New molecule neutralizes key protein, once thought to be "undruggable," with roles in leukemia and other cancers, James Bradner, MD Scientists have devised an innovative way to disarm a key protein considered to be "undruggable," meaning that all previous efforts to develop a drug against it have failed. Their discovery, published in the November 12 issue of Nature, lays the foundation for a new kind of therapy aimed directly at a critical human protein - one of a few thousand so-called transcription factors - that could someday be used to treat a variety of diseases, especially multiple types of cancer. "There is a pressing need for drugs that target transcription factors, both for use as scientific tools in the laboratory and as therapies in the clinic," said senior author James Bradner, MD, a Harvard chemical biologist and oncologist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and an associate member of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. "Our work brings us a step closer toward that goal for a protein with major roles in cancer, cardiovascular disease and stem cell biology." If human physiology is like a puppet show, then transcription factors pull the puppet strings. They bind to DNA and turn genes on or off, setting in motion genetic cascades that control how normal cells grow and develop. They also help maintain tumor growth, underscoring their importance as cancer drug targets. Yet transcription factors are counted among the most difficult molecules to neutralize with a drug - in fact, no such drugs are currently available. Based on his work as an oncologist, Bradner became deeply interested in a human protein called NOTCH. The gene encoding this protein is often damaged, or mutated, in patients with a form of blood cancer, known as T-ALL or T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Abnormal NOTCH genes found in cancer patients remain in a state of constant activity, switched on all the time, which helps to drive the uncontrolled cell growth that fuels tumors. Similar abnormalities in NOTCH also underlie a variety of other cancers, including lung, ovarian, pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancers. Even with this deep scientific knowledge, drugs against NOTCH - or any other transcription factor - have traditionally been extremely difficult, if not impossible, to develop. Most current drugs take the form of small chemicals (known as "small molecules") or larger-sized proteins, both of which have proven impractical to date for disabling transcription factors. A few years ago, Bradner and his colleagues hatched a different idea about how to tame the runaway NOTCH protein. Looking closely at its structure as well as the structures of its partner proteins, they noticed a key protein-to-protein junction that featured a helical shape. "We figured if we could generate a set of tiny little helices we might be able to find one that would hit the sweet spot and shut down NOTCH function," said Bradner. Creating and testing these helices involved a team of interdisciplinary researchers, including Greg Verdine, Erving Professor of Chemistry at Harvard University and director of the Chemical Biology Initiative at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, as well as scientists at Brigham and Women's Hospital and the Broad Institute's Chemical Biology Program, which is directed by Stuart Schreiber. Verdine invented a drug discovery technology that uses chemical braces or "staples" to hold the shapes of different protein snippets. Without these braces, the snippets (called "peptides") would flop around, losing their three-dimensional structure and thus their biological activity. Importantly, cells can readily absorb stapled peptides, which are significantly smaller than proteins. That means the peptides can get to the right locations inside cells to alter gene regulation. "Stapled peptides promise to significantly expand the range of what's considered 'druggable,'" said Verdine, who is a co-senior author of the study and an associate member of the Broad Institute. "With our discovery, we've declared open season on transcription factors and other intractable drug targets." After designing and testing several synthetic stapled peptides, the research team identified one with remarkable activity. Not only could it bind to the right proteins and reach the right places inside cells, it also showed the desired biological effect: the ability to disrupt NOTCH function. Moreover, experiments in cultured cells as well as in mice proved the peptide's ability to limit the growth of cancer cells fueled exclusively by NOTCH. Interestingly, these effects are also seen at the level of gene activity or "expression." The researchers looked at the expression levels of genes across the genome, in both cells and mice treated with the peptide, and observed markedly reduced expression of genes that are controlled directly and indirectly by NOTCH. These results offer some early insights into how the peptide works at a molecular level. In addition to the potential therapeutic applications to NOTCH-dependent cancers, the Nature study also forms the basis of a general strategy for taking aim at other transcription factors. "A variety of key transcription factors assemble in a manner similar to NOTCH," said first author Raymond Moellering, a graduate student in Harvard University's Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology who works with both Verdine and Bradner. "Our approach could offer a template for targeting many other master regulators in cancer." This work was supported by the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the American Association for Cancer Research, the American Society of Hematology, the Harvard & Dana-Farber Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, the NIH and other funding organizations. About Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (www.dana-farber.org) is a principal teaching affiliate of the Harvard Medical School and is among the leading cancer research and care centers in the United States. It is a founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC), designated a comprehensive cancer center by the National Cancer Institute. It is the top ranked cancer center in New England, according to U.S. News & World Report, and one of the largest recipients among independent hospitals of National Cancer Institute and National Institutes of Health grant funding. About the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard was founded in 2003 to empower this generation of creative scientists to transform medicine with new genome-based knowledge. The Broad Institute seeks to describe all the molecular components of life and their connections; discover the molecular basis of major human diseases; develop effective new approaches to diagnostics and therapeutics; and disseminate discoveries, tools, methods and data openly to the entire scientific community. Founded by MIT, Harvard and its affiliated hospitals, and the visionary Los Angeles philanthropists Eli and Edythe L. Broad, the Broad Institute includes faculty, professional staff and students from throughout the MIT and Harvard biomedical research communities and beyond, with collaborations spanning over a hundred private and public institutions in more than 40 countries worldwide. For further information about the Broad Institute, go towww.broadinstitute.org.


New issues relating to the intersection of design protection and cultural and genetic resource utilization are arising from the confluence of an increased interest in design protection, the sustained allure of exotic cultural expressions, and novel uses of biological and genetic resources in crafting the appearance of articles protected by industrial design rights. As awareness of the many ways in which cultural and genetic resource use and misappropriation can occur is evolving, some developing countries have begun exploring the appropriateness of—and in some cases even instituting—a requirement that a designer disclose the origin of traditional cultural expressions, traditional knowledge, and biological or genetic resources used in creating a design in an industrial design application.
This development has become a focal point in the negotiation of a draft Design Law Treaty (DLT) in the World Intellectual Property Organization Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks, Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications. The DLT is expected to make it easier to obtain design protection globally by limiting domestic design registration requirements. Currently, a controversy exists over an African Group proposal to allow policy space in the draft DLT for countries to be able to require design applicants to disclose the origin of traditional cultural expressions, traditional knowledge, and biological or genetic resources used in creating protectable designs.
The African Group proposal is optional—not mandatory—for countries to adopt. At a minimum, parties to the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization's Swakopmund Protocol will need such policy space to comply with obligations embedded in that agreement. The need for domestic and international policy coherence and mutual supportiveness in relation to cultural and genetic resource protection issues is also likely to lead additional countries to desire such flexibility in the future as technology expands the ways these resources can be used and monetized in industrial design regimes.
This Article focuses on that controversy. It highlights possible justifications countries may have for desiring the flexibility to impose disclosure requirements on design protection applicants and explores broader ramifications of the dispute for policy coherence and mutual supportiveness goals in relation to protecting cultural and genetic resources.


American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines for children with Down syndrome (DS) include assessment for celiac disease (CD), although data to support this recommendation have been inconsistent. We determined the incidence of CD among children with DS in a population-based birth cohort of children born from 1976 to 2000 in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Individuals with karyotype-confirmed DS and CD (using diagnosis codes, positive serology, and duodenal biopsies) were identified. The incidence of CD in DS was compared with the published incidence of CD for Olmsted County residents (17.4 [95% confidence interval = 15.2-19.6] per 100 000 person-years). Among 45 individuals with DS from the birth cohort, 3 (6.7%) were identified with positive celiac serology and confirmatory biopsies at ages 9, 12, and 23 years, for an incidence of 325 per 100 000 person-years. Thus, individuals with DS have more than 18 times the incidence rate of CD compared with the general population, supporting the AAP guidelines.


Intravenous delivery of nanoparticles containing combinations of small interfering RNAs that target RAS signaling networks reduces tumor growth in mice. Disrupting the signaling pathways on which cancer cells rely for proliferation and survival can reduce the growth and spread of tumors. However, targeting a single pathway component often leads to only a temporary reduction in tumor growth due to the development of resistance. Combinatorial treatment has emerged as an effective strategy for reducing the emergence of drug resistance. Members of the RAS family of small GTPases, such as KRAS, activate a kinase cascade consisting of RAF, MEK, and ERK, and dysregulated RAS activity is associated with many types of cancer. Yuan et al. reported that nanoparticles containing relatively low doses of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting KRAS or its downstream effectors reduced tumor growth in a KRAS-driven colorectal cancer xenograft model. Low doses (as little as 0.5 nmol/L) of siRNAs targeting KRAS specifically reduced the abundance of KRAS without detectable off-target effects when transfected into cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts and cultured osteosarcoma cells. Knocking down KRAS alone or knocking down all three RAF isoforms (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) simultaneously, but not individually, in KRAS-driven cultured colorectal cancer cells reduced cell viability, stimulated apoptosis, and decreased the abundance of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) with similar effectiveness. Intravenous delivery of a nanoparticle-packaged siRNA targeting KRAS inhibited the growth of KRAS-driven colorectal xenografts; the tumors regressed during the first week of treatment and thereafter grew more slowly than in the untreated animals. Tumors resected from treated mice had reduced abundance of KRAS, pERK, and pCRAF, and increased abundance of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. Treating mice with nanoparticles containing siRNAs targeting all three RAF isoforms also inhibited tumor growth. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) can be activated both RAS-dependently and RAS-independently and is required for the survival of many types of tumors. Treating mice harboring KRAS-driven colorectal cancer xenografts with nanoparticles containing siRNAs that target both KRAS and a catalytic subunit of PI3K inhibited tumor growth better than KRAS-siRNA treatment alone. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that transfecting cocktails containing as many as seven different siRNAs effectively reduced the abundance of the seven target proteins, implying the possibility of designing treatment strategies targeting different combinations of proteins for different types of tumors. T. L. Yuan, C. Fellmann, C.-S. Lee, C. D. Ritchie, V. Thapar, L. C. Lee, D. J. Hsu, D. Grace, J. O. Carver, J. Zuber, J. Luo, F. McCormick, S. W. Lowe, Development of siRNA payloads to target KRAS-mutant cancer. Cancer Discov. 4, 1182–1197 (2014). [PubMed]


Abstract In the construction in China, a way is needed to prevent the steel bars in reinforced concrete from rusting. The anti-corrosion of steel bars in reinforced concrete has become an issue that needs to be resolved urgently. Adding anti-corrosion agents into the concrete has become a simple and effective means. In this paper, we have introduced how anti-corrosion agents for steel bars can be used in projects and introduced the usage, amount and indicators etc as well.


Solar cooling systems have gained increased attention these last years, for their potential to lower indoor temperatures using renewable energy. However, architectural integration of these systems in buildings has not been fully explored. Current developments such as small scale solar driven heat pumps and solar cooling kits commercially available for application raise questions about how to successfully integrate these systems into buildings, while present interesting opportunities for the development of new performance based facade components or even self-sustaining cooling facade modules for high-performing commercial buildings. So, what are the conceptual issues and state-of-the-art components and systems to consider for solar cooling facade integration?
This chapter discusses current possibilities for facade integration of solar cooling systems, generating a framework for the understanding and further development of solar cooling facade systems. The proposed framework was made by means of a review of solar cooling technologies and solar cooling facade concepts reported by several researchers. The outcomes of the chapter are a matrix outlining the possibilities for the integration of several components and subsystems from the entire cooling process (cooling generation, distribution and delivery), and an early assessment of the development level of state-of-the-art experiences within the field considering examples from current research projects and working prototypes, for the development of solar cooling integrated facade concepts.


We conduct an experimental study among European citizens regarding cross-cultural perceptions related to trust in two dimensions: volunteerism and honesty. We use representative samples from five major economies of the Euro area: France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. We find that European citizens rely on nationality to infer behavior. Assessments of behavior show a north/south pattern in which participants from northern countries are perceived to be more honest and to provide more effort in a volunteering game than are participants from southern countries. Actual behavior is, however, not always in line with these assessments. Assessments of honesty show strong evidence of social projection: Participants expect other European citizens to be less honest if they are culturally closer to themselves. Assessments of volunteerism instead show a similar north/south-pattern in which both northern and southern Europeans expect higher performance of northerners than they do of southerners.


In February 2008, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Rowan Williams, delivered a public lecture in which he stated that it 'seem[ed] unavoidable' that certain aspects of Islamic law (Shari'a) would be recognized and incorporated into British law. The comments provoked outrage from sections of the public who viewed any recognition of Shari'a law in Britain with alarm. In July 2008 Lord Phillips, Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, weighed into the fray. He praised the Archbishop's speech and gave qualified support for Shari'a principles to govern certain family and civil disputes.This chapter is the introduction to a collection of essays written by distinguished and prominent scholars addressing the question of the accommodation of Shari'a within the legal systems of the liberal-democratic West. The matters raised in the two 2008 lectures provide a springboard for discussion, criticism, and debate on both the specific question of religious/cultural accommodation by the law and the wider issues of multiculturalism, equality before the law, and the desirability of parallel jurisdictions for particular faith communities.Leading scholars from a range of countries and academic disciplines, and representing different political viewpoints and faith traditions, explore the complex issues surrounding the legal recognition of religious faith in a multicultural society.The volume aims to stimulate further thought on a complex issue, and to open up new pathways for policymakers and civil society institutions grappling with the relationship between Shari'a and Western legal institutions.


The ∼500 Myr A2IV star HR 1645 has one of the most significant low-amplitude accelerations of nearby early-type stars measured from a comparison of the Hipparcos and Gaia astrometric catalogs. This signal is consistent with either a stellar companion with a moderate mass ratio (q ∼ 0.5) on a short period (P < 1 yr), or a substellar companion at a separation wide enough to be resolved with ground-based high-contrast imaging instruments; long-period equal-mass ratio stellar companions that are also consistent with the measured acceleration are excluded with previous imaging observations. The small but significant amplitude of the acceleration made HR 1645 a promising candidate for targeted searches for brown dwarf and planetary-mass companions around nearby, young stars. In this paper we explore the origin of the astrometric acceleration by modeling the signal induced by a wide-orbit M8 companion discovered with the Gemini Planet Imager, as well as the effects of an inner short-period spectroscopic companion discovered a century ago but not since followed up. We present the first constraints on the orbit of the inner companion, and demonstrate that it is a plausible cause of the astrometric acceleration. This result demonstrates the importance of vetting of targets with measured astrometric acceleration for short-period stellar companions prior to conducting targeted direct imaging surveys for wide-orbit substellar companions.


Early 17th-century English lute song represents a perfect fusion of words and music, simultaneously conceived by poets and composers with a deep instinctive understanding of each other's business. This is a critical commonplace with heavy implications for performers. To avoid distracting attention away from the words, musical settings were kept as simple as possible. To facilitate simple strophic setting the poets made sure that each stanza of a multi-stanza poem followed the same metrical scheme, and they naturally assumed that composers would follow it too. The Golden Age achievement relied on collective self-restraint (not too much self-expression or 'interpretation' therefore); and when Henry Lawes and other cavalier composers of masque songs and masque-inspired opera abandoned that restraint the Golden Age was over. Henry Purcell had to start again from scratch. Little of this turns out to be true. 'A mangled chime' looks again at the relationship between words and music in 17th-century England, suggesting a more complicated system of interplay between the two. Compositional technique was a mystery to most lyricists even at the height of the Golden Age, and as the century unfolded they found words matching the formal ambitions of contemporary theatre composers harder and harder to write. By 1680–90 (the decade of Venus and Adonis and Dido and Aeneas) the result was a peculiarly English approach to word-setting in which musical sound, though it echoed poetical sense, frequently obliterated poetic structure; a theory of English opera thoroughly confused in its aesthetic aims; and (in consequence) an uncoordinated response to opera seria when the Italian invasion began soon afterwards. Because Golden Age reserve inhibited frank negotiation between composers and poets it masked the composers' textual needs in dramatic rather than lyrical situations and it led—via hugely resourceful but non-confrontational Lawes—to the overthrow of native English opera a century later


Most modes of human-mediated dispersal of invasive species are directional and vector-based. Classical spatial spread models usually depend on probabilistic dispersal kernels that emphasize distance over direction and have limited ability to depict rare but influential long-distance dispersal events. These aspects are problematic if such models are used to estimate invasion risk. Alternatively, a geographic network model may be better at estimating the typically low likelihoods associated with human-mediated dispersal events, but it should also provide a reasonable account of uncertainties that could affect perception of its risk estimates. We developed a network model that assesses the likelihood of dispersal of invasive forest pests in camper-transported firewood in North America. We built the model using data from the U.S. National Recreation Reservation Service, which document visitor travel between populated places and federal campgrounds across the U.S. and Canada. The study area is depicted as a set of coarse-resolution map units. Based on repeated simulations, the model estimates the probability that each unit is a possible origin and destination for firewood-facilitated forest pest invasions. We generated output maps that summarize, for each U.S. state and Canadian province, where (outside the state or province) a camper-transported forest pest likely originated. Treating these output maps as a set of baseline scenarios, we explored the sensitivity of these "origin risk" estimates to additive and multiplicative errors in the probabilities of pest transmission between locations, as well as random changes in the structure of the underlying travel network. We found the patterns of change in the origin risk estimates due to these alterations to be consistent across all states and provinces. This indicates that the network model behaves predictably in the presence of uncertainties, allowing future work to focus on closing knowledge gaps or more sophisticated treatments of the impact of uncertainty on model outputs.


Concern with learning throughout life has become pervasive in market-driven societies. Will most workers need to become more continuous learners in a new knowledge-based economy or will much of their learning be ignored or devalued in relation to their work? These papers critically assess dominant views of learning and work. The book is unique in examining changing relations between learning and work in terms of unpaid work and informal learning as well as paid employment and formal education. The book is organized in terms of five basic themes. GENERAL PERSPECTIVES assesses learning and work relations in the "new economy" in terms of different concepts of learning and work and contending theories of education-employment relations. SOCIAL JUSTICE looks at uneven dislocating effects of globalization on gender discrimination in information technology work, working conditions in the public sector, student transitions to work, and disability in work and learning. PRECARIOUS EMPLOYMENT analyzes the general working conditions and learning constraints of temporary, part-time workers, with a particular focus on call centre and garment workers. APPRENTICESHIPS offers an international review of the nature and future trajectory of apprenticeship systems and a case study of the challenges of a high school trades preparation program. MULTIPLE LITERACIES identifies needed abilities including coping with diverse cultures, languages and environmental change, as well as use of information technologies.The material in this volume emerges from the conference on "The Future of Lifelong Learning and Work" held at the University of Toronto in June, 2005. This conference was one of the culminating efforts of the Work and Lifelong Learning international research network based in Canada. The contributions were produced by members of this network as well as associates of the Centre for the Study of Education and Work at OISE/UT, and are complemented by the work of selected, leading international voices in the field of learning and work.


On June 22, 2012, in Eaton v. Federal National Mortgage Association, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts upheld a trial court ruling and held that an entity must hold both note and mortgage in order to foreclose properly. Because this represented a significant shift in Massachusetts foreclosure law, the court applied its ruling only prospectively. To support its holding, the court relied on common law and statutory justifications. In so doing, the court did not address pertinent sections of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) that could have led to the same outcome. This Comment argues that examining the UCC in the context of mortgage and foreclosure cases could lend clarity to an outmoded and inconsistent area of the law.


This paper studies two questions on the role of networked sources of knowledge influential to product innovation. First, what is the extent of technology transferred through vertical linkages and public–private alliances, including university–industry linkages, in the phase of product improvement and development? Second, what types of knowledge are transferred from external technology sources? In a sample of ASEAN firms' self-reported partner data restricted to automotive-related industries, we found that direct linkages with multinational corporation (MNC) customers in foreign countries resulted in a lower propensity of product innovation. Indeed, incoming knowledge from MNC customers relating to the management of quality of existing products especially explained the lower propensity of product innovation. We also found that production linkages with MNC suppliers in foreign countries resulted in a higher propensity of product innovation. Incoming knowledge from MNC suppliers about quality controls explained a lower propensity of product innovation. These findings empirically indicate that networked sources of knowledge have a significant influence trade-off between maintaining existing operations and developing new products. The impacts of public–private alliances on innovation are sizable compared with the impacts of vertical linkages. Public–private alliances and vertical linkages offer knowledge with different effects on product innovation.


The US government's proposed $5 billion Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) could provide upwards of $250-$300m or more per year per country in new development assistance to a small number of poor countries judged to have relatively "good" policies and institutions. Could this assistance be too much of a good thing and strain the absorptive capacity of recipient countries to use the funds effectively? Empirical evidence from the past 40 years of development assistance suggests that in most potential MCA countries, the sheer quantity of MCA money is unlikely to overwhelm the ability of recipients to use it well, if the funds are delivered effectively. There may be a small number of potential recipients—mostly very small economies already receiving substantial amounts of aid—in which MCA money might be so bountiful as to surpass recipient governments' absorptive capacity. Strong monitoring and evaluation is the key to detecting and correcting possible absorptive capacity problems, rather than ad-hoc rules limiting the amount of assistance. Where problems do arise, funds should be re-allocated to other activities within the country or to other MCA countries, or the list of countries qualifying for the MCA could be expanded slightly to include a small number of additional countries that may be able to use the funds effectively. We also explore the length of time that the USG should be prepared to continue to fund MCA countries, and how recipients might exit from MCA funding over time. We look back at two dozen 'good policy' countries that previously were very poor but have grown and developed after receiving large amounts of aid—one might call them the ideal MCA candidates of the 1970s. Their experience suggests that (1) unlike some other countries, they used aid well, and (2) these "best case scenarios" required stable and moderately sizeable aid commitments lasting decades. This experience suggests that even the best performing of the MCA countries are likely to require significant assistance for many years. The idea of a brief, big-bang "Marshall Plan" for developing countries in which the MCA provides a large amount of funding for a short period of time in hopes of igniting rapid development is probably wishful thinking.


Tiny Timber is a very lightweight, real-time kernel for small, event-driven embedded systems. It implements reactive objects as a way of structuring embedded software. These objects are components that react to incoming events by updating their internal state and issuing an outgoing event. Implementing a control system based on reactive objects enhances the reactivity of the system and it helps to optimize the energy consumption, as the system goes to sleep mode when there is nothing to react to. It is also a programming technique that facilitates the organization of the program. In this project, we develop a device driver for radio communication with a Tiny Timber interface. This is an extension to the Platform for Intelligent Embedded (PIE) system which is a robot assembled and used at the IDE department of Halmstad University as a platform for developing new applications as well as for educational purposes in the area of embedded and intelligent systems. The interface is programmed in C and consists of a collection of device drivers for different components of PIE in the form of reactive objects.


We present a system which includes an underactuated anthropomorphic hand and control algorithms for autonomous grasping of everyday objects. The system comprises a control framework for hybrid force/position control in simulation and reality, a grasp simulator, and an under-actuated robot hand equipped with tactile sensors. We start by presenting the robot hand, the simulation environment and the control framework that enable dynamic simulation of an under-actuated robot hand. We continue by presenting simulation results and also discuss and exemplify the use of simulation in relation to autonomous grasping. Finally, we use the very same controller in real world grasping experiments to validate the simulations and to exemplify system capabilities and limitations.


Cooperative localization of mobile sensor networks is a fundamental problem which becomes challenging for anchorless networks where there is no pre-existing infrastructure to rely on. Two cooperative mobile network tracking algorithms based on novel dynamic multidimensional scaling (MDS) ideas are proposed. The algorithms are also extended to operate in partially connected networks. Compared with recently proposed algorithms based on the extended and unscented Kalman filter (EKF and UKF), the proposed algorithms have a considerably lower computational complexity. Furthermore, model-independence, scalability, as well as an acceptable accuracy make our proposed algorithms a good choice for practical mobile network tracking.


The Web 2.0 trend has placed a renewed emphasis on interoperability and cooperation between systems and people. The digital libraries community is familiar with interoperability through technologies like OAI-PMH, but is disconnected from the general Web 2.0 community. This disconnect prevents the digital library from taking advantage of the rich network of data, services and interfaces offered by that community. This paper presents a case study of a collection within the Texas A&M Repository that was improved by adopting the principles of cooperation embodied by the term Web 2.0.


There is a significant body of work devoted to testing, verifying, and certifying the correctness of optimizing compilers. The focus of such work is to determine if source code and optimized code have the same functional semantics. In this paper, we introduce the correctness-security gap, which arises when a compiler optimization preserves the functionality of but violates a security guarantee made by source code. We show with concrete code examples that several standard optimizations, which have been formally proved correct, in-habit this correctness-security gap. We analyze this gap and conclude that it arises due to techniques that model the state of the program but not the state of the underlying machine. We propose a broad research programme whose goal is to identify, understand, and mitigate the impact of security errors introduced by compiler optimizations. Our proposal includes research in testing, program analysis, theorem proving, and the development of new, accurate machine models for reasoning about the impact of compiler optimizations on security.


This paper critically examines the issue of 'inherited corporate social responsibility' in the gold mining
industry, focusing specifically on the case of sub-Saharan Africa, a region plagued with excessive
corruption, rampant poverty and weak governance. Whilst there appears to be little incentive to
proactively engage with communities and implement cutting-edge environmental policies in the region,
mine managers argue otherwise, highlighting a number of reasons for embracing corporate social
responsibility (CSR). After briefly reviewing the philosophical underpinnings of CSR, the paper provides
an in-depth analysis of these arguments, in the process, underscoring how tenuous the case for CSR in
the extractive industries, and gold mining more specifically, is in the context of sub-Saharan Africa.
Following a change in ownership, new management faces few pressures to embrace CSR in its entirety
and therefore, more often than not, finds itself in a position to implement programs and policies of its
choice. More research is needed that further popularizes the issue of 'inherited CSR' in the gold mining
sector and extractive industries more generally.


Legal and policy debates about privacy revolve around conflicts between privacy and other goods. But privacy also conflicts with itself. Whenever securing privacy on one margin compromises privacy on another margin, a "privacy-privacy tradeoff" arises.This Essay introduces the phenomenon of privacy-privacy tradeoffs, with particular attention to their role in National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance. After explaining why these tradeoffs are pervasive in modern society and developing a typology, the Essay shows that many of the arguments made by the NSA's defenders appeal not only to a national security need but also to a privacy-privacy tradeoff. An appreciation of these tradeoffs, the Essay contends, illuminates the structure and the stakes of debates over surveillance law specifically and privacy policy generally.


This paper examines causal relationships between economic globalization, the three indices for product diversification of exports (Theil index, intensive margin and extensive margin) and economic growth in the unbalanced panel data framework in 139 countries over the period 1970–2010. We also consider the subgroup of the countries related to the income levels and run the panel Granger non-causality tests for heterogeneous panels. The empirical results indicate that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between economic globalization and economic growth. There is also a significant causal relationship that runs from all three indices for the diversification of exports to economic growth. After implementing various robustness checks, we observe that diversification of exports and economic globalization are positively related with economic growth merely in the upper middle economies.


We use new structural and apatite fission-track data together with apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He data from literature to examine the tectonic evolution of the continental Upper Valdarno Basin, in the hinterland sector of the Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt. This basin is located in-between two structural ridges, the Chianti Mountains to the southwest and the Pratomagno to the northeast. In our interpretation, the Upper Valdarno Basin developed at ca. 3.4-3.3 Ma as pop-down synformal-shaped depression bounded and controlled by oppositely-verging thrust-related structures, namely the thrust system lifting the Chianti Mountains and the southwest-facing backfolds at the base of the Pratomagno. This evolution is compatible with the accelerated exhumation rates at 4-5 Ma documented through apatite fission-track data along both the Pratomagno and Chianti ridges. Shortening suffered by basin deposits is clearly manifested by the outcrop-scale reverse faults and thrust-related folds affecting the Late Pliocene sediments (Castelnuovo dei Sabbioni Synthem), which are well exposed in the Santa Barbara mine. These strongly folded deposits are overlain unconformable by Early Pleistocene sediments (Montevarchi Synthem), which display evidence for syn-depositional normal faulting. This suggests that the Upper Valdarno Basin experienced a phase of normal faulting that started at the base of Pleistocene (ca. 2.6-2.5 Ma) and likely produced the large southwest-dipping "Trappola Fault", which affects the southwestern margin of the Pratomagno displacing the earlier backthrusts and backfolds. Basin evolution can be thus basically framed into a two-phase history, with extensional tectonics superposed onto compressional structures that were deactivated by ca. 2.7 Ma. Being the Chianti Mountains part of the 250 km-long regional line of thrusts and thrust-related folds (the so-called "Tuscan Nappe front"), the results of this study may also involve regional implications, as they would also hint for the tectonic history of other sectors and basins settled along-strike this regional element.


The crankshaft is a complex component, and as such, the influence of its geometric parameters on stresses seen under service loads is not well understood. The objectives of this work are to investigate the effects of a wide range of geometric parameters on stresses in overlapped crankshafts, to find correlation between results and to formulate simple methods of predicting peak stress levels: It is intended to achieve this by use of the Finite Element (FE) and Boundary Element (BE) methods.

Individual crankthrows are loaded under the important load cases of bending and torsion. Stress concentration factors are determined by normalising peak stresses with respect to the nominal stress occurring in the most appropriate section in the neck between the fillets. Analyses are carried out in 2D and 3D, making use of symmetry as far as possible.

Many of the governing dimensions of the crankthrow are included in the analyses; crankpin and journal diameters, crankpin and journal overlap, and web thickness. Variations in SCF are plotted over a wide range for each of these parameters. Additionally, features such as fillet size and shape, bore-holes, dimples, cut-back webs and oil holes are investigated. It is found that the effects on stress of individual parameter changes can be superimposed to accurately predict the effect of combining various parameter changes in one model.

The crankpin and journal fillet radii and the length of the minimum section between the fillets are shown to be the critical parameters in determining the peak stress levels in the crankshaft. SCFs obtained from the range of analyses performed show good agreement with the classical theory of SCFs in notched bars.

Bore-holes and dimples are found to offer significant benefits in terms of peak stress reduction, in addition to their common usage of reducing the out of balance crankpin mass.

The FE and BE methods give accurate results for stress analysis of crankshafts and offer several advantages over traditional experimental techniques; they are ideally suited to parametric analyses, can be carried out relatively quickly, results are repeatable because boundary conditions can be exactly defined, and the cost of analysis is significantly reduced.


The article is based on a fieldwork in Villenois, a suburb near Paris. We conducted research on the candidates at the last local elections and we focused on the people who entered local political life during these elections. Ethnic "diversity" played an important role in these elections. We underline the relationship between the renewal of the lists and the evolutions in population and we study the social background of the people considered as representatives of the "diversity" of the population. According to the Socialist mayor, the main criterion was civic and local commitment; in fact he chose people with high professional positions or high levels of education. The composition of the independent list that appeared during these elections suggests on the contrary the marginalization of other minority representatives whose political ambitions have been considered as illegitimate. Paying attention to all the lists in competition allows us to highlight both the opening and the closing process of the local political game.


Purpose of review Nutritional issues have received little attention in geriatric psychiatry research. This review focuses on literature published in 2003 and 2004 on nutritional factors in mental illness in the elderly and proposes directions for future research. Recent findings There has been more research on the role of micronutrients in psychiatric disorders of older adults but studies examining nutritional state in this population are lacking. The former research suggests associations between low folic acid/vitamin B12 status and depression in older adults whereas evidence for other micronutrients is still tentative. In the latter work, there is only one study that examines malnutrition in psychogeriatric patients despite the availability of well-validated screening tools for assessing nutritional state in the elderly and the known impact of undernutrition in ageing and the development of frailty. The role of obesity in ageing is also relevant especially as more people with schizophrenia live longer, although the current evidence in the non-mentally ill elderly suggests that being overweight may have protective effects in the elderly. Summary Malnutrition is likely to have considerable impact on the mental and physical state of the elderly.


Water security has emerged in the 21st century as a powerful construct to frame the water objectives and goals of human society and to support and guide local to global water policy and management. Water security can be described as the fundamental societal goal of water policy and management. This article reviews the concept of water security, explaining the differences between water security and other approaches used to conceptualize the water-related challenges facing society and ecosystems and describing some of the actions needed to achieve water security. Achieving water security requires addressing two fundamental challenges at all scales: enhancing water's productive contributions to human and ecosystems' well-being, livelihoods and development, and minimizing water's destructive impacts on societies, economies, and ecosystems resulting, for example, from too much (flood), too little (drought) or poor quality (polluted) water.


The foraging ecology of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis rearing chicks was examined at the Crozet Islands in the Southern Ocean, based on satellite tracking, diet and provisioning studies. White-chinned petrels from the Crozet Islands exploit a wide variety of marine environments ranging from sub-tropical waters to the limit of pack-ice at the edge of the Antarctic continent. This capability was made possible by the use of a 2-fold strategy whereby adults exploit alternatively distant oceanic waters and neritic slope waters in the vicinity of the breeding grounds. On average the birds conducted a long foraging trip followed by 2.2 short trips. During trips of long duration over oceanic waters, birds tended to commute mainly to cold, deep Antarctic waters where most foraging activity took place. They commuted from and returned to Crozet at high speeds (mean 31 and 34 km h -1 respectively) with a mean foraging range of 1868 km (maximum 2421 km). In Antarctic waters, the white-chinned petrel appears to feed mainly on pelagic fishes and on Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and concentrates its efforts in waters with sea-surface temperatures of 2°C. During short trips the birds commuted to the Crozet shelf break, where they fed mainly on fish. Diet samples delivered to chicks after short trips indicate that adults relied at least in part on food made available by longliners as baits and discards. Despite its small size compared to albatrosses, the white-chinned petrel from Crozet appears to be a particularly wide-ranging species and an opportunistic feeder in terms of the marine environment exploited, which explains its wide distribution in the Southern Ocean. This study highlights the particular importance of Antarctic waters for this sub-Antarctic species during the chick-rearing period, i.e. in summer when the retreat of the pack-ice makes abundant resources such as Antarctic krill available.


The present book "Poland – History, Culture and Society. Selected Readings" is the third edition of a collection of academic texts written with the intention to accompany the module by providing incoming students with teaching materials that will assist them in their studies of the course module and encourage further search for relevant information and data. The papers collected in the book have been authored by academic teachers from the University of Łodź, specialists in such fields as history, geography, literature, sociology, ethnology, cultural studies, and political science. Each author presents one chapter related to a topic included in the module or extending its contents. The book contains the extensive bibliography.


The new mineral struvite-(K) is the natural potassium equivalent to struvite NH4MgPO4·6H2O. It was discovered independently at two different localities: (1) at the famous sulphosalt locality Lengenbach in Binntal, Switzerland, where it occurs in a dolomitic rock of Triassic age, in close association with various Pb-As-sulphosalts (mainly rathite). It forms extremely fine needles reaching up to a maximum length of about 0.3 mm. The needles are elongated along the crystallographic a -axis, they are completely colourless and transparent. The acicular crystals are generally well developed, and several forms such as {0 0 1}, {0 1 0}, {1 0 1}, {0 1 2}, {1 1 0}, {1 1 1}, {0 1 2} could be identified by optical goniometry. Single-crystal study showed the mineral to be orthorhombic, with space group Pmn 21 (from analogy to struvite), a = 6.903(3), b = 6.174(2), c = 11.146(3) A, V = 475.0(2) A3 (refined from powder data). Qualitative chemical data derived from EDS analyses on an SEM gave major K, Mg, P, and traces of Sb, Fe, and Cu. Attempts to prepare samples for quantitative EMP analyses failed, therefore a structure determination (using a Bruker AXS three-circle diffractometer) and a refinement of K versus NH4 were carried out which prove that the mineral represents the pure K end-member. Optically, the mineral is biaxial positive, with 2 V Z = large, α = 1.490(2), β = 1.493(2) (for 589 nm), γ could not be measured, the optic axes plane (OAP) is perpendicular to the needle axis, therefore β parallels the crystallographic a -axis. At the Lengenbach occurrence, struvite-(K) is a product of the latest stage of hydrothermal activity to supergene alteration.

A second occurrence (2) is Rossblei, Schladminger Tauern, Styria, Austria, an abandoned galena mine. The host rock of the Pb-mineralisation is a sericite-schist belonging to the polymetamorphic basis of the Schladminger Tauern. The mineral occurs as pseudomorphosed aggregates of dirty white colour reaching up to several millimetres . The aggregates represent close intergrowths of fine-grained struvite-(K) and newberyite Mg(PO3OH)·7H2O. Cell parameters refined from the powder data, after deduction of newberyite lines, are a =6.878(1), b =6.161(1), c =11.100(1) A, V =470.41(9) A3. No additional physical, optical, morphological data could be derived due to the close intergrowth of the two minerals. Struvite-(K) from Schladming obviously represents a recent alteration product.


Intra-process memory isolation can improve security by enforcing least-privilege at a finer granularity than traditional operating system controls without the context-switch overhead associated with inter-process communication. A single process can be divided into separate components such that memory belonging to one component can only be accessed by the code of that component. Because the process has traditionally been a fundamental security boundary, assigning different levels of trust to components within a process is a fundamental change in secure systems design. However, so far there has been little research on the challenges of securely implementing intra-process isolation on top of existing operating system abstractions. We identify that despite providing strong intra-process memory isolation, existing, general purpose approaches neglect the ways in which the OS makes memory and other intra-process resources accessible through system objects. Using two recently-proposed memory isolation systems, we show that such designs are vulnerable to generic attacks that bypass memory isolation These attacks use the kernel as a confused deputy, taking advantage of existing intended kernel functionality that is agnostic of intra-process isolation. We argue that the root cause stems from a fundamentally different security model between kernel abstractions and user-level, intra-process memory isolation. Finally, we discuss potential mitigations and show that the performance cost of extending a ptrace-based sandbox to prevent the new attacks is high, highlighting the need for more efficient system call interception.


Abstract In total, 20 fanrays, Platyrhina sinensis (Rajiformes: Rhinobatidae), collected from the Taiwan Strait, were examined. A new phyllobothriid genus and species (Tetraphyllidea: Phyllobothriidae) was found and described. Biotobothrium platyrhina n. gen., n. sp. is assigned to the Rhinebothriinae Euzet, 1953, because it possesses 4 stalked bothridia that are each divided by septa into numerous small facial loculi but that lack apical suckers. The new genus and species is clearly different from any other in Rhinebothriinae in that each bothridium bears 2 sets of 5 small facial loculi, with 1 set located at each of the distal ends of the bothridium, rather than facial loculi throughout the entire distal surface of the bothridium, as is seen in all other genera in the subfamily. This character has not been previously reported for members of Rhinebothriinae. In addition, the testicular arrangement in the anterior quarter of the proglottid is unique. The posterior range of the vas deferens almost reaches the ovarian bridge, and the morphology of the cirrus sac and several other morphological characters are at variance with presently described species in the subfamily.


Advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) remains an unmet medical need, which lacks effective targeted therapies. In this study, we report the development of IPH4102, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the immune receptor KIR3DL2, which is widely expressed on CTCL cells but few normal immune cells. Potent antitumor properties of IPH4102 were documented in allogeneic human CTCL cells and a mouse model of KIR3DL2(+) disease. IPH4102 antitumor activity was mediated by antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. IPH4102 improved survival and reduced tumor growth in mice inoculated with KIR3DL2(+) tumors. Ex vivo efficacy was further evaluated in primary Sézary patient cells, sorted natural killer-based autologous assays, and direct spiking into Sézary patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In these settings, IPH4102 selectively and efficiently killed primary Sézary cells, including at unfavorable effector-to-target ratios characteristic of unsorted PBMC. Together, our results offer preclinical proof of concept for the clinical development of IPH4102 to treat patients with advanced CTCL.


The case of this study is to investigate in-depth the teaching and learning practice of history in secondary schools. To attain the purpose, the issues to be studied are the history teachers' teaching practice in the classroom, the students' learning practice in response to the teaching practice, the inculcation of historical thinking skills, the teachers' views, and the students' voices about the teaching practice. A qualitative case study is seen as the relevant methodology to be adopted to allow an in-depth investigation of the issues concerned. Four experience history teachers from secondary schools and a group of four students from each teacher are the participants of this study. The data is collected from the real setting, the secondary schools, and from the real actors, the teachers and the students, through classroom observations, interviews and review of documents related to the teaching and learning practice in order to portray the data as authentic as possible. Field notes, video recordings, audio recordings and related documents are the forms of data sources in this study. These various data collection sources and the involvement of both teachers and students are meant for data triangulation. Besides triangulation, member checking and prolonged engagement with the setting and the audit trail techniques are used to ensure the validity and reliability of the data. All data are analyzed in two phases, within-case analysis and cross-case analysis. In the within-case analysis the data go through the process of coding and "subcategorizing. Codings that share similar features are grouped and given their subcategory. Each of these subcategories is described according to the group participants. The cross-case analysis is done after the within-case analysis. The purpose of this analysis is to discover similarities and differences between each group participants. The process of merging the subcategories to become categories and themes are done in this analysis. The finding of this study reveals the Direct Instruction of teaching dominates the practice of these teachers. Consequently, the students learn history passively, thus, the historical thinking skills incorporated in the teaching are at the basic level, understanding the chronology and exploring evidence found in the textbook. The teachers' views show the concern toward self, task and impact are the main reason underpinning the practice. From the students'
voices it is identified that they learn through seeing, listening and feeling. As such, they are mixture of learners, the visual, auditory and kinesthetic learners, which prefer their teachers to use eclectic and blended approaches in delivering the lesson. Based on these findings, mismatch has seen occurred between the implementation of the teaching and" the learning preferences of the students. To successfully improve the teaching and learning of history, teachers need to plan their lesson thoughtfully and comprehensively. With these findings, information from the literature review, and research findings elsewhere I suggest the 'upside down' instructional approach to allow the integration of teaching the content and incorporating historical thinking skills in the practice and to allow for more research in the future.


Obesity is a compelling health issue among African-Americans, who have the highest prevalence of excess weight among all ethnic and racial groups in the United States. This soaring obesity rate contributes to poor health outcomes and significantly inflates the risks for many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. The literature provides evidence for the success of health programs aimed at promoting healthy behavior and lifestyles in African-American faithbased organizations, as the influential role of churches in African-American communities is well documented. However, few studies have investigated the criteria essential for improved efficiency of health interventions addressing the problem of obesity in the church-based environment. This paper examines the sociocultural and environmental factors associated with enhanced efficiency of health-promotion programs to reduce obesity in African-American faith-based communities. The databases PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO were searched, and ten relevant articles published during the last five years were selected. The findings corroborate prior research about the instrumental role of churches to promote a healthy lifestyle and reduce obesity among AfricanAmericans. We identify that a partnership between health educators and the community is crucial to achieve a high success rate in church settings. These results indicate that better success is achieved when the church leadership and churchgoers' input are integrated into the program's design. Furthermore, health educators need to have a good grasp of the participants' cultural perceptions, understanding, and expectations of obesity. We recommend that future researchers examine the cultural and spiritual strengths of these faith-based communities and the best strategies to use in order to achieve long-term weight loss.


Extracting biomedical relations from large corpora of scientific documents is a challenging natural language processing task. Existing approaches usually focus on identifying a relation either in a single sentence (mention-level) or across an entire corpus (pair-level). In both cases, recent methods have achieved strong results by learning a point estimate to represent the relation; this is then used as the input to a relation classifier. However, the relation expressed in text between a pair of biomedical entities is often more complex than can be captured by a point estimate. To address this issue, we propose a latent variable model with an arbitrarily flexible distribution to represent the relation between an entity pair. Additionally, our model provides a unified architecture for both mention-level and pair-level relation extraction. We demonstrate that our model achieves results competitive with strong baselines for both tasks while having fewer parameters and being significantly faster to train. We make our code publicly available.


Working class men are under-represented in art and design higher education. This article explores the experiences of one such mature student who had fulfilled his dream to go to an art college later in life in order to study a degree in Interdisciplinary Art and Design. Using an approach based on narrative inquiry, the student's learning journey over three years was captured through six verbal and transcribed accounts. Bernstein's work on visible and invisible pedagogies as well as his comments on vocational education provided a lens through which to look at the student's experiences. It argues that the strong framing and classification of his previous vocational education led the student to expect to be taught in a particular way. He found the fluid and integrated arts curriculum different to the kind of training a 'master' would transmit to an 'apprentice'. He constructed himself as a doer rather than a thinker, which remained constant throughout his degree. The findings suggest that educators should discuss with students from all backgrounds the pedagogic approaches commonly used in art and design and how these may be different to previous ways of learning. Academic staff should also challenge the theory and practice dichotomy, so that students understand they are drawing on theory not only when they are writing but also when they are making. Finally, even though invisible pedagogies dominate art and design education, staff should reflect on the need for more visible, explicit modes of teaching when students are less confident in their abilities.


Federated Learning (FL) is a promising machine learning paradigm that enables the analyzer to train a model without collecting users' raw data. To ensure users' privacy, differentially private federated learning has been intensively studied. The existing works are mainly based on the curator model or local model of differential privacy. However, both of them have pros and cons. The curator model allows greater accuracy but requires a trusted analyzer. In the local model where users randomize local data before sending them to the analyzer, a trusted analyzer is not required but the accuracy is limited. In this work, by leveraging the \textit{privacy amplification} effect in the recently proposed shuffle model of differential privacy, we achieve the best of two worlds, i.e., accuracy in the curator model and strong privacy without relying on any trusted party. We first propose an FL framework in the shuffle model and a simple protocol (SS-Simple) extended from existing work. We find that SS-Simple only provides an insufficient privacy amplification effect in FL since the dimension of the model parameter is quite large. To solve this challenge, we propose an enhanced protocol (SS-Double) to increase the privacy amplification effect by subsampling. Furthermore, for boosting the utility when the model size is greater than the user population, we propose an advanced protocol (SS-Topk) with gradient sparsification techniques. We also provide theoretical analysis and numerical evaluations of the privacy amplification of the proposed protocols. Experiments on real-world dataset validate that SS-Topk improves the testing accuracy by 60.7% than the local model based FL. We highlight an observation that SS-Topk improves the accuracy by 33.94\% than the curator model based FL without any trusted party. Compared with non-private FL, our protocol SS-Topk only lose 1.48% accuracy under (2.348, 5e-6)-DP per epoch.


Recent neuropathologic autopsy studies found that 15 to 25% of elderly demented patients have Lewy bodies (LB) in their brainstem and cortex, and in hospital series this may constitute the most common pathologic subgroup after pure Alzheimer's disease (AD).The Consortium on Dementia with Lewy bodies met to establish consensus guidelines for the clinical diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and to establish a common framework for the assessment and characterization of pathologic lesions at autopsy. The importance of accurate antemortem diagnosis of DLB includes a characteristic and often rapidly progressive clinical syndrome, a need for particular caution with neuroleptic medication, and the possibility that DLB patients may be particularly responsive to cholinesterase inhibitors. We identified progressive disabling mental impairment progressing to dementia as the central feature of DLB. Attentional impairments and disproportionate problem solving and visuospatial difficulties are often early and prominent. Fluctuation in cognitive function, persistent well-formed visual hallucinations, and spontaneous motor features of parkinsonism are core features with diagnostic significance in discriminating DLB from AD and other dementias. Appropriate clinical methods for eliciting these key symptoms are described. Brainstem or cortical LB are the only features considered essential for a pathologic diagnosis of DLB, although Lewy-related neurites, Alzheimer pathology, and spongiform change may also be seen. We identified optimal staining methods for each of these and devised a protocol for the evaluation of cortical LB frequency based on a brain sampling procedure consistent with CERAD. This allows cases to be classified into brainstem predominant, limbic (transitional), and neocortical subtypes, using a simple scoring system based on the relative distribution of semiquantitative LB counts. Alzheimer pathology is also frequently present in DLB, usually as diffuse or neuritic plaques, neocortical neurofibrillary tangles being much less common. The precise nosological relationship between DLB and AD remains uncertain, as does that between DLB and patients with Parkinson's disease who subsequently develop neuropsychiatric features. Finally, we recommend procedures for the selective sampling and storage of frozen tissue for a variety of neurochemical assays, which together with developments in molecular genetics, should assist future refinements of diagnosis and classification. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 1113-1124


Abstract The definition of a "primary method of measurement " has permitted a full consideration of the definition of primary standards for pH, determined by a primary method (cell without transference, Harned cell), of the definition of secondary standards by secondary methods, and of the question whether pH, as a conventional quantity, can be incorporated within the internationally accepted system of measurement, the International System of Units (SI, Système International d' Unités). This approach has enabled resolution of the previous compromise IUPAC 1985 Recommendations [Pure Appl. Chem.57, 531 (1985)]. Furthermore, incorporation of the uncertainties for the primary method, and for all subsequent measurements, permits the uncertainties for all procedures to be linked to the primary standards by an unbroken chain of comparisons. Thus, a rational choice can be made by the analyst of the appropriate procedure to achieve the target uncertainty of sample pH. Accordingly, this document explains IUPAC recommended definitions, procedures, and terminology relating to pH measurements in dilute aqueous solutions in the temperature range 5-50 °C. Details are given of the primary and secondary methods for measuring pH and the rationale for the assignment of pH values with appropriate uncertainties to selected primary and secondary substances.


: Since the 1980s, the Borough of Brent, in the northwest of London, has been a major global hub of transnational Twelver Shiism. With the influx of Iraqi refugees, many clerical leaders of Twelver Shia Islam established their European headquarters in Brent, and, in addition to Damascus and Tehran, London turned into a major centre of Iraqi diaspora politics during Saddam Hussein's regime. The transnational networks and organisations based on Brent engage in an Islamic 'transnational public space' which Bowen (2004) defines as a globally operating discursive 'field of Islamic reference and debate'. Based on ethnographic research in London, the article provides novel insights into Twelver Shia Muslim organisational field in Britain and its engagement in 'an alternative diasporic public sphere' (Werbner 2004) that articulates issues and contestations specific to Shia Muslims living in Britain: what does displacement and migration mean for Shia Muslims who have often escaped oppression, war and civil conflict; how do Shia Muslims in Britain define their relationship to Sunnis in the context of rising sectarianism in the post-Arab Spring Middle East; how do Shia Muslims position themselves towards Iran and its aspiration to be the political leader of global Shiism?


Humans and elephants have historically shared the forested mountain ranges of Zomia, a geography defined by the regular movement of people and an ecology shaped by the movement of its elephant population. This article will examine how free-roaming elephant pathways facilitated human mobility in the highlands defining the Indo-Myanmar border. It will analyze the more-than-human agency that emerges when following elephant trails and the varying role this forest infrastructure might have played in the social and political history of the region. The article will explore two historical examples. First, the migration of a Lisu community in Upper Myanmar who utilized elephant paths to navigate their passage. Second, how the British Empire exploited a network of elephant-human tracks to subjugate the peoples living in Mizoram, northeast India. In these regions the patterns of migration, history of colonization, and identities and practices of communities must be understood in relation to wild elephants.


Processes of photo-induced light scattering are studied in single crystals of LiNbO(3):Fe to uncover the origin of a new part of the entire scattering pattern which can be observed on a viewing screen. The new scattering manifests itself as two arcs enclosing the directly transmitting pump beam. It is shown that this type of scattering is due to a parametric wave-mixing process of coherent optical noise and a pump beam on a combination of photorefractively recorded phase-gratings and photo-induced ferroelectric structures. Phase-matching conditions corresponding to the new scattering are introduced. All photo-induced scattering phenomena contributing to the total scattering pattern are discussed, compared and classified.


Abstract The long southern African past before the advent of European colonialism remains neglected despite powerful post-apartheid impulses of various kinds for its recovery and celebration. In the last twenty years or so, outside of the specialist discipline of archaeology, there has been relatively little research undertaken to support those impulses. In this paper I offer my understanding of some of the things that have given distinctive shape to this field, attempt to account for its stalled aspect, identify the key challenges as I see them, and indicate some of the directions of new research currently being inaugurated. Amongst other things, I offer critiques of the prevailing periodisation, the entrenched and limiting effects of persistent thinking in terms of ethnicity, as well as of the portmanteau notion of oral traditions which operates in this field and its consignment out of the realm of political discourse. I make an argument for urgently needed intellectual histories of how this area of history became the preserve of certain disciplines and not others, and of how concepts migrated across these disciplines to become entrenched as the foundational elements in the history of the region. I go on to deal with the making and reshaping of the available archive for these periods and the methodological implications of how that making and reshaping is understood.


Animal Culture Cultural transmission of information occurs when individuals learn from others with more experience or when individuals come to accept particular modes of behavior as the local norm. Such information transfer can be expected in highly social or long-lived species where contact and time for learning are maximized and are seen in humans (see the Perspective by de Waal). Using a network-based diffusion analysis on a long-term data set that includes tens of thousands of observations of individual humpback whales, Allen et al. (p. 485) show that an innovative feeding behavior has spread through social transmission since it first emerged in a single individual in 1980. The "lobtail" feeding has passed among associating individuals for more than three decades. Van de Waal et al. (p. 483), on the other hand, used a controlled experimental approach in vervet monkeys to show that individuals learn what to eat from more experienced individuals within their social group. Not only did young animals learn from observing older animals, but immigrating males switched their food preference to that of their new group. A natural experiment reveals that wild vervet migrants adopt local norms when it comes to choosing foods. [Also see Perspective by de Waal] Conformity to local behavioral norms reflects the pervading role of culture in human life. Laboratory experiments have begun to suggest a role for conformity in animal social learning, but evidence from the wild remains circumstantial. Here, we show experimentally that wild vervet monkeys will abandon personal foraging preferences in favor of group norms new to them. Groups first learned to avoid the bitter-tasting alternative of two foods. Presentations of these options untreated months later revealed that all new infants naïve to the foods adopted maternal preferences. Males who migrated between groups where the alternative food was eaten switched to the new local norm. Such powerful effects of social learning represent a more potent force than hitherto recognized in shaping group differences among wild animals.


The Sahelian Niger farming systems spatial expansion over the last century is about to reach its end. Meanwhile, rural societies organizations & managements of economic activities have evolved. This research objective is to develop an integrative approach to evaluate the impact of social factors on farming system transitions. The study focuses on three contrasted sites of Sahelian Niger. Regional, village & individual level interviewing tools are used to define differentiated individual behavior rules to be translated into an Agent-based model simulating the populations & their related "terroirs" along two or three generations. The model is based on reactive individual agents acting empirically, i.e. without optimisation processes. The model is realistic concerning the individual behaviors & realistically simulates their impacts on village populations & natural resources. Simulation results show that once dominant unitary families have shifted towards non-cooperative ones around the 70's. Simulations with no transition processes of inheritance system & family organization show that villages specialize themselves: more a "terroir" is well endowed, more its population involves itself in local activities. Introducing such processes, differentiation occurs within the population level, subdividing it into specializing groups according to their village anteriority & manpower & land availability. Introducing development proposals (inorganic fertilizer availability & yield-based inventory credit) reinforce this social differentiation: only well-endowed sites & among them, only favored groups have the saving capacity to get involved. The securizing inventory credit proposal has more success than the intensification-oriented inorganic fertilizer use. Combining different individual-level tools in a multidisciplinary approach is efficient in underlining the impact of micro level constraints on long-term population evolutions in such constrained environments. Such approach may be used in development diagnosis to identify the constraint hierarchy affecting differentially the population. Simulating population behaviors keep open epistemological debates that have strong implications for rural populations.


Title of Dissertation: CREATION AND DESTRUCTION OF LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE BENEATH THE NORTH CHINA CRATON Jingao Liu, Ph.D., 2011 Dissertation directed by: Professor Roberta L. Rudnick, Geology Professor Richard J. Walker, Geology Mantle peridotites carried in volcanic rocks provide a window into the composition, age and origin of deep lithospheric mantle. Previous studies of mantle peridotites have shown that the central-eastern North China Craton experienced lithospheric reactivation in the past, which makes the craton an important location to investigate reactivation processes and mechanisms. In order to better understand the formation and evolution of the North China Craton, the petrology, major and trace element geochemistry of both whole rocks and minerals, whole rock Re-Os isotope systematics, and highly siderophile element (HSE) abundances, were carried out on peridotites entrained in Cretaceous to Tertiary lavas from the craton. Strontium-Nd-Hf-Pb isotopic compositions of clinopyroxenes separated from some of these rocks were also examined. Studies of these peridotites show that: 1) Peridotites from the western-central North China Craton record a north-south composition and age dichotomy. The northern portion of the central region of the craton experienced lithospheric mantle replacement via a ~1.8 Ga collision associated with amalgamation of the craton. The comparative Late Archean age between crust and lithospheric mantle in the southern portion of the central region suggests that the cratonization in this region occurred at ~2.5 Ga; 2) Lithospheric thinning and replacement beneath the northern edge of the eastern North China Craton occurred prior to ~100 Ma. Phanerozoic lithospheric thinning and replacement in the eastern North China Craton may have evolved from east to west, or from the margins to the interior of the continent with time in the Mesozoic; 3) Highly fractionated HSE patterns found in a majority of peridotite suites and characterized by Os, Pd and Re depletions relative to Ir were caused by recent sulfide breakdown via interaction with a S-undersaturated oxidizing melt/fluid; and, 4) The trace element characteristics and isotopic tracers (Sr-Nd-Hf-Pb) present in clinopyroxenes, combined with their whole-rock Re-Os data, record a multi-stage history of primary melt depletion and secondary overprinting processes. Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of pyroxenes may record the cooling age when peridotites cooled down below the closure temperature of the system. CREATION AND DESTRUCTION OF LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE BENEATH THE NORTH CHINA CRATON


The occurrence of nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) in the peripheral blood of critically ill human patients is associated with increased mortality. In dogs, the presence of NRBCs in peripheral blood has been used as a sensitive and specific marker of complications and outcome associated with heatstroke. However, no study has investigated their prevalence in critically ill dogs. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of NRBCs in the peripheral blood, and to evaluate their occurrence as a prognostic factor in critically ill dogs. One hundred and one dogs were prospectively included; the presence of NRBCs was studied on a daily basis from the time of admission until day 3 in the intensive care unit (or less if discharged or death occurred earlier). Dogs fulfilled at least two systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria and suffered from various diseases. Survival was defined as being alive 28 days postdischarge from hospital. In 42 dogs, NRBCs were detected at least once; 59 patients were NRBC negative. Mortality was significantly higher in NRBC-positive than NRBC-negative patients (54.8 v 30.5 per cent) (P=0.014). However, this association was not present when anaemic dogs were excluded from the analysis. Detection of NRBCs in the peripheral blood may be an indicator for regenerative anaemia and may have potential for use as a prognostic tool or in addition to established scoring systems in critically ill dogs.


Accelerator mass spectrometer 14 C dated stable isotope data from Neogloboquadrina pachyerma in cores raised from the Mendeleyev Ridge and slope provide evidence for significant influx of meltwater to the western Arctic Ocean during the early part of marine oxygen isotope stage 1 (OIS 1) and during several intervals within OIS 3. The strongest OIS 3 meltwater event occurred before ca. 45 ka (conventional radiocarbon age) and was probably related to the deglaciation at the beginning of OIS 3. Major meltwater input to the western Arctic Ocean during the last deglaciation coincides closely with the maximum rate of global sea-level rise as determined from the Barbados sea-level record, demonstrating a strong link between the global record and changes in the central Arctic Ocean. OIS 2, which includes the last glacial maximum, is very condensed or absent in the cores. Abundance and δ 13 C values for N. pachyderma in the middle part of OIS 3 are similar to modern values, indicating high productivity and seasonal ice-free areas along the Arctic margin at that time. These records indicate that the Arctic Ocean was a source of heat and moisture to the northern polar atmosphere during parts of OIS 3.


What is America? It's Monopoly and Mickey Mouse, but also Sinatra and Fred Astaire. It's the Declaration of Independence, but it's also Barbie and Playboy, Winslow Homer and Rudi Gernreich's topless bathing suit. This juxtaposition of images reflects America's unique eclecticism, and the unprecedented influence that the images of America's pop culture have had on the world. This book works as a great treasury of Americana, and as a mischievously enjoyable observation on all things truly American. Fashion designer Tommy Hilfiger and famous adman George Lois have crafted an enlightening book, searching American history to find over 350 people, symbols, and things of import. Their iconic and iconoclastic choices are entertainingly presented through surprising visual juxtapositions. Inspired by Tommy Hilfiger's passion for Americana and George Lois' wit, Iconic America dramatizes the national ethos, and makes us think about who we are and what we stand for, with humor and charm.


Advances in the IT-sector have shifted the conventional development of products into the direction of integrated product-service systems. Product-service systems promise a long(er) lifetime due to latest versions of (software-based) services that operate on the purchased hardware. Furthermore, they can be extremely adaptable and thus ensure connectivity and compatibility to other existing or future systems. The aim of this demo is twofold. First, the demo shows that a multi-agent approach is perfectly suited to meet the requirements for product-service systems. Second, we present a complete development environment to easily specify and deploy agent-based solutions, especially for UI-oriented processes involving Augmented Reality technology.


The imidazoline I-1 receptor (I-1 R) agonists are widely used to lower blood pressure, but their effects on hyperlipidemia are still obscure. The present study is aimed to evaluate the possible mechanism(s) of I-1 R in the regulation of lipid homeostasis. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays an important role in blood lipid homeostasis; however, the role of FXR in rilmenidine-induced blood lipid lowering action is still unknown. Thus, we administered rilmenidine, a selective agonist of I-1 R, into high fat diet-fed (HFD) mice showing hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. Rilmenidine significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia in HFD mice after 7 days of administration. Pretreatment with efaroxan, at a dose sufficient to inhibit I-1 R activation, blocked the effects of rilmenidine. Also, in cultured HepG2 cells, rilmenidine dose-dependently induced the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The rilmenidine-induced FXR expression and FXR-related genes were blocked by efaroxan. However, rilmenidine treatment did not affect the expression of enzymes related to β-oxidation. In conclusion, activation of I-1 R may activate FXR to lower plasma lipids, suggesting I-1 R as a new target for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.


George Alvarez, a ninth grade, special education student, pleaded guilty to assault of a peace officer in Texas. Four years into his sentence, Alvarez learned that the State had suppressed a video of the incident that proved his actual innocence. Alvarez claimed that the city violated the Brady doctrine by failing to disclose material exculpatory evidence. In rejecting his claim, the Fifth Circuit concluded that "case law from the Supreme Court, this circuit, and other circuits does not affirmatively establish that a constitutional violation occurs when Brady material is not shared during the plea bargaining process." Given that 95% of convictions are secured through guilty pleas, such an interpretation of Brady means that few defendants are entitled to evidence of their innocence before being convicted.

This article argues, however, that these courts are ignoring a forgotten Supreme Court opinion that was central to the creation of the Brady doctrine. In its opinion in Wilde v. Wyoming, the Court recognized that the suppression of favorable substantive evidence before a defendant's guilty plea can violate the Due Process Clause. Later, the Court stated that its Brady opinion was merely an extension of its prior opinions such as Wilde. And yet, while each of the other opinions that formed the foundation for the Brady doctrine has had a lasting legacy, the Wilde opinion has been lost to time despite never being repudiated. This article calls for a resurrection of Wilde and the recognition of a right to evidence of innocence before pleading guilty.


Legal scholarship has come to accept as true the various pronouncements of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientists who have been active in the movement for greenhouse gas (ghg) emission reductions to combat global warming. The only criticism that legal scholars have had of the story told by this group of activist scientists - what may be called the climate establishment - is that it is too conservative in not paying enough attention to possible catastrophic harm from potentially very high temperature increases. This paper departs from such faith in the climate establishment by comparing the picture of climate science presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other global warming scientist advocates with the peer-edited scientific literature on climate change. A review of the peer-edited literature reveals a systematic tendency of the climate establishment to engage in a variety of stylized rhetorical techniques that seem to oversell what is actually known about climate change while concealing fundamental uncertainties and open questions regarding many of the key processes involved in climate change. Fundamental open questions include not only the size but the direction of feedback effects that are responsible for the bulk of the temperature increase predicted to result from atmospheric greenhouse gas increases: while climate models all presume that such feedback effects are on balance strongly positive, more and more peer-edited scientific papers seem to suggest that feedback effects may be small or even negative. The cross-examination conducted in this paper reveals many additional areas where the peer-edited literature seems to conflict with the picture painted by establishment climate science, ranging from the magnitude of 20th century surface temperature increases and their relation to past temperatures; the possibility that inherent variability in the earth's non-linear climate system, and not increases in CO2, may explain observed late 20th century warming; the ability of climate models to actually explain past temperatures; and, finally, substantial doubt about the methodological validity of models used to make highly publicized predictions of global warming impacts such as species loss. Insofar as establishment climate science has glossed over and minimized such fundamental questions and uncertainties in climate science, it has created widespread misimpressions that have serious consequences for optimal policy design. Such misimpressions uniformly tend to support the case for rapid and costly decarbonization of the American economy, yet they characterize the work of even the most rigorous legal scholars. A more balanced and nuanced view of the existing state of climate science supports much more gradual and easily reversible policies regarding greenhouse gas emission reduction, and also urges a redirection in public funding of climate science away from the continued subsidization of refinements of computer models and toward increased spending on the development of standardized observational datasets against which existing climate models can be tested.


The relevance of Christianity is as hotly contested today as it has ever been. A New History of Early Christianity shows how our current debates are rooted in the many controversies surrounding the birth of the religion and the earliest attempts to resolve them. Charles Freeman's meticulous historical account of Christianity from its birth in Judaea in the first century A.D. to the emergence of Western and Eastern churches by A.D. 600 reveals that it was a distinctive, vibrant, and incredibly diverse movement brought into order at the cost of intellectual and spiritual vitality. Against the conventional narrative of the inevitable "triumph" of a single distinct Christianity, Freeman shows that there was a host of competing Christianities, many of which had as much claim to authenticity as those that eventually dominated. Looking with fresh eyes at the historical record, Freeman explores the ambiguities and contradictions that underlay Christian theology and the unavoidable compromises enforced in the name of doctrine. Tracing the astonishing transformation that the early Christian church underwent-from sporadic niches of Christian communities surviving in the wake of a horrific crucifixion to sanctioned alliance with the state-Charles Freeman shows how freedom of thought was curtailed by the development of the concept of faith. The imposition of "correct belief," religious uniformity, and an institutional framework that enforced orthodoxy were both consolidating and stifling. Uncovering the difficulties in establishing the Christian church, he examines its relationship with Judaism, Gnosticism, Greek philosophy and Greco-Roman society, and he offers dramatic new accounts of Paul, the resurrection, and the church fathers and emperors.


Purpose

The purpose of this study is to search for any evidence for university libraries that are accessible by mobile technology in Turkey as relevant models of the future; having regard to the fact that smartphones will very soon become the standard means by which the internet is accessed, and the rates of connection from mobile devices will supersede those which are computer-based.

Design/methodology/approach

In the study, both domestic and foreign literature surveys were undertaken to determine which mobile library services are offered in university libraries. Thirty random central libraries of both private and state universities were selected from across the seven regions of Turkey. To gather data, a 26-question electronic survey was generated and e-mailed to the library managers. The questions were based on findings regarding the mobile library services provided by university libraries around the world.

Findings

By examining the survey results, it was determined that Turkish university libraries utilise a comparable level of mobile technology and demonstrate a similar level of care with regard to the services they offer. There are mobile sites (separate sites or mobile sites as applications), mobile library catalogues, short messaging services, chat rooms, consultations via instant messaging tools, mobile device-lending services, and augmented reality and QR code applications.

Research limitations/implications

In Turkey, the structures of university libraries operate under variable conditions because of the lack of established standards. This causes negative results for the delivery of library services. For this reason, university library standards should be set practicable as soonas reasonable, considering the social/economic and cultural structure of the country.

Practical implications

Owing to the transformative effect technology and the internet have had on services information and communication technologies, infrastructure has been added as a sixth element to the five traditional library items, namely, building budget personnel collection and users. Globalisation through the web has resulted in the individualisation of services and the slogan content is king has been changed to the customer experience is king. Fundamental library services are being adapted to allow mobile technology access, and this approach best reflects the new slogan. Therefore, the university library of the future may well be the one entirely based on mobile technology.

Social implications

Mobile devices lead to new forms of engagement with student learning; so academic libraries are expected to be strong partners in the teaching and learning processes of their institution.

Originality/value

The hypothesis of this study is that a university library accessible by mobile technology will be the model of the future, and its purpose is to search for any evidence for which the university libraries in Turkey are prepared to meet this challenge. This study is also meaningful because there have not been any study of Turkish university libraries in terms of mobile library services to users. This paper is the first time that a comprehensive study has been made of current mobile technology-based services, and is also the first comparison of the applications in Turkish university libraries. Additionally, paper synthesises developments and provides suggestions for the future.


Abstract Polyominoes have been the focus of many recreational and research investigations. In this article, the authors investigate whether a paper cutout of a polyomino can be folded to produce a second polyomino in the same shape as the original, but now with two layers of paper. For the folding, only "corner folds" and "half edge cuts" are allowed, unless the polyomino forms a closed loop, in which case one is allowed to completely cut two squares in the polyomino apart. With this set of allowable moves, the authors present algorithms for folding different types of polyominoes and prove that certain polyominoes can successfully be folded to two layers. The authors also establish that other polyominoes cannot be folded to two layers if only these moves are allowed.


Neisseria meningitidis, the leading cause of bacterial meningitis, can adapt to different host niches during human infection. Both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory networks have been identified as playing a crucial role for bacterial stress responses and virulence. We investigated the N. meningitidis transcriptional landscape both by microarray and by RNA sequencing (RNAseq).
Microarray analysis of N. meningitidis grown in the presence or absence of glucose allowed us to identify genes regulated by carbon source availability. In particular, we identified a glucose-responsive hexR-like transcriptional regulator in
N. meningitidis. Deletion analysis showed that the hexR gene is accountable for a subset of the glucose-responsive regulation, and in vitro assays with the purified protein showed that HexR binds to the promoters of the central metabolic operons of meningococcus, by targeting a DNA region overlapping putative regulatory sequences. Our results indicate that HexR coordinates the central metabolism of meningococcus in response to the availability of glucose, and N. meningitidis strains lacking the hexR gene are also deficient in establishing successful bacteremia in a mouse model of infection.
In parallel, RNAseq analysis of N. meningitidis cultured under standard or iron-limiting
in vitro growth conditions allowed us to identify novel small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) potentially involved in N. meningitidis regulatory networks. Manual curation of the RNAseq data generated a list of 51 sRNAs, 8 of which were validated by Northern blotting. Deletion of selected sRNAs caused attenuation of N. meningitidis infection in a murine model, leading to the identification of the first sRNAs influencing meningococcal bacteraemia. Furthermore, we describe the identification and initial characterization of a novel sRNA unique to meningococcus, closely associated to genes relevant for the intracellular survival of pathogenic Neisseriae.
Taken together, our findings could help unravel the regulation of N. meningitidis adaptation to the host environment and its implications for pathogenesis.


This thesis is based primarily on a teaching experiment with college students ranging in age between seventeen and twenty three years old. The course, entitled "Women's Perspectives in Drawing: the Self Portrait," was taught in an alternative humanistic program at Dawson College's New School, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Over the fifteen week semester, the students were introduced to women artists, issues related to the representation of women in art history and drawing and painting techniques. Although the curriculum was carefully designed to create an open learning atmosphere inspired from feminist pedagogy, student resistance was an overarching issue that permeated each class. Resistance to feminism, and resistance in general, were due to student age-group, the 'alternative' culture of the New School, and stereotypical ideas about art being 'an easy credit'. Points of contention were related to power struggles over shared grading, coming to class on-time and outright refusal to do coursework. While the process was disheartening at times, accrued self-confidence in art-making skills allowed students to open up to new information and to feminism. Thus, the initial goal of reconsidering stereotypes about women was achieved. These challenges led the author to theorize hypotheses about more successful conditions for a course on women in the arts. It appeared that a studio setting (with easels and a sink) in combination with participant's more mature age-group and required knowledge of either art or feminism would create a more conducive atmosphere for discussion and art-making. The operational implications of these suppositions resulted in a second workshop entitled "Women's Body Image Art Workshop." This class was tested out with successful results at Concordia University in March 2002. Each participant discussed stereotypes with enthusiasm, did auto-biographical artwork related to the theme woman/self and expressed a high level of satisfaction in the overall experience.