Users in various web and mobile applications are vulnerable to attribute inference attacks, in which an attacker leverages a machine learning classifier to infer a target user's private attributes (e.g., location, sexual orientation, political view) from its public data (e.g., rating scores, page likes). Existing defenses leverage game theory or heuristics based on correlations between the public data and attributes. These defenses are not practical. Specifically, game-theoretic defenses require solving intractable optimization problems, while correlation-based defenses incur large utility loss of users' public data.
In this paper, we present AttriGuard, a practical defense against attribute inference attacks. AttriGuard is computationally tractable and has small utility loss. Our AttriGuard works in two phases. Suppose we aim to protect a user's private attribute. In Phase I, for each value of the attribute, we find a minimum noise such that if we add the noise to the user's public data, then the attacker's classifier is very likely to infer the attribute value for the user. We find the minimum noise via adapting existing evasion attacks in adversarial machine learning. In Phase II, we sample one attribute value according to a certain probability distribution and add the corresponding noise found in Phase I to the user's public data. We formulate finding the probability distribution as solving a constrained convex optimization problem. We extensively evaluate AttriGuard and compare it with existing methods using a real-world dataset. Our results show that AttriGuard substantially outperforms existing methods. Our work is the first one that shows evasion attacks can be used as defensive techniques for privacy protection.


Nowadays, many companies collect Voice of the Customer (VOC) in order to understand more about customers and the way they think about the companies or products/services. Many collection methods are being used to capture those valuable resources. This paper introduces "VOC 3.0", a new Voice of the Customer (VOC) collection method through customer co-creation. This new method is aiming to create value with customers through co-creation activities and exploit knowledge residing both in customers and company. This study identifies the differences of VOC 3.0 from other traditional VOC collection methods. We also propose a theoretical framework for VOC 3.0 and introduce the case of Fuji Xerox's Customer Co-creation laboratory's open laboratory as an example of a successful company with VOC 3.0. From this case study, key activities of the collection method are listed by using Process-Workplace-Tool framework. Findings in this study also show the examples of process, workplace and tool that might be key activities in VOC 3.0.


This paper presents a framework called localized support vector machine (LSVM) for classifying data with nonlinear decision surfaces. Instead of building a sophisticated global model from the training data, LSVM constructs multiple linear SVMs, each of which is designed to accurately classify a given test example. A major limitation of this framework is its high computational cost since a unique model must be constructed for each test example. To overcome this limitation, we propose an efficient implementation of LSVM, termed profile SVM (PSVM). PSVM partitions the training examples into clusters and builds a separate linear SVM model for each cluster. Our empirical results show that (1) LSVM and PSVM outperform nonlinear SVM for all 20 of the evaluated data sets and (2) PSVM achieves comparable performance as LSVM in terms of model accuracy but with significant computational savings. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approaches in terms of classifying data with spatial and temporal dependencies.


In order to deploy a residential telephone service at very large scale across different domains, it is necessary for trusted elements owned by different service providers to exchange trusted information that conveys customer-specific information and expectations about the parties involved in the call. This document describes private extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (RFC3261) for supporting the exchange of customer information and billing information between trusted entities in the PacketCable Distributed Call Signaling Architecture. These extensions provide mechanisms for access network coordination to prevent theft of service, customer originated trace of harassing calls, support for operator services and emergency services, and support for various other regulatory issues. The use of the extensions is only applicable within closed administrative domains, or among federations of administrative domains with previously agreed-upon policies where coordination of charging and other functions is required.


Hyaline cartilage is a highly specialized tissue, which plays an important role in the articulating joints of an individual. It provides the joints with a nearly frictionless, impact resisting surface to protect the ends of the articulating bones. Articular cartilage has a poor self-repair capacity and, therefore, it rarely heals back to normal after an injury. Overweight, injuries, overloading and genetic factors may initiate a degenerative disease of the joint called osteoarthritis.Osteoarthiritis is a major global public health issue. Currently, the most used treatment for large articular cartilage defects is joint replacement surgery. However, possibilities to replace this highly invasive operation with strategies based on tissue engineering are currently investigated. The idea of the tissue engineering is to optimize the use of the cells, biomaterials and culture conditions to regenerate a new functional tissue for the defect site.The goal of this thesis was to manufacture cartilage tissue in cell culture conditions in vitro. Bovine primary chondrocytes isolated from the femoral condyles were used in all the experiments for neocartilage production. The samples were collected for histology, gene expression level quantifications, and analyses of proteoglycan (PG) content and quality. The histological sections were stained for type II collagen and PGs, the quantitative RT-PCR was used to observe the relative expressions of aggrecan, Sox9, procollagen α2(I) and procollagen α1(II) genes. The PGs were quantified using a spectrophotometric method, and agarose gel electrophoresis was used to separate the PGs according to their size.In the two first studies, we optimized the culture conditions of in vitro scaffold-free culture technique to produce the native-type hyaline cartilage of a good quality. We found out that high glucose concentration and hypertonic medium at 20% oxygen tension promoted the best hyaline-like neocartilage tissue production. Glucosamine sulfate supplementation, low oxygen tension, 5 mM glucose concentration and a transient TGF-β3 supplementation were not beneficial for the neocartilage formation in the scaffold-free cell culture system.In the third study, we used these newly defined, optimized culture conditions to produce the neocartilage tissues in the HyStem™ and the HydroMatrix™ scaffold materials and we compared these tissues to the ones grown as scaffold-free control cultures. We noticed that there was no difference between the controls and the scaffolds, and occasionally the scaffold-free controls had produced better quality cartilage than the ones with the scaffolds. Overall, the neocartilage tissues were of good hyaline-like quality in the third study. Their extracellular matrix contents were close to the native cartilage, although the neotissues lacked the zonal organization typical to the normal articular cartilage. The tissues had the right components, but their ultrastructure differed from the native cartilage.In conclusion, we were able to optimize our in vitro neocartilage culture method further, and discovered a good combination of the culture conditions to produce hyaline-like cartilage of good quality. Surprisingly, the scaffold materials were not beneficial for the cartilage formation.


Germany has approximately 11,000 municipalities which can make a significant contribution towards achieving national climate targets. The Local Authorities Guideline (LAG) of the German National Climate Initiative (NCI) has been supporting municipalities in designing and implementing climate action since 2008. The aim of the LAG is to provide targeted support to municipalities in achieving GHG mitigation and in establishing a strategic framework for effective climate protection. Over the years, the LAG has continuously been revised and improved. It was evaluated for the first time in 2011, followed by two further evaluation periods 2012-2014 and 2015-2017. A total of more than 8,500 projects were completed by more than 3,000 municipalities. These can be allocated to more than 40 different funding areas, which belong to 5 different funding priorities. The spectrum of funding priorities ranges from initial advice, climate action concepts and climate action management, to numerous investment measures. Due to the complexity and diversity of the LAG, the evaluation faces a number of challenges. Investment as well as informative and strategic approaches must be adequately evaluated. At the time of the evaluation there was no experience available for the evaluation of climate action concepts and climate action management. In our paper we describe the LAG, evaluation methodologies, challenges, and selected findings of the evaluation of the strategic funding priorities. In particular, we focus on the effects of the funding of climate action concepts and climate action managers. We discuss the methodology as well as the results.


This study aims to determine the level of use of spelling, effective sentences, and Indonesian language paragraphs in scientific papers applied by undergraduate students of the State Polytechnic of Bali in the form of theses. This research is important because there is a tendency to use spelling, effective sentences, and paragraphs in student scientific papers that are not in accordance with applicable rules such as prepositions, punctuation. The method used in this study is a qualitative method, while the method of data collection in the form of documentation with qualitative descriptive analysis. Studies on spelling order, each of them scored: Managerial Accounting Study Program 98.73, International Business Study Program 98.96, Tourism Business Management Study Program 99.02, Construction Management Study Program 98.51 with an average rating of 98.80. At the sentence level each gets a value: Managerial Accounting Study Program 83.72, International Business Study Program 85.22, Tourism Business Management Study Program 77.25, and Construction Management Study Program 74.75, while at the paragraph level each value: Accounting Study Program Managerial 70.74, International Business Study Program 61.20, Tourism Business Management Study Program 60.31, and Construction Management Study Program 66.87, with an average rating of 64.78. Thus, it can be concluded that spelling ability, effective sentence, and student paragraphs applied bachelor of Polytechnic Bali is very good.


The ability to collaboratively edit data in distributed environments is essential in our information-based industry. Typically users or systems concurrently access and modify data from different locations for different purposes. Each purpose might require its own representation and subset of the shared data (i.e., a model), for the editor to be productive. Consequently, a multi-model system results, which requires multi-directional synchronization. Although some approaches exist to realize such systems, none of these supports concurrent modifications. To overcome this limitation, we extend previous work on role-oriented model synchronization with a novel conflict detection and resolution approach. Role-oriented programming has been shown to be an adequate paradigm to realize multi-model systems, as it offers separation of concerns at the level of object collaborations and allows to express context-dependent behavior. We evaluate our approach using an employee data management case study and assess the introduced performance overhead.


The current rapid rise of commodity prices comes at a critical moment, as European and U.S. economies stagger in their attempts to regain ground lost in the recent financial crisis. Facing mounting worries and anger from both policymakers and the public, regulators at the most recent G20 summit agreed to address commodity price volatility worldwide. They are bringing forward a number of proposals to improve the regulation, functioning, and transparency of commodity markets. This book collects the findings of a task force composed of financial and nonfinancial firms as well as regulators and academics. It sheds new light on price formation mechanisms in spot and future commodities markets and highlights key drivers of price formation in main commodities markets.


Software Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems based on virtual memory techniques traditionally use the hardware page as the consistency unit. The large size of the hardware page is considered to be a performance bottleneck because of the implied false sharing overheads. Instead, we show that in the presence of a relaxed consistency model and a multiple writer protocol, a large consistency unit is generally not detrimental to performance. We study the tradeoffs between false sharing and aggregation effects when using large consistency units. In this context, this paper makes three separate contributions:1. We document the cost of false sharing in terms of extra messages and extra data being communicated. We find that, for the applications considered, when the virtual memory page is used as the consistency unit, the number of extra messages is small, while the amount of extra data can be substantial.2. We evaluate the performance when the consistency unit is increased to a multiple of the virtual memory page size. For most applications and data sets, the performance improves, except when the false sharing effects include extra messages or a large amount of extra data.3. We present a new algorithm for dynamically aggregating pages. In our algorithm, the aggregated pages do not necessarily need to be contiguous. In all cases, the performance of our dynamic aggregation algorithm is similar to that achieved with the best static page size.These results were obtained by measuring the performance of eight applications on the TreadMarks distributed shared memory system. The hardware platform used is a network of 166Mhz Pentiums connected by a switched 100Mbps Ethernet network.


The CARVE Small Aircraft Data Distribution System acquires the aircraft location and attitude data that is required by the various programs running on a distributed network. This system distributes the data it acquires to the data acquisition programs for inclusion in their data files. It uses UDP (User Datagram Protocol) to broadcast data over a LAN (Local Area Network) to any programs that might have a use for the data. The program is easily adaptable to acquire additional data and log that data to disk. The current version also drives displays using precision pitch and roll information to aid the pilot in maintaining a level-level attitude for radar/radiometer mapping beyond the degree available by flying visually or using a standard gyro-driven attitude indicator. The software is designed to acquire an array of data to help the mission manager make real-time decisions as to the effectiveness of the flight. This data is displayed for the mission manager and broadcast to the other experiments on the aircraft for inclusion in their data files. The program also drives real-time precision pitch and roll displays for the pilot and copilot to aid them in maintaining the desired attitude, when required, during data acquisition on mapping lines.


Recent advances in computing and sensor technologies have facilitated the emergence of increasingly sophisticated and complex cyber-physical systems and wireless sensor networks. Moreover, integration of cyber-physical systems and wireless sensor networks with other contemporary technologies, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (i.e. drones) and fog computing, enables the creation of completely new smart solutions. By building upon the concept of a Smart Mobile Access Point (SMAP), which is a key element for a smart network, we propose a novel hierarchical placement strategy for SMAPs to improve scalability of SMAP based monitoring systems. SMAPs predict communication behavior based on information collected from the network, and select the best approach to support the network at any given time. In order to improve the network performance, they can autonomously change their positions. Therefore, placement of SMAPs has an important role in such systems. Initial placement of SMAPs is an NP problem. We solve it using a parallel implementation of the genetic algorithm with an efficient evaluation phase. The adopted hierarchical placement approach is scalable, it enables construction of arbitrarily large SMAP based systems.


Recent advances in genomic research have generated vast amounts of information that can help identify individuals who differ in their susceptibility to a particular disease or response to a specific treatment. This information may offer solutions for the treatment of complex chronic diseases that are influenced by a wide array of factors. This vast amount of information brings critical challenges in applying advanced technology to synthesize clinical-genomic patient data. Synthesizing this information is necessary to derive the knowledge that would empower physicians to provide personalized care with the best possible therapeutic interventions. We used statistical methods and data mining approaches to understand clinical-genomic risk factors that differentiate Type II Diabetes cases from healthy controls. We investigated whether inclusion of genomic risk factors in conjunction with clinical information improves classification accuracy. We also demonstrate how a biased and an unbiased method for selection of risk associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) effect clustering along with clinical information. We determined the optimal method based on its clustering performance.


Dengue has become a major public health problem in the last few decades with India contributing significantly to the overall disease burden. Most of the cases of Dengue from India are reported during Monsoon season. The vector population of dengue is affected by seasonal rainfall, temperature and humidity fluctuations. Rajasthan is northwestern state of India, which has shown several dengue outbreaks in the past. In this paper we have tried to analyze the effects of annual cumulative rainfall on Dengue incidence in one of the largest and severely affected states of India. Retrospective data for Dengue incidence and Rainfall for the state of Rajasthan was collected and Pearson's coefficient correlation was calculated as a measure of association between the variables. Our results indicate that annual cumulative rainfall shows a strong positive correlation with dengue incidence in the state of Rajasthan. Such analyses have the potential to inform public health official about the control and preparedness for vector control during monsoon season. This is the first study from the Indian state of Rajasthan to assess the impact of annual rainfall on dengue incidence, which has seen several dengue outbreaks in the past.


Abstract In his political writings, Hobbes consistently distinguishes between "natural" and "artificial" commonwealths—those that arise from the family, and those created by mutual covenants. Although he insists that "both have the same right of government," closer examination of Hobbes's accounts of the family reveals that it is a radically deficient model for the state, and that Hobbes was engaged in a polemic against both republicans and absolutists who claimed that parental power was natural, prior to, and even a model for the power of civil sovereigns. For Hobbes, a state based on parental rule is dangerously unstable, exacerbating the mutual fears of parents and children. The "office of the sovereign representative" defuses this conflict, and within the commonwealth, the family is denaturalized and reconstituted as an educative institution whose purpose is to reinforce the artificial sovereign by schooling both parents and children in the miseries of personal rule.


pUBlICATIONS_STANdARdS/pUBlICATIONS/RIGhTS/INdEx.hTMl fOR MORE INfORMATION. T his article proposes an architecture for an intelligent surveillance system, where the aim is to mitigate the burden on humans in convent ional sur vei l lance systems by incorporating intelligent interfaces, computer vision, and autonomous mobile robots. Central to the intelligent surveillance system is the application of research into planning and decision making in this novel context. In this article, we describe the robot surveillance decision problem and explain how the integration of components in our system supports fully automated decision making. Several concrete scenarios deployed in real surveillance environments exemplify both the flexibility of our system to experiment with different representations and algorithms and the portability of our system into a variety of problem contexts. Moreover, these scenarios demonstrate how planning enables robots to effectively balance surveillance objectives, autonomously performing the job of human patrols and responders.


This thesis examines conflicts and congruities between memories of past political violence, and the implications these have for attempts to enable 'justice' and 'reconciliation' in Cambodia. The project takes the establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) as a starting point that seeks to stabilise a narrow account of past political violence. The ECCC is important as a point of departure because it is the main institutional site through which Cambodia is confronting past political violence. Tasked with prosecuting crimes perpetrated by Khmer Rouge between 1975 and 1979, the ECCC promotes a restricted reading of political violence in Cambodia, attempting to silence some pasts whilst calling attention to others. At the same time, the work of the ECCC situates the past as a field of intervention that can yield particular ameliorative social and political outcomes: providing a sense of justice, establishing the truth of political violence in Cambodia, deterring the future perpetration of atrocity, and enabling reconciliation. Memory is integral to these ends as the key target of civic renewal. Based on eight months of fieldwork in 2008/9 conducted at multiple sites in Cambodia, the project critically reflects on the ECCC's attempt to generate a unified and consensual account of political violence in Cambodia. Three key findings are evidenced. Firstly, whilst the ECCC attempts to frame and stabilise a preferred account of political violence through a judicial process that reconstructs memory through disclosure and concealment, this process itself is contested by the subjects it animates (its 'victims' and 'perpetrators'). Moreover, I argue that the work of the ECCC actually catalyses multiple, often conflicted claims over what justice and reconciliation mean as socio-political strategies. The ECCC continues to generate unintended and unexpected results in the way that it platforms, recues and generates demands of the past. Secondly, the research findings evidence diverse and competing regimes of memory in Cambodia that call into question the possibilities of the ECCC in reconstructing a unified, shared public memory of political violence in Cambodia, and providing a sense of justice and reconciliation on that basis. These are frequently encountered exactly at the propagation of the ECCC preferred reading of past political violence, gesturing to the way that conflicting memory occurs – or is foregrounded – in resistance to power. Thirdly, the research findings evidence competing rationales for remembering and forgetting political violence in varied ways (for example, material priorities, tourism, and attendant commercial interests). Moreover, the thesis documents ambivalence among some Cambodians toward memorials and museums and the pasts that they call attention to. In this sense, the project shows how these ambivalences are dislocated from and eschew the moral authority of the rationales grounding the ECCC's work (providing a sense of justice and facilitating reconciliation in the name of continued memories of political violence).


The European labor market allows for the border-free mobility of workers across 31 countries that cover most of the continent's population. However, rates of migration across European countries remain considerably lower than interstate migration in the United States, and spatial variation in terms of unemployment or income levels is larger. We document patterns of migration in Europe, which include a sizable migration from east to west in the last twenty years. An analysis of worker-level microdata provides some evidence for an international convergence in wage rates and for modest static gains from migration. We conclude by discussing obstacles to migration that reduce the potential for further labor market integration in Europe.


Shortlisted for the Design History Society Scholarship Prize 2001-2002 What do things mean? What does the life of everyday objects after the check-out reveal about people and their material worlds? Has the quest for the real thing become so important because the high tech world of total virtuality threatens to engulf us? This pioneering book bridges design theory and anthropology to offer a new and challenging way of understanding the changing meanings of contemporary human-object relations. The act of consumption is only the starting point in objects lives. Thereafter they are transformed and invested with new meanings that reflect and assert who we are. Defining design as things with attitude differentiates the highly visible fashionable object from ordinary artefacts that are taken for granted. Through case studies ranging from reproduction furniture to fashion and textiles to clutter, the author traces the connection between objects and authenticity, ephemerality and self-identity. But beyond this, she shows the materiality of the everyday in terms of space, time and the body and suggests a transition with the passing of time from embodiment to disembodiment.


In this work, we present a low-complexity linear precoding scheme for downlink large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. The proposed scheme can achieve near minimum mean square error (MMSE) precoding performance in terms of the sum rate and is based on a matrix polynomial instead of matrix inversion. Simulation results show that matrix polynomials consisting of only a few terms are sufficient to closely approach the sum rate of the classical MMSE precoder and to perform orders of magnitude better than the simple conjugate beamforming (BF) precoder. We derive exact expressions for the computational complexity of the proposed scheme in terms of the number of additions and multiplications and compare it to the complexity of the BF and MMSE precoders. Our complexity analysis shows that for large number of base station antennas N compared to the number of generated transmit symbols τ per channel estimate and large number of users K, the proposed polynomial precoder has a lower complexity than the classical MMSE precoder.


The problem of obtaining a single attosecond pulse with high-order harmonics generation is considered. A method for producing an exciting light pulse with a time-dependent degree of ellipticity from a one-frequency linearly polarized laser pulse by means of linear optics is suggested. The whole of the field generated with a limited beam of this light in a gas target is calculated in the far zone. For this calculation we use an original method based on the time approach of a theory of high-order harmonic generation. Contrasted and intense (focused) single attosecond soft-x-ray pulses are calculated by suppression of the low-frequency part of the field to as many as 11 harmonics of exciting frequency. The possibility of suppressing the low-frequency part of the field with pinholes is shown.


High mass stars (stars with mass M > 8 Msolar) are one of the most fundamental building blocks in the Universe. Deeply embedded in the dense clouds at further distances than their low mass counterparts, the forming processes of these fast evolving objects are still unclear. In the earliest phases of the high mass star forming regions (HMSFRs), many complicated astrophysical processes,
such as fragmentation, accretion, inflows and outflows are coexistent that dynamic studies are not enough to understand all the mysteries. Therefore, chemistry has developed into a powerful tool in probing the nature of them.
With the aim of understanding the chemical and physical processes in the very beginning of high mass star formation, I selected a series of HMSFRs at different evolutionary stages, and studied their chemical-physical properties via high spatial resolution observations at (sub)mm wavelengths.
The results can be summarised shortly as follows:
1. At a spatial resolution of 10 Msolar) than the Jeans mass of the large-scale clump, indicating that thermal motions is not the dominant support to against collapse, and high mass stars may form in a "scaled up" version similar to the low mass stars.
2. Observations at a spatial resolution of 1 000 AU resolve NGC 7538 S into at least 3 fragments, having comparable sizes and masses derived from continuum emissions. However, these fragments exhibit distinguishing spectral line emissions at 1.3 mm wavelength, revealing different
evolutionary stages. Combing with a 1-D gas-grain model fitting, for the first time, this project suggests that these fragments may result from different warm-up paces after synchronised fragmentation, and that the warm-up processes from one stage to another is rapid.
3. Chemical variations at small scales may be caused by the evolutionary stage diversity of fragments, but may also come from chemical difference of molecular species. With the first complimentary data obtained from both interferometric and single-dish telescopes at 1.3 mm, I
analysed the continuum and spectral line features at a spatial resolution of 1 200 AU in Orion-KL. From the central warmer condensations to the cooler outflow regions, gas temperatures and densities differ, leading to spatial distribution inhomogeneity and abundance diversity of
nitrogen (N-) bearing, sulfur (S-) bearing and oxygen (O-) bearing molecules.
4. Even at a spatial resolution of 1 000 AU, NGC 7538 IRS1 remains unresolved. At 1.3 mm, this core has a unique spectrum at the continuum peak: a majority of the lines exhibit absorption feature, while at least 3 lines from CH3OH and HCOOCH3 exhibit strong, pure emission.
I proposed several hypotheses, attempting to interpret this by source geometry and/or line excitation states.
5. Complex organic molecules (COMs) are ubiquitously detected in the hot molecular cores (HMCs). Thanks to the high sensitivity observations, I identified several low abundant COMs demonstrating complicated chemistry in my sources.
6. In addition to the fragmentation process, the high mass starless cores are not completely chemically quiescent. None line detection in 4 infrared dark clouds at 1.1 mm may indicate these regions are in the early, cold evolutionary stage. However, detection of several dense gas
tracers (> 5rms) especially at 3 mm, implies the presence of active gas phase chemistry.
From our study, chemistry is an efficient tool in diagnosing evolutionary events coexistent at the
small scales of HMSFRs.


Single particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) is often performed under the assumption that particles are freely floating away from the air-water interfaces and in thin, vitreous ice. In this study, we performed fiducial-less tomography on over 50 different cryoEM grid/sample preparations to determine the particle distribution within the ice and the overall geometry of the ice in grid holes. Surprisingly, by studying particles in holes in 3D from over 1,000 tomograms, we have determined that the vast majority of particles (approximately 90%) are adsorbed to an air-water interface. The implications of this observation are wide-ranging, with potential ramifications regarding protein denaturation, conformational change, and preferred orientation. We also show that fiducial-less cryo-electron tomography on single particle grids may be used to determine ice thickness, optimal single particle collection areas and strategies, particle heterogeneity, and de novo models for template picking and single particle alignment.


A ground‐penetrating radar survey was conducted inside the Cathedral of Tarragona in order to explore the first 2 m beneath the ground surface. Initial processing and interpretation revealed a square perimeter related to a massive structure between 1 and 1.4 m below the ground surface. The results of the survey were used to test geostatistical tools by achieving a quantified data analysis and by filtering the data. The data analysis provided a description of the resolution and of the spatial distribution of the data. It included the characterization of the acquisition noise that was then filtered out by factorial kriging. This filtering technique allowed removing the acquisition noise, before the time‐slice computation or any interpolation of the data, using weights of interpolation that are based on the spatial variations of the data. Having performed the filtering on the data at acquisition sampling allowed the use of optimized parameters for the visualization of the results, without having to remove remaining acquisition noise with the visualization operators. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Globally, South Africa (SA) is disproportionately affected by the epidemics of  tuberculosis (TB) and the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1). The intersection of these two diseases has resulted in an unprecedented disease burden. It is estimated that 12.2% of South Africans are HIV-infected – a total of 6.4 million people, the largest number in any country in the world. SA has the second highest annual incidence of TB after Swaziland – approximately 1% of the population develop active TB disease each year (an estimated 530 000 people in 2012). While SA comprises 0.7% of the world's population, it is estimated that of all cases of HIVassociated TB that occur worldwide annually, 30% are in SA.


The paper discusses the restricted distribution and interpretation of "referential" null subjects in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). It shows that referential null subjects in BP behave like obligatorily controlled PRO and argues, following Hornstein (1999, 2001), that they should be analyzed as traces (deleted copies) of A-movement. The proposal is that with the weakening of the verbal inflection in BP, finite Ts became ambiguous in bearing a complete or an incomplete set of φ-features. When the incomplete version is selected in an embedded clause, T is not able to value the Case of the DP in its Spec, which then remains active and may undergo further A-movement. If the movement lands in a θ-position, we obtain a finite control construction; if the landing site is not a θ-position, we obtain a hyper-raising construction, instead.


BACKGROUND
Common first aid tourniquets, like the Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) of a windlass and band design, can have the band routed through the buckle in three different ways, and recent evidence indicates users may be confused with complex doctrine.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the present study is to measure the differential performance of the three possible routings in order to better understand good tourniquet practice.

METHODS
A training manikin was used by two investigators to measure tourniquet effectiveness, time to stop bleeding, and blood loss.

RESULTS
The effectiveness rate was 99.6% (239/240) overall. RESULTS were similar for both single-slit routings (inside vs. outside, p > 0.05). Effectiveness rates (yes-no results for hemorrhage control expressed as a proportion of iterations) were not statistically different between single and double routing. However, the time to stop bleeding and blood loss were statistically different (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
CAT band routing, through the buckle either singly or doubly, affects two key performance criteria: time to stop bleeding and volume of blood lost. Single routing proved to be faster, thereby saving more blood. Learning curves required to optimize user performance varied over 30-fold depending on which variable was selected (e.g., effectiveness vs. blood loss).


Benefits provided by the natural environment that support future human wellbeing are increasingly being compromised by human activities. Consequently, the effects of socio-economic and environmental drivers on the future provision of these "ecosystem services" are highly uncertain. It is therefore increasingly important that decision-makers in policy and practice assess the range of futures that they may face, in order to adapt effectively so that the essential functions that ecosystems perform to support human wellbeing can be maintained. This paper therefore reviews futures research tools for the roles they may play in developing and implementing ecosystem services policy and practice. It unpacks their scope, purpose and efficacy, and evaluates how successfully s h futures tools have been used to work with ecosystem services. It provides a typology of futures tools based on the epistemological beliefs that underpin them and the extent to which they construct futures as a directed or emergent process. It considers futures tools for assessing ecosystem services ranging from the qualitative to quantitative. The paper concludes that futures tools for assessing and planning for ecosystem service futures must be flexible, heterogeneous, scalable, transparent, valid and useable by stakeholders.


Correspondence accounts of the relationship between contract and promise hold either that contract law is justified to the extent it enforces a corresponding moral responsibility for a promise or unjustified to the extent it undermines promissory morality by refusing to enforce a corresponding moral responsibility for a promise. In this Article, I claim that contract scholars have mistakenly presumed that they can assess the correspondence between contract and promise without first providing a theory of self-imposed moral responsibility that explains and justifies the promise principle. I argue that any plausible theory of self-imposed moral responsibility is inconsistent with a strong correspondence account, which would impose legal liability for all promises, including promises intended not to be legally enforceable. To illustrate the dependence of correspondence accounts of contract law on a theory of self-imposed moral responsibility, I demonstrate how a "personal sovereignty" account of individual autonomy - one of the most familiar and intuitive theories of self-imposed moral responsibility - explains how and why, contrary to existing correspondence theories, promissory responsibility corresponds to the objective theory of intent. I then use the personal sovereignty account to demonstrate why a theory of self-imposed moral responsibility is necessary to determine whether contract remedies correspond to the remedial moral rights and duties that attach to violations of promissory responsibilities. I argue that the personal sovereignty account explains how and why promissory morality corresponds to most remedial contract doctrines, including the bar against mandatory punitive damages, the foreseeability limitation on consequential damages, the mitigation doctrine, and expectation damages, the paradigm example of a contract doctrine alleged to conflict with promissory morality. Finally, I argue that personal sovereignty also explains and justifies the doctrines of consideration and promissory estoppel. Correspondence theorists, therefore, can defend their critiques of contract law only by rejecting the personal sovereignty theory of self-imposed moral responsibility, defending an alternative theory, and explaining why any resulting divergence between contract law and its requirements is objectionable. Absent such a theory, correspondence accounts of contract law have no foundation.


Acidosis is the most dangerous complication of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Although the carotid bodies (CBs) network is essential for pH regulation, neither binuclear neurons (BNN) nor their functions have been mentioned so far in the literature. The aim of this study was to investigate the crucial roles of mononuclear (MNN) or BNN in CBs on acidosis following SAH. Twenty‐five hybrid rabbits were used. Five rabbits were used as a control group, six for sham, and the remaining 14 rabbits were used as the study group by injection of 1 mL of autologous arterial blood into the cisterna magna to produce SAH. Normal and degenerated MNN/BNN densities of CBs were counted by stereological methods. The mean blood pH values were: 7.362 ± 0.041 in the control group; 7.324 ± 0.064 in sham, 7.272 ± 0.062 in the SAH group. The degenerated MNN and BNN values were 5 ± 1/mm3 and 9 ± 3/mm3 in the control group; 15 ± 5/mm3 and 22 ± 6/mm3 in sham, 965 ± 113/mm3 and 1532 ± 176/mm3 in the SAH group. Mean pH values were under 7.212 ± 0.130 in animals with prominent degenerated BNN. The differences between MNN/pH changes were significant between the SAH and control groups (P < 0.005); whereas BNN/pH values were significant between the SAH and sham groups (pH < 0.005), SAH and control (P < 0.0001). BNN degeneration could result in more severe acidosis than MNN following SAH which has not been described so far.


The Virtual Learning Network (VLN) provides schools, particularly those in rural and remote areas, with the opportunity to cooperate to expand curricular offerings for their students. Each school that participates in a VLN cluster contributes at least one course delivered by an e-teacher, allowing member schools access to any course offered through the VLN that they cannot offer locally. At present, there is no formal national training for the e-teachers, although individual clusters offer a range of training opportunities. This case study focused on the e-teachers' perceptions of the learning curve required for them to be adequately and effectively prepared to teach in the virtual environment. Results indicated that the experiences of e-teachers in this new learning environment were positive, but still embedded in the norm of a school. Further, e-teachers desired professional development beyond learning how to use the technology, but wanted more assistance in developing their pedagogy to work in the online environment. It is recommended that VLN cluster administration, and the Ministry of Education, provide a range of professional development opportunities in a variety of formats. The focus of this professional development should move beyond the technological tools and focus on how to use those tools in a virtual learning environment.


The massive numbers of sperm males transfer during a single mating are physiologically costly and the amount of sperm that can be stored is limited. Therefore, males can perform only a finite number of successive copulations without loss of fertility, and males should allocate sperm prudently. We investigated sperm availability and depletion in male black scavenger flies, Sepsis cynipsea (Diptera: Sepsidae), asking whether males adjust copula duration according to nutrition, their sperm stores, their own and their partner's body size, as predicted by theory. We created a gradient of sperm limitation by restricting dung (their protein resource as adults) and subjecting males to a varying number of copulations. While male fertility did not depend on access to fresh dung (contrary to females), it did decline after three copulations, and more so when males were small. Larger females tended to lay more unfertilized eggs after copulating with previously mated males. However, copula duration was not influenced by a male's number of previous copulations, and therefore apparently not by his current sperm stores. Nevertheless, copula duration varied with male size, with small males copulating longer, and with female size, as copulations lasted longer with larger females, suggesting that males are investing more sperm in larger, more fecund females. While male copula adjustments to their own nutrition and body size may be simple (proximate) physiological responses, responses to female size indicate more strategic and sophisticated sperm-allocation strategies than previously thought.


This literature review aimed to synthesize the existing research on group dynamic interventions that are designed to enhance individual leadership development in organisations. Such interventions are typically intended to help leaders learn about both themselves and interpersonal relationships. A systematic mixed studies literature review with an integrated design was undertaken. The selection process resulted in nine articles that met the inclusion criteria. The scarcity of studies means that no reliable conclusion could be drawn on the sizes of effects and, thus, whether group dynamic interventions are effective or not. Given this situation, four tendencies could still be identified. First, interventions involving practical skills (e.g., problem-solving techniques) appear to be effective. Second, interventions focusing on inner processes (e.g., self-awareness, self-acceptance, and sensitivity to group processes) appear to have some favourable effects. Third, little evidence was found regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving leaders' interpersonal skills. Fourth, identified enablers and neutralizers include group characteristics, facilitator qualities, intervention goals and focus, a safe climate, and opportunities for practice. The lack of evidence regarding effectiveness does not mean that group dynamic interventions are ineffective. It means only that more research is necessary to evaluate this type of developmental intervention.


Recent advances in digital technology have expanded the adoption of computer modeling software in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry. This adoption has also initiated changes to curricula and teaching dynamics. In particular, in the field of construction engineering and management, visualization software is being implemented to support students' learning and cognition. One example is simulation games, such as the Virtual Construction Simulator (VCS), developed and implemented to engage students in an active learning environment by simulating the planning and management of a construction project. The previous version of the VCS has shown great potential in enhancing students' motivation and basic learning of dynamic construction concepts, traditionally acquired through practical experience. A new version has been developed utilizing the ADDIE (analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate) framework for the design of instructional material. Through the development of the VCS4, we aim to illustrate how a rigorous analysis of cognitive models and theories, instructional design guidelines for multimedia learning, fundamentals of human computer interaction theories, and 4D simulation guidelines, can support the design and development of an educational simulation game. The game is designed using several modules to target differing levels of experience from outreach efforts of high school students and underclassmen, to senior construction engineering students in technical courses. Three different learning modules, with scaled learning objectives, were developed to target undergraduate to graduate students learning about construction engineering and management. The design of the game was dictated from new game mechanics and features, which aim at supporting the engagement as well as the acquisition of higher order cognitive skills. Additionally, the development will illustrate the dynamic nature of the VCS4 by using Building Information Models for the development of additional learning modules. The presented work illustrates how the influence of instructional theories and design can support the generation of a new learning platform for construction engineering and management.


The Li Ka Shing Library recently included a new section, "Heat Maps" on the library website, providing users instant access to the physical occupancy spaces across all the different levels in the library. The indoor location-aware system is one in the latest slew of additions in tracking the library patrons' visitations. It is the first of the many forms of library usage data sources that seek to provide an impetus in engaging the SMU community through real-time data visualizations. This enhances the perception of SMU Libraries as a creative nexus that nurtures and champions innovative methods of information access through technology innovations. This paper details the various forms of library usage data sources and how they impact the student patrons' experience. It also outlines a case study on how data harnessed solutions can further foster a safe space that enriches and embodies the SMU Libraries experience.


A theoretical model is reported for spontaneous mode locking in mixed-broadened laser oscillators. Experimental observations of this effect have been available for many years, but no rigorous interpretation has been given. Numerical calculations emphasize the case of a high-gain xenon laser, for which extensive experimental data have been published. Complex pulsation characteristics are observed as the cavity length and pumping rate are varied, and the theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental data.


This work presents recent advances on morphodynamic modeling of bed forms under unsteady discharge. This paper includes further development of a morphodynamic model proposed earlier by Giri and Shimizu (2006a). This model reproduces the temporal development of river dunes and accurately replicates the physical properties associated with bed form evolution. Model results appear to provide accurate predictions of bed form geometry and form drag over bed forms for arbitrary steady flows. However, accurate predictions of temporal changes of form drag are key to the prediction of stage‐discharge relation during flood events. Herein, the model capability is extended to replicate the dune–flat bed transition, and in turn, the variation of form drag produced by the temporal growth or decay of bed forms under unsteady flow conditions. Some numerical experiments are performed to analyze hysteresis of the stage‐discharge relationship caused by the transition between dune and flat bed regimes during rising and falling stages of varying flows. The numerical model successfully simulates dune–flat bed transition and the associated hysteresis of the stage‐discharge relationship; this is in good agreement with physical observations but has been treated in the past only using empirical methods. A hypothetical relationship for a sediment parameter (the mean step length) is proposed to a first level of approximation that enables reproduction of the dune–flat bed transition. The proposed numerical model demonstrates its ability to address an important practical problem associated with bed form evolution and flow resistance in varying flows.


It is astonishing how long it can take from the first idea to the industrial success of a laser technology product. Three laser technologies in which TRUMPF participated will be investigated from conception to realization. The first case study focuses on the diffusion cooled coaxial CO2 laser geometry with diffraction limited resonators. The second case study highlights some of the stages along the very successful route to implementation of the thin disk laser; from the conception at the IFSW and the ITP, both in Stuttgart, to the successful industrial installations in automotive applications. Finally the development of high power diodes for diode pumped solid state lasers is also discussed.


Missouri Medicine |september/october 2016 | 113:5 | 407 As people age, the main valve controlling the flow of blood out of the heart can narrow, causing heart failure, and sometimes death. In the past the only way to repair the damage was risky open-heart surgery. But an ingenious medical device now allows the heart to be repaired using a catheter that introduces a replacement valve through a main artery in the leg—another miracle of modern medicine. In 2011, more than four years after they hit the European market, the Food and Drug Administration finally approved aortic heart valves for use in the U.S. The total cost of the new procedure is about the same as open-heart surgery. But government bureaucrats feared that the new replacement valve's lower risks and easier administration would mean that many more elderly patients would seek to fix their failing heart valves, pushing up Medicare's total spending. To limit their use, regulators created coverage rules based on a set of strained medical criteria. It was a budget prerogative masquerading as clinical reasoning.


Although the rare earth elements have been thought by many to be immobile in hydrothermal fluids, we have known since the first attempts to separate them in the early nineteenth century that they are soluble in aqueous solutions. Driven by a need to isolate individual REEs for industrial applications, and more recently to explore for them, we have started to develop an understanding of their solubility and speciation in hydrothermal fluids. This knowledge is allowing us to understand the processes that promote their transport in the Earth's crust, their concentration, and their fractionation.


Recently criticisms of religion have been met by violence and threats of violence, the most infamous being the murder in Paris of several editors of the satirical weekly, Charlie Hebdo. The phenomenon of killing or threatening to kill those who insult you or your way of life has come to be known as the assassin's veto. These events raise anew a basic question for liberal societies: how much expression must a free society tolerate?The United States Supreme Court has generally restricted government limits on speech. Some speech, however, does not receive protection, including expressions closely tied to violence. In the past, "fighting words" were judged unprotected by the First Amendment; the development of Court doctrine has largely eliminated this exception. American jurisprudence is based on the assumption that protections for freedom of expression will not long endure if they can be abandoned when the message is particularly repellent or its target especially sympathetic.European law also protects freedom of expression, although in a less robust way than does U.S. law. Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights subjects freedom of speech to important limitations understood generally as "hate speech." In contrast to the United States, officials may apply criminal or civil sanctions to prohibited political advocacy.The United States faces a choice. Should it defend the right to offend, or opt instead to champion a right not to be offended? We have learned from hard experience in the United States that free expression cannot long survive without protecting outrageous and offensive speech.


Encrusting algae are conspicuous components of hard-substratum benthic communities in the photic zone despite being poor competitors and slow growers. Little is known about their growth rates or about mechanisms controlling key processes such as wound healing and surviving overgrowth. We manipulated 12 crustose species (including red and brown algae and a lichen) from the intertidal zone of Washington, USA, studying their varying responses to identical experimental conditions. Three of 8 crust species tested showed increased growth rates with size. Species healed from standardized wounds at different rates and using different mechanisms (e.g. lateral vs vertical regeneration) as seen in cross-sections. Three species showed altered growth rates at unwounded margins of wounded crusts, suggesting intrathallus communication. Year-long experiments involving simulated overgrowth showed that some species can maintain healthy tissue in a covered area, and one (the coralline Lithothamnion phymatodeum) even grew new tissue there. Other species gradu- ally lost color, thickness, and area in covered areas. Hildenbrandia occidentalis survived remarkably well when covered, possibly due to its very slow growth and low metabolic demand. One suggested mechanism underlying the high variation in responses among crusts is the degree to which their thalli may be anatomically integrated by features such as cell fusions; physiological work testing translo- cation via these features is needed. Other mechanisms allowing persistence include rapid wound healing and frequent recruitment.


— This paper presents a unique design for flying capac- itor type multilevel inverters with fault-tolerant features. When a single-switch fault per phase occurs, the new design can still pro- vide the same number of converting levels by shorting the fault power semiconductors and reconfiguring the gate controls. The most attractive point of the proposed design is that it can undertake the single-switch fault per phase without sacrificing power converting quality. Future more, if multiple faults occur in different phases and each phase have only one fault switch, the pro- posed design can still conditionally provide consistent voltage converting levels. This paper will also discuss the capacitor balancing approach under fault-conditions, which is an essential part of con-trolling flying capacitor type multilevel inverters. Suggested fault diagnosing methods are also discussed in this paper. Computer simulation and lab results validate the proposed controls.


Throughout development, nuclei must be assembled following every cell division to establish a functional organelle from compact, mitotic chromatin. During nuclear organogenesis, chromatin expands to establish a nucleus of a given size seperate from the cytoplasm. Determining how nuclear organogenesis is regulated is particularly significant in the context of certain cancers in which scaling relationships between cell and nuclear sizes are not maintained. Controlling cell size in vitro using a microfluidics approach, we determined that neither nuclear volume nor surface area scale directly with cell size. Looking to explain differential nuclear scaling relationships, we developed a simple mechano-chemical mathematical model. In simulating biological perturbations in silico, our model predicted crucial roles for nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking in regulating nuclear expansion and in restricting the recruitment of a potential nuclear surface area factor. In mammalian tissue culture, inhibiting nuclear export increased nuclear expansion rates and reduced the amount of nuclear lamin, a candidate surface area factor, being recruited to assembling nuclei, supporting our model's predictions. Targeting the principal nuclear export component in the Drosophila syncytial embryo, Embargoed, we show that nuclear expansion rates are also increased in this developmental context, consistent with our model. Using the MS2-reporter system in fly embryos, we demonstrate a role for nuclear export in regulating transcription activation timing and dynamics, suggesting that regulating nuclear assembly is crucial for downstream nuclear function. Taken together, we propose a simple model through which nuclear organogenesis is achieved and demonstrate a role for nuclear export in regulating nuclear assembly.


The task to identify a subset of about 400 terms highly relevant to crop wild relatives was performed as a continuation to an earlier project where a set of about 11400 term was extracted from on-line sources. Terms with high relevance were grouped into themes, roughly corresponding to Agrovoc (top level) categories, or indicatives of the thematic sources from which the terms were collected (biological, geographical on-line dictionaries etc), with an attempt to balance the number of terms between the groups. For the import into the ontology structure the themes were converted to namespaces in order to preserve the grouping and allow manipulation within ontology client programs on terms based on namespace grouping. Before the import the namespaces were slightly modified and adapted to some other existing ontologies. In addition to selecting relevant terms and definitions, definition of vertical and horizontal relationships between the terms was performed. Terms were also linked to sources (uris) through Dublin Core extensions of the ontology structure. The export from sql to rdf/owl was done with a script written in Perl that extracted the terms, descriptions, sources from the database, plus vertical hierarchy, term synonyms and other variants, as well as some simple horizontal relationships and produced an import file for Protege in rdf/owl format. The resulting subset of terms was provided as a number of files; a main file containing core structure, object and data type definitions and term data in separate files per namespace, suitable for import by an ontology client program such as Protege.


Crop models have been intensively used as a tool to analyse the performance of cropping systems under variable climate in terms of productivity, profitability, and off-site impact. The importance of modelling the function of plant roots in water and nutrient uptake from the soil is becoming increasing clear with the expanding application areas of crop models. This paper reviews the approaches and assumptions used in growth and uptake modelling of plant roots, and how the responses of plant root system to internal and external factors are captured in the widely used crop models. Most modelling approaches are based on one of the following assumptions: (i) that plant roots are uniformly distributed in homogenous soil layers and all roots have the same ability for uptake, or (ii) that plant root length is always sufficient for resource uptake in rooted soil layers. In structured soils, an overestimation of water uptake is likely to be expected. Further studies on root growth, distribution, and function in structured soils will require quantification of soil structures and root distribution patterns; and for non-uniformly distributed plant populations, spatial distribution of plant roots and non-uniform uptake need to be modelled. Root architecture modelling may help to address such issues. However, in order for the model to be useful at the field production level, simplified approaches that require easily measurable inputs need to be developed. Some examples are given. The oversimplification of root response to soil drying and hardness is likely to lead to overestimation of root growth and water uptake in dense soils. A soil strength factor needs to be incorporated so that the improved model can help evaluate the effect of subsoil compaction on production and resource use. Responses of root growth and uptake to soil salinity, boron toxicity, and extreme pH need to be further investigated if models are to be used for evaluation of crop performance in such environments. Effect of waterlogging also needs to be added for use of the model on heavy clay soils under irrigation or concentrated rainfall. There is an urgent need for joint efforts of crop physiologists, agronomists, breeders, and soil scientists to integrate interdisciplinary knowledge and to collect data that better describe the crop root system and its growth and uptake ability, to quantify plant process level responses, and for better soil quantification. Such knowledge and data are essential for improvement of model performance and successful applications.


Abstract The paper discusses one of the case studies of a multiple-case study teaching experiment conducted to investigate the usefulness of the metacognitive tools of concept maps and vee diagrams (maps/diagrams) in illustrating, communicating and monitoring students' developing conceptual understanding of matrices and systems of linear equations in an undergraduate mathematics course. The study also explored the tools' role in scaffolding and facilitating students' critical and conceptual analyses of problems in order to identify potential methods of solutions. Data collected included students' progressive maps/diagrams, journals of reflections and justifications of revisions, and final reports and researchers' annotated comments on students' maps/diagrams and anecdotal notes from presentations. Findings showed that students developed more enriched, integrated and connected understandings of matrices and systems of linear equations as a result of continually organizing coherent groups of concepts into meaningful networks of propositional links, critically reflecting on the results against feedbacks from critiques and negotiations for shared meanings, and crystallizing these conceptual changes and nuances where appropriate as revised or additional propositional links. Verifying and justifying solutions were greatly facilitated through the combined usage of concept maps and vee diagrams. Findings suggest that students' classroom experiences in working, thinking and communicating mathematically can be enhanced by incorporating these metacognitive tools into students' repertoire of effective learning strategies. Introduction Current emphases in national and state curricular frameworks urge the promotion of deep knowledge and deep conceptual understanding of students as well as enhancing students' abilities and skills in working, thinking and communicating mathematically. To achieve these content and process outcomes, mathematics teachers are encouraged to be innovative, investigative and explorative in their pedagogical approaches to designing and developing learning activities (NCTM, 2000; NSW 2002). External examination reports (MANSW, 2005) indicate that a high proportion of students have difficulties comprehending the meanings of key concepts in the context of problems, justifying solutions, and presenting coherent mathematical arguments. Furthermore, first year university students' mathematical performances (Mays, 2005) in diagnostic tests show that most have mathematical misconceptions with fractions, percentages and multi-digit subtraction. Similarly, national surveys in Samoa confirm that learning by rote-memorization is quite prevalent in most schools (DOE, 1995). Such findings resonate with recurring comments in examiners' reports concerning students' obvious inabilities to effectively apply existing knowledge to successfully answer exam questions (Afamasaga-Fuata'I, 2001, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2003, 2005a, 2005b). In foundation and undergraduate mathematics classes in Samoa, students find it difficult to explain and justify their answers mathematically in terms of the conceptual structure of relevant topics. Instead their verifications are often in terms of sequences of steps of procedures. Whilst this may work for familiar problems, this procedural view constrains them when solving qualitatively and structurally different problems (i.e., novel problems). According to Richards (1991), this manifestation is typically a communication problem resulting from students' inability to understand the meaning of a language (i.e., concepts, principles, theorems and theories) used in mathematical discussions and dialogues of more mathematically literate others. Subsequently, less mathematically literate students are unable to make sense of such conversations, offer conjectures or evaluate mathematical assumptions. When doubtful, students tend to use any procedure to get an answer without really checking whether an algorithm is suitable to the problem (Schoenfeld, 1996). …


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the effect of antenatal treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism on maternal depressive symptoms.

METHODS
We conducted an ancillary study to a multicenter trial in women with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with subclinical hypothyroidism randomized to antenatal thyroxine therapy or placebo. Treatment was discontinued at the end of pregnancy. Women with overt thyroid disease, diabetes, autoimmune disease, and those diagnosed with depression were excluded. Participants were assessed for depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) before starting the study drug (between 11 and 20 weeks of gestation), between 32 and 38 weeks of gestation, and at 1 year postpartum. The primary outcome was maternal depressive symptoms score as assessed using the CES-D. Secondary outcome was the percentage of women who scored 16 or higher on the CES-D, as such a score is considered screen-positive for depression.

RESULTS
Two hundred forty-five (36.2% of parent trial) women with subclinical hypothyroidism were allocated to thyroxine (n=124) or placebo (n=121). Median CES-D scores and the proportion of participants with positive scores were similar at baseline between the two groups. Treatment with thyroxine was not associated with differences in CES-D scores (10 [5-15] vs 10 [5-17]; P=.46) or in odds of screening positive in the third trimester compared with placebo, even after adjusting for baseline scores (24.3% vs 30.1%, adjusted odds ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.31-1.28, P=.20). At 1 year postpartum, CES-D scores were not different (6 [3-11] vs 6 [3-12]; P=.79), nor was the frequency of screen-positive CES-D scores in the treated compared with the placebo group (9.7% vs 15.8%; P=.19). Treatment with thyroxine during pregnancy was also not associated with differences in odds of screening positive at the postpartum visit compared with placebo even after adjusting for baseline scores. Sensitivity analysis including women who were diagnosed with depression by the postpartum visit did not change the results.

CONCLUSIONS
This study did not achieve its planned sample size, thus our conclusions may be limited, but in this cohort of pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism, antenatal thyroxine replacement did not improve maternal depressive symptoms.


A new approach is taken to address the various aspects of the multiple- target tracking (MTT) problem in dense and noisy environments. Instead of fixing the trackers on the potential targets as the convention tracking algorithms do, this new approach is fundamentally different in that an array of parallel-distributed trackers is laid in the search space. The difficult data-track association problem that has challenged the conventional trackers becomes a nonissue with this new approach. By partitioning the search space into cells, this new approach, called PMAP (probabilistic mapping), dynamically calculates the spatial probability distribution of targets in the search space via Bayesian updates. The distribution is spread at each time step, following a fairly general Markov-chain target motion model, to become the prior probabilities of the next scan. This framework can effectively handle data from multiple sensors and incorporate contextual information, such as terrain and weather, by performing a form of evidential reasoning. Used as a pre- filtering device, the PMAP is shown to remove noiselike false alarms effectively, while keeping the target dropout rate very low. This gives the downstream track linker a much easier job to perform. A related benefit is that with PMAP it is now possible to lower the detection threshold and to enjoy high probability of detection and low probability of false alarm at the same time, thereby improving overall tracking performance. The feasibility of using PMAP to track specific targets in an end-game scenario is also discussed. Both real and simulated data are used to illustrate the PMAP performance. Some related applications based on the PMAP approach, including a spatial-temporal sensor data fusion application, are mentioned.


This article reports on the study undertaken to elucidate the extent of the usefulness of the functionalities of the e-learning portal developed as a part of the academic support system in the teaching and learning at the School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Malaysia. A total of four functionalities namely the Announcement, Learning Activities, Communication and General Support System of the portal that consisted of eleven sub-features were studied. These features were the general bulletin, staff directory, links, info on study programmes, video conferencing schedule, and course information, past examination papers, assignment questions, forum board, course notices, and e-mail. Out of the features studied, information on the study programmes was the main features visited and utilized by the students followed by the course information features and to a lesser extent by the assignment questions, and past examination paper. The features that were least visited and utilized by the student were the e-mail, staff directory, links and the video conferencing schedule. The effect in terms of the future designs of the e-learning portal that conform to the need and usefulness to the distance learners the will be discussed and elaborated


The vast majority of American college students attend two thousand or so private and public institutions that might be described as the Middle -- reputable educational institutions, but not considered equal to the elite and entrenched upper echelon of the Ivy League and other prestigious schools. Richard DeMillo has a warning for these colleges and universities in the Middle: If you do not change, you are heading for irrelevance and marginalization. In Abelard to Apple, DeMillo argues that these institutions, clinging precariously to a centuries-old model of higher education, are ignoring the social, historical, and economic forces at work in today's world. In the age of iTunes, open source software, and for-profit online universities, there are new rules for higher education. DeMillo, who has spent years in both academia andin industry, explains how higher education arrived at its current parlous state and offers a road map for the twenty-first century. He describes the evolving model for higher education, from European universities based on a medieval model to American land-grant colleges to Apple's iTunes U and MIT's OpenCourseWare. He offers ten rules to help colleges reinvent themselves (including "Don't romanticize your weaknesses") and argues for a focus on teaching undergraduates. DeMillo's message -- for colleges and universities, students, alumni, parents, employers, and politicians--is that any college or university can change course if it defines a compelling value proposition (one not based in "institutional envy" of Harvard and Berkeley) and imagines an institution that delivers it.


In both aviation and power generation, gas turbines are used as key components. An important driver of technological advance in gas turbines is the race towards environmentally friendly machines, decreasing the fuel burn, community noise and NOx emissions. Engine modifications that lead to propulsion efficiency improvements whilst maintaining minimum weight have led to having fewer stages and lower blade counts, reduced distance between blade rows, thinner and lighter components, highly three dimensional blade designs and the introduction of integrally bladed disks (blisks). These changes result in increasing challenges concerning the structural integrity of the engine. In particular for blisks, the absence of friction at the blade to disk connections decreases dramatically the damping sources, resulting in designs that rely mainly on aerodynamic damping. On the other hand, new open rotor concepts result in low blade-to-air mass ratios, increasing the influence of the surrounding flow on the vibration response. This work presents the development and validation of a numerical tool for aeromechanical analysis of turbomachinery (AROMA - Aeroelastic Reduced Order Modeling Analyses), here applied to an industrial transonic compressor blisk. The tool is based on the integration of results from external Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element (FE) solvers with mistuning considerations, having as final outputs the stability curve (flutter analysis) and the fatigue risk (forced response analysis). The first part of the study aims at tracking different uncertainties along the numerical aeromechanical prediction chain. The amplitude predictions at two inlet guide vane setups are compared with experimental tip timing data. The analysis considers aerodynamic damping and forcing from 3D unsteady Navier Stokes solvers. Furthermore, in-vacuo mistuning analyses using Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) are performed in order to determine the maximum amplitude magnification expected. Results show that the largest uncertainties are from the unsteady aerodynamics predictions, in which the aerodynamic damping and forcing estimations are most critical. On the other hand, the structural dynamic models seem to capture well the vibration response and mistuning effects. The second part of the study proposes a new method for aerodynamically coupled analysis: the Multimode Least Square (MLS) method. It is based on the generation of distributed aerodynamic matrices that can represent the aeroelastic behavior of different mode-families. The matrices are produced from blade motion unsteady forces at different mode-shapes fitted in terms of least square approximations. In this sense, tuned or mistuned interacting mode families can be represented. In order to reduce the domain size, a static condensation technique is implemented. This type of model permits forced response prediction including the effects of mistuning on both the aerodynamic damping as well as on the structural mode localization. A key feature of the model is that it opens up for considerations of responding mode-shapes different to the in-vacuo ones and allows aeroelastic predictions over a wide frequency range, suitable for new design concepts and parametric studies.


Abstract Background and aims Some online gamers may encounter difficulties in controlling their gaming behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated beneficial effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on various kinds of addiction. This study investigated the effects of tDCS on addictive behavior and regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (rCMRglu) in problematic online gamers. Methods Problematic online gamers were randomized and received 12 sessions of either active (n = 13) or sham tDCS (n = 13) to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex over 4 weeks (anode F3/cathode F4, 2 mA for 30 min, 3 sessions per week). Participants underwent brain 18F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans and completed questionnaires including the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), and Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System scales (BIS/BAS) at the baseline and 4-week follow-up. Results Significant decreases in time spent on gaming (P = 0.005), BIS (P = 0.03), BAS-fun seeking (P = 0.04), and BAS-reward responsiveness (P = 0.01), and increases in BSCS (P = 0.03) were found in the active tDCS group, while decreases in IAT were shown in both groups (P < 0.001). Group-by-time interaction effects were not significant for these measures. Increases in BSCS scores were correlated with decreases in IAT scores in the active group (β = −0.85, P < 0.001). rCMRglu in the left putamen, pallidum, and insula was increased in the active group compared to the sham group (P for interaction < 0.001). Discussion and conclusions tDCS may be beneficial for problematic online gaming potentially through changes in self-control, motivation, and striatal/insular metabolism. Further larger studies with longer follow-up period are warranted to confirm our findings.


The current study examined the relation between self-esteem and the Big Five personality dimensions. Data were collected over the Internet from a large heterogeneous sample of individuals who ranged in age from 9 to 90 years (N = 326,641). Collectively, the Big Five accounted for 34% of the variance in self-esteem. High self-esteem individuals were emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious and were somewhat agreeable and open to experience. Despite an extensive search for potential mediators and moderators of this general pattern, the relations between self-esteem and the Big Five largely cut across age, sex, social class, ethnicity, and nationality (United States vs non-United States). High self-esteem individuals tended to ascribe socially desirable traits to themselves, and this tendency partially mediated relations between the Big Five and self-esteem. Discussion focuses on interpreting the social desirability effects, limitations of the study, and directions for future research.


The exploration of possible immune mechanisms in schizophrenia is a long-standing area of research that continues to attract attention from basic researchers and clinicians alike. Within this neuroimmune framework, a great deal of interest has been centered upon the possible contribution of infections in prenatal life. The antenatal period is highly sensitive to damaging effects induced by environmental insults such as infections, and therefore considerable efforts have been made to delineate the role of prenatal infection and downstream neuroimmune mechanisms in the development of schizophrenia and related disorders. This chapter integrates the findings from human epidemiological studies and translational animal models that support a crucial role of the immune system in brain development and discusses their relevance to etiopathological models of schizophrenia. It further highlights that developmental neuroimmune mechanisms may represent valuable targets to attenuate or even prevent the emergence of brain and behavioral pathology associated with schizophrenic disease.


Following the runaway success of his first book, pioneering street fashion photographer Yvan Rodic (better known to his fans as Face Hunter) is back with a travel diary that chronicles a year-long face-hunting expedition to more than 30 of his favourite fashion cities. Follow him to the world's most stylish cities, which range from the established fashion capitals of New York, Milan and Paris to exciting new style centres in Africa, Asia and South America and even unexpected gems such as Baku. A young child in Tokyo wears fantastic striped sunglasses; trainers are paired with cowrie shells in CapeTown; a woman poses in a fake leopard-skin coat outside Milan Cathedral; blue suede shoes pound the streets of Beirut Forget the catwalk. You never know what will catch Face Hunters eye.


Eupatorium ayapana was tested for its haemostatic effect based on its ethanomedical survey. Fresh juice and methanolic extract was evaluated for its haemostatic effect in rat model using tail bleeding time and blood clotting time. The study revealed that both fresh juice and methanolic extract decreased the bleeding time and clotting time significantly at dose of 200 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, which confirmed the use of Eupatorium ayapana in arresting blood bleeding traditionally.


Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting through GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)R), is hypothesized to suppress reproduction by inhibiting GnRH secretion, but GABA actions directly on GnRH neurons are not well established. In green fluorescent protein-identified adult mouse GnRH neurons in brain slices, gramicidin-perforated-patch-clamp experiments revealed the reversal potential (E(GABA)) for current through GABA(A)Rs was depolarized relative to the resting potential. Furthermore, rapid GABA application elicited action potentials in GnRH neurons but not controls. The consequence of GABA(A)R activation depends on intracellular chloride levels, which are maintained by homeostatic mechanisms. Membrane proteins that typically extrude chloride (KCC-2 cotransporter, CLC-2 channel) were absent from the GT1-7 immortalized GnRH cell line and GnRH neurons in situ or were not localized to the proper cell compartment for function. In contrast, GT1-7 cells and some GnRH neurons expressed the chloride-accumulating cotransporter, NKCC-1. Patch-clamp experiments showed that blockade of NKCC hyperpolarized E(GABA) by lowering intracellular chloride. Regardless of reproductive state, rapid GABA application excited GnRH neurons. In contrast, bath application of the GABA(A)R agonist muscimol transiently increased then suppressed firing; suppression persisted 4-15 min. Rapid activation of GABA(A)R thus excites GnRH neurons whereas prolonged activation reduces excitability, suggesting the physiological consequence of synaptic activation of GABA(A)R in GnRH neurons is excitation.


The aim of this study is to examine the differences between native Swedish and immigrant entrepreneurs' business networks at start-up stage. The study is based on a database consisting of 261 immigrant- and 2,463 native-owned companies, applying several univariate and multivariate statistical methods. Immigrant entrepreneurs' business networks are less likely to include mainstream contacts at the start-up stage than native born entrepreneurs. Thus, ethnicity is an important variable explaining differences in such networks at the start-up stage. A combination of both mainstream and immigrant networks has the potential to give rise to more growth for immigrant-owned businesses. As a result, these businesses may have potential to create new jobs for unemployed immigrants. This study provides a deeper understanding of how ethnicity may influence the entrepreneurs' use of business networks. It may lead to policy makers considering access to mainstreaming networks as an important issue in the social and economic integration.


Knowledge of dispersion of pollutants in streams is necessary for the determination of both the acceptable limits of effluent input and the concentration along the river course. In the far-field, the primary variation of concentration is in one direction and termed longitudinal dispersion; it is independent of the geometrical configuration and type of source. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient represents the dispersive characteristics of a stream and is required to compute the pollutant concentration at downstream locations of the streams. The longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be estimated either from the pollutant concentration profile, stream velocity profile or channel and flow parameters. Many laboratory and field studies have been carried out by several investigators to develop relationships for the longitudinal dispersion coefficient in terms of the known hydraulic characteristics of the stream. This paper evaluates the accuracy of the existing empirical relationships for the prediction of longitudinal dispersion coefficient, using a large volume of data that cover a wide range of flow and channel parameters.


The growing interest in domestic drones is drawing new attention to unresolved questions regarding the scope of landowners' rights in the airspace above their land. Domestic drones are small, unmanned aircraft capable of delivering packages or capturing photos. Existing aerial trespass and takings laws, which were formulated prior to the advent of modern drone technologies, are ill-equipped to handle conflicts between domestic drone operators and landowners. To establish claims under these laws, landowners generally must prove that an aircraft flew within the nebulous "immediate reaches" of the airspace above their parcels and substantially interfered with their use and enjoyment of their land. The indefinite nature of landowner airspace rights under these rules is already generating confusion and controversy and hindering growth in the fledgling domestic drone industry. This Article applies basic principles of microeconomics and property theory to analyze the complex new property law issues presented by drone technologies. The Article ultimately advocates for legislation giving landowners strict rights to exclude aircraft from a clearly-defined column of low-altitude airspace directly above their parcels. Such legislation would clarify landowners' entitlements in low-altitude airspace and thereby promote more efficient governance of this increasingly valuable resource as drones become ever more common in domestic skies.


DFT methods are used to calculate the ionization energy (IE) and electron affinity (EA) trends in a series of pincer ligated d(8)-Ir((tBu4)PXCXP) complexes (1-X), where C is a 2,6-disubstituted phenyl ring with X = O, NH, CH2, BH, S, PH, SiH2, and GeH2. Both C2v and C2 geometries are considered. Two distinct σ-type ((2)A1 or (2)A) and π-type ((2)B1 or (2)B) electronic states are calculated for each of the free radical cation and anion. The results exhibit complex trends, but can be satisfactorily accounted for by invoking a combination of electronegativity and specific π-orbital effects. The calculations are also used to study the effects of varying X on the thermodynamics of oxidative H2 addition to 1-X. Two closed shell singlet states differentiated in the C2 point group by the d(6)-electon configuration are investigated for the five-coordinate Ir(III) dihydride product. One electronic state has a d(6)-(a)(2)(b)(2)(b)(2) configuration and a square pyramidal geometry, the other a d(6)-(a)(2)(b)(2)(a)(2) configuration with a distorted-Y trigonal bipyramidal geometry. No simple correlations are found between the computed reaction energies of H2 addition and either the IEs or EAs. To better understand the origin of the computed trends, the thermodynamics of H2 addition are analyzed using a cycle of hydride and proton addition steps. The analysis highlights the importance of the electron and hydride affinities, which are not commonly used in rationalizing trends of oxidative addition reactions. Thus, different complexes such as 1-O and 1-CH2 can have very similar reaction energies for H2 addition arising from opposing hydride and proton affinity effects. Additional calculations on methane C-H bond addition to 1-X afford reaction and activation energy trends that correlate with the reaction energies of H2 addition leading to the Y-product.


This thesis studies electricity derivative markets from a view point of an electricity producer. The traditionally used asset pricing methods, based on the no arbitrage principle, are extended to take into account electricity specific features: the non storability of electricity and the variability in the load process. The sources of uncertainty include electricity forward curve, prices of resources used to generate electricity, and the size of the future production. Also the effects of competitors' actions are considered. The thesis illustrates how the information in the derivative prices can be used in investment and production planning. In addition, the use of derivatives as a tool to stabilize electricity dependent cash flows is considered. The results indicate that the information about future electricity prices and their uncertainty, obtained from derivative markets, is important in investment analysis and production planning.


In the following chapters new methods in organocatalysis are described. The design of new catalysts is explored starting from the synthesis and the study of ion tagged prolines to their applications and recycle, then moving to the synthesis of new bicyclic diarylprolinol silyl ethers and their use in organocatalytic transformations.
The study of new organocatalytic reaction is also investigated, in particular bifunctional thioureas are employed to catalyse the conjugate addition of nitro compounds to 3-yilidene oxindoles in sequential and domino reactions.
Finally, preliminary results on photochemical organocatalytic atom transfer radical addition to alkenes are discussed in the last chapter.


Enterprise Architecture (EA) is considered as a solution to reduce IT implementation failure, improve profitability and enhance business-IT alignment within organizations. However, explanations and evidence of EA benefits and success factors in the existing literature are still limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore how EA creates value to organizations through a qualitative study employing interviews with EA experts. This study contributes to the current knowledge of EA by providing a validated list of EA benefits and success factors. The study identified 40 EA benefits that are grouped into five categories (operational, managerial, strategic, IT infrastructure and organizational) and thirty-seven EA success factors categorized into product quality, infrastructure quality, service delivery quality and organizational anchoring. This study offers a number of implications for research and practice.


Weekly mortality through October 3 is partitioned into normal deaths, COVID, and nonCOVID excess deaths (NCEDs). Before March, the excess is negative for the elderly, likely due to the mild flu season. From March onward, excess deaths are approximately 250,000 of which about 17,000 appear to be a COVID undercount and 30,000 non-COVID. Deaths of despair (drug overdose, suicide, alcohol) in 2017 and 2018 are good predictors of the demographic groups with NCEDs in 2020. The NCEDs are disproportionately experienced by men aged 15-55, including men aged 15-25. Local data on opioid overdoses further support the hypothesis that the pandemic and recession were associated with a 10 to 60 percent increase in deaths of despair above already high pre-pandemic levels.


For many years African livestock production was seen as a poor investment for development. Assumptions about low productivity, 'backward' management systems, lack of market orientation and poor growth potentials consigned the livestock sector to the sidelines. But after years of being ignored, livestock issues are beginning to be put back on Africa's development agenda. Livestock are being recognised as essential assets for livelihoods; as key to moving out of poverty; as a way into lucrative markets; as a source of foreign exchange; as well as important cultural resources, social safety nets and means of saving. Given this renewed emphasis, this Working Paper asks: What are some of the underlying debates, assumptions and trade-offs? What competing perspectives on ways forward for African livestock development are being explicitly – and implicitly – discussed? The paper focuses on three interlocking themes – markets, trade and standards; service delivery and organisational arrangements; and science and technology priorities, examining both policy debates and field-level experiences from across Africa. The analysis suggests that, despite a common rhetorical commitment to poverty reduction, sustainable livelihoods and pro-poor policy, there are tensions within the development strategies being proposed. Today's primary policy focus is on livestock for trade and export – relating to a general concern to 'modernise' the sector, and boost production, requiring new approaches to both livestock production and management and the delivery of animal health care and veterinary services. Potentially, the paper argues, this comes at the expense of more simple initiatives to support productivity, breeding and disease management.


Background: Blood transfusion carries the risk of transmission of several infectious agents. The latest method for blood screening such as nucleic acid testing is not affordable in developing countries. Hence, the importance of pre- and postdonation counseling for transfusion transmission infections is paramount. Aim: The study was aimed to find response to postdonation counseling for reactive markers among the voluntary blood donors donating in blood bank. Materials and Methods: This 2-year study was conducted from May 2015 to June 2017. Transfusion-transmitted infections' testing was performed by routine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The initial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reactive donors who return back to the blood bank were confidentially counseled and referred to the Integrated Counseling Cum Testing Centre. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) reactive donors were referred to General Medicine Department for confirmation by qualitative polymerase chain reaction and follow-up. Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) reactive donors were referred to sexually transmitted infections clinic. Results: During the survey, 17,306 units of blood were collected. Among which 7 were reactive for HIV, 117 were reactive for HBsAg, 10 were reactive for HCV, and 101 were reactive for VDRL. Out of 235 donors who were reactive and called for counseling postdonation, only 28.94% responded.


As a missing link of the tourmaline classification, an X-site vacant analogue of olenite was synthesized from three different starting compositions in the system Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2-H2O (ABSH) over the PT-range 4–40 kbar, 450–700 °C, however never as a single phase product; dumortierite with either quartz or with jeremejevite-OH were the coexisting solids. The starting materials containing 100% excess B2O3 produced an Al-tourmaline with exceptionally low cell parameters similar to those of synthetic excess-boron olenite. Electron microprobe analyses indeed show a surplus of boron over the classical 3.0 per formula unit, which is linked with a deficiency in silicon. There is a negative linear correlation between the cell volume a of Al-rich tourmalines and their tetrahedral boron contents. A preliminary structural formula of the synthetic Al-tourmaline obtained at 20 kbar, 600 °C is: (□0.96 Na0.004) Al3 (Al5.83 Si 0.19) [Si4.49 B 1.51 O18] (BO3)3 (OH)3.21 O0.79.

The small Na impurity is probably due to contamination from the NaCl pressure cell, octahedral Si is hypothetical. If the excess Si is considered to be due to analytical error, other hypothetical formulae exhibiting octahedral vacancies result. As none of the cations in the various structural sites of the tourmaline exceed 50% of the theoretical value, the following formula can be defined as idealized Al-tourmaline end-member: □ Al3 Al6 [Si6O18] (BO3)3 O2 (OH)2. In nature, such X-site vacant Al-rich tourmalines would be expected to occur in Al-rich and (Mg, Fe)-, Ca- and alkali-free products of hydrothermal systems or of wall-rock alterations, or in their metamorphic equivalents such as dumortierite quartzites. An unusually Al-rich, complex tourmaline from a hydrothermal system in Nevada contains as much as 56 mol % of the above end-member together with schorl, foitite and rossmanite components.

This paper was presented at the EMPG VIII meeting in Bergamo, Italy (April 2000)