Molecular life science has become one of the fastest-growing fields of scientific and technical innovation. An important issue for tomorrow-s education is to meet the challenge posed by various facets of molecular life science. This thesis highlights four aspects of molecular life science education: the rapid production and flow of information, its multi- and interdisciplinary character, the complexity of life phenomena and our knowledge of them, and the high level of abstraction of the knowledge produced. Images, diagrams and other forms of visualization are playing increasingly important roles in molecular life science teaching and research, both for conveying information and as conceptual tools, transforming the way we think about the events and processes the subject covers. This study examines how upper secondary school students interpret visualizations of proteins. The participating students were taking different variants of the natural science program in the second (grade 11) or third (grade 12) year of their upper secondary school education in Sweden. A set of 107 students answered a questionnaire with open-ended questions about proteins, and 20 were interviewed in semi-structured, revised clinical interviews. The interviews were structured around 2D illustrations of proteins and an animated representation of water molecules being transported through a channel in the cell membrane. The results from the study indicate occurrence of alternative conceptions relating to scale and systems level, DNA-related problems and confusion about the properties of the cell membrane. Three sources of difficulties regarding the ability to visualize biomolecular processes were identified: the complexity of biomolecular processes, the dynamic nature of the processes and extrapolations between 2D and 3D conceptions. The results indicate that the students may possess an understanding of a process (expressed in the visual code) which they cannot express in words. The results also indicate that beginner students use a kind of intermediate language when learning a new content area, frequently making use of metaphors, some that they have obtained from their teaching and some that they create themselves, i.e. spontaneous metaphors. They also make use of words that seemingly have no meaning, such as -plupp- and -flopp-. These words are here referred to as helpwords. The results from this study indicate that spontaneous metaphors and helpwords do take on a meaning in learning situations and that they play a role in the meaning-making of the students.


This research consisted of studying the biodegradation potential of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in a diesel contaminated soil using indigenous cultures. From a site investigation conducted on a polluted site in Argentia (Newfoundland, Canada), typical soil profiles and contaminants were determined for helping in setting up an Environmental Test Facility. The potential for bioremediation of soils in that area was studied in the laboratory. Four lands of cultures were isolated from the petroleum hydrocarbon (diesel) contaminated soil, enriched in the laboratory and injected into the soil as a seed to increase the population of cultures. The contaminated soils were incubated in closed reactors at temperatures ranging from 25 to 5°C and pH values from 6 to 8. The addition of mineral salts as nutrients was also included. Surfactants were used as additional chemicals to enhance the rate of bioremediation. -- The degradation of TPH was evaluated by concentration monitoring (Gas Chromatography) and bacteria counting. Temperature effects study showed that biotreatability markedly decreased with decreasing temperature. The optimal rate of bioactivity was obtained in a neutral or slight acid condition, and surfactant Triton X-100 showed an enhancement of degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon, while the surfactant Tween 60 did not improve degradation. Nutrient requirement was also clearly identified. Under optimal condition, the TPH removal efficiency reached 50% of the initial value. It was also observed that bacteria seeding is possible and echances the remediation rate. -- Surfactants were used to wash diesel out of the contaminated soils in column tests. Distilled water, 0.5% (w/w) aqueous solution of surfactant Tween 60 and 0.5% (w/w) aqueous solution of surfactant Triton X-100 were used as leaching solutions. Corresponding TPH removals were obtained as 5.3%, 21.7%, and 67.8% respectively, demonstrating potential efficiency of combining physical and biological remediation methods.


Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy features of uterine leiomyomas using long echo time and to characterize the spectral patterns of these lesions. Methods: We calculated metabolites in 15 patients with uterine leiomyomas and myometrium of 20 healthy control subjects using single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy (point resolved spectroscopy technique, TE:136 ms). Voxels were placed at the center of the uterine leiomyomas. The peak areas of creatine, choline, lipid and lactate were determined. The MR spectroscopy results of uterine leiomyomas were compared with the spectroscopy results obtained from the myometrium of healthy control subjects. Results: The characteristically obtained signal was choline, which was detected not only in 14 of the 15 leiomyomas (93.3%) but also in 18 of the 20 myometrium of control subjects (90%). The lipid signals were determined in 9 of 15 patients with uterine leiomyomas (60%) and 8 of 20 control subjects (40%). The lactate signal was obtained from six of 15 patients with leiomyomas (40%) but only two of myometrium (10%). The creatine signal was obtained from 4 of 15 patients with leiomyomas (26.6%) and 5 of 20 myometrium (25%). Among the tested parameters only lactate peak was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Proton MR spectroscopic imaging may be helpful for the investigation of the underlying pathophysiology of uterine leiomyomas. The presence of lactate and lipid signals in the spectrum may be a useful indicator of metabolic pathway of uterine leiomyomas.


Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools have been increasingly employed for carrying out quantitative risk assessment (QRA) calculations in the process industry. However, these tools must be validated against representative experimental data in order to have a real predictive capability. As any typical accident scenario is quite complex, it is important that the CFD tool is able to predict combined release and ignition scenarios reasonably well. However, this kind of validation is not performed frequently, primarily due to absence of good quality data. For that reason, the recent experiments performed by FZK under the HySafe internal project InsHyde (http://www.hysafe.org) are important. These involved vertically upwards hydrogen releases with different release rates and velocities impinging on a plate in two different geometrical configurations. The dispersed cloud was subsequently ignited and pressures recorded. These experiments are important not only for corroborating the underlying physics of any large-scale safety study, but also for validating the important assumptions used in QRA. Blind CFD simulations of the release and ignition scenarios were carried out prior to the experiments to predict the results (and possibly assist in planning) of the experiments. The simulated dispersion results are found to correlate reasonably well with experimental data in terms of the gas concentrations. The overpressures subsequent to ignition obtained in the blind predictions could not be compared directly with the experiments as the ignition points were somewhat different, but the pressure levels were found to be similar. Simulations carried out after the experiments with the same ignition position as those in the experiments compared reasonably well with the measurements in terms of the pressure level. This agreement points to the ability of the CFD tool FLACS to model such complex scenarios well. Nevertheless, the experimental set-up can be considered to be small-scale and less severe than many accidents and real-life situations. Future large-scale data of this type will be valuable to confirm ability to predict large-scale accident scenarios.


The title and concerns of this presentation are focused on recent research and artworks exploring the phenomena of Stem Cells in the Regenerative Medicine Space in the context of the Anthropocenic Human. The processes of explanting cells and tissues, transgenic technologies, stem cell tissue engineering in medicine and cloning not only have deep moral and ethical implications for the meaning of human identity, touching on the deepest aspects of human life; genes, individual organisms and whole new species of trans-organisms have become the subject of the philosophy of ecology, science and biology. My talk touches on the key theoretical groundwork of my arts research practice drawn from Bennett, Stengers, Harraway, Braidotti, and Serres that has led towards a deeper commitment to the significance of the work of Karen Barad, Professor of Feminist Studies, Philosophy and the History of Consciousness at the University of California who provides theorized descriptions of how quantum entanglement, emergence and matter can equally/usefully frame thinking experiments and novel methods of abstraction in art and biology production. Barad's Agential Realism ontology collapses divisions between mind/matter and meaning between the animate/in-animate and the human and non-human. Barad argues that entanglements of time, space, matter and meaning come into existence through simultaneous reconfiguration and intra-action. Barad proposes that agency does not originate in human intention but resides in all of matter, suggesting that matter bears the mark of human agency in ways that release human intention. My paper and presentation aims to contextualize Barad's ideas to explore and question how artists might apply embodied heightened awareness to processes of perception and imagination to produce humanly comprehensible events. The aim is to begin to unfold the question of how research through art in thinking "in-between" categories might usefully present the paradoxical nature of subjectivity, intuition and intentionality to reveal the hidden processes, tacit acts and cuts across the multiple and entangled ethical realities proposed by Barad's reading and interpretation of Bohr's pioneering work.


BACKGROUND
Children with Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD) experience poor motor and psychosocial outcomes. Interventions are often limited within the healthcare system, and little is known about how technology might be used within schools or homes to promote the motor skills and/or psychosocial development of these children. This study aimed to evaluate whether short, regular school-based sessions of movement experience using a commercially available home video game console (Nintendo's Wii Fit) would lead to benefits in both motor and psychosocial domains in children with DCD.

METHODS
A randomized crossover controlled trial of children with movement difficulties/DCD was conducted. Children were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 10) or comparison (n = 8) group. The intervention group spent 10 min thrice weekly for 1 month using Wii Fit during the lunch break, while the comparison group took part in their regular Jump Ahead programme. Pre- and post-intervention assessments considered motor proficiency, self-perceived ability and satisfaction and parental assessment of emotional and behavioural problems.

RESULTS
Significant gains were seen in motor proficiency, the child's perception of his/her motor ability and reported emotional well-being for many, but not all children.

CONCLUSIONS
This study provides preliminary evidence to support the use of the Wii Fit within therapeutic programmes for children with movement difficulties. This simple, popular intervention represents a plausible method to support children's motor and psychosocial development. It is not possible from our data to say which children are most likely to benefit from such a programme and particularly what the dose and duration should be. Further research is required to inform across these and other questions regarding the implementation of virtual reality technologies in therapeutic services for children with movement difficulties.


Heidegger defines onto-theology as a calculative form of thinking that reduces everything to an object or being on the basis of an absolute grounding term. God is called upon in onto-theology to be this highest term upon whom all other beings taken as a whole are grounded in their universal "Being". Historically, Onto-theology grounds the relationship between philosophy and theology on this system ofuniversal ontology that admits only sameness under the conditions of causality and sufficient reason. Heidegger calls for a "step back" from onto-theology into a mode of philosophical thinking that allows beings to appear on their own terms and that gives theology a relative degree of autonomy to treat the believer's existential relation to the Other. Jean-Luc Marion, on the other hand, rejects Heidegger's "philosophical" solution to onto-theology in favour of a radically "theological" one. Marion contends that the ontological concept itselfis the source of onto-theology and as such, it must be overcome in a mystical relation to the Wholly Other that accomplishes a radical reversal ofphilosophical thinking. Marion bolsters his theological project with a phenomenology of "givenness" that treats the paradox of the arrival of transcendence as philosophy's highest possibility. In this project I trace the contours ofHeidegger's and Marion's respective steps back from onto-theology and argue that Heidegger's earliest accounts of "facticallife" offer fruitful resources to expose a residual onto-theology in Marion's thought. I identify the deepest source of onto-theology to be any commitment to the absolute autonomy of theoretical thought vis-a.-vis grounding commitments or worldview. Furthermore, I argue that Marion's step back from onto-theology is not only incomplete but perpetuates the philosophical view that ontology is necessarily or structurally violent. I conclude by sketching a program for a Christian philosophy that respects the relative autonomy of philosophy and theology as theoretical disciplines mutually existentially rooted in worldview. This retrieval respects the basic hermeneutical conditions ofphilosophizing even while it opens a space for Christian philosophy to express its own ontological assumptions about the subject's relation to the Wholly Other.


The introduction of technology in education is gaining momentum worldwide. One model of incorporating technology into education that has gained tremendous traction in Latin America and the Caribbean is One-to-One computing. The term "One-to-One" refers to the ratio of digital devices per child so that each child is provided with a digital device, most often a laptop, to facilitate learning. The objective of this document is to provide an overview of One-to-One implementations with a regional focus on Latin America and the Caribbean. It also proposes a systemic approach to improve the quality of education in contexts of mass laptop distributions to students and teachers.


Real-time high quality video tone mapping is needed for many applications, such as digital viewfinders in cameras, display algorithms which adapt to ambient light, in-camera processing, rendering engines for video games and video post-processing. We propose a viable solution for these applications by designing a video tone-mapping operator that controls the visibility of the noise, adapts to display and viewing environment, minimizes contrast distortions, preserves or enhances image details, and can be run in real-time on an incoming sequence without any preprocessing. To our knowledge, no existing solution offers all these features. Our novel contributions are: a fast procedure for computing local display-adaptive tone-curves which minimize contrast distortions, a fast method for detail enhancement free from ringing artifacts, and an integrated video tone-mapping solution combining all the above features.


The deposition of hydrate and corrosion in the pipeline remain a major challenge in the petroleum industry. Internal corrosion slows and decreases the production of oil and gas when associated with free water and reacts with organic acid. Experiments had shown that the corrosion products (ferrous and anhydrous ions) combine together to form a precipitate on iron surface that are porous and non-protective. To prevent these occurrence, Mono-Ethylene glycol (MEG) is been utilized in the pipeline as an antifreeze and anti-corrosion agent. It has been observed that the MEG need to be separated from acetic acid (HAc) and acid gases which enhances corrosion of mild steel in the oil field environment. Mono-Ethylene glycol and acetic acid also has an adverse effect of lowering the solubility of mineral salts and causing a higher risk of corrosion problem. The goal of this investigation is to determine the combined effect of acetic acid and mono-ethylene glycol on corrosion of carbon steel in CO2 saturated environment at three different temperatures of 25oC, 50oC and 80oC using a 3.5% wt. NaCl solution. (Weight loss) and (electrochemical) measurements using Linear polarization resistance (LPR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscope (EIS) and Potentiodynamic polarization(PDP) were employed in measuring the corrosion rate as a function of time on HAc and MEG concentrations. In addition, the efficiencies of three corrosion inhibitor based chemicals (the phosphate ester and the Oleic imidazoline salt) at different concentrations were also evaluated. Furthermore, the link between the nature of the film formed on the electrode material and the corrosion characteristics were investigated using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron scan (XPS). The weight loss results shows that the corrosion rate with HAc increases rapidly as the concentration of HAc was added to the solutions compared to the solution without HAC. The average corrosion rate with HAc at 25oC is about 0.72 mm/yr and increased to 1.05 mm/yr at 50oC. The highest corrosion rate was noted at 80oC with approximately 2.71 mm/yr. However, addition of 20% and 80% MEG reduced the corrosion rate at all temperatures studied.
The electrochemical measurement results obtained show the corrosion rate in the presence of HAc increases as different concentrations of HAc were added to the system, and decrease with increased in exposure time as a result of protective film formed on the electrode surface. At 25oC, the average corrosion rate increases from 2.6 mm/y to 3.07 mm/yr. The applications of inhibitors lower the corrosion rate at all temperatures with average corrosion rate of 0.21 mm/yr, 0.44 mm/yr and 0.56 mm/yr at 25oC, 50oC and 80oC respectively. Similarly, the Nyquist and Bode plots of the EIS results indicate that the diameter of the depressed semi-circle decreases as different concentration of HAc and MEG were added to the solution, and the capacitive semi-circle sizes also decreases on addition of 20% and 80% MEG to the system. This decreased in corrosion rate can be attributed to the formation of iron carbonate film on the surface of the steel sample. The surface examination of the exposed samples reviews that a dense layer of iron carbonate and localized corrosion were observed in the absence of HAc at 80oC. On addition of HAc and MEG, the layers of the film became porous. High magnification of the scan results shows a small pits and localized corrosion on the electrode surface. The EDX and XPS analyses on the samples reviews that some of the elements are absence on addition of HAc to the solution.


The software that runs on a typical wireless sensor network node must address a variety of constraints that are imposed by its purpose and implementation platform. Examples of such constraints include real-time behavior, highly limited RAM and ROM, and other scarce resources. These constraints lead to crosscutting concerns for the implementations of sensor network software: that is, all parts of the software must be carefully written to respect its resource constraints. Neither traditional languages (such as C) nor component-based languages (such as nesC) for implementing sensor network software allow programmers to deal with crosscutting resource constraints in a modular fashion.
 In this paper we describe Aspect nesC (ANesC), a language we are now implementing to help programmers modularize the implementations of crosscutting concerns within sensor network software. Aspect nesC extends nesC, a component-based dialect of C, with constructs for aspect-oriented programming. In addition to combining the ideas of components and aspects in a single language, ANesC will provide specific and novel constructs for resource-management concerns. For instance, pointcuts can identify program points at which the run-time stack is about to be exhausted or a real-time deadline has been missed. Corrective actions can be associated with these points via "advice." A primary task of the Aspect nesC compiler is to implement such resource-focused aspects in an efficient manner.


In this thesis I study how socio-economic background – seen as the socio-economic conditions while growing up and the resources someone has access to – affects the labour market outcomes of young adults. Through three distinct chapters I show that young adults from a disadvantaged background are substantially less likely to be employed and when employed tend to find worse jobs than their more advantaged peers, even when keeping education constant.
I first discuss how being out of work is transmitted over generations in the UK. Children whose father did not work are substantially less likely to be employed themselves and tend to work fewer hours, but are no different in earnings or contract. I show how this may be partly due to differences in how work is experienced. A disadvantaged background does not always pose the same limits to labour market opportunity. I show that in Germany background does not negatively affect labour market outcomes during good economic times, but becomes more important as labour market conditions worsen. In the final chapter I study ethnic penalties in the labour market. Ethnic minorities in the UK are highly qualified but even among British university graduates there are ethnic penalties in employment and – to a lesser extent – in earnings. Having access to support and assistance through socio-economically advantaged parents or a highly-skilled co-ethnic community can shelter young ethnic minority graduates. Those who lack these resources are at a substantial disadvantage.
It is important to recognise the different ways in which disadvantage affects young adults and that differences exist even among those with similar qualifications. The main hurdle the disadvantaged face is finding employment which is where additional help could be offered to the disadvantaged.


Now in its Second Edition, Handbook of Sleep Disorders is the classic all-inclusive reference for sleep professionals around the world. Contributed by leading authorities, this new edition continues to provide a well-organized guide to the diagnosis and treatment of the six major categories of sleep disorders-insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, narcolepsy, and parasomnias. The new edition of Handbook of Sleep Disorders is a great reference for every sleep professional, as well as any physician treating patients with sleep disorders.


The American Society for Microbiology (ASM) Task Force on Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Microbiology Students published recommendations for introductory microbiology courses that suggest teaching specific skill sets in the laboratory beyond just fundamental knowledge and concepts of microbiology (6); however, students can sometimes view a skills-based laboratory experience as a task list of unrelated assignments to complete for a grade. Therefore, providing explicit connections throughout the lecture and laboratory exercises is critical for a truly integrated learning experience. Several pedagogical techniques can provide a coherent framework throughout a course. For example, case-based studies can connect lecture with laboratory skills and increase student engagement by applying newly developed knowledge and skills to tackle real-world simulations (2, 3). One reason that case-based studies succeed is that they can provide intrinsic motivations and an alternate purpose for students to engage with the material. A more recent trend in pedagogy involves using game design elements to increase student engagement and motivation. Gamification is the application of game design (accruing points or badges, reaching significant levels of accomplishment, or other reward elements) in a non-game context to motivate or influence participation (1, 5). A natural extension of both of these methods is to gamify a case-based approach where a fictional scenario is presented for students to role-play as scientists using their developed skills to solve a complex problem. The typical microbiology laboratory, as described by the ASM Task Force, can easily incorporate game design elements without extensive modification of the exercises themselves. Instead, gamification involves structuring the lab in a way that gives the course a coherent and unified purpose. This ultimately allows the student to see how the principles and concepts of lecture and laboratory connect to real world situations.


Hobie Cat is one of the most popular sailboat production companies to ever exist, and the Hobie 16 is the most popular boat in the Hobie Cat line-up. The key to Hobie's success was largely in part to advancements in strong and lightweight materials. This advancement allowed Hobie to achieve record breaking performance in their particular class of boat. The mast of the Hobie 16 is one of the heavier pieces of the craft. The overall mass and center of mass is greatly affected by this component, which begs to question if there may possibly be room for improvement. A sailboat mast is defined as a tall vertical spar, sometimes sectioned, that rises from the keel or deck of a sailing vessel to support the sails and the standing and running rigging. Sailboat masts are long, slender structures. They must be designed to be able to hold the thrust loads that are acting on them from the sails which will differ based on wind conditions. A mast must also be made of a material that will allow it to go through the varying environmental conditions without fatiguing. When designing a sailboat mast a few of the main goals are to have a low center of gravity, be light weight, and also aerodynamically efficient.During this research a Hobie 16 mast design was taken as a baseline design for testing. The current mast on the market weighs between 50–60 lbs. While this is not extremely heavy, the center of gravity is approximately 13.5 feet from the end of the mast. This high center of gravity makes it tough to raise and lower the mast when launching the boat. One important objective in this work is to create a mast that will be easier for the user to raise and lower without sacrificing the structural integrity of the mast. Three masts have been created in solid modeling software, and their performance characteristics have been tested using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Two of the designs are original works, while one is a copy of the original Hobie Cat design. The original design was analyzed, providing baseline data for which to compare the new designs with. In addition to the new designs, all designs have been constructed from three different materials as Aluminum Alloy 6061, Aluminum Alloy 7075 and Acrylic. This allows for comparison of designs and possible new materials. After an in depth analysis of all masts, the recommendation is made that Hobie 16 users would benefit greatly from the use of a tapered mast made of aluminum alloy 7075.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


AIM
This paper reports an analysis of aggregated data from two national studies on Swedish community-based nurses' and Japanese Public Health Nurses' responses to hypothetical elder abuse cases.

BACKGROUND
Elder abuse is an under-researched area despite being globally recognized as a serious and escalating problem. Yet research, adding needed socio-cultural perspectives to current knowledge has been limited.

METHODS
Eighty-one community-based nurses in Sweden and 124 Public Health Nurses in Japan responded to a questionnaire based on three hypothetical elder abuse cases. Swedish and Japanese results (data collection 2006-2007) were combined and the aggregated data were analysed using manifest and qualitative content analyses.

RESULTS
Nurses' response patterns in the aggregated data were similar across all three hypothetical cases and within themes Awareness, Assessment and Intervention. However, there were also noteworthy differences between Swedish and Japanese responses, e.g. Swedish responses were generally practical, action oriented and involved increased levels of suspicion and personal intervention to achieve increased control; whereas Japanese responses concerned better understanding that involved the family members and their situation, focusing on interventions grounded in collaboration.

CONCLUSION
Despite cultural differences, responses of Swedish and Japanese nurses were very similar which points to a global 'humanness' of the problem of, and nurses' responses to, elder abuse. Results endorse the value of international collaborations that give information and inspiration to nursing colleagues across cultural boundaries. Results also give hope that global tools for elder abuse assessment and intervention can be developed.


Ferruginous regolith materials are abundant and widespread in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia and have been successfully used as sample media in Au exploration. However, their formation has been complex. They are developed in residual and transported materials of various ages. Four general types are recognized: ferruginous duricrust and gravel, ferruginous mottles, ferruginous saprolite and iron segregations. Ferruginous duricrusts include lateritic residuum and ferricrete. Lateritic residuum has evolved by partial collapse of mottled or ferruginous regolith, involving local vertical and lateral (generally 10–50 m) movements after chemical wasting. Ferricretes are ferruginized sediments. Some are detrital clasts cemented by Fe oxides and others are authigenic pisoliths and nodules in sandy or clayey sediments. Ferruginous mottles are formed by accumulation of hematite and goethite in saprolite, residual clays or sediments. Ferruginous saprolite is formed by the uniform ferruginization of saprolite. Iron segregations form by the replacement and/or modification of sulphide-rich lithologies or as exotic accumulation of Fe oxides along preferred pathways, such as fractures, faults and lithological contacts within saprolite. Gold dispersion in the ferruginous zone of the profile is commonly considered to have a 'mushroom' shape formed by downward weathering, where the surficial Au halo is derived from the mineralization by a combination of chemical, residual and mechanical processes. In this study, appreciation of regolith–landform history provides an understanding of the nature of Au dispersion (or lack of it) in ferruginous materials. It has been possible to relate the mechanisms of dispersion of Au to the material being ferruginized, the environment of ferruginization and its position within a weathering profile. The distribution of Au at the micro-morphological scale provides evidence of a mobility related to the formation of particular facies of ferruginous duricrust. Accordingly, it is essential that careful attention is paid to characterization of potential ferruginous sample media and their location in the landscape in order to deduce their relationship to bedrock.


Design remarkably realistic creatures, people, and objects using ZBrush and the new edition of this top-selling book. Professional Hollywood animator and ZBrush artist Eric Keller combines his firsthand experience with detailed, step-by-step explanations to make you feel right at home with the interface and tools. The book reinforces the core concepts of ZBrush through fun, hands-on tutorials that will help you achieve amazing results. Understand ZBrush's unique sculpting and painting technologyTake a tour of ZBrush 4's innovative interface and powerful toolkitWork with digital clay and effectively use the full array of sculpting brushesMaster ZSpheres for armature and ZSketching for creating meshesExplore exciting new tools for creating hard surface objectsLearn how to set lighting, create materials, and render in ZBrushCreate animated turntables within ZBrush to show off your workThe book includes a DVD with example files and models to help guide you through each lesson, as well as movies to show you the sculpting techniques used to create many of the digital sculptures.Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.


From the time of Herod through the Crusades, Jerusalem had officially changed its religion several times, with Jews, Christians, and Muslims inscribing the story of their faiths on the urban landscape. In this handsomely illustrated book, noted Islamist Oleg Grabar offers a rare account of the great role played by early Islam in defining the 'look' of Jerusalem that remained largely intact until the twentieth century. From about 640 to 1100, Muslims transformed Christian Jerusalem, mainly the area now known as the Haram al-Sharif, both physically and ideologically to embody their new faith. Grabar examines this process, showing how it led to great architectural achievements, including The Dome of the Rock, still perhaps the most vivid image to impress any visitor to Jerusalem. Offering a major photographic record of The Dome's mosaics in color together with its interiors, this book shows in rich detail how Islam articulated itself architecturally, touching on historical and legendary memories and on themes of both religious harmony and Islamic triumph. Dominating Jerusalem's landscape today, The Dome of the Rock was commissioned by Abd Al-Malik in 691, and still houses the Rock from which the Prophet Mohammed is believed to have ascended into heaven. Grabar argues that its construction altered the visual equilibrium of Jerusalem by equating its eastern hill, Mt. Moriah, a key landmark in Islam, with its western ones, Golgotha and Mt. Zion, highlighted by Christian monuments. A close look at The Dome's construction and decoration leads to a new explanation of the building as a Late Antique monument of art that could be adapted to several different and at times simultaneous interpretations. Grabar also offers a unique portrait of Jerusalem in the eleventh century under the Fatimid dynasty in Cairo, when the city was at its peak as a peaceful, cosmopolitan center. Through an innovative computer modeling program, Grabar presents fascinating reconstructions of the Haram al-Sharif, taking us down streets and past buildings, of which only remnants exist today.


In 1980, the Committee on Rehabilitative Audiology of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association drafted a list of proposed minimal competencies requisite for professionals providing aural rehabilitation services ( Asha , 1980). Among the Committee's proposed competencies was that in addition to demonstrating a basic understanding of normal communication processes, persons providing aural rehabilitation services should have a theoretical grounding in sociolinguistics and urban language. Similarly, Maestras y Moores and Moores (1980) advocated that hearing and speech specialists should develop a sensitivity toward hearing impaired persons whose reference group may employ a dialect or language different from that of the specialist. These statements are of particular interest to speech, language, and hearing professionals who provide clinical services to the black hearing impaired because (a) according to Moores and Oden (1978), there is a higher incidence of acquired hearing loss in blacks when compared with other racial and minority groups; and (b) many members of the black community exhibit linguistic features which differ uniquely from those features considered to be representative of standard English (Williams & Wolfram, 1977; Maestras y Moores & Moores, 1980).


The U.S. Senate Finance Committee has invested significant resources, including hearings and staff reports, to make the case for an unusual form of corporate dividend integration – a corporate dividends-paid deduction, combined with a universal shareholder dividend withholding tax collected from the firm. This proposal would not reduce the cash tax outlays of U.S. corporations in respect of distributed or retained earnings. It would not reduce the aggregate tax burdens imposed on most shareholders, and in many plausible circumstances would raise those tax costs. It is a poorly targeted response to design weaknesses in the U.S. international corporate tax system. Its efficiency gains are undeveloped and largely overstated.This unusual form of dividend integration is really designed to offer U.S. firms a quick and dirty form of costless corporate tax reform, in which their financial accounting effective tax rate decreases, but for entirely artificial reasons. It also would offer U.S. multinational firms the ability to repatriate their permanently reinvested earnings held in foreign subsidiaries and redistribute those sums to shareholders without a nominal corporate income tax charge for financial accounting purposes, but at the cost to shareholders of raising their all-in burdens beyond what could be expected in broad-scale corporate tax reform.The dividends-paid form of dividend integration has been wheeled forward in the manner of a true Trojan horse, seemingly offering a free gift of the end of double taxation, but all the while containing in its belly the agenda of U.S. multinationals desperate to record lower effective tax rates for financial statement purposes, and to escape from under the mountain of offshore earnings that are the result of their own aggressive stateless income gaming.


Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a potent activator of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression in a HeLa cell clone with stably integrated copies of the HIVcat reporter construct. Recently, we have shown that activation of p38 MAP kinase and NF‐ κB is necessary but not sufficient for triggering efficient HIV gene expression in response to UV. Here we demonstrate that St. John's wort is a potent inhibitor of the UV‐induced activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells. Stably transfected HIVcat/HeLa cells were preincubated with different amounts (25‐100 μl) of St. John's wort or gingko biloba extracts for 30 min, then irradiated with UV (30 J/m 2 ). In contrast to ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort inhibited the UV‐induced HIV gene expression in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, preincubation with St. John's wort (10, 20, and 30 μl) for 30 min before UV (30 J/m 2 ) irradiation, PMA‐ and UV‐induced NF‐ κB activation was completely blocked, whereas ginkgo biloba did not affect the PMA‐ and UV‐induced NF‐ κB activation in HeLa cells. UV activation of p38 MAP kinase was not inhibited by St. John's wort or by ginkgo biloba. However, we found that p38 MAP kinase and JNK1 and ‐2 were activated by St. John's wort, but p44/42 MAP kinase was not activated by St. John's wort in HeLa cells. Hypericin an active ingredient in St. John's wort also inhibited the UV activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells. These results firmly confirm that St. John's wort is a potent inhibitor of the UV‐induced activation of HIV gene expression in HeLa cells.


Results obtained in a joint Japanese-Chinese field study in Hainan Island are presented. Three national minority groups, Li, Miao and Hui, together with Han as control were studied. A total of 23 blood genetic markers comprising 9 blood groups, 7 red cell enzymes and 7 serum proteins, and also alpha and beta thalassemias were examined, and phenotype and allele frequencies are tabulated. The distributions of allele frequencies differ markedly among the four groups, although falling in general within that of southern Chinese. Two sample groups of Li, i.e., Qi-Li and Benti-Li, are more similar to each other than the two sample groups of Miao, probably reflecting different backgrounds in migratory history of Li and Miao. Judging from high frequencies of both alpha and beta thalassemias and G-6PD deficiency in Li and Miao, it was considered that malaria played a major role in determining these characteristics.


This paper studies the effect of individual and spousal characteristics on the labour force participation of individuals living in elderly two-adult households. The comparative approach taken here studies men and women separately and uses the first eight waves (1994-2001) of the European Community Household Panel (ECHP). We compare results of three countries: Finland (a country with a high degree of women's labour force participation), Belgium and Germany (countries where women's labour force participation is relatively low). Results of multinomial logit model estimations suggest that are substantive differences between countries as well as between the behaviour of men and women across the various channels out of employment. We find evidence that a wife exerts a stronger influence on a husband's retirement decision. One explanation for this may be found in asymmetric complementarities of leisure – a husband's enjoyment of non-employment may depend much more on his wife also being non-employed than vice versa. There is evidence that the complementarities of leisure hypothesis dominates the hypothesis concerning the added worker (where the labour supply of one spouse increases when the other spouse's income is reduced or disappears). These results are in line with evidence from the US and have some important implications: simulations of the effect of changes in the pension system on men's retirement may yield incorrect answers if spillover effects are ignored.


Fruit growth in most plants is strongly dependent on photosynthates produced in the leaves. However, if there are too many leaves, the lower part of the canopy becomes heavily shaded and yields are reduced. Experiments were conducted to determine if cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) grown in Queensland, Australia have excessive leaf production for adequate cropping. Seven cultivars and breeding lines were planted from March to May from 2004 to 2016 and the number of fully-expanded leaves, dry weight of the flowers and fruit, and yield/plant recorded (n = 23). Information was collected on daily maximum and minimum temperatures and solar radiation. Increases in the number of leaves/plant over the season followed a linear pattern (range in R2 from 0.81–0.99), with the relationship generally similar or better than a dose-logistic (sigmoid) function (range in R2 from 0.79–0.99). There were strong linear relationships between the number of leaves/plant and growing degree-days (GDDs), using a base temperature of 7 °C (range in R2 from 0.81–0.99). In contrast, there was no relationship between the number of leaves/plant produced each day and average season daily mean temperature (15.7 °C to 17.8 °C) or radiation (13.0 to 15.9 MJ/m2/day) (R2 < 0.10). Potential yield as indicated by the dry weight of the flowers and immature fruit/plant increased up to 40 to 45 leaves/plant (R2 = 0.49 or 0.50) suggesting that the cultivars do not have excessive leaf production. There was no relationship between yield and the number of leaves/plant (R2 < 0.10) because rain before harvest damaged the fruit in some years. These results suggest that the development of new cultivars with more leaves/plant might increase cropping of strawberries growing in the subtropics.


The United States will deploy a national missile defence (NMD) system within the next decade. The question is no longer, therefore, whether to build an NMD system, but how to do so without making the US less secure. Washington must avoid two risks. One is that Moscow will respond by taking steps that raise the risk of nuclear war. The other is that the US Congress will reject a deal worked out with Moscow to modify the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty to allow for NMD deployment. Avoiding these two risks requires astute diplomacy abroad and smart politics at home. On the international front, the US needs to move quickly to strike a deal with Russia on modifying the ABM Treaty. On the domestic front, the Clinton administration needs to act quickly to begin building domestic political support for any deal that it might reach with Russia.


The aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of luxury counterfeit consumption by using the theories of luxury. This study is an interpretative qualitative research in which the social and personal meanings of luxury counterfeit consumption are explored. Both luxury and counterfeit provide a successful meaning transference. A good counterfeit can be regarded as the substitute good of luxury, which provides social meanings (conformity/status seeking/face saving), whereas it may also operate on a personal level (brand experience/fashion/adventure). The process of purchasing and consumption is fun and enjoyable due to the illegal nature of counterfeit. The research aspires to shed light on the essence of counterfeit in a brand perspective.


Certain modern radio systems that rely on trans-ionospheric propagation require knowledge of changes in total electron content (TEC). Understanding rapidly changing, small amplitude perturbations in the ionosphere is important in order to quantify the accuracy of those systems. The main aim of this thesis is to collect statistical information on the perturbations and wave structures present in the ionosphere, for use in radio astronomy calibrations and future communication systems planning. To gain this information, TEC calculated from instruments measuring Faraday rotation on signals from geostationary satellites were used. These measurements were collected in Italy over the period of 19751982 and 1989-1991 at one minute intervals. An important class of TEC fluctuations is travelling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs). Here, temporal variations of mid-latitude slant TEC measurements during two solar cycle phases, i.e solar minimum in 1975-1976 and solar maximum in 1989-1990, were studied. Direct inspection of Savitzky-Golay filtered TEC data was used to extract the amplitudes of TIDs. Fourier analysis was used to extract the most dominant periods of the TIDs. Discrete Meyer wavelet together with the ANOVA method to determine TID variation changes in different parts of the day. Another class of TEC fluctuations presented in this thesis is diurnal double maxima (DDM) structures. These structures were observed during mid-day in our TEC measurements between 1975 and 1991. Verification of the DDM observations was sought by using foF2 and hmF2 measurements from an ionosonde in Rome A combination of ionospheric 3-D tomographic imaging and ray propagation theory has been used for the first time to demonstrate a method that can show how the new European radio array LOFAR will be affected by the ionosphere. This was achieved from a case study of a geomagnetic quiet day ionosphere by simulating how ray propagations, at different elevations and frequencies, will behave as they traverse the ionosphere. The important result from this study was that continuous monitoring of the telescope will be important during operation of the array if the errors introduced by the ionosphere are to be accurately corrected for. The study of TEC changes over different short time windows demonstrated that the ionosphere vastly varies over short time scales, thus making the monitory non trivial. Statistical analysis of the TEC changes will also be useful to the new European GPS augmentation system EGNOS as an indicator on whether the ionospheric measurements from the system are realistic.


Full-body three-dimensional kinematic characteristics were determined for the badminton jump smash and the tennis serve in order to investigate contributions to pace and variability.
Kinematic (400 Hz) data were collected for a group of badminton and tennis players, using an 18 camera Vicon Motion Analysis System. Each participant performed 24 jump smashes
or tennis serves. The best trials - maximal velocity with minimal marker loss - were analysed for each participant using a 18 segment rigid body model customised for each
participant using subject-specific segmental properties. Parameters were calculated describing elements of the badminton jump smash and tennis serve technique as well as variability. The effect of these technique parameters on: speed were addressed using
stepwise linear regression and on variability using one-way ANOVA. The results suggest that the fastest badminton players had a smaller elbow extension angle at the end of
retraction, a larger wrist extension angle at shuttle contact, and a larger time between preparation and shuttle contact; that accounted for 84% of variation in shuttle speed. The
results also showed that variability in the badminton smash was caused by differences in body placement, shuttle location on the racket at impact and movement timings. In the tennis serve, linear regressions showed that there were no variables significant to speed
when players hit to the right and left centre court lines. When players hit in the advantage court trunk rotation at the racket lowest point key instant could explain 35.2% of the variation in speed, and when hitting towards the deuce court timing from the end of
retraction to ball contact explained 33.6% of ball speed. The results show that there are differences in technique between the badminton jump smash and the tennis serves especially
in the first half of the sporting actions.


We report the fabrication and characterization of a dual-wavelength distributed-feedback channel waveguide laser in ytterbium-doped aluminum oxide. Operation of the device is based on the optical resonances that are induced by two local phase shifts in the distributed-feedback structure. A stable microwave signal at ~15 GHz with a -3 dB width of 9 kHz was subsequently created via the heterodyne photodetection of the two laser wavelengths. The long-term frequency stability of the microwave signal produced by the free-running laser is better than ±2.5 MHz, while the power of the microwave signal is stable within ±0.35 dB.


The purpose of the research was to explore how leaders and teachers of low socio-economic status (SES) Catholic secondary schools engaged with a system led reform to build capacity for leadership to improve learning in their school communities. The research was informed by the school and system improvement literature which noted the limited success of large-scale reforms in secondary schools and identified the need to understand how leaders can better build capacity for improvement.

The case study focussed on the leadership of four low SES Catholic secondary schools from New South Wales (NSW), Australia who were part of the National Partnerships programme under the direction of a Diocesan school system. The research explored the experiences of system leaders, principals, curriculum coordinators, leaders of pedagogy, heads of department and teachers as they engaged with the system driven reform.

The research demonstrated that leadership of learning in secondary schools should be shared with heads of department who are professionally valued, developed and positioned to work closely with classroom teachers. The study confirmed that leaders of learning who share whole school approaches to promote literacy, student centred pedagogy, use of data and the moral purpose of the reform initiative improve student outcomes. In this study a broadly distributed model of leadership characterised by relational trust and teamwork built both a learning culture and the capacity to improve student outcomes. It also found that system reform was more likely to succeed when it was adapted by school leaders to meet their local context.

This research is significant in this field because it provides a practical understanding of how leadership should be distributed to build capacity and improve student outcomes, as well as contributing towards better understanding of the importance of middle leadership of heads of departments and instructional coaches in reforming and improving learning outcomes in secondary schools.


The existence of firms with different levels of efficiency within a country plays an important role in this in-depth analysis of industrial and trade policies in a multi-country trade-theoretic framework. Sajal Lahiri and Yoshiyasu Ono examine various industrial policies, R&D subsidies and trade policies under conditions of imperfect competition in a product market created by the presence of Cournot oligopolistic interdependence in production. Trade is defined broadly to include trade in commodity as well as trade in capital, specifically foreign direct investment. While the first part of the book focuses on commodity trade and assumes full employment, the latter considers foreign direct investment and assumes the presence of unemployment. Given the importance of industrial policies and the prevalence of imperfect competition, together with ongoing attention to theoretical issues concerning industrial economics, this research will excite interest amongst researchers, advanced students and policy makers in this field.


Knowledge loss resulting from an aging workforce continues to be a management nightmare that has obliged many organizational leaders to develop strategies aimed at documenting mission-critical knowledge. Yet knowledge captured and stored in repositories continues to lack quality. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of integrating quality management into the tacit knowledge capture process. Further studies on the effects of personality in the knowledge capture processes could lead to insights on reasons for diminished knowledge quality. From a social perspective, the implementation of a model that encompasses personality and quality management could improve decision-making processes.


Purpose: The aim of this article is to determine how the local governments of medium-sized cities see a military unit located on their territory in the context of its participation in social and economic processes. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article presents the results of a research carried out using the diagnostic survey method, utilising the interview technique. For the analysis of the collected material and presentation of the results, the methods of Text mining as well as R v.3.6.1 program and RStudio editor were used. Findings: The use of text mining for the analysis of links between military units and local government units allowed to deepen the knowledge on the significance given by local government representatives to the presence of the army and its impact on socio-economic processes in specific territorial units. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used in designing local development strategies and creating conditions for local agents to work together for development. In addition, they can be used to better understand the links between local governments and military units, by decision makers at the central level. Originality/Value: The results of the research indicate the possibility of using text mining for the analysis of complex links identified between entities on the territory of communes. Text mining allows to combine a qualitative and quantitative approach, in the context of identifying the impact of individual entities on the development of the commune and creating meanings in the process of interaction between entities located on its territory.


The mechanisms underlying the occurrence of temperature extremes in Iberia are analysed considering a Lagrangian perspective of the atmospheric flow, using 6-hourly ERA-Interim reanalysis data for the years 1979–2012. Daily 2-m minimum temperatures below the 1st percentile and 2-m maximum temperatures above the 99th percentile at each grid point over Iberia are selected separately for winter and summer. Four categories of extremes are analysed using 10-d backward trajectories initialized at the extreme temperature grid points close to the surface: winter cold (WCE) and warm extremes (WWE), and summer cold (SCE) and warm extremes (SWE). Air masses leading to temperature extremes are first transported from the North Atlantic towards Europe for all categories. While there is a clear relation to large-scale circulation patterns in winter, the Iberian thermal low is important in summer. Along the trajectories, air mass characteristics are significantly modified through adiabatic warming (air parcel descent), upper-air radiative cooling and near-surface warming (surface heat fluxes and radiation). High residence times over continental areas, such as over northern-central Europe for WCE and, to a lesser extent, over Iberia for SWE, significantly enhance these air mass modifications. Near-surface diabatic warming is particularly striking for SWE. WCE and SWE are responsible for the most extreme conditions in a given year. For WWE and SCE, strong temperature advection associated with important meridional air mass transports are the main driving mechanisms, accompanied by comparatively minor changes in the air mass properties. These results permit a better understanding of mechanisms leading to temperature extremes in Iberia.


People often seek examples of similar individuals to guide their own life choices. For example, students making academic plans refer to friends; patients refer to acquaintances with similar conditions, physicians mention past cases seen in their practice. How would they want to search for similar people in databases? We discuss the challenge of finding similar people to guide life choices and report on a need analysis based on 13 interviews. Our PeerFinder prototype enables users to find records that are similar to a seed record, using both record attributes and temporal events found in the records. A user study with 18 participants and four experts shows that users are more engaged and more confident about the value of the results to provide useful evidence to guide life choices when provided with more control over the search process and more context for the results, even at the cost of added complexity.


Even brief interruption of cardiac compressions significantly reduces critical coronary perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). End-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) monitoring may provide a continuous noninvasive method of assessing return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) without stopping to auscultate for heart rate (HR). However, the ETCO2 value that correlates with an audible HR is unknown. Our objective was to determine the threshold ETCO2 that is associated with ROSC after asphyxia-induced asystole. Neonatal swine (n = 46) were progressively asphyxiated until asystole occurred. Resuscitation followed current neonatal guidelines with initial ventilation with 100% O2 followed by cardiac compressions followed by epinephrine for continued asystole. HR was auscultated every 30 s, and ETCO2 was continuously recorded. A receiver operator curve was generated using the calculated sensitivity and specificity for various ETCO2 values, where a positive test was defined as the presence of HR >60 bpm by auscultation. An ETCO2 cut-off value of 14 mm Hg is the most sensitive ETCO2 value with the least false positives. When using ETCO2 to guide uninterrupted CPR in this model of asphyxia-induced asystole, auscultative confirmation of return of an adequate HR should be performed when ETCO2 ≥14 mm Hg is achieved. Correlation during human neonatal CPR needs further investigation.


In surveys of cassava fields in the coastal savanna and rain forest zones of Ghana, eight species of ants, mostly in the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster and Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were found attending cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Ant densities were much higher in the rain forest than in the savanna and, in most zones, positively correlated to mealybug population densities. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) was the only species more abundant in the interior of fields, whereas the other species preferred the edges of fields or, like Camponotus spp., did not respond to edge effects. Weediness of the fields did not clearly influence the presence of ants. Crematogaster sp. and P. megacephala spent most of the time on cassava tips, where they built carton tents. Ants of the three genera reduced parasitism rates by the exotic Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to half, compared to the rates observed on mealybug colonies of equal size that were not attended. Hyperparasitism by Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) and predation by the indigenous Exochomus troberti Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were similarly reduced. Where ants were excluded experimentally by insectcide barriers, parasitism was 32%, compared to only 10% in the control, and predator densities were reduced three-fold. In a 24 h experiment, Pheidole megacephala was observed to remove about half the E. troberti larvae; Crematogaster sp. and Camponotus spp. were less efficient. The results show the locally strong interference of ants with biological control of the cassava mealybug. Despite this interference, mealybug populations in the rain forest were judged to be below damaging levels.


Due to a paucity of primary sources, research on music in nineteenth-century Ireland
is largely dependent on newspapers as source material. However, to date, no
comprehensive examination has been conducted into the musical identities of these
newspapers, the bias which influenced their output, or the manner in which they could
or should be utilized for musicological research. Newspapers are unique sources,
providing thorough accounts of everyday life, published commercially for public
consumption, necessarily lacking selectivity or perspective. Their value lies in the
detailed, descriptive level of information which contemporary reporting facilitated,
enabling research on subjects such as musician's everyday activities, specific areas of
musical life, the relationship between the press and musical institutions and the
commerciality of music.
However, newspapers are written from a particular viewpoint and for a particular
readership, and like any other biased sources, they must be used cautiously. This
study establishes a triangulation approach to newspaper use for musicological
purposes, comparing the output of three newspapers, the Freeman's Journal, the
Evening Packet and the Saunders's News-Letter, to ascertain and navigate their
individual biases. In combination with an examination of their fundamental identities
(ideological, political, social and musical), and the context of the industry within
which the newspapers functioned, an understanding of their outputs is distinguished,
thereby enabling a cautious but valuable use of their content for the study of Dublin's
musical life during the period.
The value of this approach is demonstrated in the case study of Dublin music
societies, examining individually the newspapers' reports on the activities of those
music societies active in Dublin at the time. The level and detail obtained from the
newspapers significantly contributes to an understanding of the identities of these
societies and their roles within wider musical life, in some cases considerably
supplementing previous research on individual societies, and in others establishing the
existence of societies previously unknown.
Furthermore, this study demonstrates the strength of the Saunders's News-Letter as a
source for musicological research. Its commercial nature, focusing on advertisements,
provides a quality and quantity of information unparalleled in the other newspapers,
together with a moderate political stance and unique editorial style. However, this
study also emphasises the value and importance of utilizing multiple newspapers for
contrasting coverage and opinions.
A register of musical data on the music societies published from 1840–44 in the
Freeman's Journal, the Evening Packet and the Saunders's News-Letter is also
presented with this thesis, illustrating the depth and breadth of information available
in newspapers for musicological research.


This thesis deals with macroeconomic dynamics. In chapter 1, I study a one-sector growth model withendogenous discount rate of the sort proposed by citet{1}. I extendthe model into a heterogeneous agents model with respect to initialwealth, and investigate whether the wealthdistribution may converge to a degenerate distribution.I find that if an agent's decision only depends on his orher reference group and if consumption is more important indiscounting than income around the steady state, then convergence to a degenerate distributionis a unique solution. Furthermore, if an agent's decision depends on averagevariables of overall society, I find that there exists a continuumof steady states.In chapter 2, I introduce three mechanisms into otherwise standard citet{aiya94} model to generate a realisticwealth distribution. The three mechanisms include: i) a wealth-dependent shock: labor income shock is wealth-dependent;ii) misspecification: people do not take into account the dependence of the labor income process on wealth when they make consumption decisions;iii) status-seeking from some threshold: there is a direct utility gain from being wealthy.The main findings are as follows:i) Wealth-dependent labor income shock with misspecification helps to explain wealth concentration but cannot fully explain the share of the top 1\% in wealth distribution.ii) In the full model with status-seeking, the share of top 1\% becomes closer to the data.In chapter 3, I build a simple model (two-dimensional discrete dynamical system) to study the interactive dynamics of short-term nominal interest rates of the U.S. and international risk appetite.Main implications from the research are the followings: First, strong interaction between short-term nominal interest rates of the U.S. and international risk appetite can induce bifurcations of the dynamical system: stable fixed point to limit cycle and then to chaos. Second, a numerical experiment suggests two possible explanations for rising variance ratios: the reduction of random shock and the bifurcation of a dynamical system. This finding hints the potential of complexity measures (such as Lyapunov exponent and permutation entropy) as early warning signals.


We demonstrate a remotely seeded flexible passive optical network (PON) with multiple low-speed subscribers but only a single optical line terminal transceiver operating at a data rate of 31.25 Gbits/s. The scheme is based on a colorless frequency division multiplexing (FDM)-PON with centralized wavelength control. Multiplexing and demultiplexing in the optical network unit (ONU) is performed in the electronic domain and relies either on FDM with Nyquist sinc-pulse shaping or on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). This way the ONU can perform processing at low speed in the baseband. Further, the ONU is colorless by means of a remote seed for upstream transmission and a remote local oscillator for heterodyne reception, all of which helps in keeping maintenance and costs for an ONU potentially low and will simplify wavelength allocation in a future software defined network architecture. To extend the reach, semiconductor optical amplifiers are used for optical amplification in the downstream and upstream.


Blended learning is to regarded a didactical meaningful combination of traditional face-to-face instruction and state-of-the-art e-learning formats. The efficiency and flexibility of computer-mediated forms of learning are combined with the social aspects of face-to-face communication. In other words a useful learning arrangement which combines modern-day means of networking through the internet and 'classical' learning methods and media. At the time of writing, blended learning has been operational for some fifteen years. Normally this would be long enough for optimal models to have evolved and regimes to be established to measure the effectiveness of the techniques employed. However, blended learning involves the use of technology – at least in part – and fifteen years is a long time in technology terms. Early online learning developed as an asynchronous process – especially outside the traditional University environment. As a student-centred teaching method it uses different resources to facilitate information sharing among a network of people. It is not constrained by time or place but was constrained by technology, particularly low bandwidth, that restricted the complexity of course material and effectively prevented the construction of synchronous interaction. More recently, with the effective removal of bandwidth constraints, synchronous online learning has been developed as a way of addressing the issues of transactional distance experienced with asynchronous learning. It must be noted that real estate education is not at all unified. Major differences may exist concerning (blended) learning. In order to verify this assumption, a survey about the use of blended learning in real estate education has been conducted. Survey results have been triangulated with a number of in-depth interviews with course directors and leaders. In addition case studies of blended learning practice are presented to add context to the study.


: Purpose: The leaders' communication skills, as they emerge in negotiations, contribute decisively to sustainability of business. This study identifies a set of characteristics, abilities, and skills that leaders possess and which, depending on the type of leadership, the character of their subordinates, and the achievement of goals at the workplace, emphasizes certain elements completing and supplementing the character of a leader to a greater or smaller extent that can lead to sustainability of business organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: Almost all characteristics scattered through leadership models enable us to formulate a proposed model aggregating these characteristics. Findings: The study proposes the model of the leader-negotiator/mediator, modelled on the personality of an orator, possessing all the distinguishing features of a modern, demanding, and multi-faceted leader who aims both to achieve practical objectives at employee's satisfaction. Practical Implications: Organizations and businesses want to grow in an ever-changing internal and external environment. The reasons that lead to the reorganization of companies and organizations vary. The role of leadership and in general the characteristics that govern leaders, plays an essential role for the smooth continuation of business activity. Originality/Value: This research provides a different approach to the role of leadership when dispute resolution is done using consensual mediation.


This study is an exploration of the potential language learning value of applying Twitter as a tool for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) reading and writing in a college setting in Taiwan. The Twitter-assisted learning approach was based on Vygotsky's framework of social learning theories in which learners experience social collaboration, peer-modeling and a peer-monitoring process. Twitter, a microblogging social network website, provides learners an asynchronous platform and facilitates motivation for discussion. Participants were randomly assigned to two equal-size groups: a Twitter and non-Twitter group. Participants completed pretests and posttests to assess reading and writing. During this two-month investigation, both of the groups experienced the same learning materials and teaching methods, but the non-Twitter group engaged in free-writing activities while the Twitter group used Twitter for major course writing exercises. The students' pretest and posttest results were analyzed by independent and dependent sample t-tests. The analysis indicated that different learning approaches did not make a significant impact on the learners' reading and writing performance. However, the dependent sample t-test revealed that writing scores from the pretest to posttest in each group were significantly different. The learners were also given a Motivated Strategy Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) to measure whether their learning attitudes changed after the experiment. Comparison of the mean scores of the MSLQ from these two groups, as well as an examination of the t values through an independent sample t-test analysis, indicated that Twitter-assisted learning had a significant positive influence on the experimental group's learning attitude.


While there has been significant research on how low-level perceptual elements contribute to a user's ability to compare or discern data points, less is known about how seemingly meaningless properties of a visual scene contribute to the perception of information structure. We present the results of a study in which participants viewed five types of simple data visualizations that supposedly depicted information about the departmental structure of a series of companies. Although the underlying data was the same in each case, we altered simple design elements such as enclosure, connectedness of parts, whether parts were placed within a visible area, and whether the parts themselves were enclosed by borders. Participants were asked to rate each company on a series of semantic dimensions. The results show a significant effect of minor design elements on semantic interpretations of data, and comments by participants further suggest that these effects may be grounded in physical and emotional inferences derived from the appearance of charts.


Purpose: To determine the effects of horizontal crank position on economy and upper limb
 kinematics in recumbent handcycling. Methods: Fifteen trained handcyclists performed trials
at 50% and 70% of their peak aerobic power output (POPeak), determined during a maximal
 ramp test, in each horizontal crank position. Four horizontal crank positions, 94%, 97%, 100%
 and 103% of arm length, were investigated. Horizontal crank positions were defined as the
 distance between the acromion angle to the centre of the handgrip, while the crank arm was
 parallel to the floor and pointing away from the participant. Economy and upper limb
kinematics were calculated during the final minute of each three-minute trial. Results:
 Horizontal crank position significantly affected handcycling economy at 70% POPeak (P < 0.01)
but not at 50% POPeak (P = 0.44). The 97% horizontal crank position (16.0 (1.5) mL·min-1·W-
1
) was significantly more economical than the 94% (16.7 (1.9) mL·min-1·W-1 ) (P = 0.04) and
103% (16.6 (1.7) mL·min-1·W-1 ) (P < 0.01) positions. The 100 % horizontal crank position
(16.2 (1.7) mL·min-1·W-1) was significantly more economical than the 103% position (P <
 0.01). Statistical parametric mapping indicated that an increase in horizontal crank position,
 from 94% to 103%, caused a significant increase in elbow extension, shoulder flexion,
adduction, internal rotation, scapular internal rotation, wrist flexion, clavicle depression and
 clavicle protraction between 0 – 50 % (0° - 180°) of the cycle (P < 0.05). Conclusion:
 Positioning the cranks at 97% to 100% of the athletes' arm length improved handcycling
economy at 70% POPeak as, potentially, the musculature surrounding the joints of the upper
 limb were in a more favourable position to produce force economically.


At a recent national conference on legal education, the associate general counsel of one of America's largest corporations said that his company no longer allows first or second year associates to work on their matters "because they're worthless." At one time many law schools were comfortable in relying on large firms to turn their graduates into lawyers worthy to represent clients, but the famous "Cravath" system for such training has been in decline and is now severely threatened by the current economic crisis in law practice. The article contrasts the American approach to training lawyers to that in place in other major jurisdictions related to the common law tradition, with a particular focus on Scotland. The article then concludes with an examination of a ground-breaking experiment at the University of New Hampshire Law School, where students who complete a special two year honors program designed to make them "client-ready" are being admitted to practice upon graduation without taking a conventional bar examination.


The need to prepare learners for meaningful participation in technology-based activities and thus the need for digital competence (DC) has surfaced in the scholarly literature related to the learning and teaching of languages (Hubbard, 2004, 2013; Thorne & Reinhardt, 2008; McBride, 2009; Hauck, 2010). DC has also been acknowledged as one of the 8 key competences for Lifelong Learning by the European Union (Official Journal L 394 of 30.12.2006). As a so called transversal key competence it enables learners to acquire other key competences (e.g. languages, mathematics, learning to learn, and creativity) and is required by all citizens to ensure their active participation in society and the economy.

In this chapter the authors argue that collaborative online learning provides an ideal setting for student preparation to this effect. They put forward the idea that training in this key competence should be designed in a way that allows participants to comfortably move along the continuum from informed reception of technology-mediated input, via thoughtful participation in opinion-generating activities through to creative contribution. Particular consideration is given to the fact that both the input and the output at the beginning and the end of the described continuum are usually of a multimodal nature, i.e. draw on a variety of semiotic resources (Kress & van Leeuven, 2001) or modes such as "words, spoken or written; image, still and moving; musical […] 3D models […]" (Kress, 2003). Learners who can comfortably alternate in their roles as "semiotic responders" and "semiotic initiators" (Coffin & Donohue, forthcoming) will reflect the success of training programmes which take account of multimodality as a core element of digital communicative literacy skills, also referred to in the literature as new media literacy or multiliteracy.
They look at the concept of multiliteracy from a language instruction perspective. First, the concept of multiliteracy is being investigated as it provides the backdrop for the suggested pedagogical approach to meet the need for learner preparation and training. Next, based on the theoretical framework of multimodal meaning making (Kress, 2000), a model for designing instruction grounded in multiliteracy is being proposed. Its main purpose is to help language educators guide learners through the aforementioned stages of multiliteracy skills development. Finally the authors are presenting a concrete example illustrating how the model can be applied in a variety of multimodal language learning contexts.


In physical chemistry classrooms, mathematical and graphical representations are critical tools for reasoning about chemical phenomena. However, there is abundant evidence that to be successful in understanding complex thermodynamics topics, students must go beyond rote mathematical problem solving in order to connect their understanding of mathematical and graphical representations to the macroscopic and submicroscopic phenomena they represent. Though traditional curricular materials such as textbooks may provide little support for coordinating information across macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels, instructor facilitation of classroom discussions offers a promising route towards supporting students' reasoning. Here, we report a case study of classroom reasoning in a POGIL (process-oriented guided inquiry learning) instructional context that examines how the class coordinated macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic ideas through classroom discourse. Using an analytical approach based on Toulmin's model of argumentation and the inquiry-oriented discursive moves framework, we discuss the prevalence of macroscopic, submicroscopic and symbolic-level ideas in classroom reasoning and we discuss how instructor facilitation strategies promoted reasoning with macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic levels of representation. We describe one sequence of instructor facilitation moves that we believe promoted translation across levels in whole class discussion.


Objectives Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by maladaptive behaviors, amongst which hyperphagia is a life-long concern for individuals with PWS and their caregivers. The current study examined the contribution of hyperphagia and other factors to caregiver burden across lifespan, in 204 caregivers of individuals with PWS living in the US, using the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the hyperphagia questionnaire (HQ-CT). Results We found a strong relationship between ZBI and HQ-CT especially in individuals with PWS older than 4 y and showed that HQ-CT scores of individuals with PWS is positively correlated with ZBI scores of their caregivers. The weight status of individuals with PWS was not associated with HQ-CT and ZBI scores, except for obese individuals who had significantly higher HQ-CT scores when compared to normal weight PWS individuals. We looked at PWS symptoms and care-related issues that impacted individuals and caregivers the most. We found that care-related tasks had the biggest negative impact on caregivers of children aged 0–4 y, whereas anxiety, temper tantrums, and oppositional behaviors of older individuals with PWS had the biggest impact on their caregivers concomitant with their high caregiver burden. Finally, we assessed the variability of HQ-CT and ZBI over 6 months in a subgroup of 83 participants. Overall, neither measure differed between 6 months and baseline. Most individual's absolute HQ-CT score changes were between 0–2 units, whereas absolute ZBI score changes were between 0–6 points. Changes in the caregiver's or individual's life had little or no effect on HQ-CT and ZBI scores. Conclusions This study demonstrates a relationship between hyperphagia and caregiver burden and sheds light on predominant symptoms in children and adolescents that likely underly PWS caregiver burden. The stability and relationship between HQ-CT and ZBI support ZBI as an additional outcome measure in PWS clinical trials.


Natural Disasters cause major adverse social and financial effects by destroying homes and infrastructures. For example, Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 damaged over 214,700 homes in New Orleans and forced over 800,000 citizens to live outside of their homes due to flooding. Thus, these disasters require a quick and efficient response to post-disaster housing issues and provide resources for temporary houses for short-term disaster relief and reconstruction of destroyed and damaged housing for full rehabilitation. Reconstruction of permanent housing for disaster victims is one of the most time-consuming activities in the post-disaster recovery process. However, time is a critical factor which should be minimized for the restoration of affected communities. Modularized construction is a promising solution for improving the process of post-disaster housing reconstruction because of its inherent characteristic of time-efficiency. This paper aimed to evaluate prefabricated modular construction potentials as an approach that can facilitate the design and construction phase of post-disaster reconstruction. An extensive literature review has been carried out to identify the features of modularized construction which can add value to the post-disaster recovery process. To investigate the suitability and feasibility of implementing modular construction for post-disaster reconstruction and also identify major barriers of its implementation, a survey has been conducted in 2018 among AEC experts who were experienced in the prefabricated construction industry and/or involved in post-disaster reconstruction projects. The results of the study indicate that prefabricated modular construction is a promising approach to improve time-efficiency of post-disaster reconstruction and tackle challenges of current practices by its unique benefits such as reduced demand for on-site labor (overcome local labor pool constraints impacted by the disaster) and resources (overcome shortage of equipment and materials), shorter schedule (due to concurrent & non-seasonal), reduced site congestion, and improved labor productivity (due to assembly line-like and controlled environment).


The purpose of this project was to develop a compact, solar powered desalination unit that would not only provide fresh drinking water for remote communities, but do so with little attention or maintenance. It follows from Project E202 in which a pre-production prototype unit was constructed.

The Project team recognised that although Reverse Osmosis is the leading technology in the World for brackish water desalination, it is prone to fouling and failures of the technology are common. The development methodology has been driven by the need to reduce the risks of fouling. Accordingly, low recovery ratios are used at reasonably low pressures. The energy recovery system not only makes the low recovery ratio regime economic in terms of energy use, but also facilitates fully automatic start-up and shut-down as well as self-regulation during fluctuating insolation levels.

The production units that have been produced differ from the preproduction unit of Project E202, in that a single cylinder system has been adopted and the valving has been incorporated into the piston head and so is completely internal. While the single cylinder arrangement reduces the efficiency of the unit, it dramatically simplifies construction and reduces cost, while the internal valving has all but eliminated the valving slip that plagued Project E202.

Three units were produced with recovery ratios 25%. The preferred model, the 16% recovery produces 620mL per minute of fresh water from sunny winter conditions in Perth.


Thirty-nine samples of kiln furniture or technical ceramic (firing plate, saggars, spacers, props, wads) and six samples of building ceramics (bricks, tiles) from the manufacture of Granges-le-Bourg were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The kiln furniture is chemically inhomogeneous and belong to a CaO+ MgO-poor (firing plate, saggars) or a CaO+ MgO-rich (props, spacers, wads) group. Bricks and tiles pertain to the first group, which was manufactured using decarbonatized top layers of local Triassic dolomitic marls. For the second group, the deeper layers were used. Plate and saggars are covered with a tin oxide opacified glassy coating with no significant reaction zone to the body.


At the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, many soccer matches were played during stock market trading hours, providing us with a natural experiment to analyze fluctuations in investor attention. Using minute-by-minute trading data for fifteen international stock exchanges, we present three key findings. First, when the national team was playing, the number of trades dropped by 45%, while volumes were 55% lower. Second, market activity was influenced by match events. For instance, a goal caused an additional drop in trading activity by 5%. The magnitude of this reduction resembles what is observed during lunchtime, and as such might not be indicative for shifts in attention. However, our third finding is that the comovement between national and global stock market returns decreased by over 20% during World Cup matches, whereas no comparable decoupling can be found during lunchtime. We conclude that stock markets were following developments on the soccer pitch rather than in the trading pit, leading to a changed price formation process. JEL Classification: G12, G14, G15


TAM5.29 is an extraterrestrial dust grain, collected on the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM). Its mineralogy is dominated by an Fe‐rich matrix composed of platy fayalitic olivines and clasts of andradite surrounded by diopside‐jarosite mantles; chondrules are absent. TAM5.29 records a complex geological history with evidence of extensive thermal metamorphism in the presence of fluids at T < 300 °C. Alteration was terminated by an impact, resulting in shock melt veins and compaction‐orientated foliation of olivine. A second episode of alteration at lower temperatures (<100 °C) occurred postimpact and is either parent body or terrestrial in origin and resulted in the formation of iddingsite. The lack of chondrules is explained by random subsampling of the parent body, with TAM5.29 representing a matrix‐only fragment. On the basis of bulk chemical composition, mineralogy, and geological history TAM5.29 demonstrates affinities to the CVox group with a mineralogical assemblage in between the Allende‐like and Bali‐like subgroups (CVoxA and TAM5.29 are rich in andradite, magnetite, and FeNiS, but CVoxA lacks hydrated minerals, common in TAM5.29; conversely, CVoxB are rich in hydrated phyllosilicates but contain almost pure fayalite, not found in TAM5.29). In addition, TAM5.29 has a slightly different metasomatic history, in between the oxidized and reduced CV metamorphic grades while also recording higher oxidizing conditions as compared to the known CV chondrites. This study represents the third CV‐like cosmic dust particle, containing a unique composition, mineralogy, and fabric, demonstrating variation in the thermal metamorphic history of the CV parent body(‐ies).


This article is the third in a planned series of articles about the writing qualities and habits of our most eloquent American Presidents. The focus of all the articles is on the lessons modern legal writers can learn from the Presidents. James Madison's rigor, in both his approach to problems and in his resulting written work, was famous; it was this rigor that contributed to the persuasiveness of his writing. Even though he was not a lawyer, Madison had all the best writing habits that lawyers should emulate – attention to audience, careful preparation, and attention to consequences.Madison's rigor, in both his approach to problems and in his resulting written work, was famous; it was this rigor that contributed to the persuasiveness of his writing. "The great little Madison" may have lacked physical presence and personal charisma, but he overcame those limitations to become one of the most influential public figures in American history by cultivating his particular strengths. He had an analytical mind that he developed to see and clearly express arguments, counterarguments, and distinctions. He had, despite poor health, an appetite for work that he used to out-prepare others. And he had a sensitivity to surrounding circumstances that he cultivated to address his audience's concerns and to envision the practical consequences of various actions.The article considers why rigor is an essential writing quality, reviews Madison's life and writing habits, and analyzes three examples of Madison's writings (The Memorial and Remonstrance, Federalist No. 10, and a letter from Madison to Thomas Jefferson).


In a study of 514 couples ignorance about sex because of a complete lack of or inadequate sex education resulted in an unfavourable attitude towards sexual behaviour which adversely affected their fertility. Sexual activities which gave rise to feelings of guilt, fear or anguish had a dramatic effect on fertility; most important were premarital intercourse, criminal and therapeutic abortion, illegitimate children and prostitution. Psychosexual problems were found to have a direct influence on intercourse, as the results of post-coital tests showed. In 18.3% of cases severe psychosexual problems caused infertile couples to use lubricating substances to facilitate intercourse; this had a deleterious effect on penile penetration and on the migration of spermatozoa in the cervical mucus.


Meningioma and glioma are the most common primary brain tumors, but their etiologies are largely unknown. Although meningioma is usually benign, their intracranial location can lead to lethal consequences, and despite progress in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy the prognosis for patients with glioma remains poor. The only well-established environmental risk factor for meningioma and glioma is ionizing radiation. Evidence for inherited predisposition to meningioma and glioma is provided by a number of rare inherited syndromes where collectively these diseases account for only a small proportion of the twofold increased risk of brain tumors seen in first-degree relatives for meningioma and glioma patients. It is very possible that much of the excess familial risk is a consequence of co-inheritance of multiple low-risk genetic variations. With this in mind, the aims of the studies in this thesis were to discover genetic risk variants influencing the probability of acquiring the disease and to identify the association between risk variants on the tumor phenotype.To identify genetic variants influencing meningioma risk, a comprehensive tagging of the selected genes in a case-control study was performed. We identified nine risk variants inEGF, ERBB2, and LRIG2 genes. However, these findings could not be confirmed in another larger independent dataset. In addition, the study identified a correlation between LRIG2 protein expression and ER status when analyzed with different parameters. In a separate study with a larger sample of meningioma patients, the same correlation between LRIG2 and ER status was observed.To explore the potential association between reported germline risk variants and somatic genetic events, matched tumor and blood samples from glioma patients were analyzed by SNP array. The results identified correlations betweenEGFR gene variants and somatic aberrations within the EGFR locus and CDKN2A/B locus. To further study the relationship between germline risk variants and tumor phenotype, the same patient material was used and analyzed by three different techniques: SNP array, IHC, and FISH. The results revealed EGFR risk variants effecting copy number variation of the EGFR gene and the expression of the IDH1 and p53. Further comparison between different techniques such as SNP array and FISH analysis revealed the difficulty in achieving consistent results with different techniques.To summarize, the glioma studies show a link between genotype and phenotype where genetic risk variants in theEGFR gene were found to be associated with specific somatic aberrations. These associations are biologically interesting because EGFR is involved in multiple cellular processes. Additional studies of the direct functional role of these observations need to be conducted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the identified association between germline gene variants and somatic aberrations. For the meningioma studies, no significant risk variants influencing the disease were found but a correlation between LRIG2 and ER status was observed. This result suggests a potential role for the LRIG protein in the pathogenesis of meningioma, but more studies are needed to confirm this hypothesizes.


In the present study a commercial solution of chitosan was applied to 'Oronules' mandarins to investigate its effect when applied as a coating at different solids content (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8%). Additionally, one group of mandarins was coated with a commercial wax, and another group remained uncoated. Mandarins were stored at 5°C for up to 30 d followed by 7 d at 20°C simulating retail conditions. All coatings restricted gas exchange and modified the internal atmosphere of the fruit compared to uncoated mandarins, with a greater effect at higher chitosan concentration. Chitosan-coated mandarins at higher solids content had the highest internal CO 2 content and the highest ethanol content. Even though chitosan applied at 0.6% increased the internal level of CO 2 of the mandarins, this coating did not increase the amount of ethanol compared to uncoated mandarins. Chitosan application did not decrease mass loss of mandarins during storage, whereas the commercial wax decreased mass loss compared to uncoated control fruit. The internal quality of mandarins was not affected by coating application. All coatings increased the gloss of the fruit. In order to improve the water barrier properties of the chitosan coating, it would be necessary to add hydrophobic components to the formulation.


The ability to detect when an input sample was not drawn from the training distribution is an important desirable property of deep neural networks. In this paper, we show that a simple ensembling of first and second order deep feature statistics can be exploited to effectively differentiate in-distribution and out-of-distribution samples. Specifically, we observe that the mean and standard deviation within feature maps differs greatly between in-distribution and out-of-distribution samples. Based on this observation, we propose a simple and efficient plug-and-play detection procedure that does not require re-training, pre-processing or changes to the model. The proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art by a large margin in all standard benchmarking tasks, while being much simpler to implement and execute. Notably, our method improves the true negative rate from 39.6% to 95.3% when 95% of in-distribution (CIFAR-100) are correctly detected using a DenseNet and the out-of-distribution dataset is TinyImageNet resize. The source code of our method will be made publicly available.