purpose of this study has been to investigate the possibilities of doping cadmium telluride CdTe by the technique of ion implantation. Crystals grown by different techniques have been implanted with hydrogen, argon, indium, tellurium and bismuth ions at energies which produce lattice disorder to a mean depth of about 300 A. Electrical activity generated in implanted layers has been studied as a function of ion type, dose, implantation temperature and annealing temperature. The lattice disorder in these layers has also been investigated as a function of implanted ion energy, and dose rate. Measurements using the thermal probe, sheet resistivity and Hall effect techniques have been taken to assess material suitable for implantation and to investigate electrical activity in implanted layers. Damage centres in the CdTe bandgap have been investigated as a function of ion type and annealing temperature, using the Thermostimulated current technique. The Rutherford Backscattering and channelling of alpha particles has been applied to all implanted material to yield information about the amount and distribution of lattice disorder. The technique also gave information on the position of implanted bismuth in the CdTe lattice. Lattice disorder, produced by the above heavy .ions, exhibited annealing characteristics which were dependent on dose and implant conditions. Complete reordering of the lattice was not detected, due to surface evaporation above 450°C. Bismuth ion movement was detected but no substitutional component was observed. On annealing above 450°C implanted bismuth was rapidly lost from the surface. Besides the generation of radiation induced trapping levels, no electrical activity was detected in samples implanted at room temperature. Implanting indium into substrates held at 200°C produced a dose dependent activity and in the best case one in three of the implanted indium ions became electrically active.