We discuss the experimental engineering of model systems for the description of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in one spatial dimension via a mixture of bosonic 23Na and fermionic 6Li atoms. The local gauge symmetry is realized in an optical superlattice, using heteronuclear boson–fermion spin-changing interactions which preserve the total spin in every local collision. We consider a large number of bosons residing in the coherent state of a Bose–Einstein condensate on each link between the fermion lattice sites, such that the behavior of lattice QED in the continuum limit can be recovered. The discussion about the range of possible experimental parameters builds, in particular, upon experiences with related setups of fermions interacting with coherent samples of bosonic atoms. We determine the atomic system's parameters required for the description of fundamental QED processes, such as Schwinger pair production and string breaking. This is achieved by benchmark calculations of the atomic system and of QED itself using functional integral techniques. Our results demonstrate that the dynamics of one-dimensional QED may be realized with ultracold atoms using state-of-the-art experimental resources. The experimental setup proposed may provide a unique access to longstanding open questions for which classical computational methods are no longer applicable.


In this essay, I hope to move information policy towards firmer normative ground by introducing the resources of critical realism and environmental virtue ethics to intellectual property scholarship. Culture, like the natural environment, will flourish if well-tended and collapse if polluted and despoiled. The cultural environmentalist movement is right to compare human culture to the natural environment, but it strips the environmental metaphor of any normative force when it depicts culture as an infinitely malleable social construction. Critical realism (as distinguished from critical legal studies) is a broad philosophical and epistemological approach that avoids the extremes of modern positivism and postmodern skepticism. A critical realist perspective suggests that culture, like the natural environment, can be shaped by human activity only within the limits established by the external reality in which we find ourselves. Those limits can be embodied in virtues and practices similar to those that the field of environmental virtue ethics has found helpful in reference to the natural environment. The essay concludes with an application of these ideas to the network neutrality debate.


Transient cycle simulations are commonly said to be a tool for improving and understanding the operating behavior of cooling cycles. Assuming a properly working simulation tool, simple cycle configurations which are driven by On/Off-controlled compressors can meanwhile be modelled with relatively high effort. Given the growing complexity of today's modern refrigeration appliances – in particular cooling/freezing combinations – it is getting more and more challenging to represent these in a satisfactory manner. Fans for ventilation, variable speed drives and switchable capillary tubes are in interaction and follow a sensor-controlled, prescribed logic. The focus of this paper lies on the simulation of a particular real world appliance, which features all beforementioned actuators. The simulation tool comprises component models beyond state of the art which have been validated both independently and in a simple cycle configuration. The attempt of modelling the cooling/freezing combination leads to new knowledge concerning the approach of calibrating the model. Measurement data (temperature, pressure, electric power, state variables) is available and used as reference. It can be shown, that it is possible to shape the model to follow the order of switching commands of the real appliance. Effects like heat conduction from walls to the sensors, delay caused by the thermal inertia of the sensors or temperature stratification pose the main obstacle on the way to obtain a comparable energy consumption.


The authors present the Meta-Pi network, a multinetwork connectionist classifier that forms distributed low-level knowledge representations for robust pattern recognition, given random feature vectors generated by multiple statistically distinct sources. They illustrate how the Meta-Pi paradigm implements an adaptive Bayesian maximum a posteriori classifier. They also demonstrate its performance in the context of multispeaker phoneme recognition in which the Meta-Pi superstructure combines speaker-dependent time-delay neural network (TDNN) modules to perform multispeaker /b,d,g/ phoneme recognition with speaker-dependent error rates of 2%. Finally, the authors apply the Meta-Pi architecture to a limited source-independent recognition task, illustrating its discrimination of a novel source. They demonstrate that it can adapt to the novel source (speaker), given five adaptation examples of each of the three phonemes. >


There is a long standing interest in the question of whether or not low income households face the same prices as households with higher incomes. If low income households face lower or higher prices than high income households, then income inequality may be greater or lesser than is suggested by simple comparisons of incomes. Summarized in Sexton (1971), studies generally found either no difference in prices paid, or that the poor paid more for similar goods. In this paper we use data from the Telephone Point of Purchase Survey (TPOPS), previously unused for this subject, which collects information about household expenditures at outlets they patronize. In 2001, respondents were also asked a question about their income. Combining data from that survey with price data from the CPI Research Database (RDB), we compare prices charged at outlets patronized by families in each of three income categories, and calculate differences in expenditure weighted average prices. We also use detailed information in the RDB about the characteristics of each item being priced to adjust for possible differences in the quality of items sold. Overall, we find that the poor pay neither more nor less than the rich at the stores at which they shop.


For significant periods Malawi's economy has performed as well or better than might have been expected given its geographical location and natural resource endowments. Underlying these promising episodes is a pattern of centralised, long‐horizon rent management and technocratic integrity. This case study of 'developmental patrimonialism' found that the period 1965–79 was one of centralised, long‐horizon rent management and a vertically disciplined technocracy, and the economy grew healthily; 1980–94, by contrast, was a period in which rent management drifted. Although it remained quite centralised, it became geared more to the short term, while the civil service began to deteriorate as it was politicised. These resulted in a comparatively directionless reform programme. The situation deteriorated still further under President Bakili Muluzi (1994–2004). This was a period of decentralised, short‐horizon rent management and a further deterioration of the state bureaucracy. The economy entered a tailspin. A recovery was made during the first term of President Bingu wa Mutharika (2004–09), who reintroduced some aspects of long‐horizon rent centralisation and promoted a more vertically disciplined technocracy.


Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) is one of the major biotic constraints of cotton production in Pakistan. Cultivation of resistant cotton genotypes is the most effective method of reducing yield losses due to CLCuV. PIM-76-8/5 is a new CLCuV-resistant line developed through the use of induced mutation. It exhibited a highly resistant response when artificially inoculated by grafting and produced yields significantly greater than the susceptible cultivar S-12. PIM-76-8/5 was field immune when naturally infected by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.), the vector of CLCuV. At a few locations where a new strain of CLCuV has emerged and all of the previously developed resistant lines are now highly susceptible, PIM-76-8/5 gave a moderate to highly susceptible response. At locations with high levels of whitefly infestation or with artificial inoculation through grafting in this study, PIM-76-8/5 exhibited a high level of resistance against the old strain of CLCuV.


Abstract This poster paper presents the scenarios produced by members of the International Association for Mobile Learning to support researchers in considering how to address ethical issues that may well arise during mobile learning projects. Ethical issues in researching mobile learning are a concern as: - handheld devices provide multiple opportunities for access to personal information including images and location; - their portability creates issues with boundaries such as those between college or school time and home time; - they link to both real and virtual contexts and - the full range of their capabilities are often poorly understood. In addition, the classic approach of adhering to a fixed code of ethical conduct such as those published by the American or British educational research associations or having your proposed methods first evaluated by an ethics committee does not deal well with the ever changing contexts that so often arise in mobile learning research. Ways forward centre on professional development for researchers to ensure they are fully aware of their responsibilities for the protection of participants data, their privacy and personal information even when the participants themselves share such information widely through social networking and other online tools. To this end six scenarios for use in researcher training or with interested students were generated by a group of experts at Mlearn 2012 in Helsinki and have been made freely available on the International Association for Mobile Learning's website at http://www.iamlearn.org/ethical-issues-mobile-learning/research-planning for wide dissemination. Each scenario addresses specific issues that may become a concern as outlined below. Scenario: Where do you stop? Issues addressed: Boundaries between formal and informal learning situations, public or private spaces, home and school or college environments, real and virtual contexts etc. Scenario: Whose story is it? Issues addressed: Maintaining the need for anonymity versus respecting participants' desire to self-publish and their need for a digital identity. Scenario: Who Pays? Issues addressed: People who are differently able / less educated /come from different cultures etc. and what this means regarding costs e.g. for devices to access internet and cultural pressures. Scenario: Who does it belong to? Issues addressed: Ownership and author rights - whose data is on the mobile or on the server, who owns it, what about any images it contains? Is the owner the person taking the picture or is it the person in the picture? Scenario: Whoops-a-daisy! Issues addressed: Risk analysis - the unexpected consequences of complexity caused by following up people using mobile devices in a wide range of contexts and the need to proceed iteratively and flexibly. Scenario: What does 'informed consent' really mean? Issues addressed: Participants' awareness (or lack thereof) of their own device's capabilities, what data is being logged etc., informed consent and opportunities to listen to participant voice. More details on ways forward for using scenarios such as these with students and/or practitioners will be reported here at MLearn 2013 with Trish Andrews and Laurel Dyson (Andrews, Dyson and Wishart, 2013). Lastly, in addition to specific training, these scenarios can also be used to promote conversations with senior management around the ethical issues that are of concern to lecturers, teachers and researchers in order to support the development of any appropriate local policy and practical responses.


Abstract:A central component of hazards research involves the examination of how specific groups are affected by damaging events and how their unique sociodemographic characteristics contribute to broader variations in resilience and recovery. Supervised offenders are uniquely disadvantaged regarding demographics, housing, and economic opportunity; all of which contribute to heightened vulnerability and reduced resilience.This research sought to understand whether supervised offenders tend to live in areas most at risk from coastal hazards. The primary objectives were to model offender residential patterns in coastal Mississippi using a statistical proxy of social disorganization and examine whether these areas are disproportionately exposed to coastal hazard events. Principal component analysis (PCA) consolidated explanatory socioeconomic and demographic measures into the Social Disorganization Index (SDI). The SDI shows those block groups with the highest levels of social disorganization are not at significantly increased risk from flooding. Development trends explain much of the variation in hazard exposure while the presence of military facilities and higher education institutions likely influence the socioeconomic conditions. This research provides a novel understanding of vulnerability in the offender population and demonstrates that traditional measures of social disorganization may not fully capture the unique contextual characteristics of the Mississippi Gulf Coast.


Using the American General Social Survey covering the period 1978–2008, the authors investigate the link between union membership and perceived job insecurity. They find that overall, union members are 3.5 percentage points more likely than non-union members to feel insecure about their current jobs as well as future job prospects, especially during recessionary periods. This result is twice that in the manufacturing sector. By contrast, there is virtually no union effect on job insecurity in transportation, communication, and other services sectors. The use of instrumental-variables estimation methods and attitudinal proxy variables indicates that the positive correlation between union membership and perceived job insecurity is not due to self-selection, nor it is related to the decline of unionism in the United States.


Islam is a Religion in line with nature. It introduced its own economic system that up to the man's needs and requirements. It contradicts the communism and capitalism and claims that Islamic economic structure guarantees the welfare of humanity. In this setup, the buyers and sellers are free to make their deals and every person has the equal opportunities to be a wealthy and prosperous trader. Muslims had implemented this system in their golden era and showed the benefits of this setup to world The basic question has been raised either state has authority to interfere the economic deals, why state is interested to involve or what would be the limits of their involvement.  In this paper Descriptive Method and Comparative Study are used to study the concept of interference of state in economic matters. This research paper is an effort to understand the Islamic point of view that to what extent the Islamic State can interfere in economic policies, according to the Islamic injunction. In this article, it has been elaborated that the State has the legal and ethical right to intervene the economic matters when hoarding usury and gambling is rampant.


Aim There have been concerns about maintaining appropriate clinical staff levels in Emergency Departments in England.1 The aim of this study was to determine if Emergency Department attendees aged from 0–16 years could be managed by community pharmacists or hospital independent prescriber pharmacists with or without further advanced clinical practice training. Method A prospective, 48 site, cross-sectional, observational study of patients attending Emergency Departments (ED) in England, UK was conducted. Pharmacists at each site collected up to 400 admissions and paediatric patients were included in the data collection. The pharmacist independent prescribers (one for each site) were asked to identify patient attendance at their Emergency Department, record anonymised details of the cases—age, weight, presenting complaint, clinical grouping (e.g. medicine, orthopaedics), and categorise each presentation into one of four possible categories: CP, Community Pharmacist, cases which could be managed by a community pharmacist outside an ED setting; IP—cases that could be managed at ED by a hospital pharmacist with independent prescriber status; IPT, Independent Prescriber Pharmacist with additional training—cases which could be managed at ED by a hospital pharmacist independent prescriber with additional clinical training; and MT, Medical Team only—cases that were unsuitable for the pharmacist to manage. An Impact Index was calculated for the two most frequent clinical groupings using the formula: Impact index=percentage of the total workload of the clinical grouping multiplied by the percentage ability of pharmacists to manage that clinical group. Results 1623 out of 18,229 (9%) attendees, from 45 of the 48 sites, were children aged from 0 to 16 years of age (median 8 yrs, range 0–16), 749 were female and 874 were male. Of the 1623 admissions, 9% of the cases were judged to be suitable for clinical management by a community pharmacist (CP), 4% suitable for a hospital pharmacist independent prescriber (IP), 32% suitable for a hospital independent pharmacist prescriber with additional training (IPT); and the remaining 55% were only suitable for the Medical Team (MT). The most frequent clinical groups and impact index for the attendees were General Medicine=10.78 and orthopaedics=10.60. Conclusion Paediatric patients attending Emergency Departments were judged by pharmacists to be suitable for management outside a hospital setting in approximately 1 in 11 cases, and by hospital independent prescriber pharmacists in 4 in 10 cases. With further training, it was found that the total proportion of cases that could be managed by a pharmacist was 45%. The greatest impact for pharmacist management occurs in general medicine and orthopaedics.


The roots of most ethnic conflicts in the world today involve state authorities excluding or disadvantaging members of a minority group(though in some rare cases it may be an ethnic majority which finds itself the target of exclusionary policies by state authorities, e.g. South Africa during the Apartheid regime) through discrimination and other violations of human rights.' These breaches of the rights of minorities frequently and directly create the preconditions for conflict to erupt over grievances which state authorities have refused or been unable to address.


The subject of the poetic image in Classical Arabic poetry is considered to be one of the most controversial topics in contemporary literary criticism. A great deal of attention has been directed towards this subject in literary and critical studies through the application of different approaches. Such images require knowledge of the nature of classical poetry and the nature of the Classical Arabic language. It also requires knowing the imaginative and rhetorical potentiality of the poetic image as well as its role in conveying human culture and consciousness. An understanding of Western and critical approaches and the possibility of applying them in the study of poetic images in Classical Arabic poetry is also essential.
This thesis studies and analyses the poetic image of water between the Jāhilī and Andalusian eras through the application of Gaston Bachelard's phenomenological approach. Through this analysis, the study aims to achieve the following points: (1) examining the nature of the poetic image in the Arabic and Western critical studies; (2) understanding the phenomenological approach generally, and that of Gaston Bachelard in particular, and how to apply it in the analysis of the poetic image of the imagination of the four primitive elements in European literature, especially the poetic image of water; (3) applying Bachelard's approach to the poetic image of water in Jāhilī and Andalusian poetry as a model; (4) concluding with an analysis that measures Arab poets' awareness of the universe in the two focal eras and the impact of religion, culture and the environment on that; and (5) comparing the ancient Arab imagination regarding water to Western perceptions undr the shadow of Bachelard's ideas in his analysis of the poetic image of water.
To achieve these aims, this study provides an analysis of some examples from Jāhilī and Andalusian poetry according to the divisions of Bachelard's phenomenological approach to the image of water in poetry. A qualitative comparative approach is used in the analysis.
The results show that 25% of poetic images of water in the Jāhilī and Andalusian eras were archetypal; 62.5% of these were cultural and changeable images arising from religion, culture and geographic environment. Moreover, 12.5% were primitive images and were displaced from the Arabian imagination for the same reasons. The study also emphasises that there is a remarkable similarity and agreement in many of the images between the Arab human imagination of water specifically and the European imagination, which Bachelard offered in his analysis. This proves the hypothesis of the study that there is a connection in human consciousness across civilizations, regardless of the impact of religion, culture and geographic environment.


Abstract. We analyzed long-term fine- and coarse-mode synergetic observations of nitrate and related aerosols (SO42−, NO3−, NH4+, Na+, Ca2+) at Fukuoka (33.52° N, 130.47° E) from August 2014 to October 2015. A Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) including dust and sea salt acid uptake processes was used to assess the observed seasonal variation and the impact of long-range transport (LRT) from the Asian continent. For fine aerosols (fSO42−, fNO3−, and fNH4+), numerical results explained the seasonal changes, and a sensitivity analysis excluding Japanese domestic emissions clarified the LRT fraction at Fukuoka (85 % for fSO42−, 47 % for fNO3−, 73 % for fNH4+). Observational data confirmed that coarse NO3− (cNO3−) made up the largest proportion (i.e., 40–55 %) of the total nitrate (defined as the sum of fNO3−, cNO3−, and HNO3) during the winter, while HNO3 gas constituted approximately 40 % of the total nitrate in summer and fNO3− peaked during the winter. Large-scale dust–nitrate (mainly cNO3−) outflow from China to Fukuoka was confirmed during all dust events that occurred between January and June. The modeled cNO3− was in good agreement with observations between July and November (mainly coming from sea salt NO3−). During the winter, however, the model underestimated cNO3− levels compared to the observed levels. The reason for this underestimation was examined statistically using multiple regression analysis (MRA). We used cNa+, nss-cCa2+, and cNH4+ as independent variables to describe the observed cNO3− levels; these variables were considered representative of sea salt cNO3−, dust cNO3−, and cNO3− accompanied by cNH4+), respectively. The MRA results explained the observed seasonal changes in dust cNO3− and indicated that the dust–acid uptake scheme reproduced the observed dust–nitrate levels even in winter. The annual average contributions of each component were 43 % (sea salt cNO3−), 19 % (dust cNO3−), and 38 % (cNH4+ term). The MRA dust–cNO3− component had a high value during the dust season, and the sea salt component made a large contribution throughout the year. During the winter, cNH4+ term made a large contribution. The model did not include aerosol microphysical processes (such as condensation and coagulation between the fine anthropogenic aerosols NO3− and SO42− and coarse particles), and our results suggest that inclusion of aerosol microphysical processes is critical when studying observed cNO3− formation, especially in winter.


Actually, issue about bank performance is not special anymore. However, this topic in a dual banking system still an interesting issue. As in Indonesia, which have Islamic bank in a conventional economic system this Islamic bank performance (IBP) influence direct by monetary aspect. Using a quarterly panel data set from period 2001 until 2015; this research used econometric tools. Result shows that all variables are significantly affected. We prefer to used random effect that show the positive sign for money supply (MS), exchange rate (EXC) and interest rate (INTR) and negative sign for customer price index (CPI). Then the result on long term used autoregressive distributed lag approach found that for pooled mean group (PMG) variable MS and INT have positive significant while EXC and CPI variable are negative significant. In MG estimates (long term), MS, EXC and INTR are found to be positive significant while CPI variable have negative impact on IBP. Further more, in short time, PMG estimates result that MS and EXC shows negative impact and variables than have positive impact are CPI and INTR. While result in short run for MG estimates shows that MS, CPI and INTR have positive impact. Then EXC have negative impact. We suggest the government must always keep the monetary condition in a balance and healthy environment that support the development and improvement of Islamic Banking. Especially manage the INTR which is always have positive impact in all condition model.


[Abstract] This paper presents the results for the first ever flight demonstration of the Zero Propellant Maneuver (ZPM) TM attitude control concept. On November 5, 2006, the ZPM was used to reorient the International Space Station by 90 degrees without using any propellant. By maneuvering along a pre-planned trajectory which was optimized to take advantage of naturally occurring environmental torques, the Space Station CMGs were maintained within operational limits. The trajectory was obtained from a PseudoSpectral solution to a new optimal attitude control problem. With the flight test, the breakthrough capability to simultaneously perform a large angle attitude maneuver and momentum desaturation without the need to use thrusters was established. The flight implementation did not require any modifications to flight software. This approach is applicable to any spacecraft that are controlled by momentum storage devices.


Motivated by a situation observed by our industry partner, we test if changing dispatch methods within a job-shop can reduce the percentage of late jobs while not reducing the maximum lateness across all jobs, the two key performance indicators (KPIs) of interest. Using data provided by our industry partner, we show that the earliest operation due date (EODD) dispatch rule is the best rule for them. In addition, we propose an alternative idea for random job shop data, the routing distribution, and we compare dispatching rules performance using KPI frontiers under different routing distributions. We find that EODD is one of several dispatching rule which consistently lie on the KPI frontier for different job routing distributions. We further show that using multiple dispatch rules across several job-shop departments does improve a job-shop's performance on the KPIs, though the improvement is small. Lastly, we leave the readers with some insight into determining which dispatch rules should be considered for different job-shops.


This study focuses on element behaviour during combustion in the Orhaneli thermal power plant (a 210 MW unit, Bursa-Turkey). A total of 51 samples, feed coals (FCs), fly ashes (FAs) and bottom ashes (BAs), which were systematically collected over an eight-week period, have been analysed for major, minor and trace elements (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, S, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hf, Hg, Li, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Zn, Zr and REEs). This study shows that FCs on an airdried basis have high moisture (av. 9%), high volatile matter (av. 33%), very high ash yield (av. 53%), relatively high sulfur content (av. 2.14%) and low gross calorific value (av. 1775 kcal/kg). Proximate analyses of combustion residues imply that BAs have higher contents of unburned carbonaceous matter than FAs. Mean values of trace element concentrations in FCs fall within the ranges of most world coals, except for Cr, Cs, Ni and U which occur in concentrations slightly higher than those determined for most of world coals. Some elements such as S, Hg, As, B, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, K, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, and Zn are indicating enrichments in FAs. The remaining elements investigated in this study have no clear segregation between FAs and BAs. The mass balance calculations point to Ca content of feed coal controlling the partitioning of elements in this power plant, producing a high removal efficiency for highly volatile elements such as Hg, B and Se, and a high retention of As, Bi, Cd, Cs, Ge, Pb, Rb, Sb, Sn, Tl and Zn in FAs. However, the high enrichment in trace elements of FAs can increase the hazardous potential of this coal by-product.


Vertical migratory rhythms of the western Mediterranean congeneric benthopelagic glass shrimps Pasiphaea sivado and P. multidentata were studied at depths of 400 to 430 m in relation to light intensity cycles (i.e. light regimes) in 2 different seasons: close to the autumn equinox (Octo- ber) and to the summer solstice (June). Catches were considered a proxy of animal density close to the bottom and sampling was performed with consecutive epibenthic trawl hauls. These were contin- uously repeated over 4 d in order to determine the frequency and timing of species presence on the bottom. The density of animals present on the seabed at the time of the haul was estimated. In both P. sivado and P. multidentata marked diel differences in density were found which were correlated to variability in diel light intensity. While P. sivado was mostly captured at daytime in both seasons, regardless of size, P. multidentata only showed this pattern in the case of juveniles, i.e. individuals with carapace length <30 mm. Adult P. multidentata were mainly present on the bottom during the night, thus showing an apparent phase inversion in their movement patterns. This modification of diel behaviour can be interpreted as the result of differential habitat use with size/age. The com- parison of present results with previous field studies illustrates that while P. sivado and juvenile P. multidentata perform actual vertical migrations, adults of the latter species undertake epibenthic movements along the bottom.


Limited research suggests yoga may be a viable gentle physical activity option with a variety of health-related quality of life, psychosocial and symptom management benefits. The purpose of this review was to determine the clinical significance of patient-reported outcomes from yoga interventions conducted with cancer survivors. A total of 25 published yoga intervention studies for cancer survivors from 2004–2011 had patient-reported outcomes, including quality of life, psychosocial or symptom measures. Thirteen of these studies met the necessary criteria to assess clinical significance. Clinical significance for each of the outcomes of interest was examined based on 1 standard error of the measurement, 0.5 standard deviation, and relative comparative effect sizes and their respective confidence intervals. This review describes in detail these patient-reported outcomes, how they were obtained, their relative clinical significance and implications for both clinical and research settings. Overall, clinically significant changes in patient-reported outcomes suggest that yoga interventions hold promise for improving cancer survivors' well-being. This research overview provides new directions for examining how clinical significance can provide a unique context for describing changes in patient-reported outcomes from yoga interventions. Researchers are encouraged to employ indices of clinical significance in the interpretation and discussion of results from yoga studies.


Abstract The decay heat from radioactive waste that is to be disposed in the once-proposed geologic repository at Yucca Mountain will significantly influence the moisture conditions in the fractured rock near emplacement tunnels (drifts). Additionally, large-scale convective cells will form in the open-air drifts and will serve as an important mechanism for the transport of vaporized pore water from the fractured rock in the drift center to the drift end. Such convective processes would also impact drift seepage, as evaporation could reduce the buildup of liquid water at the tunnel wall. Characterizing and understanding these liquid water and vapor transport processes is critical for evaluating the performance of the repository, in terms of water-induced canister corrosion and subsequent radionuclide containment. To study such processes, we previously developed and applied an enhanced version of TOUGH2 that solves for natural convection in the drift. We then used the results from this previous study as a time-dependent boundary condition in a high-resolution seepage model, allowing for a computationally efficient means for simulating these processes. The results from the seepage model show that cases with strong natural convection effects are expected to improve the performance of the repository, since smaller relative humidity values, with reduced local seepage, form a more desirable waste package environment.


Aflatoxins, Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Special Focus on Turkey's Current Status
Mycotoxins are food contaminants produced as secondary metabolites by different kinds of fungi. The major groups of mycotoxins are aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxins, patulin and fusarium toxins. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is classified as carcinogenic to humans (Group I) by The International Agency for Research on Cancer. The principle target organ of AFB1 is liver. AFB1 causes hotspot mutation of p53 gene at third base of codon 249, and takes the form of G…>T transversions. Besides, both hepatits B virus (HBV) and hepatits C virus (HCV) infections were suggested to be responsible HCC. HCC is the most frequent primary liver cancer and the most severe complication of chronic liver disease. The annual number of new cases worldwide represents more than 5% of human cancers and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. One or more causative agents can be identified in most HCC cases. AFB1 exposure with viral hepatitis is suggested to lead to HCC. This review will focus on AFB1, viral hepatitis, their synergistic and additive effects and the measures that should be taken to prevent HCC stemming from AFB1 exposure with viral hepatitis.


Abstract We hypothesized that unusual deaths and illnesses in wild and domestic animals in lake areas of the Rift Valley south of Addis Ababa were caused by toxic cyanobacteria. In the first cyanotoxic analyses conducted in samples from Ethiopia, we found lakes Chamo, Abaya, Awassa, Chitu, Langano, Ziway, and Koka all had concentrations of microcystins (MC) ranging from trace to hazardous, whereas only traces less than limits of detection (LOD) of cylindrospermopsin (CYN) were found. In the December 2006 dry season we sampled the lakes for analyses of MC, CYN, species structures, and calculations of cyanobacteria biomass. We used the Utermöhl technique to analyse cyanobacterial biomass and monitored MC toxins using HPLC-DAD, LC-ESI-MS-MRM, and ELISA-test and CYN with HPLC-DAD and ELISA. The various toxicity tests coincided well. In 4 of the lakes (Chamo, Langano, Ziway, and Koka), the inter-lake range of total MC concentration was 1.3–48 μg L−1; in 3 (Abaya, Awassa, and Chitu), we found only traces of MC. Microcystis aeruginosawas the dominant species, with Microcystis panniformis, Anabaena spiroides, and Cylindrospermopsisspp. as subdominants. The MC concentration, especially in Lake Koka, exceeded levels for serious health hazards for humans, cattle, and wildlife.


Open source projects are transforming. Today, work within open source projects has come to be influenced by a growing set of companies and individuals who receive financial remuneration for their engagement. As such, there is a central focus on commoditization and commercialization of open source products, which drives a trend towards a concealment of the various inner workings that produce these products. Within this shift, the product becomes a central aim of open source project engagement, and the means of production becomes incidental. In this paper, we explore the HCI research and design implications of the transformation of open source projects as part of commercial work and how we can come to better understand and protect the rising tide of open source projects.


"Of the Commission's primary task there is no doubt, however, and that is to guard the consumer from exploitation by non-competitive electric power companies."1 "Give us the tools and we will finish the job."2 I. INTRODUCTION For years, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) has promoted competition in wholesale power markets subject to its jurisdiction. It has done so in response to dramatic changes that occurred in the electricity industry over the past twenty-five years. Those changes greatly expanded competition in wholesale power markets, and the Commission made a policy decision to rely increasingly on competition to lower wholesale power prices. Although the Commission's policy has evolved in response to changes in electricity markets, the goal of Agency policy has remained constant: assuring just and reasonable rates. The Commission has certain legal duties under the Federal Power Act, perhaps the most important of which is assuring that wholesale power rates are just and reasonable. However, the Commission has discretion on what policies it can pursue to assure such rates. The Agency has chosen to rely on competition to achieve that end. The courts have upheld that approach, in large part, because the Commission has not relied solely on market forces. In fact, the Commission's policies have relied on both competition and regulation to assure just and reasonable rates. The Commission has struggled to find the right balance between competition and regulation. As the industry has changed, the Commission's role has evolved from setting rates for individual sellers to setting rules of general application that govern electricity markets. Among the most important market rules are those that prevent market manipulation. This article reviews the Commission's authority to prevent market manipulation and finds it wanting. This article also reviews the Commission's authority to prevent the accumulation and exercise of generation market power3 or horizontal market power. The accumulation of generation market power is a greater concern as the Commission relies on competitive forces to assure just and reasonable prices. Under traditional cost-of-service rate regulation, the accumulation of generation market power is a lesser concern, since the exercise of market power can be controlled by setting individual rates. As the Commission has evolved from setting rates to regulating markets, the accumulation of generation market power is more problematic. This article finds the Commission's authority to prevent accumulation of generation market power to be insufficient. The Federal Power Act was enacted into law nearly seventy years ago. Much has changed since then. It is unremarkable that the passage of time and the nature of the changes that have swept across the industry created the need for fundamental reforms to the Federal Power Act. This article concludes with a call for legislative action by Congress to bolster the Commission's authority in several key areas in order to strengthen the ability of the Commission to discharge its legal duty to assure just and reasonable rates in the context of competitive wholesale electricity markets. Part II of this Article reviews the legal duties of the Commission with respect to the regulation of wholesale power sales and disposition of jurisdictional facilities. Part III discusses the dramatic changes that have occurred in the electricity industry over the past twenty-five years and how the Commission's policy evolved in response to these changes. Part IV examines the authority of the Commission to prevent market manipulation and the accumulation of generation market power, concluding that the Commission's current legal authority is insufficient in both areas. Finally, Part V discusses the need for legislative reforms to the Federal Power Act and offers some specific recommendations for such reform. II. …


This series of illustrated fact sheets introduces growers to several potential biofuel crops for Florida, with assessments of potential, description of biology, production, potential yields, production challenges and estimated costs, environmental concerns, and references. Published by the UF Department of Agronomy, January 2008.
Ask IFAS: Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida series (ufl.edu)


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing is a recent hot topic in the areas of networking and distributed systems. Work on P2P computing was triggered by a number of ad-hoc systems that made the concept popular. Later, academic research efforts started to investigate P2P computing issues based on scientific principles. Some of that research produced a number of structured P2P systems that were collectively referred to by the term "Distributed Hash Tables" (DHTs). However, the research occurred in a diversified way leading to the appearance of similar concepts yet lacking a common perspective and not heavily analyzed. In this thesis we present a number of papers representing our research results in the area of structured P2P systems grouped as two sets labeled respectively "Designs" and "Analyses".

The contribution of the first set of papers is as follows. First, we present the princi- ple of distributed k-ary search and argue that it serves as a framework for most of the recent P2P systems known as DHTs. That is, given this framework, understanding existing DHT systems is done simply by seeing how they are instances of that frame- work. We argue that by perceiving systems as instances of that framework, one can optimize some of them. We illustrate that by applying the framework to the Chord system, one of the most established DHT systems. Second, we show how the frame- work helps in the design of P2P algorithms by two examples: (a) The DKS(n; k; f) system which is a system designed from the beginning on the principles of distributed k-ary search. (b) Two broadcast algorithms that take advantage of the distributed k-ary search tree.

The contribution of the second set of papers is as follows. We account for two approaches that we used to evaluate the performance of a particular class of DHTs, namely the one adopting periodic stabilization for topology maintenance. The first approach was of an intrinsic empirical nature. In this approach, we tried to perceive a DHT as a physical system and account for its properties in a size-independent manner. The second approach was of a more analytical nature. In this approach, we applied the technique of Master Equations, which is a widely used technique in the analysis of natural systems. The application of the technique lead to a highly accurate description of the behavior of structured overlays. Additionally, the thesis contains a primer on structured P2P systems that tries to capture the main ideas prevailing in the field.


Context: Candida, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Aims: The aim of the present study has assessed the association of Candida albicans with normal control group, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions of the oral cavity by using cornmeal broth +5% milk and milk serum liquid culture media. Settings and Design: Thepresent study comprised of total 80 patients,which included, 30 patients of Leukoplakia, 30 patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma and normal control group comprised of 20 healthy individuals who were not having any relevant medical, dental and habit history. Subjects and Methods: Saliva and Biopsy was taken from clinically suspected leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions for the confirmation of histopathological diagnosis. Saliva samples were inoculated for fungal growth in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and culture-positive samples had undergone for the germ tube test. Germ tube-positive samples were further taken for chlamydospore production in milk serum and cornmeal broth +5% milk media separately at 8 and 16 h. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test, Fischer extract test. Results: In the normal control group, no fungus growth was found; however, leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma showed fungus growth with positive germ tube test and chlamydospore formation; the result also showed rapid and quantitatively more chlamydospore formation in cornmeal broth +5% milk in comparison to serum milk culture media. There was no growth of Candida in mild and moderate form of leukoplakia. Whereas in a severe form of leukoplakia, there was more quantitative chlamydospore growth in cornmeal broth +5% milk liquid media. Conclusions: In this study, we have tried to compare the efficacy of cornmeal broth +5% milk and milk serum for the identification of C. albicans. Both the culture media were able to promote the growth of chlamydospore in C. albicans. Among different grades of leukoplakia, the growth of C. albicans was seen in severe dysplastic patient only while mild and moderate dysplasia showed no Candidal growth.


This volume examines issues of courage and manliness in the ancient world. Taking the Greek concept of Andreia as its starting-point, it sheds new light on the contruction of cultural identity, and the use of value terms in that process.


Abstract A novel genetic programming (GP) technique, a new method of evolutionary algorithms, was applied to a small data set to predict the water storage of Wolonghu wetland in response to the climate change in the northeastern part of China. Fourteen years (1993–2006) of annual water storage and climatic data of the wetland were used for model training and testing. Results of simulations and predictions illustrate a good fit between calculated water storage and observed values (mean absolute percent error=9.47, r=0.99). By comparison, a multilayer perceptron method (a popular artificial neural network model) and Grey theory model with the same data set were applied for performance estimation. It was found that GP technique had better performance than the other two methods, in both the simulation step and the predicting phase. The case study confirms that GP method is a promising way for wetland managers to make a quick estimation of fluctuations of water storage in some wetlands under the limitation of ...


Load balancing in the cloud computing environment has an important impact on the performance. Good load balancing makes cloud computing more efficient and improves user satisfaction. This article introduces a better load balance model for the public cloud based on the cloud partitioning concept with a switch mechanism to choose different strategies for different situations. The algorithm applies the game theory to the load balancing strategy to improve the efficiency in the public cloud environment.


Effective display power management is essential to reduce the cost of operating desktop computers as well as prolonging the lifetime of battery-operated notebooks and laptops between consecutive battery recharges. Although displays are dedicated for our eyes, existing display power management technologies "sense" only our fingers or temperature or motion through keyboard, mouse, or special sensors. Therefore, display may either switch off when its user looks at the screen or loose energy by keeping the screen on when nobody looks at it. This paper discusses a new display power management technology and outlines its implementation in personal computer systems. Unlike presently used power management, our technology "watches" the user through a single video camera. The technology tracks the user's eyes, keeping the display active only if the user looks at the screen. Otherwise, it dims the display down or even switches it off to save energy. We implemented the technology in field programmable gate array-based hardware and present results of its experimental evaluation.


An estimated 100 million to 140 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and more than 3 million girls are at risk for cutting each year on the African continent alone. FGM/C is generally performed on girls between ages 4 and 12 although it is practiced in some cultures as early as a few days after birth or as late as just prior to marriage. Typically traditional excisors have carried out the procedure but recently a discouraging trend has emerged in some countries where medical professionals are increasingly performing the procedure. FGM/C poses serious physical and mental health risks for women and young girls especially for women who have undergone extreme forms of the procedure (see Box 2 for types of cutting). According to a 2006 WHO study FGM/C can be linked to increased complications in childbirth and even maternal deaths. Other side effects include severe pain hemorrhage tetanus infection infertility cysts and abscesses urinary incontinence and psychological and sexual problems. FGM/C is practiced in at least 28 countries in Africa and a few others in Asia and the Middle East. The 27 developing countries included on this chart are the only ones where data have been systematically collected at this time. FGM/C is practiced at all educational levels and in all social classes and occurs among many religious groups (Muslims Christians and animists) although no religion mandates it. Prevalence rates vary significantly from country to country (from nearly 98 percent in Somalia to less than 1 percent in Uganda) and even within countries. Since the early 1990s FGM/C has gained recognition as a health and human rights issue among African governments the international community womens organizations and professional associations. Global and national efforts to end FGM/C have supported legislation targeting excisors medical professionals and families who perpetuate the practice but political will and implementation remain an issue. Some of the data that have been collected in recent years give hope to those working toward the abandonment of FGM/C as they reflect lower levels of cutting among girls ages 15 to 19.


Purpose We compared the efficacy and toxicity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery versus standard cisplatin-based chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced squamous cervical cancer. Patients and Methods This was a single-center, phase III, randomized controlled trial ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00193739). Eligible patients were between 18 and 65 years old and had stage IB2, IIA, or IIB squamous cervical cancer. They were randomly assigned, after stratification by stage, to receive either three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin once every 3 weeks followed by radical hysterectomy or standard radiotherapy with concomitant cisplatin once every week for 5 weeks. Patients in the neoadjuvant group received postoperative adjuvant radiation or concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, if indicated. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS), defined as survival without relapse or death related to cancer, and secondary end points included overall survival and toxicity. Results Between September 2003 and February 2015, 635 patients were randomly assigned, of whom 633 (316 patients in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery group and 317 patients in the concomitant chemoradiation group) were included in the final analysis, with a median follow-up time of 58.5 months. The 5-year DFS in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery group was 69.3% compared with 76.7% in the concomitant chemoradiation group (hazard ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.87; P = .038), whereas the corresponding 5-year OS rates were 75.4% and 74.7%, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.025; 95% CI, 0.752 to 1.398; P = .87). The delayed toxicities at 24 months or later after treatment completion in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery group versus the concomitant chemoradiation group were rectal (2.2% v 3.5%, respectively), bladder (1.6% v 3.5%, respectively), and vaginal (12.0% v 25.6%, respectively). Conclusion Cisplatin-based concomitant chemoradiation resulted in superior DFS compared with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery in locally advanced cervical cancer.


This article provides new insights into two of the crucially important cases of representation of source communities in regional museums, at Manchester Museum and Brighton Museum and Art Gallery. Both are reassessed from Ashmore's perspective of an arts practitioner, which has identified that art interventions in museums are as complex as the permanent collections, but are less studied. This article developed out of a practice led doctoral study, which examined arts practice alongside museum practice; and considered the wider political context in the then dominant discourses of cultural diversity. Of the scholars addressing the interaction between government policy and curatorial decision-making (Crooke, 2008; Appleton, 2001) it is Ashmore that focuses on art commissions rather than conventional museum collections. Multiple site surveys formed the basis of this work including: observation; photography; filmmaking; walk through analysis; investigation of museum documentation; and interviews with curators. The relationship not only between curatorial staff and source communities was addressed, but the mediation within that relation by an artist. Ashmore's insight into the display practices in museums was underpinned by exhibiting her own artistic interventions in Hastings Museum & Art Gallery's exhibition Indian Summer (2009). Museum studies and curatorial studies attend to community engagement and redisplays but very rarely focus on the specific issues that surround the meaning of artistic commissions within the context of an ethnographic gallery. Ashmore addresses the fact that this commissioning practice has been posited as a solution without being critiqued. The publication of these findings in the professional journal for Museum Ethnographers means these findings can inform curatorial practice. This research has led Ashmore to convene a panel, 'Exhibiting South Asia, 1901- 2012', at the Design History Society's 2013 conference. Her co-authored paper gives consideration to the influence of global politics on the critique of the representation of India in the UK.


As complex systems, urban stormwater networks (USNs) may reveal emergent features (e.g., scaling) and sudden changes in behavior, which can lead to unanticipated impacts. We explored this through the USN properties of connectivity, heterogeneity, and scaling, which were quantified using outputs from a hydrological model and network dispersion mechanisms. The network properties were determined retrospectively in space and time by reconstructing the contemporary history of urban development and stormwater infrastructure in an arid, urban catchment in the City of Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. We found that the relative importance to USN functioning of both network structure (geomorphology) and dynamics (spatial celerity pattern) changed with the spatial scale, with network geomorphology being more dominant at larger spatial scales. The importance of network geomorphology suggested that the structure of the USN itself could potentially serve as a stormwater control measure, for example, by enhancing flow dispersion. The temporal evolution of the USN revealed a sudden change in the hydrological functioning of the network, which seemed to be a consequence of the combined effects of patchy urban development and changes in network connectivity. The interactions between the urban spatial pattern, stormwater infrastructure, and surface runoff may result in threshold‐like behavior. A spatial multiscale approach to stormwater management may be beneficial to ensure that hydrological benefits at one scale do not cause unintended consequences at another. Overall, the retrospective modeling and network analysis approach used in this study may be useful for understanding emergent urban stormwater impacts.


Current research into the social construction of ignorance holds either that it is produced by conscious strategies or that it is an unintended effect of knowledge production organization. The present article moves beyond that opposition by bringing in the reflexivity of actors implicated in the organized systems that produce ignorance. What happens when those actors become aware of limitations in the routines that structure their action? What change dynamics are triggered by this new awareness? The case analysed here is the French public policy devoted to prevent farmers from pesticides poisoning. By studying the ban of the sodium arsenite in France in 2001, we show how this policy can manage "uncomfortable" knowledges that challenge its ordinary institutional arrangements. We bring to light the mechanisms by which the organizations that produce these uncomfortable knowledges also provide their members with "good reasons" to ignore it, defusing or neutralizing their critical faculties and avoiding undertaking the institutional changes that clearly should be made in response to that knowledge.


The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic around the globe has destabilized academic activities especially as lockdown of all human activities became the only immediate strategy of controlling the spread Globally, the only palliative for continuing educational activities is the introduction of e-learning system which is new to most institutions of learning in Nigeria Observation from Delta State University as a case study indicates that, majority of the students complain of the difficulty in applying the implemented e-learning system hence this study explored the e-learning application, its pros and cons under three objectives The population of the study comprised 370 of library and information science The entire population of 370 respondents was used as the sample size of the study and 230 responses were retrieved online The questionnaire used in the study comprised twenty four (24) items Data generated were analysed using simple percentage The findings revealed that students participate in the e-learning system with the use of the device (phone and not laptop) in the form of text and audio It was also found that difficulty in applying the implemented e-learning system arises as a result of high cost of data subscription, high cost of devices, technologies not user friendly and epileptic or power failure Thus, it was recommended that institutions should subscribe for data and ensure that e-learning system is upgraded for user friendliness


A novel concept for constructing optimized ZnO-based photoanodes as integrative components of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is realized by deploying differently sized nanoparticles, ranging from 2 to 10 nm, together with commercially available 20 nm nanoparticles. The 2 nm nanoparticles were used to construct an efficient buffer layer for transparent electrodes based on 10 nm nanoparticles, resulting in a relative increase of device efficiency from 1.8 to 3.0% for devices without and with a buffer layer, respectively. A mixture of 10 and 20 nm nanoparticles was optimized to maximize the diffuse reflection and to minimize the charge transport resistance in a light-scattering layer. This optimization resulted in a homogenous layer of more than 15 μm that provided a device efficiency of 3.3%. The buffer layer, transparent electrode, and light-scattering electrode, were then combined to give an overall efficiency of around 5%. Thus, this work demonstrates that varying the electrode architecture with nanoparticles of different diameters is a powerful strategy for improving the overall efficiency of ZnO-based DSSCs.


We describe three males (two brothers and a cousin) who have the X linked alpha thalassaemia/mental retardation (ATR-X) syndrome. The diagnosis, originally suspected in the brothers because of similarity in dysmorphic features to previous cases, was confirmed haematologically in the surviving brother. The cousin has less typical dysmorphism and a virtually normal routine blood count, but haemoglobin H inclusions were found in his red blood cells showing that he has the same condition. This report expands the clinical phenotype of the ATR-X syndrome and emphasises that a normal blood count does not exclude the diagnosis.


We extend the backpropagation algorithm of standard diffraction tomography to backpropagation in turbid media. We analyze the behavior of the backpropagation algorithm both for a single-view geometry, as is common in mammography, and for multiple views. The most general form of the algorithm permits arbitrary placement of sources and detectors in the background medium. In addition, we specialize the algorithm for the case of a planar array of detectors, which permits the backpropagation algorithm to be implemented with fast-Fourier-domain noniterative algebraic methods. In this case the algorithm can be used to reconstruct three-dimensional images in a minute or less, depending on the number of views. We demonstrate the theoretical results with computer simulations.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of patient (age, gender, type of and time since diagnosis) and practice (rurality, number of partners, availability of practice nurse) characteristics on secondary cardiac care in general practice in a country without universal registration.

METHODS
Medical and demographic data were gathered from the medical charts of 1611 eligible patients from 35 randomly selected practices. Eligible patients were aged under 80 years with a recorded history of acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous trans coronary arteriogram or angina. Self-report data about diet, exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption were provided from postal questionnaire (1084 patients responded; 69% response rate).

RESULTS
Having an angina only diagnosis significantly decreased the likelihood of patients being prescribed aspirin (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.40-0.69), lipid-lowering medication (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.43-0.69) or ACE inhibitors (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.48-0.81). Younger patients (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.04-1.06) were also more likely to be prescribed lipid-lowering medication. Cholesterol was predicted by gender only, with females having significantly higher cholesterol (B = -0.41; 95% CI = -0.54 to -0.27). The number of missed opportunities for secondary cardiac care was greater among patients with angina only (B = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.19-0.60). The amount of variance explained by practice and patient variables overall for each of the measures was small, ranging from 2 to 6%.

CONCLUSIONS
Practice size or location appears to have little impact on secondary cardiac care. The most consistent significant personal characteristic finding was that patients with a diagnosis of angina only were significantly less likely to receive aspirin, statins or ACE inhibitors and more likely to have more missed opportunities for secondary cardiac care.


This anthology gathers 368 poems by 80 British women poets of the long eighteenth century. Few of these poems have been reprinted since originally published, and all are crucial to understanding fully the literary history of women writers. Paula R. Backscheider and Catherine E. Ingrassia demonstrate the enormous diversity of poetry produced during this time by organizing the poems in three broad and deliberately overlapping categories: by genre, establishing that women wrote in all of the forms that men did with equal mastery and creativity; by theme, offering a revisionary look at the range of topics these writers addressed, including war, ecology, friendship, religion, and the stages of life; and by the poems' more specific focus on the women's experiences as writers. Backscheider and Ingrassia have selected poems that represent the best work of skilled poets, creating a wonderful mix of canonical and little-known pieces. They include the complete texts of longer poems that are abridged or omitted in other collections. Their substantial part introductions, textual notes, bibliographical information, and biographical sketches situate the poets and their writings within the cultural and political milieu in which they appeared. To generate further scholarship on this subject, this essential anthology puts primary texts in front of students, scholars, and general readers. It fills the persistent need to document women's poetic expression during the long eighteenth century and to rewrite the literary history of the period, a history from which women have largely been excluded.


The application of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and Game Centered Approaches (GCA) in team sports initiation generated the need for assessing game performance. In this paper we introduce the Rugby Attack Assessment Instrument (RAAI), a tool to assess the actions of players in attack and their incidence in the generated game situations in rugby. The RAAI focuses the attention on the ball carrier during a 5 vs. 5 situation. The actions of players in possession of the ball are described and codified. A weight is allocated to each simple and combined action in relation to its tactical value. Thus, the codified actions provide a weighted Index of Performance, the team score of the RAAI. Validity and reliability were tested in two different studies. Results suggest that the RAAI is valid and reliable to assess ball carrier's actions and their influence in attacking game situations of novice rugby union players.


This paper is based on an empirical study conducted during 2014 to investigate the service quality of cargo clearing process at the Port of Colombo. Service quality has become a major concern for many service ports in the world due to ever increasing expectations of port customers, the benefits provided by technology advancement in the port sector, and emerging private sector involvement in port activities. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the gap between the expected service quality and the perceived service quality of land side port customers of the Port of Colombo by using the SERVQUAL method. As proposed by the ROPMIS model study, the six maritime service quality dimensions are measured by a total of 19 factors designed by addressing the issues in the process of cargo clearing. Service quality gaps were analysed according to the weighted SERVQUAL scores and descriptive analysing methods with SPSS software. The study reveals that customers are highly dissatisfied with relevance to the quality dimensions of process, outcome and resources followed by management. Therefore the Port managers should focus on improving customer services by changing the current practices adopted by the port while improving physical resources.


This book offers an introduction to market design, providing students with a broad overview of issues related to the design and analysis of market mechanisms. It defines a market as a demand and a supply, without specifying a price system or mechanism. This allows the text to analyze a broad set of situations—including such unconventional markets as college admissions and organ donation—and forces readers to pay attention to details that might otherwise be overlooked. Students often complain that microeconomics is too abstract and disconnected from reality; the study of market design shows how theory can help solve existing, real-life problems. The book focuses on the interplay between theory and applications. To keep the text as accessible as possible, special effort has been made to minimize formal description of the models while emphasizing the intuitive, with detailed explanations and resolution of examples. Appendixes offer general reviews of elements of game theory and mechanism design that are related to the themes explored in the book, presenting the basic concepts with as many explanations and illustrations as possible. The book covers topics including the basics of simple auctions; eBay auctions; Vickrey–Clarke–Groves auctions; keyword auctions, with examples from Google and Facebook; spectrum auctions; financial markets, with discussions of treasury auctions and IPOs; trading on the stock market; the basic matching model; medical match; assignment problems; probabilistic assignments; school choice; course allocation, with examples from Harvard and Wharton; and kidney exchange.


Objectives
This study assesses the relationship between household food insecurity and adiposity, measured as BMI-for-age z-score (BMI-z), overweight/obesity, and waist circumference, as well as dietary intake and diet-related behaviors in US children.

Methods
A total of 5138 US schoolchildren ages 4-15 years from 130 communities in the cross-sectional Healthy Communities Study were included in this analysis. Household food insecurity was self-reported using a validated 2-item screener. Dietary intake was assessed using National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Dietary Screener Questionnaire (DSQ), a 26-item food frequency questionnaire, and dietary behaviors were assessed during a household survey. Data were analyzed using multilevel statistical models, including interaction tests for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.

Results
Food insecure children had a BMI z-score of 0.14 higher (95% CI: 0.06, 0.21) and a waist circumference of 0.91 cm higher (95% CI: 0.18, 1.63) than food secure children. Food insecure children have 1.17 times the odds of being overweight/obesity compared with food secure children (95% CI: 1.02, 1.34). There was no significant interaction by sex or race/ethnicity. Food insecure children consumed more sugar from sugar sweetened beverages (0.36 tsp/day; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.63), and ate breakfast (-0.28 days/week; 95% CI: -0.39, -0.17) and together with family (-0.22 days/week; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.06) less frequently compared to food secure children.

Conclusions
The present study found a significant, positive association between household food insecurity and child adiposity for children ages 10-15 years, as well as for several dietary intake and diet-related behaviors. This research helps disentangle the complex picture of food insecurity as a contributor to childhood obesity and poorer dietary outcomes in diverse populations.

Funding Sources
Research was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health under award number K01HL131630. The authors would also like to acknowledge the Global Food Initiative at the University of California Office of the President for their support of this project.


Brands and branding have come into prominence nowadays and become a must of products and services. This situation lead the need for calculation of brand value. Evaluation of brand value as a financial performance criteria in modern business brings if brand value has an impact on share earning into question. This study aims at presenting whether the brand value of a company affects the share earnings. For this, panel regression was performed considering the brand values and share earnings of companies selected from Brand Finance and Istanbul Stock Exchange. As a result, it was reached that there is a significant and positive relationship between brand value and share earning.


What is "financial innovation," and why should we care about it? This question has become increasingly important in the wake of the recent financial crisis, yet the nature of financial innovation remains poorly understood. Drawing on the "New Institutional Economics" literature, this article contends that financial innovation should be understood first and foremost as a process of change, a change in the type and variety of available financial products to be sure, but also a change in financial intermediaries (such as banks) and in markets, themselves. It argues that this reframing has important policy implications for the economics of regulating the financial innovation process and for understanding the dynamics of modern financial markets in general. As an illustration of these ideas, this article undertakes a critical analysis of a rule that would require banks that deal in over-the-counter derivatives to transfer the management of certain risks associated with these instruments to a highly regulated thirdparty called a centralized clearing party. This rule has been proposed in Europe and was recently adopted in the United States by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. This article argues that this rule is properly viewed as an attempt to regulate the process of financial innovation itself and that, when viewed in this light, the rule is neither as modest nor as obviously superior to the status quo as its adherents claim. Finally, this article sketches two alternatives to this rule that seek to navigate the trade-offs of what the article refers to as the "new" economics of financial regulation.


Post–master's degree research library residency programs have been in place for many years, primarily in ARL libraries. A number of large research libraries have hosted residency programs for several decades. Accounts of residency programs are most often presented from the residents' perspectives or discussed in terms of how participants benefit. Many former residents enthusiastically report on their residency experiences at professional conferences and in various publications. It is clear these earlycareer development opportunities greatly benefit participants. However, the decline in the economy of the past few years has challenged research libraries to assess how residency programs benefit the organization. How do residency programs further the mission and strategic goals of the library? Providing early-career development may not be enough of a rationale to start or continue a residency program when library budgets are being reduced. While a few residency programs are funded with endowments, grants, or other private funds, the majority of residency positions are managed as regular salary lines. These positions can be vulnerable even in good budget cycles, since they are temporary, short-term, and vacant at predictable times. Many pressing administrative needs compete for salary resources whenever a position opens. Continued funding depends on how well organizational benefits are understood and communicated. Residency programs require renewed commitment with each recruitment opportunity. As a former resident myself, as well as a residency program coordinator at the University of Delaware Library and as a consultant to residency programs in other research libraries, I have grown increasingly aware of the organizational benefits of residency programs and the importance RLI 272 23


Nonresponse in panel studies can lead to a substantial loss in data quality due to its potential to introduce bias and distort survey estimates. Recent work investigates the usage of machine learning to predict nonresponse in advance, such that predicted nonresponse propensities can be used to inform the data collection process. However, predicting nonresponse in panel studies requires accounting for the longitudinal data structure in terms of model building, tuning, and evaluation. This study proposes a longitudinal framework for predicting nonresponse with machine learning and multiple panel waves and illustrates its application. With respect to model building, this approach utilizes information from multiple waves by introducing features that aggregate previous (non)response patterns. Concerning model tuning and evaluation, temporal cross-validation is employed by iterating through pairs of panel waves such that the training and test sets move in time. Implementing this approach with data from a German probability-based mixed-mode panel shows that aggregating information over multiple panel waves can be used to build prediction models with competitive and robust performance over all test waves.


NEUROLOGY OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE The Continuum Postreading Self-Assessment and CME Test is an integral part of the issue that is intended to stimulate thought and help participants assess general understanding of the material presented in this issue. The Postreading Self-Assessment and CME Test is also approved by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) to meet the Lifelong Learning (CME), Self-Assessment (SA) (part 2) component for Continuing Certification (CC). For each item, select the single best response. A tally sheet is provided with this issue to allow the option ofmarking answers before entering them online at continpub.com/CME. Nonsubscribers who have purchased single back issues should email email@example.com for instructions to complete this test online.


Although hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus (DM) are recognized as major cardio-metabolic risk factors in primary Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) prevention, studies focusing on secondary ACS incidence are scarce. In the present study, the association between the aforementioned factors and 10-year ACS prognosis was evaluated. From October 2003 to September 2004 2,172 consecutive patients with ACS diagnosis, from 6 Greek hospitals, were enrolled. During 2013-14, the 10-year follow-up was performed in 1,918 participants. Baseline clinical factors were assessed through physical examination, medical records and pharmacological management. All-cause mortality and the development of fatal or non-fatal ACS events were recorded through medical records or hospital registries. Logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the impact of baseline clinical status on the ACS prognosis. The 10-year all cause and ACS mortality rate was 32.6 and 17.8%, respectively. Multi-adjusted analysis highlighted that, after taking into account various potential confounders, DM was the sole clinical factor associated with adverse effect on the 10-year ACS fatal incidence [Odds Ratio (OR)=1.35, 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) 1.01, 1.80, p=0.04]. DM was the only clinical factor that aggravated ACS prognosis, whereas abnormal lipids profile and blood pressure did not seem to determine prognosis. Thus, glycaemic control may play a critical role in the secondary CVD prevention management of ACS patients.


Cost management forms a major discipline in delivering construction projects of different sizes and complexity. Traditional cost management systems are mostly based on principles enacted several decades ago. A notable feature of these traditional cost management systems is that key information required for critical decisions is usually produced too late, and is often too aggregated and configured in a form that is not amenable to the requirements for current project management practice. Other problems associated with traditional cost systems relate to inadequacies in estimating and cost control processes and particularly the lack of integration of cost management across the whole project. The lack of integration means measurements provided by traditional cost systems do not sufficiently align with the goals and objectives set for the project. To address these inherent weaknesses in the current practice of cost management, a number of studies have argued for an integrated alternative that better responds to the information demand and decision making need to be developed. The thesis presents the development of a solution to such an integrated cost management system. The developed solution addresses the gaps of the traditional option by integrating the stages making up the whole life cycle of the project to enable professionals gain an appreciation of the ramifications of any early decisions made. The investigation conducted to support the development of the integrated cost management system and the applied model addresses user requirements and determination of the system boundary conditions for efficacious use by key decision makers. The new cost management system developed achieves a linkage of the planning and control stages into one, with a continuous stream of cost management information in both stages. The integration ensures that cost information is more relevant to the circumstances of the modern project manager Index Terms Construction project, Integrated cost management system, Primavera, Resources I.INTRODUCTION Cost management forms a major discipline in delivering construction projects of different sizes and complexity. A cost control of a construction project is a crucial management task which is a key to success of the business. Traditional cost management systems are mostly based on principles enacted several decades ago. Traditional cost management systems is that key information required for critical decisions is usually produced too late. Problems associated with traditional cost systems relate to inadequacies in estimating and cost control processes and particularly the lack of integration of cost management across the whole project. The lack of integration means measurements provided by traditional cost systems do not sufficiently align with the goals and objectives set for the project. This project presents the development of a solution to such an integrated cost management system. The investigation conducted to support the development of the integrated cost management system and the applied model addresses user requirements and determination of the system boundary conditions for effective use by key decision makers.


INTRODUCTION The scincid lizards of the genus Tribolonotus are generally dull-coloured, armoured, thigmothermic, cryptozoic lizards with several unique features in their morphology and biology. These features include the possession of abdominal glands and volar pores, a vestigial left oviduct, the production of a single egg or young (in all species so far investigated) and an ability to vocalize (in at least one species) otherwise unknown within the family Scincidae. As a result of two recent papers (Zweifel, 1966; Greer & Parker, 1968) the taxonomy of the genus is firmly based, while many aspects of the biology and ecology of various species have been documented. In the course of field work in New Guinea in 1969, as part of Program Β of the 1969 "Alpha Helix" Expedition to New Guinea, I was able to continue earlier observations of Tribolonotus gracilis on Karkar Island. Moreover on Manus Island three specimens of a new species of Tribolonotus were found under piles of rotting coconut husks, a habitat in which Tribolonotus often abound in other parts of New Guinea. I take much pleasure in naming this new species in honour of Dr. L. D. Brongersma for his many valuable contributions to the herpetology of this region. The abbreviations AM and AMNH refer to the Australian Museum and the American Museum of Natural History respectively. Tribolonotus brongersmai spec. nov. Holotype. — AM R30000, an adult male collected by H. G. Cogger, H. C. Dessauer and T. Gobble, circa 9 miles east of Lorengau, Manus Island, Admiralty Group, on August 25th, 1969. Plate 1 is a photograph of the holotype


Cyber security exercises are a very effective way of learning the practical aspects of information security. But designing such exercises is not an easy task and requires the work of several people. This paper presents a number of steps and guidelines that should be followed when designing a new cyber security exercise. The steps include: defining the objectives, choosing an approach, designing network topology, creating a scenario, establishing a set of rules, choosing appropriate metrics and learning lessons. The intended audience of this paper is persons who are in charge with design and organization of a new cyber security exercise and do not have the experience of previous exercises.


Insight, attentiveness, and transformative experience are central in both Buddhism and psychotherapy. An "intimate dialogue" that examines the interplay of emotional and spiritual development through the lens of Zen Buddhism and psychotherapy, this book artfully illuminates the intrinsic connections between the two practices, and demonstrates how these traditions can be complementary in helping to live a truly fulfilled and contented life. As this book deftly explores, integrating the two streams of Zen and psychotherapy can help us to better grasp our conscious and unconscious experiences and more fully develop the fundamental capacities of the self. Bobrow shows how the major themes of trauma, attachment, emotional communication, and emotional regulation play out in the context of Zen and psychotherapeutic practice, and how, in concert, both provide a comprehensive, interactive model of fully functioning human life.


The capacity of the Kurds—a scattered, divided and stateless people—to make headline news never ceases to astonish. Perhaps most sensational were the extraordinary events early in 1999 which accompanied the seizure in Kenya and subsequent extradition to Turkey of Abdullah Ocalan, leader of the Kurdish Workers Party, with its now familiar acronym, the PKK. Ocalan's arrest, and his sentencing to death by a Turkish court in June 1999, are only the most recent in a series of Kurdish-related events that have captured the imagination of the international public. The post-Cold War period alone has witnessed the massacre, by chemical weapons, of Kurdish villagers in Iraq after the Iran–Iraq war (1980–88) and a failed Kurdish uprising and massive refugee crisis after the Gulf War (1991), to be followed by the creation of a Kurdish enclave in northern Iraq. In 1992, far away in Berlin, which saw some particularly ugly scenes at the time of Ocalan's capture, three Iranian Kurdish opposition leaders were murdered. So significant has been the Kurdish imprint on the contemporary International Relations agenda, that some have suggested that the Kurdish issue today can be likened in some respects to that of Palestine.


demands careful quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subsystems functioning processes. One of the main subsystems in the general health care model studied is the manpower system. For the creation of the man-power model, different statistical data are required. Before using these statistical data in modeling it is necessary to investigate some of the socio-economical mechanisms influencing the man-power spatial distribution, and to describe mathematically the processes defining that the state of the system under consideration is dynamic.

This paper is devoted to the mathematical description of one such mechanism and includes a computer program based on the equations used. This investigation may be considered as the first stage in the creation of the corresponding computer model. The development of the centralized type socio-economical systems are defined in general by their well-grounded perspective plans for resource allocation most importantly their man-power allocation. The complexity of human demands makes it necessary to take into account under planning not only the real demands on man-power of the different regions but also the specific regional conditions influencing the migration processes. Lack of consideration of these conditions may lead to large mistakes in planning.


Abstract The Oligocene–Miocene Transition (OMT) was an interval of regional environmental and biotic change on Caribbean reefs. During the late Oligocene, a diverse Tethyan biota contributed to extensive reef building across the region, but by the early Miocene, reef building had declined, and a regional extinction had removed up to 50% of the late Oligocene diversity. The general decline in reef building in the Caribbean has been attributed to changes in regional water quality. New collections of scleractinian reef corals from four different units in the northwestern Falcón Basin of Venezuela include distinct late Oligocene and early Miocene assemblages. The distribution of fossil coral species and reef limestones suggests that the thick carbonates of the San Luis Formation were deposited during the late Oligocene and that changing water quality during the OMT resulted in the demise of San Luis coral-reef ecosystems. Previous studies have noted an increase in surface-water productivity after the OMT in the region and have suggested oceanographic reorganization as the primary cause; this interval, however, also coincides with a switch in the outlet position of an ancestral Orinoco River. A change in the terrestrial geography of South America might have caused the regional decline in reef building by altering surface-water characteristics, just as modern Orinoco and Amazon outflows exert strong control on shallow-water habitats off the coast of northeastern South America.


Methods of increasing the sensitivity of uv and visible spectrophotometric analysis have generally been confined to decreasing the volume of sample solution required. Some workers placed inserts in conventional cuvettes which limit the sample volume just to that occupied by the beam in passing through the cell. Others designed special absorption cells with apertures much less than the cross section area of the beam.


Control of cotton stalk regrowth with herbicides on standing or shredded cotton provides an alternative method for post-harvest destruction of cotton stalks. Field experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 in the Rio Grande Valley of south Texas to assess the effectiveness of different herbicide treatments for cotton regrowth control using remote sensing technology. Eight treatments (combinations of herbicides and application timings) in 2002 and six treatments in 2004 arranged in a randomized complete block were evaluated on shredded cotton plots. Airborne color-infrared (CIR) imagery was acquired from the test plots in both years shortly before the state-mandated date for cotton destruction. Ground reflectance spectra and visual ratings ranging from no live plants to mostly healthy plants were also obtained from each plot. The reflectance spectra showed differences in regrowth among the treatments. The airborne CIR imagery provided limited visual differentiation among the treatments because of the small amount of regrowth. For quantitative analysis, the green, red, and near-infrared bands of the CIR imagery and four vegetation indices derived from the three bands were used as spectral variables to compare the differences among the treatments for each experiment. Statistical analysis showed that the spectral variables were able to identify the differences among the treatments as detected by the ground observations.


Reverse transcriptase (RT), the expression and detection of the enzyme marking the family Retroviridae, has been studied. A new RT activity assay adapted to 96-well microtitre plates is described. It uses a non- radioactive bromodeoxyuridine triphosphate (BrdUTP) substrate in a solid phase format. The assay was highly sensitive. The assay was also used for the measurement of HIV-1 RT activity blocking ab (RTh-ab), where it also demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity. Cross reactivity studies comparing HIV-1 and HIV-2 RTh-ab proved HIV-1 RTb-ab to be highly type specific, while HIV-2 RTh-ab were type specific to a lower extent. RTb-ab determination is a good complement to current HIV ab assays. Furthermore it can be employed to screen for infection in vaccine trials, when vaccines devoid of pol gene products has been used. The assay has also been used by others for studies of antivirals and therapy resistance, and of SIV infection of macaques. The human deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) was also investigated. dCK is involved in DNA synthesis and repair pathways. It is also a key enzyme in phosphorylating several clinically important anti-cancer and anti-viral nucleoside analogs. Stopped-flow experiments were used to monitor intrinsic fluorescence changes induced upon binding of various phosphate donors (ATP, UTP, and the nonhydrolyzable analogue AMP-PNP) and the acceptor dCyd to recombinant dCK. Monophasic kinetics were observed throughout. The nucleotides as well as dCyd seemed to bind to the enzyme by a two-step mechanism, involving a rapid initial equilibrium step, followed by a protein conformational change that is responsible for the fluorescence change. We concluded that ATP and UTP induce a conformational change in the enzyme, thereby enabling efficient phosphoryl transfer. Since UTP has been shown to be the preferred phosphate donor for dCK our studies lead to new information regarding the steps involved in interactions between dCK and its most important ligands. A general model for nucleoside kinase action was suggested. Expression of retrovirus in the form of RT RNA in serum was also studied using the polymerase chain reaction (RNA). Using general retroviral primers we found RNA related to ERV in a serum from a multiple sclerosis patient. Our sequence (LUMS9) was located to chromosome 3q26.1, while the MSRV variant published by a French group was located to 15q2l.3. Thus, at least two loci of HERV-W sequences can be activated to produce extracellular RNA in MS. Finally, we studied the reverse transcriptase enzyme of the HERV-K(HML-2) endogamous retroviral group. Several members of this group are transcriptionally active and encode biologically active proteins. We expressed and cloned amplimers from a broad amplification of betaretroviral endogamous human RT sequences. The resulting RT proteins 4 came from the HML-2 group. Although there were confounding results, some of the cloned proteins had RT and RNAse H acfivity,


Extracting knowledge from the transaction records and the personal data of credit card holders has great profit potential for the banking industry. The challenge is to detect/predict bankrupts and to keep and recruit the profitable customers. However, grouping and targeting credit card customers by traditional data-driven mining often does not directly meet the needs of the banking industry, because data-driven mining automatically generates classification outputs that are imprecise, meaningless, and beyond users' control. In this paper, we provide a novel domain-driven classification method that takes advantage of multiple criteria and multiple constraint-level programming for intelligent credit scoring. The method involves credit scoring to produce a set of customers' scores that allows the classification results actionable and controllable by human interaction during the scoring process. Domain knowledge and experts' experience parameters are built into the criteria and constraint functions of mathematical programming and the human and machine conversation is employed to generate an efficient and precise solution. Experiments based on various data sets validated the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed methods.


A tropical cyclone disaster is one of the most destructive natural hazards on earth and the main cause of death or injury to humans as well as damage or loss of valuable goods or properties, such as buildings, communication systems, agricultural land, economic losses, etc. To mitigate catastrophic phenomenon, a Modern Natural Disaster Management model or MNDM has been formulated and the most important phase in MNDM is the emphasis on the process before the catastrophic phenomenon or preparing tropical cyclone track forecasting, intensity forecasting, and risk area identification. Although Tropical Cyclone (TC) track and intensity forecasting has been steadily improving over the decades but some uncertainties still remain, a part of them is due to an inherent predictability bound that future improvement in the numerical model and most forecasting techniques will not be able to overcome. Moreover, risk area assessment and uncertainty of the major model, which is the most important phase in MNDM is excluded. To address these problems, this paper proposes an integrated short-range tropical cyclone hazardous area forecasting system that includes track, intensity and hazardous area forecasting in the system by using 13 features that are extracted from satellite images with the improvement of the traditional statistical methods. In addition, the model can display a graphic image of the geologically hazardous area by using three classes of intensity impact level i.e., using R34, R50 and R64, which are the radius of the maximum wind speed at each level for bounding area. The performance of the model was satisfactory, the average error from experiment results of R34, R50 and R64 forecasting with unknown tropical cyclone data between years 2013–2015 on Mercator projection map were lower than traditional techniques by 32.31%, 23.72% and 26.18% respectively.


Human health has been affected adversely by air pollution as a serious environmental challenge. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution mainly resulted from human activities (e.g., fuel combustion, heat generation, industrial facilities) causes 4.2 million deaths every year. Moreover, each year, 3.8 million people die from indoor air pollution which means household exposure to smoke from fuels and dirty cook stoves. They are the risks of stroke, heart attack, lung disease, or cancer that resulted from air pollution which assaults our brain, heart, and lungs using its invisible weapons named particulate matter (PM). These inhalable particles are of a nanoscale or microscale size. Upon inhalation, the air with its components enters the human body through the respiratory system. The lungs are the responsible organs for gas exchange with blood. Inhaled particles, such as silica, organic compounds, and metallic dusts, have toxic effects on our pulmonary system. For example, the accumulation of nanoparticles in the kidneys, liver, spleen, and central nervous system through the penetration of the epithelial barriers in the lungs has been observed. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the toxic effects of air particles on the different organs in the human body and to introduce some of the adverse effects of air pollution on human health.