KNOWLEDGE: AS NOUN AND VERB The theory of learning in many schools today is based on what I would call the "content fetish" (Gee 2004). The content fetish is the view that any academic area (whether physics, sociology, or history) is composed of a set of facts or a body of information and that the way learning should work is through teaching and testing such facts and information. However, for some current learning theorists, "know" is a verb before it is a noun, "knowledge" (Barsalou 1999a, 1999b; Bereiter and Scardamalia 1993; Clark 1997; Glenberg 1997; Glenberg and Robertson 1999; Lave and Wenger 1991; Rogoff 1990). Any actual domain of knowledge, academic or not, is first and foremost a set of activities (special ways of acting and interacting so as to produce and use knowledge) and experiences (special ways of seeing, valuing, and being in the world). Physicists do physics. They talk physics. And when they are being physicists, they see and value the world in a different way than do non-physicists. The same applies for good anthropologists, linguists, urban planners, army officers, doctors, artists, literary critics, historians, and so on (diSessa 2000; Lave 1996; Ochs, Gonzales, and Jacoby 1996; Shaffer 2004). Yet if much decontextualized, overt information and skill-and-drill on facts does not work as a theory of learning, neither does "anything goes," "just turn learners loose in rich environments," "no need for teachers" (Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark 2006).


Distinguish Delegates and Guests, Respected Invited Speakers, Dear Presenters and Participants, Ladies and Gentlemen, Assalamu"alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh, Good morning, As the Chairperson and on behalf of the organising committee, I  am delighted to welcome  you  all  to  the  second International  Conference  on  Teacher  Training  and Education (ICTTE) 2016, hosted by the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. And welcome back to all of you who attended the previous conference of ICTTE 2015, really appreciated to be back here again with us. The role of information and technology (IT) in teacher training and education has been flourished over the last 20 years that consequently leads to the changes in many aspects of education. While the implementation of IT  in teacher training and education is supporting, however, at  the  same time,  many researchers have reflected about the reasons why, for example, the use of computers in education has not been as successful as expected.  There are many reasons to mention behind the failure, such as teachers' inability to adapt their teaching with the IT approach; the introduction of computers in education did not start from the educational need or as requested by the teachers. The key question of this conference is then, whether and to what extend the Institution of Teacher Training and Education develops, implements, manages, and accommodates pre-service teacher training programs to prepare teachers teach and students learn that reflect the optimizing use of IT; and how IT in teacher education shape the direction and policy of the institutions. The theme of this exciting forum is " Strengthening IT and Innovation of Teacher Training Education in the Era of Global Competitiveness ", which embraces six main topics,  including:  (1)  institutional  quality  of  teacher  training  &  education,  (2) curriculum of teacher training & education, (3) innovation in teaching, learning, and assessment of teacher training & education, (4) IT based educational research and community services of teacher training & education, and (5) course development and teaching practices in teacher training & education, (6) school based practices. ICTTE 2016 is conducted to provide a forum for researcher, academicians, teachers, school principals, government agencies, consultants to share their insights related to the current  trends  in  education  from  the  perspective  of  institution  quality  assurance, curriculum, innovative teaching, educational research, course development and teaching practice. For this conference, we invited seven plenary speakers with solid expertice from different countries and regions. We are extremely grateful to: (1)  Shao-Ting Alan Hung, Ph.D -  National Taiwan University of Science and Technology; (2) Dr. Chai Ching Sing -  Learning Sciences and TechnologiesAcademic GroupNational Institute of Education, Singapore; (3)  Dr. Uma Natarajan -  The Head Foundation Singapore; (4) Dr . Abi Sujak -  Director of SEAMOLEC; (5) Dr . Ir. Ari Santoso, DEA -  Director of Center for Information and Technology, The Ministry of Education and Culture; (6)  Dr. Eng. Agus Setiawan-  Asosiasi Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan Indonesia (APTEKINDO); and  (7) Prof.  Nunuk Suryani- Faculty  of  Teacher  Training  and Education Sebelas Maret University. These speakers will present different lines of scholarship in  the  area  of IT  in  teacher education. We  owe so  much to  you, the distinguish speakers who have taken time out of your busy schedules to share your experience with us these days. Many of you have traveled long distances to be with us and we appreciate your willingness to openly share your knowledge and experiences. In addition, we reviewed and selected 177 abstracts for concurrent session of presentations. We believe that we can learn plenty of things from different presenters. This 2016 conference is attended by more than 250 participants coming from different counties and regions in and beyond Indonesia. Selected papers will be published in indexed journal. The conference is not able to come into a reality without wholehearted support from many parties. Therefore, on behave of the committee, I would like to take this opportunity to extend my appreciation to the Rector of Sebelas Maret University, the Dean of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, the invited plenary speakers, paper  presenters,  reviewers,  delegates  and  guests,  participants,  and  all  sponsoring agencies (FKIP UNS, APTEKINDO, TEFLIN) that have supported us to host this conference. In  addition, my sincere thanks go to  my organizing team and  student volunteers for their un-tiring efforts to make this conference as a memorable one. I wish all the presenters and participants a fruitful and memorable experience at the second ICTTE 2016 in Solo. Last but not least, I do hope we will meet again at the third International Conference on Teacher Training and Education, ICTTE 2017. Thank you. Wassalamu"alaikum warahmatullahi wawarakatuh.


Protein secondary structure prediction is a key step in prediction of protein tertiary structure. There have emerged many methods based on machine learning techniques, such as neural networks (NN) and support vector machines (SVM), to focus on the prediction of the secondary structures. In this paper a new method, DM-pred, was proposed based on a protein clustering method to detect homologous sequences, a sequential pattern mining method to detect frequent patterns, features extraction and quantification approaches to prepare features and SVM method to predict structures. When tested on the most popular secondary structure datasets, DM-pred achieved a Q3 accuracy of 78.20% and a SOV of 76.49% which illustrates that it is one of the top range methods for protein secondary structure prediction.


Accessibility is the ease of reaching valued destinations. It can be measured across different times of day (accessibility in the morning rush might be lower than the less-congested midday period). It can be measured for each mode (accessibility by walking is usually lower than accessibility by transit, which is usually lower than accessibility by car). There are a variety of ways to measure accessibility, but the number of destinations reachable within a given travel time is the most comprehensible and transparent as well as the most directly comparable across cities. This report focuses on accessibility to jobs by car. Jobs are the most significant nonhome destination, but it is also possible to measure accessibility to other types of destinations. The automobile remains the most widely used mode for commuting trips in the United States. This study estimates the accessibility to jobs by auto for each of the 11 million U.S. census blocks and analyzes these data in the 50 largest (by population) metropolitan areas. Travel times are calculated using a detailed road network and speed data that reflect typical conditions for an 8 a.m. Wednesday morning departure. Additionally, the accessibility results for 8 a.m. are compared with accessibility results for 4 a.m. to estimate the impact of road and highway congestion on job accessibility. Rankings are determined by a weighted average of accessibility, with a higher weight given to closer, easier-to-access jobs. Jobs reachable within 10 minutes are weighted most heavily, and jobs are given decreasing weights as travel time increases up to 60 minutes. The report presents detailed accessibility and congestion impact values for each metropolitan area as well as block-level maps that illustrate the spatial patterns of accessibility within each area. It also includes a census tract-level map that shows accessibility patterns at a national scale.


— In this research, the optimum conditions for the synthesis of activated carbon from biodiesel wastes such as palm shells (PS) and Jatropha curcas fruit shells (JS) by chemical activation method using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an activating agent under nitrogen atmosphere were investigated. The effects of soaking in hydrofluoric acid (HF), impregnation ratio, activation temperature and activation time on adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB) and iodine (I 2 ) solution were examined. The results showed that HF-treated activated carbons exhibited higher adsorption capacities by eliminating ash residues, which might fill up the pores. In addition, the adsorption capacities of methylene blue and iodine solution were also significantly influenced by the types of raw materials, the activation temperature and the activation time. The highest adsorption capacity of methylene blue 257.07mg/g and iodine 847.58mg/g were obtained from Jatropha curcas wastes.


Photovoltaic (PV) cell characteristics are highly nonlinear that gives single Maximum Power Point (MPP) on P-V curve under uniform insolation condition. The characteristics and hence MPP point changes with the variation in insolation and temperature. In order to extract a maximum power from PV array, a fuzzy based MPP tracking algorithm is proposed. The algorithm accepts single input that is slope of P-V curve and generates the duty ratio as an output that operates the boost converter to track MPP. The algorithm gives faster convergence by applying variable step in duty ratio and gives accurate MPP. The two stage grid interactive PV system described in this paper supplies active power as well as provides harmonic and reactive power compensation. This additional feature increases the effective utilization of PV inverter and increases the overall efficiency of the system. The simulation results validate the performance and stability of the grid interactive PV system using the proposed algorithm for active current injection as well as harmonics and reactive power compensation.


This article challenges along two lines Milton Friedman's injunction that the sole role of the business manager is to maximize profits for shareholders using all legal and ethical means. First, it shows how Friedman overly narrows the manager's moral duties to consequentialist profit maximization and thereby fails to account for a wide range of values and virtues necessary for good management. Second, it illustrates how more oblique approaches to management as well as Adam Smith's virtue-based model better capture the moral imagination and relational aspects of leadership that are critical to good management today. In the end, this article suggests that a subtler version of Friedman's directive should be considered in which maximizing shareholder wealth provides a powerful business goal but not an exclusive one to direct or to motivate managers. Jonathan B. Wight and Martin Calkins, "The Ethical Lacunae in Friedman's Concept of the Manager," Journal of Markets & Morality 11, no. 2 (Fall 2008): 221-238


Round black lesions were found on the ventral slde of 8 juvenile Ainencan plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides housed in the aquarium at the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Research Laboratory. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The wild plaice caught on Sable Island Bank, Nova Scotia, were held in 800 and 3200 1 tanks supplied with a continuous flow of fresh prefiltered seawater at ambient temperature. The lesions numbered 1 or 2 per fish, varied from 5 to 20 mm in diameter and usually had a large central crater. Light microscopy and SEM revealed that the ulcers were surrounded by a rim of hyperplastic epidermis and contained numerous branched, septate fungal hyphae and Gram-negative bacteria, host erythrocytes, macrophages, and cellular debris. Fungal hyphae and necrosis extended through the dermis and musculature to the vertebral column. While the epidermis was intact over smaller lesions, hyphae could be seen on the surface of the skin, and extending along the scales through the epidermis and into the dermis. The fungus was identified as Hormoconjs (Cladosporium) resinae (Deuteromycetes), a species that is not only ubiquitous in terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments, but often occurs in petroleum products. This is the first record of the fungus as a pathogen in a marine organism.


Percentage canopy cover data derived from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) sensor data, validated with field measurements, provide a useful tool for delineating Myanmar's Eld's deer (Cervus eldi) habitat. The current extent and condition of remaining Eld's deer habitat is unknown, but the species prefers dry dipterocarp forest. This habitat type has widely varying canopy cover and cannot be accurately delineated with traditional remote sensing techniques. New maps based on estimates of percentage canopy cover represent the variability of dry dipterocarp forests more accurately than maps of strict classes of habitat. Over 500 field measurements of canopy cover were used to train Landsat ETM+ data that were analysed with regression‐tree analysis. The resulting satellite‐based estimates of canopy cover were compared with an independent set of field validation points (r=0.539, P<0.001, n=114). The satellite‐based estimates also showed potential for predicting the presence of Eld's deer (r=0.636, P<0.01, n=14). The results from the predictive maps are in accordance with previous field studies demonstrating the species' preference for dense, dry dipterocarp forest. Patterns of percentage tree‐canopy cover across the study area were negatively correlated with human population density (r=‐0.307, P<0.001, n=223), suggesting potential further threats to Eld's deer populations if the human population continues to grow.


Live Donor Liver Transplantation (LDLT) is an act of selflessness on the part of the donor who is subjected to a major hepatectomy. Ensuring safety and long-term well being of the donor is of utmost priority. We describe a 21-year-old otherwise healthy donor with perimembranous Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) who successfully underwent donor hepatectomy after closure of the VSD. There is no literature available to guide regarding course of action in such a condition neither any study to substantiate the risk involved. Optimum anticoagulation, endocarditis prophylaxis and optimum interval between the two procedures are areas to be defined as our experience with similar cases increases. Our case emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approach and management of such patient at high volume centers.


Large scale analysis of social media content allows for real time discovery of macro-scale patterns in public opinion and sentiment. In this paper we analyse a collection of 484 million tweets generated by more than 9.8 million users from the United Kingdom over the past 31 months, a period marked by economic downturn and some social tensions. Our findings, besides corroborating our choice of method for the detection of public mood, also present intriguing patterns that can be explained in terms of events and social changes. On the one hand, the time series we obtain show that periodic events such as Christmas and Halloween evoke similar mood patterns every year. On the other hand, we see that a significant increase in negative mood indicators coincide with the announcement of the cuts to public spending by the government, and that this effect is still lasting. We also detect events such as the riots of summer 2011, as well as a possible calming effect coinciding with the run up to the royal wedding.


In the face of the depletion of oil reserves in the near future, the considerable damages wrought by the automobile assemblage to urban life, and the threat of global warming, it is crucial to imagine a future without the car in order to preserve the quality of urban life and to ensure sustainable mobility in general. Regarding the negative impacts of car usage, we identified three basic attitudes of (non-) preparation for the future, based on a review of the literature and interviews with urban design and mobility experts in Switzerland. The first attitude towards a car-less future centers not on exploring, but denying the need for change. Fatalism in the face of a global challenge is the second attitude towards the near future. The third is an avant-garde attitude: looking at past car uses to anticipate future trends. Thanks to specially-designed methods for exploring urban mobility, alternative ways of inquiring into the future exist. This does not consist of predicting, but in acting to make the future emerge. We can explore mobility futures by gathering the ideas and desires of urban inhabitants through projection and simulation, and with the help of actors already sensitive to changes that have impacted their mobility. Sensitization, attraction, projection, simulation enable researchers and urban designers to experience and propose potential futures with words, images, models, feelings and other kinds of perceptions. Using such empowering experiences of the future, it becomes easier to feel the need for more sustainable versions of urban mobility.


Objectives: Intracoronary injection of acetylcholine (Ach) has been shown to induce significant coronary artery spasm (CAS) in patients with vasospastic angina. Clinical significance and angiographic characteristics of patients with ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) changes during the Ach provocation test are not clarified yet. Methods: A total 4,418 consecutive patients underwent coronary angiography with Ach provocation tests from 2004 to 2012 were enrolled. Ischemic ECG changes were defined as transient ST-segment depression or elevation ( > 1 mm) and T inversion with/without chest pain. Finally, a total 2,293 patients (28.5% of total subjects) proven CAS were enrolled for this study. Results: A total 119 patients (5.2%) showed ECG changes during Ach provocation tests. The baseline clinical and procedural characteristics are well balanced between the two groups. Ischemic ECG change group showed more frequent chest pain, higher incidence of baseline spasm, severe vasospasm, multi-vessel involvement, and more diffuse spasm ( > 30 mm) than those without ischemic ECG changes. At 5 years, the incidences of death, major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and major adverse cardiac and cerebral events (MACCE) were higher in the ischemic ECG change group despite of optimal medical therapy. Conclusions: The patients with ischemic ECG changes during Ach provocation tests were associated with more frequent chest pain, baseline spasm, diffuse, severe and multi-vessel spasm than patients without ischemic ECG changes. At 5-years, the incidences of death, MACE and MACCE were higher in the ischemic ECG change group, suggesting more intensive medical therapy with close clinical follow up will be required.


Enforceability of exacted conservation easements is uncertain. Legislators, activists, and academics did not contemplate the proliferation of exacted conservation easements when enacting, advocating for, and writing about state conservation easement statutes. Despite this early oversight, exaction has become one of the most common ways that conservation easements come into being. Enforceability of exacted conservation easements is a threshold question of analysis for the continued use of the tool. Assessing the validity, and thus legal enforceability, of the exacted conservation easements involves examining the state's conservation-easement statutes and state servitude law as well as the underlying permit scheme. This article presents a roadmap for investigating the enforceability of exacted conservation easements and makes three suggestions for improvement. First, states should address exaction in their state conservation-easement acts. Second, drafters should increase the precision and detail of the agreements, acknowledging and explaining the nature of the exaction and the underlying permitting law. Third, to clarify the elements and uses of exacted conservation easements to both agencies and citizens, government agencies that use exacted conservation easements should promulgate regulations related to their use. Such regulations should include ensuring that permit issuers retain third-party right of enforcements. This will keep the permitting agency involved even if it is not the holder of the exacted conservation easement. Uncertainty in enforceability of exacted conservation easements calls into question their use as a method of land conservation. Furthermore, the questionable validity of exacted conservation easements indicates that the permits relying upon such exactions could be ill advised and potentially in jeopardy.


This paper evaluates a topic in the globalization and poverty debate that is often difficult to measure, namely the transmission of price changes associated with tariff liberalization to households. Furthermore, it raises the question of whether there are discernible differences between male- and female-headed households that affect this consumption-trade link. It is a partial analysis as a consequence, but one that demonstrates the importance of such a focus for continued research and policy development surrounding the impacts of globalization. Specifically, the paper evaluates how tariff changes impacted male- and female-headed households in South Africa over the discrete periods 1995, 2000, and 2004. The analysis of consumption trends by sex of household head shows statistically significant differences which confirm that resources are managed differently between the sexes, and these are transmitted through to the tariff incidence analysis. On the whole, it was found that: (1) male-headed households almost always bear a greater share of the tariff incidence compared to female-headed; (2) both male- and female-headed households ? across all expenditure quantiles other than the most wealthy ? bear a greater share of the tariff burden compared to their share of total expenditure; and (3) changes to the incidence over 1995, 2000, and 2004 between the sexes mimicked the trends for the population as a whole, but showed crucial differences at the bottom end of the expenditure distribution. This suggests that the sex of the household head matters, and must be considered in addition to other household identifying factors (e.g. socio-economic status) when evaluating the impacts of tariff liberalization.


BACKGROUND
Although lung cancer incidence rates according to smoking status, sex, and detailed race/ethnicity have not been available, it is estimated that over half of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) females with lung cancer have never smoked.

METHODS
We calculated age-adjusted incidence rates for lung cancer according to smoking status and detailed race/ethnicity among females, focusing on AANHPI ethnic groups, and assessed relative incidence across racial/ethnic groups. We used a large-scale dataset that integrates data from electronic health records from two large healthcare systems-Sutter Health in Northern California and Kaiser Permanente Hawai'i-linked to state cancer registries for incident lung cancer diagnoses between 2000-2013. The study population included 1,222,694 females (n = 244,147 AANHPI), 3,297 of which were diagnosed with lung cancer (n = 535 AANHPI).

RESULTS
Incidence of lung cancer among never-smoking AANHPI as an aggregate group was 17.1 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.9, 19.4), but varied widely across ethnic groups. Never-smoking Chinese American females had the highest rate (22.8 per 100,000, 95% CI = 17.3, 29.1). Except for Japanese American females, incidence among every never-smoking AANHPI female ethnic group was higher than that of never-smoking non-Hispanic White females, from 66% greater among Native Hawaiian females (incidence rate ratio = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.03, 2.56) to over 100% greater among Chinese American females (incidence rate ratio = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.67-3.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Our study revealed high rates of lung cancer among most never-smoking AANHPI female ethnic groups. Our approach illustrates the use of innovative data integration to dispel the myth that AANHPI females are at overall reduced risk of lung cancer and demonstrates the need to disaggregate this highly diverse population.


Project abstract: Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) is a complex disease with multiple reservoirs and transmission pathways. Therefore, the current study was conducted in a comprehensive way to understand the status of MLN in selected counties and farmers' maize production practices and their understanding of MLN. In this regard, a survey of 406 randomly selected farmers' was conducted in 5 counties in Kenya including Bomet, Narok, Kirinyaga, Embu, and Nakuru. In addition, symptomatic and asymptomatic maize leaves samples were collected from 18 fields in Narok, Bomet, and Kirinyaga and tested for MCMV and SCMV by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Symptoms varied in maize ranging from the most common mosaic and streak to severe leaf mottling and necrosis as well as stunting and premature plant death. Yield losses of up to 100 % were reported due to MLN. MCMV and SCMV were detected in all the maize growing regions at varying levels of incidence, and severity. Sequence analysis of the coat protein genes of randomly selected positive samples of the two viruses showed little variability within the studied isolates and those retrieved from the Gene Bank. The results indicated that MLN is still prevalent in Kenya. In addition, the breeding process to release MLN tolerant varieties should not focus on the conventional breeding methods but also on alternative ways such as the use of biotechnology to fasten the breeding process.


Conventional economics is increasingly criticized for failing to reflect the value of clean air and water, species diversity, and social and generational equity. By excluding biophysical and social reality from its analyses and equations, conventional economics seems ill-suited to address problems in a world characterized by increasing human impacts and decreasing natural resources. Ecological Economics is an introductory-level textbook for an emerging paradigm that addresses this fundamental flaw in conventional economics. The book defines a revolutionary "transdiscipline" that incorporates insights from the biological, physical, and social sciences, and it offers a pedagogically complete examination of this exciting new field. The book provides students with a foundation in traditional neoclassical economic thought, but places that foundation within a new interdisciplinary framework that embraces the linkages among economic growth, environmental degradation, and social inequity. Introducing the three core issues that are the focus of the new transdiscipline -- scale, distribution, and efficiency -- the book is guided by the fundamental question, often assumed but rarely spoken in traditional texts: What is really important to us? After explaining the key roles played by the earth's biotic and abiotic resources in sustaining life, the text is then organized around the main fields in traditional economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics, and international economics. The book also takes an additional step of considering the policy implications of this line of thinking. Ecological Economics includes numerous features that make it accessible to a wide range of students: more than thirty text boxes that highlight issues of special importance to students; lists of key terms that help students organize the main points in each chapter; concise definitions of new terms that are highlighted in the text for easy reference; study questions that encourage student exploration beyond the text; glossary and list of further readings; An accompanying workbook presents an innovative, applied problem-based learning approach to teaching economics. While many books have been written on ecological economics, and several textbooks describe basic concepts of the field, this is the only stand-alone textbook that offers a complete explanation of both theory and practice. It will serve an important role in educating a new generation of economists and is an invaluable new text for undergraduate and graduate courses in ecological economics, environmental economics, development economics, human ecology, environmental studies, sustainability science, and community development.


Seventeen glass vessels and twenty glass beads recovered from the excavations at the ancient city of Malindi and the archaeological site of Mambrui in Kenya, east Africa were analysed using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that all of the glass samples are soda-lime-silica glass. They belong to the high alumina -plant ash glass type, characterised by high alumina and relatively low calcium contents, widely distributed in eastern (10th– 16th centuries AD) and southern Africa (13th - 15th centuries AD), Central Asia (9th– 14th centuries AD) and southeast Asia (12th– 13th centuries AD), made with plant ashes and sands. This is an understudied glass type for which previous research has indicated there were three types. When compared with published research on such glasses using Zr, Ti, Ba, Cr, La, Li, Cs, Na2O, MgO and CaO we have identified at least four different compositional groups of v-Na-Al glass: Types A, B, C and D. By comparing the results with contemporary v-Na-Al glass vessels and beads from Central Asia, Africa, and southeast Asia we show that most of the Malindi and Mambrui glass share similar characteristics to the compositions of Mapungubwe Oblate and some of the Madagascar glass beads from southern Africa. They belong to Type A v-Na-Al glass which is characterised by an elevated level of Ti and Ba and a relatively high ratios of Cr/La, relatively low Zr concentrations and low ratios of Zr/Ti. Differences in Zr, Li, MgO and Na2O concentrations in Type A glass indicates that there are subgroups which might derive from different glass workshop(s) specialising in Type A v-Na-Al glass production. Comparison with the chemical compositions of glass from Ghazni, Afghanistan and Termez, Uzbekistan, and by using lead isotope analysis, we suggest v-Na-Al glass was manufactured in Central Asia and possibly worked into vessels and beads there.


This paper presents an in-depth study of the theory and algorithms for the SPFD-based (Set of Pairs of Functions to be Distinguished) rewiring, and explores the flexibility in the SPFD computation. Our contributions are in the following two areas: (1) We present a theorem and a related algorithm for more precise characterization of feasible SPFD-based rewiring. Extensive experimental results show that for LUT-based FPGAs, the rewiring ability of our new algorithm is 70% higher than SPFD-based local rewiring algorithms (SPFD-LR) [19][21] and 18% higher than the recently developed SPFD-based global rewiring algorithm (SPFD-GR)[20]. (2) In order to achieve more rewiring ability on certain selected wires used in various optimizations, we study the impact of using different atomic SPFD pair assignment methods during the SPFD-based rewiring. We develop several heuristic atomic SPFD pair assignment methods for area or delay minimization and show that they lead to 10% more selected rewiring ability than the random (or arbitrary) assignment methods. When combining (1) and (2) together, we can achieve 38.1% higher general rewiring ability.


The Swedish public transport sector has defined two major targets, i.e., to run 90% of the total vehicle kilometers of the fleet on non-fossil fuels and double the volume of travel via public transport by 2020, increasing the share of public transport in relation to the total personal transport in the country . The f3 report Fuel options for public bus fleets in Sweden highlights the challenges and solutions encountered, particularly when it comes to the adoption of renewable fuels in the regional bus fleets. As a result of the efforts made in the last few years, renewables respond for 60% of the fuels used in bus transport in Sweden compared to approximately 10% in 2009. Political will to promote decarbonization of public transport has speeded up the shift towards renewables in bus fleets, while fuel tax exemptions have made deployment feasible. Environmental aspects, such as emission reduction potential and energy efficiency, are a priority when choosing fuels, together with infrastructure needs and fuel availability. Biodiesel has been the preferred fuel while increasing deployment of renewable fuels in buses, especially in scarcely populated regions. In addition, the compatibility with traditional diesel engines has favored this option among service providers. The use ofbiogas is increasing in line with incentives at local and national level. The deployment of electricity in buses is only found in city traffic, while the major choice for regional routes is usually biodiesel.


This dissertation investigates the process of inventing and negotiating the idiosyncratic Confucian religion in Indonesia. Widely known as a philosophy or ethics, even in China, its original place, I trace the trajectory that framed Confucianism as a religion from the period of Dutch colonialism (1900–1945) to post-colonial Indonesia (1945–2010). Combining historical methods and ethnography, I demonstrate the transformation, change, continuity and revival of religious ideas and practices, as well as the struggles of its believers to promote and institutionalize them in the contemporary time. The invention of the Confucian religion, I argue, was a result of the transmission of ideas and knowledge about Chinese culture and religion, which travelled globally from China to Europe and, eventually, from Europe to the Dutch East Indies, later known as Indonesia. The unavoidable influence of Christianity and modernity took place during a period when European knowledge came to the Dutch colony through the medium of printing materials. Ideas also traveled within the intra-Asian network, particularly from Singapore and China, where Confucian revival movements were inaugurated in the end of the nineteenth century. Both routes, however, were also influenced by Western ideas of religion. My analysis of Confucianism's invention sheds light on the multiple layers of translation politics and the contestation of different interpretations about Confucianism, which involved different actors, whose power and sources of knowledge varied. During different regimes of the Indonesian post-colonial period (1945–2010), I investigate the problematic position of the Confucian religion under the rise of Indonesian nationalism, hostility against China and communism, and practices of religious governance and cultural citizenship. Under strong pressures from Islamic majority groups, the Indonesian government began to apply "Belief in One and Omnipotent God." Confucian adherents were not exempt from this principle, and thus the Confucian religion took its unique form, in part, to accommodate the Indonesian state's criteria of religion. Despite efforts to comply with the state's criteria of a religion, the Indonesian government under Suharto's authoritarian regime (1966–1998) eventually degraded Confucianism to a sect in 1977. My analysis of the Indonesian state's practices of governing religion demonstrates an alternative to secularism and the ways the state benefits from religious citizenship. I analyze the Confucian believers' complex survival strategies to cope with the Soeharto's oppression. These strategies combined nonconfrontational yet persistent bargains for their civil rights, the adoption of Indonesian principles and values, agentive maintenance of their connection with Chinese culture, legal actions against the Indonesian government, and raising of international awareness and support. The combination of passive and active agencies ensured resilience of their religiosity during and revival after Suharto's regime, which ended in 1998. In the post-reformation regimes (1998–2010), Confucian believers revived their religion under the Indonesian government's restorative policies and facilitation. I examine their efforts to reinvigorate the shrinking Confucian community, to re-connect themselves with China and to become involved in the global Confucian movement.


Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are advanced therapy medicinal products used in cell therapy applications. Several MSC products have already advanced to phase III clinical testing and market approval. The manufacturing of MSCs must comply with good manufacturing practice (GMP) from phase I in Europe and phase II in the US, but there are several unique challenges when cells are the therapeutic product. Any GMP-compliant process for the production of MSCs must include the expansion of cells in vitro to achieve a sufficient therapeutic quantity while maintaining high cell quality and potency. The process must also allow the efficient harvest of anchorage-dependent cells and account for the influence of shear stress and other factors, especially during scale-up. Bioreactors are necessary to produce clinical batches of MSCs, and bioprocess development must therefore consider this specialized environment. For the last 10 years, we have investigated bioprocess development as a means to produce high-quality MSCs. More recently, we have also used bioreactors for the cocultivation of stem cells with other adult cells and for the production of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles. This review discusses the state of the art in bioprocess development for the GMP-compliant manufacture of human MSCs as products for stem cell therapy.


We present time-resolved spectroscopy and photometry of the dwarf nova SBSS 1108+574, obtained during the 2012 outburst. Its quiescent spectrum is unusually rich in helium, showing broad, double-peaked emission lines from the accretion disc. We measure a line flux ratio He I 5875/Hα = 0.81 ± 0.04, a much higher ratio than typically observed in cataclysmic variable stars (CVs). The outburst spectrum shows hydrogen and helium in absorption, with weak emission of Hα and He I 6678, as well as strong He II emission.

From our photometry, we find the superhump period to be 56.34 ± 0.18 min, in agreement with the previously published result. The spectroscopic period, derived from the radial velocities of the emission lines, is found to be 55.3 ± 0.8 min, consistent with a previously identified photometric orbital period, and significantly below the normal CV period minimum. This indicates that the donor in SBSS 1108+574 is highly evolved. The superhump excess derived from our photometry implies a mass ratio of q = 0.086 ± 0.014. Our spectroscopy reveals a grazing eclipse of the large outbursting disc. As the disc is significantly larger during outburst, it is unlikely that an eclipse will be detectable in quiescence. The relatively high accretion rate implied by the detection of outbursts, together with the large mass ratio, suggests that SBSS 1108+574 is still evolving towards its period minimum.


This paper describes a research project, aimed at developing a system to integrate RFID-based materials management with resources modelling in project management to improve on-site materials tracking and inventory management processes. In order to develop the system, a comprehensive literature review and exploratory case studies were conducted to investigate current practices, problems, implementation of ICT and potential use of emerging technologies (such as RFID and wireless technologies) in overcoming the logistical difficulties associated with materials management. An initial assessment revealed that there is a potential to improve the tracking and management of materials using modern ICT, thus will enhance the operational efficiency of the project delivery process. Moreover, sophisticated technologies such as wireless systems and tagging are not generally used to overcome human error in materials identification and the space constraints inherent in many projects. This paper concludes the finding from case studies for developing a real-time materials tracking framework to support construction professional in handling materials more effectively.


Arthropods possess spectacular diversity in locomotor design. Yet it is not clear what unique constraints, if any, variation in design imposes on mechanics, metabolic energy cost or endurance during terrestrial locomotion. In the present study metabolic energy cost and endurance on a treadmill are measured for an arthropod, the eight-legged sideways travelling ghost crab, Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius). In a second paper the mechanics of locomotion are determined during walking and running over a force plate. Severe limitations in O 2 uptake during exercise are not inherent in the design of a crab9s O 2 transport system, which consists of gills and an open circulatory system. The ghost crab9s capacity to elevate oxygen consumption (V O O2 ) rapidly is correlated with a lesser dependence on anaerobic sources than observed in other crab species. Accelerated glycolysis contributed at the onset of submaximal exercise, before O 2 uptake adjustments were completed, but played only a minor role during steady-state exercise. O. quadrata elevated V O O2 6–4- to 8-fold above resting rates. The ghost crab9s maximal oxygen consumption (V O O2 max ) was not different from that of an ectothermic vertebrate of the same body mass and temperature, such as a lizard, that uses lungs and a closed circulatory system. The minimum metabolic energy necessary to move 1 g of crab 1 km (C min ) decreased as a function of body mass and age. C min was comparable to that predicted for vertebrates of a similar body mass and, therefore, appears to be relatively independent of locomotor design. This is consistent with the hypothesis that a similarity in the energetic properties of muscle and elastic structures may result in similar metabolic costs of locomotion. Endurance capacity did not increase with body mass, as predicted from interspecific comparisons of mammals and lizards. Instead, endurance capacity correlated with the speed at which oxygen consumption was maximal. Mean endurance capacity for ghost crabs was similar to that found for lizards, but was far less than the values predicted for mammals. Ghost crabs could only sustain a slow walk. Running at speeds 20 times faster is possible for short periods, but not without the aid of anaerobic metabolism.


Transition-metal oxide hollow yolk–shell micro/nanostructures combined with a conducting substance have gained significant attention as efficient electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications due to their large surface area, internal void space, and structural stability. Herein, we report a facile aqueous solution-based soft template method using sucrose–CTAB for the synthesis of a hollow yolk–shell structure of carbon-incorporated MoO2 (C@MoO2) with a diameter of 0.9–1.1 μm, wall thickness of 100 nm, inner yolk size of 400–450 nm, and BET surface area of 40 m2 g−1. During the synthesis process, sucrose plays a dual role, both as a template and a carbon source. The electrochemical charge storage mechanism follows a battery-type behaviour when tested as a faradaic electrode in 3.0 M KOH electrolyte. C@MoO2 exhibits a high specific capacity of 188 C g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1, good rate performance (50.6 C g−1 at 10 A g−1), and 78% retention of capacity after 5000 cycles at 5 A g−1. The obtained performance is superior to those obtained for pure MoO2 hollow spheres (137.1 C g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) as well as previously reported MoO2 and MoO3, indicating the potential applicability of the as-synthesised yolk–shell C@MoO2.


We present here a six-species comparison of tree-ring growth response to extremes (below the 30th and above the 70th percentile) in temperature, precipitation, and corresponding streamflow. The species compared are Pinus edulis (PIED), Pseudotsuga menziesii (PSME), Pinus ponderosa (PIPO), Pinus flexilis (PIFL), Pinus aristata (PIAR), and Picea engelmannii (PCEN). Sensitivity was determined using contingency scores obtained by comparing tree-ring growth at different lags with hydroclimatic observations from the Upper Colorado River Basin in the southwestern United States. The scores were computed using dual scaling methods in which the higher scores are assigned to stronger relationships between tree-ring growth and severe hydroclimatic occurrences. At lag 0, PIED and PSME present the greatest sensitivity to severe streamflow events. For precipitation and temperature the most sensitive species at lag 0 are PIED and PIPO. PIAR and PCEN show no significant relationship with extreme hydroclimatic events. PIFL shows more uniform lag-to-lag scores, suggesting a higher year-to-year persistence for this species. In general, tree-ring growth for all sensitive species is more responsive to hot-dry than to cool-moist extreme conditions. The scoring method proposed in this study for the analysis of tree-ring records proved to be a useful tool for evaluating ring-width sensitivity to extreme climatic forcing.


This work considers the effects of using the berberine pretreated filters (BPFs) as the antiseptic filters on the bioaerosol penetration. Two concentrations of berberine solutions were used to coat on the polypropylene fibrous filter. The Escherichia coli ( E. coli ), and Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ) bioaerosols were generated using a Collison nebulizer, as the challenged bioaerosols. The effects of various factors, including the face velocity and the relative humidity on the bioaerosol collection characteristics were evaluated. Experimental results suggested the pretreatment of berberine did have an antiseptic effect on bacteria bioaerosol and increase the inactivation mechanism. The filter pretreated with a higher concentration of berberine has a stronger antiseptic effect on bioaerosols. The culturable survival of E. coli bioaerosols through the untreated filter, the 0.002 wt%, and 0.02 wt% BPFs are around 68%, 43% and 36%, respectively. In addition, the culturable survival of B. subtilis bioaerosols through the 0.002 wt%, and 0.02 wt% BPFs are around 66%, 51% and 43%, respectively. Moreover, the culturable survival of E. coli bioaerosol through the 0.002 wt% BPFs increased from 43% to 54% as the face velocity increased from 10 to 30 cm/s. These results indicated that the antiseptic of the BPFs decreased with face velocity.


Otitis Media with Effusion (OME), commonly referred to as glue ear, is one of the most common illnesses of early childhood. It is difficult to detect as OME is frequently symptom free and usually clears spontaneously. It can be detected by tympanometry, a simple painless non intrusive test, which can be easily performed by trained operators. In New Zealand all children have this hearing test on school entry. Research has shown links between OME and educational under achievement, possibly due to the intermittent deafness which accompanies this condition. As OME mostly occurs during early childhood, a time when the basis of language is being established, it may cause delays in learning which will not be seen until later in life. This research was designed to examine the possible effect of OME on emerging literacy in 120 children from a large urban area of New Zealand. The aural history of the children was established from a questionnaire and the results of the hearing tests on school entry. Measures of their reading ability were obtained from their scores on the Diagnostic Reading Survey. This survey, usually referred to as the six year old net test, is taken by most children in New Zealand. The childrens' scores on the reading test were examined to see if there was any correlation between these and evidence of OME. Although no conclusive proof was found that children with OME were reading at a lower age than their peers, statistically significant differences were found between the scores of the Dictation section of the test. The Dictation section is designed to measure how well children are distinguishing and recording individual sounds in words. The findings suggest that OME affects auditory discrimination so that incorrect symbols are ascribed to sounds. This effect will hinder a child when learning to read and may cause delays in other aspects of learning. No evidence of increased incidence of OME amongst Maori or Pacific Island students was found, however, the number of these students in the sample was very small. Maori and Pacific Island students however did have significantly lower scores than their peers in all aspects of the reading test.


This study examined the effectiveness of a 4.5-day service leadership program for students from Chinese universities using objective outcome evaluation. The participants were assessed before and after the program, with two post-test measurements (immediate assessment and assessment 12 days after the completion of class learning). At pretest and two posttest time points, the participants completed a questionnaire measuring positive youth development, service leadership qualities and beliefs, and life satisfaction. Results showed that students' performance in both the immediate posttest and follow-up test was better than that in the pretest. Despite the limitations of the one-group pretest-posttest design, results suggest that the curricular-based service leadership program was effective to promote students' positive youth development, service leadership qualities and beliefs, as well as life satisfaction, and the effectiveness maintained a short period after the class had ended. While the existing findings are promising, these findings should be replicated in the future.


When the Arab Spring of 2011 sparked a second revolution in Egypt (the first having occurred in 1952), it caught the longstanding Muslim Brotherhood almost by surprise. Arguably the oldest Sunni political mass movement in Egypt (having been established in 1928), it had proven remarkably resilient during more than eight decades of alternating repression and toleration by subsequent governments. Though its social composition changed over the years, its principles, as laid down by its founder Hasan al-Banna, continued to inspire large segments of the population in a quest for a state based on Shariʿa, and provided an alternative vision for a more just and moral society. Meanwhile, the Brotherhood built a wide network of social, educational, and welfare institutions.
 From the early 1980s onwards, with Mubarak in power, the Brotherhood was condoned, if not officially recognized, and members were allowed to participate in several parliamentary and other elections. As an organization with formal traditional leadership bodies, but also a younger generation versed in the modern social media, the Brotherhood was seen to be slowly nearing a point where it would be able to make the transition to a party. It began to formulate a political platform and an economic blueprint for the country. A modicum of democracy was adopted, and more openness towards the integration of women was seen. After winning a relatively large (minority) representation in the 2005 parliamentary elections, the regime was scared enough to allow the Brotherhood to win only one token seat in 2010.
 The revolution of 2011 ousted Mubarak and then led to relatively free elections with a solid victory for the Freedom and Justice Party, which had been formed by the Brotherhood, as well as a new Islamist-inspired constitution and the election of Muhammad Mursi as president. However, within a year the Muslim Brotherhood government had missed this historical window of opportunity. It proved inadequately prepared for efficient and orderly governance, did not bring order and stability, nor did it advance the aspirational goals of demonstrators. This is how the army, not for the first time in Egypt's history, came to intervene and depose Morsi in July 2013, replacing him with Defense Minister ʿAbd al-Fattah al-Sisi. It was not long before the Brotherhood was once more suppressed and outlawed. With many leaders in jail, but latent support continuing, observers tend to believe it is not the end of the Brotherhood's existence.


By examining sideroblasts in normal subjects and in patients with various hematologic disorders and determining the rates of appearance, a sideroblastogram consisted of classifications of types I, II and III, according to numbers of iron granules was made. Again, sideroblast ratios (S. r.) were computed and studies were carried out by comparing the proportion of sideroblasts with serum iron. The results are as follows: 1) The proportion of sideroblasts has been found extensively in the normal persons, but in the sideroblastogram it is all intermediary in type, whose sideroblast ratio never exceeds 1 nor yields zero. 2) The proportion of sideroblasts in the cases of erythropoietic disturbances in the bone marrow such as hypoplastic anemia, leukemia, disorders due to irradiation has been found generally high, and in almost all these cases the proportion of sideroblasts reveals a shift to the right in the sideroblastogram at the same time S. r. has been above 1. 3) In various iron deficiency anemias in a broader sense, the proportion of sideroblasts is decreased and a shift to the left is demonstrated in the sideroblastogram; and S. r. is zero or is approaching to zero. 4) On the other hand, in Graves' disease and kala-azar the proportion of sideroblasts is normal, but in hemolytic anemia, liver cirrhosis and chronic nephritis it is high. Again, in agranulocytosis and myxedema the proportion of sideroblasts is low. 5) Sideroblasts seem to have some relationship with serum iron, but the two do not necessarily change parallel with each other. 6) These procedures of the determining of sideroblasts are equally useful or even superior to similar methods on serum iron in the differentiation of various anemic patients. 7) From these results, it is believed that stainable iron in these sideroblasts exists between serum iron and hematopoiesis in the process of utilization, and that it naturally has a close association with both serum iron and hematopoiesis. Note: Sideroblasts are the erythroblasts containing stainable, nonhemoglobin iron granules.


Our research group recently demonstrated that a person with tetraplegia could use a brain–computer interface (BCI) to control a sophisticated anthropomorphic robotic arm with skill and speed approaching that of an able‐bodied person. This multiyear study exemplifies important principles in translating research from foundational theory and animal experiments into a clinical study. We present a roadmap that may serve as an example for other areas of clinical device research as well as an update on study results. Prior to conducting a multiyear clinical trial, years of animal research preceded BCI testing in an epilepsy monitoring unit, and then in a short‐term (28 days) clinical investigation. Scientists and engineers developed the necessary robotic and surgical hardware, software environment, data analysis techniques, and training paradigms. Coordination among researchers, funding institutes, and regulatory bodies ensured that the study would provide valuable scientific information in a safe environment for the study participant. Finally, clinicians from neurosurgery, anesthesiology, physiatry, psychology, and occupational therapy all worked in a multidisciplinary team along with the other researchers to conduct a multiyear BCI clinical study. This teamwork and coordination can be used as a model for others attempting to translate basic science into real‐world clinical situations.


An aluminium melting furnace efficiency in a die casting plant was investigated using energy and exergy methods. Energy efficiency and exergy efficiency values were evaluated for the natural gas-fired furnace, and the efficiency improvement was analyzed before and after two new regenerative burners were installed on the furnace.

The research analyzed and compared the environmental impacts attributable to the melting furnace before and after the burner upgrading project, and also provided a financial analysis of the capital investment of the upgrading project.

The study shows that the exergy method can be used beneficially to analyze the furnace efficiency and that exergy efficiency is a more practical measure in reality. Thus, it is believed that further applications of exergy methods are desirable to a wider range of industrial and engineering applications.

From the results of comparisons, the study shows that the regenerative burner technology and stage-combustion technique can improve combustion performance, reduce fuel (natural gas) consumption and lower NOx and Co2 emissions. Adopting the regenerative burner and stage-combustion technique will be beneficial to the die casting plant on energy saving and cost reduction. Recommendations are also made for further efficiency improvements.


The Economic Recovery Act of 1981 and the Tax Reform Act of 1986 changed the U.S. income tax structure in a dramatic fashion. In particular, these two reforms reduced the marginal tax rates for married households. In this paper I investigate what part of the rise in labor force participation of married women between 1980 to 1990 (a rise of 13 percentage points) can be accounted by the changes in taxes. I build an heterogeneous agent model populated by married households. Households differ by age and educational attainment levels of their members and decide whether the second earner, the wife, should participate in the labor market. I select parameter values so that the model economy is consistent with the 1980 U.S. economy in terms of income tax structure, wages (skill premium and gender gap), marital sorting (who is married with whom), and female labor force participation. Using counterfactual experiments I find that 20-24% of the rise in married female labor force participation is accounted for by the changes in the income tax structure. Changes in wages account for 62-64%, and changes in marital sorting account for 14-16% of the rise in the participation rate of married women.


DESCRIPTION This module will deal with the study of classical texts produced in Medieval and Early Modern Europe related to Witchcraft, Heresy and Inquisition. The main purpose of this course is to consider how some patterns and stereotypes in the European cultural history of the past use to appear also in our current times. The outline below gives the general parameters of the material to be covered, indicating texts and secondary sources that students are required to read each week. Articles and texts for this course will be uploaded to Moodle by your tutor. There is also a suggested movie for each one of the texts / historical periods under study, as well as a Digital Humanities tool that should be used in order to improve your research skills. Students will engage in the study of the socio-historical events and features of European society from the 14 to the 17 centuries, as well as the literary mechanisms utilised by authors of each one of the texts under study. It is essential to understand the dynamic of these events in order to have a better understanding of the texts we shall read during this course. Topics and texts may include:


This paper is a reflective exploration of major challenges facing new teacher educators as they make the transition into the academy, and of ways that best support them. The transition problems identified in the emerging body of literature about teacher educator career entry were offered for comment to a small group of new teacher educators in an Australian regional university. Their responses added complexity and nuance, suggesting a heterogeneity of entry pathways and experiences, as well as avenues for further inquiry. Consideration of the resulting issues leads to wider questions about the place of teacher education in the academy. In turn, this leads to question if the challenges faced by newly appointed teacher educators are distinctive from those experienced by all new academics. The paper argues for multidisciplinary cohorts for induction, and makes recommendations for systematic, inclusive induction programs for all new academics, including teacher educators. The paper concludes with two further recommendations. First, large‐scale research is required to inform us about the contemporary teacher education workforce. Little is currently known about entry and career pathways, nor of the impact of recent policy and funding changes such as research performativity measures and increasing employment of sessional staff. Second, induction must be seen as an organisational and professional responsibility shared by many, including new and experienced academics, faculties, departments, institutions and professional associations.


Aim: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is considered a reference method for adiposity measurements in epidemiologic studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of gender, age, and physique in the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and DXA derived adiposity indices for Korean children and adolescents. Methods: Using a nationally representative sample taken from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 2009 to 2011, BMI of Korean children and adolescents was compared with DXA determined adiposity indices (fat mass index, FMI and percentage body fat, PBF). The correlation was subsequently evacuated according to the genders, age groups (children aged 10-12.9 yrs, early adolescents aged 13-15.9 yrs, and late adolescents aged 16-18.9 yrs.) and BMI level (< or ≥85th percentile for age and sex). Results: In 1919 (1024 boys) Korean children and adolescents, BMI was more strongly correlated with FMI than PBF (r = 0797 and r = 0.519, respectively all study subjects, P < 0.05), across all age groups, gender, and physiques. Conclusions: BMI is more highly correlated with FMI than PBF in Korean children and adolescents.


As listening comprehension plays an indispensable role in language learning, the way in which language instructors cover teaching listening comprehension has been controversial; the recent study selected two approaches to associate listening comprehension tactics: product-oriented and process-oriented. A quasi-experimental design was adopted to get to the objectives. Using a random procedure, 120 male students ranging in age from 15 to 18 were selected and were randomly allocated to two experimental and control groups. Subsequently, a pre-test was given to both groups to approve that both groups began on equal traction, which was the case. The students were taught for 12 sessions, adopting a process-oriented approach for the experimental group and a product-oriented approach for the control group. The evaluation of the two groups in terms of their overall performance on listening comprehension indicated that the performance of the students receiving training in process-oriented approach to listening comprehension compensated the control group trained through product-oriented approach, which suggests a clear advantage of the former. The findings have implications for the ways in which listening comprehension, in general, are taught in language classes.


OBJECTIVE
To compare complications of third and second generation oral contraceptive pills (OCPs).

METHODS
In a randomized clinical trial from October 2007 to October 2008, 100 healthy women of reproductive age referred to Amir Hospital Family Planning Clinic and some heath centers in Semnan, Iran were randomized in 2 equal groups. They received either a third generation OCP (150 microgram desogestrel [DSG] + 30 microgram ethinylestradiol [EE]) or a second generation type (150 microgram levonorgestrel [LNG] + 30 microgram EE). Six months later, changes of weight, acne, and hirsutism severity, as well as serum titers of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and free testosterone were compared between the 2 groups.

RESULTS
Forty-five women were evaluated in the DSG+EE OCP group, and 46 women in the LNG+EE OCP group. The BMI was significantly higher in the second group (p=0.000) after 6 months duration. Likewise, the decrement of acne and hirsutism severity was significantly higher in the DSG+EE users (p=0.000). Mean changes of serum free testosterone (p=0.967) and SHBG (p=0.916) were comparable between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION
In comparison with the LNG+EE OCP, the DSG+EE OCP is a contraceptive pill that significantly decreases the severity of acne and hirsutism, without any significant change in weight.


The MIAMI* facility at the University of Huddersfield is one of a number of facilities worldwide that permit the ion irradiation of thin foils in-situ in a transmission electron microscope. MIAMI has been developed with a particular focus on enabling the in-situ implantation of helium and hydrogen into thin electron transparent foils, necessitating ion energies in the range 1 – 10 keV. In addition, however, ions of a variety of species can be provided at energies of up to 100 keV (for singly charged ions), enabling studies to focus on the build up of radiation damage in the absence or presence of implanted gas.

This paper reports on a number of ongoing studies being carried out at MIAMI, and also at JANNuS (Orsay, France) and the IVEM / Ion Accelerator Facility (Argonne National Lab, US). This includes recent work on He bubbles in SiC and Cu; the former work concerned with modification to bubble populations by ion and electron beams and the latter project concerned with the formation of bubble super-lattices in metals.

A study is also presented consisting of experiments aimed at shedding light on the origins of the dimensional changes known to occur in nuclear graphite under irradiation with either neutrons or ions. Single crystal graphite foils have been irradiated with 60 keV Xe ions in order to create a non-uniform damage profile throughout the foil thickness. This gives rise to varying basal-plane contraction throughout the foil resulting in almost macroscopic (micron scale) deformation of the graphite. These observations are presented and discussed with a view to reconciling them with current understanding of point defect behavior in graphite.

*Microscope and Ion Accelerator for Materials Investigations


In this Hot Topics presentation, Brett Bouma notes how diagnostic procedures using optical coherence tomography (OCT) technology have become the gold standard for detecting diseases of the eye, heart and gastrointestinal tract, looking for disease in the body -- without incisions.

Advances in endoscopic OCT have included a 20-fold increase in image speed, now producing 3,000 frames per second. Other advances include new probes such as tethered capsules, polarization sensitive imaging, and uses in biopsy guidance.

The technique has been in use since the 1990s in animals and in humans since 2002. But the clinical community was skeptical until studies in 2003 showed ways to obtain dramatically higher speed imaging of tissues over a wider field of view.

Brett Bouma is a professor of dermatology and health sciences and technology at Harvard Medical School and an associate physicist in the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). His doctoral research, at the University of Illinois, Chicago, focused on understanding the interaction of ultrafast laser pulses with optical materials and plasmas. Since starting a lab at MGH in 1998, he has focused his research on the development and clinical application of novel optical technologies for diagnosis and therapy.


Introduction "How empty is theory in the presence of fact" (Mark Twain, 1835-1910). The world is such a complex network of circumstances that people have continuously been developing models and theories in their effort to make some sense of why and how things happen. Unfortunately, as this paper intends to expose, real-life situations rarely take into account the actual theories from which they originate, especially in the fields of media planning and buying, where intuition is still the guiding principle. The fragmentation and segmentation of media, brands and audiences after the 1980s have created fundamental changes in the advertising industry--the media planning and buying process is increasingly complicated, options are various and constantly changing, and the role of media planners is differently perceived. The media selection procedure is now suddenly more complex than 20-30 years ago. The new problem is how to creatively use different types of media in order to obtain the desired results. This synergy between the creative and the media planning departments could lead to positive or even spectacular results. Therefore, the paper explores the areas of media planning and buying through comparing and contrasting theory and practical case studies, in an attempt to demonstrate the relativity of the advertising (and particularly the media planning) industry, its dependability on multiple and fluctuating variables, and therefore its intricate nature. Review of Related Literature As defined by the American Marketing Association (cited in Belch & Belch, 2007, p.7), marketing represents "the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives." Thus, marketing can essentially be understood through the four P's of the marketing mix, namely Product, Price, Place and Promotion, which in turn clearly explains the relation of inclusion, and not equality, as it is often confused, that exists between promotion and marketing. Belch & Belch (2007) identify promotion as "the coordination of all seller-initiated efforts to set up channels of information and persuasion in order to sell goods and services or promote an idea" (p.15) and describe the promotional mix as consisting of various tools used to accomplish communication objectives (advertising, direct marketing, interactive marketing, sales promotion, PR and personal selling). Figure 1 further demonstrates that the promotional strategy planning process is part of the marketing plan (or at least should be so for all companies that still plan their strategies). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Similarly, the promotional strategy planning process (or the "Integrated Marketing Communications Planning Model" as conceived by Belch & Belch (2007, p.28)) can be separated into five strategic steps, presented in Figure 2. [FIGURE 2 OMITTED] Percy & Elliott (2005) sustain that this planning model is what "a manager should take in developing a strategic plan for a brand's marketing communications" (p.49) and that consistency between marketing objectives and communication objectives is impervious for the effectiveness of a campaign. As it can be noticed, Percy & Elliott, together with most theoreticians, propose the model in which media strategy (or media planning) comes at the end of the promotional plan, as a step which is influenced and conditioned by all previous steps, arguably an end product of the promotional strategy. Media planning is generally accepted as "determining which communication channels will be used to deliver the advertising message to the target audience" (Belch & Belch, 2007, p.32); however, since the 1990's, the position and importance of the media plan in the context of the promotional strategy have been highly debated subjects in the advertising industry. …


This dissertation investigates experimentally the role of Question-Answer Congruence (QAC, von Stechow 1990, Rooth 1985, 1992) in child language acquisition and adult sentence processing. Specifically, I present two case studies: sentences with "only" and sentences with the Rise-Fall-Rise contour (RFR, Jackendoff 1972). Case study 1 investigates a long-standing puzzle concerning the acquisition of "only." Since Crain et al. (1994), many studies report children display difficulties understanding sentences with pre-subject "only" while having no difficulty with pre-verbal "only." The current study manipulates the levels of QAC to study the puzzle. The results show that QAC plays a significant role in the asymmetry between Subject-only vs. VP-only, and more generally, both children and adults are sensitive to QAC, with congruence facilitating processing, and incongruence interfering with processing. We conclude that the cost of the accommodation of a sub-question to obey QAC is different for Subject-only and VP-only. I propose that the way information is packaged makes it easier to accommodate a set of questions asking about the object of the sentence, which makes it easier to process VP-only. We also showed that the extent to which QAC influences comprehension is different for children and adults. For children, QAC has a stronger influence than the syntactic condition on only. For adults, the syntactic condition is not violated. We suggest that the status of the syntactic condition regarding only is a factor that distinguishes children from adults in processing only. Case study 2 investigates whether children can construe the inverse scope interpretation, which children are reported to disfavor (Musolino 1998), with the RFR prosody, which is standardly taken to require inverse scope. The results show that both children and adults are sensitive to RFR and able to compute the implicature associated with RFR to disambiguate the inverse scope interpretation. As in the "only" study, QAC levels varied in the RFR experiment. However, the results revealed no effect of question type. This leaves an important open question: why QAC seems more active in children in determining the associate of only than in the determination of quantifier scope when the prosody makes the scope clear. Thesis Supervisor: Martin Hackl Title: Associate Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor: Ken Wexler Title: Professor Emeritus of Psychology and Linguistics


PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to generate information about the individual differences in cognitive styles of African American male students at the elementary school level and to explore the implications of these differences for reading comprehension processes, especially as they relate to comprehension of expository text. These differences were analyzed utilizing the cognitive style dimension framework, which maintains that broad dimensions of perceptual functioning may be reflected in an individual's cognitive activities. Additional direction was gleaned from the extensive research of Witkin and colleagues on the field-dependence-independence dimension of cognitive style (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962; Witkin, Goodenough, & Oltman, 1979). This study addresses the following research questions: What is the relationship between low field-independent and high field-independent cognitive styles and reading comprehension of expository text? More specifically, how does this relationship affect the reading achievement of a sample group of fourth-grade African American male students from three elementary schools in a medium-sized urban public school district in southeast Michigan? The research hypothesis is that high field-independent African American males will demonstrate higher raw scores on a test of comprehension of expository prose than will their low field-independent counterparts. The corresponding null hypothesis is that high and low field-independent African American males will demonstrate no statistically significant differences in their raw scores. RELATED LITERATURE Upon contrasting aspects of African and African American culture with European and European culture, Milliard (1976, 1992) contends that unique cognitive and behavioral style factors can be identified among African American populations. He further asserts the existence of a unique African American core culture that is shared by most African Americans to a greater or lesser degree and that can be empirically described. Concurrence with this view can be drawn from the work of Bellah, Madsen, Sullivan, Swidler, and Tipton (1985), Cohen (1969), Cole and Scribner (1974), Erny (1968), Kochman (1981), Ramirez and Price-Williams (1974), Shade (1981, 1982), Smitherman (1977), and Vass (1979). More specifically, Hale-Benson (1982) suggests that African Americans possess a particular cognitive style that influences the way they learn and perform in school. She notes that a "new direction of investigation suggests that cognition is social as well as biological. . .[and] looks at the relationship between one's culture and the kinds of skills one develops" (p. 23). According to Banks (1988), the works of Hale-Benson and Milliard have been heavily influenced by Witkin's (1950, 1962) cognitive style theory as well as by Cohen's (1969) learning styles conceptualization. In 1950, Witkin hypothesized the existence of two cognitive styles: field-independent and field-dependent. Field-independent students, he claimed, are able to structure and make sense out of various tasks, do not have to be directed, are interested in and able to handle abstract and theoretical concepts, and take a hypothesis-testing approach to learning. By contrast, field-dependent students seem to need cues from the environment in order to solve problems; they have trouble providing their own structure and function best in people-oriented settings (Witkin et al., 1977). Cohen identified two conceptual styles, analytic and relational, the former of which is related to Witkin's field-independent concept while the latter is similar to the fielddependent concept. Shade's (1983,1986) investigations focus on whether or not differences in achievement for students with different cognitive styles can be determined and measured. She concludes that high achievers are more field-independent, object-oriented, analytical, and linear thinkers. …


The thrive diet is a long-term eating plan to help all athletes (professional or not) develop a lean body, sharp mind, and everlasting energy. As one of the few professional athletes on a plant-based diet, Brendan Brazier researched and developed this easy-to-follow program to enhance his performance as an elite endurance competitor. Brazier clearly describes the benefits of nutrient-rich foods in their natural state versus processed foods, and how to choose nutritionally efficient, stress-busting whole foods for maximum energy and health. Featuring a 12-week meal plan, over 100 allergen-free recipes with raw food options--including recipes for energy gels, sport drinks, and recovery foods--and a complementary exercise plan, The Thrive Diet is "an authoritative guide to outstanding performance" (Neal D. Barnard, M.D., Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine).


In many developing regions of Melanesia, fishers' traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been integrated with western science and management knowledge (SMK) to generate innovative and effective fisheries management. Previous research suggests that three factors initiate this process: depleted fishery stocks, limited SMK, and ownership of resources by local communities. In other contexts the extent of power-sharing through comanagement, and the cultural significance of species may also be important determinants of knowledge integration. Here we assess the role of these factors in the application of TEK in the Torres Strait Islands, Australia, where commercial and subsistence fisheries are fundamental to the Indigenous Melanesian culture and livelihoods. In 2009 we surveyed fishery managers and scientists who revealed that TEK had only been recently and sparingly applied in four fisheries (turtle, dugong, lobster, and hand collectables), and only two of the seven species concerned had a combination of depleted stocks, low SMK, and high community ownership. Instead, comanagement characteristics and the cultural value of species were the primary determinants of TEK application. We suggest that turtles and dugong are cultural keystone species that simultaneously provide important ecosystem services to both islanders' livelihoods and international conservation interests. Combined with their ecological scale these species have catalyzed comanagement between indigenous and government stakeholders, precipitating the application of TEK in other fisheries of lesser cultural importance. We discuss modifications to governance required to enable knowledge integration to evolve further through adaptive comanagement, and its role in enhancing fisheries management and thus the resilience of the Torres Strait social-ecological system. Our study highlights the potential utility of cultural keystone species in stimulating cross-cultural resource governance in developed economies such as Australia.


The aim of this research is to demonstrate how to use the ecological niche of termite colonies for the benefit of humans. It is known that termites feed on papers wastes, particularly cardboard. In a trial experiment to demonstrate this capability it was found that termites produce hydrogen as a by-product and wastes of high potassium, phosphorous, and nitrogen content. It was then proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of using termites for getting rid of wastes, to increase the soil fertility and to produce hydrogen as a source for renewable energy. To prove the hypothesis, information about the ecology of termites and its favourable conditions in terms of temperature, moisture and preferable food sources was collected. Accordingly, several experiments were conducted using a designed Psammotermes hybostoma hydrogen bioreactor (P.H.H. bioreactor) that was constructed for growing a colony of termites on wastes of cardboard as a food source at different temperatures and constant moisture conditions. Results showed that if we use a medium sized colony (about 2 million termites) then it can produce about 660 litres of hydrogen every 24 hours. It is therefore concluded that many environmental problems can be solved using termite colonies. Solid wastes can be managed by the digestion of paper and cardboards in the termites' gut. Also, soil present in the P.H.H. bioreactor can be used as a valuable fertilizer and the hydrogen produced can be used as a renewable source of energy.


The aim of this study was to consult experts from Australia and overseas about their views on emerging technologies, the likely uptake of these technologies and their potential to reduce the number of crashes or crash severity. Interviews were conducted with a cross-section of vehicle and road safety experts. The topics discussed included the most promising technologies, implementation issues, time frame, limitations, and opinions on future technologies, 20 - 30 years from now. In total, 16 interviews were conducted, with nine Australian-based experts and seven international experts. The experts' responses are discussed in the context of research literature on the technologies. The experts suggested that the most important emerging vehicle safety technologies are primary safety systems that provide increasing levels of automation. Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) was consistently identified as having the most potential in the near future, and this was confirmed in the literature. Early introduction of vehicle safety systems that are effective at preventing injury crashes will result in significant and cumulative financial and societal savings. This paper provides a brief overview of the more promising vehicle safety technologies, a summary of the opinions of the experts interviewed and potential mechanisms for accelerating uptake of vehicle safety technologies.


Nanometre thin high-k hafnium oxide (HfO2) layers combined with a sub-nm SiO2 layers or Hf silicate have become Si compatible gate dielectrics. Medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) analysis has been applied to a range of such MOCVD grown HfO2/SiO2 and HfSiOx(60%Hf)/SiO2 gate oxide films of thickness between 1 and 2 nm on top of Si(100), before and after decoupled plasma nitridation (DPN). MEIS in combination with energy spectrum simulation provides quantitative layer information with sub-nm resolution on these layer structures and their atomic composition that is in excellent agreement with a) the as grown layer parameters and b) results obtained from techniques, such as SE, XPS, XRF and XTEM. MEIS analysis of a metal gate, high-k TiN/Al2O3/HfO2/SiO2/Si stack shows the interdiffusion, after thermal treatment, of Hf and Al from the caplayer, which was inserted to modify the metal gate work function.


Within the last few decades, social work has begun to reclaim its roots as a profession whose founding was inspired in part by teachings of the JudeoChristian tradition. Within the same period, due to national and international events of tremendous import within the macro social environment, the beliefs and values of Islam and the lives of its adherents in North America and around the world have emerged as topics of intense interest and scrutiny. Within the decade following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, there are population estimates of Muslims around the world ranging between 1.2 to 1.5 billion, and within the United States, the population is estimated at between 7 to 8 million. Within the US, the growth in the population has occurred mostly post-1965, when immigration reforms opened the doors for migration to the US from Asia and Africa, among other regions. Articles have appeared increasingly in the social work literature which address practice and research with specific populations of Muslims such as adolescents or the elderly, or immigrants and refugees, or with specific topics such as depression and discrimination. Most of these articles do not elaborate in-depth on the Islamic belief system which has such a pervasive impact on the daily lives of self-identifying Muslims. This special issue aims to fill the gaps in the existing literature on social work education, practice and research with Muslims, with a particular focus on the examination of issues of social justice and Islam, and the concomitant impact of Islamic teachings on the development of policy and the delivery of social services. The special issue is intended to allow prospective authors the latitude to delve deeper into the role of Islam in the daily lives of potential clients and in the healthy functioning of organizations and communities. New Deadline for Manuscripts: June 15, 2016 JOURNAL OF RELIGION & SPIRITUALITY IN SOCIAL WORK: SOCIAL THOUGHT 2016, VOL. 35, NOS. 1–2, 134–135 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15426432.2016.1148520


Verifying whether a service implementation is conforming to its service-level agreements is important to inspire confidence in services in a service-oriented architecture (SoA). Functional agreements can be checked by observing the published interface of the service, but other agreements that are more non-functional in nature, are often verified by deploying a monitor that observes the execution of the service implementation. A problem is that such a monitor must execute in an untrusted environment. Thus, integrity of the results reported by such a monitor crucially depends on its integrity. We contribute an extension of the traditional SoA, based on hardware-based root of trust, that allows clients, brokers and providers to negotiate and validate the integrity of a requirements monitor executing in an untrusted environment. We make two basic claims: first, that it is feasible to realize our approach using existing hardware and software solutions, and second, that integrity verification can be done at a relatively small overhead. To evaluate feasibility, we have realized our approach using current software and hardware solutions. To measure overhead, we have conducted a case study using a collection of Web service implementations available with Apache Axis implementation.


A large number of diode models exist that simulate the reverse recovery process. Many models assume an abrupt change of current during reverse recovery. Some models were verified by calculating the diode's response after the application of a step forcing voltage. Only a few models described in the literature compare simulation results with experimental data. The abrupt change in current calculated by most diode models will ensure large di/dt, which in turn will result in the calculation of an excessive voltage spike. The diode model described in this paper is aimed at the application of high power rectification where the exciting voltage is more likely to be sinusoidal rather than a step change. The formulation is particularly useful in modeling very high power systems such as electromagnetic launch systems where calculation speed and accuracy of results are held at a premium. The model is formulated based on a p+in+ type diode. In addition, by considering the fact that the width of the intrinsic bulk region reduces significantly during the reverse biased condition, the model will more accurately calculate reverse recovery current and voltage. Finally, the model is verified by comparing simulation results to experimental data.


The majority of dog bite accidents happen at home and involve children under the age of 7
(Kahn et al. 2003) and a familiar dog. The prevalence of bites that lead to hospital treatment in
children is double as in the general population (Kahn et al. 2004) and often children suffer from
dog bites resulting in facial injuries (Bernardo et al 2002, Kahn et al.2003; Schalamon et al 2006 ).
Fifty-five percent of children suffer post-traumatic stress disorder following a substantial bite (Peters
et al. 2004). According to research these bites are independent of the size of the dog (Kahn
et al 2003), but more related to the age of the child – however, it is unclear why young children
get bitten mainly in the face and neck area.
As in the majority of cases (86 %, Kahn et al., 2003) children's behaviour triggers bite injuries, we
studied if young children's tendency to lean in on objects of interest could be a contributing cause
of facial bites. As young children's tendency to lean in has only been anecdotally observed so far,
we investigated if this leaning-in behaviour exists and under which conditions we can trigger such
behaviour. More specifically and in relation to the risk of dog bites, we studied the role of smell,
mobility, novelty and height of the object (e.g. positioned at floor, chair, table-level) on children's
facial proximity and leaning-in behaviour. We used objects and toy animals as stimuli as well as
carrying out a first exploration with small animals.
We video-recorded all trials and used a custom-made grid to code for physical proximity and leaning
in behaviours. A total of 24 2-year-olds (7 females and 17 males), 24 3-year-olds (16 females
and 8 males), 24 4-year-olds (15 females and 9 males), 24 5-year-olds (12 females and 12 males)
and 24 6-year-olds (13 females and 11 males) participated in the study.
Children showed highly significant effects of intrusive facial proximity especially with moving
items (e.g. animates/toy animals) or novel items ((F(2, 220) = 42.12, p < .0001; F(1, 110) = 13.17,
p < .0001). A highly significant main effect for age was found (F(4, 115) = 6.43; p < .001). Children
of 2 and 3 years showed significantly more proximity behaviours than 4-, 5- and 6-year-old
children. In addition, we also gathered first evidence that children show clear leaning-in behaviour
with small animals.
Thus, we can raise parental awareness of younger children's intrusive inspection behaviour, integrate
this knowledge in prevention messages and contribute to reduction in bite injuries, especially
to children's faces.


We report the observation of anomalous behavior in the spectral sensitivity response in a specially designed waveguided interferometer sensor. Approaching a definite critical point, the sensitivity increases nonlinearly. Furthermore, at the critical wavelength a new effect of splitting or bifurcation of a minimum dip is observed. The value of the splitting is suggested as an advantageous measure for sensing.


The Common Gateway Interface (CGI) is a simple interface for running
external programs, software or gateways under an information server in
a platform-independent manner. Currently, the supported information
servers are HTTP servers. The interface has been in use by the World-
Wide Web (WWW) since 1993. This specification defines the 'current
practice' parameters of the 'CGI/1.1' interface developed and
documented at the U.S. National Centre for Supercomputing
Applications. This document also defines the use of the CGI/1.1
interface on UNIX(R) and other, similar systems. This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


Investigation on the interplay of plasmonic resonances in binary nanostructures indicated that, at a fixed wavelength, with a variation in the difference permittivity ratio eta=(epsilon(2)-epsilon(0)/epsilon(1)-epsilon(0)), resonances exhibit the dielectric effect, resonance chaos, collective resonance, resonance flat, and new branch regions. This means that plasmonic resonances can be controlled by material parameters epsilon(1) and epsilon(2). In this work, using the Green's matrix method of solving the surface plasmon resonances, we first study the resonance combination of symmetrical binary three-nanostrip systems. Several resonance branches extend across the above mentioned regions. Near fields within the gaps and at the ends of nanostrips are greatly enhanced due to the influence of neighboring metallic material. Then, along each resonance branch, resonances in the dielectric permittivity region are mapped into the wavelength region of gold. Through adjusting material parameters epsilon(1) and epsilon(2), the resonance wavelength is tuned from lambda(R)=500 to 1500 nm, while for a single nanostrip it is only at lambda(R)=630 nm. We also find that comparable permittivity parameters epsilon(1) (or epsilon(2)) and epsilon(Au)(omega) can control resonance wavelength and intensity effectively. High dielectric permittivity of the neighboring metal has also an advantage in a giant enhancement of the near field. These findings provide new insights into design of hybrid plasmonic devices as plasmonic sensors. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3407527]


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to challenge the customary emphasis on masculine values in top management teams (TMTs) and offer a cultural feminist approach to improving women's participation in leadership roles in organisations.

Design/methodology/approach – The paper builds on the theory of diversity and "difference", instead of "sameness", to demonstrate the relationship between feminine values, team member diversity, and team effectiveness. The paper develops a three-tier approach to making better use of gender diversity in TMTs: unravel masculine hegemony in the workplace; create awareness of distinct values offered by women as team members and team leaders; and progress team diversity from the customary token representation to gender inclusive team structures and routines.

Findings – The paper suggests that TMTs benefit when learning to accommodate and integrate feminine values, along with masculine values, into an inclusive work culture that enhances teams' performing capacities.

Research limitations/implications – Token representation is only one dimension of gendered disadvantage. Several complex forms of gendered disadvantage reside at macro-level or extra-organisational layers of life. Therefore, tackling masculine hegemony should involve a multilevel approach that tackles gendered disadvantage in domains as wide as work, organisation, and society.

Practical implications – Through the three-tier framework for managing diversity in TMTs, the paper offers a practical way forward, moving beyond the current functional-structured approach towards TMTs.

Originality/value – The paper argues that conventional diversity management practices remain influenced by a hegemonic masculine approach towards increasing women's participation in employment. Furthermore, a narrow emphasis on "sameness" instead of "diversity" of women and men reinforces male hegemony, contributing to the perpetuation of low numbers of women in TMTs.