1. A comparative quantitative study of the effects of dihydroergotamine (DHE) and noradrenaline (NA) on the precapillary and postcapillary resistance vessels, the precapillary 'sphincters', and the capacitance vessels was performed in a skeletal muscle and a skin region in healthy humans and in patients with orthostatic symptoms; further, the vascular effects of the drugs were analysed in muscle, skin, intestine and kidney in cats before and after sympathectomy. 2. The two drugs evoked a similar pattern of response in the cutaneous vascular bed, i.e. they both constricted resistance and capacitance vessels, increased the ratio of pre-/post-capillary resistance, but did not significantly influence precapillary sphincters. The reactions were similar in skeletal muscle for NA and also for DHE, with the important exception that the latter drug usually elicited a moderate dilator response in the muscle resistance vessels. 3. The average constrictor responses of the capacitance vessels were significantly larger for DHE than NA in skin and also in muscle despite the fact that DHE did not much affect the resistance vessels in muscle. 4. The effects of DHE on the intestinal and renal vascular circuits in the cat were comparatively small. 5. Since the constrictor effect of DHE seems confined mainly to the capacitance vessels, the drug may have beneficial effects in circulatory disorders characterized by impaired venomotor regulation.


A general survey was carried out on the sediments of seventeen lakes, ranging from oligotrophic to eutrophic, in the English Lake District. Several variables not directly concerned with the population of bacteria were measured to provide background information. Estimates of the total population of bacteria and of the population of filamentous bacteria were made using direct counts with acridine orange and fluorescein di-acetate, and counts by an MPN technique. The counts with acridine orange showed an upward trend with increasing degree of enrichment of the lakes, particularly at the eutrophic end of the spectrum. The distribution pattern obtained with the fluorochrome fluorescein di-acetate was different with an apparent upward trend in the intermediate lakes. The viable counts of the bacterial population in the sediments did not agree with the ranking of the lakes according to published information from the Freshwater Biological Association, although a slight upward trend was observed in the distribution of the viable filamentous bacteria. The preliminary survey led to the selection of three lakes representing the oligrotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic states in which a more detailed investigation on the population of filamentous bacteria was made. The profundal and littoral zones of the three lakes were investigated particularly in relation to the different groups of filamentous bacteria and their vertical distribution in the sediments. The groups of filamentous bacteria were described based on morphological and cytochemical tests. A tentative key for identification of filamentous bacteria was devised.


In the Swedish pre-school, documentation of children's activity is mandated in the national syllabus, Lpfo -98 (Skolverket, 2010). There are different documentations, both concerning material, e.g. photos, drawings, videos and for different purposes. One kind of documentation which is prominent for different kinds of actors in the pre-school, is the documentation panels of children's activities posted on the walls (Helm, Beneke & Steinheimer1998; Kline 2008). Such "publications" can be seen as a case for how the pedagogues are interpreting the task of documenting the activity of the children in relation to their educational goals. However, documentation of children is always a social construction, focusing on certain things while excluding (possible) others. The documentation is not only a presentation of what is going on in the daily practice of the pre-school, but a discursive practice in which children are being constructed in different ways (Lenz Taguchi 2010). Our purpose is to explore how constructions of the child are performed in documentation panels in Swedish pre-schools.  The theoretical framework is taken from post-structural theory and from visual methodology (Rose 2007). The material consists of photographs from documentations from which a selection of documentations has been made. Some preliminary categories are discerned and will be presented in our paper.  Our preliminary findings show that the child is constructed mostly (but not only) in relation to educational goals which are attached to photographs with an accompanying text, constructing the child as e.g. someone who is learning and as someone being socialized as a "good pal". The documentation panels focus mainly on good examples, i.e. of successful development and with a claim of capturing such a process in the public documentations. Our project is exploring both the local preconditions as well as the local consequences of the increasing accountability in the pre-school sector, and can be regarded as relevant for educational research in Scandinavia.


In recent advisory opinions, courts and ethics committees have considered whether and to what extent judges may use social networking sites such as Facebook without violating the applicable code of judicial conduct. While the committees agree that judges may generally use social networking sites, they disagree as to whether judges may use those sites to connect with lawyers who have appeared or may appear in a proceeding before them. Four states—California, Florida, Massachusetts, and Oklahoma—forbid judges from becoming online "friends" with attorneys who may appear before them in court, while four states—Ohio, Kentucky, New York, and South Carolina—allow it, albeit with caution. This Article examines the recent trend in advisory opinions governing the use of social media by members of the judiciary and provides practical advice for judges to conform to the code of judicial conduct.


The cem package provides a Stata implementation of coarsened exact matching, a new method for improving the estimation of causal effects by reducing imbalance in covariates between treated and control groups. Coarsened exact matching is faster, is easier to use and understand, requires fewer assumptions, is more easily automated, and possesses more attractive statistical properties for many applications than do existing matching methods. In coarsened exact matching, users temporarily coarsen their data, exact match on these coarsened data, and then run their analysis on the uncoarsened, matched data. Coarsened exact matching bounds the degree of model dependence and causal effect estimation error by ex ante user choice, is monotonic imbalance bounding (so that reducing the maximum imbalance on one variable has no effect on others), does not require a separate procedure to restrict data to common support, meets the congruence principle, is approximately invariant to measurement error, balances all nonlinearities and interactions in sample (i.e., not merely in expectation), and works with multiply imputed datasets. Other matching methods inherit many of the coarsened exact matching method's properties when applied to further match data preprocessed by coarsened exact matching.


The ultimate goal for social marketing campaigns is to change behaviour, and we know we're selling a product that people generally don't want to buy. In an ever changing media environment how can we make the audience take notice? The NZTA has two current road safety advertising campaigns which have utilised social media to engage a widely diverse audience in two very different ways - one has been an unintended internet sensation; and the other a strategically planned social conversation. What is the key to engaging your audience successfully and how do you keep the conversation in motion?


Telephony solutions for the small and medium business, enterprise branch office, and small office Detailed information not available in any other resource enables you to deploy IP telephony solutions with maximum efficiency Building blocks of the product features provide solutions that enhance the operations and productivity of your organization Numerous examples show you how to configure the comprehensive suite of features available with Cisco IPC Express Insights from the experts demonstrate how you can enhance your IP telephony system with applications such as automated attendant and voice mail Management and troubleshooting tips will help you keep your network up and running smoothly Enterprise branches and small and medium businesses require IP telephony solutions particular to their size. Cisco IP Communications (IPC) Express is the answer: a one-box solution that provides turnkey operation with an easy-to-use web-based interface for combined voice and data needs. Cisco IPC Express delivers a comprehensive suite of telephony features, security, and applicationsbut how will you use them to your best advantage? This book, Cisco IP Communications Express, provides the detailed information you need to maximize the use of this powerful product suite. By reading this book, you will learn how Cisco IPC Express and its applications can become a business solution for your office or enterprise. The experts from Cisco Systems give you in-depth design guidance, full configurations, and valuable examples to serve as blueprints for your network. The feature operation and deployment discussions demonstrate how to configure and customize the system and how to use different product features to achieve your specific business goals. Once you deploy your solutions, you will be able to maintain your network through the troubleshooting guidance and examples of resolutions to common problems provided in this book. Cisco IP Communications Express is a must-have for any organization using Cisco CallManager Express or Cisco Unity Express. Technology decision makers and network administrators will be armed with relevant information on how to deploy IP communications for their particular business needs. IT managers in larger enterprises will benefit from the plans for distributed call processing design for their networks. Service providers and resellers will be prepared to sell, install, configure, and troubleshoot Cisco IPC Express based on customer needs. Beyond its application in the workspace, Cisco IP Communications Express will also prove helpful to those studying for Cisco voice-related certifications. This IP communications book is part of the Cisco Press Networking Technology Series. IP communications titles from Cisco Press help networking professionals understand voice and IP telephony technologies, plan and design converged networks, and implement network solutions for increased productivity.


The authors noticed on April 25, 2018 that there was an error of image placement in their article, "The student experience of applied equivalence-based instruction for neuroanatomy teaching" [1]. Specifically, under column B in Table 1, the second and third images (for the occipital and parietal cortices, respectively) were flipped. The correct presentation is for the second image to be alongside "parietal cortex" and the third image to be alongside "occipital cortex." The authors further confirmed that this error was present only in the article itself, and not in the actual learning resources that were evaluated within the article. The editorial office has confirmed this error and corrected the image placement in the article. The corrected version of Table 1 is also presented below. We apologize to our readers for not catching this error during the initial screening, review, and editorial process.


Agricultural productivity growth in Chinese provinces during the 1994-2005 period is examined using two alternative approaches: a parametric stochastic frontier and a non-parametric Malmquist index. These models are suitable to the Chinese situation due to the existence of procurement prices, quotas, and other interventions that have distorted prices. Results show that there is high but declining productivity growth rates in the mid 1990's with productivity growth decreasing in the late 1990's but with a reversal of the trend around 1998 when growth rates start accelerating. A stochastic frontier translog production function is estimated to obtain an alternative measure of total factor productivity growth. Results are compared across these two models. Although average growth in technical change is similar in the two models, the regional rates are dissimilar. A model that includes three variables hypothesized to explain the difference in performance across regions is also estimated. The three variables included in the model are irrigation ratio, illiterate ratio and agriculture expenditure level. These variables make allowance for the difference of land and labor quality and the effect of public inputs. The irrigation ratio and agriculture expenditure are found to positively relate to the technical efficiency change and the illiterate ratio is found to negatively relate to the technical efficiency change. The results are consistent with expectations.


Learning a language and being able to speak it do not go hand in hand. This book provides both structured activities to get students speaking and ideas for developing confidence in using English outside the classroom. Essentially, this book: * examines the different approaches and activities that can be used for teaching and testing speaking. * covers areas of speech such as articulation, fluency and register. * looks at classroom approaches such as drilling, discussions, drama, dialogues and conversation.


Equity volatility, as replicated by widely traded ETFs and ETNs linked to the S&P 500® VIX® Futures Index Series, is frequently used to hedge equity portfolios. But is it appropriate for bond portfolios?The bond market is broad and diverse, ranging from low-risk government bonds to relatively high-risk high-yield corporate bonds and emerging market bonds. As a result, equity volatility relates to each segment of the bond market in the following different ways:- Treasury and municipal bonds are positively correlated with equity volatility because they often serve as safe-haven choices when equity risk is at heightened levels. Therefore, adding S&P 500 VIX Futures Index Series exposure to a portfolio of treasury and municipal bonds does not provide diversification benefits.- Investment-grade corporate bonds have a weakly positive correlation with equity volatility futures, while high-yield corporate bonds have a weakly negative correlation. During extreme downturns, equity volatility futures can offer corporate bond portfolios some tail risk hedging benefits, but there are occasions when these benefits may not be realized. Risk-return benefits can also be obtained by adding a dynamic allocation of the S&P 500 VIX Futures Index Series to a corporate bond portfolio.- The most beneficial application of the S&P 500 VIX Futures Index Series is in emerging market bond portfolios. Adding the S&P 500 VIX Futures Index Series generally provides a clear tail risk hedging benefit. Over the period of study, equity volatility futures provided downside protection on all but four of the worst 25 days for emerging market bonds. An ongoing dynamic allocation to the S&P 500 VIX Futures Index Series has also produced better risk-adjusted returns, with statistically significant outperformance.


Conditions in the internal-air system of a high-pressure turbine stage are modelled using a rig comprising an outer pre-swirl chamber separated by a seal from an inner rotor-stator system. Pre-swirl nozzles in the stator supply the "blade-cooling" air, which leaves the system via holes in the rotor, and disc-cooling air enters at the centre of the system and leaves through clearances in the peripheral seals. The experimental rig is instrumented with thermocouples, fluxmeters, pitot tubes and pressure taps enabling temperatures, heat fluxes, velocities and pressures to be measured at a number of radial locations.For rotational Reynolds numbers of Reϕ ≃ 1.2 × 106, the swirl ratio and the ratios of disc-cooling and blade-cooling flow rates are chosen to be representative of those found inside gas turbines. Measured radial distributions of velocity, temperature and Nusselt number are compared with computations obtained from an axisymmetric elliptic solver, featuring a low-Reynolds-number k-e turbulence model. For the inner rotor-stator system, the computed core temperatures and velocities are in good agreement with measured values, but the Nusselt numbers are underpredicted. For the outer pre-swirl chamber, it was possible to make comparisons between the measured and computed values for cooling-air temperatures but not for the Nusselt numbers. As expected, the temperature of the blade-cooling air decreases as the swirl ratio increases, but the computed air temperatures are significantly lower than the measured ones. Overall, the results give valuable insight into some of the heat transfer characteristics of this complex system.Copyright © 1995 by ASME


e20009 Background: Dacarbazine (DTIC) is the standard treatment for metastatic melanoma. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a potentially attractive chemotherapeutic agent for this disease because of the oral route of administration and efficacy similar to that of dacarbazine. Cisplatin is active against melanoma and might counteract mechanisms of resistance to TMZ. Metronomic administration of TMZ might be another way to overcome resistance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We reviewed data of metastatic melanoma patients treated at our Institutions with cisplatin (75 mg/m2 every 28 days) plus TMZ (75 mg/m2/die from day 2 for 21 days). Our practice included such scheme for patients younger than 75 years, with a performance status not worse than 2, and adequate bone marrow, liver and renal function. Assessment of response was done every 3 cycles. Toxicity was graded according to NCI-CTC.

RESULTS
From August 2007 to September 2008, 33 patients were treated with a median age of 44 years (18-74); primary melanoma was ulcerated in 19 cases (58%); most frequent sites of metastases were lung (18 cases), brain and lymph nodes (11 cases each); 29 patients were treated as first-line and 4 as second-line. The median number of delivered cycles was 4 (range 2- 8). Toxicity was mild, with no grade 4 event reported. Nausea and vomiting were the most frequent and severe toxic effects: grade 3 in 2 cases each and grade 2 in 16 and 9 cases, respectively. Other toxicities included thrombocytopenia (2 case grade 3 and 3 cases grade 2), anemia (1 grade 3 and 4 grade 2), neutropenia, and fatigue (1 grade 3 each). Overall, 6 patients had a partial response (18.2%; 95% exact CI: 7.0-35.5) and 8 (24%) had a disease stabilization. With a median follow-up of 20 weeks (95% CI: 19-57), there were 19 progressions and a median progression-free survival of 24 weeks (95% CI:16-nr); 9 patients died with a median survival of 50 weeks (95% CI 43-nr).

CONCLUSIONS
Results obtained in clinical practice with metronomic temozolomide plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma are encouraging, in light of the negative prognostic features of treated patients. We are now planning a formal phase II study. [Table: see text].


Purpose - As mobility is inextricably linked to housing location, the relationship between transport costs and housing costs is a component of neighborhood-level economic condition and resiliency. A number of studies and policy tools have mapped combined transport and housing costs, but these largely rely on affordability thresholds of income-to-housing costs developed in the 19th century (Hulchanski). For example, the Housing + Transportation (H+T) Index displays location costs and defines neighborhoods above the thresholds as 'unaffordable' (CNT). Notably, the H + T Index and similar analyses do little to link these costs to neighborhood outcomes.Methodology - This study seeks to address this gap by using a regression model to evaluate the joint effect of housing costs and vehicle ownership costs on foreclosure rates.Findings and Limitations - The model reveals that both vehicle costs and housing costs are important factors in neighborhood-level foreclosure rates. In interpreting the results of the analysis it must be kept in mind that it is relevant for the neighborhood level not the household level, having some degree of aggregation. Further, high transport costs may be indicative of other spending behaviors that are the actual factors in increased foreclosure rates. Despite these limitations, the finding that transport costs are an important influence on foreclosure rates raises questions about what the true affordability ratio is for housing, and whether high housing prices and nontraditional mortgages can fully explain the dramatic rise in foreclosures.Value - The study has value for regional planners, providing evidence that transport planning and programs are an important component of neighborhood-level economic conditions, thus lending support to integrated programs. The findings can also help refine definitions of affordability so as to better align programs with policy goals. For the transport sector, the model could be used to assess benefits and costs of potential transport investments. For housing developers, the analysis suggests that marketing messages highlighting affordability could be enhanced by including information about transport costs.


Still's disease is an autoimmune disorder featuring inflammation characterised by high spiking fever ,salmon coloured, rash that comes and goes, arthritis along with muscle pain, swelling of lymph nodes and enlargement of spleen and liver. Among these high spiking fever is a cardinal symptom along with the rashes over the body. These characteristics features of still's disease almost mimics with lakshana of samasannipataj jawara which is evidenced in charaka samhita . Acharya Charaka says that "Yadihasti Tadanyatram" it means the information about disease and medicines (as it is chikitsa pradhan grantha) gathered here we won't get anywhere and the information about medicine from the other book surly we will get references here. Really it's time to realised the ancient science is the basic science for the other medicines. Here and attempt is made that by tracing Still's disease in Charaka Samhita with respect to Samasannipataj jwara.


AIMS
Syncope is a common and clinically challenging condition. In this study, the genetics of syncope were investigated to seek knowledge about its pathophysiology and prognostic implications.

METHODS AND RESULTS
This genome-wide association meta-analysis included 56 071 syncope cases and 890 790 controls from deCODE genetics (Iceland), UK Biobank (United Kingdom), and Copenhagen Hospital Biobank Cardiovascular Study/Danish Blood Donor Study (Denmark), with a follow-up assessment of variants in 22 412 cases and 286 003 controls from Intermountain (Utah, USA) and FinnGen (Finland). The study yielded 18 independent syncope variants, 17 of which were novel. One of the variants, p.Ser140Thr in PTPRN2, affected syncope only when maternally inherited. Another variant associated with a vasovagal reaction during blood donation and five others with heart rate and/or blood pressure regulation, with variable directions of effects. None of the 18 associations could be attributed to cardiovascular or other disorders. Annotation with regard to regulatory elements indicated that the syncope variants were preferentially located in neural-specific regulatory regions. Mendelian randomization analysis supported a causal effect of coronary artery disease on syncope. A polygenic score (PGS) for syncope captured genetic correlation with cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, depression, and shortened lifespan. However, a score based solely on the 18 syncope variants performed similarly to the PGS in detecting syncope risk but did not associate with other disorders.

CONCLUSION
The results demonstrate that syncope has a distinct genetic architecture that implicates neural regulatory processes and a complex relationship with heart rate and blood pressure regulation. A shared genetic background with poor cardiovascular health was observed, supporting the importance of a thorough assessment of individuals presenting with syncope.


Accordi ng to standard economic models, a risk-averse consumer who does not know how long he will live should place a high value on life annuities that provide guaranteed income for life. Yet numerous studies show that few consumers voluntarily annuitize their retirement savings. Rather than attempting to rationalize the lack of annuity demand, this paper explores the idea that aversion to annuities is not a fully rational phenomenon. This paper suggests that a psychologically richer model of consumer behavior can explain under-annuitization. We hypothesize that framing matters for annuitization decisions: when consumers think in terms of consumption, annuities are viewed as valuable insurance, whereas when consumers think in terms of investment risk and return, the annuity is a risky asset because the payoff depends on an uncertain date of death. Survey evidence is consistent with our hypothesis that framing matters: the vast majority of individuals prefer an annuity over alternative products when the question is framed in terms of consumption, while the majority of individuals prefer non-annuitized products when the questions are presented in terms of risk and return.


Ahead of COP21 in Paris, countries have tabled their emissions reductions pledges in the form of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). New Oxfam-commissioned research, carried out by Climate Analytics, uses modelling to assess the impact of aggregate INDC ambition. It estimates that 3°C of warming, compared with 2°C of warming, could mean that developing countries are faced with an additional $600bn per year in economic losses by 2050, and see their adaptation finance needs raised by almost $300bn per year by the same date. The technical specifications and calibration of the models used are explained in this paper. Data from this research is presented in the 'Game-changers in the Paris climate deal' briefing.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. The prevalence of AF increases dramatically with age and is seen in as high as 9% of individuals by the age of 80 years. In high-risk patients, the thromboembolic stroke risk can be as high as 9% per year and is associated with a 2-fold increase in mortality. Although the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the genesis of AF has been the focus of many studies, it remains only partially understood. Conventional theories focused on the presence of multiple re-entrant circuits originating in the atria that are asynchronous and conducted at various velocities through tissues with various refractory periods. Recently, rapidly firing atrial activity in the muscular sleeves at the pulmonary veins ostia or inside the pulmonary veins have been described as potential mechanism,. AF results from a complex interaction between various initiating triggers and development of abnormal atrial tissue substrate. The development of AF leads to structural and electrical changes in the atria, a process known as remodeling. To have effective surgical or catheter ablation of AF good understanding of the possible mechanism(s) is crucial.Once initiated, AF alters atrial electrical and structural properties that promote its maintenance and recurrence. The role of atrial remodeling (AR) in the development and maintenance of AF has been the subject of many animal and human studies over the past 10-15 years. This review will discuss the mechanisms of AR, the structural, electrophysiologic, and neurohormonal changes associated with AR and it is role in initiating and maintaining AF. We will also discuss briefly the role of inflammation in AR and AF initiation and maintenance, as well as, the possible therapeutic interventions to prevent AR, and hence AF, based on the current understanding of the interaction between AF and AR.


* Jacoby, Susan (2008). The Age of American Unreason. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 356. * Holderman, Lisa (2008). Common Sense: Intelligence as Presented on Popular Television. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, pp. 301. Two books about anti-intellectualism in U.S. culture generally, and U.S. mass media in particular, take two widely different approaches, yet have at least one major shortcoming in common. Jacoby's The Age of American Unreason received plenty of play in the mainstream news media and was on the New York Times hardcover bestseller list. (She is the author of seven previous books, including Freethinkers: A History of American secularism.) Her introduction and chapter 1 simultaneously attempt to tie her book to historian Richard Hofstadter's Pulitzer Prize-winning Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1963) while making a case for the United States' supposedly "new antiintellectualism." To her, anti-intellectualism is not new, but it has taken new forms. The rest of the book's chapter titles are "The Way We Lived Then: Intellect and Ignorance in a Young Nation"; "Social Pseudoscience in the Morning of America's Culture Wars"; "Reds, Pinkos, Fellow Travelers"; "Middlebrow Culture from Noon to Night"; "Blaming It on the Sixties"; "Legacies: Youth Culture and Celebrity Culture"; "The Old-Time Religion"; "Junk Thought"; "The Culture of Distraction"; "Public Life: Defining Dumbness Downward"; and "Cultural Conservation" (conclusion). Her approach, therefore, is a combination of history; commentary on popular culture; specifics of religion, education, politics, and the mass media; and critiques of social science. Thus, the book's topics mostly overlap with Hofstadter's book, which was strictly a history, divided into four sections on anti-intellectualism in U.S. religion, U.S. education, U.S. business, and U.S. politics, respectively. And if Jacoby never directly addresses anti-intellectualism among business executives or corporations, she offers enough about commercial influences on U.S. culture to say business and economics were included. The title of Jacoby's first chapter, "The Way We Live Now: Just Us Folks," even reminds one of Hofststadter's first chapter, "Anti-intellectualism in Our Time." But the similarities to Hofstadter's book are not extensive and should not be overstated. Hofstadter's book was and is a masterful history (even if it has been significantly criticized), while much of Jacoby's book is on more or less current events, or at least past recent enough to not yet be "history" with a capital H. Hofstadter's first chapter (and his other discussions of then-current events such as paragraphs on President Kennedy late in chapter 8) seems insincere, even forced, as if his publisher or his conscience or someone else told him that his book couldn't start with his largely theoretical second chapter and had to hold out some hope. One must give Jacoby credit for displaying no false optimism, as the facts and arguments in both her book and Hofstader's don't warrant any, false or otherwise, even if one finds her one-sidedly negative. Knowledge sociologist Daniel Rigney (1991), among others, has pointed out that the major U.S. "institution" ripe for studying anti-intellectualism in, in both impacting and reflecting U.S. culture, and not addressed by Hofstadter, was the mass media, and Jacoby doesn't make this omission. Sooner or later, her book gets around to newspapers, magazines, television, radio, movies, the Internet, music, and videogames. Jacoby's book also pales by comparison to Hofstadter's book. Her chapter on "junk thought," which she defines as "anti-rationalism and contempt for countervailing facts and expert opinion," is (as she almost dismissively says about scientific and social scientific studies showing differences between males and females) mostly just that. That's not to say she doesn't make some good points, only that she often doesn't do it very well. …


A number of investigations have been carried out into different
aspects of the luminescence and photochemistry of tervalent chromium
complexes over a temperature range from near liquid helium to room
temperature.
A literature review has been made of previous studies in this
field. From the review it is evident that although the luminescence
properties of many individual complexes have been studied, no systematic examination of the excited state properties of series of complex
salts with different coordinating ligands or different anions has
been made.
In the studies reported here, the relationship between luminescence
and photochemical properties and chemical constitution has
been examined from a number of points of view. Firstly, the
temperature dependence of the emission intensity of a series of
microcrystalline tervalent chromium complexes with oxygen--; nitrogen and
carbon-coordinated ligands has been investigated. The correlation
observed between the degree of temperature dependence. and the nature
of the coordinating ligand has been explained in terms of' differing
positions of the electronic energy levels of the complexes leading to
variation in the rate of non-radiative deactivation of the 2E energy .
level through repopulation of the 4T2 level. Changes in the, temperature
dependence of the luminescence lifetimes of the complexes with different ligands also have been examined and have been found to
parallel those of the emission intensities. This result has been
shown to support the explanation proposed above and to indicate
that when the 4T2 level is thermally accessible from the
2E level,
the thermal repopulation process 2E-4T2 is of major importance
in the non-radiative relaxation of the 2
E level and thus in determining the
emission characteristics of the complexes at room temperature.
Secondly, the result of changes both outside and within the
 coordination sphere on the electronic absorption and emission spectra
of trisethylenediamine complexes of chromium has been examined. The
variation in the low temperature emission spectra of the [Cren 3]3+
species with different anions has been studied and the effect of
disubstitution to give- the lower symmetry cis- or trans-bisethylene-
diamine complexes has been investigated through examination of the
reflectance and low temperature emission spectra of these salts. The
emission spectra of the complexes at 7K and the temperature dependence
of the intensity distribution of the emission bands are reported for
the first time. The theory required for the assignment of the spectra
the cis-complexes has. been developed and the assignments of other
authors for the spectra of the trans-complexes have been critically
discussed.
Finally, the effect of variation of the anion on the photochemistry
 of the [Cren3]3+
species has been investigated. A systematic study of
the photochemistry of the series in the solid state has been made in
order to resolve current conflicting theories in the literature regarding the decomposition process. The effect of temperature on the photo--
decomposition of the complexes and the likely reaction products have
been discussed and a reaction mechanism involving a thermally unstable
reaction intermediate has been proposed.


Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is a common cause of infertility, but previous attempts at identifying RSA causative genes have been relatively unsuccessful. Such failure to describe RSA aetiological genes might be explained by the fact that reproductive phenotypes should be considered as quantitative traits resulting from the intricate interaction of numerous genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Here, we studied an interspecific recombinant congenic strain (IRCS) of Mus musculus from the C57BL6/J strain of mice harbouring an approximate 5 Mb DNA fragment from chromosome 13 from Mus spretus mice (66H-MMU13 strain), with a high rate of embryonic resorption (ER). Transcriptome analyses of endometrial and placental tissues from these mice showed a deregulation of many genes associated with the coagulation and inflammatory response pathways. Bioinformatics approaches led us to select Foxd1 as a candidate gene potentially related to ER and RSA. Sequencing analysis of Foxd1 in the 66H-MMU13 strain, and in 556 women affected by RSA and 271 controls revealed non-synonymous sequence variants. In vitro assays revealed that some led to perturbations in FOXD1 transactivation properties on promoters of genes having key roles during implantation/placentation, suggesting a role of this gene in mammalian implantation processes.


Abstract. Titinoclinohumite-bearing dunites from Fujiwara, the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt of high-pressure type, Japan, were described to examine the possibility of Ti mobility during metasomatism within the mantle wedge. The Fujiwara dunite body and surrounding high-pressure Sanbagawa schists possibly form a subduction complex, and the dunites are a good analogue to the mantle wedge overlying the slab. The Fujiwara dunites are of deserpentinization origin; the deserpentinized olivine is high in Fo (up to 96) and low in NiO (0.2 to 0.3 wt %), and contains magnetite inclusions. Titanoclinohumites are associated with the deserpentinized olivine, as lamellar intergrowth or veinlets, up to 1 cm in width. Other metamorphic minerals include antigorite, brucite, chlorite, ilmenite, perovskite, Ti-rich ludwigite, and carbonates. The protolith of the Fujiwara dunite was partially serpentinized cumulative dunites from intra-plate magma, containing relatively low-Fo (85 to 86) olivines and TiO2-rich (up to 3 wt %) chromian spinels. The metamorphic olivines and titanoclinohumites contain micro-inclusions of methane (CH4) with or without serpentine and brucite. The source of Ti for titanoclinohumite was possibly the Ti-rich chromian spinel, but Ti was mobile through hydrocarbon-rich fluids, which were activated during the metamorphism. The hydrocarbons, of which remnants are carbonates and methane micro-inclusions, were derived from carbonaceous materials or bitumen, possibly incorporated in the precursory serpentinized and brecciated peridotite (= the protolith for the Fujiwara dunites) before subduction. Ti can be mobile in the mantle wedge if hydrocarbons are available from the subducted slab.


Build–operate–transfer (BOT) model is extensively used by many governments throughout the world for the realization of large-scale transportation projects. As a rapidly developing economy, Turkey is also increasingly referring to the use of the project finance model for delivering large-scale transport, energy and healthcare projects. Istanbul, located between Asia and europe, is one of the most important economic centres of the country. Based on this model, rapid urbanization and population growth are taking place in the city. Growing concerns over the insufficiency of the existing two bridges in meeting the traffic demands of cross-continental transport in Istanbul have urged central and local governments to find a solution for the traffic congestion problem. As a result, the government of Turkey has announced plans for building a new bridge to connect the european and Asian sides in early 2011. The construction of the new Bosphorus Strait Crossing Project which has started in 2012 is expected to be completed by 2015. however, since its launch, the project faced many diverse challenges such as delayed tendering, legal disputes, financial problems and social opposition. This study aims at exploring the problems experienced and the solutions developed as a response to these problems in the implementation and management of the third Bosphorus Bridge and the Northern Marmara Motorway Project using a case study approach. To achieve this objective, necessary data regarding the tendering process were collected from various sources. The conclusion provided at the end of this case study is expected to enhance our understanding of the use of BOT model for transport projects and risk allocation between different actors. Both public and private sector participants that are involved in delivering transport projects using the BOT model may benefit from the findings of this study.


Background: Nursing has a long tradition in caring for individuals, families, and communities who have or are at risk to diseases that are genetically mediated. A comprehensive review of genetic nursing literature is described in order to better understand priorities, gaps, and future directions. A comprehensive review of the genetic nursing literature in the 20th century is important because it reflects how nursing used borrowed knowledge from medicine and applied it to nursing practice. We propose that nursing developed practice based knowledge in the 20th century and this provides a valuable example of how our discipline incorporates new science and technology. Objectives: This paper describes the results of a bibliometric study designed to analyze 1,067 publications collected between 1906 and 1999 that represent the vast majority of literature covering the field of genetic nursing. Our purpose is to provide an overall summary of where genetic nursing has come over 100 years and to make overall suggestions about future endeavors to advance genomic nursing competencies. Our intention is to describe the historical integration of genetic and genome science into nursing knowledge and application to nursing practice in the 20th century. Methods: This study collates a wide variety of publications including qualitative and quantitative research, editorial or opinion papers, case reports, clinical updates, science application and utilization papers, concept analysis papers, and previous evidence-based reviews. Data abstracted from 1,067 publications reported in frequencies and percentages provides descriptive analysis of the evolution and translation of borrowed genetic and genomics science into practical knowledge for nursing. Results: This study illustrates that nursing knowledge is generated not only by nursing research but also from application and synthesis of borrowed knowledge from molecular, cellular, biological, and medical sciences and technologies taught in genome science, clinical genetic medicine, and the discipline of genetic counseling. Nurse and non-nurse authors collaborate to contribute to the translation and transfer of genetic and genome science into nursing education, research and practice. Conclusions: This study clearly illustrates that nursing developed practice-based knowledge adopted from the specialty of clinical genetic services and applied it to nursing practice. This historical review describes 100 years of genetic science in healthcare used by nurses to better care for patients and families. Nurses in the future will be challenged to develop educational curricula, strategies and tools to measure competency in genomic nursing. Future collaboration across disciplines and in the context of academic practice partnerships would greatly aid nurses' efforts to translate genetic and genomic science into practice, education, research, and healthcare policy. Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false EN-US ZH-CN X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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In the context of today's tight labor markets, as well as projections of continued demand for workers with high skills, various states are considering how to retain and attract college graduates. Such efforts involve identifying an area's relative strengths and weaknesses and taking actions as needed, either to capitalize on the strengths or to mitigate the weaknesses. Perhaps surprisingly, however, little systematic evidence exists on the factors influencing location decisions of recent graduates. This study is a first step in providing such evidence, making use of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth from 1979 to 1996 to examine cross-state migration in the five-year period after completion of schooling. ; The author first presents information on geographic mobility of young adults by educational attainment and region of the country. Next, she briefly outlines previous explanations for migration in the general population and investigates their applicability both to young college graduates and-for comparison-to other young adults without four years of college. Her study shows that the person's past history of migration is very important. In addition, the majority of moves are made to states with stronger economies or more attractive characteristics, as measured by such factors as higher employment growth, lower unemployment, higher pay, lower housing costs, or better amenities.


Over the last two years Europe has been shaken by a crisis at least partly of its own making. Well over a million migrants have made the journey across land and sea to settle in the European Union (EU) since the start of 2015, but it is clear that the burden of reception and resettlement has hit some states much harder than others. Whilst the overall scale of migration flows, as well as the number of refugees seeking asylum in particular, are comparable to those witnessed in other parts of the world, the crisis in Europe is perhaps unparalleled in its social, political and legal complexity. Furthermore, it has taken on a particularly stark humanitarian dimension due to the thousands of lives lost each year during perilous crossings of the Mediterranean Sea in often unseaworthy and unsafe vessels. It is in this context in particular that Ireland has come to play a most pivotal role, having taken the decision to deploy a number of vessels in successive search and rescue missions in the Mediterranean since the start of the crisis in 2015.
Nevertheless, at the start of 2017 this crisis shows little sign of abating any time soon. With 2016 now proving to be the deadliest year on record in the Mediterranean Sea, a rising tide of anti-immigrant sentiment across the continent (perhaps reaching its starkest heights with the UK's vote to leave the EU in June), the decision to close and effectively dismantle the "Jungle" camp in Calais, as well as March 2016's controversial 'Joint Action Plan' agreed between the EU and Turkey (preceding by only a few months the failed Turkish coup attempt and the unfinished political fallout that has followed), if anything, the crisis has only deepened in its political complexity and seeming intractability.


Today visual culture is important in society but not in school. This article outlines some features of guidance in the authorities about how to support children's aesthetic learning processes in relation to meaning construction and becoming. The purpose is to highlight the aesthetic learning processes from a semiotic approach to the field of knowledge in terms of how well the aesthetic learning processes are formulated in state support and policy documents. The methodology presents a pragmatic discourse analysis made on Government bills in Sweden. The question asked is: How do Government texts support the aesthetic language of education including integrative aesthetic hermeneutic skills? Educational function of qualification, segregated, extended and integrative modes of education, as well as likeness (iconic), relation (indexical) and conventional (symbolic) features of learning are important semiotic resources used as analytical tools in this study. The result shows that aesthetic learning processes and concepts related to it are phasing out. The conclusion is that it is of great importance to challenge a hermeneutic paradigm in support of teachers' aesthetic education. Socialization into aesthetic self sign and experience of art activity as a language of education is lacking and thus qualification is not taken seriously.


This paper reports our experience applying lightweight formal methods to validate the correctness of ShardStore, a new key-value storage node implementation for the Amazon S3 cloud object storage service. By "lightweight formal methods" we mean a pragmatic approach to verifying the correctness of a production storage node that is under ongoing feature development by a full-time engineering team. We do not aim to achieve full formal verification, but instead emphasize automation, usability, and the ability to continually ensure correctness as both software and its specification evolve over time. Our approach decomposes correctness into independent properties, each checked by the most appropriate tool, and develops executable reference models as specifications to be checked against the implementation. Our work has prevented 16 issues from reaching production, including subtle crash consistency and concurrency problems, and has been extended by non-formal-methods experts to check new features and properties as ShardStore has evolved.


PURPOSE
To identify an allele-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA), against the common KRT12 mutation Arg135Thr in Meesmann epithelial corneal dystrophy (MECD) as a personalized approach to treatment.

METHODS
siRNAs against the K12 Arg135Thr mutation were evaluated using a dual luciferase reporter gene assay and the most potent and specific siRNAs were further screened by Western blot. Off-target effects on related keratins were assessed and immunological stimulation of TLR3 was evaluated by RT-PCR. A modified 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends method was used to confirm siRNA-mediated mutant knockdown. Allele discrimination was confirmed by quantitative infrared immunoblotting.

RESULTS
The lead siRNA, with an IC(50) of thirty picomolar, showed no keratin off-target effects or activation of TLR3 in the concentration ranges tested. We confirmed siRNA-mediated knockdown by the presence of K12 mRNA fragments cleaved at the predicted site. A dual tag infrared immunoblot showed knockdown to be allele-specific, with 70% to 80% silencing of the mutant protein.

CONCLUSIONS
A potent allele-specific siRNA against the K12 Arg135Thr mutation was identified. In combination with efficient eyedrop formulation delivery, this would represent a personalized medicine approach, aimed at preventing the pathology associated with MECD and other ocular surface pathologies with dominant-negative or gain-of-function pathomechanisms.


This study explores the agrarian economy of Romney Marsh and its hinterland, c. 1730-90. It
offers a fresh contribution to current knowledge in respect of landlord-tenant relations,
landholding structures and farming practice. Some 60 years are covered, framed within a wider
context embracing two distinct and contrasting economic phases that characterized the long
eighteenth century.

Special reference to the Knatchbull family affords in-depth insight into an eighteenth century
Kentish landed estate, whose interests lay on the marsh and its hinterland. There is an appraisal of
the character and values of Sir Wyndham Knatchbull in his official and unofficial roles at the
head of the community. Aspects of the Home Farm economy of Mersham Hatch are explored.
Particular attention is paid to landlord-tenant relations, and the multi-dimensional nature of
negotiations for substantial holdings on Walland Marsh. The impact of a windfall inheritance is
seen when, from 1763, the seventh baronet succeeded to the estate.

Using early Land Tax evidence for the region, there is a comprehensive analysis of
landownership and land occupation structures, c. 1746-90. An unusually large area is covered, for
an exceptionally early period, adding substantially to current knowledge. Marsh tax evidence
discloses landownership and land occupation structures on Walland/Denge, 1738-91. Used in
tandem with the tax listings, the wider interests of 'dual-regional' farmers are more fully
appreciated, and for whom knowledge has hitherto been confined to their operations on the
marsh. These findings, together with the investigation of previously unexplored aspects of
farming practice, offer fresh insight into the symbiotic relationship between the marsh and its
hinterland.

The influence of ties of social obligation and market-led considerations on landlord-tenant
relations are recurring themes. On the marsh, tenant initiative and market demand are seen as the
main driving forces that re-shaped patterns of landholding over the period.


Background/Aims Prospective data on switching anti-vascular endothelial growth factors in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who have previously shown no/partial response are limited. This prospective study assessed the effect of switching from aflibercept to ranibizumab on anatomical and functional outcomes in patients with persistent/recurrent disease activity. Methods SAFARI (NCT02161575) was a 6-month, prospective, single-arm study conducted in the UK and Germany. Patients, meeting strict eligibility criteria for one of two subgroups (primary treatment failure or suboptimal treatment response), received 3 monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections (0.5 mg). Thereafter, ranibizumab was administered pro re nata at monthly visits. The primary endpoint was change from baseline (CfB) to day 90 in central subfield retinal thickness (CSRT). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal morphology parameters were assessed. Results One hundred patients were enrolled (primary treatment failure, 1; suboptimal treatment response, 99). In the overall population, there was a significant CfB in median CSRT of −30.75 µm (95% CI −59.50,–20.50; p<0.0001) to day 90. Improvements were also observed in other quantitative and qualitative optical coherence tomography parameters. In Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters assessed by category, 55% and 59% of patients gained 0–≥15 letters versus baseline at day 90 and day 180, respectively. However, mean improvements in BCVA (CfB) to each time point were small (≤2 letters). No new safety signals were identified. Conclusion Switching from aflibercept to ranibizumab led to a significant improvement in CSRT, with ~60% experiencing stabilised/improved BCVA. Therefore, patients with nAMD who have shown a suboptimal response to aflibercept may benefit from switching to ranibizumab.


The Fieldfare Turdus pilaris, a medium-sized passerine, is aggressive in nest defence and its use of faeces may be detrimental to avian but not to mammalian predators. The birds breed either solitarily or in colonies, thenesting pattern in subalpine forests is apparently dependent on the abundance of small rodents. In the crash year following a year with high density of small rodents, the staple food of several mammals, mustelids as Stoats Mustela erminea are forced to find alternative prey as eggs and nestlings. The year 2003 was such a small rodent crash year in subalpine birch forests in the middle of Norway. The Fieldfares then bred solitarily and behaved more inconspicuous towards a human observer compared to the previous year. The majority of the pairs studied, left the nest silently when a life-like Stoat was mounted 10 m from the nest tree, whilst most pairs attacked a Hooded Crow Corvus corone cornix mounted at the same place. When these dummies were placed 1 m from the nest tree, the Fieldfares attacked both dummy models intensely. The birds return to the nest after the dummy was removed, was later for the Stoat than for the Hooded Crow dummy. These results suggest that the Fieldfare responds specifically to nest predators: trying to avoid disclosing the nest containing eggs or nestlings for an olfactory oriented mammal, the Stoat that is scarcely deterred by the birds defecation, but attacking the Hooded Crow with use of ejected faeces that may be detrimental for the avian nest predator. When the predator is close to the nest, however, the best strategy may be to distract the predator away from the nest. The late return to the nest after the Stoat exposure, may be explained by the Fieldfares' behaviour towards a predator that is a lethal threat to the breeding bird.


During development, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) that form between motor neurons and muscle fibers are continually modified, forming new branches and boutons. Aberle et al. and Marques et al. have identifed a type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in presynaptic motor neurons of the Drosophila NMJ that regulates this synaptic growth. Drosophila larvae that lacked the receptor, called wishful thinking (Wit), had smaller sized NMJs that showed reduced association between pre- and postsynaptic membranes that may be attributed to the concomitant decrease in the NMJ adhesion molecule Fas II. There was also a decrease in bouton number and increased spacing between them, but their morphology appeared otherwise normal. Electropysiological studies showed that mutant motor terminals released less neurotransmitter, possibly due to a decrease in the number of active zones. Thus, Wit plays a major role in regulating presynaptic growth at the NMJ. An activating ligand and its cellular source have yet to be determined. G. Marques, H. Bao, T. E. Haerry, M. J. Shimell, P. Duchek, B. Zhang, M. B. O'Connor, The Drosophila BMP type II receptor Wishful Thinking regulates neuromuscular synapse morphology and function. Neuron 33, 529-543 (2002). [Online Journal] H. Aberle, A. P. Haghighi, R. D. Fetter, B. D. McCabe, T. R. Magalhaes, C. S. Goodman, wishful thinking encodes a BMP type II receptor that regulates synaptic growth in Drosophila. Neuron 33, 545-558 (2002). [Online Journal]


In the backcountry, physical risk from avalanches is managed by 1) assessing the nature, severity and spatial distribution of the local hazard based on weather, snowpack and avalanche observations and 2) carefully choosing terrain and travel procedures to mitigate that hazard. While extensive research has been conducted to improve our understanding of avalanche hazard, there is increasing interest in developing a better quantitative understanding of the subsequent risk management process with the goal of developing evidence-based decision aids for avalanche professionals and recreationists. While some studies have attempted to address this challenge, their approach has generally been reductionist and the resulting insights have been limited. The objective of this paper is to provide a more integrated perspective by comprehensively recording and visualizing an entire operating season at CMH Galena—a helicopter skiing operation located in the Selkirk Mountains of British Columbia. In addition to the operational data collected on hazard conditions, the skiing program and operational constraints, we equipped guides with passive GPS tracking units to capture the full range of terrain choices at an unprecedented level of detail. We suggest that heuristics have evolved to deal with the high number of required decisions in mechanized skiing and that terrain selection involves two processes—habitual patterns combined with targeted adjustments in response to specific hazard conditions and operational needs. Our visualization of the 2015/16 winter season illustrates a number of these patterns. While the comprehensive and detailed recording of terrain choices at participating operations provides the necessary tangible foundation for this collaborative work, we stress that the extraction of meaningful terrain use patterns with the potential to be used for developing decision aids requires a close collaboration between researchers and local guides who are familiar with the intricacies of their operational practices. We are confident that the results of this line of research will offer valuable benefits for both professionals and recreationists travelling in avalanche terrain.


This essay contends that there is a structural element of federal law and policy that sets up legal battles over American Indian sacred sites. The Supreme Court has held that whatever rights groups may have at sacred sites, the federal government's rights as owner and sovereign of the public lands ultimately prevails. Federal agencies can, if they choose, accommodate various interests on the public lands, but such decisions are left to fluctuating executive policy and the discretion of land managers. This approach reflects well-established doctrine in public lands law, but leaves various citizens and groups clamoring for the federal government to recognize their interests and battling one another in the process.To foster a more cooperative approach to sacred sites management, it may help to transcend the model of absolute federal control with various groups left fighting over the crumbs of accommodation. Instead, federal land management should recognize the concerns of groups on all sides of sacred sites disputes, make those concerns an explicit part of legal analysis, and develop models to recognize the various interests at stake. It will be immensely challenging to reform the management of sacred sites in these ways, and this essay aims only to offer some preliminary thoughts on the topic. In particular, this essay argues for analysis of sacred sites problems through the language of "peoples" and "peoplehood." A people is often defined as a body of persons united by a common culture, tradition, politics, or kinship. And peoplehood means the sense or state of belonging to a people. The concept of peoplehood thus helps to explain and validate why human beings group themselves in certain ways and why certain things may be important to them. In the sacred sites context, peoplehood has at least two important ramifications: it can expand the discussion beyond the power of the federal government to include the interests of subnational groups, and it can inspire those groups to recognize and accept one another's interests. Thus, considering the interests of peoples might lay the groundwork for an attitude of cooperation at sacred sites.


This paper presents a novel approach to improving the performance, tunability and efficiency of low frequency membrane absorbers. It is shown that a passive loudspeaker within a cabinet can be used as an efficient and adaptable membrane absorber, with variable passive electronic components connected across the terminals to alter its mechanical resonance properties. This allows the system to be tuned/re-tuned and installed in different rooms without the impractical geometrical re-design and manufacture needed for standard membrane absorbers. Impedance tube data is presented for an absorber with different electronic loads connected. Varying the value of a single capacitor across the loudspeaker terminals is shown to reduce the resonant frequency of the system by up to 30%, whilst varying solely resistive loads is shown to alter the effective bandwidth of absorption. A lumped element model is derived, allowing the system to be optimised for different resistive and reactive component combinations for a specific driver. Absorber systems of this type could find a place in small critical listening environments, where the damping of room modes is vital for good acoustic conditions.


Abstract: The number of habitat conservation plans ( HCP) has risen dramatically since the first plan was written over 18 years ago. Until recently, no studies have quantitatively investigated the scientific foundations underlying these documents. As part of a larger study of HCPs, we examined 43 plans primarily to assess the availability and use of scientific data and secondarily to determine the extent of involvement by, and influence of, independent scientists within the process. Specifically, our analysis focused on five key steps taken when an HCP is developed: assessing status of a species, determining take, predicting the project effects, mitigating for those effects, and monitoring of take and mitigation. In general, we found that the preparers of HCPs utilized existing scientific information fairly well, with 60% of plans not missing any available information described by our study as "starkly necessary." The most common types of underutilized available data included those describing the influence of stochastic processes and habitat quality or quantity on species persistence. For many species, however, data on biology or status simply did not exist, as demonstrated by the fact that we could locate quantitative population estimates for only 10% of the species. Furthermore, for 42% of the species examined we had insufficient data and analysis to determine clearly how predicted take might affect the population. In many cases, mitigation measures proposed to offset take frequently addressed the most important local threats to the species with moderately reliable strategies. Species with monitoring programs rated as sufficient had plans that proposed to collect a greater amount of "quantitative" data than did those programs rated insufficient. Finally, when species "experts" were consulted, plan quality was generally higher. Overall, available scientific information in a majority of categories was fairly well utilized, but for many species additional studies and more in‐depth analyses were required to provide adequate support for issuance of an incidental take permit.


From Audubon's still-life watercolors to Muybridge's trip-wire locomotion studies, from Melville's epic chases to Poe's detective hunts, the nineteenth century witnessed a surge of artistic, literary, and scientific treatments that sought to "capture" the truth of animals at the historical moment when animals were receding from everyday view. In Capture, Antoine Traisnel reveals how the drive to contain and record disappearing animals was a central feature and organizing pursuit of the nineteenth-century U.S. cultural canon. Capture offers a critical genealogy of the dominant representation of animals as elusive, precarious, and endangered that came to circulate widely in the nineteenth century. Traisnel argues that "capture" is deeply continuous with the projects of white settler colonialism and the biocapitalist management of nonhuman and human populations, demonstrating that the desire to capture animals in representation responded to and normalized the systemic disappearance of animals effected by unprecedented changes in the land, the rise of mass slaughter, and the new awareness of species extinction. Tracking the prototyping of biopolitical governance and capitalist modes of control, Traisnel theorizes capture as a regime of vision by which animals came to be seen, over the course of the nineteenth century, as at once unknowable and yet understood in advance—a frame by which we continue to encounter animals today.


We present the Mind the Gap Model (MGM), an approach for interpretable feature extraction and selection. By placing interpretability criteria directly into the model, we allow for the model to both optimize parameters related to interpretability and to directly report a global set of distinguishable dimensions to assist with further data exploration and hypothesis generation. MGM extracts distinguishing features on real-world datasets of animal features, recipes ingredients, and disease co-occurrence. It also maintains or improves performance when compared to related approaches. We perform a user study with domain experts to show the MGM's ability to help with dataset exploration.


Internationally the inclusion of health within environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been shown to be limited. While health-focused research has focused on the technical provision of health information, policy analysis theory may enable description and explanation of the institutional conditions surrounding health inclusion in EIA. However, whether this framework is considered useful by practitioners has yet to be tested. To investigate this, data were collected via a workshop (n = 22) and the results were analysed using 'Institutionalist' units of analysis (ideas, actors, organisations and institutions). These results were then emailed to participants who were asked to undertake a follow-up survey about the analysis and approach (n = 9). The workshop results suggested various influences on how and why health is considered or not in EIAs. Overall the survey respondents agreed that the approach was conceptually and practically useful but that the framework alone is insufficient and further work is needed to convince potential users of the value of health in EIA. The findings support the need for more detailed research.


The connection of microbial biosynthetic gene clusters to the small molecule metabolites they encode is central to the discovery and characterization of new metabolic pathways with ecological and pharmacological potential. With increasing microbial genome sequence information being deposited into publicly available databases, it is clear that microbes have the coding capacity for many more biologically active small molecules than previously realized. Of increasing interest are the small molecules encoded by the human microbiome, as these metabolites likely mediate a variety of currently uncharacterized human-microbe interactions that influence health and disease. In this mini-review, we describe the ongoing biosynthetic, structural, and functional characterizations of the genotoxic colibactin pathway in gut bacteria as a thematic example of linking biosynthetic gene clusters to their metabolites. We also highlight other natural products that are produced through analogous biosynthetic logic and comment on some current disconnects between bioinformatics predictions and experimental structural characterizations. Lastly, we describe the use of pathway-targeted molecular networking as a tool to characterize secondary metabolic pathways within complex metabolomes and to aid in downstream metabolite structural elucidation efforts.


Abstract. There is growing interest in using fluorescence imaging instruments to guide surgery, and the leading options for open-field imaging are reviewed here. While the clinical fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) field has been focused predominantly on indocyanine green (ICG) imaging, there is accelerated development of more specific molecular tracers. These agents should help advance new indications for which FGS presents a paradigm shift in how molecular information is provided for resection decisions. There has been a steady growth in commercially marketed FGS systems, each with their own differentiated performance characteristics and specifications. A set of desirable criteria is presented to guide the evaluation of instruments, including: (i) real-time overlay of white-light and fluorescence images, (ii) operation within ambient room lighting, (iii) nanomolar-level sensitivity, (iv) quantitative capabilities, (v) simultaneous multiple fluorophore imaging, and (vi) ergonomic utility for open surgery. In this review, United States Food and Drug Administration 510(k) cleared commercial systems and some leading premarket FGS research systems were evaluated to illustrate the continual increase in this performance feature base. Generally, the systems designed for ICG-only imaging have sufficient sensitivity to ICG, but a fraction of the other desired features listed above, with both lower sensitivity and dynamic range. In comparison, the emerging research systems targeted for use with molecular agents have unique capabilities that will be essential for successful clinical imaging studies with low-concentration agents or where superior rejection of ambient light is needed. There is no perfect imaging system, but the feature differences among them are important differentiators in their utility, as outlined in the data and tables here.


The United States and Canada have developed very different grain handling and transportation systems (GHTSs) over the last several decades to compete for global and domestic markets in Canada and the United States under CUSTA. Because the grain industries in both countries face long distance hauls, GHTSs are critically important to their operations and to producer returns. There has been considerable pressure for change in Canada's grain handling and transportation sector. Some industry trends, such as the rationalization of elevators in the Prairies and investments in new high through-put facilities, are being driven by market and competitive forces. Changes in grain handling, reciprocal access to marketing functions, and elimination of rate caps may have a significant impact on cross-border grain flows. Canadian Transport announced reforms to improve the efficiency of its GHTS. Possible multi-level effects, created by the reform package, would affect the grain flow from Canada to the United States. The most significant reforms include 'port buying' by the Canadian Wheat Board, which would remove the Board's control over internal logistics and shipping, and replacement of the current maximum railway rate scale with a cap on annual railway revenues for grain shipments.


Background/Aims: Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have often been associated with early-onset smoking. We hypothesize that reductions in ADHD symptoms due to an intervention have a mediating effect on early-onset smoking. Methods: In a universal, school-based, randomized controlled intervention trial, we examined whether intervention-induced reductions in ADHD symptoms at age 9 mediated the reduced risk of tobacco use onset among these children at age 10 or 11 years. A sample of 477 first-grade boys and girls were randomly assigned to the Good Behavior Game intervention (n = 263), a 2-year (grades 2 and 3) universal classroom-based intervention aimed at reducing disruptive behavior problems, or to a control condition (n = 214). ADHD symptoms were assessed through teacher ratings. Early onset of tobacco use was assessed through self-report. Results: The intervention-induced reductions in ADHD symptoms fully mediated the distal effect of intervention on reductions in early-onset smoking. Conclusions: Our results showed that programs that target ADHD symptoms may protect children from early-onset smoking as well. Further research is needed to examine pathways from ADHD symptoms to tobacco use.


Abstract. In-line Raman spectroscopy for compositional and strain metrology throughout front-end-of-line (FEOL) manufacturing of next-generation gate-all-around nanosheet field-effect transistors is presented. Thin and alternating layers of fully strained pseudomorphic Si(1  −  x)Gex and Si were grown epitaxially on a Si substrate and subsequently patterned. Intentional strain variations were introduced by changing the Ge content (x  =  0.25, 0.35, 0.50). Polarization-dependent in-line Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize and quantify the strain evolution of Si and Si(1  −  x)Gex nanosheets throughout FEOL processing by focusing on the analysis of Si-Si and Si-Ge optical phonon modes. To evaluate the accuracy of the Raman metrology results, strain reference data were acquired by non-destructive high-resolution x-ray diffraction and from destructive lattice deformation maps using precession electron diffraction. It was found that the germanium-alloy composition as well as Si and Si(1  −  x)Gex strain obtained by Raman spectroscopy are in very good agreement with reference metrology and follow trends of previously published simulations.


Back Ground: Minor anorectal disease constitutes quite large percentage of cases in surgical out patient department (OPD).This study helps to know the effectiveness of local anaesthesia for day care surgery. Study design: comparative study Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients were randomly selected into group A(local anaesthesia) and group B(spinal anaesthesia) who underwent minor anorectal surgeries. Each patients detailed history, physical examination, operative details, postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, pain scores, analgesic requirements, and patient satisfaction scores were collected. Results: There were 20 female and 40 male in the study. The mean age was39.53 and 43.17 in group A and group B respectively . The main presenting symptom was bleeding in 26.7% and 60%, mucous discharge in 23.3% and 6.7%, and pain 46.7% and 13.3% in group A and group B respectively. Out of the study group 60% patients were on non-vegetarian diet, which shows a significant increase in patients with low fibre diet. This is further emphasized by the fact that 60% of the patients suffer from constipation.Urinary retention was significantly higher in the group receiving spinal anaesthesia (group b). 30% patients in group b and 6.7% in group A had post operative retention. Post operative pain score was measured by a scale from 0-10(0=no pain, 10=severe pain). The mean patient satisfaction score was 9.31(0=poor satisfaction 10=excellent satisfaction).Data about the number of doses of oral/pareneteral analgesics were recorded.patient subjective success was assessed . Hospital stay was significantly decreased in group A( p value 0.02). 93.3% patients in this group were discharged on day 1 whereas 70% of group B were discharged on day 1. There was no mortality, incontinence, faecal urgency, and persistent pain. Conclusion : The current study was aimed to analyse the feasibility and utility of using alternate method of anaesthesia in patients undergoing surgeries for minor anorectal ailments. The results of this study were in accord with the previous studies. The use of local anaesthesia in these surgeries was found to be beneficial in terms of hospital stay, postoperative complications such as urinary retention. The technique had no significant difference in post operative pain, perioperative Complications and patient satisfaction. Hence it can be concluded that local anaesthesia is a safe and advantageous technique in performing minor anorectal surgeries.


As we write, the United States, Canada, and Mexico are renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These talks—and their possible failure—represent the biggest shift in U.S. economic policy in a generation. Since NAFTA came into force in 1994, it has transformed the North American economy. NAFTA has made possible continent-wide supply chains, in industries like the auto sector, that have reduced costs and allowed American automakers to remain competitive; it has opened markets for American agriculture; it has greatly increased the standard of living in Mexico; and it has reduced consumer prices across the continent. Despite these gains, President Trump has repeatedly threatened to pull the United States out of NAFTA if he cannot get a deal that is "fair" for American workers. These repeated threats, coupled with aggressive U.S. government proposals to roll back liberalization in NAFTA 2.0, have sent the Canadian and Mexican governments and the U.S. business community searching for new policy ideas to save free trade.
Restoring Trade's Social Contract answers this call by proposing a financial transaction tax (FTT) in NAFTA and future trade agreements. The tax, no more than .1% of the value of securities or currency sales within the free trade area, would raise revenue to fund an expansion of adjustment assistance for workers who are displaced due to trade liberalization. An Economic Development Chapter in NAFTA and future trade agreements would mandate that this revenue be spent on expanded domestic trade adjustment assistance programs, such retraining, relocation assistance, and infrastructure investment.
Our proposed tax would thus directly harness the wealth-creating potential of trade agreements and explicitly tie funding for adjustment assistance to major financial institutions, the parties benefitting the most from trade agreements. In so doing, it would restore what we term the social contract of trade—a bargain whereby trade liberalization occurs in a way that ensures that the least well off among us are, at a minimum, not harmed. Despite its huge contributions to poverty reduction and increased human welfare since World War II, trade liberalization has contributed to significant job losses, leading to economic calamity and social disruption in industrial heartlands from the mid-Western United States to Manchester, England and Wallonia, Belgium. These economic losses, in turn, have spurred the political backlash that now threatens the international economic order. Securing the long-term benefits of trade liberalization for ourselves and our fellow citizens—making free trade politically sustainable—thus requires including in trade law itself measures to address these significant costs. With NAFTA talks ongoing and the United States debating tax reform, the time is right for an FTT dedicated to expanded adjustment assistance.


Several medicinal plants have been used in traditional health care systems to heal wounds. Wound infecting bacteria are one of the major factors that delays or prevent wound healing. In the present study, 3 medicinal plants those have been widely used in Siddha medicine to treat wounds namely, Erythrina variegata, Tamarindus indica and Datura metel were tested for their antibacterial activity against standard bacterial isolates which isolated from different sources including wounds, viz. Staphylococcus aureus sub species aureus (ATCC® 29213™), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC® 25668™), Escherichia coli (ATCC® 25922™) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC® 29212™). Leaf of E. variegata, seed coat of T. indica and fruit of D. metel were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Antibacterial activity was tested using two different methods, well diffusion and growth curve analysis in broth culture. Both methods revealed that all the extracts of T. indica and fruit of D. metel had inhibitory effect on S. aureus, a bacterial isolate from wound. Similarly extracts of E. variegata had antibacterial activity on E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa, urine and clinical isolates respectively. The results confirm the antibacterial property of the plant extracts and their possible role in wound healing. Further studies are being carried out to find out the active compounds that responsible for antibacterial activity.


Collaborative logistics is becoming more important in today's industry. This is driven by increased environmental concerns, improved efficiency through collaborative planning supporting resources sharing and new business models implementation. This paper presents a survey of contributions to the field of collaborative logistics. It first describes current opportunities in collaborative planning. It then discusses main issues related to building the coalition, sharing resources and benefits, as well as issues related to information and decisions technologies. Business cases are described and used to support the discussion around the main issues. Finally, questions are raised, opening new paths for researchers in the field.


The Collected Works of Langston Hughes. Volume 16. The Translations: Federico Garcia Lorca, Nicolas Guillen, and Jacques Roumain Edited with an introduction by Dellita Martin-Ogunsola. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2003, 267 pp. The title under review forms Volume 16 in the Collected Works of Langston Hughes. This important series, which began with the publication in 2001 of the Poems: 1921-1940 with an introduction by Hughes' biographer Arnold Rampersad, is indeed a watershed event in Hughes criticism. Rightfully called the "Dean of Black Letters," Hughes was the member of the Harlem Renaissance movement whose influence was the most pervasive and sustained in American literature. In quantity (it must be remembered that Hughes was a professional writer), Hughes' production dwarfed not only that of his immediate contemporaries (Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Zora Neale Hurston) but also the works of figures such as Wright, Ellison, and Baldwin, all of whom achieved prominence after the Harlem Renaissance proper. A prolific and versatile writer, Hughes authored more than forty books, edited or translated fourteen more and contributed hundreds of reviews and essays to scores of anthologies, magazines and newspapers. His literary and editorial production is so vast that even his serious critics failed to agree on exactly what he published. The volumes of the Collected Works have been published with the same goals that Hughes sought throughout his career: making his books available to the people. Each book includes a chronology by Arnold Rampersad as well as an introduction by the volumes' editor. The individual volumes in the Collected Works have been organized by genre beginning with the poems and moving through all of the fields that Hughes cultivated with such richness and imagination. The volume editors are specialists both in the works of Hughes as well as in the genre in the individual volumes. Dellita Martin-Ogunsola is an accomplished translator in her own right having translated the short stories of the Costa Rican writer Quince Duncan as well as a specialist in Afro-Hispanic and African American literature. Not since the pioneering by John Matheus ("Langston Hughes as translator," Langston Hughes Black Genius: A Critical Evaluation, ed. Therman B. O'Daniel, New York: William Morrow, 1971) has anyone attempted to comment so globally on this aspect of Hughes' oeuvre. Volume 16 reprints in their entirety three major translations by Hughes: Blood Wedding by Federico Garcia Lorca, (1938, 1994); Cuba Libre by Nicolas Guillen (1948); and Masters of the Dew by Jacques Roumain (1947). The book begins by an introduction followed by the reprinting of the texts and concludes with a set of explanatory notes. Martin-Ogunsola's introduction not only offers useful historic and biographical information about the genesis of the translations but contains a key to understanding Hughes' desire to translate in the first place: "Thus, his perennial longing for submersion into the "Big Sea" of black life-whether in the Americas, in Europe, in Africa, or in Asia-prompted him to build bridges between himself and an international circle of writers. Hughes' odyssey was a multi-layered exploration of his individual, familial, communal and ultimately global identity" (3). The three texts included in this volume are presented in the order in which Hughes translated them rather than in the order of their publication. Thus, the book opens with Hughes' translation of Bodas de Sangre by Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936) the Andalusian poet and dramatist who was executed in Granada by a Falangist firing squad in the opening days of the Spanish Civil War. The text reprinted was discovered in 1983 by Melia Bensussen with the assistance of the executor of the Hughes estate, George H. Bass. It was staged in May 1992, some fifty years after it was first translated, as part of the New York Shakespeare festival, directed by Bensussen. …


Lumenal carbonic anhydrase is required for efficient turnover of the water-oxidizing complex of PSII. In oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy is stored in the form of chemical energy by converting CO2 and water into carbohydrates. The light-driven oxidation of water that provides the electrons and protons for the subsequent CO2 fixation takes place in photosystem II (PSII). Recent studies show that in higher plants, HCO3– increases PSII activity by acting as a mobile acceptor of the protons produced by PSII. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a luminal carbonic anhydrase, CrCAH3, was suggested to improve proton removal from PSII, possibly by rapid reformation of HCO3– from CO2. In this study, we investigated the interplay between PSII and CrCAH3 by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and x-ray crystallography. Membrane inlet mass spectrometry measurements showed that CrCAH3 was most active at the slightly acidic pH values prevalent in the thylakoid lumen under illumination. Two crystal structures of CrCAH3 in complex with either acetazolamide or phosphate ions were determined at 2.6- and 2.7-Å resolution, respectively. CrCAH3 is a dimer at pH 4.1 that is stabilized by swapping of the N-terminal arms, a feature not previously observed in α-type carbonic anhydrases. The structure contains a disulfide bond, and redox titration of CrCAH3 function with dithiothreitol suggested a possible redox regulation of the enzyme. The stimulating effect of CrCAH3 and CO2/HCO3– on PSII activity was demonstrated by comparing the flash-induced oxygen evolution pattern of wild-type and CrCAH3-less PSII preparations. We showed that CrCAH3 has unique structural features that allow this enzyme to maximize PSII activity at low pH and CO2 concentration.


The aim of this study is to evaluate proximate (lipid, moisture, and ash), fatty acid contents and sensorial characteristics of Epinephelus caninus (Valenciennes, 1843), Epinephelus costae (Staindachner, 1878), Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834), Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793) caught from Northeastern Mediterranean. Even if lipid levels of all fish used in this study changed in a small amount and this changes, in some of them, were found statistically significant (P<0.05), all fish subjected to the study may considered as lean fish due to fact that their lipids amounts was found to be less than 2%. Moisture and ash contents of all fish used in this study were closer to each other. Among fatty acids, the levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n3) of E. marginatus, M. rubra, E. costae, E. caninus were calculated to be 13.17%, 7.62%, 12.19%, and 14.47%, respectively. Additionally, the highest eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n3) value was found in lipid of E. marginatus followed by E. costae, E. caninus M. rubra. The levels of arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n6) differed from each other (in the range of 7.89 to 3.59%). Differences regarding ARA was found to be statistically significant (P< 0.05). Moreover, sensory analysis of the cooked fish were evaluated by panelist. In general, taste can be differ from nation to nation even person to person. According to panelists, even though all fish investigated in this research were found to be very delicious, fish can be listed E. caninus >E. costae>E. marginatus>M. rubra regarding its taste.


Hybridization between an abundant species and an endangered species is cause for concern. When such hybridization is observed, it is both urgent and necessary to assess the level of threat posed to the endangered species. We report the first evidence of natural hybridization between two equids: the endangered Grevy's zebra Equus grevyi and the abundant plains zebra Equus burchelli. Grevy's zebra now number <3000 individuals globally, and occur only in northern Kenya and Ethiopia. In recent years, Grevy's zebra have become increasingly concentrated in the south of their range due to habitat loss in the north. Both species are sympatric in the Laikipia ecosystem of northern Kenya, where we have observed purportedly hybrid individuals. Using mitochondrial and Y chromosome DNA, we confirmed the hybrid status of the morphologically identified hybrids and demonstrate conclusively that all first‐generation hybrids are the offspring of plains zebra females and Grevy's zebra males. Behaviorally, hybrids integrate themselves into plains zebra society, rather than adopting the social organization of Grevy's zebra. Two hybrids have successfully raised foals to over 3 months in age, including one which has reached adulthood, indicating the fertility of female hybrids and viability of their offspring. We hypothesize that hybridization occurs due to (1) skewed sex ratios, in favor of males, within Grevy's zebra and (2) the numerical dominance of plains zebra in the region where hybridization is occurring. Stakeholders have discussed hybridization as a potential threat to Grevy's zebra survival. We argue, however, based on behavioral observations, that hybridization is unlikely to dilute the Grevy's zebra gene pool in the short term. As a conservation concern, hybridization is secondary to more direct causes of Grevy's zebra declines.


This thesis investigates the application of various fields of artificial intelligence to the domain of sports management and analysis. The research in this thesis is primarily focussed on the entry draft for the National Hockey League, though many of the models proposed may be applied to other sports and leagues with minimal adjustments. A utility model is proposed to define which players are preferred by which teams for a given draft. This model allows for the consideration of how teams acting in a multiagent system may reason about each other's preferences, as well as how they might strategize and interact with one another through trades. A trading scheme where agents may trade picks with each other to change the picking order is established and an algorithm is proposed to find optimal trade offers to propose under an imperfect knowledge setting. Through simulations based on the National Hockey League Entry Draft data, the algorithms provide mutually beneficial trades that also increase the social utility of the league over the course of the draft. Machine learning classifiers are proposed to suggest which prospects will be successful at the highest level of the sport over various metrics using statistics and scouting reports from their draft year as features. The classifiers out-perform conventional draft selections in the NHL and provide insights into which attributes of a player are important in development. Clustering techniques are used to determine playstyles in the NHL and these clusters are fed as annotations into additional classifiers to project which prospects will fall into certain clusters later in their careers. These latter classifiers demonstrated promising results but were ultimately limited by the availability of data. A discussion of future avenues of artificial intelligence research in the young but growing field of sports analytics is carried throughout this thesis.


St Augustine, bishop of Hippo, was one of the central figures in the history of Christianity, and "City of God" is one of his greatest theological works. Written as an eloquent defence of the faith at a time when the Roman Empire was on the brink of collapse, it examines the ancient pagan religions of Rome, the arguments of the Greek philosophers and the revelations of the Bible. Pointing the way forward to a citizenship that transcends the best political experiences of the world and offers citizenship that will last for eternity, "City of God" is one of the most influential documents in the development of Christianity.


This paper addresses the influence of developments arising in the field of psychology on American artistic practice in the 1960s and early 1970s, with important ramifications for how aesthetic experience is represented and understood. By the period in question, psychological behaviourism's emphasis on what can only be externally observed had relegated subjective experience to an inscrutable (epiphenomenal) "black box," but experimental and environmental psychology re-opened subjectivity to scientific scrutiny. For a number of Southern California artists who began to experiment with creating art that relied heavily upon the methods and principles of experimental psychology, these developments had important implications. James Turrell and Robert Irwin (along with fellow light and space artists) experimented with the nature of perception, creating situations (rather than objects) that tested the legitimacy of human observation as reliable "truth." Often, this work was installed in enclosed rooms or pods, was disorienting and closely resembled experiments in sensory deprivation; in a famous case, the artists performed a number of sensory experiments in UCLA's anechoic chamber, a soundproof chamber that, with the lights off, almost completely deadened external stimuli, leaving the participant to perceive nothing more than her own perceptions (and, at times, hallucinations). It also incorporated simple illusions commonly used in perception experiments: James Turell's early projection works are complex iterations of the famous "Necker Cube," a line drawing that demonstrates to subjects the oscillating nature of perceptual interpretation. Rather than relying upon observed behaviour as their data, these artists were interested in the nature of experience and were frequently subjects in their own experiments. In each of these situations, the viewer was encouraged (if not physically required) to take on a position of scepticism or, as Robert Irwin puts it, "rigorous wonder." The art became a laboratory of uncertainties. For Irwin and Turrell, the development of a "phenomenal art" was an opportunity to explore the physical properties of aesthetic experience. In the 1960s, experimental psychologists such as Gerald Mandler and J.J. Gibson sought a means of incorporating experience into their studies (effectively rejecting the behaviourist approach), averting both behaviourism and the idiosyncrasies of psychoanalysis. Today, cognitive scientists who see consciousness in phenomenological (in contrast to epiphenomenal) terms include such notables as Bernard Baars (contrastive phenomenology), Francisco Varela (naturalized phenomenology) or Thomas Metzinger (self as process). The work of these scientists contributes to a deeper understanding of what exactly is being represented in installation art that takes perceptual experimentation as its medium. I argue that the viewer's involvement in the situation (with or without an object per se) is the material, contingent core of the work of art, bringing into question the perceived neutrality of the high modern "white cube." Their work is therefore a challenge to modernist criticism that prevailed in the mid-1960s, such as that of Michael Fried, who dismissed such contingencies as "theatrical" and therefore "non-art." At the same time, artists such as Irwin and Turrell expanded upon the work of experimental psychologists by bringing it into the gallery. Phenomenal art simultaneously challenges the opacity of the black box and neutrality of the white cube by making consciousness its medium.