In 1776 the russian merchant grigor ivanovich shelikhov outfitted a ship bound from the siberian peninsula of kamchatka to the Aleutian Islands, which dot the sea at the westernmost reach of the North American continent. The expedition would hunt sea otters for trade in China, where the pelts fetched a high price. The same year nearly two hundred Spanish colonists arrived at the presidio in Monterey after a six-month journey from present-day southern Arizona. The expedition, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, aimed to populate northern California as part of Spain's efforts to resist encroachment from the north by Russian merchants like Shelikhov. Meanwhile, also in 1776, the explorer James Cook left England for the South Pacific in Britain's continuing attempt to rival France's scientific discoveries and access to potential trade goods in Asia. Throughout the European Atlantic, publications and translations of Cook's final travel narrative circulated details of the profitable trans-Pacific fur trade that until this point had largely been enjoyed by the Russians. Together, the Shelikhov, Anza, and Cook expeditions illustrate inter-European competition for resources and trade in the eighteenth-century Pacific while also suggesting the extraordinary transcultural, intercontinental, and multilingual reach of those encounters—including exchanges between several European nations (such as Russia, Spain, England, France), a variety of indigenous peoples (including Aleuts, Tlingits, Haidas, Ohlones, Tahitians, Hawaiians), and the inhabitants of and visitors to Canton (among them Chinese merchants and laborers, foreign traders from many European nations, and sailors and slaves from the Philippines, India, and other regions of Asia).


Abstract Antibiotic resistance represents a serious threat worldwide. When considering the increasing ability of bacteria to effectively resist antibacterial agents, it is necessary to reduce the consumption of antibiotic substances in animal production in order to preserve their effectiveness in the future. Attention should be paid to the multidrug resistant microorganisms' occurrence, which can be very exhausting for the breeder not only from the economic point of view. Therefore, alternative sources of antibacterials should be considered due to the limited possibilities of using conventional antibiotics in animal breeding, e.g. application of various substances including organic acids, clay minerals, etc. Nowadays, the research in this field also focuses on the combinatory effect of such compounds, which can also find the perspective for use in animal breeding. This article provides an overview of problems connected with the resistance of diverse bacteria to antibiotic treatment in livestock breeding. It emphasises the need for alternate resources usage with the aim to lower the environmental burden caused by overuse of antimicrobials used in subclinical doses in the past and with the expanding bacterial resistance.


The paper reviews the theory and policy proposals of recent formulations of abolitionism and restorative justice. Challenges are posed to some of the assumptions of abolitionism by considering its applicability to acts of violence against women, children, and minority ethnic citizens. In particular, the assumptions that dangerous offenders are few, and that the 'meaning' of a harmful act is negotiable between perpetrators and victims, are called into question. The symbolic function of criminalization and penalization is discussed. The paper considers whether the strategies suggested by recent proponents of forms of abolitionism and restorative justice can satisfy doubts about the adequacy of earlier abolitionist formulations in relation to both the symbolic and instrumental functions presently served by criminal law.Whilst calls for further criminalization and penalization of racial, sexual, and domestic violence are understandable, the abolitionist case that retributive justice is more likely to increase rather than reduce such violence, and to leave victims unsatisfied, is defended.


Due to the popularization of Internet, cooperative applications of project-enterprise type are expected to become commonplace on the WEB. By project-enterprise, we understand short-lived concurrent engineering enterprises which are created by aggregating several partners around a project and for the duration of this project. They require new technologies to organize their short duration networks. For this purpose, this paper introduces a flexible approach to build cooperation support software by assembling basic generic cooperation bricks. It shows how such a cooperation policy is implemented in a secure way thanks to a flexible transaction model. Our approach is illustrated through an example taken in the AEC domain.


This article uses data from a panel of Australian mature-age women to examine the effects of care roles on workers' intentions to leave their jobs. We focus on how the employment effects of care roles can be shaped by the economic circumstances of the worker. We find that caring for an ill, frail or disabled family member has significantly lower effects on the turnover intentions of mature-age women with 'poor' (as compared to favourable) economic circumstances. We interpret this pattern as reflecting the financial costs associated with the provisioning of these types of family care needs.


Introduction A digital library is a blend of "(1) a service; (2) an architecture; (3) a set of information resources, databases of text, numbers, graphics, sound and video etc.; and (4) a set of tools and capabilities to locate, retrieve and utilize the information resources available" Borgman (2000, p. 41). Watstein, Calarco, & Ghaphery, (1999) reported that terms such as virtual libraries, on-line libraries, and electronic libraries are used simultaneously and/or interchangeability with the term digital libraries. The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has suggested a definition for digital libraries that was advanced by Drabenstott (1994). This definition consists of elements that are common to terms used to explain digital libraries. These elements are: * The digital library is not a single entity; * The digital library requires technology to link the resources of many; * The linkages between the many digital libraries and information services are transparent to the end users; * Universal access to digital libraries and information services is a goal; and * Digital library collections are not limited to document surrogates: they extend to digital artifacts that cannot be represented or distributed in printed formats. Digital libraries are increasingly becoming a part of the digital learning communities, in particular, distance education. Roes (2001) stated that digital libraries are natural complements to electronic learning settings. Digital libraries have many benefits such as bringing information to users; providing enhanced searching, sharing; collaboration, and use of information; and lessening the digital divide (Arms 2000). McCray & Gallagher (2001) stated that designing a usable system is one of the major principles in developing digital libraries. The authors believe that characteristics such as accessibility, simplicity, user control, and clear navigation should be incorporated into the design for usability of digital libraries. Usability is generally characterized as the determining aspect of a product or system's capability to satisfy the needs and specifications of users. Usability is the extent of how users easily and effectively use a product or system. It plays a vital role in user acceptance of a product or system (Dumas & Redish, 1993; Guillemette, 1989; Holms, 2002; Nielsen 1993; Nielsen, 2000; Rosenbaum, 1989; Rubin, 1994; Shackel 1991). A digital library is a system that must be usable. Much of the literature in the area of usability of digital libraries has been on testing and evaluation (Dickstein & Mills, 2000; McGillis & Toms, 2001; McMullen, 2001; Walbridge, 2000). A critical, yet largely unexamined facet of usability of digital libraries is the users' views of the usability of digital libraries. Research has acknowledged that users' views play a vital role in determining the usability of digital libraries (Blanford, Stelmaszewska, & Byyan-Kinns, 2001; Covi and Kling 1997). One's behavior based on his or her views about the usability of digital libraries may play an important role in the success of learning in general. Therefore, this study attempted to develop and validate an instrument that measures users' views about the usability of digital libraries. Users' views may serve as the major intermediary to user acceptance and satisfaction, thus promoting positive learning experience. Development of the Instrument: Content Validity The literature has documented many usability attributes that are the end result of a usable product or system. In general the following usability attributes are reported in the literature: effectiveness, learnability, flexibility, and attitude (Shackle, 1991); learnability, efficiency, memorability, errors, and satisfaction (Nielsen, 1993); effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction (ISO 9241-11, 1998); and understandability, learnability, operability, and attractiveness (ISO 9126-1, 1991). …


We investigated awareness in dental hygienists of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) in patients with osteoporosis and cancer and assessed the situation in systemic history investigations to broaden the scope of the dental hygienists' BRONJ awareness as a basis for contributing to preventing this disease. The study was carried out through a survey; 217 dental hygienists responded to the survey. They worked at 12 university and general hospitals, 10 dental hospitals and 35 dental clinics, for a total of 57 institutions in Seoul. The survey consisted of 37 questions: general characteristics (J Oral Maxillofac Surg 65: 2007; 369), systemic history investigations (Ruggiero et al. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62: 2004; 527) and awareness of BRONJ (Park et al. J Korean Dent Assoc 49: 2011; 389). Among them, 79.7% were aware of BRONJ. Recognition was highest among those from 25 to 35 years old (P < 0.05). In terms of work experience, those with 5-10 years experience showed the highest awareness (P < 0.05). In terms of institutions type, dental clinics showed lower awareness than general and dental hospitals (P < 0.05). It was found that 55.3% of the dental hygienists had been educated about BRONJ. Those aged 25-35 years were the most educated. In terms of institutions, dental clinic staff were the least educated. The degree of understanding about BRONJ was analysed with the average score of 6.14 points. According to these results, dental hygienists working in university hospitals and general hospitals had more opportunity to receive training than those working in dental clinics. Thus, it is considered that the development of professional training programs about BRONJ for all dental hygienists is necessary.


A new design is proposed to increase the single-mode current range of low threshold current, photonic crystal vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. Our method is based on the optical coupling between the usual central defect and six others of nearly identical sizes. The resulting honeycomb configuration aims to spread higher supermodes in transverse directions, and to reduce their overlap with a central current-injected region. Simultaneous confinement of the fundamental mode within the central cavity and the shift of higher modes toward outer trapping defects can lead to stable single-mode operation. Simulations confirm that either in-phase or out-of-phase coupled supermodes could be promoted by slightly modifying the areas of outer cavities, while thermal lensing always stabilizes the in-phase coupled supermodes. The single-mode current regime should be extended noticeably compared to the conventional single-defect lasers.


Objective. Screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is mandatory before initiating biologics in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis (CIA). However, few studies have evaluated the discrepancies between the results of tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) in these patients. The purpose of our study was to investigate factors associated with TST and IGRA results in a large cohort of patients with CIA before the introduction of biologics. Methods. A total of 563 consecutive patients with CIA (293 rheumatoid arthritis, 270 spondyloarthritis) and eligible for biologics were prospectively enrolled. Demographic, clinical, and biological data were recorded. Risk factors for LTBI were assessed. All patients underwent a TST, a chest radiograph, and an IGRA test (T-SPOT.TB). Results. Agreement between the 2 tests was low (κ = 0.16). The bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) status was significantly associated with discordance between the 2 tests (p = 0.004). The TST positivity rate was 34.8%. Factors associated with a negative TST were female sex (p = 0.02) and immunosuppressive treatment (p = 0.003). The only LTBI risk factor associated with TST positivity was an abnormal chest radiograph (p = 0.02). T-SPOT.TB was positive in 21.7% of patients and indeterminate in 15.6%. Previous active TB and chest radiograph abnormalities were associated with IGRA positivity (p = 0.008 and p = 3.9 × 10−5, respectively). The BCG vaccination was associated with negative IGRA (p = 3 × 10−4). Indeterminate IGRA results were associated with age, C-reactive protein, and immunosuppressive treatment (p = 0.005, 0.007, and 0.004, respectively). Conclusion. Our data support the combined use of T-SPOT.TB and TST in patients with CIA before biologics introduction. However, despite these good diagnostic values, indeterminate results may complicate the use of IGRA.


Immigration imprisonment, the practice of depriving people of their liberty in secure settings due to a violation of immigration law, has rapidly increased in recent decades. Courts, politicians, and commentators assume its necessity without questioning its legitimacy. This article addresses the formal justifications offered in defense of civil immigration detention and incarceration associated with criminal immigration activity, and concludes that immigration imprisonment as currently articulated in legal doctrine lacks a defensible justification.


Numerous individual tree detection (ITD) methods have been developed for use with airborne laser scanning (ALS) data to provide tree-scale forest inventories across large spatial extents. Despite the growing number of methods, relatively few have been comparatively assessed using a single benchmark forest inventory validation dataset, limiting their operational application. In this study, we assessed seven ITD methods, representing three common approaches (point-cloud-based, raster-based, hybrid), across coniferous forest stands with diverse structure and composition to understand how ITD and height measurement accuracy vary with method, input parameters and data, and stand density. There was little variability in accuracy between the ITD methods where the average F-score and standard deviation (±SD) were 0.47 ± 0.03 using a lower pulse density ALS dataset with an average of 8 pulses per square meter (ppm2) and 0.50 ± 0.02 using a higher pulse density ALS dataset with an average of 22 ppm2. Using higher ALS pulse density data produced higher ITD accuracies (F-score increase of 10–13%) in some of the methods versus more modest gains in other methods (F-score increase of 1–3%). Omission errors were strongly related with stand density and largely consisted of suppressed trees underneath the dominant canopy. Simple canopy height model (CHM)-based methods that utilized fixed-size local maximum filters had the lowest omission errors for trees across all canopy positions. ITD accuracy had large intra-method variation depending on input parameters; however, the highest accuracies were obtained when parameters such as search window size and spacing thresholds were equal to or less than the average crown diameter of trees in the study area. All ITD methods produced height measurements for the detected trees that had low RMSE (<1.1 m) and bias (<0.5 m). Overall, the results from this study may help guide end-users with ITD method application and highlight future ITD method improvements.


During the manufacture of compounds in the boron mining industry a large quantity of waste boron is produced which has detrimental effects on the environment. Large areas have to be allocated for the disposal of this waste. Today with an increase in infrastructure construction, more efficient use of the existing sources of raw materials has become an obligation and this involves the recycling of various waste materials. Road construction requires a significant amount of raw materials and it is possible that substantial amounts of boron-containing waste materials can be recycled in these applications. This study investigates the usability of boron wastes as filler in asphalt concrete. For this purpose, asphalt concrete samples were produced using mineral fillers containing 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 8% boron waste as well as a 6% limestone filler (6%L) as the control sample. The Marshall Design, mechanical immersion and Marshall Stability test after a freeze-thaw cycle and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) test were performed for each of the series. The results of this experimental study showed that boron waste can be used in medium and low trafficked asphalt concrete pavements wearing courses as filler.


Pink and Blue: Telling the Boys from the Girls in America. Jo B. Paoletti. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012. Jo B. Paoletti's study was inspired nearly thirty years ago by a simple question: "When did we start dressing girls in pink and boys in blue?" (xiii). To answer it, Paoletti pored over catalogs, baby record books, advertisements, birth announcements, greeting cards, paper dolls, photographs, childcare manuals, periodicals, trade publications for the garment industry, mothers' blogs, and artifacts of children's clothing. In addition, she conducted interviews to learn more about how fashion for the under-seven set changed from approximately 1885 to the present day. Her study draws on theories of material culture, history of childhood, consumer culture, developmental psychology, and fashion history. Paoletti's completion of the book was prompted by Peggy Orenstein's article on Disney princesses in the New York Times and subsequent best-selling book, Cinderella Ate My Daughter, in which Orenstein voices the question of many parents of young daughters today: Why is everything for little girls so pink and feminine? Paoletti begins her book with the assertion that most clothing for children is purchased by adults; thus, child dress says a lot about cultural attitudes toward childhood. For children, clothing becomes a way of fitting in and expressing identity, especially related to gender or class. Paoletti expected childhood dress to be "a modified version of adult dress," but instead found something else: "a highly complex interaction between children and adults, including both parents and grandparents" (15). Her study, chronological in nature, shows how the childhood experiences of one generation affect the dress of the next. Pink for girls and blue for boys, it turns out, is a fairly recent phenomenon. In fact, as Paoletti notes, "the conventions of 2010 are nearly the reverse of those in 1890" (xiii). In the late 1800s, both boys and girls wore primarily white for pure practicality: children get dirty, and white clothing can be easily bleached. Infant boys and girls also wore dresses that extended a foot past their toes to keep babies' feet warm. These dresses were not regarded as feminine attire, simply baby attire. The traditional white christening gown for both genders pays homage to this practice. The color white also suggests purity and innocence, traits associated with babies. Toddler boys and girls also wore dresses, although they became shorter as growing children gained more mobility. Up until the 1930s, dresses, skirts, or robes for litde boys were not considered unusual. In a chapter tided "Pants Are for Boys and Girls," Paoletti discusses the rite of passage known as "breeching," when a boy traded his dresses for trousers, marking "his first step into manhood" (44). Many believed that dressing boys in pants brought about more masculine behavior. However, it was not only boys who wore pants. The "romper," a two-legged, or bifurcated, garment that provided comfort and room for movement during play, became popular for both boys and girls. Gender distinction in clothing parallels developments in child psychology. Paoletti devotes a great deal of her chapter titled "A Boy Is Not a Girl" to a treatment of the frilly Fauntleroy suit, which had its heyday between 1889 and 1895 and is the signature element in a popular story by Frances Hodgson Burnett that was first published in 1886 as a serial in the children's magazine, St. NichoUs, and later the same year as a book. Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book gushed about the look in 1889: "For small boys nothing has met with such universal favor as the Fauntleroy suit. It certainly is the most attractive seen for some time. It is usually made of black velvet or velveteen, with a broad collar and cuffs of Irish point lace, with a sash of silk passed broadly around the waist and knotted on one side" (68). …


We propose a novel deep layer cascade (LC) method to improve the accuracy and speed of semantic segmentation. Unlike the conventional model cascade (MC) that is composed of multiple independent models, LC treats a single deep model as a cascade of several sub-models. Earlier sub-models are trained to handle easy and confident regions, and they progressively feed-forward harder regions to the next sub-model for processing. Convolutions are only calculated on these regions to reduce computations. The proposed method possesses several advantages. First, LC classifies most of the easy regions in the shallow stage and makes deeper stage focuses on a few hard regions. Such an adaptive and difficulty-aware learning improves segmentation performance. Second, LC accelerates both training and testing of deep network thanks to early decisions in the shallow stage. Third, in comparison to MC, LC is an end-to-end trainable framework, allowing joint learning of all sub-models. We evaluate our method on PASCAL VOC and Cityscapes datasets, achieving state-of-the-art performance and fast speed.


For decades, the airline and hotel industries have regularly changed prices to keep pace with fluctuating levels of consumer demand. This demand-based approach to pricing is referred to as revenue management. Meanwhile, the sport industry has traditionally underpriced tickets using a cost-based approach in order to maximize attendance and promote fan satisfaction. However, as operating costs have grown, sport organizations are now forced to reconsider these conservative pricing practices. Subsequently, in 2009, the San Francisco Giants were the first team to utilize dynamic pricing, which is a strategy that mirrors the revenue management approach. While data supporting or refuting the reported benefits of this approach in sport remains sparse, the current paper utilizes the research on revenue management to develop an agenda of considerations regarding the use of demand-based ticket pricing strategies in sport. The paper is designed to guide researchers as they begin to explore the strategy's myriad of critical (and yet unexplored) issues. Additionally, practical implications of adopting this pricing strategy in sport are considered.


The last few years have seen on one hand an explosion in the number of e-marketplaces, including a variety of electronic exchanges in the B2B arena, and on the other hand the closing of or near collapse of several prominent exchanges (e.g., Chemdex/Ventro). The question addressed in this paper is what are the underlying factors that affect which transactions are likely to be supportable by e-exchanges. In particular, we identify and study three factors: supplier management; idiosyncratic investments in information systems; and codifiability (i.e., digitalizability) of product and order-fulfillment specifications underlying transactions. We show that transaction codifiability plays a fundamental role in influencing the nature of sustainable contracting and IT investments in e-markets. In addition, the framework we developed integrates several perspectives, often in tension, concerning the nature of forward and options contracts as mutually supporting elements of an optimal portfolio of long-term sourcing in B2B markets with less than perfect codifiability.


This volume presents contributions of leading scholars to the field of orally improvised poetry. It includes, on the one hand, essays on Hispanic and extra-Hispanic improvised poetry and, on the other, essays in which leading practitioners of bertsolaritza study their own poetic art and its techniques. Among other traditions, the Slavic gulsari (John Miles Foley), the Canarian punto cubano (Mazimiano Trapero), Mediterranean and Near Eastern improvisation (Samuel G. Armistead), Medieval Spanish written debates (John Zemke), Asturian deep song (James Fernandez), Cantabrian trovas (William A. Christian), Arabic invective (James T. Monroe), as well as the oral context of Garcia Lorca's Romance sonambulo (Wilfredo de Rafols) are examined. On the Basque tradition of the art of bertsolaritza, Antonio Zavala, Gorka Aulestia, Linda White, Kepa Fernandez, Joxe Mallea-Olaetxe, Joseba Zulaika, Joxerra Garzia, Jon Sarasua, and Andoni Egana discuss its various aspects, techniques, and theories. Israel J. Katz concludes the volume with a study of the bertso music. The result is a balanced combination of diverse perspectives that constitute a significant addition to the growing body of scholarship concerning orally improvised poetry.


Abstract Maternal effects are an important source of adaptive variation, but little is known about how they vary throughout ontogeny. We estimate the contribution of maternal effects, sire genetic and environmental variation to offspring body size from birth until 1 year of age in the live-bearing fish Poecilia parae. In both the sexes, maternal effects on body size were initially high in juveniles, and then declined to zero at sexual maturity. In sons, this was accompanied by a sharp rise in sire genetic variance, consistent with the expression of Y-linked loci affecting male size. In daughters, all variance components decreased with time, consistent with compensatory growth. There were significant negative among-dam correlations between early body size and the timing of sexual maturity in both sons and daughters. However, there was no relationship between early life maternal effects and adult longevity, suggesting that maternal effects, although important early in life, may not always influence late life-history traits.


In central Oklahoma, collared lizard males display age-dependent differences in social behaviour, whereby sexually mature first-year (yearling) males adopt subordinate tactics, and males 2 years and older establish and defend all-purpose territories. We tested the hypothesis that the social activities of adult males inhibit the expression of territorial tactics in yearling males by recording the behaviour of yearlings in the presence of adult males, when all adult males were removed from study plots for 4 days, and then again when adult males were returned to their territories. The rates of yearling male patrol, display and intrasexual encounters increased during removals, especially during the last 2 days, following which the rates of these behaviour patterns declined when adult males were replaced. Yearling males also increased the frequency with which they interacted with females when adult males were removed. Moreover, the duration of intersexual encounters during the last 2 days of removal was over twice that during the first 2 days of removal, suggesting that females became more receptive to yearling males the longer adult males were absent. Our results suggest that the stable age-related behavioural differences in male collared lizards is governed by social feedback, where sexually mature yearling males are capable of displaying territorial behaviour patterns but are inhibited from doing so by the activities of adult males. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.


Electricity consumption is regarded as an indicator of welfare in both developing and developed countries. In this study, the causality link between net electricity consumption and economic growth in the Turkish economy is investigated by the 55 annual observations covering the period from 1960 to 2014. According to the results of UVAR and ARDL analysis resolved with both AIC and SIC information criteria, there is a positive unidirectional and statistically significant causality moving from net electricity consumption to economic growth in the short/long run. The empirical results indicate that the energy led-growth hypothesis is valid for Turkey, that is growing net electricity consumption positively stimulates the economic growth in the short/long run.


The stellar populations harboured by some of the Universe's earliest galaxies are within observational reach. Determining the details of these stellar populations and their formation histories within the first billion years after the Big Bang is crucial for both understanding the earliest stages of galaxy evolution and for assessing the contribution of early starforming galaxies to cosmic reionization. This thesis presents observational measurements of the rest-frame UV and optical colours of star-forming Lyman Break galaxies (LBGs) at redshifts 4 < z < 9, and their inferred stellar population parameters. By combining ground-based ⇠ 1 deg2 surveys with deeper, narrower space-based deep-field surveys, we have constrained the rest-frame UV spectral slope of galaxies over a wide-range of cosmic time (4 < z < 9) and luminosity ( 23 <MUV < 17) in a self-consistent way. To do so, we developed simulations to allow the inference of intrinsic colours from noisy, potentially biased observations. With these simulations, a robust UV colour measurement method was devised in preparation for the Hubble Ultra Deep Field 2012 (UDF12) survey. Then, after delivery of the UDF12 data, our technique and simulations were applied to yield the first bias-free measurements of the UV spectral slope of galaxies at z ⇡ 7 and 8. We found no support for the previously claimed dominant sub-population of exotically blue, faint galaxies at z ⇡ 7. In fact with careful consideration of their errors and selection biases, even the most extreme galaxies we observed can have their colours explained by stellar population synthesis models of unremarkable parameters. Expanding this study to brighter, rarer, galaxies required the inclusion of wide-area groundbased survey data, and consequently a more focused examination of galaxies at z ⇡ 5. We selected high signal-to-noise galaxies from four fields, with absolute magnitudes spanning MUV = 22.5 to 17.5, and measured their rest-frame UV spectral slopes. Coupling these measurements with our simulated observations, we were able to determine the width of the intrinsic colour distribution of galaxies at z ⇡ 5. We found that brighter galaxies are not only on average redder than their fainter counterparts, but they are also less self-similar in their colours. The redder average UV colours of brighter galaxies can be attributed to those galaxies being either older, or more dust reddened. By pairing these measurements, which are primarily a probe only of the presently forming portion of the stellar population, with those of LBG's Balmer Breaks, which are more sensitive to bygone star formation, we were able to break this age–dust degeneracy and conclude that, at z ⇡ 5, brighter galaxies are more heavily reddened than fainter galaxies even though their stars are no older.


There are numerous traps that designers can walk right into while designing. Even the most thought-out and best-planned experience can get lost when attention to certain details falls short. To raise awareness for those little things that add up to an ideal user experience, we have
put together this eBook.
Practical approaches for designing better UX are presented in this eBook—not only for the Web, but also for mobile apps, adaptive systems, and great multi-screen experiences. "Designing Better UX" is packed with in-depth tips and tricks shared by experts from the industry. They consider the importance of straightforward yet personal microcopy,
explore the strengths and weaknesses of infinite scrolling, and take a look at how well-crafted feedback loops can influence a user's behavior.
Once we decide to create a well-balanced experience, all of the covered aspects in this eBook have to be thoroughly considered, i.e. when is the user experience fostered and when is it curbed? If you've been looking for a valuable resource for your daily UX routine, you can now stop searching and start reading.


On April 27, 2007, Estonia suffered a crippling cyber attack launched from outside its borders. It is still unclear what legal rights a state has as a victim of a cyber attack. For example, even if Estonia could conclusively prove that Russia was behind the March 2007 attack there is no clear consensus on how Estonia could legally respond, whether with armed force, its own cyber attack, or some other measure. The scholarly literature dealing with these questions, as well as the ethical, humanitarian, and human rights implications of information warfare (IW) on national and international security is scarce. Treatments of IW outside the orthodox international humanitarian law (IHL) framework are nearly non-existent. This underscores the tension between classifying cyber attacks as merely criminal, or as a matter of state survival calling for the same responses as conventional threats to national security. International law has been slow to adapt. The facts on the ground, and the widespread, amorphous use and rapid evolution of the internet in many ways challenge state sovereignty. I will advocate that the best way to ensure a comprehensive regime for cyber attacks is through a new international accord dealing exclusively with cyber security and its status in international law. Yet, the international community lacks the political will to tackle this issue directly. Until such an accord becomes politically viable, it is critical to examine how existing treaty systems may extend to cover the novel facts presented by cybe attacks. Together, existing treaties form a dual track approach to cyber attacks - one that is available for cyber attacks that do not rise to the level of an armed attack, and another that is activated once an armed attack occurs. To that end this paper will examine the most apt analogues in international law to form an appropriate legal regime for the various types of cyber attacks - whether it is humanitarian law (laws of war), human rights law (regulation of nation states behavior), or some novel combination of these and other treaty systems. In framing this regime, it will be argued that cyber attacks represent a threat to international peace and security as daunting and horrific as nuclear war. Yet the nuclear non-proliferation model is not a useful analogy since the technology necessary to conduct IW is already widespread in the international community. Instead, other analogies will rely on communications and cyber law, space law, and the law of the sea. The main failings of existing international treaties that touch on cyber law though are that most do not carry enforcement provisions. Nor do they specify how the frameworks change or fall away entirely during an armed attack. Nevertheless, regardless of whether or not cyber attacks fall below the threshold of an armed attack these bodies of law have a role to play in forming an appropriate regime. The cyber attack on Estonia in April, 2007, presents an example of the dire need for clarity in the international law of non-conventional warfare using modern technology.


Abstract Exurban development is occurring in many formerly rural areas nationwide, often outpacing the ability of institutions to update land use regulations. These pressures can negatively impact local ecosystems and natural resources, including reduced biodiversity and degraded water quality. Local nongovernmental organizations play an important role in promoting conservation in exurban landscapes, where there is relatively little regulatory and institutional infrastructure. Here, we draw on boundary organization theory to discuss how land trusts can function as boundary organizations, by using boundary objects and working as a bridge between community members, scientists, and governments to navigate complex conservation challenges. Mainspring Conservation Trust in southern Appalachia serves as a case study to explore methods for engaging and connecting diverse stakeholders. We show that land trusts can provide a flexible and necessary alternative to regulations for meeting conservation objectives by working at the boundary between science and local action.


This essay asks: How did we get into the current crisis of copyright law, and how to move beyond it? This crisis developed as proliferating and expanding rights entered into tensions with each other and with exceptions and limitations. It has become acute as media progress has brought cultural creations online: we now increasingly face ever-harder copyright cases. This essay proposes principles to help courts resolve such cases: it bases its proposals on the rationales that it finds common to the laws of copyright and of authors' rights. At the start, to assure that such rights operate coherently, they are so defined, and remedies so articulated, that creators may not interfere with each other as they feed culture. Then, to meet real-world informational needs, rights are limited in time and made subject to exceptions from which end-users can benefit by relying on common sense alone. Further, for the sake of clarity and equity in copyright commerce, transfers are to be construed restrictively, and failures to license are to estop subsequent claims. Finally, overriding principles of privacy, of free expression, and of legality set parameters, effectively limitations, for enforcing rights. In conclusion, consequences are provisionally drawn for changing copyright doctrine and law. This essay is amplified in a work in progress posted online with links to visual examples.


Some news headlines mislead readers with overrated or false information, and identifying them in advance will better assist readers in choosing proper news stories to consume. This research introduces million-scale pairs of news headline and body text dataset with incongruity label, which can uniquely be utilized for detecting news stories with misleading headlines. On this dataset, we develop two neural networks with hierarchical architectures that model a complex textual representation of news articles and measure the incongruity between the headline and the body text. We also present a data augmentation method that dramatically reduces the text input size a model handles by independently investigating each paragraph of news stories, which further boosts the performance. Our experiments and qualitative evaluations demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform existing approaches and efficiently detect news stories with misleading headlines in the real world.


The predicted ongoing increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels is considered to be one of the main threats to biodiversity due to potential changes in biotic interactions. We tested whether effects of intra‐ and interspecific planting density of the calcareous grassland perennials Bromus erectus and Carex flacca change in response to elevated [CO2] (600 ppm) by using factorial combinations of seven densities (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 tillers per 8 × 8 cm2 cell) of both species in plots with and without CO2 enrichment. Although aboveground biomass of C. flacca was increased by 54% under elevated [CO2], the combined aboveground biomass of the whole stand was not significantly increased. C. flacca tended to produce more tillers under elevated [CO2] while B. erectus produced less tillers. The positive effect of [CO2] on the number of tillers of C. flacca was strongest at high intraspecific densities. On the other hand, the negative effect of [CO2] on the number of tillers of B. erectus was not present at intermediate intraspecific planting densities. Seed production of C. flacca was more than doubled under elevated [CO2], while seed production of B. erectus was not affected. Moreover, the mass per seed of C. flacca was increased by elevated [CO2] at intermediate interspecific planting densities while the mass per seed of B. erectus was decreased by elevated [CO2] at high interspecific planting densities. Our results show that the responses of C. flacca and B. erectus to elevated [CO2] depend in a complex way on initial planting densities of both species. In other words, competition between these two model species is both [CO2]‐ and density dependent. On average, however, the effects of [CO2] on the individual species indicate that the composition of calcareous grasslands is likely to change under elevated [CO2] in favor of C. flacca.


BACKGROUND
Limited data exist on long-term revision rates following cervical spine arthrodeses. The purposes of this study were to define reoperation rates after primary cervical arthrodeses and to identify risk factors for revisions.

METHODS
New York State's all-payer health-care database was queried to identify all primary subaxial cervical arthrodeses occurring in the 16 years from 1997 through 2012. A total of 87,042 patients were included in the study cohort. Demographic information was extracted. Patients' preoperative medical comorbidities, surgical indications, and operative approaches were assembled using codes from the ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification). The cohort was followed to revision surgical procedures, death, or the end of the study period. All subsequent contiguous spinal arthrodeses, including in the subaxial cervical spine, were considered revisions. The overall revision risk and the risk associated with various preoperative characteristics, surgical indications, and operative approaches were assessed using a Cox proportional hazard model.

RESULTS
During the study period, 6,721 patients (7.7%) underwent revision. The median time to revision was 24.5 months. The probability of undergoing at least one revision by 192 months was 12.6%. Arthrodeses performed via anterior-only approaches had a significantly higher probability of revision (p < 0.001) at 13.4% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 12.9% to 13.9%) than those performed via posterior approaches at 7.4% (95% CI, 6.6% to 8.4%) or circumferential (anterior and posterior) approaches at 5.2% (95% CI, 4.0% to 6.8%). This relationship persisted in multivariate analysis; compared with anterior surgical procedures, there was a significantly lower risk of revision (p < 0.001) for posterior surgical approaches at a hazard ratio of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.69 to 0.84) and circumferential approaches at a hazard ratio of 0.53 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.66). Patient age of 18 to 34 years, white race, insurance status of Workers' Compensation or Medicare, and surgical procedures for spinal stenosis, spondylosis, deformity, and neoplasm were associated with elevated revision risk. Arthrodeses spanning few levels and those performed for fractures had a lower revision risk.

CONCLUSIONS
Primary subaxial cervical spine arthrodeses had a probability of revision approaching 13% over a 16-year period, with elevated reoperation rates in patients undergoing anterior-only surgical procedures. Age, race, insurance status, surgical indication, and number of spinal levels included in the arthrodesis were also associated with reoperation risk.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


Abstract The behavior of the Cane-Zebiak ENSO prediction model is analyzed as a function of model parameters measuring the strength of coupling between the model ocean and atmosphere and the amplitude of the back-ground seasonal cycle specified in the model. As either of these two parameters is increased, the model undergoes a transition from periodic to chaotic behavior according to the universal quasi-periodicity route to chaos. Thus, the irregularity of model ENSO events and their partial locking to the seasonal cycle can both be explained as low-order chaotic behavior driven by the seasonal cycle. The chaos is due to irregular jumping of the Pacific natural ocean-atmosphere oscillator between different nonlinear resonances with the seasonal forcing. The periodic seasonal forcing seems to be the main factor determining the chaotic behavior of the model. However, the full irregularity of model ENSO events is only explained by considering additional factors, possibly including the nonlinear interaction o...


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks have seen tremendous growth in development and usage in recent times. This attention has brought many developments as well as new challenges to these networks. We will show that agent extensions to P2P networks offer solutions to many problems faced by P2P networks. In this research, an attempt is made to bring together JXTA P2P infrastructure and Jinni, a Prolog based agent engine to form an agent based P2P network. On top of the JXTA, we define simple Java API providing P2P services for agent programming constructs. Jinni is deployed on this JXTA network using an automated code update mechanism. Experiments are conducted on this Jinni/JXTA platform to implement a simple agent communication and data exchange protocol.


Human security is part of the policy identities of both the African Union (AU) and the European Union (EU). In the EU, human security is not an explicit policy, but can be seen as embedded in initiatives such as conflict prevention and crisis management. The EU's military mission to the Democratic Republic of Congo (EUFOR RDC) in 2006 has been the most striking example so far of the EU using human security as a methodology for its external engagement, and this experience is expected to establish a framework for future military and civilian assistance to Africa. This paper elaborates a European concept of human security based on five operating principles and evaluates EUFOR RDC against these principles to show how, in all but name, the DRC mission was a human security initiative. It proposes that this kind of human security approach is not only significant for the development of the EU as an international security actor, but could signal an important shift in the relationship between the EU and Africa, changing the terms of discourse between the two continents.


In speech parametrization the speech signal spectrum is calculated with a frame of typical length between 15 and 35 msec. This results in a uniform time-frequency resolution that does not conform well to the properties of human hearing. One of the hearing properties is nonlinear frequency resolution which can be approximated with multiresolution spectral analysis. In this thesis the continuous wavelet transform was tried as a possible approach for MFCC extraction which is currently the most common type of parametrization. The resulting spectrum, similar to the human hearing, has the frequency resolution that is better at lower frequencies and gets coarser with increasing frequency. This results in better time resolution at higher frequencies which allows spectral changes to be detected more precisely if they are (also) present at higher frequencies. Lower frequency band can be analyzed with fine frequency resolution at the same time. The comparison of success rate achieved with the same speech recognition systems did not show any advantages of wavelet transform based MFCCs over standard MFCCs. Because computing continuous wavelet transform is computationally quite intensive, discrete wavelet transform based MFCCs were also tested. The use of discrete wavelet transform resulted in a significantly decreased success rate. The use of wavelet transform does not solve the problems related to nonstationarity of speech signal, as the time-frequency resolution of its spectrum is not time dependent.

In this dissertation, three approaches for dynamic adapting time-frequency resolution were presented. In every approach, one has to estimate how rapidly the spectrum is changing at a given time. This estimation can be based on known facts about the structure of speech or about production of speech. In the first presented approach, the adaptive time-frequency was achieved by varying the frame length based on the phonetic structure of the speech. For each phoneme, the basic properties of spectrum are known. The spectrum of vowels and some other long phonemes is almost stationary, but spectrum of other phonemes, such as stops changes rapidly. If phonetic structure of speech is known, the time-frequency can be adapted by using appropriate frame length for each phoneme. In speech recognition, the phonetic structure is not known. Therefore, speech recognition needs to be done in two passes. Phonetic structure is unknown in the first pass and a fixed frame length is used for parametrization. In the second pass, the phonetic structure from the first pass is known, and the frame length is selected on its basis. In the second presented approach, the time-frequency resolution was adapted according to Moore's formula, which describes human's perception of intensity changes in speech signal. Most of intensity changes are related to sections of speech where temporal resolution is more important than frequency resolution. Larger intensity changes are related to short phonemes, such as burst release in plosives. Intensity changes are also related to phoneme transitions. Therefore, when intensity changes are high, the wideband spectrum is emphasized and when they are low narrowband spectrum is emphasized. Computing intensity changes is far less computationally intensive than determining the phonetic structure in an additional pass. The third approach is based on recognition of voiced and unvoiced speech segments. When voiced speech is produced, the vocal folds need to be closed to obstruct the airflow. Because voiced and unvoiced segments are determined by opening or closing the vocal folds, a voiced segment cannot be very short. Most of voiced phonemes are long and have almost stationary spectrum. In feature extraction longer frame was used on voiced segments and shorter frame on unvoiced segments. All of the three above-mentioned approaches to dynamic time-frequency resolution adapting were tested with the same speech recognition system with two speech databases. Several additive and two convolutive distortions were used to test the robustness. In our experiments, adapting frame length based on phonetic structure of speech proved to be too complicated. It is computationally demanding, and was only tested with the smaller speech database. The success rate was almost unchanged, and robustness decreased slightly in comparison to the original speech recognition system which uses standard MFCCs. Adapting time-frequency resolution to intensity changes resulted in increased success rate and robustness. The improvement was quite large and very consistent. Adapting the frame length according to voiced and unvoiced speech segment improved the robustness and in some experiments the success rate.


Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) refers to plastic changes in epithelial tissue architecture. Breast cancer stromal cells provide secreted molecules, such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), that promote EMT on tumor cells to facilitate breast cancer cell invasion, stemness and metastasis. TGFβ signaling is considered to be abnormal in the context of cancer development; however, TGFβ acting on breast cancer EMT resembles physiological signaling during embryonic development, when EMT generates or patterns new tissues. Interestingly, while EMT promotes metastatic fate, successful metastatic colonization seems to require the inverse process of mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). EMT and MET are interconnected in a time-dependent and tissue context-dependent manner and are coordinated by TGFβ, other extracellular proteins, intracellular signaling cascades, non-coding RNAs and chromatin-based molecular alterations. Research on breast cancer EMT/MET aims at delivering biomolecules that can be used diagnostically in cancer pathology and possibly provide ideas for how to improve breast cancer therapy.


Peritoneal adhesions are a significant complication of surgery and visceral inflammation; however, the mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the mechanism of peritoneal adhesions by focusing on the cell trafficking and immune system in the peritoneal cavity. We investigated the specific recruitment of peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) and their expression of chemokine receptors in murine models of postoperative and postinflammatory peritoneal adhesions. PMφ aggregated at the site of injured peritoneum in these murine models of peritoneal adhesions. The chemokine receptor CCR8 was up-regulated in the aggregating PMφ when compared with naive PMφ. The up-regulation of CCR8 was also observed in PMφ, but not in bone marrow-derived Mφ, treated with inflammatory stimulants including bacterial components and cytokines. Importantly, CCL1, the ligand for CCR8, a product of both PMφ and peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) following inflammatory stimulation, was a potent enhancer of CCR8 expression. Cell aggregation involving PMφ and PMCs was induced in vitro in the presence of CCL1. CCL1 also up-regulated mRNA levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in both PMφ and PMCs. CCR8 gene-deficient mice or mice treated with anti-CCL1-neutralizing Ab exhibited significantly reduced postoperational peritoneal adhesion. Our study now establishes a unique autocrine activation system in PMφ and the mechanism for recruitment of PMφ together with PMCs via CCL1/CCR8, as immune responses of peritoneal cavity, which triggers peritoneal adhesions.


The habitat requirements and population dynamics of Redshank, Dunlin and Ringed Plover on internationally important breeding grounds in the Western Isles of Scotland were studied from 1985 to 1987 using individually colour-ringed birds. Twenty-six habitat types were recognised at four study-sites on South Uist. The temporal and spatial use of the habitats by the three species were quantified. Redshank used a wide variety of pasture, marsh and water's-edge habitats and occurred mainly on "blackland" areas. Dunlin were largely confined to areas of old fallow machair and machair marsh. Ringed Plover occurred almost exclusively on the areas of machair used for cultivation. Redshank did not defend breeding territories and individuals ranged over wide areas. Dunlin and Ringed Plover held breeding territories within which most of their activities were confined. Late in the breeding season the seashore was an important feeding habitat for Dunlin and Ringed Plover. Breeding densities varied markedly between major habitat divisions and appeared to be mainly determined by the availability and quality of potential nest-sites as indicated by their conspicuousness to avian predators. Adults, especially males, nearly always returned to their previous year's nest-site or to close by. Young males bred significantly closer to their natal site than young females. Most birds settled within 4 km of their natal site. Breeding success, first-year and adult survival, and the age of first' breeding were evaluated. The data were used to predict population trends, which were compared to results from large-scale population surveys. It is concluded that Redshank and Dunlin numbers are approximately stable but that Ringed Plover are decreasing. Avian predation was the main factor limiting productivity. Both early season and well concealed/camouflaged nests were more likely to be successful.The conservation of these birds is discussed and some measures suggested that might increase their productivity.


Recent large-scale changes in snow cover over Western North America associated with climate warming may have widespread impacts on water availability. These changes have potentially varied impacts on water availability as snowmelt influences, soil moisture, streamflow, and evapotranspiration. These changes may significantly alter runoff production and gross primary productivity in mountain forests. Analysis of remotely sensed and in situ soil moisture data indicate strong sensitivities of the timing of peak soil moisture to the timing of snowmelt. Observations of vegetation greenness indicate strong forest and understory growth dependencies associated with snow accumulation, snowmelt, and soil moisture with peak snow water equivalent explaining 40-50% of inter-annual greenness variability in the Rocky Mountains. Examples of these dependencies will be presented based on the 2012 drought in the Southwestern US whereby near record low snow accumulation and record high potential evapotranspiration have resulted in record low forest greening as evident in the 30+ year satellite record. Forest response to aridity in 2012 was exacerbated by forest disturbance with greenness anomalies 90% greater in magnitude in Bark Beetle and Spruce Budworm affected areas versus undisturbed areas and 182% greater in magnitude in areas impacted by fire. Greenness sensitivities to aridity showed seasonal dependencies with record high Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values in April (14% above average) and record low NDVI values in July (7% below average). Gross primary productivity estimates from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and from the Niwot Ridge, Colorado Ameriflux tower indicate record high April GPP (30% and 90% above average for MODIS and the tower, respectively) and record low July GPP (19% and 30% below average, respectively). These energy, water, ecosystem relationships indicate that the sensitivity of ecosystems to changes in climate is heavily dependent on snowpack processes. Given potential future changes in land cover of mountainous regions, the results of these measurements may identify tipping points regarding hydrologic sensitivities across gradients in physiography.


Although a rich literature exists on public concern for the effect of land-sited wind power structures on cultural landscapes and the benefits of community involvement in this issue, less is known about how society perceives sea-based structures. Offshore wind power has existed for some time in Europe; in the USA, its development has been hampered by opponents of the Cape Wind project off of Massachusetts. At present, the developer of the proposed Cape Wind project and a second developer proposing a project off of Delaware each strive to erect the first offshore wind power project in the Americas. Here, we examine public opinion. We first provide background on the case studies, then a review of prior studies of support and opposition of wind power projects in order to place the mail surveys within the context of the wider literature. After detailing the methods employed, we analyse the results and provide insights into the similarities and dis-similarities that are revealed in the data, with the intent of gaining a broader understanding of how individuals think about offshore wind power. The strikingly higher public support for offshore wind development in the mid-Atlantic, and especially off Delaware, suggests the possibility of substantially higher US public acceptance of offshore wind power than previously anticipated. Moreover, when offshore wind power is seen as transformative, we find substantial support even for residents near the first developments—residents who thus inherently take more risk. Potentially increasing acceptance of wind power, we argue, portends the shape of things to come. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


SIC1 encodes a nonessential B-type cyclin/CDK inhibitor that functions at the G1/S transition and the exit from mitosis. To understand more completely the regulation of these transitions, mutations causing synthetic lethality with sic1 Delta were isolated. In this screen, we identified a novel gene, SID2, which encodes an essential protein that appears to be required for DNA replication or repair. sid2-1 sic1 Delta strains and sid2-21 temperature-sensitive strains arrest preanaphase as large-budded cells with a single nucleus, a short spindle, and an approximately 2C DNA content. RAD9, which is necessary for the DNA damage checkpoint, is required for the preanaphase arrest of sid2-1 sic1 Delta cells. Analysis of chromosomes in mutant sid2-21 cells by field inversion gel electrophoresis suggests the presence of replication forks and bubbles at the arrest. Deleting the two S phase cyclins, CLB5 and CLB6, substantially suppresses the sid2-1 sic1 Delta inviability, while stabilizing Clb5 protein exacerbates the defects of sid2-1 sic1 Delta cells. In synchronized sid2-1 mutant strains, the onset of replication appears normal, but completion of DNA synthesis is delayed. sid2-1 mutants are sensitive to hydroxyurea indicating that sid2-1 cells may suffer DNA damage that, when combined with additional insult, leads to a decrease in viability. Consistent with this hypothesis, sid2-1 rad9 cells are dead or very slow growing even when SIC1 is expressed.


Sixteen nitrogen-fixing strains isolated from the rhizosphere of maize planted in Cerrado soil, Brazil, which showed morphological and biochemical characteristics similar to the gas-forming Paenibacillus spp., were phenotypically and genetically characterized. Their identification as members of the genus Paenibacillus was confirmed by using specific primers based on the 16S rRNA gene. SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins, API 50CH, morphological and biochemical tests, amplified rDNA-restriction analysis (ARDRA), DNA-relatedness analyses, denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 16S rRNA gene sequence determinations were performed to characterize the novel isolates and to compare them to strains of other nitrogen-fixing Paenibacillus spp. Phenotypic analyses showed that the 16 strains were very homogeneous and shared a high level of relatedness with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Paenibacillus peoriae. However, none of the novel isolates was able to ferment glycerol (positive test for P. polymyxa), L-arabinose or D-xylose (positive tests for P. polymyxa and P. peoriae) or utilize succinate (positive test for P. peoriae). Genetic approaches also indicated a high level of similarity among the novel isolates and P. polymyxa and P. peoriae, but the novel strains clearly could not be assigned to either of these two recognized species. On the basis of the features presented in this study, the 16 novel isolates were considered to represent members of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus brasilensis is proposed. The type strain is PB1 72(T) (= ATCC BAA-413(T) = DSM 14914(T)).


The Bragg reflection waveguide (BRW), or one-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide, has recently been proposed for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from particle acceleration to nonlinear frequency conversion. Here, we conduct a thorough analytical investigation of the quarter-wave BRW, in which the layers of the resonant cladding have a thickness corresponding to one quarter of the transverse wavelength of a desired guided mode. An analytical solution to the mode dispersion equation is derived, and it is shown that the quarter-wave BRW is polarization degenerate, although the TE and TM mode profiles differ significantly as the external Brewster's angle condition in the cladding is approached. Analytical expressions for waveguide properties such as the modal normalization constants, propagation loss, and overlap factors between the mode and each waveguide layer are derived, as are dispersion and tuning curves.


Web Privacy Measurement experiments have heavily influenced privacy debates by shedding light into practices such as third party online tracking and price discrimination. However, these research experiments have typically been one-off projects, with different groups encountering similar methodological and engineering challenges without forming an institutional knowledge base. As an illustrative example of this trend of repeating effort through self-contained experiments, we present the results of one study comparing mobile and desktop tracking and discuss how challenges from this study and other works in the literature shaped the formation of general design principles intended to improve the efficiency of such experiments. We present a robust and modular web measurement platform that enables scalable and repeatable experiments while avoiding many common pitfalls observed by the research community. We describe case studies performed on this framework, including the detection of unique cookie identifiers, the detection of third-party synchronization of these IDs and an examination into the personalization of the content on news sites based on user history.


With people living longer than ever, the number of cases with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or cognitive impairment increases steadily. In Spain it affects more than 1.2 million patients and it is estimated that in 2050 more than 100 million people will be affected. While there are not effective treatments for this terminal disease, therapies such as reminiscence, that stimulate memories of the patient's past are recommended, as they encourage the communication and produce mental and emotional benefits on the patient. Currently, reminiscence therapy takes place in hospitals or residences, where the therapists are located. Since people that receive this therapy are old and may have mobility difficulties, we present an AI solution to guide older adults through reminiscence sessions by using their laptop or smartphone. Our solution consists in a generative dialogue system composed of two deep learning architectures to recognize image and text content. An Encoder-Decoder with Attention is trained to generate questions from photos provided by the user, which is composed of a pretrained Convolution Neural Network to encode the picture, and a Long Short-Term Memory to decode the image features and generate the question. The second architecture is a sequence-to-sequence model that provides feedback to engage the user in the conversation. Thanks to the experiments, we realise that we obtain the best performance by training the dialogue model with Persona-Dataset and fine-tuning it with Cornell Movie-Dialogues dataset. Finally, we integrate Telegram as the interface for the user to interact with Elisabot, our trained conversational agent.


Optional typing is traditionally viewed as a compromise between static and dynamic type checking, where code without type annotations is not checked until runtime. We demonstrate that optional type annotations in Dart programs can be integrated into a flow analysis to provide static type safety guarantees both for annotated and non-annotated parts of the code. We explore two approaches: one that uses type annotations for filtering, and one that uses them as specifications. What makes this particularly challenging for Dart is that its type system is unsound even for fully annotated code. Experimental results show that the technique is remarkably effective, even without context sensitivity: 99.3% of all property lookup operations are reported type safe in a collection of benchmark programs.


This paper describes the role of systems modeling in the National Parks. The parks have been described as America's Best Idea, and they are celebrating their 100 th year anniversary. Systems thinking and system dynamics can help the parks plan for the second century. The paper begins by contrasting the system perspective with the focus on external factors that often dominates park discussions. The paper then reviews the extensive use of models for parks around the world. The review is conducted with an eye toward the best role for system dynamics. A system dynamics based, integrated modeling system is proposed to address both shortterm operations and long-term visitor management. The paper describes initial steps to create such a system at Washington State University. The main case study simulates operational issues at Glacier National Park. The model simulates vehicles, buses and people in the heavily used Going to the Sun Road corridor for a typical day in July. The model is used to show the simulated impacts from the park's shuttle system. The Glacier study demonstrates that system dynamics can address concrete operational questions while providing support for the development of a long-term model for visitor management.


In this project a bioretention planter (BP) that retain stormwater and reduce nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is designed for use in Gothenburg. Initially the research question was defined following the Challenge Lab process. As the maximum capacity is reached at the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Gothenburg, stormwater has to be bypassed the treatment plant at heavy rains, and sustainable solutions to treat the stormwater closer to the source is needed. Green infrastructure, where water infiltrate in green areas, was identified as a solution to the stormwater over-flow pipe problems, but it gives a new environmental concerns when the contaminants accumulate in the soil. A combination of BPs and phytoremediation, a technology where plants are used to treat polluted soils, is a solution where both problems can be addressed. In addition to literature and design manuals of BPs, interviews has been carried out with stakeholders in the city. The result show that a BP with the depth of 1.5 m and surface area of 14.2 m2 can treat a volume of 9.5 m3 that is equivalent to water from an area of 200 m2 with a 50 mm rain in 24 hours. Suitable plants for treatment of Cu, Ni, Zn and PAHs are Populus deltoides x populus nigra L. (poplar), Salix (willow), Helianthus annuus (sunflower), Secale cereale L. (winter rye) and Medicago sativa (alfalfa). If the whole planter was filled with sunflowers, 154 mg of copper could be accumulated in the plant tissue per year, but in order to remediate PAH as well some space would have to be left for other plants. The cost to treat stormwater in BPs is calculated to 3.5 SEK per cubic meter, which is cheaper than the WWTP with a cost of 5.6 SEK per cubic meter. The Challenge Lab group process also included defining sustainability criteria for nature, society, economy and well-being, and the evaluation of the BP according to these criteria show that the solution is more sustainable than most alternatives.


BACKGROUND
All winters, there is an increase in the number of pediatric consultations, associated to three factors: cold weather, air pollution and respiratory virus epidemics.

AIM
To study the influence of these three factors in the demand for pediatric consultations between March and September, in an area of Metropolitan Santiago.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
The number of consultations between March and September 1998 in the emergency room and the number of hospital discharges due to lower respiratory tract infections, were registered in a public pediatric hospital of Santiago. A respiratory virus surveillance (respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza and parainfluenza virus) was done among children admitted for lower respiratory infections. Atmospheric temperature values and air pollution, measured as the number of particles of 10 microns or more per m3 (MP 10), were obtained from local health services.

RESULTS
Two elevation waves of outpatient consultations were detected at weeks 19 and 26, that coincided with the periods of maximal detection of influenza and syncytial respiratory virus, respectively. The epidemics of respiratory syncytial virus coincided with the maximal number of hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections at week 27. There was no correlation between air pollution and the number of pediatric consultations. The lower ambient temperatures coincided with the higher detection of respiratory syncytial virus at week 28, moment in which the demand for consultations or hospital admissions was descending.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a direct relationship between respiratory virus epidemics and the demand for pediatric consultations. There is also a minor influence of ambient temperature.


We study how an autonomous agent learns to perform a task from demonstrations in a different domain, such as a different environment or different agent. Such cross-domain imitation learning is required to, for example, train an artificial agent from demonstrations of a human expert. We propose a scalable framework that enables cross-domain imitation learning without access to additional demonstrations or further domain knowledge. We jointly train the learner agent's policy and learn a mapping between the learner and expert domains with adversarial training. We effect this by using a mutual information criterion to find an embedding of the expert's state space that contains task-relevant information and is invariant to domain specifics. This step significantly simplifies estimating the mapping between the learner and expert domains and hence facilitates end-to-end learning. We demonstrate successful transfer of policies between considerably different domains, without extra supervision such as additional demonstrations, and in situations where other methods fail.


This free software guide for Stata with freely downloadable datasets brings the econometric techniques to life, showing readers how to implement the approaches presented in Introductory Econometrics for Finance using this highly popular software package. Designed to be used alongside the main textbook, the guide will give readers the confidence and skills to estimate and interpret their own models while the textbook will ensure that they have a thorough understanding of the conceptual underpinnings.This guide draws on material from 'Introductory Econometrics for Finance', published by Cambridge University Press, Chris Brooks (2019). The Guide is intended to be used alongside the book, and page numbers from the book are given after each section and subsection heading.


Sleep quality is a sleeping experience of person and got freshness after awakened. Sleep quality among elderly were influenced by several factors such as physical activity. Physical activityy with high frequence will influence nerves sympathetic so it will make somebody feels not asleep, otherwise the appropriate activities can influence the parasympathetic nerves so it will make the body become relaxed than make asleep. The aims of this research was to know the relationship of physical activity with the sleep quality among elderly. Cross sectional study used for research method, 62 elderly in Pajaran village were to being respondent in this research. Sleep quality was measured by using a Pitsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. Moreover, the level of physical activity was measured by The General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ questionnaire. The results of this research found the level of physical activity was at moderate level (23%) and the respondent got good quality of sleep. In conclution, physical activity with moderate level can influenced quality of sleep. These results can be used to improve sleep quality elderly who experience sleep disturbances.


The robotics field represents the integration of multiple facets of computer science and engineering. Robotics-based activities have been shown to encourage K-12 students to consider careers in computing and have even been adopted as part of core computer-science curriculum at a number of universities. Unfortunately, for students with visual impairments, there are still inadequate opportunities made available for teaching basic computing concepts using robotics-based curriculum. This outcome is generally due to the scarcity of accessible interfaces to educational robots and the unfamiliarity of teachers with alternative (e.g., nonvisual) teaching methods. As such, in this paper, we discuss the use of alternative interface modalities to engage students with visual impairments in robotics-based programming activities. We provide an overview of the interaction system and results on a pilot study that engaged nine middle school students with visual impairments during a two-week summer camp.


Abstract Background: Social isolation is a complex construct characterised by both objective and perceived components and has been commonly identified as a risk factor for psychosis-like experiences (PLEs). Few studies, however, have modelled the association between social isolation and PLEs in the general population. Method: Data from a UK general population survey (N = 7403) were analysed using latent class analysis to identify distinct groups of individuals characterised by the same profile of social isolation. Six objective and perceived indicators of social isolation (e.g. living alone; feeling socially isolated and lonely) were modelled. Associations between classes and PLEs were analysed using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. Results: Three classes were identified: an isolated and lonely class (Class 1), a no communication or close relationships class (Class 2) and a baseline class (Class 3). Compared to the baseline class, Class 1 was significantly more likely to endorse thought interference (OR = 2.0) and paranoia (OR = 3.3), while Class 2 was significantly more likely to endorse paranoia (OR = 8.6) and hallucinations (OR = 1.9). Conclusions: Social isolation in the general population seems to vary between two distinct groups. PLEs, in turn, seem to vary depending on the nature of this isolation.


We evaluated prostate cancer research outputs from leading countries to see if they reflected the countries' research expenditure and disease burden and determined their impact. Were the countries making the largest contribution to the evidence base of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for prostate cancer also those whose papers received the most citations on papers? We selected papers in the Web of Science (WoS) from 2000-16 with a complex search filter and analysed their characteristics and citations. We compared countries' outputs with their overall research expenditure and their burden of disease from prostate cancer. We collected 71 clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) from 28 countries and downloaded their references. Although world output increased from 1696 to 4329 papers over the study period, prostate cancer research represented only 3.6% of all cancer research in 2016. Europe's relative output was less than half its relative cancer burden and that of Africa only one sixth, but Asia, whose men are less likely to suffer from the disease, published a proportionate amount. The USA still has the largest output (31% of the total, down from 53% in 2000) but China's output has risen very rapidly and is now second. The US and Netherlands papers were the most cited in the WoS and those from Belgium, the Netherlands and Sweden were the most cited on the CPGs. These CPG references involved research on the main treatments but relatively few on genetics. Some countries' CPG references were rather old. Prostate cancer research is relatively neglected in Europe and particularly in Africa, but receives more attention in North America, the only continent where its disease burden relative to all cancer has actually declined. The best-performing countries in terms of their influence on CPGs differed from those with the best citation records on the WoS.


BACKGROUND
Preoperative anxiety is a common perioperative complication seen in approximately 11-80% of adults undergoing surgery. One of the goals of the preanaesthesia clinic is to allay anxiety. A preanaesthesia clinic evaluation has been shown to reduce anxiety however current studies on anxiety and the preanaesthesia clinic have not quantified this reduction.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the reduction in anxiety in patients evaluated in the clinic versus those evaluated in the ward.

METHODS
Fifty one adult patients with 28 patients in anaesthesia clinic (AC) group and 23 in the ward (W) group were sequentially recruited from both the surgical, gynaecology and antenatal outpatient clinics and the wards. The patient's State Trait Anxiety Index (STAI) was taken once the patient was booked for theatre. The patients then had a preanaesthesia evaluation either in the preanaesthesia outpatient clinic (PAC) or in the wards. Another STAI score was taken in the preoperative area in theatre on the day of surgery. The difference in the change of STAI scores in both groups was then analysed.

RESULTS
Fifty one adult patients were recruited with 28 in the AC group and 23 in the W group. The majority of patients were female (n=38). Statistically significant difference was seen in the reduction of the anxiety scores between the clinic group 2.143 (C.I=1.384-2.902) and ward group 0.74(C.I=0.17-1.31) with a p value=0.0051.There was also significant difference in reduction in anxiety scores within ward group in the patients with no prior anaesthetic experience having a greater reduction than those with prior anaesthetic experience. There were no other significant differences between the two groups.

CONCLUSION
Patients evaluated in the anaesthesia clinic had a greater reduction in their anxiety but it was not as much as hypothesised which may be due to the multi-factorial nature of preoperative anxiety. A larger multicenter study is recommended to increase generalizability to the population.


Objective To assess the impact on cardiovascular risk factor management in primary care by the introduction of chronic kidney disease epidemiological collaboration (CKD-EPI) for estimated-glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting. Design and setting Cross-sectional study of routine healthcare provision in 47 primary care practices in The Netherlands with Modification of Diet and Renal Disease Study eGFR reporting. Methods eGFR values were recalculated using CKD-EPI in patients with available creatine tests. Patients reclassified from CKD stage 3a to CKD stage 2 eGFR range were compared to those who remained in stage 3a for differences in demographic variables, blood pressure, comorbidity, medication usage and laboratory results. Results Among the 60 673 adult patients (37% of adult population) with creatine values, applying the CKD-EPI equation resulted in a 16% net reduction in patients with CKD stage 3 or worse. Patients reclassified from stage 3a to 2 had lower systolic blood pressure (139.7 vs 143.3 mm Hg p<0.0001), higher diastolic blood pressure (81.5 vs 78.4 mm Hg p<0.0001) and higher cholesterol (5.4 vs 5.1 mmol/L p<0.0001) compared to those who remained in stage 3a. Of those reclassified out of a CKD diagnosis 463 (32%) had no comorbidities that would qualify for annual CVD risk factor assessment and 20 (12% of those with sufficient data) had a EuroSCORE CVD risk >20% within 10 years. Conclusions Use of the CKD-EPI equation will result in many patients being removed from CKD registers and the associated follow-up. Current risk factor assessment in this group may be lacking from routine data and some patients within this group are at an increased risk for cardiovascular events.


There is an on‐going debate in the seismological community as to whether stress drop is independent of earthquake size and this has important implications for earthquake physics. Here we investigate this question in a simple 2D cellular automaton that includes heterogeneity. We find that when the range of heterogeneity is low, the scaling approaches that of constant stress drop. However, clear deviations from the constant stress drop model are observed when the range of heterogeneity is large. Further, fractal distributions of strength show more significant departures from constant scaling than do random ones. Additionally, sub‐sampling the data over limited magnitude ranges can give the appearance of constant stress drop even when the entire data set does not support this. Our results suggest that deviations from constant earthquake scaling are real and reflect the heterogeneity of natural fault zones, but may not provide much information about the physics of earthquakes.


Neither democracy nor globalization alone can explain the doubling of the peacetime public share in many Western countries between World Wars I and II. Here we examine two other explanations that are consistent with the timing of the observed changes, namely, (1) a shift in the demand for public goods and (2) the effect of war on the willingness to share. We first model each of these approaches as a contingency-learning phenomenon within Schelling's Multi-Person Dilemma. We then derive verifiable propositions from each hypothesis. National time series of public spending as a share of GNP reveal no unit root but a break in trend, a result shown to favor explanation (2) over (1). JEL Code: H5


This is the first of seven articles comprising a book-length treatment of The Atlas by the acclaimed Australian poet and journalist Kenneth Slessor (1901–1971). Hisreputation as Australia's first modernist poet and pioneer of her national poeticidentity began with his 1932 collection Cuckooz Contrey , which opened with one ofthe most original interpretations of cartography in verse: the five-poem sequence The Atlas . Fascinated by maps and navigators' tales, Slessor began each poem withthe title of a map or an atlas by a cartographer prominent during Europe's "goldenage of cartography," and then alluded to that particular work throughout thepoem. The sequence celebrates the cartographic achievements of the seventeenthcentury while imaginatively recreating the worlds portrayed in very differentmaps, including Robert Norton's plan of Algiers ("The King of Cuckooz"), JohnOgilby's road maps ("Post-roads"), Joan Blaeu's plan-view of Amsterdam ("DutchSeacoast"), John Speed's world map ("Mermaids"), and a map of the West Indies,supposedly by Nicolas or Adrien Sanson, featuring buccaneers and a seafight ("TheSeafight"). Yet none of these maps appears in Slessor's collections or critical studiesof his work. Nor have his poems been juxtaposed with the atlases, maps, or rarecatalogue of maps that inspired them. I plan to fill these gaps in six future issues of Cartographic Perspectives . Fivewill begin with an Atlas poem—reprinted in its entirety and in the order ofits appearance within the sequence. Analysis of the poem's content will befollowed by discussion of its introductory quote or epigraph, which Slessor (ashis poetry notebook makes clear) found in the map catalogue. Next comes anexamination of both the cartographer and the map highlighted in the epigraph.By reproducing the map as well as the catalogue's description of the map, eacharticle will uncover the cartographic connections between Slessor's publishedpoem and its manuscript versions, its map(s), and the map catalogue. AnEpilogue will round out my series by exploring the unique atlas-like structure ofSlessor's sequence and identifying the likely author of the catalogue that Slessorcreatively transformed into The Atlas . My Introduction, the only part of the series published in this issue, providesthe background for what will become the first extended examination of The Atlas . Opening with a brief biography of Slessor as poet, journalist, and man-about-Sydney, it surveys Cuckooz Contrey before turning to The Atlas , which debuted inthat collection. The effort that Slessor lavished on his sequence and on masteringthe period in which it is set are revealed throughout the notebook in whichhe drafted all five poems. Reviewing his corpus shows that The Atlas uniquelycombines strategies apparent in Slessor's earlier and later poems, includinghis emphasis on the arts and the use of illustrations to heighten his poetry'sallure. The Introduction presents the maps created to illustrate his poetry,especially Strange Lands , made by the famously controversial Norman Lindsayand featured as the frontispiece of Cuckooz Contrey . Slessor's poetic allusionsto maps lead to the magnificent nautical library in which he may have foundthe inspiration for The Atlas . Yet, as the second half of this article demonstrates,that library collection has proved one of many challenges to producing thisgroundbreaking study.


This work aims to revise and discuss organizational, social, economical, technical and environmental factors involved in the artisan fishing activity which influence the formation and the development of the cooperatives of artisan fishermen; these ones, still form a class of workers excluded of the current capitalist economical system and they have in the cooperativism an important tool for your social inclusion, it warrants them the income for maintenance of families. Therefore, a bibliographic revision was carried out on the theme, as well as on the themes related to the cooperativism and to the fishing activity itself through a research on the bibliographical collections of the main entities, organs and services that deal with the matter, besides the rising of data through consultations and informal routine interviews, made during technical visits to the some communities. The analysis of the information sought allowed concluding that the artisan fishermen need solutions for technical and commercial problems that keep them in serious situation of economical dependence, which tend to disappear through the formation of cooperatives. However, it is highly necessary authorities' perception for understanding that cooperative efficiency is related not only to objectives of economical nature, when considered the marginal situation of the fisherman, in several areas, related to the market where they act. According to the proportion of good results they get, the cooperatives process social changes which transcend their your own associative body reaching a whole community, in the search of the social correction through economical factors, set up from values such as the fair distribution of income which deserves the adoption of urgent pro-active posture and actions.


The implementation of conservationist systems of cultivation, with less soil turning and a greater deposition of plant residue, has increased the stocks of C and N in soil and humic substances, but may reduce the quality of the organic matter (SOM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the storage of carbon and nitrogen in plant residue, humic substances and soil at three depths (0-0.2, 0.2-0.4 and 0.4-0.6 m) and under five systems of cultivation: an old banana plantation (14 years cultivation), renovated banana plantation (renewed 1.5 years earlier), sugarcane plantation (two years cultivation), pasture (three-year-old Colonial grass), crotalaria juncea (cultivated yearly for five years) and native forest, as a reference of a natural semi-arid environment. The dry weight of the plant residue deposited on the soil was determined, together with the levels and stocks of total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), the stocks of C and N in the humic substances (fulvic acid, humic acid and humin fractions), and the C/N and C-HF/(C-FAF+C-FAH) ratios. The greatest levels of C were seen in the plant residue from the renewed banana plantation, pasture and crotalaria, but the deposition of dry matter and the stocks of C and TN were higher in the plant residue of the native forest. In the soil, the largest stocks of C and TN were found in the surface layers (0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m). The stock of C and TN, and of C in the humic fractions of the SOM did not differ between the majority of the cropping systems or the native forest, indicating the maintenance of C and N in the cultivated soils compared to the native vegetation. Cropping systems that include banana, sugarcane and crotalaria increase the C stock in the humin fraction and the degree of humification of the SOM at most of the soil depths under evaluation.


The rabbinic prohibition on non-Jewish wine is grounded on the assumption that non-Jews were compulsive wine libationers, who offered wine libations at any time and in any place, unpredictably, compulsively, and almost completely undetected; and that the mere contact with wine was sufficient for libations to pagan divinities to be performed. These assumptions, however, do not reflect the pagan practice of wine libation as known from Greek and Roman sources. This paper discusses whether the rabbinic view of non-Jewish libation was purely imagined, compares it with early Christian views, and suggests various interpretations of the myth of compulsive wine libation.


We present methods for analyzing commercial and industrial facility 15-min-interval electric load data. These methods allow building managers to better understand their facility's electricity consumption over time and to compare it to other buildings, helping them to "ask the right questions" to discover opportunities for demand response, energy efficiency, electricity waste elimination, and peak load management. We primarily focus on demand response. Methods discussed include graphical representations of electric load data, a regression-based electricity load model that uses a time-of-week indicator variable and a piecewise linear and continuous outdoor air temperature dependence and the definition of various parameters that characterize facility electricity loads and demand response behavior. In the future, these methods could be translated into easy-to-use tools for building managers.


Ferulago carduchorum Boiss &HAUSSKN is a perennial herb from Apiaceae family indigenous to Iran. In this study, in order to investigate phytochemicals on coumarins, the root powder of this plant was extracted by solvents of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol in a succession machine. The hexaenoic extract was fractionated by VLC technique. After a preliminary test with an analytical TLC technique, the best fraction was introduced into the thin layer of parathyroid chromatography, the product of which was a linear furanocoumarine named as prantchimgin. The chemical structure of this compound was determined by spectroscopic techniques NMR. With the obtained information, this is the first report on F. Carduchorum rootstock phytochemicals that were considered to be biologically relate to the presence of furanocomarins. The plant's aerial parts essential oil was obtained by water distillation method and analyzed by GC / MS device. The results showed that, the main components of the essential oil were octan (25.29%), gamma-terpinene (6.34), α-pinene (4.47%), decane (3.71%), α terpinene (2.84%) and sabinene (1.16).


OBJECTIVES
To determine the proportion of youth meeting national recommendations for food group intake and to identify food intake patterns.

DESIGN
The US Department of Agriculture's 1989-1991 Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals were used to estimate food intake. Intake was determined from 3 days of diet by disaggregating foods into their component ingredients and using weights that correspond to servings.

PARTICIPANTS
The sample included 3307 youth, 2 to 19 years of age, living in the 48 conterminous United States. Main Outcome Measures. Mean number of servings and percentage of individuals meeting national recommendations for food group intake according to demographic characteristics, patterns of intake, and nutrient profiles associated with each pattern.

RESULTS
Mean numbers of servings per day were below minimum recommendations for all food groups except the dairy group (ages 2 to 11). Percentages of youth meeting recommendations ranged from approximately 30% for fruit, grain, meat, and dairy to 36% for vegetables. Sixteen percent of youth did not meet any recommendations, and 1% met all recommendations. The pattern of meeting all recommendations resulted in nutrient intakes above the recommended dietary allowances and was high in fat. Conversely, meeting none of the recommendations resulted in intakes well below the recommended dietary allowances for some nutrients. Total fat and added sugars averaged 35% and 15% of energy, respectively, and levels were similar among most demographic groups.

CONCLUSION
Children and teens in the United States follow eating patterns that do not meet national recommendations. Nutrition education and intervention are needed among US children.