Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment of Slapton Ley, a small coastal lake in SW England, were calculated using an adaptation of a model developed by Jorgensen (1980). A detailed survey of the catchment revealed that its land use is dominated by both permanent and temporary grassland (respectively 38 and 32% of its total area), and that the remainder is made up of the cultivation of cereals and field vegetables, and market gardening. Livestock numbers in the catchment constitute ca. 6600 head of cattle, 10,000 sheep, 590 pigs, 1700 poultry and 58 horses. The permanent human population of the area is ca. 2000, served by two small gravity-fed sewage treatment works (STWs). Inputs to, and losses from, farmland in the catchment were computed using Jorgensen's model, and coefficients derived from the data of Cooke (1976), Gostick (1982), Rast and Lee (1983) and Vollenweider (1968). Allowing for outputs from STWs, the total annual external load of N and P upon Slapton Ley is 160 t (35 kg ha-1) a-1 N, and 4.8 t (1.05 kg ha-1) a-1 P. Accordingly to Vollenweider (1968, 1975), such loadings exceed OECD permissible level by a factor of ca. 50 in the case of N, and ca. 5 in that of P. In order to reduce nutrient loads, attention would need to be paid to both STW and agricultural sources.


The thesis focuses on the potential adoption of the inflation targeting (IT) regime in Egypt. Basically, it aimed at answering the following questions. (1) Should the central bank of Egypt shift to IT or continue with the current monetary policy framework, monetary aggregate targeting (MAT). (2) What the optimal policy horizon (OPH) should central bank choose to target inflation, (3) Does modelling inflation using models that allow for time-varying conditional variance, skewness and kurtosis helps in better understanding of inflation uncertainty?
The main results of the thesis show that:
(1) To answer the first question, the stability of velocity of money in circulation and money multiplier has been analysed using variance ratio tests and found unstable. Therefore, we could conclude that the current MAT framework cannot achieve its ultimate goal of price stability and it is believed that shifting to IT framework is highly recommended.
(2) Concerning the OPH, the results show that the OPH is largely dependent on the nature of the shock and on a central bank's preferences over goals. Thus, for different kinds of the shocks, even if they are generally classified of the same type, the concern of the central bank about other policy objectives affects the policy horizon. With respect to shock persistence, the results demonstrate that the horizon increases with the persistence of the shock as persistent shock distributed over many period in comparison with transitory and less persistent shocks.
(3) To answer the third question, the methodology proposed by Leon, Rubio, and Serna (2005) for modelling nonconstant conditional second, third and fourth moments is applied. The results indicate that models with nonconstant second, third and fourth moments are superior to models with time invariant volatility, skewness and kurtosis.


Wettability alteration was proposed as one of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) mechanisms for nanoparticle fluid (nanofluid) flooding. The effect of nanoparticle adsorption on wettability alteration was investigated by wettability index measurement of Berea sandstone core injected with nanofluids and by contact angle measurement of a glass surface treated with nanofluids. Nanoparticle adsorption was studied by single phase coreflooding with nanofluids in Berea sandstone. The adsorption isotherm and the impact of adsorption on the effective permeability were investigated by measuring the effluent nanoparticle concentration and differential pressure across the core. Results showed that hydrophilic nanoparticles (e.g. fumed silica) made the core slightly more water wet, and hydrophobic nanoparticles (e.g. silane modified fumed silica) delayed spontaneous imbibition but could not alter the original wettability. It was found that hydrophilic nanoparticles treatment reduced contact angle between oil and water by about 10 to 20 degree for a glass surface. Results also showed that different types of nanoparticle have different adsorption and desorption behavior and different ability to impair the permeability of Berea sandstones cores.


George Herbert is best known as a seventeenth-century sacred poet, often associated with such writers as John Milton and John Donne, but it is Herbert's portrait of an idealized rural clergyman in The Country Parson which perhaps best shows Herbert's engagement in a wide range of complex social debates. In Full of all knowledg', Ronald Cooley examines the 1632 pastoral manual through four distinct lenses, each representing the perspective of a particular historical sub-specialty: church history, the history of the 'learned professions' (law and medicine), local and agricultural history, and the history of the patriarchal nuclear family. Cooley argues that in Herbert's portrait of the clergyman who is 'full of all knowledge,' and who counsels parishioners on matters of faith, law, health, agriculture, and family obligation, Herbert engages with contemporary cultural and social ideals, and offers today's scholar a unique opportunity for synthetic literary-historical study. Through his investigation of The Country Parson and a selection of Herbert's later poems, Cooley shows how traditionalist rhetoric and appeals to customary wisdom facilitated innovative practices in agricultural, professional, social, and domestic affairs, and he provides new illumination of the mental and material world of the seventeenth century cleric and poet. In positioning George Herbert as a spokesman for a legal-rational social order, and in placing The Country Parson in its cultural milieu, Cooley reveals a new dimension to Herbert's work and provides a valuable tool for future study of Herbert and seventeenth-century culture and history.


To the Editor:

We found an error in our published article.

Kim BK, Park HC, Oh D, Shin EH, Ahn YC, Kim J, Han Y. Development of the DVH management software for the biologically-guided evaluation of radiotherapy plan. Radiat Oncol J 2012;30:43-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3857/roj.2012.30.1.43

The funding acknowledgment in this article was partially omitted as published. Additional acknowledgment is as follows:

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program (2011-0005058) and IN-SUNG Foundation for Medical Research.

The authors apologize for any inconvenience this mistake may have caused.


We consider a 1-to-K communication scenario, where a source transmits private messages to K receivers through a broadcast erasure channel, and the receivers feedback strictly, causally, and publicly their channel states after each transmission. We explore the achievable rate region when we require that the message to each receiver remains secret-in the information theoretical sense-from all the other receivers. We characterize the capacity of secure communication in all the cases where the capacity of the 1-to-K communication scenario without the requirement of security is known. As a special case, we characterize the secret-message capacity of a single receiver point-to-point erasure channel with public state-feedback in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. We find that in all the cases where we have an exact characterization, we can achieve the capacity using linear complexity two-phase schemes: in the first phase, we create appropriate secret keys, and in the second phase, we use them to encrypt each message. We find that the amount of key we need is smaller than the size of the message, and equal to the amount of encrypted message the potential eavesdroppers jointly collect. Moreover, we prove that a dishonest receiver that provides deceptive feedback cannot diminish the rate experienced by the honest receivers. We also develop a converse proof which reflects the two-phase structure of our achievability scheme. As a side result, our technique leads to a new outer bound proof for the nonsecure communication problem.


The paper discusses the effectiveness of independent fiscal institutions - or fiscal councils - in taming the deficit bias that emerged in the 1970s. After a review of the main theoretical arguments and recent trends about fiscal councils, we develop a stylized model showing how a fiscal council can effectively mitigate the deficit bias even though it has no direct lever on the conduct of fiscal policy. We show that the capacity of the fiscal council to improve the public's understanding of the quality of fiscal policy contributes to better align voters and policymakers' incentives and to tame the deficit bias affecting well-intended governments. After mapping the model's key features into a broad set of criteria likely to contribute to the effectiveness of a fiscal council, we use the 2014 vintage of the IMF dataset on independent fiscal institutions to assess whether existing institutions have been built to work.


While diarylmercury derivatives (Ar2Hg) are usually not Lewis acidic, we have recently observed that bis(μ-1,8-naphthalenediyl)mercury(II)(bisphenylstibonium(V)) ([2]+), a compound that possesses a Ar2Hg moiety flanked on one of its sides by a stibonium unit, readily binds bromide or iodide ligands at the mercury center. To further investigate this behavior and understand its origin, we now report a series of results dealing with the coordination chemistry of [2]+. In particular, we show that this cation interacts with neutral donor ligands such as THF and DMAP to afford [2-THF]+ and [2-DMAP3]+, respectively, which have been isolated as [PF6]− salts. 1H and 199Hg NMR titration experiments carried out in DMSO-d6 indicate that the mercury center of [2]+ engages heavy halide anions to afford the corresponding complexes 2-Cl, 2-Br and 2-I whose stability constants are equal to 1890 (±10) M−1, 500 (±10) M−1, and 145 (±5) M−1, respectively. In the case of chloride, binding of a second halide ligand at antimony is observed leading to [2-Cl2]− which has been characterized as a [nBu4N]+ salt. Results obtained from titrating [2]+ against F− also indicate the formation of a complex, albeit with antimony as the primary anion binding site. Although the short Hg–Sb distances observed in these complexes (3.04–3.09 A) remains essentially invariant, NBO calculations show a distinct strengthening of a 6s(Hg)→σ*(Sb–C) donor–acceptor interaction upon coordination of a halide to the mercury center. These NBO results also reveal weak 5d(Hg)→σ*(Sb–C) dative interactions which, as suggested by Hg L3 and Sb K-edge XANES measurements, are too weak to induce a measurable oxidation of the mercury center. In turn, we conclude that the enhanced Lewis acidity of the diarylmercury unit of [2]+ results from the presence of the stibonium moiety which provides a Coulombic pull for the coordination of Lewis bases while also drawing electron density away from the mercury atom via relatively weak orbital interactions.


Drawing on interview data with black-white biracial adults, we examine the considerable agency most have in asserting their racial identities to others. Extending research on ''identity work'' (Snow and Anderson 1987), we explore the strategies biracial people use to conceal (i.e., pass), cover, and/or accent aspects of their racial ancestries, and the individual and structural-level factors that limit the accessibility and/or effectiveness of some strategies. We further find that how these biracial respondents identify is often contextual—most identify as biracial, but in some contexts, they pass as monoracial. Scholars argue that passing may be a relic of the past, yet we find that passing still occurs today. Most notably, we find a striking reverse pattern of passing today—while passing during the Jim Crow era involved passing as white, these respondents more often report passing as black today. Motivations for identity work are explored, with an emphasis on passing as black.


Increased parental school choice has become a popular education reform strategy, but evidence of its effectiveness in improving student achievement is mixed. In this paper, we examine the rationale for school choice, obstacles to fulfilling its theoretical promise, and results observed to date. We supplement our discussion with data from a survey of Milwaukee principals. Survey findings suggest that school leaders feel competitive pressures from certain types of schools but tend to respond by improving their marketing efforts rather than their educational programs.


A collaborative relationship between native peoples and industrial corporations–two actors that value resource-rich land–is of vital importance for both the United States and the Russian Federation. A strong partnership between industrial and indigenous actors can help to ensure not only the stability of extractive projects, but also the protection of indigenous groups from the potentially existential threats associated with territorial loss. Cooperation between these two parties gains urgency as extractive corporations begin to explore the Arctic, a region of the world already home to over two dozen unique indigenous communities. In both the United States and the Russian Federation, there are legal precedents for negotiations regarding indigenous rights, natural resources, and the fuel-energy complex. Even so, parties involved in the extractive process frequently stray from these national and international legal guidelines. Our paper seeks to answer the question: why might rational actors–here, indigenous and industrial communities that are motivated by their preferences–fail to cooperate on extractive projects, even when robust collaborative agreements benefit all sides? We suggest that the explanation is twofold: first, indigenous land rights lack the consistency which may give indigenous communities control over their resources and cultural preservation; and second, a neutral and objective third-party mediator–whether in the form of a state or an international body–is often silent in, or absent from, the negotiation process, thereby undermining its authority to ensure fair and reasonable deliberations. Our findings can offer important insights for community-corporate relations, not only in the Arctic, but worldwide.(Published: May 2017)Citation: A.M. Lerner et al. "Mitigating the Risks of Resource Extraction for Industrial Actors and Northern Indigenous Peoples." Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol. 8, 2017, pp. 23–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/arctic.v8.659


We developed a new CO vertical column density product from near IR observations of the SCIAMACHY instrument onboard ENVISAT. For the correction of a temporally and spatially variable offset of the CO vertical column densities we apply a normalisation procedure based on coincident MOPITT (version 4) observations over the oceans. The resulting normalised SCIAMACHY CO data is well suited for the investigation of the CO distribution over continents, where important emission sources are located. We use only SCIAMACHY observations for effective cloud fractions below 20 %. Since the remaining effects of clouds can still be large (up to 100 %), we applied a cloud correction scheme which explicitly considers the cloud fraction, cloud top height and surface albedo of individual observations. The normalisation procedure using MOPITT data and the cloud correction substantially improve the agreement with independent data sets. We compared our new SCIAMACHY CO data set, and also observations from the MOPITT instrument, to the results from three global atmospheric chemistry models (MATCH, EMAC at low and high resolution, and GEOS-Chem); the focus of this comparison is on regions with strong CO emissions (from biomass burning or anthropogenic sources). The comparison indicates that over most of these regions the seasonal cycle is generally captured well but the simulated CO vertical column densities are systematically smaller than those from the satellite observations, in particular with respect to SCIAMACHY observations. Because SCIAMACHY is more sensitive to the lowest part of the atmosphere compared to MOPITT, this indicates that especially close to the surface the model simulations systematically underestimate the true atmospheric CO concentrations, probably caused by an underestimation of CO emissions by current emission inventories. For some biomass burning regions, however, such as Central Africa in July–August, model results are also found to be higher than the satellite observations.


Background & objectives: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic disease. The JE virus (JEV) does not cause any disease among its natural hosts and transmission continues through mosquitoes belonging to Culex vishnui subgroup. This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of JEV in mosquitoes and humans in the Thanjavur district, a non-endemic region for JE, in Tamil Nadu, by using standard available assays. Methods : A sero-surveillance study was conducted in Thanjavur district among the normal rural school children in the 5–12 yr age group, during the JE season (October) and post-JE season (February) from 2011 to 2013 for the detection of JEV infection. Vector abundance studies were carried out from 2011 to 2014. JE seropositivity and its association between the seasons were analysed statistically. Results : The occurrence of JE infection among children aged 5–12 yr was very high in the study area. The infection rates for JE in two consecutive seasons for 2011–12 and 2012–13 were 32.2 and 65.2%, respectively. The Cx. tritaeniorhynchus sp. dominated the catch, and was majorly responsible for the transmission. There was a significant difference in the human infection rate compared to the years 1991–92 and 1992–93; and a marked decrease in the cattle to pigs ratio (123 : 1) compared to the studies in 1991–93. Interpretation & conclusion : The study unearthed the prevailing situation of JE among children, who are at higher risk of developing the disease during the transmission season. The decrease in the cattle to pigs ratio might be the one of the reasons for increase in the JEV infection among the children population compared to 20 years before. This trend requires urgent attention as it could be prevented with effective surveillance systems and vaccines.


Transformers have attracted increasing interests in computer vision, but they still fall behind state-of-the-art convolutional networks. In this work, we show that while Transformers tend to have larger model capacity, their generalization can be worse than convolutional networks due to the lack of the right inductive bias. To effectively combine the strengths from both architectures, we present CoAtNets(pronounced"coat"nets), a family of hybrid models built from two key insights: (1) depthwise Convolution and self-Attention can be naturally unified via simple relative attention; (2) vertically stacking convolution layers and attention layers in a principled way is surprisingly effective in improving generalization, capacity and efficiency. Experiments show that our CoAtNets achieve state-of-the-art performance under different resource constraints across various datasets: Without extra data, CoAtNet achieves 86.0% ImageNet top-1 accuracy; When pre-trained with 13M images from ImageNet-21K, our CoAtNet achieves 88.56% top-1 accuracy, matching ViT-huge pre-trained with 300M images from JFT-300M while using 23x less data; Notably, when we further scale up CoAtNet with JFT-3B, it achieves 90.88% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet, establishing a new state-of-the-art result.


In March 2020, Covid-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization. Most European governments reacted with lockdowns. A drop in demand as well as supply disruptions affected the economy which also hit European banks with quite a lot of uncertainty, not only regarding possible future loan losses. Due to the experience of the last financial crisis in 2008 European regulatory bodies and standard setters (like ESMA, EBA, IOSCO or IASB) immediately communicated their expectations on disclosure regarding the pandemic's impact in order to meet the objective of the IFRS to provide decision-useful information to stakeholders. The majority of these publications was released during the second quarter of 2020 and became available to the banks for the preparation of their half-year reports. As ESMA considers Covid-19 a significant event under IAS 34 a high level of disclosures is required in interim reports.

The aim of the following study is to examine the extent to which banks fulfilled the disclosure expectations communicated by the relevant professional institutions. For this purpose, a disclosure index approach will be applied to half-year reports and annual reports for the year 2020 from European banks. The selection of banks is based on the list of significant entities being directly supervised by the ECB. A totality of 86 annual reports and 67 interim reports are analysed. To a large extent, the sample appropriately reflects the European banking sector seen by the EBA.

48 disclosure items are derived to structure a disclosure index. A dichotomous approach is used to avoid a high degree of subjectivity. Items are grouped thematically, resulting in twelve categories. Therefrom, the category "credit risk", forms with a total of 13 elements by far the largest category. Furthermore, for comparison reasons a weighted as well as an unweighted index are calculated for each report. Within the weighted index quantitative disclosure elements are being weighted more heavily than qualitative ones.

Seven hypotheses are tested with the following expectations. The disclosure quality in annual reports is higher than in half-year reports. Banks, which have published a half-year report 2020, fulfil the disclosure expectations in their annual reports 2020 to a higher degree. Larger banks provide more information on Covid-19 related topics. Listed banks meet disclosure expectations to a greater extent than unlisted banks. Profitable banks provide more information. The CET1 ratio is positively linked to the level of disclosure. Banks which are more heavily affected by the pandemic fulfil the disclosure requirements to a minor degree than other banks.

It is shown that less than 50 per cent of the expected disclosures of the respective authorities are fulfilled. Only parts of the credit risk disclosure satisfy and there is a lot of room for improvement for the next reporting period. Furthermore, the study provides a deep and detailed insight into the areas and the level of disclosure of European banks.


We examined the hypothesis that fish species with similar ecomorphological patterns, but from different taxonomic groups, would use similar feeding modes. We contrasted the feeding behavior of Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) (Centrarchidae) and Cichla ocellaris (Block and Schneider) (Cichlidae), both large-mouthed piscivores with a locomotor morphology designed for fast acceleration, with Lepomis spp. (Centrarchidae) and Cichlosoma severum (Heckel) (Cichlidae), both small-mouthed predators on benthic invertebrates with a locomotor morphology designed for maneuverability. Pressure profiles in the buccal and opercular cavities were more similar for species that shared ecomorphological patterns than for species that shared phylogenetic histories. For small- mouthed predators, minimum buccal pressures were significantly greater and occurred earlier than the corresponding opercular pressures. For both large-mouthed predators, minimum buccal and opercular pressures were similar in magnitude and in timing. We developed the ram-suction index (RSI) to identify the relative contributions of ram feeding (i.e. predator movement) and of suction feeding (i.e. prey movement) to shortening the predator-prey distance during the strike. The RSI values for small- mouthed predators fell closer to the suction end of the ram-suction continuum than did strikes by the large-mouthed predators. The RSI provides a bench mark for evaluating the hydrodynamic consequences of intraspecific, interspecific and interprey variation in strike mechanics.


In December 2009, political attention was turned towards the 15th UN Climate Conference, COP15. For the Global Justice Movement (GJM) this provided an opportunity to promote their agenda. The use of online media conjured up memories of the success of alternative media in mobilising large-scale protests around previous WTO and G8 counter-summits. However, the COP15 saw a turn to the use of what can be termed mainstream – online sites among activists. Drawing on a case study of the activist network NTAC, we explore how YouTube served both the purpose of reaching broader publics and of mobilising for confrontational direct action within activist circles.


Drops are stabilized in agitated liquid-liquid systems by both surface and internal viscous forces. The dispersion of an inviscid liquid into a turbulent continuous phase in static mixers has been studied but the effect of dispersed phase viscosity is not well understood. Systematic experiments have been conducted in a Kenics mixer by photographically examining dilute suspensions of viscous oils in water to determine how viscosity and conditions of agitation affect equilibrium mean drop size and size distribution. A semiempirical theory is developed which correlates the mean size data and collapses to the well-known Weber number result in the inviscid limit. A correlation for drop size distribution in terms of cumulative volume frequency is developed by normalization with the Sauter mean diameter D32. Measurements at the mixer entrance indicate that the method of introduction of the dispersed phase should be considered when evaluating mixer performance.


The Great Pyramid of Giza embodies the extraordinary vision and creative powers of an ancient, largely unknown people. By means of their bold architecture and construction, both they and their accomplishments gained star billing on the human stage. Their brilliance, reflected in the achievements they bequeathed humankind, captivates us, ensuring that we forever recognize as remarkable their many contributions to civilization.


The problem of the reconstruction of centres of Polish towns and cities after the destructions of the World War II evoke discussions even today. Over the first years after the war, in numerous cases the centres of historical cities and towns were lost; in the place of former market squares and networks of streets with tenements crowned with endwall trims, randomly dispersed concrete blocks of flats were erected, in order to satisfy urgent housing demands. The situation changed after 1980, when in Elbląg, Gdańsk, Szczecin, Kołobrzeg, a rule was adopted according to which the peripheral development of city quarters was to be recreated, restoring tenements located in historical plots of land, but contemporary in style, maintaining the silhouettes and sizes from years before. It is also possible to observe other activities in the solutions of the latest public utility buildings, which - often by using a sophisticated intellectual play - restore the climate and character of cities remembered and known from the past centuries. In the west and north of Europe there are many towns and cities, predominantly ports, which used to be members of Hansa. The organisation of Hansa, the origins of which reach back to the Middle Ages, associated a number of cities which could decide about the provision of goods to cities within a specific territory, and secure markets for products manufactured in them. Thanks to that, cities that belonged to Hansa were developing more rapidly and effectively, and the beginnings of their development within the territory of Germany and in the Baltic states date back to the 13th and 14th centuries. The peak period of the development of Hanseatic cities, where merchants were engaged in free trade with people from European countries, fell in the 14th and 15th centuries, but already in the 17th century there was a complete decline of Hansa, resulting from the occurrence of competition in the form of associations of Dutch and English cities, as well as the Scandinavian ones. From amongst Polish towns and cities, members of Hansa were e.g. Szczecin, Gdańsk, Kołobrzeg, Elbląg, as well as Cracow. In 1980 an association of partner cities of North Europe, dubbed a New Hansa, was established, the objective of which is to attract attention to the common development of tourism and trade. Nowadays, this New Hansa associates over a hundred cities, similarly to what once was in the medieval Hansa. Numerous Polish cities faced the problem of reconstruction after the destruction of the World War II. The effects varied. By adopting the programme of satisfying predominantly housing demands in the 1960s and 1970s, historical old towns in dozens of cities from amongst nearly 2 hundred destroyed by warfare of the World War II in the north and west of Poland were lost forever. Today we can still encounter ruins of Gothic churches in Głogów or Gubin, where in the place of a market square and tenements of townsmen, randomly located rows of typical four- or five-storey blocks of flats have been erected.


For biosimilar drug development, it is critical to demonstrate similar physiochemical characteristics, efficacy, and safety of the biosimilar product compared to the reference product. Therefore, pharmacokinetic (PK) and immunogenicity (antidrug antibody, ADA) assays that allow for the demonstration of biosimilarity are critical. Under the auspices of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) Ligand-Binding Assay Bioanalytical Focus Group (LBABFG), a Biosimilars Action Program Committee (APC) was formed in 2011. The goals of this Biosimilars APC were to provide a forum for in-depth discussions on issues surrounding the development and validation of PK and immunogenicity assays in support of biosimilar drug development and to make recommendations thereof. The Biosimilars APC's recommendations for the development and validation of ligand-binding assays (LBAs) to support the PK assessments for biosimilar drug development are presented here. Analytical recommendations for the development and validation of LBAs to support immunogenicity assessments will be the subject of a separate white paper.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral intervention on emotional-behavioral problems in bereaved adolescent girls. Being a quasi-experimental study, the research employed a pretest, posttest and follow-up (one month) design. The statistical population included bereaved high school adolescent girls in Shahin Shahr city in 2011. Of them, 30 students were selected via access sampling method, and were then randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The measurement instrument was Goodman Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (Goodman, 1997). Experimental group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral intervention (each a 90-minute session). The results of analysis of covariance (with SPSS15) showed that cognitive- behavioral intervention had significantly reduced emotional-behavioral problems in bereaved adolescent girls both in post test and follow-up (P≤ 0.05). Results also showed a significant difference between groups in all subscales including emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity and peer problem in post test and follow-up (P≤ 0.05).


This PhD researches the development of political parties in Egypt between 1981 and 2000 under the presidency of Husni Mubarak. The starting point of this investigation is the failure of Egypt's parties to develop into politically-relevant organisations with strong constituency support in society. What we find instead are parties that - since the inception of multipartism in 1977 - remain characterised by their marginal role within the polity and politics of the state, that are little entrenched in society and that expose an underdeveloped and oftentimes fragmented internal structure. What is more, not only have these parties remained persistently weak, but since the early 1990s they experienced a further weakening of their position in the Egyptian polity. Essentially, this weakening was evident at both the electoral and parliamentary level. In both these domains of politics parties were far more vocal and visibly present during the 1980s than during the 1990s. During the latter decade, in fact, the country's main parties had become entirely marginalized actors in the electoral and parliamentary arenas. This PhD argues that the marginalisation of Egypt's parties was critically influenced by the 1990 reform of the parliamentary electoral law. This reform entailed a shift from a PR list- based regime to an absolute majority two-round system. Following the electoral connection literature, it is demonstrated that this particular inter-system change, rather than supporting the development of strong mass-based organisations, actually contributed to the further weakening of Egypt's parties as collective actors in the electoral arena. This was the case because the new electoral law created an institutional environment that adversely affect the capacity of party headquarters to control the nomination and placement of candidates and the willingness of party candidates to pursue a party over a personal reputation-seeking strategy in the elections. Both these factors together, it is maintained, severely undermined the capacity of parties to enhance levels of internal unity and visible representation in the electoral arena, and as such contributed to their observed marginalisation in the Egyptian polity.


Abstract Conventional probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) are not well suited to addressing long-term reactor operations. Since passive structures and components are among those for which replacement can be least practical, they might be expected to contribute increasingly to risk in an aging plant; yet, passives receive limited treatment in PRAs. Furthermore, PRAs produce only snapshots of risk based on the assumption of time-independent component failure rates. This assumption is unlikely to be valid in aging systems. The treatment of aging passive components in PRA presents challenges. Service data to quantify component reliability models are sparse, and this is exacerbated by the greater data demands of age-dependent reliability models. Another factor is that there can be numerous potential degradation mechanisms associated with the materials and operating environment of a given component. This deepens the data problem since risk-informed management of component aging will demand an understanding of the long-term risk significance of individual degradation mechanisms. In this paper we describe a Bayesian methodology that integrates metrics of materials degradation susceptibility with available plant service data to estimate age-dependent passive component reliabilities. Integration of these models into conventional PRA will provide a basis for materials degradation management informed by predicted long-term operational risk.


Combining razor-sharp analysis with dramatic narrative, vivid portraits of soldiers and commanders with illuminating discussions of battle tactics and covert actions, The Sword and the Olive traces the history of the IDF from its beginnings in Palestine to today. The book also goes beyond chronology to wrestle with the political and ethical struggles that have shaped the IDF and the country it serves--struggles that are manifesting themselves in the recent tragic escalation of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. Often revisionist in attitude, surprising in many of its conclusions, this book casts new light on the struggle for peace in the Middle East.


This text focus on Jean-Luc Nancy's concept of "co-appearing." We claim that Nancy understands "co-appearing" as a non-subjective process of original synthesis, which provides the ultimate ontological grounds for a post-hermeneutical understanding of Being. We also suggests that "co-appearing" allows to elaborate a reinterpretation of transcendental logic. As original synthetic process, "co-appearing" describes the way in which meaning produces itself, without involving the category of a subjective, or even existential, "understanding." We identify the production of meaning through an analysis of metaphors in Aristotle's Poetics. Metaphors create meaning by opposing terms that "appear with" one another. My hypothesis is that the production of metaphors offers a clear example of how meaning is produced abandoning any presupposition concerning self-reflection and subjectivity. It is in that sense that "co-appearing" challenges transcendental logic and pushes us to reinvent it.


1. Introduction to Electronic Commerce. Defining Electronic Commerce. Brief History of Electronic Commerce. Forces Fueling Electronic Commerce. Electronic Forces. Marketing and Customer Interaction Forces. Technology and Digital Convergence. Implications of Various Forces. Electronic Commerce Industry Framework. The Information Superhighway. Multimedia Content and Network Publishing. Messaging and Information Distribution. Common Business Services Infrastructure. Other Key Support Layers. Putting the Framework into Action: Microsoft Corporation. Types of Electronic Commerce. Inter-organizational Electronic Commerce. Intra-organizational Electronic Commerce. Consumer-to-Business Electronic Commerce. Intermediaries and Electronic Commerce. Key Questions for Management. Competitive Pressure. External Threat. Incorporating Changes. Designing New Organizational Structures. Managerial Options and Priorities. Summary. 2. The Internet and the Access Provider Industry. Internet Service Providers. Key Market Drivers for the Internet. Who Is Making Money on the Internet. Clarifying Internet Terminology. Companies Providing Internet Access. Internet Topology. Differentiating Market Segments: Commercial versus Consumer. Internet versus Online Services. Open versus Closed Architecture. Controlled Content versus Uncontrolled Content. Metered Pricing versus Flat Pricing. Innovation versus Control. Predicting the Future of the IAP Market. Convergence Leading to Competition. Service and Capacity Management. Customer Service, Loyalty, and Retention. Marketing. Customer Education. Changing Technology behind Internet Access. Changing Technology behind the Access Provider. Summary. 3. World Wide Web--Applications. Brief History of the Web. What Exactly Is the Web? Why Is the Web Such a Hit? The Web and Ease of Use. The Web and Ease of Publishing. The Web as a New Distribution Channel. The Web and Network-Centric Computing. The Web and New Intra-Business Applications. The Web and Electronic Commerce. The Web and Intra-Business Commerce. Other Intranet Applications. Intranet Advantages and Disadvantages. Management of Intranets. Understanding the Intranet Architecture. Summary. 4. World Wide Web--Concepts and Technology. Key Concepts behind the Web. Overview of the Web's Technical Architecture. Interactive Web Applications. Interactive Applications. Interactivity and Information Integration. Web Extensions for Interactive Applications. Web and Database Integration. Web Database Products. HTML Forms and CGI Programs. Web Software Developmental Tools. Need for Better Programming Languages. New Programming Language: Java. Technically Speaking: What Exactly Is Java? Role of Java in Electronic Commerce. How Does Java Work? Business Reasons for Using Java. Multimedia Web Extensions. Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). RealAudio. Internet and Web-based Telephony. Directories and Search Engines. Lycos. Summary. 5. Firewalls and Transaction Security. Firewalls and Network Security. Types of Firewalls. Firewall Security Policies. Emerging Firewall Management Issues. Transaction Security. Types of Online Transactions. Requirements for Transaction Security. Encryption and Transaction Security. Secret-Key Encryption. Public-Key Encryption. Implementation and Management Issues. World Wide Web and Security. Netscape's Secure Sockets Layer. Security and Online Web-based Banking. Summary. 6. Electronic Payment Systems. Overview of the Electronic Payment Technology. The Online Shopping Experience. Limitations of Traditional Payment Instruments. Electronic or Digital Cash. Properties of Electronic Cash. Digital Cash in Action. Electronic Checks. Benefits of Electronic Checks. Electronic Checks in Action. NetCheck: A Prototype Electronic Check System. Electronic Check Project. Online Credit Card-Based Systems. Types of Credit Card Payments. Secure Electronic Transactions (SET). Other Emerging Financial Instruments. Debit Cards at the Point of Sale (POS). Debit Cards and Electronic Benefits Transfer. Smart Cards. Consumer, Legal, and Business Issues. Summary. 7. Electronic Commerce and Banking. Changing Dynamics in the Banking Industry. Changing Consumer Needs. Cost Reduction. Demographic Trends. Regulatory Reform. Technology-based Financial Services Products. Home Banking History. Why Will It Be Different This Time? Home Banking Implementation Approaches. Home Banking Using Bank's Proprietary Software. Banking via the PC Using Dial-Up Software. Banking via Online Services. Banking via the Web: Security First Network Bank. Open versus Closed Models. Management Issues in Online Banking. Differentiating Products and Services. Managing Financial Supply Chains. Pricing Issues in Online Banking. Marketing Issues: Attracting Customers. Marketing Issues: Keeping Customers. Back-Office Support for Online Banking. Integrating Telephone Call Centers with the Web. Summary. 8. Electronic Commerce and Retailing. Changing Retail Industry Dynamics. Overbuilding and Excess Capacity. Demographic Changes. Consumer Behavior. Technology Improvements in Electronic Retailing. Online Retailing Success Stories. Online Retailing: Peapod's Experience. CUC International. Wine on the Web: Virtual Vineyards. Web-based Travel Agencies. Mercantile Models from the Consumer's Perspective. Distinct Phases of a Consumer Mercantile Model. Prepurchase Preparation. Purchase Consummation. Postpurchase Interaction. Management Challenges in Online Retailing. Come Up with a Retailing Strategy. Manage Channel Conflict. Learn to Price Online Products/Services. Deliver a Satisfying Shopping Experience. Design the Layout of an Online Store. Manage Brands. Create the Right Incentives. Summary. 9. Electronic Commerce and Online Publishing. Why Online Publishing? Online Publishing Strategies. Online Publishing Approaches. Full-Text and Bibliographic Databases. Personalized and Customized News. Business Information and News Delivery. Edutainment = Education + Entertainment. Online Publishing Success Stories. PointCasting. Time Warner's Pathfinder. Disney Online. Integrating TV and Data Streams: Intercasting. Advertising and Online Publishing. An Online Publishing Missing Piece: Measurement. Digital Copyrights and Electronic Publishing. Online Copyright Protection Methods. Summary. 10. Intranets and Supply-Chain Management. Supply-Chain Management Fundamentals. Pull versus Push Supply-Chain Models. Elements of Supply-Chain Management. Integrating Functions in a Supply Chain. Managing Retail Supply Chains. The Order Management Cycle (OMC). Supply-Chain Application Software. Software for Supply-Chain Management. Recent Trends in Application Software. What Is the Business Market? Understanding the Application Software Architecture. Future of Supply-Chain Software. Intranets and Network-Centric Computing. Intranets and Application Software. Impact of the Web on Application Software. Elaborating on the Intranet Architecture. What Remains to Be Done? Summary. 11. Intranets and Customer Asset Management. Why Customer Asset Management? Challenges in Implementing Customer Asset Management. Customer Asset Management and Supply Chains. Online Sales Force Automation. What Is Sales Force Automation? Elements of Online Sales Automation. Intranets and Sales Automation. What Are the Management Issues? Online Customer Service and Support. The Web and Customer Service. The Role of Technology in Customer Service. What Are the Business Requirements? The Enabling Intranet Technology. Technology and Marketing Strategy. Marketing Decision Support Systems. Marketing Decision Support Applications. Summary. 12. Intranets and Manufacturing. Defining the Terminology. Integrated Logistics. Agile Manufacturing. Emerging Business Requirements. Customer-Driven Manufacturing. Rapid Internal Response to Demand Changes. Efficiently Managing Supply Chain Complexity. Manufacturing Information Systems. Discrete versus Process Manufacturing Market. Types of Manufacturing Information Systems. Intranet-Based Manufacturing. Customer-Driven Manufacturing. Real-Time Decision Support. Intelligent Process Management. Logistics Management. Problems with Traditional Logistics Management. Case Study: Microsoft Corp Integrated Logistics. Objective of Modern Logistics Function. Forecasting. Purchasing. Distribution Management. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). Benefits of EDI. EDI in Action. Why Has EDI Adoption Lagged? Summary. 13. Intranets and Corporate Finance. Intranets and Finance. What Exactly Are Financial Systems? What Do Financial Systems Do? Financial Intranets. Understanding the Different Software Modules. Transaction Accounting and Electronic Commerce. Financial Analysis and Management Accounting. Inventory Accounting. Payment Management. Treasury and Cash Management. Human Resources Management Systems. HRMS Functions. Size/Structure of Financials Software Market. Product Strategy. Financial Data Warehouses. How Are Firms Using the Web for OLAP? Desirable Software Requirements. Summary. 0201880679T04062001


A key mechanism in the organization of turns at talk in conversation is the ability to anticipate or PROJECT the moment of completion of a current speaker's turn. Some authors suggest that this is achieved via lexicosyntactic cues, while others argue that projection is based on intonational contours. We tested these hypotheses in an on-line experiment, manipulating the presence of symbolic (lexicosyntactic) content and intonational contour of utterances recorded in natural conversations. When hearing the original recordings, subjects can anticipate turn endings with the same degree of accuracy attested in real conversation. With intonational contour entirely removed (leaving intact words and syntax, with a completely flat pitch), there is no change in subjects' accuracy of end-of-turn projection. But in the opposite case (with original intonational contour intact, but with no recognizable words), subjects' performance deteriorates significantly. These results establish that the symbolic (i.e. lexicosyntactic) content of an utterance is necessary (and possibly sufficient) for projecting the moment of its completion, and thus for regulating conversational turn-taking. By contrast, and perhaps surprisingly, intonational contour is neither necessary nor sufficient for end-of-turn projection.


Introduction: Door openings and increased foot traffic in operating rooms (ORs) during total joint arthroplasty are thought to increase the risk of surgical site infection. Methods: Digital manometers were used to collect pressure data during off-hours at the thresholds of both the outer door (ie, the door to the common OR hallway) and the inner substerile door, which opens to the substerile hallway, of six empty ORs used for total joint arthroplasty. Airflow patterns were visualized with smoke studies to determine whether outside air entered the ORs during single or multiple door openings. Data were analyzed using the Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: Positive pressure was not defeated during any door-opening event. The average time for recovery of the initial pressurization in the OR regardless of the door used was between 14 and 15 seconds (P = 0.462). No differences in the degree of room depressurization were noted between entry of personnel through the outer door, passing of a surgical tray through the outer door, and entry of personnel through the inner door (P = 0.312). Smoke studies confirmed that no contaminated outside air entered the OR with single door opening. Outside air entered the OR if two doors were open simultaneously. Conclusion: Single door opening does not defeat OR positive pressure, but simultaneous opening of two doors allows contaminated air to flow into the OR. OR traffic should continue to be limited during surgical procedures. OR personnel should be educated about the danger to the sterile field that can result from simultaneous door openings and should be discouraged from such activity.


Consequences of disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle observed during spaceflight on astronaut health and performance are a focal point of space research. Decrements of both muscle mass and protein synthesis rates have been observed with exposure to varying muscle loading environments (1G > partial loading > 0G), and most of the reduced muscle mass can be attributed to diminished rates of synthesis. However, specific mechanisms behind unloadingdependent reductions of protein synthesis are not well defined. PURPOSE: To determine whether or not alterations of anabolic signal transduction was responsible for the changes previously observed in fractional synthesis rates with specific gravitational loading paradigms. METHODS: Female BALB/cByJ were normalized by bodyweight and assigned to normal cage ambulation (1G), partial weight bearing suspension titrated to approximately 33% bodyweight (G/3), partial weight bearing titrated to 16% bodyweight (G/6) and full unloading of hind limbs (0G) in specially designed cages. All mice were subjected to that loading environment for 21d prior to tissue harvest, and monitored daily. Immunoblotting of the gastrocnemius (n=23) was carried out to analyze alterations of anabolic signal transduction. Although numerous signaling intermediates were assessed, the focus of this abstract will be on ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70-S6K). This important protein has served as a marker of protein synthesis signal transduction as well as the anabolic capacity in skeletal muscle. RESULTS: Regardless of loading paradigm, no differences were detected among groups for the activation of p70-S6K (as indicated by the phospho: total protein content). Total protein content, however, was ~27% lower than control in 0G and G/3 (P=0.008) with G/6 not being different from control (P>0.05). CONCLUSION: In combination with previous data (unpublished observations), Partial gravitational fields at least partially rescues anabolic signaling, suggesting that a threshold level of stimulus is necessary to maintain anabolic capacity in muscle. These results may have important implications towards the development of strategies designed to counter the effects of partial/complete unloading on skeletal muscle based on how the anabolic capacity of muscle is affected.


The Seleucid Empire (311-64 BCE) was unlike anything the ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern worlds had seen. Stretching from present-day Bulgaria to Tajikistan--the bulk of Alexander the Great's Asian conquests--the kingdom encompassed a territory of remarkable ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity; yet it did not include Macedonia, the ancestral homeland of the dynasty. "The Land of the Elephant Kings "investigates how the Seleucid kings, ruling over lands to which they had no historic claim, attempted to transform this territory into a coherent and meaningful space.Based on recent archaeological evidence and ancient primary sources, Paul J. Kosmin's multidisciplinary approach treats the Seleucid Empire not as a mosaic of regions but as a land unified in imperial ideology and articulated by spatial practices. Kosmin uncovers how Seleucid geographers and ethnographers worked to naturalize the kingdom's borders with India and Central Asia in ways that shaped Roman and later medieval understandings of "the East." In the West, Seleucid rulers turned their backs on Macedonia, shifting their sense of homeland to Syria. By mapping the Seleucid kings' travels and studying the cities they founded--an ambitious colonial policy that has influenced the Near East to this day--Kosmin shows how the empire's territorial identity was constructed on the ground. In the empire's final century, with enemies pressing harder and central power disintegrating, we see that the very modes by which Seleucid territory had been formed determined the way in which it fell apart.


In the past few years, the development of photonic crystal waveguides and structures has progressed immensely revealing many interesting optical phenomena and demonstrating numerous potential applications. We show how a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) in the collection mode can be used to investigate these powerful new optical structures, in particular photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWs). Unlike conventional far-field techniques, a SNOM can detect truly guided light propagating inside the structure without relying on scattering, and SNOM imaging is thereby not restricted by the diffraction limit of half of the wavelength used. In contrast to the regular input–output measurements, the SNOM collects local optical information which is not integrated or averaged because the light has propagated through the entire photonic structure, including possible in- and out-coupling waveguides. We show how intensity detection can be used to map mode profiles, determine losses locally, gain insight into the Bloch nature of the propagating light, and investigate more complex photonic crystal-based structures. Phase-sensitive detection allows the Bloch nature to be investigated in more detail as all the Bloch harmonics belonging to a single Bloch mode can be unravelled. Time-resolved SNOM measurements (pulse tracking measurements) allow pulse propagation to be visualized and phase and group velocities to be determined independently with the need for modelling. For certain optical frequencies ultraslow light can be observed. The possibilities and limitations of SNOM imaging for the characterization of PhCWs are discussed.


Background: High levels of multidimensional perfectionism may be dysfunctional in their own right and can also impact on the maintenance and treatment of Axis I psychiatric disorders. Aims: This paper sought to describe the behavioural expressions and imagery associated with perfectionism in a non-clinical sample. Method: Participants (n = 59) completed a newly developed questionnaire to assess behavioural expressions of perfectionism, and an adapted interview to assess perfectionism-related intrusive mental images. Results: The study found that those high in perfectionism took longer to complete tasks, experienced more checking and safety behaviour whilst carrying out tasks, and had greater trouble actually completing tasks compared to those low in perfectionism. In addition, those with higher levels of perfectionism experienced intrusive mental imagery, which was more distressing, harder to dismiss, and had more impact on behaviour than those with lower levels of perfectionism. Conclusions: This research provides an initial exploration of the specific behaviours and intrusive mental imagery associated with perfectionism. The new behavioural measure of perfectionism could prove useful clinically in the assessment of change; however, these findings are preliminary and warrant replication in a clinical sample in order to examine their treatment implications.


I. INTRODUCTION When I think of the state of New York's finances, I often think of the term in farming "eating your seed corn." Before a farmer sells or eats the corn he has harvested, he puts aside part of his crop as seed for next year's planting. If be consumed his whole crop instead, he would be "eating his seed corn"--getting by in the short run, gambling on an upturn in his fortunes, and risking his long-term chances of survival. For the past decade New York State, through its budgeting practices, has been eating its seed corn by acting only with an eye to the short term. The state essentially spent down its reserves and set aside little for the future. Now, faced with revenue declines, the state is challenged to weather the hard times. II. FISCAL OUTLOOK Budget Gaps in the Coming Years The state is currently in a fiscal crisis which is expected to continue over the next few years. There are projected budget deficits of $8 to $9 billion in 2010-2011 and $12 to $13 billion in 2011-2012. (1) State obligations are expected to rise faster than revenues. The deficits will grow even larger in the next few years. New York is not alone; many other states are facing large and growing deficits. According to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, the states have faced, and will face, combined budget shortfalls estimated at $375 billion in fiscal years 2010 and 2011. (2) III. HISTORICAL CONTEXT: BUDGET HISTORY A. Structural Imbalance To understand how New York arrived at this point, with projected budget deficits of $8 to $9 billion in 2010-2011 and $12 to $13 billion in 2011-2012, it is important to look at the state's recent budget history. Over the past ten years, the state's spending has increased at a rate 20% faster than its revenue growth. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The long-term gap between spending and recurring revenues is what budget specialists call "structural imbalance." This gap has widened in recessions and narrowed in good times. Figure 1 above illustrates the structural gap and shows how expenditures have outpaced revenues and have also grown faster than personal income growth. Even in years of normal economic growth, the gap has been significant. Instead of limiting spending to normal income growth and building reserves in good times, the state has let spending rise in boom years--and stay at boom-year levels. Little has been set aside for the lean years that inevitably arise. B. Non-recurring "One-shots" To sustain spending that outpaces revenue growth, the state has used "one-shots," non-recurring actions--like borrowings, asset sales, the use of reserves, and accounting devices--which increase receipts or decrease expenditures temporarily, but do not change long-term revenue and expense patterns. Over the past decade the state has used at least $20 billion in one-shots to sustain its spending habits. Some one-shots, like using reserves to fund spending in down years, are just good budget planning. Other one-shots are justified if they cover one-time expenses for important policy objectives or help to implement reforms whose savings will show up only in future years. But New York has often used one-shots to mask the structural deficits generated by spending trends that outpace reliable, recurring revenues. One such one-shot was the $4.2 billion that the state received in 2003-2004 by issuing "tobacco bonds," which were financed by future payments owed to the state under a national settlement with tobacco companies. …


This paper demonstrates a method development for integration of bending action into the form finding process. The aim has been to facilitate the designer with means to compromise between structural efficiency and sculptural freedom for grid shell type of structures. The analysis is carried out using Dynamic Relaxation (DR) and to achieve bending capability, the base element implementation is a 12 degrees of freedom beam where the DR is solving for both translations and rotations [2]. For purpose of validation, stress based utilization is calculated based on Eurocode 3 equations which are simplified to allow for separation of axial and bending utilization [3]. A stress based sizer is also implemented to enable comparison based on tonnage. The methods presented are derived from the principles behind stiffness control and force-density control form finding, commonly applied for compression and tension structures respectively [1]. The common denominator being that they are all driven by a form finding load case, where the user can specify various combinations of axial- and bending utilization limits for the elements, to which the form adapts as it tries to find equilibrium of internal and external forces and moments. None of the methods was found to satisfy all requirements for a useful general purpose shell design tool. The main issue was found to be wrinkling of the initial geometry when the need for drastic change in element length, required for a structurally unsound free form surface changing shape in the form finding process, is being opposed by the relatively high axial stiffness of a beam. This is not usually an issue when form finding with elastic springs that undergo large deformations in the process. Conclusively there might be merit for a form finding element that allows for large axial deformation to avoid the wrinkling problem but has the bending properties of a beam. From a workflow point of view, the implementation of elements with bending capability was demonstrated to be useful for form exploration, particularly when combined with automatic sizing. The separation of bending and axial utilization was also found useful from a form evaluation point of view.


This paper describes the development and clinical testing of a passive device which monitors the passive acoustic emissions generated within the patient's body during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Designed and clinically tested so that it can be operated by a nurse, the device analyses the echoes generated in the body in response to each ESWL shock, and so gives real time shock-by-shock feedback on whether the stone was at the focus of the lithotripter, and if so whether the previous shock contributed to stone fragmentation when that shock reached the focus. A shock is defined as being `effective' if these two conditions are satisfied. Not only can the device provide real-time feedback to the operator, but the trends in shock `effectiveness' can inform treatment. In particular, at any time during the treatment (once a statistically significant number of shocks have been delivered), the percentage of shocks which were `effective' provides a treatment score TS(t) which reflects the effectiveness of the treatment up to that point. The TS(t) figure is automatically delivered by the device without user intervention. Two clinical studies of the device were conducted, the ethics guidelines permitting only use of the value of TS(t) obtained at the end of treatment (this value is termed the treatment score TS0). The acoustically-derived treatment score was compared with the treatment score CTS2 given by the consultant urologist at the three-week patient's follow-up appointment. In the first clinical study (phase 1), records could be compared for 30 out of the 118 patients originally recruited, and the results of phase 1 were used to refine the parameter values (the `rules') with which the acoustic device provides its treatment score. These rules were tested in phase 2, for which records were compared for 49 of the 85 patients recruited. Considering just the phase 2 results (since the phase 1 data were used to draw up the `rules' under which phase 2 operated), comparison of the opinion of the urologist at follow-up with the acoustically derived judgment identified a good correlation (kappa = 0.94), the device demonstrating a sensitivity of 91.7% (in that it correctly predicted 11 of the 12 treatments which the urologist stated had been `successful' at the 3-week follow-up), and a specificity of 100% (in that it correctly predicted all of the 37 treatments which the urologist stated had been `unsuccessful' at the 3-week follow-up). The `gold standard' opinion of the urologist (CTS2) correlated poorly (kappa = 0.38) with the end-of-treatment opinion of the radiographer (CTS1). This is due to the limited resolution of the lithotripter X-Ray fluoroscopy system. If the results of phase 1 and phase 2 are pooled to form a dataset against which retrospectively to test the rules drawn up in phase 1, when compared with the gold standard CTS2, over the two clinical trials (79 patients) the device-derived scored (TS0) correctly predicted the clinical effectiveness of the treatment for 78 for the 79 patients (the error occurred on a difficult patient with a high body mass index). In comparison, using the currently available technology the in-theatre clinician (the radiographer) provided a treatment score CTS1 which correctly predicted the outcome of only 61 of the 79 therapies. In particular the passive acoustic device correctly predicted 18 of the 19 treatments that were successful (i.e. 94.7 sensitivity), whilst the current technology enabled the in-theatre radiographer to predict only 7 of the 19 successful treatments (i.e. 36.8 sensitivity). The real-time capabilities of the device were used in a preliminary examination of the effect of ventilation.


This memo describes the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
in the Counter with Cipher Block Chaining - Message Authentication
Code (CBC-MAC) Mode (CCM) of operation within Transport Layer Security
(TLS) and Datagram TLS (DTLS) to provide confidentiality and data
origin authentication. The AES-CCM algorithm is amenable to compact
implementations, making it suitable for constrained environments.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]


Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation (ABMS) is an effective paradigm to model systems exhibiting complex interactions, also with the goal of studying the emergent behavior of these systems. While ABMS has been effectively used in many disciplines, many successful models are still run only sequentially. Relying on simple and easy-to-use languages such as NetLogo limits the possibility to benefit from more effective runtime paradigms, such as speculative Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES). In this paper, we discuss a semantically-rich API allowing to implement Agent-Based Models in a simple and effective way. We also describe the critical points which should be taken into account to implement this API in a speculative PDES environment, to scale up simulations on distributed massively-parallel clusters. We present an experimental assessment showing how our proposal allows to implement complicated interactions with a reduced complexity, while delivering a non-negligible performance increase.


Parathyroid cysts are rare benign lesions located in the cervical region or the upper part of the mediastinum. They comprise less than 1% of all cervical mass lesions and 0.5% to 1% of parathyroid lesions. Typically, they develop as cervical masses without symptoms, or they may be accidentally detected in imaging studies or surgeries performed for other reasons. Most cysts are not functional; however, 10% to 15% of patients show symptoms related to hyperparathyroidism and these cysts are defined as functional cysts. The treatment strategy changes according to whether or not the cyst is functional and the site of involvement. In 85% to 90% of cases, the cysts are located in the cervical region, most often in the inferior parathyroid glands. The significance of these cysts is in the diagnostic difficulties; generally, they are confused with thyroid pathologies and are therefore diagnosed during a surgical procedure. This report describes a 45-year-old male patient who was operated on with a diagnosis of cystic nodular goiter in the inferior part of the left lobe of the thyroid gland, who was later diagnosed with a parathyroid cyst according to the histopathological characteristics. Raising diagnostic awareness of parathyroid cysts and providing a review of the literature was the goal of this report.


Background: Crocus sativus L., commonly known as saffron is used for different purposes such as an antispasmodic and expectorant. Recent studies have demonstrated that saffron extracts have antitumor, radical scavenger, hypolipidemic, anticonvulsant effects and it improves activity on learning and memory. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of aqueous saffron extract on weight, length, macroscopic and microscopic skeletal malformation in fetuses of rats. Methods: Study was carried on 3 groups of female Wistar rats. Group1 was kept as control and received normal saline with equal volume of extract; Group 2 received saffron extract with 80mg/kg-IP on 10 and 11 day of gestation; Group 3 received saffron extract with 200mg/kg-IP on 10 and 11 day of gestation. Rats were dissected on day 20 of gestation, embryos harvested by cesarean section. The living status and weight and length of fetuses were detected. After examination for determination of gross malformations, fetuses were placed in alcohol and stained by Alizarin red-Alcian blue method; then evaluation was carried by stereomicroscope. Results: Saffron extract at dose of 80 mg/kg significantly increased the weights and body-lengths of fetuses in compare with saline and extract at dose 200 mg/kg. Macroscopic and Microscopic studies did not show any skeletal abnormalities by two above doses of saffron. Conclusion: The results show short time administration of saffron aqueous extract does not cause malformation on skeletal system.


We address the problem of training models with black-box and hard-to-optimize metrics by expressing the metric as a monotonic function of a small number of easy-to-optimize surrogates. We pose the training problem as an optimization over a relaxed surrogate space, which we solve by estimating local gradients for the metric and performing inexact convex projections. We analyze gradient estimates based on finite differences and local linear interpolations, and show convergence of our approach under smoothness assumptions with respect to the surrogates. Experimental results on classification and ranking problems verify the proposal performs on par with methods that know the mathematical formulation, and adds notable value when the form of the metric is unknown.


Soil influences human health in a variety of ways, with human health being linked to the health of the soil. Historically, emphasis has been placed on the negative impacts that soils have on human health, including exposures to toxins and pathogenic organisms or the problems created by growing crops in nutrient-deficient soils. However, there are a number of positive ways that soils enhance human health, from food production and nutrient supply to the supply of medications and enhancement of the immune system. It is increasingly recognized that the soil is an ecosystem with a myriad of interconnected parts, each influencing the other, and when all necessary parts are present and functioning (ie, the soil is healthy), human health also benefits. Despite the advances that have been made, there are still many areas that need additional investigation. We do not have a good understanding of how chemical mixtures in the environment influence human health, and chemical mixtures in soil are the rule, not the exception. We also have sparse information on how most chemicals react within the chemically and biologically active soil ecosystem, and what those reactions mean for human health. There is a need to better integrate soil ecology and agronomic crop production with human health, food/nutrition science, and genetics to enhance bacterial and fungal sequencing capabilities, metagenomics, and the subsequent analysis and interpretation. While considerable work has focused on soil microbiology, the macroorganisms have received much less attention regarding links to human health and need considerable attention. Finally, there is a pressing need to effectively communicate soil and human health connections to our broader society, as people cannot act on information they do not have. Multidisciplinary teams of researchers, including scientists, social scientists, and others, will be essential to move all these issues forward.


Abstract In this paper, the analysis of the factors influencing the evolution of neocortex size in primates given in Dunbar (1992) is extended in three specific ways. (1) An independent test is undertaken of the hypothesis that group size is a function of relative neocortex size in primates by using estimates of neocortex size to predict group size for those species that were not involved in the original analysis. The results confirm the results of the earlier analysis. (2) A more satisfactory test is attempted of the alternative hypothesis that species which differ in the degree of extractive foraging also differ in relative neocortex size. This particular version of the hypothesis is rejected. (3) These results are used to identify the "cognitive" group size for those species of baboons that live in multi-layered social systems.


Allanpringite is a new ferric iron phosphate with the ideal formula Fe3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O, and is closely related to wavellite, Al3(PO4)2(OH)3·5H2O. Type locality is the dump of the abandoned Grube Mark near Essershausen, ca. 5 km SE of Weilburg/Lahn, Taunus, Hesse, Germany. The mineral occurs as pale brown-yellow, 010] acicular, invariably twinned (by non-merohedry) crystals which are always intergrown to form bundles of subparallel individuals. The maximum length of crystals is ca. 1.5 mm (usually much smaller); bundles can reach up to about 2 mm. The mineral is associated with beraunite (reddish "oxiberaunite" variety), cacoxenite, strengite and cryptomelane. Allanpringite is translucent to transparent, its streak is white with a pale yellowish tint, and it has a vitreous lustre. It shows a perfect cleavage parallel to the morphological elongation and one good cleavage parallel to {010}. It is brittle and has an uneven fracture, a Mohs hardness of ~3, and D (meas.) = 2.54(2) g/cm3, D (calc.) = 2.583 g/cm3 (for empirical formula). Optically, it is biaxial positive, with α = 1.662(5), β = 1.675(5), γ = 1.747(5), 2 Vγ (calc.) = 48°; pleochroism is strong: X colourless, Y colourless, Z dark yellow; absorption Z>>X~Y; orientation XYZ = ** b (pseudo-orthorhombic); no visible dispersion. Electron microprobe analysis yielded (wt.%): Fe2O3 47.84, Al2O3 0.34, Mn2O3 0.04; CuO 0.08, P2O5 28.56, F 0.02, H2Ocalc 23.49, less O≡F 0.01, total 100.36. The empirical formula is (Fe2.98Al0.03)(PO4)2(OH3.02F0.01)·4.97H2O, based on 16 O atoms.

Allanpringite is monoclinic, space group P 21/ n , with a = 9.777(3), b = 7.358(2), c = 17.830(5) A, β = 92.19(4)°, V = 1281.7(6) A3 (single-crystal data) and Z = 4. Strongest lines in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [ d (A), I , hkl ]: 8.90 (100) (002), 8.41 (60) (10-1, 101), 5.870 (50) (110), 3.600 (50) (021, 02-1), 3.231 (80) (204, 12-2). The crystal structure has been determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo K α radiation, CCD area detector) obtained from a twinned fragment ( R ( F ) = 13.3%). The structure of allanpringite is a monoclinically distorted, pseudo-orthorhombic variant of the orthorhombic structure of its Al-analogue wavellite, Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3·5H2O. Chains of corner-sharing, distorted Fe(O,OH,H2O)6 octahedra parallel to [010] are corner-linked by PO4 tetrahedra. Channels, also parallel to [010], host a positionally split water molecule. Average Fe-O distances of the three non-equivalent Fe atoms range between 2.014 and 2.021 A. Single-crystal laser-Raman spectroscopy confirms an overall weak hydrogen bonding scheme. The structure of allanpringite is also related to those of kingite and mitryaevaite. The amorphous santabarbaraite has a chemical formula basically identical to that of allanpringite. The name honours Dr. Allan Pring, eminent Australian mineralogist.


Finite element analysis, based on the vector H-field formulation and incorporating the perturbation technique, is used to calculate the complex propagation characteristics of metal-coated dielectric waveguides at terahertz frequencies. The propagation and attenuation characteristics of surface-plasmon modes (SPMs) at the metal/dielectric interfaces are presented. The effects on the modal properties of metal-clad dielectric guides with the cladding thickness and the formation of the supermodes due to coupling between the SPMs in the presence of different surrounding materials are also investigated


Many of those who buy a PDA today do it for the purpose of time management. The PDA is meant to replace other artifacts like paper diaries and notebooks but in practice the PDA cannot be used as the sole resource for time management. We think that to succeed in making time management with a PDA more useful the design has to be grounded in an understanding of the existing technology and how it is used in practice. We achieved this understanding of the time management with a PDA by conducting an ethnographical study to find out how the PDA is used in practice, making a technical investigation of the PDA and cooperated with the PDA users throughout the design process. In this thesis we describe our design suggestion that improves the applications for time management in the PDA and take it a step closer to be the replacement for other time management artifacts that the users wanted.


Citizenship in the making for a new millenium – education and citizen formation in 21st century Sweden. The aim of this article is to analyse citizenship formation in Swedish education. In highlighting trends regarding the assignment of the educational system to provide for democratic citizenship there are certain depictions of citizenship prevailing. The first stresses an inward-looking and inward-feeling citizenship, characterizing the citizen as deliberative and emotional. The second stresses an inward-looking and outward-making citizenship, characterizing the citizen as entrepreneurial and willing. Here, democracy is portrayed as already achieved. This, we argue, is hazardous as society risk being pictured as apolitical and democratically 'saturated'. This situation does not open up for democratic change to come into question as desirable or even possible. Put differently, it leaves us with the notion that things have to be as they are, as we are living in the best of worlds.


Bisexuality is not the exclusion of heterosexuality or homosexuality. In fact, on the surface it may seem like a combination of both. Although it may be comforting to see ourselves as having fixed gender identities, preferring the same or opposite sex and performing according to expectations associated with these preferences in our culture, bisexuality transcends the contemporary hetero-homo bipolarization and expresses a distinct and separate reality. It is proposed that this thesis project will examine the phenomenon of the bisexual female through the scripting, filming and editing of a short 16mm experimental documentary film. This documentary will work with notions concerning the narratives about female bisexuality that emerge from history and the lives of contemporary bisexual women in our culture. This film is personal in nature and allows me to explore and/or express my own experience of bisexuality throughout the work. I plan to utilize abstract imagery with representational images, and to include both a nonsync and synchronous original soundtrack within an installation context. During the course of my thesis work I will experiment with the possibility of exhibiting my film in the environment of an installation. Library of Congress Subject Headings Installations (Art); Documentary films; Bisexuality; Bisexual women Publication Date 2003 Document Type Thesis Department, Program, or Center School of Photographic Arts and Sciences (CIAS) Advisor Rubenstein, Elliott Advisor/Committee Member Bentley-Kemp, Lynne Advisor/Committee Member Kelly, Angela Comments Note: imported from RIT's Digital Media Library running on DSpace to RIT Scholar Works. Physical copy available through RIT's The Wallace Library at: HQ74 .D87 2003 Recommended Citation Duron, Angela, "Manifestations of desire" (2003). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses/696 Campus RIT – Main Campus  Download SHARE THESES Enter search terms: Search


In the last decades, a large number of organometallic complexes have shown promising anti-proliferative activity towards different cancer cell lines. However, these compounds generally had low cellular uptake and low selectivity towards cancer cells over healthy cells. The use of external triggers (e.g. light, ultra-sound, temperature, etc.) to modify the cytotoxic effect of a prodrug and the coupling of a targeting vector (e.g. peptides, antibodies, etc.) to a drug were found to be very successful techniques to tackle these drawbacks. Here, we envisioned combining these two methods, namely an external trigger (i.e. light activation) and a targeting vector, in an organometallic compound. More specifically, a Re(I) tricarbonyl N,N-bis(quinolinoyl) complex (Re-NH2) was derivatised with a photo-labile protecting group (PLPG) to cage Re-NH2 by formation of Re-PLPG. For organelle/cellular specificity, Re-PLPG was then further coupled to a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or a bombesin peptide derivative to give Re-PLPG-NLS or Re-PLPG-Bombesin, respectively. Photolysis experiments in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) demonstrated that Re-NH2 was completely photo-released from Re-PLPG-NLS and Re-PLPG-Bombesin using a very low irradiation dose (1.2 J cm−2). To the best of our knowledge, these are the first two examples of the selective photo-release of an intact organometallic compound from a bioconjugate. Of high interest, both derivatives showed toxicity comparable to that of cisplatin towards cervical cancer cells (HeLa) upon light irradiation, although the phototoxic index (PTI) varied greatly with the targeting peptide. The cell death mechanism of Re-PLPG-NLS was explored using different techniques, including fluorescence microscopy, ICP-MS, gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It could be demonstrated that HeLa cells treated with Re-PLPG-NLS in the dark and upon irradiation showed severe cell stress (nucleolar segregation, pyknosis and vacuolation). The data obtained from an Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) assay indicated that, after an early apoptotic stage, the onset induced by Re-PLPG-NLS led to cell death, with features ascribable to late apoptosis and necrosis, which were more marked for the treatment involving irradiation.


The Political Paul presents Paul as a political thinker. Many studies claiming Paul for Greek Hellenism discuss the influence upon him of various aspects of Hellenistic culture, but strangely neglect Hellenistic political philosophy with its roots in Classical antiquity. The Political Paul explores this dimension of PaulAes thought within the general context of Hellenistic political reflection to focus on the intriguing body of literature known as the Pythagorean pseudepigrapha. These researches support the highly original argument that Christianity has foundations in Hellenistic kingship theories. Paul constructs a political theory for Christianity. He conceives it as a polis-basileia system, politics proper and divine rule, each with its own dikaiosyne; this the study re-evaluates as a political concept.


In recent years, major steps have been taken in terms of understanding and exploiting the vast archive of Robert Boyle (1627-91), which was presented to The Royal Society in 1769. The collection was first catalogued in the 1980s; since then, it has been extensively used in preparing the definitive editions of Boyle's Works (14 vols, 1999-2000) and Correspondence (6 vols, 2001), both published by Pickering & Chatto, and the edition of his 'workdiaries', which has been available online since 2001. Now, thanks to a generous grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, various steps have been taken to enhance access to the archive--particularly by electronic means, and especially through the provision of high-quality digitized images of its key components--and thus to increase understanding of Boyle and his significance for the origins of modern science. The project, entitled 'Robert Boyle for the twenty-first century', is a joint initiative between Birkbeck (University of London), The Royal Society and Access to Archives. It has three main components: first, the revision of the catalogue of the Boyle archive and its presentation in online, searchable form; second, the creation of digitized images of the entire content of the core volumes of the Boyle Papers and the publication of these on the World Wide Web, some as illustrations to an updated edition of the workdiaries; and third, the provision of introductory material on Boyle aimed at schools on the Boyle website at Birkbeck.


Accurate optimal design solutions for most engineering structures present considerable difficulties due to the complexity and multi-modality of the functional design space. The situation is made even more complex when potential manufacturing tolerances must be accounted for in the optimizing process. The present study provides an in-depth analysis of the problem, and then a technique for determining the optimal design of engineering structures, with manufacturing tolerances in the design variables accounted for, is proposed and demonstrated. The examples used to demonstrate the technique involve the design optimization of simple fibre-reinforced laminated composite structures. The technique is simple, easy to implement and, at the same time, very efficient. It is assumed that the probability of any tolerance value occurring within the tolerance band, compared with any other, is equal, and thus it is a worst-case scenario approach. In addition, the technique is non-probabilistic. A genetic algorithm with fitness sharing, including a micro-genetic algorithm, has been found to be very suitable to use, and implemented in the technique. The numerical examples presented in the article deal with buckling load design optimization of an laminated angle ply plate, and evaluation of the maximum burst pressure in a thick laminated anisotropic pressure vessel. Both examples clearly demonstrate the impact of manufacturing tolerances on the overall performance of a structure and emphasize the importance of accounting for such tolerances in the design optimization phase. This is particularly true of the pressure vessel. The results show that when the example tolerances are accounted for, the maximum design pressure is reduced by 60.2% (in the case of a single layer vessel), and when five layers are specified, if the nominal fibre orientations are implemented and the example tolerances are incurred during fabrication, the actual design pressure could be 64% less than predicted.


Listening to Battered Women: A Survivor-Centered Approach to Advocacy, Mental Health, and Justice presents an in-depth, multidisciplinary look at society's responses to domestic violence. Though substantial reforms have been made in the services available to battered women since the 1970s, the book shows how the public and private systems available to victims of domestic violence are still failing to meet the needs of the women who seek help.Using a feminist perspective, authors Lisa Goodman and Deborah Epstein explore and critique the current available services in three different arenas: the domestic violence advocacy community, the mental health profession, and the justice system. In recent years, the options available to battered women have expanded dramatically. However, these reforms have been made at the expense of the contextualized, women-centered focus that was once at the heart of the anti-domestic violence movement.The authors argue that a renewed focus on the principles of the early feminist movement - for example, listening to individual women's voices, promoting supportive communities, and facilitating economic empowerment, could result in substantial progress in efforts to protect and counsel battered women. A series of concrete recommendations for improvements in the advocacy, mental health, and justice systems are also discussed.Researchers interested in the field of violence, gender studies, psychology of women, mental health trauma, or family law, as well as practitioners working with the victims of intimate partner violence, will find this book to be a valuable resource in their efforts.


Human inputs of pollutants to the atmosphere and subsequent deposition may decrease pH in the coastal waters. Significant rate of decrease in pH and increase in pCO2 by 3–5 times is noticed in the coastal Bay of Bengal (BoB) than the low‐latitude global ocean trends in the last few decades. We provide evidence for the first time for a rapid decrease in surface water pH due to atmospheric deposition of pollutants in the coastal BoB. The decrease in pH in the coastal BoB over the last decade is associated with concomitant increase in aerosol optical depth (AOD), total suspended particles (TSP) in air, sulfate and nitrate concentrations in TSP. This study suggests that contamination of surface coastal BoB by atmospheric pollutants not only acidifies surface ocean but also potentially amplifies CO2 emission with immediate implications to regional weather and climate.


The role of mixed chimerism on subsequent relapse was prospectively evaluated in an allotransplant program. Sixty-six patients with median age of 54 and mainly high-risk hematologic disease and/or solid tumors had individually adjusted non-myeloablative conditioning. Thirty-nine donors were siblings and 27 unrelated. Frequent chimerism analyses supported immune manipulation including donor lymphocyte infusions. The need for transfusions, iv fluids, and antibiotics, and weight loss was less than in a control cohort. Most patients had immediate full and consistent donor chimerism; one-third required immune manipulation. Eight of ten evaluable CML patients were BCR/ABL-negative at days 14-58 post-transplant. Mixed chimerism frequently preceded relapse, and the relapse rate was 38% in 26 patients with mixed chimerism vs. 11% among 35 with consistent full donor chimerism (p =0.015). The current transplant- and disease-related mortality were 11 and 9%, respectively, among 35 non-high-risk patients, and 35 and 10% for 29 high-risk patients with hematologic malignancy. With a median follow-up of 15 months the 2-year overall survival is 73% for non-high-risk, and 46% for high-risk patients. Adjusted conditioning reduces early toxicity and resource requirements without impairing tumor control, probably due to a rapid establishment of the graft-versus-cancer effect. Mixed chimerism heralded relapse, and tumor-related mortality is not greater with adjusted than with conventional conditioning.


Persisting knowledge gaps relating to the ecological context and potential environmental impacts of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices continue to add substantial costs and uncertainty to MRE projects globally. Increasingly sophisticated technological approaches to environmental monitoring can have fundamental non-trivial shortcomings for environmental impact assessment (EIA), whilst substantial practical and financial costs of deployments can prevent their application. For the tidal stream energy (TSE) sector, there is a need for practical and cost-effective methods that can provide site-specific information on predator behavior and associated prey assemblages. Considering existing knowledge of animal communities in tidal channel environments, a proportional approach using shore-based observation and baited fish trap methods was developed. During April 2021, a trial of these methods was conducted in tidal channel environments in Shetland, UK. The practical application of the proposed approach is demonstrated here with results from three tidal channels including Bluemull Sound, the site of active TSE installations (the Shetland Tidal Array). Observation of predator behavior across the study sites are reported for great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo and European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis. Seabird diving data calculated from the shore-based observations provided metrics relevant to informing EIA and collision risk modelling including dive duration, dives per minute, and % time underwater. Fish trap deployments targeted the benthic and demersal prey of these predators in the three study sites and across a range of depths and hydrodynamic conditions. A variety of fish and invertebrate species known to be important components of benthic-foraging seabird diet were successfully captured by the traps, providing basic biological information on the prey assemblages observed in each site. The fish species observed in the highest abundance were saithe Pollachius virens and cod Gadus morhua. Benefits, limitations, and applications of this approach are discussed along with various factors relating to the performance of both methods. The shore-based observations rapidly identified relevant patterns in predator foraging activity which informed the targeted deployment of fish traps to provide complementary prey data. This novel combined approach has potential to reduce costs and uncertainty in EIA and for supporting the responsible development of the MRE industry.


ATI 6230 is a solid-solution strengthened, corrosion and heat-resistant, Ni-Cr-W-Mo-Al-La alloy. It is typically used for parts requiring good resistance to oxidizing environments up to 1150 °C (2100 °F) and relatively high strength up to 980 °C (1800 °F); however, usage is not limited to such applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming and heat treating. Filing Code: Ni-765. Producer or source: ATI.


One-to-many data linkage is an essential task in many domains, yet only a handful of prior publications have addressed this issue. Furthermore, while traditionally data linkage is performed among entities of the same type, it is extremely necessary to develop linkage techniques that link between matching entities of different types as well. In this paper, we propose a new one-to-many data linkage method that links between entities of different natures. The proposed method is based on a one-class clustering tree (OCCT) that characterizes the entities that should be linked together. The tree is built such that it is easy to understand and transform into association rules, i.e., the inner nodes consist only of features describing the first set of entities, while the leaves of the tree represent features of their matching entities from the second data set. We propose four splitting criteria and two different pruning methods which can be used for inducing the OCCT. The method was evaluated using data sets from three different domains. The results affirm the effectiveness of the proposed method and show that the OCCT yields better performance in terms of precision and recall (in most cases it is statistically significant) when compared to a C4.5 decision tree-based linkage method.


Today, many people have the need of contemplation due to higher stress levels in every day life compared to before. By examining the conditions of a secularized place of contemplation in greenbelts close to residential areas, I hope to contribute to a more balanced picture of how we utilize our greenbelts in the future. This kind of place is not a common phenomenon in our everyday outdoor environment.

I have taken my starting-point in the traditional memorial and by that means been able to study the design of an existing delicate environment intended for mourning and contemplation. In this paper I review foremost the secularized place of contemplation in greenbelts close to residential areas from two central questions. First I examine its possibility to function as a place for mourning and contemplation. Further more I have tried to bring forth the essential elements and materials that are of importance in its design. Based on the result, a design proposal has been produced in aim to examine what a secularized place of contemplation can look like. I base my work on the conviction that there is a need of easily accessible, secularized places of contemplation in greenbelts.

To achieve a realistic design as possible, I have worked with an existing area in the Stockholm suburbs, Ragsved. It has worked as an experimental area and it is here that I, through interviews have been able to produce my analysis and develop a design that is principally based on the result from my analysis.

This work gives an introduction of the suburb and experimental area that is studied. I also describe my motive behind choosing this area in particular. Further theories, regarding design for contemplation, but also of the human need of contemplation, is studied. With support from theoretical studies, the function that nature has in a contemplationary context, is illustrated.

Furthermore, the interview material is analyzed based on those central questions I used during the interviews. A summary over important factors in connection with contemplationary design of a secularized place is also completed. At the end of the essay I present my design of a secularized place of contemplation. In the last chapter I describe my conclusions from this work and thoughts around these.

This work builds on literature studies and interviews with users but also to a certain extent on study travels with an inspirational aim. With support from these I have then developed a design.

The result shows on a positive attitude from the interviewed to the building of secularized places of contemplation in greenbelts close to residential areas. Likewise, a lot of the literature I have studied highlights the positive effects on people's physical and mental health that both sojourning in greenbelts and conducting of contemplation has. The result shows on a surprisingly open attitude to the possibility of using this type of contemplationary places for mourning and contemplation. The feeling of spirituality that the nature can give many people is experienced as important in this context. It has also appeared that the abstract and diffuse qualities that the nature create conditions for, is hugely valuable.

From this work, I take with me an even greater respect for nature's importance to people. We are naturally linked to it and this fact facilitates for the practice of contemplation. This work has strengthened my faith on the importance of making room for secularized places of contemplation in our greenbelts. I have learned to respect the great in a simple, but well founded design, and believe I have a better understanding for how people relate to their surroundings.