Picosecond, flat-top, deep-UV pulses are needed to generate high-brightness electron beams to efficiently drive x-ray free electron lasers. Current metal photocathodes have low efficiency and therefore require high-energy pulses, and the generation of high-energy, flat-top pulses in the deep UV is still challenging. The low efficiencies of both the harmonic generation and deep-UV pulse shapers restrict the accessible pulse energy. Moreover, the acceptance bandwidth of the harmonic generation limits the minimum rise time of the flat-top profile. We present the generation of few-hundred microjoule, picosecond, deep-UV pulses using chirp-matched sum frequency generation. This scheme combined with IR spectral manipulation is a novel approach for deep-UV pulse shaping. It permits flat-top pulses with high energy and fast rise time, highly suited for high-brightness photoelectron beam production.


Many tasks in text and speech processing and computational biology require estimating functions mapping strings to real numbers. A broad class of such functions can be defined by weighted automata. Spectral methods based on the singular value decomposition of a Hankel matrix have been recently proposed for learning a probability distribution represented by a weighted automaton from a training sample drawn according to this same target distribution. In this paper, we show how spectral methods can be extended to the problem of learning a general weighted automaton from a sample generated by an arbitrary distribution. The main obstruction to this approach is that, in general, some entries of the Hankel matrix may be missing. We present a solution to this problem based on solving a constrained matrix completion problem. Combining these two ingredients, matrix completion and spectral method, a whole new family of algorithms for learning general weighted automata is obtained. We present generalization bounds for a particular algorithm in this family. The proofs rely on a joint stability analysis of matrix completion and spectral learning.


Access to the legal system is an inherent right of citizenship, yet far too many New Yorkers are currently denied this right because they lack economic resources. --Chief Judge Judith S. Kaye (1) INTRODUCTION The unmet legal needs of the poor and middle-class in New York State and throughout the country are well documented. (2) Nearly three-fourths of low-income Americans and two-thirds of moderate-income Americans with identified legal needs either ignore their problem or try to resolve it without assistance. (3) For many of these individuals, timely legal help could prevent unemployment, eviction, or the failure of a small business. Despite this fact, legal services budgets continue to be cut and thousands of potential clients are turned away each year. (4) This occurs in New York State, which has the seventh highest poverty rate in the United States. (5) Legal services offices cannot meet the need of the indigent, and a sizable middle-income population cannot afford private attorneys. (6) A legal right is meaningless without access to the judicial system. Civil justice leaders, therefore, have looked for new ways to deliver legal services including "unbundling." Unbundled legal services is a practice in which the lawyer and client agree that the lawyer will provide some, but not all, of the work involved in traditional full service representation. Clients choose the legal assistance according to their needs and perform the remaining tasks on their own. Unbundling has been described as ordering "a la carte," rather than from the "full-service menu." (7) A client might hire a lawyer for trial representation, but not for court filings, discovery, and negotiations. Unbundled services can take many forms, including telephone, Internet, or in-person advice; assisting clients in negotiations and litigation; assistance with discovery; or limited court appearances. (8) For many clients, these limited engagements make a lawyer's services affordable. Unbundled legal services is touted as a new concept, although lawyers have been providing it for years in estate planning and mediation. (9) Outside the courtroom, unbundled legal services are commonplace. Clients often seek a lawyer's advice before negotiating agreements, or ask a lawyer to draft a document based on an agreement reached without the lawyer's assistance, or bring an agreement prepared by an opposing counsel to a lawyer for review. In each of these scenarios, the lawyer is asked to perform a discrete legal task, rather than handle the entire matter. Business lawyers have provided unbundled services to sophisticated clients for decades. These clients are often either repeat players with some knowledge of the law (10) or in-house lawyers who require the specialized expertise of outside counsel. The concept is more recent in the litigation context. (11) A variety of players provide unbundled services, including pro se clinics, community education programs, and some courthouses. (12) Unbundling has received a great deal of attention. Everyone concerned with access to justice is looking at it, talking about it, holding a conference about it, or implementing it. In October 2000, the Maryland Legal Assistance Network convened a national conference on unbundled legal services, with attendees from thirty-four states, the District of Columbia, Canada, and Russia. (13) The American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Delivery of Legal Services has an "unbundled" website to educate lawyers, court administrators, and the media. (14) In Arizona, at the Maricopa Self-Service Center, litigants can consult a list of attorneys who provide unbundled legal services. (15) In May 2001, the American Bar Association's Ethics 2000 Commission submitted its proposed changes to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which will clarify and encourage the use of unbundled legal services. …


Light detection and ranging (LiDAR), high-resolution topographic data sets enable remote identification of submeter-scale geomorphic features and have proven very valuable in geologic, paleoseismic, and geomorphologic investigations. They are also useful for studies of hydrology, timber evaluation, vegetation dynamics, coastal monitoring, hill-slope processes, or civil engineering. One application for LiDAR data is the measurement of tectonically displaced geomorphic markers to reconstruct paleoearthquake slip distributions—currently a cornerstone in the formulation of earthquake recurrence models and the understanding of seismic fault behavior. With this publication we provide two MATLAB-based graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and corresponding tutorials: LiDARimager—a tool for LiDAR data handling and visualization (e.g., data cropping, generation of map- and oblique-view plots of various digital elevation model [DEM] derivatives, storable as *.jpg or *.kmz files); and LaDiCaoz—a tool to determine lateral displacements of offset sublinear geomorphic features such as stream channels or alluvial fan edges. While application of LaDiCaoz is closely linked to tectonogeomorphic studies, LiDARimager may find application in a wide range of studies that utilize LiDAR data visualizations. A key feature of LaDiCaoz, not available in standard geographic information system (GIS) packages, is DEM slicing and (laterally) back slipping for visual offset reconstruction assessment, improving measurement accuracy and precision. Comparison of offset measurements, made by different individuals, showed good measurement repeatability with LaDiCaoz for morphologically simple channels. Offset estimates began to vary distinctly for morphologically more complex features, attributed to different assumptions of pre-earthquake morphology and underlining the importance of a sound understanding of pre-earthquake site morphology for meaningful offset measurements.


This paper proposes a bandwidth tunable technique for real-time probabilistic scene modeling and mapping to enable co-robotic exploration in communication constrained environments such as the deep sea. The parameters of the system enable the user to characterize the scene complexity represented by the map, which in turn determines the bandwidth requirements. The approach is demonstrated using an underwater robot that learns an unsupervised scene model of the environment and then uses this scene model to communicate the spatial distribution of various high-level semantic scene constructs to a human operator. Preliminary experiments in an artificially constructed tank environment as well as simulated missions over a $10m\times 10m$ coral reef using real data show the tunability of the maps to different bandwidth constraints and science interests. To our knowledge this is the first paper to quantity how the free parameters of the unsupervised scene model impact both the scientific utility of and bandwidth required to communicate the resulting scene model.


The structure and dynamics of the four-wave mixing transmission grating in a photorefractive crystal were investigated. The steady-state grating's amplitude distribution looks like a motionless soliton. When the value of coupling strength is more than 2, there are three solutions for the steady-state grating: two stable and one unstable. The dynamics of all these gratings are described by the sine-Gordon equation. The four-wave mixing grating's structure and location in space are determined by the input beams' ratio, phase difference, or both.


Algorithm Engineering is concerned with the design, theoretical analysis, implementation, and experimental evaluation of algorithms. It provides methodologies and tools for designing, developing and engineering efficient algorithms, and aims at bridging the gap between theory and practice in the field of algorithmic research. Algorithm Engineering is by now an emerging discipline, gaining momentum and credibility throughout the whole research community. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 68W01, 68W40, 68Q10, 68Q25. Introduction by the Organisers The workshop Algorithm Engineering, organized by Giuseppe Italiano (Roma), Petra Mutzel (Dortmund), Peter Sanders (Karlsruhe), and Martin Skutella (Dortmund) was held May 6th – May 12th, 2007. The goal of the workshop was to bring together researchers with different background, e.g., from combinatorial optimization, algorithmic theory, and algorithm engineering, in order to strengthen and foster collaborations in the area of algorithm engineering and to identify key research directions for the future. There were 47 international participants out of which 23 mainly work in the area of algorithm engineering, 11 in algorithm theory, and 13 in combinatorial optimization. A considerable number of participants visited the Oberwolfach Institute (MFO) for the first time. In five survey talks given by renowned specialists in the field, the state of the art in selected areas of high interest was demonstrated. The introductory talk was presented by Giuseppe Italiano (Roma) who gave "a personal and historical perspective" of algorithm engineering. Bill Cook (Atlanta) presented the newest results as well as engineering efforts for solving huge TSP instances. Friedhelm Meyer auf der Heide (Paderborn) suggested new algorithmic challenges in the area of Computer Graphics. Ian Munro (Waterloo) introduced the audience into the 1378 Oberwolfach Report 25/2007 area of succinct data structures which is getting increasingly important with huge data sets. In this context, also external memory and cache-oblivious algorithms are getting growing interest. The survey talk by Gerth Brodal (Aarhus) presented theory and practice for these type of algorithms. In addition, we organized a series of sessions containing shorter contributions of roughly 30 minutes. Here, we particularly encouraged young researchers to present their recent results. The focus of the program lay on recent developments in various areas that are relevant for the broad topic of algorithm engineering. Examples are mathematical programming, external memory algorithms, succinct data structures, resilient data structures, dynamic data structures, online algorithms, graph algorithms, geometric computation, analysis of local search algorithms, and algorithmic game-theory. In total, we had 32 talks of which 15 can be assigned to the area of algorithm engineering, 8 to the area of algorithmic theory, and 7 to the area of combinatorial optimization, which we think was an ideal mixture for the purpose of this workshop. We found it encouraging that after the talks a lot of discussion took place between the participants. We also like to mention that Peter Sanders (Karlsruhe) introduced the new DFG Priority Program 1307 Algorithm Engineering, which will start in fall 2007. As the coordinator of this program he pointed out the specific goals of the program and the chances for the area of algorithm engineering. All of the participants had the chance to discuss different aspects of algorithm engineering in the open problem session on Thursday evening. In our view, and as expressed by many of the participants, the workshop was a great success. We (including many participants) have learned a lot during this week, also from the three different research communities present at the workshop, and got many new ideas for exciting research projects. The program of the workshop was well-received by the participants as the good quality of presentations and the enthusiasm of the speakers and the audience gave raise to joint research among the participants. In particular exchange between young researchers and experienced scientists was promoted. We wish to thank Oberwolfach for this unique opportunity to bring together the three different research groups at this great place in order to strengthen the area of algorithm engineering. The following collection of abstracts in chronological order gives a more detailed overview of the program. Algorithm Engineering 1379 Workshop: Algorithm Engineering


This document describes how service function chains (SFC) can be
applied to traffic flows using routing in a virtual (overlay) network
to steer traffic between service nodes. Chains can include services
running in routers, on physical appliances or in virtual machines.
Service chains have applicability at the subscriber edge, business
edge and in multi-tenant datacenters. The routing function into SFCs
and between service functions within an SFC can be performed by
physical devices (routers), be virtualized inside hypervisors, or run
as part of a host OS. A BGP control plane for route distribution is
used to create virtual networks implemented using IP MPLS, VXLAN or
other suitable encapsulation, where the routes within the virtual
networks cause traffic to flow through a sequence of service nodes
that apply packet processing functions to the flows. Two techniques
are described: in one the service chain is implemented as a sequence
of distinct VPNs between sets of service nodes that apply each service
function; in the other, the routes within a VPN are modified through
the use of special route targets and modified next-hop resolution to
achieve the desired result. In both techniques, service chains can be
created by manual configuration of routes and route targets in routing
systems, or through the use of a controller which contains a
topological model of the desired service chains. This document also
contains discussion of load balancing between network functions,
symmetric forward and reverse paths when stateful services are
involved, and use of classifiers to direct traffic into a service
chain.


3-Deoxy-d-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase catalyzes the first step in the shikimate pathway. It catalyzes an aldol-like reaction of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) with erythrose 4-phosphate (E4P) to form DAHP. The kinetic mechanism was rapid equilibrium sequential ordered ter ter, with the essential divalent metal ion, Mn2+, binding first, followed by PEP and E4P. DAHP oxime, in which an oxime group replaces the keto oxygen, was a potent inhibitor, with Ki = 1.5 ± 0.4 μM, though with residual activity at high inhibitor concentrations. It displayed slow-binding inhibition with a residence time, tR, of 83 min. The crystal structure revealed that the oxime functional group, combined with two crystallographic waters, bound at the same location in the catalytic center as the phosphate group of the tetrahedral intermediate. DAHP synthase has a dimer-of-dimers homotetrameric structure, and DAHP oxime bound to only one subunit of each tight dimer. Inhibitor binding was competitive with respect to all three substrates in the subunits to which it bound. DAHP oxime did not overlap with the metal binding site, so the cause of their mutually exclusive binding was not clear. Similarly, there was no obvious structural reason for inhibitor binding in only two subunits; however, changes in global hydrogen/deuterium exchange showed large scale changes in protein dynamics upon inhibitor binding. The kcat value for the residual activity at high inhibitor concentrations was 3-fold lower, and the apparent KM,E4P value decreased at least 10-fold. This positive cooperativity of binding between DAHP oxime in subunits B and C, and E4P in subunits A and D appears to be the dominant cause for incomplete inhibition at high inhibitor concentrations. In spite of its lack of obvious structural similarity to phosphate, the oxime and crystallographic waters acted as a small, neutral phosphate mimic.


If CLTS is to eliminate open defecation, issues of disability inclusion must be fully addressed. Research in Malawi aimed to discover if WASH practitioners, after a short training, could implement CLTS in a more inclusive way, and whether this made a difference to disabled people in the community, in terms of access to sanitation and hygiene facilities. After a 3-day training, CLTS implementers designed and implemented a CLTS+ Action Plan, in which additional triggering activities were introduced, and more attention paid to households with disabled and older people post-triggering. This CLTS+ intervention resulted in increased awareness among implementers and community members of the access needs of older and disabled people, and in adaptations to improve accessibility of some household latrines. Endline data will tell us whether this has resulted in improved outcomes for disabled and older people. Further piloting will be needed to explore how to incorporate this training into regular CLTS capacity building.


Over the past few years a wide range of educational developments have taken place at the
University of Central Lancashire, and like other new universities, this has resulted in the
expansion of the type and nature of university provision. Finance often plays an important part in
the decision and whereas many students now study full-time and work part-time, the reverse is
also a sensible option: work full-time and study part-time taking a work related or professional
course.
The Faculty of Cultural, Legal and Social Studies runs a University Certificate in Career Planning
by distance learning through its nationally recognized Centre for Employability. Divided into 14
bite-size chunks, the course takes 12 weeks to complete and is explicitly designed for those
looking to change careers or return to education. Delivered by CD-ROM and a comprehensive
student workbook, the course is taught by specialist tutors through email and Internet support.
Many UCLan degree modules are available through flexible delivery, like the History degree
where students can do an open/distance-learning module in Computing and History using the
Internet and print based support for case studies.
Partnership arrangements with Further Education Colleges have seen diploma courses such as
HNDs allowing students to study close to home in a familiar environment. Partnership colleges
can also the offer first, and sometimes the second year, of a degree programme so that attendance
at the University is only required for one year.
Foundation Degrees are new, employment related, higher education qualifications that have been
developed by employers, professional bodies and universities to meet industry's requirements. A
balanced mix of work-related and academic learning at work, college or home, they are for
students who want to gain more qualifications whilst working towards a career. Projects are often
directly related to work and can lead on to a full honours degree course. Degrees in Construction
and Forensic Science are currently being offered at the University.
The University is in the process of launching e-leaming courses and a wide range of nontraditional
courses to offer many opportunities for alternative modes of study.
7th November 2001
nr458kah
-ends-


One year ago, in introducing IEEE Micro's Hot Chips 14 special issue, I pointed out that features such as low power, reliability, security, and fault tolerance delivered to the customer at affordable cost might well serve as differentiating indices to the multidimensional entity called "system performance." A year later, I cannot but overemphasize the emerging reality of that expectation. If anything, the focus on power dissipation as a primary design constraint has sharpened, with especially intense concerns about the static (leakage) component of power in future technologies. The basic uncertainty and variance of technology-related device and interconnect parameters (both across and within individually fabricated chips) that experts envisage are causing a major rethinking of the design stack (from high-level microarchitecture to physical design and layout). In addition, there are major implications in terms of design tool support for future, technology-aware microprocessor development. This year, the Hot Chips 15 special issue is guest edited by Michael Flynn and Pradeep Dubey. Their guest editors' introduction covers the articles selected for publication in IEEE Micro. One of the trends in high-performance microprocessor chips is the increased level of on-chip integration that the technology has made available. IBM's Power4 had previously started the trend of multicore designs with a dual-core chip multiprocessor offering. This issue of IEEE Micro includes an article on the follow-on chip called Power5, still a dual-core solution, but with each core supporting two independent program threads for a total of four concurrently executing threads per chip. Recent announcements by other vendors depict a similar trend, with an increasing emphasis on enhancing chip-level throughput through multiple cores and threads. In these future designs, each core or thread may not necessarily aim at delivering the highest frequency or performance that is achievable for the given technology. The power "wall" is definitely a factor that could accelerate this trend, since single-core frequencies might not scale up to meet prior trends. On the other hand, the chip-level power and area budgets (especially pertaining to leakage) place a natural limit on the number of cores for a given level of core complexity. This leads to some interesting power-performance tradeoffs that would balance single-thread performance against targets for chip-level throughput, working within a given power and cost budget. Yield and reliability aspects of the design equation (in an era of technological uncertainties) make the future space of design choices even more interesting! Of course, in some markets, singlethread performance might remain the primary driver of chip-level microarchitecture design. Here, to meet performance targets at affordable cost, cooling and packaging technologies must improve sufficiently to meet the challenge. I hope you enjoy reading the leadingedge articles in this special issue. They capture some of the latest advances, trends, and challenges in microprocessor design.


Single-ion magnets (SIMs) are the smallest possible magnetic devices and are a controllable, bottom-up approach to nanoscale magnetism with potential applications in quantum computing and high-density information storage. In this work, we take advantage of the promising, but yet insufficiently explored, solid-state chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to report the single-crystal to single-crystal inclusion of such molecular nanomagnets within the pores of a magnetic MOF. The resulting host-guest supramolecular aggregate is used as a playground in the first in-depth study on the interplay between the internal magnetic field created by the long-range magnetic ordering of the structured MOF and the slow magnetic relaxation of the SIM.


This article examines the problematic status as a pioneer of abstract art of Swedish artist Hilma af Klint. Her case allows us to reflect simultaneously on two types of important contacts in the recognition process of the artist of the twentieth century. On the one hand, the network of personal contacts, and, on the other, the network of institutional contacts as museums. The starting point are the different positions held by the MoMA in the exhibition Inventing abstraction, 1910-1925, and by the Moderna Museet of Stockholm in the show Hilma af Klint: A Pioneer of Abstraction. The study of the positions of proponents and opponents leads to the conclusion that, until now, Hilma af Klint has had the necessary accomplices to get her work known, exhibited and even, inside the art world, become somewhat famous. Time will tell, and sociological analysis suggests short term negative results, if in the future she will have the decisive accomplices for obtaining the prestige of being considered mostly as a pioneer of abstract art.


For immigration scholars, Justice Field is perhaps best remembered for his majority opinion in Chae Chan Ping v. United States, the Supreme Court's decision upholding Chinese exclusion, and credited for introducing the plenary power doctrine to immigration law. Yet, despite the opinion's xenophobic rhetoric reflecting his personal views of the Chinese, Justice Field dissented in Fong Yue Ting v. United States, reasoning that, once they became lawful residents, the Chinese were entitled to be treated as equals under the law regardless of citizenship, a position supported by his earlier federal circuit court opinion in Ho Ah Kow v. Nunan.Regardless of one's particular views of his opinions in these cases, it appears Field sought to balance his unfavorable personal and political views about mass Chinese immigration against his duty as a federal judge to uphold the constitutional rights of individual persons within the United States, regardless of their race and citizenship, before Congress's plenary power. This tension between viewing immigrants as an undifferentiated mass and recognizing each immigrant as a person worthy of constitutional protection pervades contemporary debates regarding immigration today.Further, research in social psychology suggests that, within immigration policy, seldom will personhood trump membership as an organizing principle when benefiting noncitizen outsiders is perceived to come at the expense of U.S. citizen insiders. Put another way, immigration law presumes differences among citizens and noncitizens and creates others among noncitizens; thus, while it is already difficult to extend the circle of empathy beyond family and friends to strangers, it is particularly difficult to do so within a field like immigration law, which is designed to maintain boundaries between citizen and "alien." Nonetheless, recognizing and working within these constraints, immigrant rights advocates would do well to emphasize and guard against our inherent parochialism, as Field appeared to do in Fong notwithstanding his opinion in Chae.


We present scanning tunneling microscope images of benzene adsorbed on the Pt{111} surface. We find three distinct types of images for isolated benzene molecules, depending upon the benzene adsorption site. This site dependence is in agreement with recent theoretical calculations, and may limit the usefulness of the scanning tunneling microscope in elucidating the structures of adsorbed molecules


There has been a great amount of recent work toward unifying iteration reordering transformations. Many of these approaches represent transformations as affine mappings from the original iteration space to a new iteration space. These approaches show a great deal of promise, but they all rely on the ability to generate code that iterates over the points in these new iteration spaces in the appropriate order. This problem has been fairly well-studied in the case where all statements use the same mapping. We have developed an algorithm for the less well-studied case where each statement uses a potentially different mapping. Unlike many other approaches, our algorithm can also generate code from mappings corresponding to loop blocking. We address the important trade-off between reducing control overhead and duplicating code.<<ETX>>


Purpose: The paper deals with an issue of innovation and a company's performance in a business environment. The importance of innovation performance measurement is point out in prelude of this contribution. The purpose of this paper is to present and discus knowledge and findings of secondary and finally also original primary research into South-Moravian companies within two projects of Internal Grant Agency Faculty of Business and Management Brno University of Technology, which were conducted in 2009 and 2010.
 Methodology/methods: For this analysis a questionnaire survey was used – the results of the primary research reflect innovative activities from the managers' point of view. To evaluate companies' attitude to innovative activities and their measurement, I choose factors such as conditions for innovative activities, types of innovative activities, their evaluation, responsibility for innovation etc. as seen by managers. Also a case study of well known multinational company Whirpool about their transformation of way how they innovate is included.
 Scientific aim: The aim of the paper is to gain knowledge and analyze the present situation about issue of innovation performance measurement as this topic is solved in the Czech and foreign professional literature and in the Czech business environment.
 Findings: Author proved with help of questionnaire survey that many companies still don't measure their innovation performance although given the importance of innovation as an engine of growth. Only very few organizations have an effective system for measuring their overall innovation performance.
 Conclusions: It was possible to sum up existing knowledge and approaches to innovation performance measurement by literary search and other relevant information resources. Their accomplishments and disabilities are compared in accordance with local and foreign experts' theories. Thanks to this, new and simplifier methodology of innovation performance measurement for SME called Innovation Scorecard has been described. This methodology is based on well known system Balanced Scorecard. Unfortunately, implementation of BSC is timely and financially too challenging for our SME. Therefore some basic elements and approaches to performance measurement were used for Innovation Scorecard.


Through the comparison between the official discourse and the social practices, the present study seeks to understand the trajectory of implementation of the policy of inclusion. The history of special education in Brazil is marked by social and educational exclusion, and therefore guaranteeing the right to education of handicapped people is a complex process requiring political actions in various spheres. The reflection about the guidelines, materials and documents of the Inclusive Education Program: the right to diversity, based on the testimonies of administrators from a hub municipality, made it possible to raise questions related to the way in which the policy of inclusion in being implemented. The analysis reveals tensions and conflicts associated to the possibilities of bringing to practice actions of formation and multiplication; to the conceptual discussion about inclusion; to the locus of service to handicapped students; to the financing aspect and to the relations between the public and the private sectors; and also as to the responsibilities of the different agents involved in the process. The results point to the fact that these tensions can be understood from the multiple relationships established between a teaching system that tends to homogenization and the principles of inclusion, which presupposes the respect to rights, the appreciation of diversity, and the fulfillment of individual needs.


This report presents detailed results on the quality of regulatory management systems, following the survey conducted in 2005-6. The goal of this report is to compare regulatory quality assurance systems; to measure progress and understand trends over time across countries, and to identify general patterns of regulatory management practice. Following initial discussions over the survey instrument in 2005, they survey was circulated in June 2005 and the results, corresponding to 2005, were then collected with final submissions received in Spring 2006. This paper has been revised following comments received from delegates in the Autumn 2006 and Spring 2007. The current set of results also links to previous regulatory governance indicators collected by the OECD in 1998 and 2000. Some of the early phase issues in terms of checks and a correction of the understanding of the concepts led to a revision of previous 1998 estimates. Therefore, this report is based on the corrected results for 1998 and 2000 received from the countries that had been surveyed then. These results also feed into the OECD Project on "Management in Government" (OECD (2007), "Towards Better Measurement of government", OECD Working Papers on Public Governance, 2007/2, OECD Publishing. Doi:110.1787/301575636734). This paper restricts itself to a descriptive presentation of the materials collected. Further methodological work will be undertaken as this project evolves to conduct more technical statistical analysis and build aggregated indicators. This work benefited from insights and comments from OECD colleagues. The authors are particularly grateful to Rolf Alter, Josef Konvitz, Glen Hepburn and Nick Manning for their comments, as well as to Peter Ladegaard who participated in some of the initial work. The authors are also indebted to Sander Wagner for statistical assistance.


Background The need for surveillance systems generating targeted, data-driven, responsive control efforts to accelerate and sustain malaria transmission reduction has been emphasized by programme managers, policy makers and scientists. Surveillance using easy-to-access population subgroups (EAGs) may result in considerable cost saving compared to household surveys as the identification and selection of individuals to be surveyed is simplified, fewer personnel are needed, and logistics are simpler. We reviewed available literature on the validation of estimates of key indicators of malaria control progress derived from EAGs, and describe the options to deal with the context specific bias that may occur. Methods A literature search was conducted of all documents reporting validation of estimates of malaria control indicators from EAG surveys before the 31st of December 2016. Additional records were identified through cross-reference from selected records, other applicable policy documents and grey literature. After removal of duplicates, 13, 180 abstracts were evaluated and 2,653 eligible abstracts were identified mentioning surveillance in EAGs, of which 29 full text articles were selected for detailed review. The nine articles selected for systematic review compared estimates from health facility and school surveys with those of a contemporaneous sample of the same population in the same geographic area. Results Review of the available literature on EAGs suitable for surveillance of malaria control progress revealed that little effort has been made to explore the potential approach and settings for use of EAGs; and that there was wide variation in the precision of estimates of control progress between and within studies, particularly for estimates of control intervention coverage. Only one of the studies evaluated the geospatial representativeness of EAG samples, or carried out geospatial analyses to assess or control for lack of geospatial representativeness. Two studies attempted to measure the degree of bias or improve the precision of estimates by controlling for bias in a multivariate analysis; and this was only successful in one study. The observed variability in accuracy of estimates is likely to be caused by selection and/or information bias due to the inherent nature of EAGs. The reviewed studies provided insight into the design and analytical approaches that could be used to limit bias. Conclusion The utility EAGs for routine surveillance of progress in malaria control at the district or sub-district programmatic level will be driven by several factors including whether serial point estimates to measure transmission reduction or more precise geospatial distribution to track 'hot-spots' is required, the acceptable degree of precision, the target population, and the resources available for surveillance. The opportunities offered by novel geostatistical analyses and hybrid sampling frames to overcome bias justify a renewed exploration of use of EAGs for malaria monitoring and evaluation.


Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid gastric peptide that potently stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion in vivo and in vitro. Ghrelin-expressing cells have been found in the oxyntic region of the stomach and in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The aim of this work was to investigate the regional distribution and developmental changes in ghrelin mRNA levels in the pituitary, hypothalamus and gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the rat using a semiquantitative RT-PCR assay. We also describe the effects of ghrelin immunoneutralization in late gestation and those resulting from induction of an isolated GH deficiency in adult rats. Ghrelin mRNA was already expressed in the fetus by embryonic day 12 (E12), by E17 most of ghrelin mRNA was in the trunk. At E17, in situ hybridization did not reveal a clear expression of ghrelin mRNA in fetal stomach but showed high ghrelin mRNA levels in the placenta. In the pituitary gland, levels of ghrelin mRNA were high after birth but declined significantly with puberty, whereas in the hypothalamus they were barely detectable at birth and remained very low at all subsequent time points tested. In the GI tract, ghrelin mRNA levels were high from birth to 270 days of life. Immunoneutralization of ghrelin at E16 had no effect on survival or development. Rats showed normal somatotropic function, ghrelin expression and onset of puberty. In young adult rats, passive immunization against GHRH did not affect ghrelin mRNA levels in the pituitary, hypothalamus and stomach. Only a 72-hour fasting period induced a significant increase in ghrelin mRNA levels in the stomach, but not in the pituitary and hypothalamus. These results strongly indicate that ghrelin is an important GI hormone expressed early in life and primarily sensitive to nutritional status. Copyright © 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel


Pre-pubertal bovine mammary development involves ductal and stromal tissue changes. In mice, this process is impacted by presence of innate immune cells. Whether or not such immune cells are present or involved in bovine mammary development is unknown. We studied the presence, location and changes in numbers of eosinophils, mast cells and macrophages in pre-pubertal bovine mammary tissue. Chemical stains and immunofluorescence were used to identify the cells in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded mammary tissue. The first set (ONT) included samples (n=4/week) from birth to 6 weeks of age. Another set (OVX) determined the influence of ovaries, 19 animals were intact or ovariectomized 30 days before sampling. They were 90, 120 or 150 days old at examination. The third set (EST) allowed examination of the potential influence of exogenous estrogen on innate immune cells in the mammary gland. Samples were from calves given estrogen implants (n=6) or placebo (n=4) at 56 days old, and sampled at 70 days old. We examined 20 images each of NEAR and FAR stroma from every animal. More eosinophils were observed in NEAR versus FAR in the ONT and OVX , more mast cells observed in NEAR versus FAR in ONT. More macrophages were observed in NEAR versus FAR in ONT and EST. We show, for the first time, that innate immune cells are present in prepubertal bovine mammary tissue and that abundance is related to the epithelial structure. We suggest a possible role for these cells in control of bovine mammary development.


The development of genome editing technologies has given the chance to researchers to manipulate any genomic sequences precisely. This ability is very useful for creating animal models to study human diseases in vivo; for easy creation of isogenic cell lines to study in vitro and most importantly for overcoming many disadvantages that the researchers faced during the human gene therapy trials. Here we review the basic mechanisms of genome editing technology and the four genome-editing platforms. We also discuss the applications of these novel technologies in preclinical and clinical studies in four groups according to the mechanism used, and lastly, summarize the problems in these technologies.


According to the conventional wisdom, "one size does not fit all�? in corporate governance. Firms are heterogeneous with respect to their governance needs, implying that the optimal corporate governance structure must also vary from firm to firm. This one-size-does-not-fit-all axiom has featured prominently in arguments against numerous corporate law regulatory initiatives, including the SEC's failed Rule 14a-11—an attempt to impose mandatory, uniform "proxy access�? on all public companies—which the D.C. Circuit struck down for inadequate cost–benefit analysis. This Article presents an alternative theory as to the role of standardization in corporate governance—in which investors prefer standardized terms—and empirical evidence that is consistent with this theory. Under my theory, shareholders prefer standardization because they must incur considerable transaction costs to exercise control rights that contain idiosyncratic terms. Standardization reduces these transaction costs. Consistent with this theory, I find that standardization, not heterogeneity, has pervaded the post–Rule 14a-11 private ordering of proxy access. Shareholder proposals and adopted bylaws alike have converged around standardized terms, and regression analysis suggests that this standardization reflects shareholder preferences. Moreover, employing a regression-discontinuity design, I find evidence indicating that markets have generally reacted favorably to the passage of these standardized proposals. However, robustness checks cast some doubt on the internal validity of this regression-discontinuity design, and thus these results should be taken with a grain of salt. My theory and empirical findings have important implications for longstanding normative debates in corporate law. With a proper understanding of the role of standardization in corporate governance, the one-size-fits-all critique—though not baseless—takes on a different meaning. Although lawmakers would still do well to retain a presumption in favor of default rules instead of mandatory rules, the need for heterogeneity does not appear to be as great as some have supposed, and lawmakers may benefit from a greater focus on encouraging optimal standardization instead of optimal heterogeneity. These insights bear both on optimal regulatory design in the abstract and on the wisdom of currently pending federal legislation in a more concrete way.


The additive clustering model is widely used to infer the features of a set of stimuli from their similarities, on the assumption that similarity is a weighted linear function of common features. This paper develops a fully Bayesian formulation of the additive clustering model, using methods from nonparametric Bayesian statistics to allow the number of features to vary. We use this to explore several approaches to parameter estimation, showing that the nonparametric Bayesian approach provides a straightforward way to obtain estimates of both the number of features used in producing similarity judgments and their importance.


The production of this journal is truly a collaborative effort. Authors, referees, column editors, book reviewers, and production staff are all part of this community. Once again, an editorial year has passed by in the blink of an eye. As always, I am indebted to the RUSQ Editorial Advisory Board for their help with shaping content and direction. The following individuals contributed many hours this past year through their service on this board: Judith M. Arnold, Gwen Arthur, Corinne Hill, Robert V. Labaree, Jessica E. Moyer, Kjerstine Nielsen, Amber A. Prentiss, Douglas Raber, Marianne Ryan, and Michael Stephens. Since a constant flow of manuscripts kept these board members busy, I am grateful for the willingness of the following experts to step in as needed to serve as occasional referees: Karen Antell, Lori Arp, Christine Avery, Anne Behler, Paula Contreras, Phillip Edwards, Linda Friend, Jennifer Gilley, Nancy Huling, M. Kathleen Kern, Daniel Mack, Charles Malenfant, Dale McNeill, Judith M. Nixon, Eric Novotny, Lisa O'Connor, Mary Popp, Emily Rimland, Kathleen A. Sullivan, Linda C. Smith, Amalia Strothmann, David Tyckoson, Barry Trott, Matthew Wayman, Beth S. Woodard, and Neal Wyatt. The feedback to authors from these dedicated reviewers was instrumental in producing a collection of high-quality feature articles. The following peer-reviewed feature articles were published in volume 47: "Whatever Happened to 'Always Cite the Source?': A Study of Source Citing and Other Issues Related to Telephone Reference," by Denise E. Agosto and Holly Anderton. "Comparison of Retrieval Performance of Eleven Online Indexes Containing Information Related to Quaternary Research, An Interdisciplinary Science," by Lura E. Joseph. "If My Mother Was Alive I'd Probably Have Called Her: Women's Search for Health Information in Rural Canada," by Roma Harris and Nadine Wathen. "The Effects of Librarians' Behavioral Performance on User Satisfaction in Chat Reference Services," by Nahyun Kwon and Vicki L. Gregory. "Sociocultural Learning Theories and Information Literacy Teaching Activities in Higher Education," by Li Wang. "Assessing User Interactions at the Desk Nearest the Front Door," by Pixey Anne Mosley. "Determining Use of an Academic Library Reference Collection: Report of a Study," by Jeannie Colson. "Reference Transaction Handoffs: Factors Affecting the Transition from Chat to E-Mail," by Nora Wikoff. "Cyberface or Face-to-Face: The Teachable Moment and Changing Reference Mediums," by Christine M. Desai and Stephanie J. Graves. "Weeding Gone Wild: Planning and Implementing a Review of the Reference Collection," by Carol A. Singer. "'But I Want a Real Book': An Investigation of Undergraduates' Usage and Attitudes toward Electronic Books," by Cynthia L. Gregory. "A Generation in Transition: A Study of the Usage and Attitudes toward Public Libraries by Generation 1.5 Composition Students," by Curt Asher and Emerson Case. "Why Isn't Our Chat Reference Used More?: Findings of Focus Group Discussions with Undergraduate Students," by Sharon Naylor, Bruce Stoffel, and Sharon Van Der Laan. "Strategic Planning for Reference in a Team Environment: The Preferred Futuring Model," by Shahla Bahavar and Judy A. Truelson. "Testing Classification Systems for Reference Questions," by Deborah B. Henry and Tina M. Neville. "It's All in the Marketing: The Impact of a Virtual Reference Marketing Campaign at Texas A & M University," by Karen I. MacDonald, Wyoma vanDuinkerken, and Jane Stephens. "Revitalizing the One-shot Instruction Session Using Problem-Based Learning," by Barbara Ferret Kenney. I am pleased that two issues of volume 47 contained editorials focusing on graduate programs in library and information science. Lisa O'Connor's thought provoking guest editorial, "Nice Shoes," is written from the perspective of a practitioner who made the transition to library school educator. …


INTRODUCTION: The older adult population is one of the largest and fastest growing population segments within the United States. With this rise in the older adult population, healthcare systems should work to prevent and treat conditions that disproportionately affect the elderly. Of the many conditions that typically begin onset in older adulthood, osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent. As the number of older adults rise, so will the number of osteoporosis cases. The clinical outcomes of osteoporosis, such fragility fractures, are associated with increased risk of death and an impaired quality of life and ability to interact with others socially. This qualitative review examines the reported effectiveness of healthcare provider interventions on osteoporosis patients. METHODS: A qualitative review of peer-review articles was conducted. A total of 11 articles were included in this qualitative review. Pertinent information within each article was identified and compared. The intervention primary goals, inclusion criteria, state of assessment, nature of intervention, and results were all collected within this review. Study limitations were also noted to assist in future implications and research. RESULTS: A large majority of the interventions utilized the role of nurses within the intervention to communicate with patients and initiate diagnosis or treatment within patients. Many of the interventions targeted older adults and utilized DXA as the assessment tool to assess bone mineral density. The literature is still inconclusive as to the most effective method to improving diagnosis or treatment of osteoporosis. There was no consistent pattern of positive improvement in osteoporosis management. Medication adherence was the most prominent challenge to patients involved in the interventions. Recommendations: The interventions identified made strides to improving osteoporosis management by identifying the nurse's role as an influencing form of social support. However, there is the need to also ensure patients are not only referred for specialized care, bone mineral density tests or prescribed prescriptions, but that patients are adherent to osteoporosis medications. Healthcare providers should work to close all gaps in osteoporosis management including areas of improvement not only influencing the provider, but behavioral changes for the patient as well.


Channel assignment for Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) attempts to increase the network performance by decreasing the interference of simultaneous transmissions. The reduction of interference is achieved by exploiting the availability of fully or partially non-overlapping channels. Although it is still a young research area, many different approaches have already been developed. These approaches can be distinguished into centralized and distributed. Centralized algorithms rely on a central entity, usually called Channel Assignment Server (CAS), which calculates the channel assignment and sends the result to the mesh routers. In distributed approaches, each mesh router calculates its channel assignment decision based on local information. Distributed approaches can react faster to topology changes due to node failures or mobility and usually introduce less protocol overhead since communication with the CAS is not necessary. As a result, distributed approaches are more suitable once the network is operational and running. Distributed approaches can further be classified into static and dynamic, in regard to the modus of channel switching. In dynamic approaches, channels can be switched on a per-packet basis, whereas in static approaches radios stay on a specific channel for a longer period of time. Static assignments have been more in focus, since the channel switching time for current Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 hardware is in the order of milliseconds which is two orders higher than the packet transmission time. Recently, surveys of channel assignment algorithms have been presented which cover certain aspects of the research field. The survey in [1] introduces the problem and presents a couple of distributed algorithms and [2] gives a broad introduction to centralized and distributed approaches. The survey herein is focused on distributed approaches for peerto-peer network architectures. This report describes the problem formulation for channel assignment in WMNs and the fundamental concepts and challenges of this research area. We present different distributed channel assignment algorithms and characterize them according to a set of classification keys. Since channel assignment algorithms may change the connectivity and therefore the network topology, they may have a high impact on routing. Therefore, we present routing metrics that consider channel diversity and adapt better to the multiradio multi-channel scenario than traditional routing metrics designed for single channel networks. The presented algorithms are discussed and compared focusing on practical evaluations in testbed and network environments. The implementation for real networks is a hard and labor-intensive task because the researcher has to deal with the complexity of the hardware, operating system, and wireless network interface drivers. As a result, frameworks emerged in order to simplify the implementation process. We describe these frameworks and the mechanisms used to help researchers implementing their algorithms and show their limitations and restrictions.


This report is part of a project that aims at exploring whether the current allocation of resources for fighting the two illnesses campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis can be regarded as economically efficient in Sweden. When resources are allocated towards reducing a specific illness both costs (more administration, control etc. needed) and benefits (a reduction of the number of cases) emerge. Analysing the efficiency of an allocation comes down to calculating and comparing all costs and benefits to which the specific allocation can be associated. In this report the cost-of-illness method is applied to calculate direct costs (for example medication, transport and health care) and indirect costs (productivity losses due to illness or premature death) for the current number of cases of the two illnesses in Sweden. These are the case-related costs which are reduced when more resources are spent to fight an illness. They are therefore part of the benefits analysis of the project. The report shows that campylobacteriosis is currently more than four times more common than salmonellosis in Sweden with approximately 80 000 cases each year. The direct and indirect costs for these cases are SEK 330 million. The number of salmonellosis cases is about 17 000 each year, with direct and indirect costs amounting to SEK 80 million. About 60 percent of the total costs (for both illnesses) are associated with productivity losses arising as employees are at home because of their own illness. (Less)


The lower esophageal sphincter of 26 patients has been studied by infusion manometry before and after a modified Nissen fundoplication. Of these patients, 24 have remained asymptomatic (mean follow-up, 21 months). The mean time for a positive acid infusion test increased from 267 seconds before, to 617 seconds after operation. The common cavity test was positive in 22 of the 26 patients before operation but positive in only the 2 symptomatic patients after operation. Mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure (cm H20) increased from 12.6 +/- 2.0 to 16.5 +/- to 1.5 (x +/- SEM). However, in only 15 of the 26 patients was an increase in lower esophageal sphincter pressure demonstrated and in 7 a decrease in pressure was noted. One patient's symptoms recurred at 3 months in spite of an increase in lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure of 8 cm H20. The other symptomatic patient demonstrated a rise in lower esophageal sphincter pressure at 3 months of 8 cm H20, though this decreased to preoperative levels at 26 months, the time of symptom recurrence. Intraluminal pressure of the human cadaver esophagus after removal from the body was studied by means of an infusion manometric technique. Narrowing the esophageal lumen with extrinsic weight of as little as 50 g resulted in a zone of elevated pressure. The amplitude of the elevated pressure zone was directly related to the infusion rate. Elevations in lower esophageal pressure following fundoplication are probably secondary to extrinsic compression and are not necessary for a good clinical result.


This thesis describes work undertaken to enhance the current understanding of the fundamental mechanics of flexible pipe structures. In particular, this work relates to flexible pipes that are used as flowlines and risers to convey oil and gas in offshore environments. These are subjected to various loadings such as axial, torsional and bending forces, and variations in external and internal pressure. The structure of these pipes is complex, comprising several concentric layers of various materials and includes steel armouring, which also resists the internal pressure due to the fluid. It is the behaviour of the armouring (which in some designs is interlocked) that forms the basis of this thesis. In order to understand the mechanics of this 'pressure armour', the work presented here reduces the layer to its most basic form - that of a helical spring. This rationale has permitted several loading modes to be characterized, including axial loading, internal pressure loading and the combination of axial-internal pressure loading. Analytical solutions were developed for the modes of loading considered, followed by numerical solutions and finally experimental investigation. The results provide a better understanding of armour behaviour and hence can assist in the design of pressure armour. Unexpected, non-conventional responses were seen in helices that were subjected to combined axial and internal pressure loads. Surface contact between adjacent coils in a helix was also studied, given that this is a feature of interlocked pressure armour designs, and when combined with applied loads, this can give rise to failure mechanisms such as fretting fatigue. Attempts were made to understand some of the significant factors in this aspect. Studies were also undertaken to improve the design of pressure armour profiles for use in high pressure environments based on a patented design, the Omega cross-section, which has an interlocking feature.


There face challenges to build power management circuit for microscale electrostatic vibration energy harvesting. Small capacitance variation limited by standard fabrication process is a common obstacle to obtain sufficient transduction for power conversion. The electronic circuit encounters an issue of compatibility to MEMS integration based on available techniques. A key function of the built interface circuit is able to drive and to power the whole system with only power extracted from ambient vibration. Thus, the energy harvesting system becomes completely autonomous without using any extra suppliers or biases. This work is to build an ASIC interface circuit for the MEMS electrostatic energy harvester where range of transducer capacitance is below ∼10 pF. The designed circuit is therefore proper for typical comb-drive overlapping capacitive transducers. The circuit topology consists of three main elements: double charge pump, flyback path and controlling switch. Among them, the switch plays an extremely important role to control the harvesting system. Optimization of switching sequence has significant effect on harvested power from electrostatic transducer. A control circuit is proposed to detect moments and then to turn on/off switch optimally. As a result, the designed circuit is automatic to control the switch during vibration cycles. To be the selfsustaining system, the circuit draws obtained energy stored in reservoir capacitor to power the entire interface circuit. With the current topology including clocking, a net energy of 7.97 nJ is achieved during 1 second when capacitance variation of the transducer has Cmin = 2.156pF and Cmax = 8.624 pF. Alternatively, a voltage-quadrupler circuit topology is designed to be adaptive to the comb-drive overlapping capacitive transducers. A major advantage of this self-sustaining configuration is that by integration of transducer to series-connected rectifier-capacitor combination, output voltage is boosted to infinite value in principle. For example, with an initial voltage 3 V applied for transducer with nominal capacitance of 30 pF, the obtained voltage ramps up to about 14 V after only 40 ms.


Barker and Camerlenghi (2002) proposed that drifts on the continental rise of the Antarctic Peninsula may record a high-resolution record of ice-sheet expansions on the adjacent continental shelf. In their view, laminated sediments were deposited during glacial periods, whereas during interglacial periods, sediment supply to drifts was negligible. As a consequence of low sediment supply, the tops of laminated sequences were bioturbated. Therefore, a bioturbated-laiminated couplet should represent a complete glacial cycle. Bioturbated and laminated (B-L) sediment couplets were compiled from cores at two drift sites obtained from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 178 Sites 1095, 1096, and 1101. If the hypothesis is correct, then coeval sections should have the same number of B-L couplets given that glacial advance to the shelf edge is a major regional event. The comparison shows that the number of couplets in coeval section is similar for only 14% of the sections evaluated. The number of B-L couplets was also compared to the number of peak oscillations on δ18O records. The comparison of the B-L couplets to oscillations on the δ18O record shows that the two cycles agree for only 32% of the sections compared. The pervasive mismatch in the number of B-L couplets with coeval sections indicates that the couplets on the drifts cannot be simply associated with regional advance and retreat of grounded ice to the outer continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula. Bioturbation on the drifts and/or sediment delivery to the drift lacked sufficient spatial continuity to create a consistent record of glacial cycles. The mismatch with cycles on δ18O records likewise shows that B-L couplets on the Antarctic Peninsula cannot be directly related to global-scale ice-volume changes.


Carrier density fluctuations in semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) impose penalties on phase-shift keying (PSK) signals due to nonlinear phase noise (NLPN), and on-off keying (OOK) signals due to self-gain modulation. In this paper, we propose a simple scheme to equalize the impairments induced by SOA nonlinearities, derived from the small signal analysis of carrier density fluctuations. We demonstrate via simulation almost complete cancelation of the NLPN added by a saturated SOA on a differential PSK signal. We demonstrate via both simulations and experiment the effectiveness of the method for mitigation of nonlinear distortions imposed by SOAs on an OOK signal.


Numerous studies have shown a positive association between the marketing concept and performance, however, it is not clear to what degree this relationship is moderated by the business environment. It is also uncertain which dimensions of the Narver and Slater (1990) measure of market orientation explain the relationship. Research conducted in four countries (Australia, China, Singapore and the Netherlands) of 217 companies found a strong association between market orientated strategies and company performance. Further, results of the research suggest that a customer orientated strategy may be a more appropriate strategy for a company to pursue when operating in a disturbed reactive or a turbulent business environment. The societal marketing concept, was found to be positively associated with company performance, and used as a 'pre-emptive' strategy by firms operating in a placid clustered environment. It would thus seem that a customer orientated strategy is more important in very turbulent environments, such as those after September 11th, 2001, than first thought.


This study establishes baseline information about the ways library publishing services integrate user studies of their readers, as well as common barriers to doing so. The Library Publishing Coalition defines library publishing as "the set of activities led by college and university libraries to support the creation, dissemination, and curation of scholarly, creative, and/or educational works." This area includes traditional as well as novel publication types. Results suggest that discussions of library publishing underrepresent engagement with readers but that ample room for increased attention remains. Existing reader-related efforts vary widely and may in some cases be happenstance. These efforts also face key barriers in lack of prioritization, lack of expertise, and lack of control of out-of-the-box platforms.


This paper is based on a project that was attempting to develop the educational use value of computers with young school children 6-9 years as tools for learning to write and read. The project was developed in the form of an action research project that gave me the opportunity to combine practical relevance with the scientific requirements that exist in academia. Teachers were given the opportunity to reflect on their own practice and professional roles, and they were encouraged to think about and eventually change any ingrained approaches in relation to how they work with pupils when helping them to develop writing and reading proficiencies. In this study we used various tools to make everyday life visible and take action, to observe what was happening in the classroom and for reflection on what happened. By using various tools such as focus groups, observations, conversations with teachers and pupils, evening meetings/sessions and journal writing we tried to create an opportunity for reflection, documentation and teacher and researcher development. In the paper results are based partly on our common evening meetings and the discussions and reflections that took place there and partly from individual conversations with teachers at Tower School. The basis for our discussions and reflections on our joint meetings were the teachers' and researcher's diary entries and the researcher's classroom observations. Prior to the meetings prepared teachers by asking yourself the questions that they wanted to discuss the basis of their diary entries. We formed joint meetings on the basis of what has happened in the classroom. The project ran well over the course of just one year. After a year, education restructuring in the region resulted in significant changes within the organization of comprehensive schooling. These changes were significant at the School in that they significantly affected the working conditions for teachers (through redundancies and transfers), their pupils (through teacher changes) and the researcher (through the changed conditions for conducting action research). I applied the concept of Practice Architecture as a theoretical framework for analysing these developments and their effects.


Marginal value theorem (MVT), a key component of optimal foraging theory, aims to model how an individual will most efficiently utilize a resource distributed in patches of varying size and value throughout a habitat. Among the fundamental assumptions of MVT is that foragers will maximize their net energy gain by foraging in a resource patch until reaching the average rate of intake for the habitat. This "give-up time" (GUT) per patch, defined as the time between the final prey capture and departing the patch, should remain constant throughout the habitat as a whole, but vary across habitats of different quality. For example, a rich habitat should have a shorter GUT than that of a poorer habitat because it takes less time to lower the density of each patch to that of the average rate of intake for the habitat. Though tested and supported in avian studies, marginal value theorem has not been thoroughly tested in primates. This study tested whether foraging behavior of captive common squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) conformed to the assumptions of marginal value theorem. In keeping with the predictions of MVT, I hypothesized that there would be a significant difference in GUTs for rich and poor habitat manipulations and no difference in the GUTs of patch types within each manipulation. Subjects foraged on an experimental tree made out of PVC pipe and consisting of twelve horizontal branches stratified into three layers of four branches. A wooden platform supporting six evenly spaced capped film canisters, each containing a small mealworm, was positioned at the end of each branch with each platform signifying a distinct resource patch. Two individuals were selected for use in data collection based on their willingness and aptitude for navigating between feeding platforms and successfully opening the film canisters containing food rewards. Testing included two experimental manipulations, rich and poor, which varied in the number of canisters on each platform that contained mealworms. The rich habitat contained more mealworms per platform than the poor habitat. Furthermore, both manipulations contained two patch types that also varied in the number of mealworms. Trials consisted of releasing one subject into the enclosure containing the experimental tree and recording arrival at a patch, opening a canister, ingesting a mealworm, and departing a patch until all canisters had been opened. Each subject participated in an equal number of rich and poor manipulation tests. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA comparing GUTs showed that as predicted, the GUT of the poor manipulation was significantly higher than that of the rich and there was no


This study examines the knowledge for teaching of prospective secondary physics teachers as related to the subject of sound waves, specifically the topics of sound level and sound intensity. The data is comprised from future teachers' responses to the task in which they had to compose a script for an imaginary dialogue between a teacher and a group of students and provide a commentary elaborating on their instructional choices. The topics selected for the task were chosen intentionally as they provide authentic and rich opportunities to bridge mathematics and science concepts while challenging future teachers to consider logarithmic measurement scale and its role in science. The task provided the beginning of the dialogue, that featured a student's confusion related to the measurement of the sound level using a decibel scale. Future physics teachers were asked to extend this dialogue through describing envisioned instructional interactions that could have ensued. The instructional interchange related to the relationship between sound intensity and sound level, and particular teachers' responses to the student ideas related to the meaning of a decibel sound level scale were categorized as featuring superficial or deep, conceptual or procedural knowledge for teaching. We describe each category using illustrative excerpts from the participants' scripts. We conclude with highlighting the affordances of scriptwriting for teachers, teacher educators, and researchers.


The purpose of this paper is to discuss issues related to the code of ethics in online learning, and responsibilities of students, faculty, and administrators. Students must recognize the ethical imperatives of online learning, and faculty and administrators should enforce the code of ethics requirements consistently, and effectively. How does a professor know that the student who enrolled in the course is the same as the one doing the work online from a distant location? Does the administration explain the mechanisms for dealing with infringements such as plagiarism, and the consequences? Should Professors teach about ethical behavior regardless of the discipline? Do professors teaching online classes use state of the art software to detect ethical misdemeanors in students' work? Should professors who suspect student dishonesty confront and report those students. The questions are simple, and the reader would assume that institutions of higher education have addressed them all. However, have these institutions addressed these issues as effectively as they should? Students cheat in assignments and examinations, and faculty and administrators are too busy to enforce consequences in codes of ethics. There is a need to discuss these issues from time to time to safeguard the integrity of online teaching and learning. The discussion is organized in the following order – introduction, student responsibilities for ethical behavior in online learning, assessing student work, student discussions, responsibilities of faculty and administrators, disciplinary action committees, and conclusion.


The idea for this volume emerged from critical self-reflection about diverse archaeological practices in a session presented at the 13th European Association of Archaeologists Annual Meeting (Zadar, Croatia, 2007), in particular the conflicting relationship between the 'mainstream' and the 'alternative'. The field of so-called 'fringe' or 'alternative' archaeology is vast and multifaceted, ranging from pseudoarchaeology, 'bad' archaeology practices, conspiracy theories and claims about lost civilizations to extraterrestrial cultures, (neo)shamanism, religious and/or nationalist demands. All these agendas have in common the fact that, through their differentiated readings and appropriations of the past, they create solidarities amongst their supporters.


We describe an important elaboration of our multiscale/multiresolution model for solving the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Our previous model emulated the non-uniform distribution of receptors on the human retina and the shifts of visual attention. This model produced nearoptimal solutions of TSP in linear time by performing hierarchical clustering followed by a sequence of coarse-to-fine approximations of the tour. Linear time complexity was related to the minimal amount of search performed by the model, which posed minimal requirements on the size of the working memory. The new model implements the small working memory requirement. The model only stores information about as few as 2–5 clusters at any one time in the solution process. This requirement matches the known capacity of human working memory. We conclude by speculating that this model provides a possible explanation of how the human mind can effectively deal with very large search spaces. Correspondence: Zygmunt Pizlo, Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2081; Phone: (765) 494-6930. Email: email@example.com


Today, some hedge funds attack public companies for the sole purpose of inducing a short-lived panic which they can exploit for profit. This sort of market manipulation harms average investors who entrust financial markets with their retirement savings. While short selling serves a critical function in the capital markets, some short sellers disseminate negative opinion about a company, inducing a panic and sharp decline in the stock price, and rapidly close that position for a profit prior to the price partially or fully rebounding. We urge the SEC to enact two rules which will discourage manipulative short selling. The petition for rule-making on short and distort has been jointly signed by twelve securities law professors nationwide.


Barley hull plays an important role in malt and feed quality and processing. In this study we measured the variation in hull content along with other grain quality traits namely, kernel discolouration and degree of pre-harvest sprouting, in a single mapping population. There were significant (p < 0.05) genetic as well as environment effects. In addition, heritability was calculated for hull content to be 29% and 47% for two years' data. From the analysis, major QTL markers were identified in controlling the expression of hull content on chromosomes 2 (2H), and 6 (6H) with significant (P < 0.05) LOD scores of 5.4 and 3.46 respectively. Minor QTLs were identified on 1 (7H), 4 (4H), 5 (1H) and 7 (5H). The region at marker Bmac310 on 4(4H) could be associated with dormancy gene SD4. A number of the QTLs also coincided with regions for either kernel discolouration or preharvest sprouting resistance (dormancy). The results indicate that variation exists for hull content, which is influenced by both growing environment as well as genetically, although the genetic variance explained less than half of the total variance. Further, hull content also impacts on other grain quality attributes including dormancy, sprouting resistance and kernel appearance.


The argument that the term "Black literature" ought to be applied only to that which emanates from Black writers who are proud of their African ancestry and who affirm in their works an authentic solidarity with Black people is highly suggestive. It calls into question the position of some of the more famous Afro-Hispanic novelists who reveal in their literary output a profound psychological dualism-a marked cultural and racial ambivalence. This ambivalence, in turn, raises the following very serious questions: To what audience or to which world are these Afro-Hispanic writers responding? What social factors contributed to their being numbered among the more famous? Are there Black writers of authentic Black literature who are unable to get their works published? Do pronouncements about mestizaje in Spanish America signify a truly pluralistic outlook on aesthetic matters? The purpose of this essay is twofold. First, an analysis of specific aspects of the works of some Afro-Hispanic novelists will be used to illustrate the authors' ambivalence on racial and cultural issues. Secondly, some of the elements of the socio-historical background of the authors will be examined with an eye to uncovering some of the causes of their ambivalence. In the process, light will be shed on the circumstances of Black writers who are determined to produce authentic Black literature. Attention will be focused, in this analysis, on Cumboto by the Venezuelan Ram6n Diaz Sanchez and on Juyungo by the Ecuadorian Adalberto Ortiz. Adalberto Ortiz, one of the famous Afro-Hispanic writers, has won international acclaim not only for his novels but also for his poetry and short stories. His delineation of a Black protagonist in the novel Juyungo is one of the most vigorous portrayals in Afro-Hispanic fiction. But, in that very novel one of the recurring topics is the cultural and psychological conflict, the contradictory emotions of some mixed personages, a theme that Adalberto Ortiz is able to describe very effectively for, as will be illustrated later in this study, he, too, shares the contradictory tendencies. Among the characters in Juyungo who reveal this conflict is Antonio Angulo. He confesses that because of the racial prejudice and humiliations he has suffered, he at times considered suicide as "the only remedy." He adds: It is difficult for me to live between two worlds, to be an entity just hanging in mid air. I would have wanted to be either totally white or truly Black. And I would be happy.1 He then blames the white-dominated media as one of the multiple factors causing his spiritual duality, his ambivalent emotions: White culture, through the medium of the cinema especially, has placed in our heads the feminine archetype of white beauty. And then what happens to us? The brutal shock between this fiction and the reality shatters the spirit. (p. 102) Throughout the novel there are forceful condemnations of the tendency to debase Blacks, to disrespect their esthetic activities and to minimize their economic contributions to the total national life. An intriguing feature of the novel is that the author does not at times detach himself by using a narrator-reflector for some of his authorial comments. For example, in direct narration, there is a denunciation of white society for its having caused the spiritual conflict in the young mulatto, Antonio Angulo. The novelist maintains that whereas Antonio considered Juyungo "as a symbol of a race dynamic and growing from strength to strength," he, Antonio, "saw himself enveloped in his timidity and a sentiment of inferiority hatched in the heat of a pseudo-white society" (p. 152). It is interesting to note, also, that some of the comments in the novel, are similar to revelations that Adalberto Ortiz made about himself many years later. For example, in his introduction to a collection of his poems published in 1973, Adalberto Ortiz remarked: I am a mulatto, son of mulattoes. …


A new genus and two new species of fresh water isopods from ground waters of the Kimberley region of West Australia are described. This new genus cannot be immediately assigned to an isopod suborder or family because its unique combination of characters encompass many plesiomorphies, as well as synapomorphies with the 'Flabellifera' sensu lata. These features include free pleonites that are subequal except for an enlarged fifth pleonite, broad natatory pleopods, genital pores on medial extensions of the coxae, five pairs of oostegites, true coxal plates, an antennal protopod of three articles, and a rudimentary second flagellum on the antennula. One of the new species, well represented in one sample, is iteroparous and breeds continuously during the winter months. Because the type localities are from limestone fossil reefs not exposed to the marine environment since the Devonian period, these isopods may be remnants of an ancient freshwater stock. Name changes of some setal types are proposed.


Strong coupling of light and matter can give rise to a multitude of exciting physical effects through the formation of delocalized hybrid light-matter states. When molecular materials with high transition dipole moments are placed in the confined fields of metallic microcavities or surface plasmons, Rabi splittings approaching 1 eV are observed due to the interaction with the vacuum electromagnetic field. This leads to fundamental changes in the properties of the coupled system even in the dark. While strong coupling has been extensively studied due to the potential it offers in physics such as room temperature Bose-Einstein condensates and thresholdless lasers, the implications for molecular and material science have remained mostly unexplored. After introducing the fundamental concepts, examples of modified properties under strong coupling, such as enhanced charge transport in organic semiconductors and non-radiative energy transfer, will be given to illustrate the broad potential of light-matter states.


Switching Basins Most of the densest, deepest water at the bottom of the oceans comes from two regions, the North Atlantic and the circum-Antarctic. Have other regions been able to produce significant quantities of deep water in the past? For decades, researchers have looked, with limited success, for evidence of deepwater formation in the North Pacific since the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, about 23,000 years ago. Okazaki et al. (p. 200) combine published observational evidence from the North Pacific with model simulations to suggest that deep water did form in the North Pacific during the early part of the Last Glacial Termination, between about 17,500 and 15,000 years ago. The switch between deep-water formation in the North Atlantic and the North Pacific is likely to have had an important effect on heat transport and climate. The Atlantic was not the only ocean in the Northern Hemisphere in which deep water formed during the last deglaciation. Between ~17,500 and 15,000 years ago, the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation weakened substantially in response to meltwater discharges from disintegrating Northern Hemispheric glacial ice sheets. The global effects of this reorganization of poleward heat flow in the North Atlantic extended to Antarctica and the North Pacific. Here we present evidence from North Pacific paleo surface proxy data, a compilation of marine radiocarbon age ventilation records, and global climate model simulations to suggest that during the early stages of the Last Glacial Termination, deep water extending to a depth of ~2500 to 3000 meters was formed in the North Pacific. A switch of deepwater formation between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific played a key role in regulating poleward oceanic heat transport during the Last Glacial Termination.


Primary health care is essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination. Ethnomedicine is widely recognized as an important element of primary health care. However, there seems to be little understanding of its actual role, with most studies focusing on the therapeutic value and the efficacy of herbs and other pharmacopoeia, rather than the social, cultural and psychological aspects of the same. Thus, ethnomedicine has still not been given its proper place in health care provision especially at the policy-making level. This study set out to investigate the role of ethnomedicine in the provision of primary health care. Specifically, the study sought to investigate the factors that determine the utilization of ethnomedicine; to find out the preventive and treatment procedures used by ethno medical practitioners; and to investigate the role of pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies of ethnomedicine in the prevention and cure of common illnesses and injuries. This study was conducted in Iguhu location, Kakarnega South District, in the Kakamega County of Kenya. The study relied mainly on survey research techniques but supplemented this by observation and secondary data. The sampling unit was the household from which one member was purposively selected. Ethnomedical practitioners were selected purposively through the snowball technique. After data collection, a codebook was developed, and then the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. This study established that the overall influence of the level of educational attainment on the utilization of ethnomedicine is skewed, with respondents at both extremes of the level of education reporting a high rate of utilization, as opposed to those who have attained only secondary school education. The study also established that religious affiliation, the level of income and occupational activities did not have a significant influence on the patterns of utilization of ethnomedicine. However, the study revealed that age, sex and marital status had a significant influence on the utilization of ethnomedicine. The study also found that illnesses and injuries perceived to have been caused by biophysical factors may be prevented and cured by both biomedical and ethnomedical practitioners. However, illnesses and injuries perceived to have been caused by superhuman factors may be prevented by ethnomedical practitioners only employing both pharmacological and non pharmacological therapies. The study detected a very high rate of reported success rates of ethnomedicine. The study concluded that utilization of ethnomedicine remains strongly prevalent in the study area. The study also showed that most respondents mix biomedical and ethnomedical remedial therapies in their health seeking practice. Therefore, ethnomedicine is an integral part of the primary health care system in the study area and other similar rural settings. The study concludes that both ethnomedical and biomedical practitioners show a willingness to cooperate and expressed a desire to learn more from each other


Background: The main aim of this study is to analyze the influence of the external load on the reaction time of the lower limbs of mixed martial arts fighters. Material and methods: The research group consisted of 31 senior MMA fighters (with training experience of at least 10 years, divided into two weight categories: light (66-70 kg) and heavy (over 93 kg) and each of them into two categories: intermediate and advanced). The Keizer Leg Press pneumatic device (Keizer, Fresno, CA, USA) was used to evaluate the reaction time of the lower limbs of MMA fighters. The subjects performed a 20-minute warm-up and then worked on the Keizer Leg Press measuring device according to the manufacturer's protocol. Based on this data, a 10 single repetitions test was performed. The value of the external resistance and the time to the next repetition were not changed to obtain the measurement data. Results: The obtained results indicate a constant deterioration of the value of the RTLBL and RTLL variable when increasing the external load in both studied groups. In the case of advanced players in the 66-70 kg weight group, a clear (statistically significant) increase in the value of the RTLBL and RTLL variable occurred from 70% 1RM, while in the intermediate group it was from 50% 1RM, and from 80% 1RM in the weight category above 93 in both study groups. Growth dynamics was lower in the advanced group in both tested weight categories. Conclusions: Performing the progression of the external load may allow the detection of the dominance of one lower limb and determination of the dynamics of differences in the reaction time of the frontal and back limb in MMA fighters.


Alloteropsis semialata (R.Br.) A.Hitchc. is one of the first perennial grasses in monsoonal Australia to produce seed at the start of the wet season. Patterns of growth and seed production and seed dynamics of Alloteropsis semialata were examined in this study, along with the effects of partial defoliation. Growth of Alloteropsis semialata tussocks started with the first pre-wet-season rains, and was then interrupted during a period with little rain. Growth ceased before the end of the wet season, indicating that factors other than moisture availability were limiting. Seeds of Alloteropsis semialata were germinable on production, but did not remain viable or persist on the soil surface through the dry season. Most seeds and young seedlings were harvested and no seedlings were recruited. Inflorescence production increased with plant size. Moderate defoliation in the early wet season had no impact on plant growth, but reduced inflorescence and seed production for at least 2 years. Absence of a seed bank and early wet-season flowering mean that Alloteropsis semialata is likely to be sensitive to long-term over-grazing.


There is a well-established positive correlation between life-satisfaction measures and income in individual level cross-sectional data. This paper attempts to provide some evidence on whether this correlation reflects causality running from money to happiness. I use industry wage differentials as instruments for income. This is based on the idea that at least part of these differentials are due to rents, and part of the pattern of industry affiliations of individuals is random. To probe the validity of these assumptions, I compare estimates for life satisfaction with those for job satisfaction, present fixed effects estimates, and present estimates for married women using their husbands' industry as the instrument. All these specifications paint a fairly uniform picture across three different data sets. IV estimates are similar to the OLS estimates suggesting that most of the association of income and well-being is causal.


Introduction. Part I: In the Beginning. Chapter 1: Understanding Sainthood. Chapter 2: Angels and the Blessed Virgin. Chapter 3: Starting at the Beginning: Apostles andEvangelists. Part II: Put to the Test. Chapter 4: Overcoming Weakness. Chapter 5: Looking at Undecayed Saints (Incorruptibles). Chapter 6: Holy Martyrs. Chapter 7: Holy Virgins and Religious Women. Part III: Living the Faith. Chapter 8: Leading the Faithful: Saintly Popes. Chapter 9: Founding Fathers and Mothers. Chapter 10: Ruling with Sanctity: Saints of Nobility. Chapter 11: North American Saints. Chapter 12: American Orthodox Saints. Part IV: Explaining the Faith. Chapter 13: Doctors of the Church. Chapter 14: Saintly Pastors. Chapter 15: Latin Fathers of the Church. Chapter 16: Greek Fathers of the Church. Part V: Living with the Saints. Chapter 17: Saintly Shrines, Relics, and Pilgrimages. Chapter 18: Waiting for Their Halos: Saints in the Pipeline. Part VI: The Part of Tens. Chapter 19: Ten Favorite Litanies of the Saints. Chapter 20: Ten Famous Novenas to the Saints. Chapter 21: Ten Popular Shrines of the Saints. Chapter 22: Ten Saintly Families. Part VII: Appendixes. Appendix A: Helping Hands: A Listing of Patron Saints. Appendix B: Patron Saints of Countries and Places. Appendix C: Calendar of Feast Days for the Saints. Index.


Under the National Labor Relations Act ("NLRA"), employees who are supervisors do not have the rights to join or assist labor unions or engage in other concerted activities for mutual aid and protection. The federal courts and the National Labor Relations Board ("NLRB") have longstanding disagreements between and among them over how much authority over what types of working conditions is necessary to render one a supervisor. Recent cases reach conflicting results over issues such as whether nurses who can report co-workers for disciplinary infractions or can direct other employees to perform certain tasks are statutory supervisors who exercise independent judgment. The Supreme Court has twice rejected the NLRB's efforts to clarify the law by narrowing the breadth of vague statutory terms defining supervisors. Because the statutory language invites the meaning of supervisor to be fact dependent and tethered closely to the policy bases for protecting employees' rights to unionize and for excluding supervisors from the protection of those rights, deference to the Board's judgment in line drawing is important. As the Supreme Court prepares to resolve a circuit split over the definition of supervisor under Title VII, it is particularly important to remember that, although the NLRB and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ("EEOC") have adopted similar tests under the two different statutes, the policies underlying the legal definition of supervisor are dramatically different and call for a broad definition of supervisor for Title VII and a narrow definition of supervisor under the NLRA.


We propose a scheme for the implementation of the quantum-controlled phase gate between distant atoms. Two special lasers adiabatically drive an atom trapped in a cavity that unidirectionally couples to the other cavity trapping an atom; then the phase gate between the two atoms is realized by introduction of measurement and local operations. The numerical simulations show that the quality factor of the gate operation is close to unity even if the atomic spontaneous emission is taken into account; the success probability approaches unity in principle.


Approximately 1,275,000 people in the US have a spinal cord injury severe enough to cause some paralysis of the arms and/or legs. Epidural stimulation using implanted multi-electrode stimulating arrays over the lumbosacral spinal cord has recently shown promise in assisting individuals with severe spinal cord injuries to stand, walk, and even facilitate voluntary movement. Both animal model and human studies have shown that sub-threshold facilitation of motor recovery gives the best results. The underlying neural mechanisms by which sub-threshold epidural stimulation leads to motor recovery are incompletely known. This thesis uses computational methods to study the facilitation effect . A neuron is facilitated if a sub-threshold synaptic input can cause a neuronal output under the influence of a stimulating electric field. The analysis in this thesis is based on a computational model of the epidural spinal stimulation process in the rat spinal cord. This model includes a time-domain finite element simulation (using COMSOL®) of the various tissues in the spinal cord with the appropriate anisotropic and frequency-dependent complex relative permittivities. The voltages obtained from the finite element simulations were used as the extracellular voltage in NEURON simulations. A population of neurons were simulated under a wide variety of conditions. These simulations highlight the effect of neuron orientation, location, and synaptic timing as key parameters which influence facilitation. This study indicates that regions of the spinal cord that have previously been ignored may be actively involved in motor recovery. These results may also enable the design of specialized epidural electrode arrays and the design of new stimulation protocols.


To review the existing literature on depression among elderly arising from India. Search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, Google, and Medknow search engines to identify the relevant studies. Most of the literatures that are available are in terms of prevalence of depression. Community-based studies involving 70 to 7,150 elderly subjects report prevalence rate varying from 8.9% to 62.16%. Clinic-based studies involving 50 to 5,260 participants report prevalence rates ranging from 42.4% to 72%. Studies have reported depression to be more common among females. Other demographic factors that have been associated with depression among elderly include being unmarried, divorced or widowed elderly, residing in rural locality, being illiterate, increasing age, lower socioeconomic status, and unemployment. Depression has also been shown to be associated with various psychosocial factors, lifestyle and dietary factors, and presence of chronic physical illness. There are limited data on various therapeutic interventions. Available data suggest usefulness of pranayam, cognitive behavior therapy, and electroconvulsive therapy. The review of data suggests that prevalence of depression among elderly in India is high. However, there is lack of data on symptom profile and limited data is available on various therapeutic interventions for the management of depression in elderly from India. There is urgent need to conduct large multicentric studies to fill this void in research.