This thesis brings together a collection of essays on parity conditions in international economics: covered interest parity: covered interest parity: purchasing power parity and real interest parity. While each essay is an independent study of a particular problem area, there exists a common theme in that the set of parity conditions chosen for analysis is thought to be important in determining the short and long-nm behaviour of exchange rates. The justification for the study arises from two related issues. Firstly, as it is often assumed that exchange rates are determined in efficient markets, an analysis of international parity conditions may help us comment on the efficient markets hypothesis. We define efficiency according to Fama (1970), Where the market is said to be efficient if prices 'fully reflect' all currently available information. Secondly, models of exchange rate determination, within which the above parity conditions play a fundamental role, have exhibited a poor empirical performance in the recent past. An examination of the foundations of such models may therefore be helpful in allocating 'blame'. Of the four problem areas analysed ally covered interest parity was unconditionally accepted as a plausible assumption. Fran a possible 6330 potential arbitrage opportunities observed during the months of August and September 1987, only eight would have been profitable. Agents were efficient in terms of ensuring the forward exchange premium equalled the relevant interest rate differentials, subject to transaction costs. Some evidence however was found for the existence of a risk premium in the forward exchange rate during the 1920s, but attempts to model the premium as both a function of past forecast errors and as a latent variable, had limited success. We were therefore unable to verify the existence of risk averse speculative agents in foreign exchange markets. Purchasing power parity, analysed in terms of a theory of arbitrage for the period 1975 to 1980, using a recently developed econometric technique - cointegration - was rejected. This would imply that commodity arbitrage may be inefficient. A direct test of real interest parity using the bivariate vector autoregression approach, was also decisively rejected for the period 1979 to 1986. The observation that real interest rates do not fully reflect all currently held information suggests that the long term credibility of the European Monetary System may be suspect and that governments can influence national investment/saving decisions by intervention in domestic financial markets.


The theme of the 2009 National Silviculture Workshop held in Boise Idaho in June 2009 was, "Integrated management of carbon sequestration and biomass utilization opportunities in a changing climate." The session had a series of outstanding presentations and field tours focused on the theme of the meeting nationally, and with specific reference to the forests of the northern Rocky Mountains. There was consensus in the meeting that climate change will be the defining issue for this generation of resource managers. Silviculture will play a key role in the future of climate change, and it will be option-creating silviculture, not option-reducing silviculture. Silviculturists and decision-makers must use the best science regardless of how it tests the popular will and the politically easy decision—and this is no simple task in light of the administrative issues that govern forest management on Federal lands. An adaptation strategy for climate change will also require integrating the principles of landscape ecology modeled via landscape succession models with principles of forest ecology and silviculture modeled using tools such as the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Data from long-term experiments will be increasingly important to validate simulation outcomes. Finally, state-of-the-art science delivery programs will be needed to think about and develop silvicultural prescriptions that address climate change adaptation strategies in project-level decisions, and that are implemented spatially in a strategic way across the forested landscape.


Since its introduction, photovoice has been implemented in numerous fields with a wide array of outcomes of interest, but has the method been implemented in a way that is consistent with its initial aims in mind? From Caroline Wang and Mary Ann Burris's initial 1994 project, photovoice has demonstrated power to harness visual imagery and stories within a participatory empowerment process and established a new tool for the profession for understanding community members' lived experience and needs, raising the critical consciousness of communities, and advocating for actions leading to social change. Based in Freirean philosophy, feminist theory, and documentary photography, photovoice engages community members to identify, represent, and change their community by means of photography, dialogue, and action. Public health can benefit when researchers and practitioners more carefully conceptualize the intended aims of each photovoice effort. The purpose of this article is to consider the varied applications of photovoice and propose a classification system that encapsulates its wide-ranging aims. Close examination of foundational literature and previous applications of photovoice suggest the following categories for framing the application of the method; specifically, photovoice for (a) photovention, (b) community assessment, (c) community capacity building, and (d) advocacy for change. Full implementations of photovoice have the capacity to illuminate complex real-world issues leading to advocacy for policy, systems, and environmental change. It is our hope that the proposed framing clarifies the language used to discuss photovoice and its outcomes, distinguishes its various uses and stated aims, and maximizes its impact in future applications.


Ad-hoc networks are on the forefront of technological advances as more embedded devices allow for wireless communications without necessarily requiring a network infrastructure to connect to. One of the larger problems associated with such ad-hoc networks is the lack of being able to access a PKI to create individual secure sessions for these groups being created. For this project, an implementation generating the public and private keys for an RSA public-key protocol has been created on top of the M2MI middleware developed at RIT. In this implementation, as originally described by Dan Boneh, all parties help contribute to the generation of the RSA public modulus, N , without explicitly knowing the factorization of it. It has been shown that this implementation requires, on average, 32689 rounds of the protocol to create a 1024-bit RSA modulus for the group, and has an approximate growth of log2(N) 25 rounds per bit.


This study examines the mediating effect of perceived usefulness on the relationship between tax service quality
(correctness, response time, system support) and continuance usage intention of e-filing system in Malaysia. A total of 116 data
was analysed using Partial Least Squared Method (PLS). The result showed that Perceived Usefulness has a partial mediating
effect on the relationship between tax service quality (Correctness, Response Time) with the continuance usage intention and tax
service quality (correctness) has significant positive relationship with continuance usage intention. Perceived usefulness was
found to be the most important predictor of continuance usage intention


The aeration of bread dough during mixing has previously been modelled as a balance between gas entrainment and disentrainment into and out of the dough, from which the gas turnover time was determined. This paper tests this model by mixing dough in a high-speed Tweedy-type mixer which undergoes a pressure step-change midway through mixing. The volume of gas entrained in the dough following the pressure change was calculated from its density. The volume of gas entrained was found to reach a steady state much more quickly following a pressure step-decrease than an increase, appearing to signify gas turnover rates over twice as large. Thus, gas disentrainment was found to be enhanced following a pressure step-decrease in a manner not incorporated into the model. The size of the pressure step-decrease did not appear to affect the gas turnover time, but increasing the pressure step-increase size decreased the gas turnover times. The weak flour doughs exhibited higher gas turnover rates during mixing than the strong flour doughs, in both pressure stepchange directions and at all step-sizes.


A dispersion tailoring scheme for obtaining slow light in a silicon-on-insulator W1-type photonic crystal waveguide, novel to our knowledge, is proposed in this paper. It is shown that, by simply shifting the first two rows of air holes adjacent to the waveguide to specific directions, slow light with large group-index, wideband, and low group-velocity dispersion can be realized. Defining a criterion of restricting the group-index variation within a ±0.8% range as a flattened region, we obtain the ultraflat slow light with bandwidths over 5.0, 4.0, 2.5, and 1.0 nm when keeping the group index at 38.0, 48.8, 65.2, and 100.4, respectively. Numerical simulations are performed utilizing the three-dimensional (3D) plane-wave expansion method and the 3D finite-difference time-domain method.


New technologies such as the VCR and Google Book Search can change the way copyrighted works are used, thereby making their innovators rich. Copyright owners are aware of these riches and often strategically sue the technology companies with the aim of gaining a share of the money. This dynamic—an innovator investing to create a new technology and a creator of a copyrighted work then suing for her share of the profits—creates an investment incentive problem. The dual goal of promoting the efficient creation of both new copyrighted works and new technologies that augment those works requires us to choose a legal rule that divides the gains from these new technologies between authors and innovators. The fair use doctrine—the statutory rule that allows some types of copyright infringement—is the legal rule that is used to do this dividing. However, economic theories of copyright law do not contain an analysis of investment incentives. This Note analyzes the effects fair use has on the incentives to create copyrighted works and to invest in technologies that affect those works.


The idea of spirituality is increasingly being used in the context of adult education. This paper will tentatively explore some of the implications of an emergent spirituality within the practice of adult education. It begins by situating our understanding of spirituality in an historical context. This is followed by a brief historical overview of the relationship between spirituality, social change, and the practice of adult education. Building on this brief historical analysis, our understanding of an emergent spirituality is argued to be a property of the evolution of human consciousness. The implications of an emergent spirituality for the practice of adult education are then examined.


PURPOSE
Nucleated cell dose is an important and modifiable factor in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), however its association with outcomes in the context of reduced intensity conditioning regimen (RIC) HSCT for adults with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) is not known.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
From 1998 to 2003, 253 patients with de novo AML, received transplants with RIC and peripheral blood from a genoidentical donor. Median age was 55 years (range, 18 to 72) and the median follow-up was 17 months (range, 2 to 67). One hundred forty one patients received transplants in first remission (CR1), 47 received transplants in second remission (CR2), and 65 patients received transplants in a more advanced phase. Fludarabin-based RIC was used in 91% of patients and low-dose (< 4 Gy) total-body radiation in 23% of patients. The median nucleated and CD34 cell dose infused were 9.1x 10(8)/kg and 5.8x 10(6)/kg, respectively.

RESULTS
Overall, 2-year leukemia-free survival (LFS) was 41% +/- 4% and it was 46% +/- 5% for patients receiving a higher cell dose (> 9.1x 10(8)/kg) and 37% +/- 5% for the remainders (P = .03). Higher cell doses exclusively benefited patients who received transplantations in CR2 or beyond, with LFS of 47 +/- 8 versus 20 +/- 8, with no detectable effect for patients who received transplants in CR1. In a multivariate analysis of the overall patient population, higher nucleated cell dose cells were associated with higher LFS (P = .04), higher incidence of chronic graft-versus-host disease (P = .01), and there was a trend towards a lower relapse incidence (P = .06). Interestingly, CD34+ cell dose was not associated with any outcomes.

CONCLUSION
Nucleated cell dose is an important factor that can be modified to improve results of RIC for patients with AML transplanted later than in CR1.


The vibroseis method has, for half a century, achieved great success in land seismic exploration. However, some practical issues still arise that have remained theoretically unexplained. For example, on soft ground, the vibrator produces subharmonics and ultra-subharmonics in addition to main harmonics; whereas on hard ground, the vibrator generates harmonics only. Geophones on soft ground also behave abnormally while geophones on hard ground behave normally. This paper analyzes these phenomena and demonstrates that the softness of the ground's top layer is responsible for subharmonics and ultra-subharmonics. This soft ground layer causes the geophone abnormality as well. Unfortunately, quantification for this behavior has not been achieved.


Contemporary theory is full of references to the modern and the postmodern. How useful are these terms? What exactly do they mean? And how is our sense of these terms changing under the pressure of feminist analysis? In Doing Time, Rita Felski argues that it makes little sense to think of the modern and postmodern as opposing or antithetical terms. Rather, we need a historical perspective that is attuned to cultural and political differences within the same time as well as the leaky boundaries between different times. Neither the modern nor the postmodern are unified, coherent, or self-evident realities. Drawing on cultural studies and critical theory, Felski examines a range of themes central to debates about postmodern culture, including changing meanings of class, the end of history, the status of art and aesthetics, postmodernism as "the end of sex," and the politics of popular culture. Placing women at the center of analysis, she suggests, has a profound impact on the way we thing about historical periods. As a result, feminist theory is helping to reshape our vision of both the modern and the postmodern.


This project aims to engage the strategic concealment of appropriation strategies within a
responsive cross-media based art practice. Its purpose is to investigate the use and effect of
appropriation strategies using a range of media to produce a series of installed environments. The
cumulative effect of the work aims to submerge the audience into an experience of referential
excess. This overload suggests either a resignation into that excess or a potential untangling of an
idiosyncratic authorial system.
The research is motivated by questioning and reflecting on my own mediality, a term defined
here as the perceived reality that one is influenced by via the media, and an ongoing interest in
the systems that enable the distribution, control, flow and ownership of ideas and imagery in
media saturated environments. These systems are: methods and forms of media transmission and
reception such as television, radio, internet, and distributed media such as films and music, and
the resulting protocols or rules that sit alongside these transmission forms such as copyright,
authorship, ownership and re-numeration. The work addresses both the personal, internal
concerns of myself as author and the disconnected, autonomous qualities of the resultant work to
reflect on larger observations about media saturated culture. It articulates a studio language
designed to straddle the gulf between these two dynamics. The research output consists predominantly of installation environments comprising video,
projection, sound, objects and images connected by series of static imagery. These explore the
occurrence of an appropriation of the act of appropriation itself - a loop in space and time. This is
achieved by capturing, observing, altering and re-transmitting the glimmers of this occurrence
back into the medial system. This looping is the both the key strategic device and conceptual
premise underlying the research. It uses both local and global sources of data, and mixes of
information that include personal anecdotes, cliches and grand narratives, drawn from my
observation of and intrigue with sub-cultures that can be loosely classified as taking a D.I.Y. or
'Do It Yourself'' approach. These include Software and Hardware Hacking, Noise Music, Heavy
Metal and Car Customisation.
While appropriation is a part of all cultural development since the beginning of time, the project
extends the discussion of appropriation in post-modern art practice. The defining period of
appropriation art is seen by many as the post-Pop period of the late 1970's in the work of artists
such as Richard Prince, Sherrie Levine and Cindy Sherman. These artists use appropriation as
both a direct strategy, and as a totalising subject matter of their work. My work extends a current
dialogue surrounding appropriation strategies, with specific reference to the writings of Paul
Taylor, Sean Lowry and Brogan Bunt, who posit a shift from direct, strategic appropriation
strategies to a more innate, almost default presence of an appropriative urge operating in
contemporary art production. This is considered in the light of works by Banks Violette,
Takeshi Murata and Ondrej Brody & Kristofer Paetau, who all operate from a position of a
subliminal appropriative urge or logic in their work. My project adds another discursive node to
this field by making work that uses appropriation to loop and synthesise ideas, objects and images into installation environments. It synthesizes the experiential residues of personal
encounters with mediated signals, contains them within new cultural statements and re-transmits
them into the passing flow of time.
Through the application of various appropriative strategies including sampling, remixing, collage
and synthesis, the project generates new knowledge about cultural appropriation. It achieves this
by creating a looping, referential system of production that operates as a reference-machine, a
cascading system that creates overloaded medial transmissions. These transmissions submerge
the audience into sensorially excessive installed environments that encourage contemplation
about the role and place media occupies in our lives.


The increase of visibility and transfer of scholar knowledge through digital environments have been followed by the author's rights abuses such as plagiarism and fraud. For this reason, copyright is increasingly a topic of major importance since it provides authors with a set of rights to enable them to utilize their work and to be recognized as the creators. The new research methods linked to technological advances (such as data mining) and the emergence of systems such as Open Access (OA) are currently under debate. These issues have generated legislative changes at the level of the European Union (EU) and its Member States. For this reason, it is relevant that the researchers know how to protect their work and the proper use of another's work. Consequently, this research aims to identify the limitations of copyright in the EU and as a specific case in Spain, within the framework of scientific research. For this, the changes in the European and Spanish copyright regulations are analyzed. The results confirm new exceptions and limitations for researchers related to technological evolution, such as data mining. Additionally, the article incorporates several guidelines and implications for the scientific community.


Bagasse or silage is an important by-product in the sweet sorghum-based
ethanol industry. Above ground biomass distribution in sweet sorghum forms
90% of the total biomass produced and that includes stem, leaves and panicle
with grain. It is estimated that bagasse makes 30% of the total biomass of
sweet sorghum, which is composed of cellulose (15-25%), hemi cellulose (35-
50%) and lignin (20-30%) with Net Calorific value: 4,125 Kcal kg-1 (ash free);
depending on the genotypes (Grassi 2001). Approximate composition of sweet
sorghum bagasse is given in Table 1. It is estimated that 6-7 kg of bagasse
will be produced for every liter of ethanol produced from sweet sorghum.
Even though bagasse has multiple uses such as being a source for energy
cogeneration, animal feed and organic manure, it is important to work out the
trade-offs between its uses as a source of bio-fuel and carbon balance in the
whole production-to-consumption chain. In this context, recycling of bagasse
into organic manure and using it in the crop husbandry is an environmentally
safe measure of sequestering carbon in the soil. Sweet sorghum is promoted
in the semi-arid regions where organic carbon content in the soil is generally
low and the application of bagasse as organic manure assumes great
importance for sustaining the soil fertility. The direct application of bagasse
to the soil causes temporary lock up (immobilization) of soil nitrogen (N) due
to wider C: N (~35:1) ratio and hence, it is important to bring down the C:
N ratio by vermicomposting to use it as organic manure. Composting is the
value addition method for enriching organic residues with low N content and
this can be done either through microbial flora or along with earthworms.
Generally, composting of organic residues with earthworms is referred to as
vermicomposting, which is a rapid and simple method. The composition of
vermicompost is superior in terms of macro and micro nutrients; besides,
it is rich in plant growth promoting substances. The composting of sweet
sorghum bagasse with earthworms is focused in the project and protocol was
standardized for the same through laboratory and on farm trials.


Design Analysis of a Lomolding Machine C.L. Goussard Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering Stellenbosch University Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa Dissertation: PhD (Mechanical Engineering) December 2007 This dissertation describes the design analysis of a lomolder (a machine similar to an injection moulding machine). It focuses on key design aspects that will drive the purchase cost of the machine and that will also in uence the maintenance and operating cost. The main objective of the study is to provide an understanding of the key factors that in uence the cost of a lomolder as well as the factors that contributes to a quality manufactured part. A semi-analytical ow model was developed to predict cavity pressure drops for a range of part sizes. This model was necessary to eliminate time consuming numeric simulations required for machine optimisation. Numerous machine concept designs were developed and a nal layout design chosen. A parametric CAD model was built for the lomolder. Layout designs for di erent sized lomolders can be generated with this model. The dissertation concludes with a cost study that focuses on the purchase cost of a lomolder unit. Key elements such as choice of actuator and piston to part area ratio are described.


In response to increased attention within higher education to develop essential learning outcomes, faculty and administrators have worked to measure students' performance in relation to these outcomes. Students' learning is often measured through standardized tests or students' perception of their learning, rather than authentic learning that is connected to the curriculum. This study incorporated results from one institution's involvement in the Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) project to assess learning outcomes using the Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education (VALUE) rubrics. The learning outcomes assessed included critical thinking, quantitative literacy, and written communication. The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify relationships between students' demographic background characteristics, collegiate experiences, and performance on three learning outcomes. The independent variables included race/ethnicity, age, gender, socioeconomic status, program of study, credit hours and degree level. Astin's I-E-O model was used as a framework for my study to determine whether students grow or change differently based on the characteristics students bring to college and what they experience in college, and compared these variables with their performances on outcomes after exposure to the environment. The institution was a Midwestern 2-year public community college. Data collected were analyzed using multiple linear regressions to determine which independent variables had statistically significant relationships with higher scores on the three learning outcomes. The findings suggested that health majors and students' increase in age scored higher in critical thinking, African American students and business and math majors scored higher in quantitative literacy, and females and Asian students scored lower in critical thinking. 3 Acknowledgements This has been an amazing journey to becoming a Doctor of Education in Higher Education Administration. Thank you to my advisor Dr. Michael Mills for your constructive feedback, and to my committee members Dr. Frances Kayona and Dr. Steven McCullar. I want to especially thank Dr. Krista Soria for her support and advice in analyzing the data. I would like to thank all of the instructors listed above as well as many others in this program for their passion, insight, and for taking the time to develop me as a future administrator in higher education. Thank you to my parents, Pearl and Duane, for modeling hard work and for being so proud of me as I strived to complete my doctoral program. I appreciated the bed and breakfast you provided each weekend of my classes. Mom, I wish you were here to attend my graduation. I miss you, and even though you are no longer physically here, your presence will be felt. Thank you to my children Alexis and Taylor, Clarke and Shelby, Jericho, and Abigail for your support, love, prayers, and encouragement. I know this has taken so much of my time away from you and I am incredibly thankful that God has blessed me with each one of you. Thank you to my sisters, Carolyn and Pam, for the many phone calls that kept me going during my long drives to and from school as I attended classes. Thank you also for listening to me through the highs and lows, and encouraging me to keep going. Thank you to Cohort 8, for stretching me in many ways and opening my mind to many new thoughts and ideas. Thank you to collaborative Cohort 7, for welcoming me into your classes and writing sessions. Thank you especially to my husband, Ken. I could not have completed this program or this dissertation without your support and encouragement. You believed in me even when I did not. You are an amazing, faithful, and gracious life partner. I love you so much. I am thrilled to be completing this degree just in time to become grandparents together and welcoming baby boy Jones. 4 Table of


Abstract:The use of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) on women with AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) pT1-2pN1 breast cancer is controversial in practice. Huo et al. (2015) found that PMRT was associated with longer survival among a high-risk subgroup of AJCC pT1-2pN1 patients using a Cox model on data from the National Cancer Database. To address unmeasured confounding in this observational study, we consider the variation among facilities in the use of PMRT as an instrumental variable (IV). Recently, there has been widespread use of the two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI) method offered by Terza et al. (2008) for nonlinear models, and 2SRI has been the method of choice for analyzing proportional hazards model using IV in clinical studies. However, the causal parameter using 2SRI is only identified under a homogeneity assumption that goes beyond the standard assumptions of IV, and Wan et al. (2015) demonstrated that under standard IV assumptions, 2SRI could fail to consistently estimate the causal hazard ratio for compliers. In this paper, following Yu et al. (2015), we apply a model-based IV approach (Imbens and Rubin, 1997; Hirano et al., 2000) which allows consistent estimation of the causal hazard ratio for survival outcomes with a proportional hazards model specification under standard IV assumptions while flexibly incorporating the restrictions imposed by IV assumptions. Simulation studies show that when there is unmeasured confounding, both 2SRI and the standard Cox regression could provide biased estimates of the causal hazard ratio among compliers, while this model-based IV approach provides consistent estimates. We apply this IV method to the breast cancer study and our IV analysis did not find strong evidence to support the benefit of PMRT on survival among the targeted patients. In addition, we develop sensitivity analysis approaches to assess the sensitivity of causal conclusions to violations of the exclusion restrictions assumption for IV.


The fatigue properties of PM steels are mainly depending on the microstructure and density. Focus of this article is to quantify the mechanical performance of PM steel materials based on mixed, pre-alloyed and diffusion-alloyed powders in relation to the microstructures. Fatigue performance is the target parameter and this has decided the amounts of graphite added to the base powders. With one exception, test samples were sintered for 30 minutes at 2050°F/1120°C in 90%N2/10%H2. Fatigue tests have been made in displacement controlled four-point plane bending on modified ISO 3928 specimens. No machining of the test bars was made. All materials have been tested at densities close to 7.1 g/cm. The PM steel microstructures are classified according to their fatigue performance. Sinter-hardened Astaloy CrM + 0.35%C with its martensitic microstructure has the highest fatigue limit of the tested materials (54 ksi/370 MPa). The diffusion-alloyed materials exhibit somewhat lower bending fatigue limits with D.HP + 0.8%C (48 ksi/330 MPa) followed by D.AE + 0.8%C (40 ksi/280 MPa). These materials demonstrate pronounced heterogeneous microstructures characterized by a continuous network of martensite with islands of softer structures. The pre-alloyed Astaloy CrL + 0.8%C with its mainly lower bainitic microstructure reaches a fatigue limit of 38 ksi/260 MPa. Astaloy Mo + 0.8%C has a microstructure dominated by upper bainite and reaches a fatigue limit of 31 ksi/210 MPa. The FC-0208 has a fatigue limit of 32 ksi/220 MPa and the microstructure consists mainly of fine pearlite.


'Restorative justice' enables the victims of crime to meet with those responsible and to talk about what happened. It is an opportunity for victims to find ways to move on and for offenders to understand the effects of their actions. In the restorative justice literature, it is often assumed that those involved in the restorative process share the same language and ability to understand and communicate. But what happens when communication between an offender and a victim must be mediated through an interpreter? This article considers from a theoretical perspective how the vehicles of restoration – interaction, participation and encounter – and their role in creating empathy between the parties to a crime may be affected when realized in a bior multilingual setting. By taking a translational view, that is, by conceptualizing the restorative encounter as a hermeneutic process in which all acts of communication result in understandings that are both provisional and contingent, this article brings the founding theories of restorative justice into critical conversation with theories of language and translation to examine the philosophical implications of interpreting for the restorative justice paradigm in general and the practical dimensions of interpreter-mediated restorative justice interventions in particular.


Extracted from text ... Boekbesprekings / Book Reviews
Boutenhoff, P & Heller, D (eds) 2001 - Interpreting together: Essays in hermeneutics
Geneva: WCC Publications. xi & 164 Pages. Price: US$ 14.50
Reviewer: Dr G M J van Wyk (Vanderbijlpark)
Hermeneutics is a subject which is extensively taught by almost all the theological faculties in
South Africa. Not only is the history of hermeneutics taught, but students are also trained in the
contemporary principles and methods involved in the understanding of texts, while their
knowledge of hermeneutics is the subject of examination. Recent years saw a shift in the
emphasis in training with regard to ..


Studies of the macroevolutionary legacy of paleopolyploidy are limited by an incomplete sampling of these events across the tree of life. To better locate and understand these events, we need comprehensive taxonomic sampling as well as homology inference methods that accurately reconstruct the frequency and location of gene duplications. We assembled a dataset of transcriptomes and genomes from 169 species in Caryophyllales, of which 43 were newly generated for this study, representing one of the densest sampled genomic-scale datasets yet available. We carried out phylogenomic analyses using a modified phylome strategy to reconstruct the species tree. We mapped phylogenetic distribution of paleopolyploidy events by both tree-based and distance-based methods, and explicitly tested scenarios for paleo-allopolyploidy. We identified twenty-six paleopolyploidy events distributed throughout Caryophyllales, and using novel techniques inferred two to be paleo-allopolyploidy. Through dense phylogenomic sampling, we show the propensity of paleo-polyploidy in the clade Caryophyllales. We also provide the first method for utilizing transcriptome data to detect paleo-allopolyploidy, which is important as it may have different macro-evolutionary implications compared to paleo-autopolyploidy.


6.976 covers circuit and system level design issues of high speed communication systems, with primary focus being placed on wireless and broadband data link applications. Specific circuit topics include transmission lines, high speed and low noise amplifiers, VCO's, and high speed digital circuits. Specific system topics include frequency synthesizers, clock and data recovery circuits, and GMSK transceivers. In addition to learning analysis skills for the above items, students will gain a significant amount of experience in simulating circuits in SPICE and systems in CppSim (a custom C++ simulator).


Supported decision-making is at the forefront of modern disability research. This is due to Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), which creates a state obligation to provide support for the exercise of legal capacity. This turned the practice of supported decision-making into a human rights imperative. Government and funding agencies are increasingly focusing their attention on the area. Researchers are similarly increasing their interest in the field. The impending danger is that the rush of interest in the area will overshadow the original intention of supported decision-making: to ensure that people with cognitive disability are provided with the freedom and the tools to participate as equal citizens and for every individual to be free to direct their own life. This article explores the theoretical foundations of supported decision-making and the evolution of supported decision-making research. It explains the research that is emerging in leading jurisdictions, the United States and Australia, and its potential to transform disability services and laws related to decision-making. Finally, it identifies areas of concern in the direction of such research and provides recommendations for ensuring that supported decision-making remains protective of the rights, will and preferences of people with cognitive disability.


Non-coding genetic variation at TCF7L2 is the strongest genetic determinant of type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk in humans. TCF7L2 encodes a transcription factor mediating the nuclear effects of WNT signalling in adipose tissue (AT). Here we mapped the expression of TCF7L2 in human AT and investigated its role in adipose progenitor (AP) biology. APs exhibited the highest TCF7L2 mRNA abundance compared to mature adipocytes and adipose-derived endothelial cells. Obesity was associated with reduced TCF7L2 transcript levels in subcutaneous abdominal AT but increased expression in APs. In functional studies, TCF7L2 knockdown (KD) in APs led to dose-dependent activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling, impaired proliferation and dose-dependent effects on adipogenesis. Whilst partial KD enhanced adipocyte differentiation, complete KD impaired lipid accumulation and adipogenic gene expression. Overexpression of TCF7L2 accelerated adipogenesis. Transcriptome-wide profiling revealed that TCF7L2 can modulate multiple aspects of AP biology including extracellular matrix secretion, immune signalling and apoptosis. The T2D-risk allele at rs7903146 was associated with reduced AP TCF7L2 expression and enhanced AT insulin sensitivity. Our study highlights a complex role for TCF7L2 in AP biology and suggests that in addition to regulating pancreatic insulin secretion, genetic variation at TCF7L2 may also influence T2D risk by modulating AP function.


Prior to the Iraq imbroglio, Tony Blair had made reform of public services his prime theme. This was the heart of the
third way, which many have dismissed as vapid and as another example of spin. Now, however, two books at the end of the Blair era offer retrospective flesh and
substance to the project. They provide strong grounds for taking his endeavour seriously and for revisiting fundamental assumptions about ends and means. These two studies, by Michael Barber and Julian LeGrand,offer essential, indeed engrossing, reading to anyone interested in politics and public policy.They make the case that there is a fresh nexus between these activities. Both
authors explore strategies for public service reform. Both books are clearly written and, despite championing particular approaches, clear eyed in their advocacy. Yet perhaps their deepest added value lies, first, in their case for radical reform, which is grounded in a positive vision of the role and importance of public services, and, second, in their identifcation of the array of possible
responses.

The discussion that follows is mostly based on Michael Barber's book, which is by far the more comprehensive of the two. His is simply the best account of the practical dilemmas of modern public management that I have read. These are dilemmas of theory, vision and strategy no less than of leadership, structure and implementation. It draws on Barber's experience in translating into action Tony Blair's election promise to improve public services, in which he was a principal protagonist. In the implementation
of Blair's commitment, strategies were progressively imagined, tried and discarded or developed. This reflected an experimentalist or pragmatist approach, which Barber vaunts. In recounting this learning, his enthusiasm, can-do imagination, managerial capabilities and meticulous
attention to detail shine.


Cells sense the mechanical properties of their surrounding environment and activate intracellular signaling pathways that play important roles in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Migration of cells into an injury site is crucial for repair after injury and requires cytoskeletal reorganization and remodeling of focal adhesions that connect the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Thus, it is possible that a directional cyclic stretch stimulation of cells may facilitate the wound healing process and establish ordered tissue formation. Here, we investigated the effects of directional cyclic uniaxial stretch on wound repair processes of monolayer epithelial-like cells that was scratch wounded. We controlled the direction of scratched wound in cell tissue to be i) perpendicular to the stretch direction (perpendicular stretch), ii) parallel to the direction of the zero normal strain in the substrate θ 0 ( ~ 60º) (oblique stretch), and iii) parallel to stretch direction (parallel stretch). We found that cyclic stretching perpendicular to the scratched wound direction did not improve cell migration, whereas oblique stretching, by which cells were induced to align in the zero normal strain direction θ 0 , significantly facilitated cell migration for wound closure even though the migration direction was varied. We further found that cell migration for wound closure was improved most efficiently by cyclic stretching parallel to the wound direction, which facilitated polymerization of actin cytoskeleton aligning in the migration direction and vinculin–actin interactions. These results indicate that cell migration for wound healing is significantly influenced not only by the normal strain applied to cells but also by shear strain under cyclic strain fields, and cells for wound healing preferentially migrate to the direction in which both the normal and shear strains applied to them become smaller.


The progress made in plant biotechnology has provided an opportunity to new food crops being developed having desirable traits for improving crop yield, reducing the use of agrochemicals and adding nutritional properties to staple crops. However, genetically modified (GM) crops have become a subject of intense debate in which opponents argue that GM crops represent a threat to individual freedom, the environment, public health and traditional economies. Despite the advances in food crop agriculture, the current world situation is still characterised by massive hunger and chronic malnutrition, representing a major public health problem. Biofortified GM crops have been considered an important and complementary strategy for delivering naturally-fortified staple foods to malnourished populations. Expert advice and public concern have led to designing strategies for assessing the potential risks involved in cultivating and consuming GM crops. The present critical review was aimed at expressing some conflicting points of view about the potential risks of GM crops for public health. It was concluded that GM food crops are no more risky than those genetically modified by conventional methods and that these GM crops might contribute towards reducing the amount of malnourished people around the world. However, all this needs to be complemented by effective political action aimed at increasing the income of people living below the poverty-line.


Based on current research, debates and concerns, this Reader adopts a cross disciplinary approach to understanding and working with those who experience difficulties with literacy. It provides a broad view of difficulties in literacy and related educational and curriculum learning issues across a range of ages, phases and settings.

The Reader first considers questions of literacy, before going on to look at literacy development in relation to:

 Issues and concepts in public reading debates Literacy curriculum policy contexts

 Community, family, society and individual identity Social justice and equity issues and learning disabilities


The removal of Metronidazole (MNZ) from water and soil phases by iron sulfide (FeS) nanoparticles was investigated. From the results, for the batch test, 10 mg/L MNZ in the solution can be fully removed by the 350 mg/L FeS at pH = 7.5 in 2 hours then the FeS dosage effect, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) stabilization effect, pH effect, humic acid (HA) effect, CMC to FeS molar ratio were investigated to find out the best degradation conditions. The removal of MNZ by FeS followed a pseudo-first order kinetic model. The removal efficiency is increasing while the FeS concentration increasing, pH increasing, HA decreasing and a suitable CMC to FeS molar ratio from 0.0005 to 0.00225. The CMC stabilized FeS was compared with the bare FeS, CMC stabilized FeS showed faster removal rate and removal efficiency. In the soil phase experiment, adsorption, desorption, degradation and column tests were conducted, the result showed the MNZ can be adsorbed and degraded in the soil with lower removal efficiency, low removal rate and longer treatment time compared to the batch tests.


Many Mediterranean cities entered the new millennium facing challenges due to the changing needs of urban demographics and housing demand, the requirements of industrial and commercial activities, and the technological innovations of the new century. Added to these challenges are those brought about by globalisation. The impact of globalisation on cities has been as vast as it has been varied. The liberalisation of trade and the free flow of capital have in global terms put cities rather than nations at the forefront of economic competition (DPU, 2002). We see cities from the same countries competing with each other, such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi. The problem is whether cities can identify problems accurately and then set priorities wisely. Another issue is who sets these priorities and who takes decisions, especially if such cities are second cities.


Embracing two thousand years of intense and fiery admonition, "Approaching the Apocalypse" offers students of religion, history and politics the definitive handbook to Doomsday. Ideas about divinely-inspired disaster have an enduring place in the history of Christian thought. For centuries men and women have made preparations for the imminent end of the world, and for the thousand year reign of Christ and his saints. Inspired principally by the startling texts of the "Book of Revelation", Christianity has a rich and varied tradition of looking forward to the purifying fires of Armageddon. But what do recurring motifs like the Rapture, pestilence, biblical prophecy and the building of the New Jerusalem really add up to? And how have interpretations of these patterns differed from century to century?Charting a steady course between the feverish predictions of early Christian heretics like the Montanists, and the febrile outpourings of modern-day millennialists such as the Branch Davidians and Christian Zionists in America, John M Court explores the continuities and differences between their violent visions of cataclysm. His history comprises an incisive analysis of such movements and figures as the Levellers and Diggers, James Jezreel and his Trumpeters, Seventh-Day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses, cargo-cults and drug cultures. Approaching the Apocalypse shows why prophecies of plague, earthquake and flame continue to resonate so powerfully in the Christian imagination, and beyond.


Existing ad hoc system design methods for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) suffer from lack of reusability. In addition, the interactions between the continuous-time physical environments and WSNs have not been well studied. In this paper, we propose a model-based systems design (MBSD) framework for WSNs, which is a systematic methodology applying systems engineering principles to enhance model reusability and collaborations among multiple modeling domains. Firstly, we describe a hierarchy of model libraries to model various behaviors and structures of WSNs, including physical environments, physical platforms, communication and computation components, system services and applications. Based on the MBSD framework, we introduce a system design flow to compose both continuous-time and event-triggered modules to develop applications with support for performance study by simulations. Next, we briefly describe the main modules for physical platforms, the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, wireless channels and physical environments, which are developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), Simulink and Modelica. Finally, we use a building thermal control system as the case study to demonstrate the compos ability, reusability and flexibility of the proposed MBSD framework.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of magnesium foliar spray on yield performance of soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) cultivated in soil with adequate levels of base saturation and magnesium content in Brazil. The field trials were conducted on a Typic Hapludox cultivated with soybean and corn in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 crop seasons, respectively. Treatments consisted of Mg rates (50, 100, 250, 500, 1,000 and 1,500 g ha-1 and a control without Mg) applied during the V4, R1, and R5.1 (soybean) or V4 and R2 (corn) phenological growth stages as magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4∙7H2O). The SPAD index, leaf Mg content, grain yield, and 100-grain weight were evaluated. The Mg foliar spray increased the SPAD index in soybean and the leaf Mg content in corn. The Mg rates of 540 and 890 g ha-1 increased in 325 and 737 kg ha-1 the yield performance of soybean and corn, respectively, regardless of the phenological growth stages. The Mg application during the reproductive stages increased in 2% the 100-grain weight for both crops. Foliar spraying of Mg improves the yield performance in soybean and corn crops.


The free Ubuntu operating system has won the hearts and minds of millions of users worldwide. It combines a strong technical platform, impressive quality, and an enthusiastic global community of users who relentlessly support, document, and test it. The Official Ubuntu Book, Ninth Edition, has been extensively updated with a single goal: to make running todays Ubuntu even more pleasant and productive for you. Its the ideal one-stop knowledge source for Ubuntu novices, those upgrading from older versions or other Linux distributions, and anyone moving toward power-user status. Its expert authors focus on what you need to know most about installation, applications, media, administration, software applications, and much more. Youll discover powerful Unity desktop improvements that make Ubuntu even friendlier and more convenient. Youll also connect with the amazing Ubuntu community and the incredible resources it offers you. Learn how to Reliably install, customize, and update Ubuntu for any home, business, school, or government environment Get up and running quickly, and then explore Ubuntu and download powerful free software Customize Ubuntu for performance, accessibility, and fun Get comfortable with the highly efficient Ubuntu command line Install, administer, and secure Ubuntu Server, including advanced features such as LVM and RAID Get involved with related Ubuntu projects Help build, promote, distribute, support, document, or translate Ubuntu Get up-to-the-minute help and troubleshooting advice from Ubuntu users worldwide


This publication marks the first time in a hundred years that a wide range of nineteenth-century American women's poetry has been accessible to the general public in a single volume. Included are the humorous parodies of Phoebe Cary and Mary Weston Fordham and the stirring abolitionist poems of Lydia Sigourney, Frances Harper, Maria Lowell, and Rose Terry Cooke. Included, too, are haunting reflections on madness, drug use, and suicide of women whose lives, as Cheryl Walker explains, were often as melodramatic as the poems they composed and published. In addition to works by more than two dozen poets, the anthology includes ample headnotes about each author's life and a brief critical evaluation of her work. Walker's introduction to the volume provides valuable contextual material to help readers understand the cultural background, economic necessities, literary conventions, and personal dynamics that governed women's poetic production in the nineteenth century.


Assessment of dependability of component-based systems must include verification of temporal and performance requirements as they can be of primary importance for many real-time and embedded systems. This paper uses labelled timed Petri nets as models of the behaviour of components at their interfaces. These component models are systematically composed into an integrated model of the system which is used for verification of temporal characteristics and performance analysis.


Humans are at the heart of crucial processes in warehouses. Besides the common economic goal of minimising cycle times, we therefore add in this paper the human well-being goal of minimising workers' discomfort in the context of order picking. We propose a methodology for identifying the most suitable storage location solutions with respect to both goals. The first step in our methodology is to build data-driven empirical models for estimating cycle times and workers' discomfort. The second step of the methodology entails the use of these empirically grounded models to formulate a bi-objective assignment problem for assigning products to storage locations. The developed methodology is subsequently tested on two actual warehouses. The results of these practical tests show that clear trade-offs exist and that optimising only for discomfort can be costly in terms of cycle time. Based on the results, we provide practical guidelines for taking storage assignment decisions that simultaneously address discomfort and travel distance considerations.


Van Dale Basiswoordenboek Nederlands (Elementary Dictionary of Dutch), to appear in May 1987, differs from existing school dictionaries in a number of ways.The number of entries is considerably larger. It contains ± 25.000 entries, whereas the currently most frequently used school dictionary (Dijkstra' School Dictionary) contains ± 14.000 entries.The definitions are characterized as follows. Usually a logical definition is given. The definition of the word in a rather arbitrary context as in Dijkstra, is not very practical because for a child it is difficult to ascertain what part of the explanation is paraphrased by this context and what part is a definition of the entry. Synonymous definitions are only used to define difficult words by means of an easy one; in the position of the easy word a logical definition is provided. In this way circular definitions are avoided. In order to demonstrate the relation of a cluster of derivations to a root word we employ a morphosemantic definition for words belonging to such a cluster.The Basis woordenboek pays attention to usage in the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium. It contains ± 1200 entries, meanings and expressions that are typical of the Dutch language as spoken in Belgium.Proverbs and expressions are to be found at a fixed location, i.e. in the entry of the first noun that occurs in the proverb or expression. If there is no noun, the (first) adjectives, and if there is no adjective either, the first verb is the entry where the proverb or expression is to be found. Approximately six months after the publication of the Basis-woordenboek a lesson series on how to use a dictionary will be marketed by the same publisher, specifically aimed at how to use this dictionary.


This study employs recently developed techniques in time series econometrics to estimate linear models of equilibrium price determination in a competitive market for durable assets. Motivating this study is the unstructured approach employed in previous land price research, where the theoretical model of agent behaviour is invariably mis-specified or left undeveloped and the empirical model prone to the problems of spurious regression. The joint issues of theoretical and statistical congruence play important roles here. Specifically, a theoretical model is developed in which market participants are assumed to price land using present value methods. At the market level this yields a reduced form expression of equilibrium price determination which can be estimated empirically using aggregate data for England and Wales. The concepts of error correction and cointegration are then investigated and applied to the land price model. A unique long run relationship is identified between real agricultural land prices, inflation and real agricultural rents. Taking account of inflation-hedging as a motivation for acquiring farmland, land prices are shown to be principally determined by the returns to land, as embodied by market rents. The empirical model is also congruent with theoretical predictions regarding the unit elasticity between asset prices and returns. The error correction representation of the cointegrating set indicates that the short run response of land prices to rent and inflation is larger than the long run response. Consequently, land prices initially overshoot their equilibrium values following changes in rents or inflation. The period of adjustment to long run equilibrium lasts around three or fours years. The long run real rate of discount on agricultural land is estimated at 3.6% confirming the widely held belief that real rates of return on farmland are low. Present value models incorporating naive, adaptive and rational expectations are also estimated and the adaptive model is favoured by the data.


In Northern Regions, the formation of ice jams along many rivers is a common phenomena. These ice jams may occur during the freeze-up and more importantly during the spring break-up period. Ice jams in general have considerable effects on the water levels because they alter the water surface profile for stretches of tens of kilometers along the rivers. As a consequence, water levels increase significantly upstream of the ice jam and result in the flooding of towns situated along the river banks. Knowledge of the water levels within an ice jam can be used to estimate many parameters that are difficult to measure and observe. Examples of such parameters are the local and global ice jam resistance to the flow, and forces acting within an ice jam.

While ice jams are notorious causes of serious problems in hydraulic engineering, very little engineering methodology exists to deal with such problems. In this paper, the results of a laboratory study aimed at investigating the development of the water surface profile along an ice jam that is lodged in place, are analyzed and presented. A rectangular flume with a horizontal bed was used for the experiments. Twelve experiments carried out under different geometrical, hydrodynamic and ice conditions, were analysed. A simulated floating ice cover was used to arrest the downstream transport of the ice floes, forming the ice jams.

The experiments indicate two types of ice jams, those that are floating and others that are lodged at one or more locations along their length. The phreatic water level along a floating ice jam is up to 0.92 the ice jam thickness. This is not true when an ice jam is lodged in place. Different experiments have shown that the water surface profile along a lodged ice jam follows similar tendencies regardless of the geometry, ice floe size distribution and hydrodynamic conditions. It was found that the phreatic water level varies linearly from the trailing edge of the ice jam up to approximately 90% of its length downstream. Towards the remaining part of the jam's length the water level follows a cubic polynomial line.


Current knowledge regarding acute regulation of adipocyte lipolysis is largely based on receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of pathways that influence intracellular levels of cAMP, thereby affecting protein kinase A (PKA) activity. We recently identified synthetic ligands of α-β-hydrolase domain containing 5 (ABHD5) that directly activate adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by dissociating ABHD5 from its inhibitory regulator, perilipin-1 (PLIN1). In the current study, we used these novel ligands to determine the direct contribution of ABHD5 to various aspects of lipolysis control in white (3T3-L1) and brown adipocytes. ABHD5 ligands stimulated adipocyte lipolysis without affecting PKA-dependent phosphorylation on consensus sites of PLIN1 or hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Cotreatment of adipocytes with synthetic ABHD5 ligands did not alter the potency or maximal lipolysis efficacy of the β-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) agonist isoproterenol (ISO), indicating that both target a common pool of ABHD5. Reducing ADRB/PKA signaling with insulin or desensitizing ADRB suppressed lipolysis responses to a subsequent challenge with ISO, but not to ABHD5 ligands. Lastly, despite strong treatment differences in PKA-dependent phosphorylation of HSL, we found that ligand-mediated activation of ABHD5 led to complete triglyceride hydrolysis, which predominantly involved ATGL, but also HSL. These results indicate that the overall pattern of lipolysis controlled by ABHD5 ligands is similar to that of isoproterenol, and that ABHD5 plays a central role in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis. As lipolysis is critical for adaptive thermogenesis and in catabolic tissue remodeling, ABHD5 ligands may provide a means of activating these processes under conditions where receptor signaling is compromised.


Robert Altman must like the art of cinematic adap- tation-his list of upcom- ing projects includes film versions of Kurt Vonne- gut's Breakfast of Cham- pions and Peter Gent's North Dallas Forty, and he had planned to direct E. L. Doctorow's Ragtime until ousted by producer Dino De Laurentiis. One of his latest works, Buf- falo Bill and the Indians, is also an adaptation of sorts. Even though the credits say this film was only "suggested by" Ar- thur Kopit's play Indians, there is no better way to understand the film, or the play, than to compare these two visualizations of Americans and their visions of grandeur. Both are crowded, unruly works in which a prevail- ing visual metaphor- the Wild West Show in all its gaudy glory- is the start- ing point for getting at the levels of illusion that camouflage the real facts and figures of the American heritage. Altaian's and Kopit's unique methods of presenting the Wild West Show and approaches to the truths underlying its splendorous hoopla do indeed make film and play separate but at the same time complementary works. Altman's Buffalo Bill (Paul Newman) tells Sitting Bull when the latter first signs on with the show, "you'll find it ain't all that different from real life." In fact, it is, and the particular ways in which Altman and Kopit bring to life America's first show business extravaganza reflect not only the medium being used but also the special concerns of each artist. Altman makes use of all the iliusionistic resources film offers to re-create the world of the Wild West Show. At first even the show itself seems like the genuine articlethat is, it seems as vividly realistic as all those Hollywood westerns. An unseen narrator speaks of the wonder of America as the camera pans across a fog-enshrouded hillside, finally coming to rest on a group of would-be settlers. But the sleepy scene is soon transfigured by the onslaught of whooping savages . . . sound familiar?1 The audience seems to be in store for one more face-off between the cowboys and the Indians until Altaian changes directions: the camera moves back for a larger view and we see that it was all a put-on. The Wild West Show cast was merely practicing one of its "numbers." This is just the first of Altman's tricks to encourage his audience to sort out illusory appearance from reality, all of which are done within the context of the carnival-like camp of Wild West Show performers and promoters. Altman's Wild West Show is multidimensional in comparison to Kopit's stage version; for example, we see not only what the paying customers watch but also what goes on behind the scenes, both during and between the slick, upbeat shows- the performers' philandering, the Indians' recalcitrance, Bill's ineffectually . Altman's coverage from all angles of life at the Wild West Show corral is an effective way of refuting Bill's claim that the reproduction and the original West are not "all that different." Kopit, on the other hand, does not render naturalistically the entire world of the Wild West Show. He points up the disparity between the show's re-creation and "real life" by deliberately calling attention to the falsity of the reproduction. Vera Jiji has labeled Kopit's techniques of presenting Buffalo Bill Cody's circus "Brechtian,"2 and clearly he does emphasize the theatricality and hence artificiality of the show. The opening stage directions in the first of the play's thirteen scenes illustrate Kopit's self-conscious use of music, lighting, voice-over narration, and props to break the illusion of reality: Eerie light now on stage; dim spotlights sweep the floor as if trying to locate something in space. Brief, distorted strains of Western American music. A VOICE reverberates from all about the theatre. Voice: Cody . . . Cody . . . Cody! . . . CODY! One of the spotlights passes something: a man on a horse. The spotlight slowly retraces itself, picks up the horse and rider. They are in a far corner of the stage; they move in slow motion. …


This paper explores the role of Spanish in an academic community in Southwest Texas in order to demonstrate how power, history and place affect linguistic attitudes. The changing status of Spanish from being an index of low wage paying jobs to being a marker of membership in an exclusive academic community serves as a case to investigate how power relations and history interact to shape linguistic attitudes of individuals and groups. Members of the Bilingual Creative Writing Graduate Program at the University of Texas, El Paso, were interviewed to identify the prevalent attitudes towards bilingualism, Spanish in the community and Spanish language users. A discourse analysis of the interviews revealed that participants in this community value Spanish use and bilingualism in the academic context, but have mostly negative attitudes towards local varieties of Spanish and monolingual speakers. This study demonstrates the importance of history, power and place in understanding language attitudes as shared evaluations of language users and uses.


The Federal Highway Administration argues that one way to reduce substantially the annual $230 billion national societal cost of motor vehicle crashes is to incorporate safety directly into the long-range transportation planning process. Because much of this planning in Virginia is conducted by metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and planning district commissions (PDCs), it is appropriate to determine ways in which the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) (which generally is responsible for roadway safety) may work with these organizations to integrate safety and planning. A survey of Virginia MPOs/PDCs conducted in this study revealed a healthy interest in such integration: 83% of respondents included safety in their planning goals and objectives, 61% involved citizens in safety planning, and 86% (of those answering the particular question) indicated safety is a factor (or in the case of one respondent, the only factor) used to prioritize projects in the long-range plan. The survey also identified several barriers to such integration. Although respondents cited a lack of dedicated safety funding as the largest obstacle, other barriers cited included the difficulty of obtaining of crash data and a lack of adequate training for staff in areas such as geometric design, crash data acquisition, and human factors. Further, 44% of respondents [who answered the particular question] noted that before/after studies are not conducted to determine the efficacy of safety-related projects. Accordingly, this study developed a Virginia-specific resource guide that VDOT district planning staff, MPOs, and PDCs can use to enhance the integration of safety into the planning process. This report (Volume I) describes the process used to develop the guide; the guide itself is provided in Volume II. The guide promotes the incorporation of safety into the planning process by providing numerous, specific examples rather than by exhorting agencies to perform such coordination. Virginia is a diverse state composed of urban, suburban, and rural regions with varying degrees of reliance on local and state crash data systems. As a consequence, the opportunities to integrate safety and planning are themselves diverse, as reflected in the guide. Many solutions presented in the guide are feasible in some situations but not in others. For example, widening substandard high-speed travel lanes may be productive in a rural area, whereas an urban location might benefit from a reduction in the number of vehicle lanes and the addition of a bicycle path. Further, the guide identifies 16 funding sources for safety-related projects given that no funding source has universal applicability. By necessity, therefore, of the diverse examples provided in the guide, only some may be suitable for a given region.


The seven volcanoes comprising the island of Hawaii and its submarine base are, in order of growth, Mahukona, Kohala, Mauna Kea, Hualalai, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, and Loihi. The first four have completed their shield-building stage, and the timing of this event can be determined from the depth of the slope break associated with the end of shield building, calibrated using the ages and depths of a series of dated submerged coral reefs off northwest Hawaii. The composition of lavas collected adjacent to these reefs helps to define the eruptive history of the various volcanic centers. The island of Hawaii has grown at an average rate of about 0.02 km 2 /yr for the past 600 k.y. and presently is close to its maximum size. Mahukona completed shield building about 465 ka; Kohala, 245 ka; Mauna Kea, 130 ka; and Hualalai, 130 ka. On each volcano, the transition from eruption of tholeiitic to alkalic lava occurs near the end of shield building. The larger volcanic systems (which stood more than 4 km above their shoreline at the end of shield building) change in composition before the end of shield building, and the smaller volcanoes change near or after the end of shield building, or never make the change to eruption of alkalic lava. The rate of southeastern (south 40° east) progression of the end of shield building (and hence the postulated movement rate of the Pacific plate over the Hawaiian hotspot) in the interval from Haleakala to Hualalai is about 13 cm/yr. Based on this rate and an average spacing of volcanoes on each loci line of 40-60 km, the volcanoes require about 600 thousand years to grow from the ocean floor (generally from a point on the southeastern submarine flank of the next older volcano of the same loci line) to the time of the end of shield building. They arrive at the ocean surface about midway through this period.


PURPOSE
To report to the quantitative imaging community that Standard Reference Material™ 2088, Density Standard for Medical Computed Tomography, is in the final stages of certification. The SRM 2088 can be used to determine the radiodensity scale in medical computed tomography (CT) in the range of lung tissue, partially supplementing the quantitative imaging effort championed by the Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) to specifically address the standardization of lung density measurements using CT.

METHODS
The SRM consists of a set of five rigid polyurethane foam blocks, approximately 5 cm × 4 cm × 2 cm, with densities ranging from 0.06 to 0.30 g/cm3 corresponding to HU values nominally from -950 and -695. A total of 200 blocks makes up the 40 packaged units, each containing 5 blocks of the 5 unique densities. Among these, 15 (3 from each density level) were randomly selected to have their physical density determined by SI traceable length and mass measurements. The measured densities of these blocks and their corresponding HU value obtained in a CT measurement serve as the calibration for assigning a density value to the entire 200 blocks. In addition, 3 units randomly selected were measured in the NIST standard beam qualities to obtain the mass attenuation coefficient. The linear attenuation coefficient, the lot averaged path length along the x-ray beam, and the assigned mass density were used to obtain the mass attenuation coefficient.

RESULTS
Based on rigorous statistical analyses, all 200 blocks in the 40 units are issued a certified physical density in kg/m3, and the entire lot of the SRM is issued a mass attenuation coefficient, in kg/m2, for each of the four standard beam qualities.

CONCLUSION
SRM 2088 allows an SI-traceable calibration of densities observed in a CT in the density range of lung tissue.


The residential sector accounts for 24% of electricity conswnption in Botswana. This is significant and warrants a comprehensive understanding of the energy characteristics of the sector. This would not only inform occupants, but it would also inform the utility providers and hence policymakers. The comprehensive understanding of household electricity conswnption requires detailed data which is virtually non-existent in Botswana. In this research, data that was collated to address this shortfall has been achieved through the use of questionnaires, appliance use diaries and electricity monitoring. The data collection was in two phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2. Phase 1 covered three location while Phase 2 focused on a locality in Gaborone. The questionnaire resulted in a comprehensive dataset of 73 households for Phase 1 and 310 households for Phase 2 while three and fourteen houses were monitored for Phase 1 and 2 respectively. The research, therefore, makes use of a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) approach all of which complement each other.
The data collated was used for statistical analysis to discover the existing trends in the data and to determine household typologies. Two statistical models; General Linear Model (GLM) and Linear Mixed Model (LMM) were developed to determine the most influential factors; dwelling, socio-economic and appliance on electricity conswnption. In addition, identification of household typologies was carried out using the k-means clustering method. From the analysis, it was observed that dwelling, socio-economic and appliance factors account for 44%, 33% and 45% of the variation in electricity conswnption respectively. A combination of all the factors, however, accounted for 57% of the variance in electricity conswnption, hence a better predictor of household electricity use. The analysis also indicated other significant factors such as the time of the day, the day of the week and occupancy trends amongst others have a significant influence on household electricity use.
From the cluster analysis, four independent groups were identified based on selected characteristics (features) that is, dwelling type, tenure, the nwnber of rooms, the number bedrooms, annual electricity conswnption and the number of appliances. The clusters identified provide a potential to better understand the underlying electricity conswnption characteristics provided by different household segments. In this way, it is possible to ensure that interventions (such as the demand side management strategy already in place) will encompass as much of the population as possible, and certainly, those groups which offer the greatest potential for beneficial impact together with the building and appliance factors that underpin these potentials. Whereas at the onset of this research there were limited information/data, the fmdings presented in this research provides significant data and analyses for further research, which is underpinned by, detailed methods and modelling techniques.


This book presents the proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association (IEA 2018), held on August 26-30, 2018, in Florence, Italy. By highlighting the latest theories and models, as well as cutting-edge technologies and applications, and by combining findings from a range of disciplines including engineering, design, robotics, healthcare, management, computer science, human biology and behavioral science, it provides researchers and practitioners alike with a comprehensive, timely guide on human factors and ergonomics. It also offers an excellent source of innovative ideas to stimulate future discussions and developments aimed at applying knowledge and techniques to optimize system performance, while at the same time promoting the health, safety and wellbeing of individuals. The proceedings include papers from researchers and practitioners, scientists and physicians, institutional leaders, managers and policy makers that contribute to constructing the Human Factors and Ergonomics approach across a variety of methodologies, domains and productive sectors. This volume includes papers addressing the following topics: Safety and Health, and Slips, Trips and Falls.


Introduction: Newcastle Disease (ND), caused by Avian avulavirus 1 (AAvV 1, avulaviruses), is a notifiable disease throughout the world due to the economic impact on trading restrictions and its embargoes placed in endemic regions. The feral birds including aquatic/migratory birds and other wild birds may act as natural reservoir hosts of ND Viruses (NDVs) and may play a remarkable role in the spread of the virus in environment. In addition, other 19 avulaviruses namely: AAvV 2 to 20, have been potentially recognized from feral avian species. Expalantion: Many previous studies have investigated the field prevailing NDVs to adapt a wide range of susceptible host. Still the available data is not enough to declare the potential role of feral birds in transmission of the virus to poultry and/or other avian birds. In view of the latest evidence related to incidences of AAvVs in susceptible avian species, it is increasingly important to understand the potential of viruses to transmit within the domestic poultry and other avian hosts. Genomic and phylogenomic analysis of several investigations has shown the same (RK/RQRR↓F) motif cleavage site among NDV isolates with same genotypes from domestic poultry and other wild hosts. So, the insight of this, various semi-captive/free-ranging wild avian species could play a vital role in the dissemination of the virus, which is an important consideration to control the disease outbreaks. Insufficient data on AAvV 1 transmission from wild birds to poultry and vice versa is the main constraint to understand about its molecular biology and genomic potential to cause infection in all susceptible hosts. Conclusion: The current review details the pertinent features of several historical and contemporary aspects of NDVs and the vital role of feral birds in its molecular epidemiology and ecology.


This book provides a comprehensive and lively introduction to the major trends in film scoring from the silent era to the present day, focussing not only on dominant Hollywood practices but also offering an international perspective by including case studies of the national cinemas of the UK, France, India, Italy, Japan and the early Soviet Union. The book balances wide-ranging overviews of film genres, modes of production and critical reception with detailed non-technical descriptions of the interaction between image track and soundtrack in representative individual films. In addition to the central focus on narrative cinema, separate sections are also devoted to music in documentary and animated films, film musicals and the uses of popular and classical music in the cinema. The author analyses the varying technological and aesthetic issues that have shaped the history of film music, and concludes with an account of the modern film composer's working practices.


Revenge is not an art for the forgetful. To enjoy revenge drama, you need to relish the struggle between a will to remember and a desire to forget. Four hundred years ago that tension generated revenge tragedy.1 This essay brings the memory of that old theatrical genre to bear on three of its cinematic heirs: The Debt Collector (Anthony Neilson, 1999), The Boondock Saints (Troy Duffy, 1999), and The Man Who Sued God (Mark Joffe, 2001). I contend that these three films remember and recycle early modern conceptions of revenge in order to dramatize a contemporary thinking through of the idea of the father.2 The question I ask is, "Why this, now?" What does revenge tragedy have to offer the contemporary cinematic father? My answer is that these films disinter elements of revenge tragedy and use them to explore potentialities of father's role in the post-backlash era. The father takes up retributive projects as remediation for having been "stiffed."3 All three films foreground the shortcomings, failings, and hypocrisies of the law.4 Billy Connolly stars in all of them as a father who affronts the law in some way: through revenge, vigilantism, or the perversion of legal practice.5 Each film links its central challenge to the law with a project for protecting or restoring the prestige of the father. The affront to the law is direct in both The Debt Collector and The Boondock Saints: the father becomes embroiled in revenge and vigilantism. In The Man Who Sued God the confrontation is more oblique: the father brings a novel and impertinent lawsuit that interrogates a fundamental premise on which the authority of state power rests, namely that the law claims to interpret God's will. These films constitute a minicycle about "retributive paternity" that forms a coda to a much larger cycle of revenge films I have described elsewhere.6 To demonstrate that these films constitute a cycle, we need only recall their plots. The Debt Collector is an "intensely depressive" drama, in which Connolly plays Nickie Dryden, who collects repayments for loan sharks (Paviour 90). Famous for his ruthlessness, he specializes in extracting pounds of flesh from debtors' relatives if cash is unforthcoming. Dryden, however, is not the only "debt collector" in the film. Keltie (the police officer who first arrested Dryden) emerges as a contender for the title. The narrative is concerned less with Dryden's original crimes than with what happens after he is released from an eighteen-year prison sentence. Apparently a reformed man, he becomes a fashionable artist and marries well, moving up the social ladder and becoming a stepfather. But Keltie regards Dryden's "reform" as irrelevant, because his life after prison is manifestly a reward rather than a punishment. Keltie determines to collect on a debt he regards as still underpaid, namely Dryden's "debt to society." Keltie mounts a campaign of public humiliation that escalates into a violent vendetta. Dryden loses his grip on reform and reluctantly responds in kind. Retaliatory violence escalates almost by accident, damaging both men's families. Finally, Keltie ambushes Dryden with a knife, but he loses the fight and dies. Dryden is tried for new crimes, and although he is again released, this time he has paid dearly: his stepson has died and his wife has become estranged. As Keltie warned Dryden, "All she'll see when she looks at you is fear, and pain, and loss." In The Debt Collector, the men who turn to revenge are unseated and discredited by it, and the vengeful father emerges as "a character upon whom you'd wish all the harm in the world" (Kelly 44). Of the three movies considered here, The Debt Collector depicts revenge in the starkest, most unprepossessing fashion, and the father's recourse to it is condemned. As Richard Kelly says, "this film is not on the side of the redemptive angels" (44). By contrast with The Debt Collector's gritty "sociological" realism, The Boondock Saints enthusiastically restores a camp glamour to vigilantism, embedding the father who takes the law into his own hands in a stylized and surreal fantasia. …


AbstractGravity measurements and reinterpretations of previously released seismic lines were made, focusing on the provincial border between neighboring provinces San Juan and Mendoza. A Bouguer anomaly map was obtained after the processing of gravimetric data, which were previously filtered, to obtain the Bouguer residual anomalies used for studying the geologic structures located on the upper crust. The analysis of these Bouguer residual anomalies allowed identification of the Jocoli Basin in a foreland position within a triangle zone at the boundary of the Precordillera fold-and-thrust belt with the Sierras Pampeanas thick-skinned foreland province. The seismic images allowed interpretation of three horizons: Paleozoic, Triassic, and Tertiary-Quaternary ages. The authors have reinterpreted the seismic and well data and reconstructed gravity models for the area under study aiming at unraveling the deep structure of the region and identifying features with potential for oil and gas exploration.


This paper looks at Jamaica's recent history of indebtedness, its experience during the global economic downturn, and examines its current agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It finds that Jamaica's economic and social progress has suffered considerably from the burden of an unsustainable debt; and that even after the debt restructuring of 2010, this burden remains unsustainable and very damaging. Pro-cyclical macroeconomic policies, implemented under the auspices of the IMF, have also damaged Jamaica's recent and current economic prospects.


The trends of illegal logging and current situation of illegal logging in
Peninsular Malaysia were studies. Data and information from year 2001 to
2010 on volume of log productions (m3
) and volume of illegal log
productions were collected from the government and private sectors such as
the Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia (FDPM), International Tropical
Timber Organization (ITTO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the correlation analysis to
determine the direction and the strength of the relationship between log
productions and illegal log productions. The results showed that the trends of
illegal logging are on the increased. Eighteen percents (18%) of the logs cut
annually are obtained from illegal operation. The log productions and illegal
log productions resulted have a weak negative relationship as r = -0.271, p =
0.603 and do not significantly related. The illegal log productions are
inversely related with the log productions. It can be concluded that the log
productions in Peninsular Malaysia occurred in a small scale and the situation
is under control. Proper long-term planning needs to be generated and
implemented to prevent the problem from becoming worse.


An attempt was made to make this a self-contained reading. The first three chapters are intended to provide the necessary background. Chapter one develops the tools needed from Galois Cohomology. Chapter two is a brief description of involutions, and in chapter three we define the notion of (linear) algebraic group, we give some examples and discuss some of their properties. In chapter four, we discuss some variants of the classical Skolem-Noether theorem, requiring only that the subalgebra have a unique faithful representation of full degree over a separable closure. We verify that we can extend every isomorphism to the whole algebra by means of inner automorphisms, just as in the classical case. Examples of algebras that satisfy this condition are simple algebras and commutative Frobenius algebras. In chapter five, we attach involutions to our algebras. We show that Skolem-Noether type results hold over a separable closure and we discuss some descent problems. Chapter six is a study of A;-conjugacy classes of maximal A;-tori, the main goal of this dissertation. We are able to give explicit descriptions of fc-conjugacy classes in particular cases. This was done by applying the general formalism developed in the chapter.


The aim of this paper is to review conceptual and empirical literature on the concept of distributed leadership (DL) in order to identify its origins, key arguments, and areas for further work. Consideration is given to the similarities and differences between DL and related concepts including 'shared', 'collective', 'collaborative', 'emergent', 'co-' and 'democratic' leadership. Findings indicate that whilst there are some common theoretical bases, the relative usage of these concepts varies over time, between countries and between sectors. In particular, DL is a notion that has seen a rapid growth in interest since the year 2000 but research remains largely restricted to the field of school education and of proportionally more interest to UK than US-based academics. Several scholars are increasingly going to lengths to indicate that in order to be 'distributed' leadership need not necessarily be widely 'shared' or 'democratic' and in order to be effective there is a need to balance different 'hybrid configurations' of practice. The article highlights a number of areas for further attention, including three factors relating to the context of much work on DL (power and influence; organisational boundaries and context; and ethics and diversity), and three methodological and developmental challenges (ontology; research methods; and leadership development, reward and recognition). It is concluded that descriptive and normative perspectives that dominate the literature should be supplemented by more critical accounts that recognise the rhetorical and discursive significance of DL in (re)constructing leader-follower identities, mobilising collective engagement and challenging or reinforcing traditional forms of organisation.


The authors search information on the provisions of 10,947 wage contracts signed in the Canadian unionized sector between 1976 and 1999 for evidence of downward nominal wage rigidity (the disinclination of wages to fall, in nominal dollars, below their established level). Over the sample period, real wage reductions were common, but nominal wage reductions were rare. The probability of downward nominal wage rigidity increased substantially during low-inflation periods. During such periods, apparently there was no reduction in the incidence of real wage cuts, but the magnitude of those cuts was modest, suggesting a lesser ability of wages to adjust to labor market conditions than at other times.


Given any generative classifier based on an inexact density model, we can define a discriminative counterpart that reduces its asymptotic error rate. We introduce a family of classifiers that interpolate the two approaches, thus providing a new way to compare them and giving an estimation procedure whose classification performance is well balanced between the bias of generative classifiers and the variance of discriminative ones. We show that an intermediate trade-off between the two strategies is often preferable, both theoretically and in experiments on real data.


"The Book of Shrift," a 4000-line penitential handbook in verse (Index of Middle English Verse 694), forms one of the typical additions to the original text of Cursor Mundi. (1) In the early (s. xiv1) circulation of this massive biblical history, "The Book" usually appears at the very end of the work. As a result, it has been subject to those vicissitudes that typically afflict the ends of manuscripts, and although all early copies of the Cursor Mundi seem originally to have included it, "The Book" now only survives in full in a single one of them, British Library, Cotton Vespasian MS A.iii. (2) Nevertheless, "The Book of Shrift" does not exist simply as a pendant to the enormous Cursor. Much later in the fourteenth century, perhaps in the 1390s, a pair of scribes copied what would appear to be excerpts from the text. These are found in BL, MS Cotton Galba E.ix, which Morris printed (scribe hereafter designated G) and in Bodleian Library, Rawlinson poet. 175 (hereafter R). (3) On the basis of considerable overlap of contents, as well as remarkably close textual relations (most pronounced in their versions of The Prick of Conscience), the two books appear to have emanated from the same copying center, probably somewhere in northern Yorkshire. Indeed, the two scribes contributed independent portions to a third book, British Library, Harley MS 4196, where scribe G copied quires 18-21 and scribe R quires 27-34. (4) The two versions of "The Book" copied by these scribes will provide some further evidence for their connection and typical behavior. One's initial response to the renditions of "The Book of Shrift" in G and R is one of difference. Neither book offers quite the same text nor in the same order. In G, one finds the following presentation: folios 67ra-73va: two large chunks, comprising Morris's lines 27548-28063+ and 28614-29547+ (edn. pp. 1527-51, 1560-86). (5) The break between the two selections is marked by a large, centered "Amen" on folio 69rb, and a similar colophon appears at the end of the selection. In addition, immediately following, at fols 73vb-75ra, G presents a versified Pater Noster, with exposition (Index 788). This, excepting the same three Cursor manuscripts which have "The Book of Shrift," is a unique text. (6) In contrast to this presentation, R provides, in some respect or another: folios 80va-93rb, 101va-103vb, lines 25864-27523, 27548-28063+, 28614-29547+ In other words, R presents the text from its opening, as it appears in Vespasian, while G appears as probably engaged in editorial behavior, tailoring a full text by selection. Neither of the two books contains lines 28064-28613, for which Vespasian remains the only witness.7 Finally, although R takes up, after this hiatus, at the same point as G, it then lacks altogether lines 27523-547. However, R's presentation of "The Book of Shrift" is considerably more erratic than this summary would suggest: folios 80va/1-87ra/23 provide the rubric "Here bigyns a schort tretyce of schryft" and lines 25684-27161 (edn. 1470-1514). At this point, seven couplets past the rubric "Of be poyntes bat falles to be preste," the manuscript unexpectedly provides: folios 87ra/24-91ra/24, lines 28660-29547+ (edn. 1561-86). The selection ends with the couplet "And tyll his kyngdom he vs ken I Thurgh prayer of his moder Amen." It is succeeded by the rubric "Of be seuen dedly synnes and of bair braunches," and there follows: folios 91ra/27-93rb/40: lines 27548-28063+ (edn. 1527-51), concluding with the same centered "Amen" as appears after both segments presented in G and with a further pair of blank lines at the column foot. In addition, more of the poem appears later in R, and in a most unexpected place. These materials are buried in the center of another text that has been copied later in the book. This is a verse translation from Latin called "The Gast of Gy" (Index 3028). It begins at the head of folio 96ra and is separated from R's consecutive copying from "The Book of Shrift" by a passion lyric also in G (Index 2080) and two extraneous verse texts of wide circulation (Index 1781 and 1718). …


This thesis deals with two central challenges in the online evaluation of rankers for information retrieval: (i) The design of multileaving algorithms and (ii) how best to manage the exploration-exploitation tradeoff associated with online evaluation using multileaving. Multileaving is an online evaluation approach where the ranked lists produced by a set of rankers are combined to produce a single ranked list which is presented to users of a system. The quality of the rankers is then inferred based on implicit user feedback, i.e. which items the user clicks on. Multileaving is a generalization of interleaving, which differs from multileaving in only combining pairs of rankers at a time. Multileaving has been shown to reduce the quantity of feedback needed in order to evaluate rankers relative to interleaving. We show that prior multileaving methods can be much less accurate than previously believed. In particular, prior multileaving methods fail to account for the interaction between how they create the multileaved lists presented to users, and how they use implicit feedback to infer the relative qualities of rankers. This can result in the quality estimates of prior multileaving methods depending on artefacts of the multileaving process, rather than the quality of the rankers being evaluated. We introduce two new multileaving algorithms. Sample-Only Scored Multileaving (SOSM) is the first multileaving algorithm to scale well with the number of rankers being compared, without introducing substantial errors. Multileaving using Importance Sampling (MIS) is the first multileaving algorithm for which we can provide provable guarantees regarding the accuracy of evaluation. Multileaving evaluates a chosen set of rankers. However it does not address how to choose these rankers. This is a classic exploitation versus exploration problem. On the one hand we would like the multileaved list to contain relevant documents, i.e. we should exploit the rankers we believe are good. On the other hand, other rankers may be better, i.e. we should explore rankers we are uncertain of. This problem has been previously framed as a dueling bandit problem when evaluating rankers using interleaving. We extend the dueling bandit framework to managing the explorationexploitation tradeoff associated with most currently existing multileaving algorithms. This is designed for algorithms where the outcome of the multileaving is a binary outcome, reflecting whether one ranker was better than another in a comparison. For this setting we introduce multi-dueling bandits, and show that regret can be reduced by orders of magnitude relative to what is attainable for dueling bandits. For managing the exploration-exploitation tradeoff associated with multileaving algorithms such as MIS, which output absolute scores for rankers, we introduce a new variant of the bandits with multiple plays setting. This distinguishes itself from previous multiple play settings in that the number of arms to be played at each iteration is not fixed. Thus, it is possible to converge on exclusively selecting the best arm.