During the 30 years, the composition of white and black families in the US has changed dramatically. In 1960, less than 10% of families with children were headed by a single mother, while in 1990 more than 20% of families with children were headed by females. A large body of research has focused on the role of the U.S. welfare system and particularly of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, in contributing to these changes in family structure. Most studies use cross-sectional data and identify the effect of welfare on female headship through interstate variation in the AFDC program. Recent research finds that controlling for state effects has a large impact on the estimated welfare effect. This paper examines why state effects matter for estimating the role of welfare in female headship decisions by examining the of individual effects and policy endogeneity. An explanation for why state effects matter is that the composition of the population across the states differs, and the composition is related to the generosity of the state's welfare program. If that is true, then controlling for individual effects should have the same result as controlling for state effects. We also examine the endogeneity of AFDC policy by including controls representing the determinants of state welfare generosity. The results show that after controlling for individual effects, there is no evidence that welfare contributes to increasing propensities to form female headed households for either whites or blacks. Further, the results suggest that welfare-induced migration among blacks leads to an upward bias in the estimated welfare effect in previous studies.


Apache Spark is a popular open-source platform for large-scale data processing that is well-suited for iterative machine learning tasks. In this paper we present MLlib, Spark's open-source distributed machine learning library. MLlib provides efficient functionality for a wide range of learning settings and includes several underlying statistical, optimization, and linear algebra primitives. Shipped with Spark, MLlib supports several languages and provides a high-level API that leverages Spark's rich ecosystem to simplify the development of end-to-end machine learning pipelines. MLlib has experienced a rapid growth due to its vibrant open-source community of over 140 contributors, and includes extensive documentation to support further growth and to let users quickly get up to speed.


A common goal of forensic shoeprint analysis is to identify shoe models or designs that are similar to that of a given print, such as a print found at a crime scene. Quantifying similarity between shoe outsole patterns is difficult because it requires both a set of well-defined features and an accurate method to classify outsoles according to those features. A set of geometric features was developed based on common geometric shapes, such as circles and quadrilaterals. A new classifier was then trained for the pretrained convolutional neural network base of VGG16 to create a model, named CoNNOR (Convolutional Neural Network for Outsole Recognition), to automatically classify portions of outsole images into the new geometric scheme of outsole class characteristics. During the analysis of CoNNOR's performance, new diagnostic plots were developed which provide a better method to assess classification errors of multi-class, multi-label models. In general, CoNNOR performs well on images with unambiguous shapes and moderate color contrast; additional improvements may be realized by preprocessing the images to improve contrast as well as by integrating spatial relationships between geometric features. CoNNOR represents a significant improvement to the current manual classification of footwear tread patterns, facilitating new modes of data collection and automatic processing that will expand the data available for assessment of footwear class characteristic frequency in the population.


Stress in forest ecosystems (FES) occurs as a result of land-use intensification, disturbances, resource limitations or unsustainable management, causing changes in forest health (FH) at various scales from the local to the global scale. Reactions to such stress depend on the phylogeny of forest species or communities and the characteristics of their impacting drivers and processes. There are many approaches to monitor indicators of FH using in-situ forest inventory and experimental studies, but they are generally limited to sample points or small areas, as well as being time- and labour-intensive. Long-term monitoring based on forest inventories provides valuable information about changes and trends of FH. However, abrupt short-term changes cannot sufficiently be assessed through in-situ forest inventories as they usually have repetition periods of multiple years. Furthermore, numerous FH indicators monitored in in-situ surveys are based on expert judgement. Remote sensing (RS) technologies offer means to monitor FH indicators in an effective, repetitive and comparative way. This paper reviews techniques that are currently used for monitoring, including close-range RS, airborne and satellite approaches. The implementation of optical, RADAR and LiDAR RS-techniques to assess spectral traits/spectral trait variations (ST/STV) is described in detail. We found that ST/STV can be used to record indicators of FH based on RS. Therefore, the ST/STV approach provides a framework to develop a standardized monitoring concept for FH indicators using RS techniques that is applicable to future monitoring programs. It is only through linking in-situ and RS approaches that we will be able to improve our understanding of the relationship between stressors, and the associated spectral responses in order to develop robust FH indicators.


To meet the needs of efficient turbine blade designs, CFD predictions of a complex 3D flow field in turbine blade passages have been incorporated in the design process during the last decade. Owing to the numerous advantages possessed by a 3-D CFD technology many industries already use a 3D blading technique in the design process of turbomachines. In addition, blade lean and sweep have been implemented to increase the blade row efficiency. Experimental studies have shown some advantages of these features. However, most of the experimental results were combined with other features together as well; thus making it difficult to determine the effects of individual superior features. The development of CFD techniques has made it possible to do three-dimensional turbulent flow analyses in a very short time. In this study, numerical studies are presented to demonstrate the sweep effects on a transonic compressor airfoil. The purpose of this study is to investigate the sweep effects without changing other compressor blade features; i.e. keeping the blade outflow angles and section shapes to be the same at design sections for all cases. Through this study the sweep effect in a transonic compressor rotor blade was tested. The results showed that the sweeps redistribute the flow reducing the secondary flow loss, depending on the baseline. It was shown that the forward sweep reduces the tip loading in terms of the static pressure coefficient.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


OBJECT
The purpose of this ongoing study is to compare the safety and efficacy of microsurgical clipping and endovascular coil embolization for the treatment of acutely ruptured cerebral aneurysms and to determine if one treatment is superior to the other by examining clinical and angiographic outcomes. The authors examined the null hypothesis that no difference exists between the 2 treatment modalities in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The current report is limited to the clinical results at 1 year after treatment.

METHODS
The authors screened 725 patients with SAH, resulting in 500 eligible patients who were enrolled prospectively in the study after giving their informed consent. Patients were assigned in an alternating fashion to surgical aneurysm clipping or endovascular coil therapy. Intake evaluations and outcome measurements were collected by nurse practitioners independent of the treating surgeons. Ultimately, 238 patients were assigned to aneurysm clipping and 233 to coil embolization. The 2 treatment groups were well matched. There were no anatomical exclusions. Crossing over was allowed, but primary outcome analysis was based on the initial treatment modality assignment. Posttreatment care was standardized for both groups. Patient outcomes at 1 year were independently assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). A poor outcome was defined as an mRS score > 2 at 1 year. The primary outcome was based on the assigned group; that is, by intent to treat.

RESULTS
One year after treatment, 403 patients were available for evaluation. Of these, 358 patients had actually undergone treatment. The remainder either died before treatment or had no identifiable source of SAH. A poor outcome (mRS score > 2) was observed in 33.7% of the patients assigned to aneurysm clipping and in 23.2% of the patients assigned to coil embolization (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.08-2.61; p = 0.02). Of treated patients assigned to the coil group, 124 (62.3%) of the 199 who were eligible for any treatment actually received endovascular coil embolization. Patients who crossed over from coil to clip treatment fared worse than patients assigned to coil embolization, but no worse than patients assigned to clip occlusion. No patient treated by coil embolization suffered a recurrent hemorrhage.

CONCLUSIONS
One year after treatment, a policy of intent to treat favoring coil embolization resulted in fewer poor outcomes than clip occlusion. Although most aneurysms assigned to the coil treatment group were treated by coil embolization, a substantial number crossed over to surgical clipping. Although a policy of intent to treat favoring coil embolization resulted in fewer poor outcomes at 1 year, it remains important that high-quality surgical clipping be available as an alternative treatment modality.


Extremist rhetoric and behaviour, including violence, emanating from those fearing and opposed to Islamic extremism—and typically generalising that to Islam or Muslims—is undeniable. Equally, there is evidence of Muslim rhetoric that fires up fears of a threatening West and antipathy to religious 'others' as damned infidels, including Christians and Jews who are otherwise regarded as co-religionists—as 'peoples of the Book'. Mutual discontent and antipathy abound. On the one hand, Islamic extremism provokes a reactionary extremism from parts, at least, of the non-Muslim world; on the other hand, Muslim extremism appears often in response to the perception of an aggressive and impositional colonising non-Muslim world. 'Reactive Co-Radicalization', I suggest, names this mutual rejection and exclusionary circle currently evident, in particular, with respect to many Muslim and non-Muslim communities. This article discusses reactive co-radicalization as a hermeneutical perspective on religious extremism with particular reference to two European cases.


In the past, U.S. Polaris (A-3) and Poseidon (C-3) SSBNs (ballistic missile equipped, nuclear powered submarines) took relatively frequent navigation fixes at specified but clsssified periodic rates to compensate for the degradations of gyro drift-rate. However, a randomization of the fix taking was called for to preclude enemy deciphering of the frequency of fix-taking as the enemy attempts to enhance its surveillance of U.S. SSBNs. Since warm-standby navigation configurations (such as two complete Ships Inertial Navigation Systems, SINS) are usually utilized onboard U.S. SSBNs anyway to reap the benefit of high reliability/availability through online modular repair, the so-called Difference Monitoring procedure consisting of a comparison of the outputs of both these available INSs was instituted in 1976 to randomize the fix taking for C-3 SSBNs.

One contribution of this paper is to use existing results of Helstrom from level-crossing theory for the output of nonlinear operations (e.g., the RSSing of latitude and longitude error to obtain radial position error) to provide an analytically tractable theoretical model for the previous empirical procedure of Difference Monitoring. Using the parameters of RMS level and correlation-time of the underlying INS, this analytic model can be exploited to set the constant decision threshold to achieve a specified average interval between position fixes. A second contribution of this paper is to present an expression for the related variance. A comparison between actual SSBN patrol statistics and analytically predicted results for alternative threshold settings is included; however, time and navigation accuracy scales are concealed to prevent divulgence of national security information.

Measures of SSBN detectability to enemy surveillance should apparently also be updated in a manner herein suggested to no longer assume SSBN fix taking at a periodic rate. Adoption of this suggestion enables use of an absolute evaluation technique (based on Pareto-optimality) already developed and utilized as described herein as a third contribution for gauging the "goodness" of either randomized or deterministic SSBN fix strategies over and specified time epoch. Two Electrostaticially Supported Gyro Navigators (ESGNs) have been postulated as a candidate configuration for D-5 Trident II SSBNs, where Difference Monitoring will again be as appropriate as in C-3 Poseidon SSBNs.


Combat exposure and other factors associated with military service may place soldiers at increased risk of substance use and mental health issues. We examine the importance of soldier characteristics and risk for alcohol abuse and mental health issues in predicting entry into treatment for alcohol abuse and treatment for mental health issues among active duty soldiers (n = 43,342). Results indicated that soldiers were more likely to be referred for mental health issues than alcohol abuse issues and that marital status, race/ethnicity, and pay grade were predictive of the likelihood of entering treatment. We discuss the implications of our findings with regard to the referral and treatment of alcohol abuse and mental health issues within the military environment.


Abstract The following contribution deals with the experimental investigation and theoretical evaluation of fatigue crack growth under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions at the nickel alloy 617. The microstructure and mechanical properties of alloy 617 are influenced significantly by the thermal heat treatment and the following thermal exposure in service. Hence, a solution annealed and a long-time service exposed material condition is studied. The crack growth measurement is carried out by using an alternate current potential drop system, which is integrated into a thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) test facility. The measured fatigue crack growth rates results in a function of material condition, temperature and load waveform. Furthermore, the results of the non-isothermal tests depend on the phase between thermal and mechanical load (in-phase, out-of-phase). A fracture mechanic based, time dependent model is upgraded by an approach to consider environmental effects, where almost all model parameters represent directly measureable values. A consistent description of all results and a good correlation with the experimental data can be achieved.


Cholinesterase-based biosensor well known as a sensitive method to detect the existence of harmful dissolved compounds in any type of water source, especially the river. This alternative biosensor can be used to determine the level of pollution of the water in a short period of time as well as to evaluate the low cost and simple service. The aim of this study was to exceed the effectiveness of acetylcholinesterase source extracted from the brain tissue of Asian swamp eel; Monopterus albus as a potential environmental biosensor. Purified acetylcholinesterase exposed to a different type of metal ions and mercury showed the highest percentage of inhibition at 62.9% followed by chromium at 59.22% while silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, zinc a¬¬nd lead at not more than 50% (approximately 37-50%). Metal ions such as mercury, zinc, chromium and copper showed exponential decay type inhibition curves with calculated half maximal inhibitory concentration; IC50 in the ascending sensitivity order 0.005, 0.595, 0.687 and 1.329 mgL-1, respectively. Field trial works exhibited that the acetylcholinesterase was applicable in sensing heavy metals pollution from the river which closed to the industrial and agricultural sites at near real-time and verified using ICP-OES. This study proves the potential use of acetylcholinesterase sourced from M. albus as a biomonitoring tool to assess the contamination level of the river.


The Management of Tourism considers and applies management concepts, philosophies and practices to the business of tourism. The book goes beyond a conceptual discussion of tourism, to cover management perspectives both in operational and strategic terms. It has been written to provide students with an understanding of the fundamental business management aspects of tourism, together with the specific techniques required for successful management of the variety of tourism businesses.

The text places the management of tourism in a structured framework, ordered around four principal themes:

- Managing the Tourism System
- Managing Tourism Businesses
- Managing Tourism in its Environment
- Contemporary Issues in Tourism Management

Each chapter is written by an acknowledged subject specialist, and highlights current challenges and appropriate management responses to its particular arena. At the same time, each chapter also includes an illustrative case study, and provides suggestions for further reading that offers a more general perspective.


In this paper adult education (teaching and educating) system peculiarities in Lithuania is analyzed on the basis of theoretical research, philosophical reflections, and statistical data. Education of human resources becomes quite problematic in view of the actuality of critical thinking and concurrency, and a rapid transfer towards postindustrial socioeconomic development stage in the country. Only in totalitarian regime countries the autonomy of higher education is still linked to the educational stimuli of the intellectual society. It is rather important to stress that studies are a necessary but not the main step towards a conscious cognition and understanding the necessity of lifelong learning. This article reveals some challenges, like creating human capital, ensuring the realization of the main lifelong learning tasks which are identified in the Government's strategy, etc. The main tasks of adult education are identified in order to give meaning to the concept of lifelong learning.


This paper shows the equivalence among some different formulations of a simple location-allocation problem. A feature shared by all the formulations is an allocation subproblem (the distribution of users among the facilities) based on spatial-interaction theory (gravity models). The initial mathematical programming formulation, useless for computation, is shown to be equivalent to some much simpler mathematical programs, built up by suitably widening the feasible region.

Finally, a duality relationship is shown to hold between the location models where accessibility is maximized (having the location and size of the facilities as control variables) and those where travel cost is minimized (having the allocation of users to the facilities as control variables). The last ones are shown to tend to the usual location-allocation models with linear cost function as the distance decay effect increases.


Whereas most modern legal theorists seek to limit their enquiries to a particular sort of law, this book questions the usefulness of such "positivist" dogmas, asserting that the law can and should be seen as multidimensional. It argues that, in a sense, the law is everywhere. In a meeting of postmodern discourse, deconstruction, feminism and legal theory, the author seeks to open new spaces, to create new ways in which we can think about the law by creating links with other practices and disciplines where none previously existed. It sets out to provide a link between conventional legal philosophy and modern movements in legal theory.


The late Sir John Clapham's history of the Bank of England was written at the invitation of the authorities and was first published in 1944, to commemorate its 250th anniversary. It covers the bank's whole history from its foundation until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, with an epilogue, the bank as it is, which brings the story down to the period immediately before the Second World War. The treatment is chronological, and the two volumes trace in detail the growth of now familiar bank practices - the use of bills and discounts, the insurance of currency, the establishment of a reserve ratio, the use of cheques - and also record the role of the Bank in relation to contemporary political and economic happenings. While the author had full access to the records, this book is not an official history and no limitation was imposed on the selection of material or the expression of opinion.


The work presented in this paper focuses on the use of Hidden Markov Models for face recognition. A new method based on the extraction of 2D-DCT feature vectors is described, and the recognition results are compared with other face recognition approaches. The method introduced in this paper reduces significantly the computational complexity of previous HMM-based face recognition system, while preserving the same recognition rate.


Abstract We assessed mate fidelity, nest-box fidelity, and breeding dispersal distances of American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) nesting in boxes in southwestern Idaho from 1990 through 2006. Seventy-seven percent of boxes had different males and 87% had different females where nest-box occupants were identified in consecutive years. High turnover rates were partly a result of box-switching. Forty-eight percent of males and 58% of females that nested within the study area in successive years used different boxes. The probability of changing boxes was unrelated to gender, nesting success in the prior year, or years of nesting experience. Breeding dispersal distances for birds that moved to different boxes averaged 2.2 km for males (max = 22 km) and 3.2 km for females (max = 32 km). Approximately 70% of birds that nested in consecutive years on the study area had a different mate in the second year. Mate fidelity was related to box fidelity but not to prior nesting success or years of nesting experience. Mate changes occurred 32% of the time when the previous mate was known to be alive and nesting in the area. Kestrels that switched mates and boxes did not improve or decrease their subsequent nesting success. Kestrels usually switched to mates with less experience and lower lifetime productivity than their previous mates. The costs of switching boxes and mates were low, and there were no obvious benefits to fidelity. The cost of "waiting" for a previous mate that might have died could be high in species with high annual mortality.


We present an atlas of spectra of 5 emission-line stars: the low-luminosity luminous blue variables (LBVs) HD 168625 and HD 160529, the white hypergiants (and LBV candidates) HD 168607 and AS 314, and the supergiant HD 183143. The spectra were obtained with 2 echelle spectrometers at the 6-m telescope of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the spectral range 4800 to 6700 A, with a resolution of 0.4 A. We have identified 380 spectral lines and diffuse interstellar bands within the spectra. Specific spectral features of the objects are described.


Helicobacter pylori infection (H. Pylori) has a worldwide distribution, especially with gastric along with duodenal ulcers. It has been associated with various disorders such as anemia, coronary heart disease, and thyroid disease. There are limited local studies available evaluating the role and association of H. Pylori to various other diseases. Therefore, the current study aims to inspect comorbidities linked with H. Pylori infection in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A prospective study was conducted by enrolling outpatients from Salman Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital and National Hospital in Riyadh. A total of 323 patients presenting with dyspeptic symptoms were recruited between 2012 and 2015. A questionnaire was utilized and distributed to study the possible dyspeptic symptoms among the participants. Initial evaluation included a liver function, complete blood count, lipid and thyroid profile test. H. Pylori diagnosis was founded on "urea breath test", "H. Pylori stool ELISA test", "serology", and "upper endoscopy with gastric biopsy". Results were presented as P-values, mean +/- SD, and 95% confidence intervals using SPSS version 20. A total of 323 patients with "dyspepsia" or "symptoms suggestive of gastritis" were enrolled. Approximately, 166 (51.4%) patients were "Pylori positive". The presence of positive H. Pylori was associated with frequent symptoms such as nausea, epigastric pain, vomiting, Dyspepsia, and bloating. Dyslipidemia, Anemia, diabetes, hypothyroidism, and hyperuricemia were more recurrent among the patients with H. Pylori infection. "Multivariate analysis" demonstrated a relationship between Pylori infection and each of "baseline cholesterol level", "diabetes", "hemoglobin", and baseline "TSH levels". H. Pylori infection is considered to be common in Saudi Arabia. It is linked with dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypothyroidism. In individuals with such disorders, H. Pylori management and testing are recommended. Prospective studies are needed in future to assess the benefit of eradication treatment as well as clinical implication of H. Pylori infection in the patients.


European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) began roosting in downtown Omaha, Nebraska during the fall of 2004 causing significant financial loss and threats to human health and safety. Property owners exhausted a variety of nonlethal methods to deter roosting starlings before contacting U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services in January 2005. We developed an integrated wildlife damage management plan that incorporated local population reduction through the use of the avicide DRC-1339®, trapping, hazing, and habitat modification. Strong working relationships developed as we provided technical assistance to the city of Omaha, building managers, and property owners who experienced starling damage. We used radio telemetry on 57 starlings during the winter of 2005-2006, and attached leg bands and colored leg streamers to 4,900 starlings from 2005-2010 to accurately pinpoint feeding, roosting, and staging sites in a 45 km (28 mi) radius of downtown Omaha. Over the last 6 winters, we encountered greater than 400 banded starlings, providing insight on starling movement important to the development of an effective management plan for starlings that roost in downtown Omaha, Nebraska.


The properties of fluorescein are substantially altered upon conjugation to nucleic acids, affecting not only the molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields but also the protolytic equilibrium constant and fluorescence lifetimes. Around neutral pH, the fluorescein moiety is present as both mono- and dianion, and the pKa relating them is increased from 6.43 for free fluorescein to about 6.90 for fluorescein attached to both single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides of at least 12 bases/base pairs. This difference reflects the local electrostatic potential around the nucleic acid, which is calculated to -28 mV. The molar absorptivities and spectral responses of the conjugated fluorescein protolytic species are also determined, from which the concentrations of fluorescein-oligonucleotide conjugates can be calculated by assuming: epsilon 494 = 62000/[1 + 10-(pH-6.90)] + 12000/[1 + 10(pH-6.90)] (M-1 cm-1). The fluorescence quantum yield of the conjugates depends, in a complex way, on temperature, environment and oligonucleotide length, sequence and conformation, and must be determined for each experimental situation.


Silicon microparticles were formed by reduction of silicon tetrachloride by zinc. Chemical etching of these microparticles produced microparticles with a unique trench structure that showed visible photoluminescence. While we have previously reported the radially developed crystalline structure inside the as-synthesized microparticles, their crystalline structure was not clearly understood. In this study, we directly observed the cross sections of microparticles using a transmission electron microscope. We revealed the existence of a core inside the microparticles. The core showed a well-ordered electron diffraction pattern, which was readily explained by five single crystals rotated by 72° each. We also found that the observed radial lines and bands in the microparticles were caused by dislocations, mainly along the {111} planes. We consider that preferential etching along these radial dislocations is the origin of the formation of microparticles with trench structures.


During his Gallic wars Caesar had to resort to naval warfare on several occasions. He also crossed the Rhine twice (BG 4.16-17; 6.9). Although the Ubians, then on the east bank, offered him ships to transport his army across the river, he declined, deciding to construct a bridge for the purpose, not only for greater safety, but also for prestige.


Rhodoliths are nodular structures composed mainly of the superimposed thalli of calcareous red algae. Because their development is controlled by an array of ecological parameters, rhodoliths are a valuable source of palaeoenvironmental information. However, despite their common use in palaeoecological reconstructions, the stratigraphic significance of rhodolith accumulations seldom has been addressed in detail. In a study of Cenozoic rhodolith‐bearing deposits from the North Island of New Zealand, rhodolithic units, usually of limited lateral extent, typically occur above major unconformities at the base of deepening upwards successions. Two types of transgressive rhodolith‐bearing deposits may be distinguished on the basis of texture and rhodolith internal structure: (i) type A deposits are clast‐supported rhodolithic rudstones containing abundant pebbles and cobbles reworked from the substrate, and are characterized by rhodoliths with a compact concentric to columnar internal structure and a high nucleus to algal cover ratio; (ii) type B deposits are rhodolithic floatstones with a matrix usually consisting of bryozoan fragments, benthic foraminifera and echinoid fragments or terrigenous silty fine sand. The rhodoliths of type B units usually have a loose internal framework with irregular to branched crusts. The two contrasting rhodolith‐bearing units are interpreted as characteristic facies of transgressive systems tract deposits, analogous to shell concentrations formed under conditions of low net sedimentation. Type A deposits are correlated with relatively high‐energy settings and/or narrow submerged palaeotopographic lows, whereas type B deposits are interpreted as forming in lower‐energy settings. The association between transgression and development of rhodolithic facies is confirmed by observations of a modern rhodolith production site at Whangaparaoa Peninsula in North Island, where algal nodules grow above a ravinement surface cut during the Holocene sea‐level rise, and also by a review of published fossil examples, many of which show stratigraphic and compositional attributes analogous to those of the New Zealand occurrences. The review indicates that transgressive rhodolith accumulations develop more commonly in, but are not restricted to, non‐tropical settings. It is suggested that a combination of factors, such as low net sedimentary input, nature of the substrate, sea‐level rise and inherited physiography contribute to determine the relationship between rhodolith‐bearing deposits and transgressive settings.


Moche civilisation flourished on the north coast of Peru between approximately AD 100 and 800. Although the Moche had no writing system, they left a vivid artistic record of their beliefs and activities in beautifully modelled and painted ceramic vessels, remarkable objects of gold, silver, and copper, sumptuous textiles, and carved and inlaid bone, wood, and stone. Tens of thousands of these objects can be seen today in museums and private collections throughout the world. Unfortunately, nearly all of them have been looted from Moche tombs by grave robbers, and thus there is no record of the grave, or the archaeological site, or even the valley from which they came. This lack of information severely limits what could have been learned about the Moche if the graves had been excavated archaeologically and their contents systematically recorded. This study focuses on five extraordinary Moche tombs that were archaeologically excavated at the site of Dos Cabezas. The tombs are remarkable not only for the wealth of objects they contained but also because we know how the tombs were constructed, how they relate to one another both spatially and temporally, and what individuals they contained. The tombs provide an unusual opportunity to understand aspects of Moche funerary practice that are lost when tombs are looted, and to appreciate the extraordinary artistic and technological sophistication of this ancient Peruvian civilisation. Illustrated in full colour.


The cement sector is the third-largest industrial energy consumer and the second-largest industrial CO2 emitter globally. Rising global population and urbanisation patterns, coupled with infrastructure development needs, drive up the demand for cement and concrete and increase pressure to accelerate action in reducing the carbon footprint of cement production.
Under a scenario that considers announced carbon mitigation commitments and energy efficiency targets by countries, the cement sector would increase its direct CO2 emissions just 4% globally by 2050, for an expected growth of 12% in cement production over the same period. However, more ambitious action would be needed to achieve global climate goals.
This Technology Roadmap builds on the long-standing collaboration of the IEA with the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). It provides an update of the Cement Technology Roadmap 2009: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050, and sets a strategy for the cement sector to achieve the decoupling of cement production growth from related direct CO2 emissions through improving energy efficiency, switching to fuels that are less carbon intensive, reducing the clinker to cement ratio, and implementing emerging and innovative technologies such as carbon capture. The report therefore outlines a detailed action plan for specific stakeholders to 2050 as a reference and a source of inspiration for international and national policy makers to support evidence-based decisions and regulations.


We introduce a deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) architecture to classify facial attributes and recognize face images simultaneously via a shared learning paradigm to improve the accuracy for facial attribute prediction and face recognition performance. In this method, we use facial attributes as an auxiliary source of information to assist CNN features extracted from the face images to improve the face recognition performance. Specifically, we use a shared CNN architecture that jointly predicts facial attributes and recognize face images simultaneously via a shared learning parameters, and then we use facial attribute features an an auxiliary source of information concatenated by face features to increase the discrimination of the CNN for face recognition. This process assists the CNN classifier to better recognize face images. The experimental results show that our model increases both the face recognition and facial attribute prediction performance, especially for the identity attributes such as gender and race. We evaluated our method on several standard datasets labeled by identities and face attributes and the results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art face recognition models.


Objective: In this article the factors affecting fatality and injury risk of road users involved in fatal accidents are analyzed by means of in-depth accident investigation data, with emphasis on parameters not extensively explored in previous research. Methods: A fatal accident investigation (FAI) database is used, which includes intermediate-level in-depth data for a harmonized representative sample of 1300 fatal accidents in 7 European countries. The FAI database offers improved potential for analysis, because it includes information on a number of variables that are seldom available, complete, or accurately recorded in road accident databases. However, the fact that only fatal accidents are examined requires for methodological adjustments, namely, the correction for two types of effects on a road user's baseline risk: "accident size" effects, and "relative vulnerability" effects. Fatality and injury risk can be then modeled through multilevel logistic regression models, which account for the hierarchical dependences of the road accident process. Results: The results show that the baseline fatality risk of road users involved in fatal accidents decreases with accident size and increases with the vulnerability of the road user. On the contrary, accident size increases nonfatal injury risk of road users involved in fatal accidents. Other significant effects on fatality and injury risk in fatal accidents include road user age, vehicle type, speed limit, the chain of accident events, vehicle maneuver, and safety equipment. In particular, the presence and use of safety equipment such as seat belt, antilock braking system (ABS), and electronic stability program (ESP) are protection factors for car occupants, especially for those seated at the front seats. Conclusions: Although ABS and ESP systems are typically associated with positive effects on accident occurrence, the results of this research revealed significant related effects on accident severity as well. Moreover, accident consequences are more severe when the most harmful event of the accident occurs later within the accident chain.


Compulsory treatment is regulated by the Care of Alcoholics and Drug Abusers Act (LVM; 1988:870), and aims, among other things, at motivating addicts to treatment. Research has, up til now, mostly disregarded the client-perspective on compulsory measures. This dissertation has its starting point in the experiences of 54 alcohol- and drug addicts. The intention is to describe and analyse their view on coercive care and the possibilities to become motivated for change and/or voluntary treatment in such a context.A central question during the interviews (which took place at five different institutions for compulsory commitments) is the addicts´ problem recognition, desire for help and willingness to participate in treatment. These dimensions are also illuminated quantitatively by use of a questionnaire. The results of this questionnaire form the basis of a division of the addicts into three groups with varying de-gree of treatment motivation. Comparisons between the groups are done with reference to the evaluation of present treatment context and of the institutions' efforts to enhance motivation. In addition to this the groups are compared regarding how they perceive limita-tions in their freedom of action.The results showed that the three groups had different motiva-tional structures. The "least motivated" stated that the addiction was not their major problem and wanted no help with that aspect of their lives. The "middle-group" claimed to have alcohol-/drug problems that, however, were not too serious. They were not sure that the coercive care was adequate for their situation. The "most motivated" said that they had vast problems with their addiction, were help-seeking and satisfied with having the chance to participate in any kind of treatment program at all. Less differences between the groups were noticeable when it came to a direct evaluation of com-pulsory treatment. The majority reported that they, through the co-ercion, had been exposed to violations of their autonomy. Whether motivated for treatment or not, the interviewees were also sceptical about the possibilities of the institutions to enhance motivation among the incarcerated addicts.In the dissertation, addiction and motivation is furthermore dis-cussed from the perspective of rational choice and motivational the-ory. It is concluded that committed addicts think and act strategically in order to maximise their personal use of involuntary incarcerations. It is also asserted that their view on what happens during commit-ment, in some respects, is opposed to the "establishment's". For instance, the addicts claim that you don't become motivated by way of compulsory treatment, while the opposite of their notion form the basis of the legislation.


Duncan Kennedy's "Three Globalizations of Law and Legal Thought: 1850–2000" (2006) is well known for its engaging macro-historical typology of Euro-American law. A staple of the kind of legal structuralism that examines (partial) indeterminacy in interpretation and adjudication against the background of law's generative "grammar" (Desautels-Stein 2015: 56), Kennedy's essay is a decidedly taxonomic enterprise, relying on a relatively small set of analytical tools to map a complex series of doctrinal and theoretical developments across a range of different periods and jurisdictions. For Kennedy, the history of Euro-American law's consolidation into a more or less universal idiom, a common point of reference for jurists throughout the extra-European world, is best understood as having proceeded in three stages, which he terms "classical legal thought," "the social," and "contemporary legal consciousness," respectively. A product mainly of the German legal academy, "classical legal thought," on Kennedy's rendition, is distinguished chiefly by a desire to draw and maintain a series of sharp distinctions: public and private, status and contract, market and household, domestic and international, and, perhaps most fundamentally, the legal and the extralegal. The primary juridical manifestation of a late nineteenth-century laissez-faire sensibility, "classical legal thought" insists on enforceable contracts, stresses the need for clear proprietary title, fetishizes notions of individual will and consent, and generally prioritizes private over public international law. Law, on this account, is an apolitical and essentially deductive science that generates largely predictable results and congeals (at least aspirationally) in the form of an internally coherent and immanently rational system. For its part, "the social," originating in a wide-ranging critique of its predecessor, is marked by a commitment to the view that law is a purposive enterprise, both responsive to and responsible for "society," this being an ill-defined concept typically affiliated with broadly solidaristic notions of "organic" interdependence. Viewed from the standpoint of such sociological jurisprudence, which achieves its fullest form in the interwar period and strives to remain aloof from nineteenth-century liberalism and Marxism alike, "classical legal thought" is excessively individualistic and unsustainably formalistic.


This article discusses how societies and their subdivisions (particularly at the community
level) organize themselves for protection against and response to disasters and related
collective crises of a peacetime nature. Complicating our presentation is that there is not
much agreement even on the label designating these social arrangements. While "civil
protection" is a term widely used in Europe, in many other countries around the world, the
organized efforts to cope with collective threats are called "emergency management" or
"disaster planning." There is a substantial but not complete overlap in referent among
these three terms. Also, we will specifically examine the relationship between the
phenomena called "civil protection" and "civil defense," the last being a term first applied
to nonmilitary preparations for civilian involvement in wartime situations.


This paper presents a meta-analysis of the results of Angeles et. al. (1996). The purpose of the original paper was to examine the evidence of the impact of family planning programs on three key sets of outcome variables: fertility preferences contraceptive method choice and fertility. The results from multivariate models for these outcome variables using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data or comparable cross-sectional data sets with family planning program variables included in the set of explanatory variables are summarized below with detailed results available in Angeles et. al. (1996). The countries included in this paper constitute a broad geographical representation and cover countries with large population size. The specific countries are Kenya Morocco Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe Bolivia Peru Indonesia the Philippines China and India. (authors)


Mainstreaming climate adaptation requires the inclusion of climate adaptation in the policies of various policy domains such as water management and spatial planning. This paper investigates the organizational values present in several municipal policy departments in order to explore their willingness to act upon climate adaptation and the implications for mainstreaming. Q methodology, supplemented by interviews and focus groups, applied in three major Dutch municipalities - Amsterdam, The Hague and Rotterdam - reveals three value patterns: (1) start today; (2) not for us to lead; and (3) shared responsibility. These different value patterns indicate that there is a general agreement on the problem, impacts and solutions, but disagreement on the time frame for action and the allocation of resources. Although all three value patterns are present within departments in each municipality, different value patterns prevail in each municipality. Additionally, the analysis shows barriers as well as opportunities for mainstreaming. A lack of political commitment and leadership, and unsupportive organizational structures, create barriers. In spite of this, there is willingness to act and strategic framing is applied to gain acceptance for the mainstreaming of climate adaptation.


The knowledge economy is transforming our cities. The return of large companies' headquarters to city centers and the proliferation of innovation districts in metropo-lises around the world represent a paradigm change. Today, scientific literature focuses on the metrics of innovative activity from the point of view of human capital and creative workers, global economic indicators, company characteristics, scientific production or urban implantation. However, there is a lack of research demonstrating that the knowledge economy has its own urban form that depends on the characteristics of the site – innovation activities are more likely to emerge in specific urban conditions. This paper aims to frame the emergence of innovative urban economy in an international context and describe a case study in the Barcelona metropolitan area, in line with the aforementioned hypothesis. Place matters in the leverage of innovation.


Ecotourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry at present. The market for nature holidays is certainly a growing one. The World Tourism Organization (WTO) has estimated that nature tourism generates 7 percent of all international travel expenditure, the relations Eco- tourisms this is widely use today, but is rarely explain. It is often used interchangeably with others terms such as soft tourisms responsible tourisms and nature tourisms. In simple terms eco tourisms simply means that the main motivation for travel is the desire to view eco system in their natural state. Both in terms of wildlife and the original population, however ecotourism is often taken to be more than this with its proponents requesting that is also concerned and the lives of the local people improved thought of effects of tourisms. Present study is an attempt to identify potential ecotourism sites in Jungle Mahal using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques in forest dominated area of West Bengal. GIS approach of visualization is an innovative discipline to recognize the 'Ecotourism' assessment of tourism by integrating spatial and non-spatial data. After identifying the potential sites, a demonstrative plan has been made for Ecotourism development based on locally available natural resources.


During the last decades hundreds of onshore or offshore oil and gas pipelines have been constructed all over the world. It is evident that the geohazard assessment of these pipelines is one of the most important issues of their design. However, in some areas that are characterized by moderate or high seismicity the geohazard assessment is much more demanding and challenging since many issues are directly or indirectly associated to a potential earthquake. The current paper aims to illustrate the main topics of geotechnical earthquake engineering that have to be coped with for the proper design of pipelines. In the first part of the paper the verification of the pipeline segments against wave propagation loading is described in detail after an extensive review of the impact of local site effects (such as valley and topography) on the ground surface motion. Emphasis is given on the second part of the study, which deals with the distress of pipelines due to permanent ground deformations that may be caused by a fault rupture, soil liquefaction phenomena, and/or seismic slope instabilities. These permanent ground deformations are of great importance since they are regarded in general as a more severe loading than wave propagation. Additionally, the paper deals with the provisions of seismic standards/norms, such as EC8, which do not cover sufficiently all the aforementioned issues. It is shown that the complexity of the specific problems requires advanced modeling and realistic simulation on a case-by-case basis. Characteristic case studies in earthquake-prone areas are also presented.


Control of corruption in a society is an equilibrium between resources and costs which either empowers or constraints elites predatory behaviour. While most research and practice focuses on legal constraints, this paper investigates normative constraints, deemed to be more important, especially civil society and the press. Fresh evidence—both historical and statistical—is found to support Tocqueville's assertions regarding the importance of collective action and the joint action of media and associations in not only creating a democratic society, but controlling corruption as well. However, little is known on how to build normative constraints.


In order to participate in energy market, variable renewable energy sources need to reduce the uncertainty of forecast errors. Inclusion of storage can be a viable option not only to minimize the penalties due to forecast uncertainties but also to maximize the revenue generation. This paper presents adecision framework for respecting the market constraints and maximise the revenues of a wind and storage power plant. Wind power and price forecast are used in convex optimisation algorithm for making day ahead decisions on battery operation. This day ahead optimisation results feed to an algorithm for operating in the balancing market. Several scenarios and case studies have been simulated to assess the value of storage for revenue maximization of a wind power plant. The results show that proposed algorithms can increase the revenue by more than 10% compared to the operation of wind power plant without battery.


Abstract. Due to the large size (e.g. sections of tree trunks) and highly heterogeneous spatial distribution of deadwood, the timescales involved in the coarse woody debris (CWD) decay of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Larix decidua Mill. in Alpine forests are largely unknown. We investigated the CWD decay dynamics in an Alpine valley in Italy using the chronosequence approach and the five-decay class system that is based on a macromorphological assessment. For the decay classes 1–3, most of the dendrochronological samples were cross-dated to assess the time that had elapsed since tree death, but for decay classes 4 and 5 (poorly preserved tree rings) radiocarbon dating was used. In addition, density, cellulose, and lignin data were measured for the dated CWD. The decay rate constants for spruce and larch were estimated on the basis of the density loss using a single negative exponential model, a regression approach, and the stage-based matrix model. In the decay classes 1–3, the ages of the CWD were similar and varied between 1 and 54 years for spruce and 3 and 40 years for larch, with no significant differences between the classes; classes 1–3 are therefore not indicative of deadwood age. This seems to be due to a time lag between the death of a standing tree and its contact with the soil. We found distinct tree-species-specific differences in decay classes 4 and 5, with larch CWD reaching an average age of 210 years in class 5 and spruce only 77 years. The mean CWD rate constants were estimated to be in the range 0.018 to 0.022 y−1 for spruce and to about 0.012 y−1 for larch. Snapshot sampling (chronosequences) may overestimate the age and mean residence time of CWD. No sampling bias was, however, detectable using the stage-based matrix model. Cellulose and lignin time trends could be derived on the basis of the ages of the CWD. The half-lives for cellulose were 21 years for spruce and 50 years for larch. The half-life of lignin is considerably higher and may be more than 100 years in larch CWD. Consequently, the decay of Picea abies and Larix decidua is very low. Several uncertainties, however, remain: 14C dating of CWD from decay classes 4 and 5 and having a pre-bomb age is often difficult (large age range due to methodological constraints) and fall rates of both European larch and Norway spruce are missing.


In spite of the fact that discussions regarding the social inequality of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals have been at the forefront of the U.S. national dialogue over the last decade, and estimates suggest that LGB employees comprise between 6 and 17% of the workforce (Gonsiorek & Weinrich, 1991), little is known about the experiences of these individuals at work. The limited research that exists suggests that inclusive diversity programs (e.g. gay-friendly organizational policies and practices, such as same-sex partner benefit programs), LGB employee experiences and fears of discrimination, and decisions regarding the disclosure of their sexual orientation are of central concern for LGB employees. However, at present only a small number of empirical studies have been conducted, resulting in relatively inconclusive findings. For example, research on the role of the environment at work with respect to LGB employees" disclosure decisions has generated evidence that disclosure is related to both reduced and increased levels of discrimination. Explanations for these mixed findings includes evidence that the decision to disclose or not disclose one"s LGB identity is driven by a multitude of factors such as individual attitudes suggesting that elements of the organizational environment may be more useful if considered a context in which LGB employees enact disclosure decisions. In addition, evidence suggests that the decision to disclose one"s LGB identity is much more complex than a simple "to tell" or "not to tell" dichotomy. This complexity, theoretically and empirically captured in the concept of iii identity management strategies, has been argued to have detrimental effects on the wellbeing and productivity of LGB employees. However, as of yet there has been little research conducted to empirically investigate these claims. I propose that employee engagement, articulated by Kahn (1990) as a psychological presence in which workers are able and motivated to fully employ and express themselves physically, cognitively and emotionally at work, offers a useful framework in which to examine the potential effects of identity management. Employee engagement incorporates both the well-being of employees and the repercussions with respect to their performance, conceptually capturing the range of outcomes speculated to be related to identity management. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of identity management on LGB employee engagement. Data was collected via an online survey of a national sample of selfidentified LGB employees, obtained through announcements posted on gay and lesbian news and information websites, social network websites, and occupation-related online discussion boards. Findings suggest that while aspects of Kahn"s model of engagement apply to LGB employees, other configurations of the conditions of engagement may be more appropriate for these workers. Additionally, the findings indicate that in work environments perceived as less psychologically safe with respect to being lesbian, gay or bisexual, strategies of identity management used to avert disclosure of one"s sexual orientation may help reduce the negative impact of non-disclosure on engagement, while integrating one"s LGB identity at work, particularly in environments perceived as psychologically safe, may have positive implications for LGB employee engagement.


The effect of a bacteriophage cocktail (EcoShield™) that is specific against Escherichia coli O157:H7 was evaluated against a nalidixic acid-resistant enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 RM4407 (EHEC) strain on leafy greens stored under either (1) ambient air or (2) modified atmosphere (MA; 5% O2/35% CO2/60% N2). Pieces (~2 × 2 cm2) of leafy greens (lettuce and spinach) inoculated with 4.5 log CFU/cm2 EHEC were sprayed with EcoShield™ (6.5 log PFU/cm2). Samples were stored at 4 or 10°C for up to 15 d. On spinach, the level of EHEC declined by 2.38 and 2.49 log CFU/cm2 at 4 and 10°C, respectively, 30 min after phage application (p ≤ 0.05). EcoShield™ was also effective in reducing EHEC on the surface of green leaf lettuce stored at 4°C by 2.49 and 3.28 log units in 30 min and 2 h, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). At 4°C under atmospheric air, the phage cocktail significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lowered the EHEC counts in one day by 1.19, 3.21 and 3.25 log CFU/cm2 on spinach, green leaf and romaine lettuce, respectively compared with control (no bacteriophage) treatments. When stored under MA at 4°C, phages reduced (p ≤ 0.05) EHEC populations by 2.18, 3.50 and 3.13 log CFU/cm2, on spinach, green leaf and romaine lettuce. At 10°C, EHEC reductions under atmospheric air storage were 1.99, 3.90 and 3.99 log CFU/cm2 (p ≤ 0.05), while population reductions under MA were 3.08, 3.89 and 4.34 logs on spinach, green leaf and romaine lettuce, respectively, compared with controls (p ≤ 0.05). The results of this study showed that bacteriophages were effective in reducing the levels of E. coli O157:H7 on fresh leafy produce, and that the reduction was further improved when produce was stored under the MA conditions.


Six metrology institutes (NMIs) representing at the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) 4 Member States of the Metre Convention and 2 international organisations, and 8 "expert" laboratories selected outside CIPM have compared their capabilities to quantitatively measure methylmercury (MeHg) in a prepared tuna material containing approximately 4.3 mg kg−1 Hg. This comparison was the object of the CIPM–Comite Consultatif pour la Quantite de Matiere (CCQM) Pilot Study 39, organised by the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), from the European Commission—Joint Research Centre. Beside the test material itself, a bottle of the BCR-464 tuna Certified Reference Material (CRM) and an ampoule of IRMM-670, a 202Hg isotope enriched MeHg candidate isotopic CRM, were distributed to all participants, who were free to apply the measurement strategy of their choice. Four, including 1 NMI, relied on external calibration or the method of standard additions, whereas the other 10 implemented an isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) approach and chose to use the IRMM-670 for their measurements. Alkaline digestion at room temperature (with manual shaking) or high temperature (under sonication, oven or hot plate conditions) was employed by most participants, with hydrochloric acid leaching the second most popular choice. Alkylation (4 phenylations, 4 ethylations and 3 propylations) in the aqueous phase was preferred by a large majority over butylation by the Grignard reaction. All participants were requested to estimate the uncertainty associated with their results and 9 out of 14 stated relative combined uncertainties below 6%
 (k
 = 2). Despite this apparent consensus, the perception of which factor caused the largest contribution to this estimation differed among participants because of the differences in the analytical methodologies deployed but also because of wide differences of the concepts of uncertainty estimation. The 'mixture mode'
 (MM) median, calculated also from the measurement uncertainties stated by the participants, was 1.967 ± 0.204 × 10−5 mol kg−1
 (95% confidence). Twelve of the results were re-grouped within a range of less than 0.3 × 10−5 mol kg−1
 (MM median = 1.967 ± 0.162 × 10−5 mol kg−1, 95% confidence): they nearly all (1 exception) overlapped with each other within k
 = 2 stated uncertainties. For the other 2 results the uncertainty seemed to have been particularly underestimated as they lay, respectively, at more than 20% above and less than −40% below the overall average. The relative standard deviation of the results of 9 laboratories out of the 10 that applied IDMS was about 2.6%. It can be assumed from the degree of equivalence shown by 12 out of 14 study participants that, at present, laboratories worldwide are potentially able to supply accurate results for MeHg in fish-type matrices (containing about 2 × 10−5 mol kg−1) within ±10% uncertainty. This encouraging outcome permitted scheduling of a follow-up CCQM-K43 key comparison for a lower MeHg content level in salmon tissues.


A Pd(ii)-Ag(i) catalyzed highly efficient synthesis of diindolylmethane has been developed. This transformation consists of a one-pot sequential Sonogashira coupling (and desilylation) followed by cycloisomerization/C3-functionalization of 2-iodoanilines. Six new bonds (four C-C and two C-N) are formed in a one-pot fashion. A variety of diindolylmethanes were obtained in excellent yields (up to 94%) under mild reaction conditions and this strategy is amenable to gram scale synthesis also. The products were transformed into various synthetically useful compounds.


The term 'emerging contaminants' is generally used to refer to compounds previously not
considered or known to be significant to groundwater (in terms of distribution and/or
concentration) which are now being more widely detected. As analytical techniques improve,
previously undetected organic micropollutants are being observed in the aqueous
environment. Many emerging contaminants remain unregulated, but the number of regulated
contaminants will continue to grow slowly over the next several decades. There is a wide
variety of sources and pathways for these compounds to enter the environment and these
include agriculture and urban areas. Some of these contaminants can have human or
ecological health effects and there is a need for better understanding of their fate in
environmental systems.
This report provides a short review of the types of organic micropollutants which can be
found in the aqueous environment. These include nanomaterials, pesticides, pharmaceuticals,
industrial additives and by-products, personal care products and fragrances, water treatment
by-products, flame/fire retardants and surfactants, as well as caffeine and nicotine metabolites
and hormones. Many of the compounds are relatively small polar molecules which are not
effectively removed by conventional drinking water treatment using activated carbon.
Pesticides and some industrial compounds are presently covered by the Water Framework
Directive, the Groundwater Regulations and the Drinking Water Directive. Additional
parameters, such as bisphenol A and nonyl-phenol are anticipated to be covered by revisions
to the Drinking Water Directive. Others are currently unregulated.
In order to assess the hazards presented by such compounds, information on usage,
persistence, leachability and a robust sensitive analytical method is required. The UK
metaldehyde problem was not originally discovered due to lack of an analytical method and
was exacerbated by recalcitrance in water treatment. For many pesticides these requirements
are fulfilled and an assessment of risk of leaching to groundwater can be made. However, for
pesticide metabolites this information can be sparse and for compounds such as
pharmaceuticals it can be lacking.
A simple hazard assessment for currently approved pesticides was made from information on
UK usage, persistence, sorption to soil carbon and published leaching indices. The following
compounds were assessed as having the greatest potential for leaching to water: 2,4-D,
amidosulfuron, bentazone, clopyralid, dicamba, florasulam, fosthiazate, imazaquin,
iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, maleic hydrazide, MCPA, MCPP-P, metribuzin, metsulfuronmethyl,
quinmerac, oxamyl, and triclopyr with a further 46 also having potential. Of these, 19
had an octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) less than that of metaldehyde and therefore
are likely to be incompletely removed by water treatment.
A simple assessment for pesticide metabolites, based only on organic carbon/water partition
coefficient (Koc) and persistence data, in this study gave results which agreed in principle with
other studies. The different approaches indicate that the metabolites of chlorothalonil,
cyanazine, diflufenican, flufenacet, iodosulfuron-methyl, metaldehyde, metazachlor and
metsulfuron-methyl are likely to pose the greatest risk to drinking water. In many cases these
metabolites are derived from parents which have a lesser risk.
Other organic micropollutants, such as pharmaceuticals, cannot as yet be assessed in the same
way due to a lack of persistence data since the majority of persistence studies have been
directed at water treatment. A range of organic micropollutants from urban settings have been
detected in ground and surface water. Commonly detected compounds include: bisphenol A, carbamazepine, galaxolide, ibuprofen, iopamidol, phthalates, phenyl ethoxylates, and
sulfamethoxazole. Case studies show that a small number of contaminants may be used to
characterise the contaminant loading and also be used to assess the migration pathways in
urban areas.
Data interpreted by BGS from the Environment Agency's monitoring programme for organic
pollutants indicates that the 30 most frequently detected compounds comprise both
established and emerging compounds and include a number of polyaromatic hydrocarbons,
petroleum compounds, triazine herbicides, chlorinated solvents, degradation products and
THMs, caffeine, DEET and industrial compounds such as bisphenol A and tributyl phosphate.
Specific determinands include a range of currently licensed and phased out pesticides with a
few metabolites, pharmaceuticals including carbamazepine and triclosan, caffeine, nicotine
and food additives and alkyl phosphates. These data exhibit hot spots which may indicate
possible research areas.
Future research should focus on a compound identified in the literature and detected by
Environment Agency monitoring. Possible topics could be a study of migration through the
unsaturated zone. In many cases the mechanism for migration of emerging contaminants from
the surface to groundwater is very unclear.


This study investigates the impact of country‐level environmental performance and national culture on the stock price crash risk of renewable energy firms. Employing a large sample of 626 renewable energy firms across 31 countries, we find a significant nonlinear relationship between country‐level environmental performance and crash risk. National culture dimensions are found to strongly predict the crash risk of renewable energy firms, particularly after the global financial crisis. On the contrary, national culture dimensions and environmental policies are observed to not exert any significance in explaining the crash risk of fossil fuel firms. Our results are robust with respect to alternative measures of stock price crash risk and the endogeneity of national culture dimensions. Overall, the findings of this paper contribute to the environmental economics literature by providing new evidence regarding the role of societal and environmental factors in explaining the stock price crash risk of energy firms.


Utility Accrual (UA) scheduling is a method of dynamic real-time scheduling that is designed to respond to overload conditions by producing a feasible schedule that heuristically maximizes a pre-defined metric of utility. Whereas utility accrual schedulers have traditionally focused on CPU overload, this dissertation explores memory overload conditions during which the aggregate memory demand exceeds a system's available memory bandwidth.
Real-time systems are typically implemented in C or other languages that use explicit dynamic memory management. Taking advantage of modern type-safe languages, such as Java, necessitates the use of garbage collection (GC). The timeliness requirements of realtime systems, however, impose specific demands on the garbage collector. Garbage collection introduces a significant source of unpredictability in the execution timeline of a task because it unexpectedly interjects pauses of arbitrary length, at arbitrary points in time, with an arbitrary frequency.
To construct a feasible schedule, a real-time scheduler must have the ability to predict the collector's activities and plan for them accordingly. We have devised CADUS (Collector-Aware Dynamic Utility Scheduler), a utility accrual algorithm that tightly links CPU scheduling with the memory requirements---and the corresponding garbage collection activities---of real-time tasks. By constructing and storing memory time allocation profiles, we address the problem of GC activation strategy. We estimate GC latency by using a real-time collector and modeling its behavior. We project GC frequency by planning, at schedule construction time, the memory bandwidth available to the collector. CADUS can point the collector's activities to any specific task in the system. The runtime system provides this ability by maintaining separate logical heaps for all tasks.
We demonstrate the viability of CADUS through extensive simulation studies. We evaluated the behavior of CADUS under a wide range of CPU and memory load conditions and utility distributions. We compared its performance against an existing GC-unaware UA scheduler and found that CADUS consistently outperformed its GC-unaware counterpart. We investigated and identified the reasons for the superior performance of CADUS and quantified our results. Most significantly, we found that in an overloaded dynamic soft real-time system, a scheduler's preemption decisions have a highly significant impact on GC latency. A dynamic real-time scheduler therefore must predict the impact of its preemption decisions on GC latency in order to construct time-feasible schedules.


The atmospheric conditions are a strong modulator of grape berry composition, but further research is required to better understand this relationship, which is particularly pertinent under the context of climate change. The present study assesses the relationship between interannual variability in atmospheric conditions (mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures and precipitation totals) on grape berry quality attributes in three main Portuguese wine regions—Douro, Dão and Alentejo—and targets two major varieties growing in Portugal (cv. Touriga Nacional and cv. Aragonez/Tempranillo). Berry weight, titratable acidity (TA), pH, potential alcohol (PA), anthocyanins and total phenols index (TPI) data, collected two to three weeks after the end of the veraison until technological maturity, since 1999 in Douro, 2004 in Alentejo and 2008 in Dão, were selected. Meteorological data were obtained from both automatic weather stations and a climatic database defined at a very-high-resolution grid (<1 km) (PTHRES). The influence of daily mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures (November–October) and precipitation totals (April to June and July to September) on the above-mentioned berry quality parameters were first explored to identify the months/periods more influential to grape berry composition. Different statistical approaches were subsequently carried out to explore in greater detail these relationships. At technological maturity, temperature was negatively correlated to berry weight, titratable acidity, anthocyanins and TPI, but was positively correlated to pH and potential alcohol. Moreover, lowest levels of berry weight and TA (and highest levels of pH) were more frequent in warmer regions, while the opposite was seen in the cooler regions. PA, TPI and anthocyanins at maturity did not show a clear trend across regions. In addition, the maturation parameters of each site were grouped into two clusters—years where the maturation parameter is higher (cluster 1) and years where it is lower (cluster 2)—and significant differences in monthly mean temperatures between clusters were found. Overall, temperatures at veraison and maturation periods (June–August) were more influential in determining grape berry composition at harvest. The influence of precipitation was dependent on location and variety. The results also suggested that berry composition in Alentejo is more sensitive to atmospheric variability, while Aragonez seems more resilient than Touriga Nacional. These outcomes are based on a systematized and unprecedentedly large grape berry quality database in Portugal and provided the grounds for the development of grape quality forecast models, either to be used operationally in each vintage or for assessing potential modifications in berry composition in response to changing climates.


Combining the personal with the political in his fifth collection, Martin Espada celebrates the bread of the imagination, the bread of the table, and the bread of justice. The heart of the collection is a series of autobiographical poems recalling family, school, neighborhood, and work experiences-from bouncer to tenant lawyer. There are moments of revelation and political transcendence here, which culminate in an elegy for the Puerto Rican poet Clemente Soto Velez, imprisoned for his advocacy of independence for Puerto Rico.


As governments attempt to reconcile people and restore community following violent civil strife and, too, as they seek to establish standing in the international community following acts committed in violation of human rights and international law within their borders, the role and function of apology is gaining considerable attention. The challenge, in the extreme, is how do people who were routinely killing one another form a working polity? How do they gain acceptance for their reconstituted nation in the company of nations? Does apology have a role? This essay examines the public expression of apology in recent decades, provides insight into the elements that can both limit and aid its efficacy and discerns the conditions and requirements, generally, that produce an effective apology, one that can assist reconciliation and restore relationships, and, in some circumstances, aid and sustain peace.


Social psychologists argue that people's past weighs on their present. Consistent with this view, Historical Tales and National Identity outlines a theory and a methodology which provide tools for better understanding the relation between the present psychological condition of a society and representations of its past. Author Janos Laszlo argues that various kinds of historical texts including historical textbooks, texts derived from public memory (e.g. media or oral history), novels, and folk narratives play a central part in constructing national identity. Consequently, with a proper methodology, it is possible to expose the characteristic features and contours of national identities.

In this book Laszlo enhances our understanding of narrative psychology and further elaborates his narrative theory of history and identity. He offers a conceptual model that draws on diverse areas of psychology - social, political, cognitive and psychodynamics - and integrates them into a coherent whole. In addition to this conceptual contribution, he also provides a major methodological innovation: a content analytic framework and software package that can be used to analyse various kinds of historical texts and shed new light on national identity. In the second part of the book, the potential of this approach is empirically illustrated, using Hungarian national identity as the focus. The author also extends his scope to consider the potential generalizations of the approach employed.

Historical Tales and National Identity will be of great interest to a broad range of student and academic readers across the social sciences and humanities: in psychology, history, cultural studies, literature, anthropology, political science, media studies, sociology and memory studies.


This study looks at the communication between users concerning health risks, with the aim of exploring their use of fora and assessing whether participants establish a niche with like-minded users during these exchanges. By integrating a corpus linguistic approach with content analysis and multiple studies on computer mediated health discourse, this study analyses the intense attention paid to the correlation between the Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism, as an example of elaboration of the message and risk of emotive amplification, with fora working as echo chambers. Results include: a) a qualitative analysis of the content of posts and their qualification, b) a focus on the type of concerns questioners raise, and c) a comparison of the qualifier proportions between the posts and the responses they get. The comparison between posts/responses investigates whether the forum works as an amplification station of emotions, or as a locus to establish a belief niche.


Meteoritic chondrules were formed in the early solar system by brief heating of silicate dust to melting temperatures. Some highly refractory grains (Type B calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions, CAIs) also show signs of transient heating. A similar process may occur in other protoplanetary disks, as evidenced by observations of spectra characteristic of crystalline silicates. One possible environment for this process is the turbulent magnetohydrodynamic flow thought to drive accretion in these disks. Such flows generally form thin current sheets, which are sites of magnetic reconnection, and dissipate the magnetic fields amplified by a disk dynamo. We suggest that it is possible to heat precursor grains for chondrules and other high-temperature minerals in current sheets that have been concentrated by our recently described short-circuit instability. We extend our work on this process by including the effects of radiative cooling, taking into account the temperature dependence of the opacity; and by examining current sheet geometry in three-dimensional, global models of magnetorotational instability. We find that temperatures above 1600 K can be reached for favorable parameters that match the ideal global models. This mechanism could provide an efficient means of tapping the gravitational potential energy of the protoplanetary disk to heat grains strongly enough to form high-temperature minerals. The volume-filling nature of turbulent magnetic reconnection is compatible with constraints from chondrule–matrix complementarity, chondrule–chondrule complementarity, the occurrence of igneous rims, and compound chondrules. The same short-circuit mechanism may perform other high-temperature mineral processing in protoplanetary disks such as the production of crystalline silicates and CAIs.


Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and associated techniques are used to investigate the optical properties of zinc oxide (ZnO) samples. For samples grown by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique we see evidence from PL measurements that they are of reasonably good quality, showing strong band-edge emission at both room and low temperatures. The low temperature PL is mainly due to near bandedge emission which increases in intensity with the annealing temperature of the PLD samples, which is interpreted as due to the increase in crystallite size and quality with annealing. We comment on the effects of strain and electric fields on the PL spectra as a function of annealing. Some evidence is also seen to favour the oxygen vacancy model of the green band. The PLD-grown material was referenced against a commercially grown bulk ZnO material of high quality.

An investigation into the processes involved in ZnO when it is optically pumped with high excitation values is undertaken. Identifications of the various non-linear features seen are presented. Measurements of optically pumped stimulated emission from the bulk material and PLD-grown samples have been made using an Nd: YAG laser. We discuss the results of high intensity optical excitation of both the bulk crystal and nanocrystalline samples. The effect of the various grain sizes in the PLD material on the emission processes is discussed. Lasing effects in these samples are identified and the nature of the processes examined, the origin of the laser cavity in the ZnO samples is discussed in relation to models of random lasing from the literature. We also comment in particular on the possible reasons why we fail to see any lasing effects in the bulk sample and present a simple model, which may partly answer this question.


Misfit dislocations form self‐organized nanoscale linear defects exhibiting their own distinct structural, chemical, and physical properties which, particularly in complex oxides, hold a strong potential for the development of nanodevices. However, the transformation of such defects from passive into potentially active functional elements necessitates a deep understanding of the particular mechanisms governing their formation. Here, different atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopic techniques are combined to determine the complex structure of misfit dislocations in the perovskite type La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/LaAlO3 heteroepitaxial system. It is found that while the position of the film–substrate interface is blurred by cation intermixing, oxygen vacancies selectively accumulate at the tensile region of the dislocation strain field. Such accumulation of vacancies is accompanied by the reduction of manganese cations in the same area, inducing chemical expansion effects, which partly accommodate the dislocation strain. The formation of oxygen vacancies is only partially electrically compensated and results in a positive net charge q ≈ +0.3 ± 0.1 localized in the tensile region of the dislocation, while the compressive region remains neutral. The results highlight a prototypical core model for perovskite‐based heteroepitaxial systems and offer insights for predictive manipulation of misfit dislocation properties.


Working Wood, Not Machining It If you're more interested in working with wood rather than machining it, you will be relieved to learn that expensive powered machinery isn't required to build furniture. You can also forget the dust masks, face shields and hearing protection since many of the safety concerns related to woodworking-the use of power tools-are eliminated. In this book, you'll learn to set up a hand-tool woodworking shop, then discover the toolset, practice the skillset, and understand the mindset-effectively completing a comprehensive course in hand-tool woodworking.


How old is the universe? When did life on earth begin? What happened to the dinosaurs? How was the moon created? How did ancient Chinese science shape the modern world? How did Islam trigger globalization? Are humans really superior to other living things? And how can you fit the complete history of the planet into one pocket-sized book? These are just some of the questions answered in Christopher Lloyd's acclaimed 13.7 billion year history - now in brief. In this thrill-ride across millennia and continents, the complete history of the planet comes to life: from the Earth's fiery birth to its near-obliteration in the Triassic period, and from the first signs of human life to the tentative future of a world with a burgeoning population and a global warming crisis. Covering a wide range of topics including astrophysics, zoology, and sociology, and complete with maps and illustrations, What on Earth Happened? In Brief is the endlessly entertaining story of the planet, life, and people.


Rb–Sr whole rock isochron dates of 1780 ± 43 m.y. and 1731 ± 73 m.y. (λ87Rb 1.39 × 10−11yr−1) have been measured on basal granitic gneisses which underlie Caledonian metamorphic rocks in the Glomfjord-Nasafjåll tract of Norway. Rb–Sr data from a part of the region can be interpreted in terms of localized Sr isotope homogenization at around 1200 m.y., but severe Caledonian deformation and metamorphism has had little apparent effect on the whole rock systems on the scale of sampling. The dates are discussed in the context of published Rb–Sr and U–Pb dates from the Baltic Shield, of which a distribution map is given. It is concluded that the gneisses investigated attained their pre-Caledonian form during the Svecofennian orogeny, but may have been affected in part by the Sveconorwegian orogeny.


ABSTRACT Schultz et al. (2004) demonstrated that 63% of the change in knee joint laxity (KJL) during a menstrual cycle was due to associated fluctuations in sex hormone levels. Use of oral contraceptives modulates the fluctuation of sex hormone levels during the menstrual cycle and thus may reduce fluctuation in KJL PURPOSE: Given that increased KJL is a known risk factor for sustaining knee injuries, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of oral contraceptive use on KJL during the follicular, ovulation, and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. METHODS: Sixty college-age women were screened for participation and fourteen (20.07±1.21 years, 163.05± 9.70, and 66.81± 12.32 kg) met the inclusion criteria, provided informed consent, and participated in the study. Based on screening questionnaires, participants were sorted into groups, oral contraceptive users (OC) and non-users (NOC). Each participant's KJL was measured on six occasions, five days apart. KJL was measured using a KT-1000 Knee Arthrometer at 133 N. Measurements on days 1-7, 11-14, and 19-22 were used for data analysis to correspond with the three phases of the menstrual cycle. A 2x3 (group x phase) mixed model ANOVA was used to compare KJL between groups and across the three phases of the menstrual cycle. RESULTS: KJL are reported in Table 1. Group and phase did not interact to affect KJL (F(2,24)=1.92, p=0.17). KJL did not differ between OC and NOC users across the menstrual cycle (F(1,12)=0.07, p=0.80), and was not different between any phase of the menstrual cycle (F(2,24)=0.14, p=0.87). However, given that the spike in estradiol associated with the ovulation phase has been suggested to affect ligament laxity, a comparison between groups during this phase was conducted. Though KJL was larger for NOC than OC, the results of a one-tailed independent t-test suggest that this difference was not statistically significantly (t(12)= 1.72, p = 0.06). However, this difference was characterized by a large effect size (Cohen d= 0.92) suggesting that NOC users experience more KJL during the ovulation phase than OC users. CONCLUSION: The results of the study indicate that OC may play a role in KJL. However, with limited statistical power of these analyses, additional data are needed to fully assess this effect.


Two ways are described in which dispersion can be used to improve the information transfer through fiber bundles. First, the use of dispersion at the entrance and exit ends of a fiber-optics image-transmitting bundle produces an image with resolution improved by about a factor of two. The individual fiber elements are not seen in the image. Second, it is possible to reduce drastically the number of fibers in the bundle and still transmit a complete image. One way is to arrange a number of rows of fibers parallel to each other but spaced a distance apart. The dispersion is perpendicular to the rows. Each row of fibers carries a chromatic image of the object. At the exit end the different chromatic images from the various rows of fibers are recombined by a dispersion system similar to that at the entrance end. Thus, each image point is reconstructed by a plurality of wavelengths. The image can therefore contain color as well as intensity information. The improvement of information transfer per fiber depends on the number of rows and on the ratio of dispersion distance to fiber diameter. It is shown that with a ratio of 100, a 20-row fiberscope can transfer the same effective information as a conventional fiberscope containing 660 rows. The relationship between dispersion and achromatic field is discussed and a comparison is given of prism and grating dispersion systems.


We present models that reproduce the observed double-shell structure of the Homunculus Nebula around η Carinae, including the stratification of infrared H2 and [Fe II] emission seen in data obtained with the Phoenix spectrograph on Gemini South, as well as the corresponding stratified grain temperature seen in thermal-infrared data. Tuning the model to match the observed shell thickness allows us to determine the threshold density that permits survival of H2. An average density of nH ≃ (0.5-1) × 107 cm-3 in the outer zone is required to allow H2 to exist at all latitudes in the nebula, and for Fe+ to recombine to Fe0. This gives independent confirmation of the very large mass of the Homunculus, indicating a total of roughly 15-35 M☉ (although we note reasons why the lower end of this range is favored). At the interface between the atomic and molecular zones, we predict a sharp drop in the dust temperature, in agreement with the bimodal dust color temperatures observed in the two zones. In the outer molecular shell, the dust temperature drops to nearly the blackbody temperature, and becomes independent of grain size because of self-shielding at shorter UV wavelengths and increased heating at longer wavelengths. This relaxes constraints on large grain sizes suggested by near-blackbody color temperatures. Finally, from the strength of infrared [Fe II] emission in the inner shell we find that the gas-phase Fe abundance is roughly solar. This is astonishing in such a dusty object, where one normally expects gaseous iron to be depleted by 2 orders of magnitude.


We present a study of parallel implementations of single source shortest path (SSSP) algorithms. In the last three decades number of parallel SSSP algorithms have been developed and implemented on the different type of machines. We have divided some of these implementations into two groups, first are those where parallelization is achieved in the internal operations of sequential SSSP algorithm and second are where an actual graph is divided into sub-graphs, and serial SSSP algorithm executes parallel on separate processing units for each sub-graph. These parallel implementations have used PRAM, CRAY super-computer, dynamically reconfigurable processor and Graphics processing unit as platform to run them.


Retirement pensions are traditionally provided through government social insurance systems, which pool risks broadly across the population and provide benefits that are set in law. In contrast, under privatized systems, workers' benefits depend on their own individual account balances and investment returns, with little or no redistribution and pooling of risk across the population. In 1981, Chile became the first country to fully privatize its social security retirement system, setting an example that Argentina and numerous other countries later emulated. More than two decades later, both Chile and Argentina undertook "re-reforms" to their privatized systems, with Chile maintaining its privatized system while Argentina returned to a fully public system. The United States also confronted efforts to privatize its Social Security system around the same time periods—in the early 1980s and the early 2000s—but ultimately chose to strengthen the existing system rather than privatizing. This article examines and contrasts these three countries' experiences in the 1980s-90s and 2005-08, probing the factors that led to or prevented privatization. While finances usually provided the stated pretext for reform, privatization is now widely acknowledged to worsen the financial challenges faced by pension systems. Ultimately, neoliberal ideologies were pivotal in putting privatization on the policy agenda, and institutional structures and interest group mobilization helped to shape the outcomes of the privatization effort.


The solar photovoltaic power has received great attention and experienced impressive progress all over the world in recent years because of more and more serious energy crisis and environmental pollution. The system consists of a photovoltaic solar module connected to a DC-DC Buck-boost converter. The system has been experienced under disturbance in the photovoltaic temperature and irradiation level. The fuzzy controller for the SEPIC MPPT scheme shows high precision in current transition and keeps the voltage without any changes, in the variable-load case, represented in small steady-state error and small overshoot. The proposed scheme ensures optimal use of PV array and proves its efficacy in variable load conditions, unity, and lagging power factor at the inverter output (load) side. The performance of the proposed FLC-based MPPT operation of SEPIC converter is compared to that of the conventional proportional-integral (PI)-based SEPIC converter. The system consists of a photovoltaic solar module connected to a DC-DC Buck-boost converter and towards three phase inverter.


The primary purpose of this paper is to reconcile the previous findings of discount rate endogeneity with the presence of discount rate announcement effects in securities markets. The crux of this reconciliation is the dictinction between "technicral" discount rate changes that are endogenous and "non-technical" changes which contain some informative policy implications. In essence, we attempt to separate expected discount rate changes from unexpected changes, or equivalently, the expected component of discount rate changes from the unexpected component. If markets are efficient, the former should have no announcement effects while the latter may be associated with an announcement effect. Accordingly, the focus of the empirical analysis is on the interaction between discount rate exogeneity, the specific monetary policy regime, and announcement effects. In addition, we examine whether the behaviorof these markets in the post-announcement period is consistent with the rapid price adjustment implied by market efficiency.


Given the evidence from epidemiological studies of a substantial unmet
child & adolescent mental health service need, it is typical that children with mental
health symptoms following a natural disaster are not routinely provided an
intervention. However, following a devastating Australian natural disaster the author
directed an innovative inter-sectoral response. Proactive, school-based screening for
post-disaster mental health sequelae was seen as a way of identifying school-age
children with persisting disaster related symptoms. Identified children were offered
a targeted mental health intervention. The intervention, a guided trauma workbook
for children and group therapy program for adolescents proved to be acceptable to
children, parents and teachers as well as being cost effective.
Major study investigations included the emotional responses of Primary and
High School children, the proportion of children whose responses met case criteria
for emotional trauma or depression and the relationship of these symptoms to trauma
related events and factors intrinsic to children such as their level of anxiety and
perception of disaster related threat. The responses of children of volunteer fire
fighters and younger children who attended infant school were also investigated.
Given the large sample size (n = 2379 Primary and High School students, n = 310
Infant School students) multivariate analyses were able to control for age and gender
and investigate the relative contribution of individual factors versus bushfire-related
variables to depressive and emotional trauma symptoms. In Infant School children a
novel measure of infant trauma responses, the Early Childhood Trauma Self-Report,
a combination of a picture, vignette and brief statements followed by yes/no
responses was also trialled. Also the relationship of parent-report of symptoms was
compared to child-report. The final analysis chapter reports a replication study following a major
bushfire disaster in Canberra, the Australian National Territory. Advances in design
included using two new measures of child and adolescent psychopathology: a
measure of Post traumatic stress disorder and a general child and adolescent
psychopathology screening measure. Changes were also made to improve the
disaster related information collected. The thesis concludes with a discussion of
research limitations and future research directions in the field of child and adolescent
mental health responses to natural disasters.