Oceans play a vital role as one of the major components of Earth's climate system. The study of oceanic processes and the complexity inherent in dynamic ows is essential
for understanding their regulatory character on the climate's variability. A key region for the study of such intrinsic oceanic variability is the Southern Ocean. In the form of a wind-driven, zonally unbounded, strong eastward
ow, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) circumnavigates the Antarctic continent connecting each of the ocean basins. The dynamics of the ACC, which is characterised by the absence of land barriers, apart from when crossing Drake Passage, have long been a topic of debate [Rintoul et al., 2001].
The main interests of this study focus on inferring and mapping the dynamic variability the ACC exhibits by means of transient disturbances [Hughes, 2005] (such as
mesoscale eddies) and subsequent mixing from Lagrangian trajectories. The distribution of eddy transport and intensity, the mixing of conservative quantities and
ow dynamics through to the interaction of eddy kinetic energy, mean ow and topography are examined.
The sparseness of observations in the Southern Ocean and the necessity to understand the role of the oceanic circulation in the climate by a holistic approach highlights
computational ocean circulation models as indispensable. In the context of this study, output from the run401 of the Ocean Circulation and Climate Advance Model (OCCAM)
1/12� ocean model, developed at the U.K. National Oceanography Centre, is utilised. In order to deduce the temporal and spatial variability of the ow dynamics,
as well as its vertical distribution, simulation of monthly releases of passive particles using di�erent schemes (i.e. cluster or linear alignment) on isobaric and isoneutral surfaces was conducted. An analysis of the Lagrangian trajectories reveals the characteristics of the dynamics that control the ow and depict regions of enhanced eddy activity and mixing. The model's ability to simulate real oceanic ows is established through comparison with a purposeful release of the tracer CF3SF5, which is conducted as part of the DIMES experiment (http://dimes.ucsd.edu/).
We �nd that topography plays a fundamental role in the context of Southern Ocean mixing through the association of high EKE regions, where the interaction of vortical
elements and multi �lamented jets in non-parallel ows supports an e�ective mechanism
for eddy stirring, resulting in the enhanced dispersion of particles. Suppression of mixingin regions where the
ow is delineated by intensi�ed and coherent, both in space and time, jets (strong PV gradients) signifying the separation of the ow in di�erentiated kinematic environments, is illustrated. The importance of a local approximation to mixing instead of the construction of zonal averages is presented. We present the caveats of classical di�usion theory in the presence of persistent structures and �nd that values of 1000-2000 m2 s


Consumers are changing the way in which they create, experience and consume media. User Generated Content (UGC) marks a shift in the way in which ordinary people are now able to contribute to the creation of media. They have become active citizens in what is now a two way conversation.
The advent of UGC has created new challenges for communication designers who now need to take on the role of a facilitator in this process. The challenge for communication design is not only to identify appropriate methods for communication, but to understand how best to facilitate connections between users such that they create structures that they can inhabit.
This paper explores the changing role of design in UGC rich media communication and presents a Decision Making Framework (DMF) that engages designers in the consideration of the user in the development process. In-depth interviews with leading industry proponents ensure currency of the insights gained.
 Keywords:
Design Process, User Generated Content, Communication Design, Fraimwork


Greece, like many other countries, has experienced great changes in food supply, consumption patterns and health outcomes. Famous for its Mediterranean diet, it has actually undergone a modem nutrition transition, and now has high rates of overweight and obesity and increased incidence of non-communicable nutrition-related diseases. This study begins with that reality and the current failure of food policy and nutrition-related initiatives to tackle problems. The study explores whether and how social marketing could remedy this policy deficit and contribute to changing Greek food behaviour. The thesis describes a contextual review of the state of nutritional health, the food system and food policy in Greece and outlines social marketing theory and experience. Two studies were conducted to answer the research questions. The first was a case study conducted on a sample of undergraduate students through nine focus groups with fifty-nine Greek undergraduate students from eight Athenian education institutes to explore the influencers of eating behaviour, the impact of current initiatives and the potential of social marketing. A second study of thirty-two key stakeholders in significant positions in the Greek food system explored through semi-structured interviews the reactions of education institutes, civil society, government and food supply chain representatives to the Greek food situation and the potential of social marketing. The fieldwork studies found that social marketing was not likely to be a panacea but has potential for Greece. The first study found that eating decisions are complex, based on individual as well as environmental factors. Both studies highlighted policy failings in government, while the second study specified the problematic structure of the public sector and a reluctance to confront existing food culture. Both studies found potential for social marketing to help change Greek food culture but its utility depends on factors beyond the realm of food policy alone. Political will, suitably qualified people and changes in the food system are all necessary. The thesis concludes that social marketing would be enhanced by an integrated food policy framework and from a broader understanding of behaviour change in general and of the dynamics of eating behaviour in particular. A new model of this integrated approach is proposed. Greek food policy would be enriched by the citizen-centric approach of social marketing but only if the full 5 Ps that will include "Policy" are applied as the policy element is too easily marginalised. The thesis proposes that food policy be integrated around three dimensions of action: food safety and hygiene, nutrition and environment.


The classification of diatom taxa in the genus Rhizosolenia Brightwell in Southern Ocean waters and sediments remains unclear. Our review demonstrates that considerable intertaxa confusion has occurred and continues to occur as a result of misapplied taxonomy. In general, valves of Rhizosolenia taxa within total diatom sediment assemblages are a minor, though common component, with only a few taxa sufficiently abundant for statistical analysis. We have endeavoured to clarify through literature and data set assessment the currently accepted taxon concepts in terms of otaria morphology, this being one of the most useful features available for the discrimination of fossil rhizosolenioids in Southern Ocean sediments. Otaria morphology allows separation of incomplete valves of preserved Rhizosolenia specimens to be determined from descriptions related to the complete cell. The identification of R. styliformis Brightwell, R. antennata f. semispina Sundström, and R. polydactyla Castracane f. polydactyla are addressed here in detail. The presence of Rhizosolenia species A, a taxon with similarities to the otaria-lacking, original descriptions of R. hebetata f. semispina (Hensen) Gran, is described and illustrated. Taxonomic notes, light microscopic representation and distributional data for several other Antarctic Rhizosolenia taxa are provided. The documentation of down-core occurrences of fossil rhizosolenioids in published material is poor. Our core material indicates relative abundance increases for Rhizosolenia species A and R. antennata f. semispina in glacial time sequences, which may constitute a valuable biostratigraphic tool for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. Comments on winter resting stages are provided.


Late on the evening of December 23, 2000 police in Winnipeg received a telephone call informing them of a break and enter in progress in the downtown area. A patrol car was dispatched to the scene and the officers were provided with a detailed description of the suspect. He was described as a young aboriginal male, about 5'8" in height, weighing roughly 165 pounds and dressed in a black jacket with white sleeves. The responding officers were also provided with a name--Zachery Parisienne. As the officers neared the address where the break and enter had been reported, they saw a young man who appeared to match the description of the suspect. The officers ordered the individual to stop and asked him to identify himself. The individual gave his name as Philip Mann and agreed to a "pat down" search for possible concealed weapons. No weapons were found, nor were any tools that might have been used in a break and enter. However, one of the officers did notice a soft object in the front pouch of the kangaroo sweater the young man was wearing. The officer reached into the pouch and found a plastic bag containing 27.55 grams (slightly less than 1 ounce) of marijuana. The officer continued the search and also found several baggies, two valium pills, and a treaty card which confirmed Mann's identity. Mann was taken into custody and charged with possessing marijuana for the purposes of trafficking, contrary to s. 5(2) of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, S.C. 1996, c. 19. The case against Mann eventually came before Judge Connor in provincial court. The evidence against Mann was clear, but questions were raised about the manner in which that evidence had been obtained. Judge Connor accepted that the officers had been justified in stopping Mann, especially given the fact that he matched the description the officers had been provided with for the break and enter suspect. Judge Connor also accepted the fact that the officers had been justified in performing a pat down search to see if Mann was carrying anything that might have been used as a weapon against them. Judge Connor, however, was not persuaded that after detecting nothing beyond the soft object in one pocket (roughly the size of a sandwich bag) the officers had any valid reason to go beyond a pat down search. Consequently, Judge Connor held that there had not been any justification for reaching into the pouch of Mann's kangaroo sweater and retrieving the soft object that had been detected. This action, he found, contravened s. 8 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which provides that individuals have the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure. Having decided that the evidence of trafficking was tainted, Judge Connor proceeded to consider whether that evidence ought to be excluded from the trial. In the end, he decided that allowing it to be admitted would interfere with the fairness of the trial, and therefore excluded it. His decision was predicated mostly upon s. 24(2) of the Charter which states that: (1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as guaranteed by this Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers appropriate and just in the circumstances. (2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if it is established that, having regard to all circumstances, the admission of it is the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into disrepute. With this ruling, the case against Mann collapsed and he was acquitted. The Crown, however, was unsatisfied both with the characterization of the search by police as unreasonable (and thus a violation of Mann's Charter rights) and with the decision of Judge Connor to exclude the evidence found in that search from trial. …


Scientists at the Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ have made a discovery that refutes two longstanding beliefs about the most common leukemia in the western hemisphere. Due to the relatively slow disease progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), doctors thought it was caused by a gradual accumulation of leukemia cells that could not die. The new findings, published online in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, prove the exact opposite. The study also appears in the journal's March 2005 print issue. For decades, doctors and scientists believed that CLL was a static disease of long-lived white blood cells (lymphocytes) -- that the leukemia cells were both immortal and born at a slow rate, causing the slow rise in cell count over time. But researchers had been unable to find any problems with the leukemia cells' process of cell suicide, called apoptosis, a normal part of the cell life cycle for which all cells are programmed. This was a hint that perhaps the leukemia cells were not immortal. Using a clever study design that required subjects only to drink water and give blood samples, the research team, led by Nicholas Chiorazzi, MD, director and CEO of the Institute for Medical Research, found that the leukemia cells are born at a fast rate and do indeed die. The slow rise in the cell count over time can be attributed to the difference between the birth and death rates of the cells, according to the study. The scientists also found that there appeared to be a connection between poorer patient outcomes and the faster birth rates of the leukemia cells, regardless of the rate of cell death. "This particular finding may prove helpful in identifying patients who are at risk for worsening disease in advance of showing any clinical signs of deterioration," said Dr. Chiorazzi. He cautioned, however, that additional research is needed to establish its potential in guiding prognostic and treatment decisions. The study was small, examining 19 CLL patients. A larger trial is already underway to gain greater insights into the correlation and its potential clinical applications. The multicenter study is being led by Kanti Rai, MD, associate investigator with the Institute for Medical Research, chief of the Division of Hematology-Oncology at Long Island Jewish (LIJ) Medical Center and a world-renowned expert on CLL. More than 25 years ago, Dr. Rai developed a staging system for CLL that is still used today. Tahrun Wasil, MD, another well-known attending hematologist-oncologist at LIJ, is co-leading the trial with Dr. Rai. The study is being conducted in conjunction with the CLL Research Consortium (CRC), a multi-institutional project funded by the National Institutes of Health. The CRC includes LIJ Medical Center, University of California at San Diego, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Johns Hopkins University, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Mayo Clinic, and several sites that perform laboratory work alone, including the Burnham Institute and Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center. To test his theory that leukemia cells were not immortal, Dr. Chiorazzi used "heavy water" to track cell production. Heavy water is simply water that weighs more at the molecular level than normal. Among its many uses in the body, water gets incorporated into everyone's DNA. When a cell divides into two, the new cell gets an exact copy of the DNA from the original cell, so the incorporated heavy water serves as a tag that allows scientists to track the birth of new cells. The researchers gave individuals with CLL a small dose of heavy water -- about two ounces -- every day over the course of 12 weeks, enough time for the cells to incorporate a sufficient amount into their DNA. From blood samples, they calculated the birth and death rates of leukemia cells. They found that CLL is very much a dynamic process composed of mortal cells that proliferate and die, often with a high turnover, and not a static disease in which leukemia cells slowly build up because they cannot die, as previously thought. About chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Currently incurable, CLL is a cancer in which a certain kind of white blood cell in the bone marrow becomes abnormal and then divides repeatedly, producing clones that replace normal white blood cells in the bone marrow. Older men are affected more greatly than any other demographic group. The disease follows one of two distinct paths. Some patients experience a benign course, show little or no symptoms and do not require chemotherapy. This group typically lives for about 24 years after diagnosis and dies with the disease, not because of it. CLL in other patients follows a more aggressive course, requiring treatment with chemotherapy. Yet despite treatment, individuals with the more aggressive form live on average for a total of only about six to eight years after diagnosis. Determining which path a patient will follow and whether to treat has been challenging for doctors. Recent research findings, including this new study, have shed light on potential new methods for prediction.


This study utilizes the random assignment of judges to panels in the U.S. courts of appeals to measure how the partisanship of these judges affects whether or not the Supreme Court agrees to hear a case and subsequently overturns the decision of the lower panel. Results from the study provide evidence of partisan behavior in the Supreme Court review process in several politically salient issue areas between 1995 and 2004. Although most lower court decisions are never reviewed at all, in the cases examined, assigning three Democrats to a court of appeals panel, compared to three Republicans, more than quintupled the chances that the Supreme Court would overturn a decision from that panel. Despite the large magnitude of these effects, the estimates of partisan effects would have been even larger without the utilization of random assignment.


A two-dimensional model to simulate the subsurface flow, microbial growth-degradation, and transport and biodegradation of chemicals in groundwater environments (2DFATMIC) is developed. The model is designed to obtain the fluid velocity field and to solve the advective-dispersive transport equation coupled with biodegradation and microbial biomass production. The water flow through saturated-unsaturated media and the fate and transport of seven components (one substrate, two electron acceptors, one trace element, and three microbial populations) are modeled. The Richards' equation is solved by the finite element method, and seven partial differential equations describing the transport of microbes and chemicals are approximated by a modified Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical procedure (adapted zooming and peak capturing algorithm) that completely eliminates numerical dispersion and oscillation. This model also considers the effect of density on flow and on the fate and transport of microbes and chemicals. In other words, groundwater density and dynamic viscosity change with concentrations of chemicals and microbes, such that the flow and transport are coupled. Applications have been made to systems involving nitrate-based respiration, oxygen-based respiration, or multiple electron acceptors respiration.


The starting point for the derivation of a new set of approaches for predicting both the wavefield at depth in an unknown medium and transmission data from measured reflection data is the inverse scattering series. We present a selection of these maps that differ in order (i.e., linear or nonlinear), capability, and data requirements. They have their roots in the consideration of a data format known as the T-matrix and have direct applicability to the data construction techniques motivating this special issue. Of particular note, one of these, a construction of the wavefield at any depth (including the transmitted wavefield), order-by-order in the measured reflected wavefield, has an unusual set of capabilities (e.g., it does not involve an assumption regarding the minimum-phase nature of the data and is accomplished with processing in the simple reference medium only) and requirements (e.g., a suite of frequencies from surface data are required to compute a single frequency of the wavefield at depth when the subsurface is unknown). An alternative reflection-to-transmission data mapping (which does not require a knowledge of the wavelet, and in which the component of the unknown medium that is linear in the reflection data is used as a proxy for the component of the unknown medium that is linear in the transmission data) is also derivable from the inverse scattering series framework.


Fitting an analytic function to the two-dimensional surface brightness profile of a galaxy provides a powerful method of quantifying its internal structure. The resulting parameters reveal the size, shape and luminosity of the galaxy and its separate structural components (e.g., disk and bulge). Current galaxy fitting softwares packages consider only a single waveband image at a time. However, variations in stellar populations between and within galaxy structures mean that their observed properties depend on wavelength. Correctly studying the physical properties of galaxy components requires that these wavelength variations be accounted for. Multi-wavelength studies are presently possible, but require significant compromises: either the fits to each band must be done independently, or, one band must be favored for determining structural parameters, which are then imposed on fits to the other bands. Both of these approaches waste valuable information, and therefore result in suboptimal decompositions. Our project, 'MegaMorph', is developing a next-generation tool for decomposing galaxies, in terms of both their structures and stellar populations. We aim to present a modified version of the two-dimensional galaxy fitting software, GALFIT, developed as part of our MegaMorph project. These new additions enable a galaxy to be fit using images at many different wavelengths simultaneously. All the available data is therefore used to constrain a wavelength-dependent model of the galaxy, resulting in more robust, physically meaningful, component properties. We verify the advantages of our technique by applying it to a sample of 160 well-studied galaxies at redshifts smaller than 0.025, with ugriz imaging from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to demonstrate how the resulting decompositions allow us to study the links between stellar population and galaxy structure in detail. Furthermore, we illustrate the advantages of our new method with regard to galaxy surveys, by fitting a sample of ~4000 artificially redshifted images of the galaxies described above. Our technique enables physical parameters of galaxy components to be robustly measured at lower signal-to-noise and resolution than would otherwise be possible. This paves the way for detailed statistical studies of the physical properties of galaxy disks and bulges.


Today, at a time of unprecedented urban development, there is urgency to improve the environmental quality of cities. The present 'greening' of urban spaces is an ongoing response to a dirty industrial past and present, with a drive to transform cities to have better air and water, more tree-lined streets and open parks. But the amount of urban public green space varies massively between cities around the world and increasing this, or designing for it, is a particular challenge where there is pressure for space, resources, and development. The architectural fabric itself – building envelopes, roofs, and facades – has been targeted as an opportunity for additional greening. A number of strategies integrating vegetation and other photosynthetic systems onto buildings have been developed, which provide passive climatic control as well as aiding storm-water management and creating new ecological habitat, in addition to lowering atmospheric CO 2 . However, 'green walls', where plants and foliage are grown on the sides of buildings as a kind of secondary skin, have been less successful and have proven expensive to implement. Maintenance costs are significant due to the need to overcome gravity, primarily through mechanical irrigation.


The occupation payments made by France to Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1944 represent one of the largest recorded international transfers and contributed significantly to financing the overall German war effort. Using a neoclassical growth model that incorporates essential features of the occupied economy and the postwar stabilization, we assess the welfare costs of French policies that funded payments to Germany. Occupation payments required a 16 percent reduction of consumption for twenty years, with the draft of labor to Germany and wage and price controls adding substantially to this burden. Vichy%u2019s postwar debt overhang would have demanded large budget surpluses; but inflation, which erupted after Liberation, reduced the debt well below its steady state level and redistributed the adjustment costs. The Marshall Plan played only a minor direct role, and international credits helped to substantially lower the nation%u2019s burden.


Honey is a by-product of flower nectar and the upper aero-digestive tract of the honey bee, which is concentrated through a dehydration process inside the bee hive. Honey has a very complex chemical composition that varies depending on the botanical source. It has been used both as food and medicine since ancient times. Human use of honey is traced to some 8000 years ago as depicted by Stone Age paintings. In addition to important role of natural honey in the traditional medicine, during the past few decades, it was subjected to laboratory and clinical investigations by several research groups and it has found a place in modern medicine. Honey has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on around 60 species of bacteria, some species of fungi and viruses. Antioxidant capacity of honey is important in many disease conditions and is due to a wide range of compounds including phenolics, peptides, organic acids, enzymes, and Maillard reaction products. Honey has also been used in some gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, inflammatory and neoplastic states. This review covers the composition, physico-chemical properties and the most important uses of natural honey in human diseases.


Reflection coefficients for carbon and hydrocarbon atoms/molecules on carbon-based surfaces are critically needed for plasma-surface interaction analysis in fusion devices, as carbon will continue to be used in next step devices like ITER. These have been calculated at different energies and angles with a molecular dynamics code using the Brenner hydrocarbon potential. Hydrogen saturated graphite was prepared by bombarding a graphite lattice with hydrogen, until a saturation at ~0.42 H:C. Carbon at 45° has a reflection coefficient (R) of 0.64 ± 0.01 at thermal energy, decreasing to 0.19 ± 0.01 at 10 eV. Carbon dimers (Rthermal = 0.51, R>1 eV ~ 0.10) tend to stick more readily than carbon trimers (Rthermal = 0.63, R10 eV = 0.16). Hydrocarbons reflect as molecules at thermal energies and break up at higher energies. The total reflection via these fragments decreases with energy, the number of unpaired electrons, and changing hybridization from sp3 to sp2 to sp. The results compare reasonably well with binary collision modeling for higher energies and experimental sticking data at thermal energies. A second surface, representing a "soft" redeposited carbon layer formed by the deposition of hydrocarbons onto a graphite surface, is also analyzed. In general, reflection is lower from the "soft" surface by 0.1–0.2. This reflection data can and has been incorporated in erosion/redeposition codes to allow improved modeling of chemically eroded carbon transport in fusion devices.


Abstract Open Science is an umbrella term that encompasses many recommendations for possible changes in research practices, management, and publishing with the objective to increase transparency and accessibility. This has become an important science policy issue that all disciplines should consider. Many Open Science recommendations may be valuable for the further development of research and publishing, but not all are relevant to all fields. This opinion paper considers the aspects of Open Science that are most relevant for scientometricians, discussing how they can be usefully applied.


The first perinatal report from Mothers and Babies: Reducing Risk through Audits and Confidential Enquiries across the UK (MBRRACE-UK) was launched on 10 June 2015 at the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and presented the data for 2013.1 This followed the report in December 2014 of the latest triennial confidential enquiry review of maternal deaths, and the report on congenital diaphragmatic hernia, so it is timely to reflect on the whole enterprise of perinatal surveillance in the UK and how analysis of the outcomes of maternity services might develop in the future.

The need for perinatal surveillance remains as pressing as ever. It is important that the UK continues to contribute to EURO-PERISTAT (see http://www.europeristat.com) so that we can benchmark ourselves against the rest of Europe: comparisons of our perinatal outcomes with other countries are not flattering because although we do not have the worst rates in Europe, we are a long way from being even close to the best. Where exactly we should aspire to be in the ranking of nations, given our population mix and other structural factors, was a matter for considerable debate at the conference.

The new approaches that MBRRACE-UK has taken are largely to be welcomed. First, rather than report traditional perinatal mortality (stillbirths plus deaths in the first week), the focus is on 'extended' perinatal mortality: stillbirths plus deaths up to 28 days postnatally. For some time this has been recognised as a better measure of the outcome of maternity services than traditional perinatal mortality, though arguably it is even more useful to count stillbirths plus all deaths up to the end of the first postnatal year. At present, MBRRACE-UK's case ascertainment methodology makes this aspirational rather than realistic. At the lower end of the scale, all live births from 20 weeks, and all …


The work reported in this thesis details the original research undertaken by the author into the cutting mechanics of wood-working handsaw tooth geometries. The research can be separated into three distinctive sections. The first section is a review of both fundamental and recent literature regarding wood characteristics and machining processes. The second section documents the findings of a cutting process in which a variety of work-piece parameters were evaluated whilst limiting the parameters associated with tooth geometry. The third and final section documents the findings of a cutting process in which a variety of tooth geometry parameters were evaluated whilst limiting work-piece variation.

Two separate experimental procedures were developed to carry out the work for sections two and three respectively: The first of these procedures utilised a CNC router machine to perform the controlled cutting action. A single "rip" tooth was attached to the tool holder. The workpiece was constrained to a tri-axis dynamometer which was used to measure the resultant tool forces in the relative X, Y and Z axes. At the same time a universal testing machine was employed to perform mechanical test procedures on a variety of wood species. A predictive cutting force model was developed using the obtained mechanical properties as categorical predictors.

The second procedure utilised a shaper machine to perform the controlled cutting action. Three different saw tooth geometries were evaluated for only one variety of wood species. A tri-axis dynamometer was again used to measure the resultant tool forces. The geometric parameters of each tooth were carefully evaluated at using SEM micrographs. A predictive cutting force model using the geometric parameters as categorical predictors was developed.

Chip and surface formation was carefully evaluated. For procedure one this involved observation of the chip/surfaces under an optical microscope. For procedure two this involved capturing footage of the cutting process using a high speed camera.

The findings of the research show that un-bevelled teeth with orthogonal edges generally yield high cutting forces. However, these teeth are very effective at removing material along the wood grain in a "chisel like" cutting action. Bevelled teeth with sharp lateral edges generally yield low cutting forces. These teeth are well suited to severing the wood fibres perpendicular to the grain in a "knife like" cutting action.


Total allowable catch (TAC) management has in many fisheries, especially mixed fisheries, failed to meet conservation objectives. For instance, for the Faroe Plateau mixed demersal fisheries, the TAC system failed to achieve the objective of an average annual fishing mortality of 0.45 for the three gadoid stocks cod (Gadus morhua), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), and saithe (Pollachius virens). Therefore, in 1996, an effort-regulation system with individual transferable effort quotas was introduced to manage the fisheries. Experience has shown that effort management without additional stock-specific measures may not be appropriate for such fisheries. A management strategy evaluation model was developed to compare an effort-management system based on the Faroese example with a TAC system as currently applied in EU fisheries. Results show that when stocks are considered in isolation, a total allowable effort system does not necessarily perform better than a TAC one. It depends on stock status and dynamics, the level of uncertainty, and the reactivity of the system to changes in scientific advice. When the stocks are considered together in mixed fisheries, effort management seems, however, to be appropriate, and interannual flexibility of the system appears to be the best compromise between shortand long-term objectives, as well as between biological sustainability and economic return.


Objective: To determine the influence of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4245739 on the binding and expression of microRNAs and subsequent MDM4 expression and the correlation of these factors with clinical determinants of ER-negative breast cancers. Methods: FindTar and miRanda were used to detect the manner in which potential microRNAs are affected by the SNP rs4245739-flanking sequence. RNA sequencing data for ER-negative breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were used to compare the expression of miR-184, miR-191, miR-193a, miR-378, and MDM4 in different rs4245739 genotypes. Results: Comparison of ER-negative cancer patients with and without the expression of miR-191 as well as profile microRNAs (miR-184, miR-191, miR-193a and miR-378 altogether) can differentiate the expression of MDM4 among different rs4245739 genotypes. Although simple genotyping alone did not reveal significant clinical relationships, the combination of genotyping and microRNA profiles was able to significantly differentiate individuals with larger tumor size and lower number of involved lymph nodes (P < 0.05) in the risk group (A allele). Conclusions: We present two novel methods to analyze SNPs within 3′UTRs that use: (i) a single miRNA marker expression and (ii) an expression profile of miRNAs predicted to bind to the SNP region. We demonstrate that the application of these two methods, in particular the miRNA profile approach, permits detection of new molecular and clinical features related to the rs4245739 variant in ER-negative breast cancer.


The Canonical analysis and subsequent Quantization of the 2+1 action of pure gravity plus a Cosmological constant term is considered, under the assumption of the existence of one manifest Killing field (axial symmetry). The proper imposition of the Quantum analogues of the two Linear (momentum) constraints reduces an initial collection of state vectors, consisting of all smooth functionals of the components(and/or their derivatives) of the spatial metric, to particular scalar smooth functionals. The demand that the midi‐superspace metric (inferred from the kinetic part of the Quadratic (Hamiltonian) constraint) must define on the space of these states an induced metric whose components are given in terms of the same states, which is made possible through an appropriate re‐normalization assumption, severely reduces the possible state vectors to three unique (up to general coordinate transformations) scalar functionals. The Quantum analogue of the Hamiltonian constraint produces a Wheeler‐DeWitt equation ba...


Humanists use historical images as sources of information about social norms, behavior, fashion, and other details of particular cultures, places and periods. Dutch Golden Era paintings, works by French Impressionists, and 20th century street photography are just three examples of such images. Normally such visuals directly show objects of interests such as social scenes, city streets, or peoples dresses. But what if masses of images shared on social networks contain information about social trends even if these images do not directly represent objects of interest? This is the question we investigate in our study. In the last few years researchers have shown that aggregated characteristics of large volumes of social media are correlated with many socio-economic characteristics and can also predict a range of social trends. The examples include flu trends, success of movies, and measures of social well-being of populations. Nearly all such studies focus on text content, such as posts on Twitter and Facebook. In contrast, we focus on images. We investigate if features extracted from Tweeted images can predict a number of socio-economic characteristics. Our dataset is one million images shared on Twitter during one year in 20 different U.S. cities. We classify the content of these images using the state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Network GoogLeNet and then select the largest category that we call "image-texts" - non-photographic images that are typically screen shots of websites or text-message conversations. We construct two features describing patterns in image-texts: aggregated sharing rate per year per city, and the sharing rate per hour over a 24-hour period aggregated over one year in each city. We find that these features are correlated with self-reported social well-being responses from Gallup surveys, and also median housing prices, incomes, and education levels. These results suggest that particular types of social media images can be used to predict social characteristics not readily detectable in images.


There is an increasing need for model coupling. However, model coupling is complicated. Scientists develop and improve models to represent physical processes occurring in nature. These models are built in different software programs required to run the model. A software program or application represents part of the system knowledge. This knowledge is however encapsulated in the program and often difficult to access. In integrated water resources management it is often necessary to connect hydrological, hydraulic or ecological models. Model coupling can in practice be difficult for many reasons related to data formats, compatibility of scales, ability to modify source codes, etc. Hence, there is a need for an efficient and cost effective approach to model-coupling. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be used as an alternative to replace a model and simulate the model's output and connect it to other models. In this paper, we investigate an alternative to traditional model coupling techniques. ANNs are four different models: a rainfall runoff model, a river channel routing model, an es-tuarine salt intrusion model, and an ecological model. The output results of each model is simulated by a neural network that is trained on corresponding input and output data sets. The models are connected in cascade and their input and output variables are connected. To test the results of the coupled neural network also a coupled system of four subsystem models has been setup. These results have been compared to the results of the coupled neural networks. The results show that it is possible to train neural networks and connect these models. The results of the salt intrusion model was however not very accurate. It was difficult for the neural network to represent both short term (tidal) and long term (hydrological) processes.


This working paper presents the findings of copy test research on consumer perceptions of food and dietary supplement print advertisements containing qualified health claims for diet-disease relationships that lack a high level of scientific support. The research was motivated by court decisions that struck down the Food and Drug Administration's outright ban on such claims in labeling. The decisions effectively have placed the burden on the government to allow qualified claims for these diet-disease relationships unless it can demonstrate that consumers are unable to understand qualifications characterizing the true level of certainty in the relevant scientific evidence. My findings indicate that qualified language can have a significant impact on consumer evaluation of scientific certainty. My research also suggests, however, that it will be a difficult task to craft qualifications in advertising that communicate a low level of scientific certainty. None of the tested disclaimers, whether appearing in real advertisements for real products or in fictitious advertisements, communicated serious limitations in scientific evidence (i.e. science that FDA would rate at a "D" level). In addition, consumers interpreted all of the tested advertisements in widely disparate fashion. For example, although consumers seeing an ad for a fictitious antioxidant vitamin supplement on average rated the degree of scientific evidence correctly at a "C" level of support, approximately two-thirds of the consumers either overestimated or underestimated the certainty of the science.


Chronic gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa and has multiple etiologies. Here we discuss the pathological alterations induced by Helicobacter pylori (HP) leading to chronic gastritis and the epigenetic bases underlying these changes. We review the histology of the normal gastric mucosa and overview the role of HP in the multistep cascade of GC. We attempt to define the role of the Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment (OLGA) staging system in assessing the risk of GC. The epigenetic bases of chronic gastritis, mainly DNA methylation, are presented through examples such as (i) the methylation of the promoter region of E-cadherin in HP-induced chronic gastritis and its reversion after HP eradication and (ii) the association of methylation of the promoter region of Reprimo, a p53-mediated cell cycle arrest gene, with aggressive HP strains in high risk areas for GC. In addition, we discuss the finding of RPRM as a circulating cell-free DNA, offering the opportunity for noninvasive risk assessment of GC. Finally, the integration of OLGA and tissue biomarkers, by systems pathology approach, suggests that severe atrophy has a greater risk for GC development if, in addition, overexpressed p73. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01774266.


Azorella macquariensis is a perennial cushion-forming herb that is endemic to Macquarie Island. During the 2008/09 austral summer, widespread dieback in A. macquariensis was observed, and is regarded by many to be a new phenomenon. The dieback is perceived to have spread across the entire
island, affecting up to ~0 % of cushions in some areas. As a result of this perception the species has been listed as critically endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999.
Although there have been speculations about potential contributing factors, a definite cause has not been determined. The spatiotemporal characteristics
of three dominant damage types affecting the cushion plant were investigated to help determine the cause/s of the putative increasing damage. In the austral summer of 2009/10, data were collected in the course
of four studies: a cushion profile study; mapping of the spatial variation of cushion health; monitoring of temporal variation in cushion health; and ·a study relating soils to health. There was no significant relationship between
overall cushion health and environmental variables apart from health decreasing with increasing exposure to strong winds. Type 1 damage was found to be more concentrated on the windward sectors of cushions, was significantly related to cushion exposure, substrate and vegetation community and did not display any major temporal variability. Type 2 damage was found to be more concentrated on the leeward sectors of cushions, was significantly related to cushion exposure, substrate and vegetation community and also did not display any major temporal variability. Type 3
damage was not significantly related to any particular sectors of cushions,nor to the environmental variables with the exception of cushion substrate, and expanded rapidly during the warm season. This suggested that the spatially restricted Type 3 damage might be responsible for the perception of increased dieback. Its cause is uncertain, although many of the symptoms are similar to those of a pathogen. Future monitoring should concentrate on
this type of damage.


Elastic distortion of fingerprints is one of the major causes for false non-match. While this problem affects all fingerprint recognition applications, it is especially dangerous in negative recognition applications, such as watchlist and deduplication applications. In such applications, malicious users may purposely distort their fingerprints to evade identification. In this paper, we proposed novel algorithms to detect and rectify skin distortion based on a single fingerprint image. Distortion detection is viewed as a two-class classification problem, for which the registered ridge orientation map and period map of a fingerprint are used as the feature vector and a SVM classifier is trained to perform the classification task. Distortion rectification (or equivalently distortion field estimation) is viewed as a regression problem, where the input is a distorted fingerprint and the output is the distortion field. To solve this problem, a database (called reference database) of various distorted reference fingerprints and corresponding distortion fields is built in the offline stage, and then in the online stage, the nearest neighbor of the input fingerprint is found in the reference database and the corresponding distortion field is used to transform the input fingerprint into a normal one. Promising results have been obtained on three databases containing many distorted fingerprints, namely FVC2004 DB1, Tsinghua Distorted Fingerprint database, and the NIST SD27 latent fingerprint database.


Understanding properly the impact of model parameters and their interactions on the predictions is required for an appropriate model assessment. For simulation of reflooding following a LOCA, this requirement is justified because the important parameters affecting predictions often cannot be measured and should be considered uncertain. Moreover, different process representations in the model may have strong influence at different times of the transient. These issues complicate the task of model assessment. In this work, a global sensitivity analysis (GSA) methodology tailored to analyze transient code output is developed. The methodology was based on the Morris and the Sobol' methods. The first was utilized to screen out non-influential parameters which allowed generation of larger samples with fewer code runs for the second method, the Sobol' method. The method results in global sensitivity indices quantifying the contribution of inputs variations to the output variation, considering interactions among them. The Functional Data Analysis (FDA) techniques were then used to post-process the output deriving new quantities of interest (QoI)s describing the overall functional variation. The method was successfully applied to a reflood simulation model using the thermal-hydraulics (TH) system code TRACE with 26 input parameters. Complementing the conventional QoIs (such as the max. temperature and time of quenching), the FDA-derived quantities gave a deeper insight on particular modes of functional variation and attributing them to the variations of the model parameters. The temperature transient was divided into two modes: the ramp phase and the descent phase. The ramp phase showed that the model was additive in terms of the parameter variations with Dispersed Film Flow Boiling-related parameters explained most of the functional output variation. Yet, the variation during the descent could only be explained through parameters interactions. This indicated the non-identifiability of the model for that specific phase of the transient with respect to the temperature response.


This workshop adopted a sequence of systemically integrated exercises to simulate the different transformational states a group of individuals experience as they transition between being a gathering of individuals, to being a cohesive group, to being a productive team, to becoming a high performance design team. Participants experienced the essence of such transformation along with an intellectual framework tying the experiences into a coherent systemic whole.

Participants were presented with a series of guiding schema for the overall workshop and for each of three exercises. The exercises were a combination of individual and group work. The exercise were critiqued on how well participants thought they did meeting the objective of the exercise, which was to experience a change in interrelationships of an emerging systemic design team. The workshop was focused on creating an experience of three significant transformations in the evolution of a design team. It also included each individual reporting out reflectively the essence of their experiences—i.e. what would each participant take away from having had such experiences with others?


This article offers an examination of the role of buses in Palestinian protest actions directed at an international audience. These demonstrations occur as part of a post-Oslo strategic shift in which Palestinian resistance has de-prioritised leader-centred negotiations in favour of grassroots mobilisation that directly appeals to international civil society. Given this strategy, the bus is a useful vehicle, both literally and symbolically, for transmitting the message of Palestinian demands for freedom. First, the bus powerfully evokes the triumphs of an earlier generation of activists fighting racial segregation. Second, as a recognisable form of public transportation and mobility, the use of the bus allows Palestinian activists to focus international solidarity on one of the central hardships of occupied life: the denial of the right to freedom of movement, which entrenches the ongoing separation of Palestinians across Palestine.


This article supports the argument that ageism exists in health care, particularly on the equity of access to cardiological services. Rates of use of potentially life saving and life promoting interventions and investigations decline as the patient gets older. Higher rates of cardiological interventions occur among younger people, despite the high incidence of the condition among older individuals. Any ageism in clinical medicine and policy is simply a reflection of the presence of ageist attitudes in wider society, where the youth receives a higher priority over age. Ageism in medicine needs to be addressed to preserve or recapture this trust within an aging population. A wide ranging approach is necessary if equity in the provision of health care services is to be ensured which includes improvement of clinical guidelines and more specific monitoring of health care. Educational efforts to raise awareness that age stereotyping and ageist attitudes are unethical should be initiated. Research initiatives, which cover large numbers of older people, should be developed and older people should be empowered to influence choices and standards of treatments. Finally, legislation may be required to eradicate ageism in society.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Current guidelines suggest ureteral stent placement may be omitted in select patients. Complication and re-operative rates are known to be higher for stentless ureteroscopy (URS). The purpose of this study is to assess the cost-effectiveness of stentless vs stented URS laser lithotripsy using a decision analysis model. METHODS: Expected value calculations with Markov modeling and sensitivity analysis were used to determine the optimal method based on overall cost-effectiveness inclusive of equipment, time, secondary costs from complications, emergency department visits, hospital readmission, and re-interventions. Data from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing stent placement and stent omission after routine URS laser lithotripsy were utilized to determine rates of emergency department visits, readmissions, re-interventions and practice patterns among urologists. Cost of operating room disposables were obtained from manufacturers. Costs of emergency department visits, readmissions, immediate and delayed re-interventions were calculated based on published figures from the literature. Costs for billable procedures were determined using published data. RESULTS: Decision analysis modeling demonstrated that on a per-procedure basis, URS laser lithotripsy with and without ureteral stenting had average costs of $11,268 and $8,328, respectively (Figure 1). This represents an estimated savings of $2,940 per procedure without ureteral stent placement. The difference in cost for the 2 procedures was largely driven by the cost and method of ureteral stent removal. Sensitivity analysis shows that the cost difference can be minimized, but not eliminated, by increasing the rate of patient self-stent removal via string. CONCLUSIONS: Our decision analysis model demonstrates superior cost-effectiveness for URS without stent placement with an estimated savings of $2,940 per procedure. The increased costs associated with higher complication rates for stentless URS do not add increased costs to the healthcare system. Although stent omission is not recommended for every patient, careful stratification and selection of stone patients may enable surgeons to improve cost-effectiveness of URS lithotripsy. Figure. No caption available. Source of Funding: None


HARVARD INTERNATIONAL REVIEW: China enjoyed remarkable growth rates in the last 20 years. What accounts for this accelerated rate of development, and how has China's economic liberalization affected its attitude toward the West? China's opening to the West began in 1970, when the Chinese leadership decided that the biggest risk was no longer the United States but the Soviet Union. Practically no Westerners had had direct contact with China, and initial progress was slow. China remained a relatively closed country until 1978, when its leadership decided to adopt an official policy of foreign opening. By the mid-1980s, China began to grow quite rapidly and continued at an ever greater rate in the early 1990s. The average per capita annual income is now about US$1,000, so China remains relatively undeveloped, though many countries are much poorer. This process of opening and growth has allowed the Chinese government to prepare its people to take their place in world affairs. Historically, China has been the dominant power in the region, but it was never a global power. China began to take part in world affairs for the first time in the 19th century. For the subsequent 150 years, it was much weaker than other world powers and suffered oppression from the outside world. But once China opened in the early 1980s, it was able to take part in the world system. One of my favorite Chinese expressions is "linking tracks." In the 1930s, some of the Chinese warlords had no railroads because they had a narrower gauge than the national railway, leaving a wider distance between the rails. The warlords had to design a way to make the tracks compatible in order to form a national railway system. Now, China uses "linking tracks" to describe the process of adjusting various traditional practices so that they can interface with the global system. This is an enormous change, and on the whole, China has done remarkably well. China today has become one of the world's leading trading states with a substantial trade surplus. This development marks extraordinary progress over a short period of time from the backward, isolated country that China once was. Furthermore, this is a much more exciting period within China than the outside world realizes. The 1989 Tiananmen protest and response received so much attention that even today China is often thought of as one big jail. But some of the most exciting cultural and intellectual growth in the world is taking place in China right now. There are a lot of smart people thinking about how to combine diverse Western influences with Chinese history. There are extraordinarily creative programs being conducted in every field on the grand scale--it is truly a renaissance. China can be criticized for being too repressive, but the change for the average person in China has been overwhelming. Do you ascribe the opening of China to structural change, individual action, or a combination offactors? I think there were three reasons for the opening. The first is that in its basic foreign policy strategy, China first identifies its greatest foreign adversary and then seeks allies against it. After the late 1940s, China saw the United States as the major enemy. By 1970, when it decided that the Soviet Union was the greatest enemy, China sought cooperation with the West. That decision had a serious impact on the re-organization that began China's entrance to the world system. Second, the Cultural Revolution ruined the country and was extremely painful to many people. There was real chaos because so many of the leaders had been in jail for an extended period of time. Then, after Mao Tsetung died in 1976, the new leadership began to think, "What should we do?" The timing was right, and the West was receptive to an opening from China. The third factor is individual leadership, and China has been very lucky in this regard. There were a number of circumstances that made it possible for Deng Xiaoping to become th e paramount leader after Mao. …


For the last several decades, there have been two constants with respect to the National Labor Relations Board. First, the modern Board has been notoriously reluctant to use its rulemaking authority; until recently, it had made only one significant substantive rule via the notice-and-comment process. Second, commentators — academics, lawyers, judges, and politicians — have issued a steady stream of calls for the Board to make law via rulemaking rather than through adjudications, arguing for the rulemaking process on both pragmatic and normative grounds. In recent years, however, the first of these has changed: the Board has engaged in two significant rulemaking processes. Each of these processes was both time intensive and politically and judicially fraught, calling into question whether the Board can achieve the process benefits of rulemaking in the current contentious political environment. This Symposium Essay explores the extent to which the Obama Board has been able to achieve the purported benefits of rulemaking, and therefore whether the benefits of making labor law through the rulemaking process exceed the costs, especially where the Board could alternatively make law via adjudication.


Hospitals will close, tens of thousands of staff will be made redundant, and healthcare will become more expensive if the UK government's plans for controversial reforms to the NHS in England go ahead, the country's biggest union claims.

In a briefing for MPs and media to coincide with the second reading debate on the Health and Social Care Bill, the union Unite said that the biggest shake up in the history of the NHS would herald the "slow-motion privatisation" of the service.

Gail Cartmail, assistant general secretary of the union, said, "This bill will destroy the NHS. It will allow NHS staff, skills, buildings, and resources to be snatched by profit hungry companies. It will shove NHS patients to the back of …


To successfully move the field of teacher education beyond the fragmented and superficial treatment of diversity that currently prevails, teacher educators must articulate a vision of teaching and learning in a diverse society and use that vision to systematically guide the infusion of multicultural issues throughout the preservice curriculum. A vision is offered of culturally responsive teachers that can serve as the starting point for conversations among teacher educators in this process. In this vision, culturally responsive teachers (a) are socioculturally conscious, (b) have affirming views of students from diverse backgrounds, (c) see themselves as responsible for and capable of bringing about change to make schools more equitable, (d) understand how learners construct knowledge and are capable of promoting knowledge construction, (e) know about the lives of their students, and (f) design instruction that builds on what their students already know while stretching them beyond the familiar.


Lithium has become one of the most important elements due to the rapid development of mobile devices and electronics lately. There has been a steep increase in the global demand for lithium, and developing an economic supply of lithium is thereby important for battery industries. This study presents a new method for recovering lithium in wastewater from battery recycling plants, in which a considerable amount of lithium (∼1900 mg L−1) is discarded. There was a significant amount of organic pollutants present in the wastewater (∼300 mg L−1 of dissolved organic carbon), and so to resolve this, we proposed an electrochemical system containing a lithium-recovering electrode (lithium manganese oxide, LMO) and an oxidant-generating electrode (boron-doped diamond, BDD) to simultaneously recover lithium and decompose organic pollutants. Repeated operation of the electrochemical system demonstrated highly efficient and reliable lithium extraction and organic material removal from wastewater. After the lithium recovery system operation, a lithium-rich solution (98.6 mol% lithium among cations) was obtained, and the organic pollutants in the wastewater decreased by 65%. Furthermore, the electrochemical behavior of LMO and BDD was investigated under various operating conditions to provide useful insights into the industrial applications of our LMO/BDD system.


Humans show language-biased image recognition for a word-embedded image, known as pictureword interference. Such interference depends on hierarchical semantic categories and reflects that human language processing highly interacts with visual processing. Similar to humans, recent artificial models jointly trained on texts and images, e.g., OpenAI CLIP, show language-biased image classification. Exploring whether the bias leads to interferences similar to those observed in humans can contribute to understanding how much the model acquires hierarchical semantic representations from joint learning of language and vision. The present study introduces methodological tools from the cognitive science literature to assess the biases of artificial models. Specifically, we introduce a benchmark task to test whether words superimposed on images can distort the image classification across different category levels and, if it can, whether the perturbation is due to the shared semantic representation between language and vision. Our dataset is a set of word-embedded images and consists of a mixture of natural image datasets and hierarchical word labels with superordinate/basic category levels. Using this benchmark test, we evaluate the CLIP model. We show that presenting words distorts the image classification by the model across different category levels, but the effect does not depend on the semantic relationship between images and embedded words. This suggests that the semantic word representation in the CLIP visual processing is not shared with the image representation, although the word representation strongly dominates for word-embedded images.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of successful adoption of information technology (IT)-enabled services to be provided in the proposed smart cities of India from end-user-experience perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper has taken a sincere endeavor to understand to what extent the success of the smart cities depends on the users' experience of the IT-enabled services, the backbone of smart cities, and how using IT-enabled services can improve the quality of the users' lifestyle. Initially, few hypotheses have been developed from literature review, followed by structured questionnaires. Once the data were collected, they were analyzed using different statistical tools. This paper will be useful for the policymakers, specifically those who are involved in technology and IT-governance-related areas, in policymaking for the proposed smart cities in India.

Findings

This study tries to find how the IT-enabled services would transform the lives of residents both socially and technologically; to what extent the prospective citizens will be engaged to use the modern services; to what extent the threat of privacy and security issues affects the overall performance of the proposed smart cities of India; and how gaining trust of the citizens could help in successful adoption of IT services. This paper tries to find out few of these questions from the city residents' perspective.

Research limitations/implications

This study is undertaken keeping Indian smart cities in perspective. However, in India, the proposed smart cities are in different states. In fact, the respondents selected by the authors are not the true representatives of the whole population, which is spread covering all parts of India. This paper could have implications for policymakers in drafting the smart city policy in India especially from IT-governance and user-experience perspective.

Practical implications

As this study discusses proposed smart cities of India from IT-enabled services and from the citizens' perspective, it will have a huge practical implication once these smart cities become operational in India.

Social implications

This study discusses the IT-enabled services expected to be provided to the citizens of the proposed smart cities of India. As the paper discusses about the citizens' perspective and the proposed smart cities of India, it definitely has social implications especially since the study is related to the citizens of proposed smart cities of India.

Originality/value

The research reported in this manuscript is the outcome of in-depth study on proposed Indian smart cities especially from IT adoption and from users' perspective. Very few studies have been carried out on proposed Indian smart cities from IT adoption perspective and how that could improve the lifestyle of the residents.


This new edition continues to organize key AIS course content (e.g. ERP and relational databases, REA, controls) around four major themes: simplicity of writing and presentation (lower level), business processes, accounting and IT controls, and ethics as it relates to accounting systems. This text offers real-world focus that impacts the chapter exposition, discussion questions, and end-of-chapter exercises and cases. It includes an emphasis on readability that extends beyond the narrative to the flowcharts and illustrations.


Marsh Mongoose Herpestes palustris is the only extant endemic mammal of the East Kolkata wetlands, which has been declared a RAMSAR site in 2002. Since its first description by the scientists of the Zoological Survey of India, the population of this species has dwindled to an alarming state due to reclamation of the Salt Lake City and Rajarhat expansion, as well as from other anthropogenic causes. Recently, during a field survey only a small population of this endangered mongoose was found in a single location. Immediate conservation measures are required to be taken by the concerned authorities to stop its probable extinction in the near future.


Capitalism and slavery stand as the two economic phenomena that have most clearly defined the United States. Yet, despite African Americans' nearly $500 billion annual spending power, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to the ways U.S. businesses have courted black dollars in post-slavery America. Robert E. Weems, Jr., presents the first fully integrated history of black consumerism over the course of the last century. The World War I era Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern and southern cities stimulated initial corporate interest in blacks as consumers. A generation later, as black urbanization intensified during World War II and its aftermath, the notion of a distinct, profitable African American consumer market gained greater currency. Moreover, black socioeconomic gains resulting from the Civil Rights movement which itself featured such consumer justice protests as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, further enhanced the status and influence of African American shoppers. Unwilling to settle for facile answers, Weems explores the role of black entrepreneurs who promoted the importance of the African American consumer market to U.S. corporations. Their actions, ironically, set the stage for the ongoing destruction of black-owned business. While the extent of educational, employment, and residential desegregation remains debatable, African American consumer dollars have, by any standard, been fully incorporated into the U.S. economy. Desegregating the Dollar takes us through the "blaxploitation" film industry, the vast market for black personal care products, and the insidious exploitation of black urban misery by liquor and cigarette advertisers. Robert E. Weems, Jr., has given us the definitive account of the complicated relationship between African Americans, capitalism, and consumerism.


Fatty acids and blends of fatty acids are used as friction modifiers and anti-wear additives in diesel fuels. A large part of some fatty acid blends are unsaturated fatty acids. Even though fatty acids have been thoroughly investigated, the adsorption and tribological behaviour of unsaturated fatty acids are no fully understood. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the influence of fatty acid unsaturation on the adsorption from alkane solution and the tribological properties, such as friction and wear scar characterization, of such systems. To increase the fundamental understanding of the influence of the degree of fatty acid unsaturation the three fatty acids, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, have been studied. In boundary lubrication the amount of material and how well the material is bound to the surface can affect the friction and wear of the system. Thus, as a first step the adsorption of fatty acids onto steel surfaces was investigated with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). This technique is straight forward to used and is ideal for these samples that are difficult to investigate with optical techniques due to small differences in refractive index between the alkane solvent and fatty acid. To determine the chemical binding to steel surfaces static secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) has been used. Next, the influence of fatty acid unsaturation on the friction and wear was determined. Two different studies were made, one on a molecular level with the tribological surfaces forces apparatus (T-SFA) and the other one with a technique used for determining friction and wear of diesel fuel additives. The T-SFA technique provides data from which the packing of the fatty acids at mica surfaces can be estimated as well as how the friction is altered due to the packing. For determining the friction and wear of steel surfaces the high frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR) and pin on disc apparatus (POD) were used. The HFRR is a standardized technique, where, if the settings specified in the ISO12156 protocol are used, a diesel fuel additive must provide an average wear scar radius less than 0.230 mm to pass. The wear scars received from the two techniques were further analysed with Raman spectroscopy and also a visual rating of the wear scars was performed. As the project progressed, there was an increasing interest in the influence of water on the adsorption and lubricating properties of the fatty acids. Moisture uptake of the fatty acids was therefore determined gravimetrically as well as with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The adsorption of the moist fatty acids onto steel surfaces was then investigated with QCM and static SIMS, while HFRR and POD were used for investigate the friction and wear.


Abstract:The rise of library-based digital scholarly publishing creates new opportunities to meet scholars' evolving publishing needs. This article presents findings from a national survey of humanities scholars on their attitudes toward digital publishing, the diversification of scholarly products, changing perceptions of authorship, and the desire to reach new audiences. Based on survey findings, the authors offer recommendations for how library publishers can make unique contributions to the scholarly publishing ecosystem and support the advancement of digital scholarship in the humanities by accommodating and sustaining more diverse products of digital scholarship, supporting new modes of authorship, and helping scholars reach broader audiences through interdisciplinary and open access publishing.


Abstract. Pleistocene ice complex permafrost deposits contain roughly a quarter of the organic carbon (OC) stored in permafrost (PF) terrain. When permafrost thaws, its OC is remobilized into the (aquatic) environment where it is available for degradation, transport or burial. Aquatic or coastal environments contain sedimentary reservoirs that can serve as archives of past climatic change. As permafrost thaw is increasing throughout the Arctic, these reservoirs are important locations to assess the fate of remobilized permafrost OC. We here present compound-specific deuterium (δ2H) analysis on leaf waxes as a tool to distinguish between OC released from thawing Pleistocene permafrost (ice complex deposits; ICD) and from thawing Holocene permafrost (from near-surface soils). Bulk geochemistry (%OC; δ13C; %total nitrogen, TN) was analyzed as well as the concentrations and δ2H signatures of long-chain n-alkanes (C21 to C33) and mid- to long-chain n-alkanoic acids (C16 to C30) extracted from both ICD-PF samples (n =  9) and modern vegetation and O-horizon (topsoil-PF) samples (n =  9) from across the northeast Siberian Arctic. Results show that these topsoil-PF samples have higher %OC, higher OC ∕ TN values and more depleted δ13C-OC values than ICD-PF samples, suggesting that these former samples trace a fresher soil and/or vegetation source. Whereas the two investigated sources differ on the bulk geochemical level, they are, however, virtually indistinguishable when using leaf wax concentrations and ratios. However, on the molecular isotope level, leaf wax biomarker δ2H values are statistically different between topsoil PF and ICD PF. For example, the mean δ2H value of C29 n-alkane was −246 ± 13 ‰ (mean ± SD) for topsoil PF and −280 ± 12 ‰ for ICD PF. With a dynamic isotopic range (difference between two sources) of 34 to 50 ‰; the isotopic fingerprints of individual, abundant, biomarker molecules from leaf waxes can thus serve as endmembers to distinguish between these two sources. We tested this molecular δ2H tracer along with another source-distinguishing approach, dual-carbon (δ13C–Δ14C) isotope composition of bulk OC, for a surface sediment transect in the Laptev Sea. Results show that general offshore patterns along the shelf-slope transect are similar, but the source apportionment between the approaches vary, which may highlight the advantages of either. This study indicates that the application of δ2H leaf wax values has potential to serve as a complementary quantitative measure of the source and differential fate of OC thawed out from different permafrost compartments.


We propose a novel distributed retransmission control method for ad hoc networks. Since ad hoc networks are based on wireless communication to transmit data among terminals, radio interference or obstacles often cause link failures and packet loss. In conventional ad hoc routing protocols, a source terminal must discover and reconstruct a new transmission route when link failures or multiple packet losses are observed on the current route. Such route discovery schemes generally increase network traffic. Various retransmission control mechanisms and multipath routing protocols have been proposed to overcome this problem. In the conventional method, however, the terminal that retransmits the lost packets should be located in the neighborhood of the destination terminal. In other words, only the last hop on the route is retransmittable. Moreover, although multipath routing mechanisms can increase transmission success rate, the terminal overhead increases owing to transmission of extra data stream on the route. The proposed method cooperatively uses neighboring terminals of the route to enable retransmission from any terminal on the route. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated by computer simulation.


The inherited hemoglobin disorders sickle cell disease and thalassemia are the most common monogenetic disorders worldwide. Pulmonary hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adult patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia, and hemolytic disorders are potentially among the most common causes of pulmonary hypertension. The pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension in hemolytic disorders is likely multifactorial, including hemolysis, impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, chronic hypoxemia, chronic thromboembolic disease, chronic liver disease, and asplenia. In contrast to patients with traditional forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension, patients with hemolytic disorders have a mild-to-moderate degree of elevation in mean pulmonary pressures, with mild elevations in pulmonary vascular resistance. The hemodynamic etiology of pulmonary hypertension in these patients is multifactorial and includes pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary venous hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension secondary to a hyperdynamic state. Currently, there are limited data on the effects of any specific treatment modality for pulmonary hypertension in patients with hemolytic disorders. It is likely that maximization of treatment of the primary hemoglobinopathy in all patients and treatment with selective pulmonary vasodilators and antiproliferative agents in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension would be beneficial. However, there is still a major need for large multinational trials of novel therapies for this patient population.


Tillerlng capacity and behavior determine the success or failure of ratoon cropping in grasses. This work was initiated to gain more understanding on the seasonal effects on tillering and ratoon cropping of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in the high rainfall tropics by studying the effects of various daylengths and temperature regimes on plant growth and development and yields of ratoon crops. Sorghum plants were grown under two daylengths and four temperature regimes in controlled-environment chambers. Temperatures and daylengths used simulated tropical winter and summer conditions similar to rainfed sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plantations of Hawaii where ratoon sorghum has been grown. It is contemplated that sorghum could be used as an alternate crop for sugarcane plantations phasing out of production and that ratooning the crop could be utilized as a management practice, thus reducing the high cost of production. An interaction between photoperiod and temperature was observed. With low temperature (23.9 C-day/15.5 C-night) and short day (10 hours), fewer tillers/plant were produced resulting in the development of fewer reproductive tillers. At the same low night and day temperatures, but with photoperiod increased from 10 to 14 hours, more tillers/plant, more reproductive tillers/plant, greater leaf area, more leaves, more numerous but shorter internodes, and longer panicles were produced. The check plants grown outside produced more reproductive tillers/plant than the various treatments. Increasing both the temperature (32.2 C-day/23.9 C-night) and daylength (14 hours) resulted in further increase in tiller number/plant, leaf area, and internode number. Higher temperature and shorter daylength tended to bring about early maturity.
Low light intensity, short photoperiod, and low temperature, resulted in rosette form of foliage with very short internodes and reduced number of leaves. This condition led to low grain and stover yields


Legislative regulation of quality of product and services is very important for economy of every country for removing technical barriers to trade, protecting the health and safety of consumers. In order to speed up this process, in 1985 the Council of Ministers agreed a resolution on the "New Approach to technical harmonization and standards". In contrast with the detailed, product-based Directives of the old style, New Approach Directives are limited to fixing essential requirements on general issues such as safety, health and environment. The effective operation of all the Directives, but particularly those of the New Approach, depends on existence of an infrastructure of bodies, rules and relationships typical of market economy. Without these infrastructures, which are particularly concerned with regulatory enforcement, market surveillance, standardization and conformity assessment, the Directives would not achieve their goals. Standardization provides a link between the regulator, the product and the European market. Policies relating to conformity assessment in the EU have as a cornerstone the Commission Communication to the Council submitted on 15 June 1989, "A Global Approach to certification and testing – quality measures for industrial products" and the Council Decision of 22 July 1993 concerning the modules for the various phases of the conformity assessment procedures and rules for the affixing and use of the CE conformity marking are intended to be used in technical harmonization Directives (93/465/EEC). The documents mentioned above should guide the authorities of the Lithuania in the conformity assessment area. It is necessary to develop of conformity assessment bodies that are competent, in terms of experience, human resources, facilities and organization. Legislative alignment involving also technical harmonization is a complex process where Lithuania changes it former market surveillance system to a new system, whose objective is to suppress in an effective manner barriers to trade and allow free movement of products within the Union. Lithuania solved the problems associated with the alignment of legislation to EU requirements consecutively. In 1996 the Government of Lithuania approved National program for quality. The program was oriented to speed the process of integration to EU economical area and to achieve these objectives: - To adopt appropriate Lithuanian legislation with requirements of EU Directives. - To adopt European harmonized standards as Lithuanian National standards that facilitate the implementation of the New Approach Directives. - To approximate Lithuanian market surveillance system with EU market surveillance system. The most of these objectives was successfully solved. National accreditation body in September of 1997 presented application to the European Cooperation for Accreditation. Positive decision for associated member of this organization was given in 23-06-1998. Standardization body of Lithuania till beginning of 2002 year adopted 2160 harmonized European standards as Lithuanian National standards. It offers the possibilities for various sectors of economy of Lithuania to approximate Lithuanian technical regulations with requirements of EU New Approach Directives. At present time Lithuanian technical legislation is approximated with 19 New Approach Directives.


This project transposes ideas and experiences from Nuhn's previous composition and performance practice – which revolved around collaborative improvisation projects and the use of everyday objects as sound sources as well as sculptural objects – into a computer-automated sound sculpture which can ultimately perform itself. By eliminating the necessity of a human performer Nuhn aimed to create a situation in which the sounds produced can be solely appreciated according to their sonic characteristics rather than being 'diluted' by the presence and (musical) interpretations of a performer. The collaborative aspect of his previous practice has been translated into an online call for (musical) algorithms which has been responded to by composers from all over the world. The different algorithms are selected randomly by the computer and determine the sonic pattern of the sculpture.

This project has become particularly important to Nuhn in hindsight, because the extremely palpable relationship between the computer and the sculptural/sonic part of the artefact has strongly inspired his subsequent research.

A video documentation of Staccato Death/Life is available at: http://www.telesymbiosis.com/movies/StaccatoDeathLife.mov

Staccato Death/Life was awarded a First Prize (category 5: work for installation or environment) at the 29th International Competition of Electroacoustic Music and Sonic Art, Bourges (F) in 2002. A video documentation of the work was published in 2006 by IMEB/UNESCO/CIME on a DVD compilation, featuring the 2001-2005 competition winners (LDC 278 079/1).

Staccato Death/Life has been exhibited internationally at three venues:
• Syntese - International Festival of Electroacoustic Music and Sonic Art, Gallery La Box, Bourges/France (06/06/2003 – 15/06/2003).
• MAXIS II - International Festival/Symposium of Sound and Experimental Music, ICSRiM, University of Leeds/UK (10/04/2003 - 13/04/2003). See: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/maxis/maxis-prog.htm#installations
• 54 Degree North - International art exhibition, 54oN warehouse, Hull/UK (01/03/2003 – 31/03/2003). See: http://www.fifty-four.org/reference.


Nonlinear optical response of Au metallic nanoparticles, synthesized and embedded in sapphire by using ion implantation, as a function of their size and shape is studied. The size of the Au NPs was varied by controlling the annealing time of the gold-irradiated sapphire in a reducing atmosphere. Their shape was changed from approximately spherical to prolate by swift heavy-ion irradiation using Si3+, obtaining an anisotropic composite consisting in deformed NPs, all oriented in the direction of the Si beam irradiation. At 532 nm and 26 ps pulses, the isotropic system shows negative nonlinear absorption increasing with size, and positive nonlinear refraction. On the other hand, prolate nanoparticles show negative (null) absorption and null (positive) refraction for the minor (major) axis. This kind of system also shows figures of merit and relaxing times in the order of the picoseconds, appropriate for all-optical switching applications.


The Trikokkia Railway tunnel is a 5000 m long single tube tunnel, foreseen to be constructed along the future Kalambaka–Kozani railway line in central Greece. The tunnel alignment is crossing the Molasse formations of the meso-Hellenic trench and a design approach for the tunneling works that account for the specific properties of this formation has been adopted. Mixed modes of failure governed by rock overstressing and discontinuity controlled slides were tackled by considering both rock bulk strength and deformability properties and rock mass architecture. The ground characterization process, was performed using well established empirical rock mass characterization indices. Rock mass characterization was assisted by hand sketching of rock mass structure as well as by generating discrete fracture networks, compatible with the joint statistics of each rock mass class. The identification of different rock mass behavior types is based on metrics that compare rock mass bulk strength with in situ stress state, and in parallel on the visualization of the rock mass structure to describe and quantify structurally controlled failure modes. Both the intuitive procedure to draw rock mass structure sketches, as well as the random joint generation procedure, are found to be effective tools to identify and assess gravity driven modes of failure. The adopted process to assess rock mass behavior contributes significantly to design with confidence the tunneling and support process for tendering purposes.


For much of its history Australian legal education has been dominated by doctrinal approaches to the teaching of law. Initially, legal education in Australia was little more than the uncritical transmission of legal doctrine by legal practitioners. It was not until the post-World War II emergence of the professional law teacher in Australia that a more scholarly approach was taken to the teaching of law. It took the influence of radicalism, feminism and the Critical Legal Studies movement in the 1970s and 1980s for legal critique to be taught in the law school. Resistance to trends within legal education perceived by some to be too radical meant that the decision to include legal critique in the curriculum was often a controversial one, and that the growth of legal critique in Australian legal education was generally slow. In the past decade critique has flourished in Australian legal scholarship, and mainstream legal education scholars have increasingly called for a greater emphasis on legal critique in the teaching of law. However, while many law schools have adopted teaching policies and programs which appear to encourage legal critique, it is still given a relatively low priority, and the present trend appears to be for legal education to become more practical rather than more critical. In the year 2000 legal critique remains an underemphasised and marginalised approach to the teaching of law in Australia.


This paper examines India's experience with fiscal rules with a view to inform the design of a possible successor fiscal framework to the FRBMA. Among several proposals to strengthen the FRBMA, a framework that focuses medium-term fiscal policy on debt sustainability by the use of a medium term debt target, and annual nominal expenditure growth rules is proposed. This approach tackles the deficit bias at its core and enables countercyclical fiscal policy through automatic stabilizers. Numerical targets should be supported by structural reform measures for both revenues and expenditures, while the coverage of the fiscal rules should be expanded.


Fe65 interacts with the cytosolic domain of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein (APP). The functions of the Fe65 and of the Fe65/APP complex are still unknown. To address this point we generated Fe65 knock out mice. These mice do not show any obvious phenotype, however, when fibroblasts (MEFs), isolated form Fe65 KO embryos, were exposed to low doses of DNA damaging agents, such as etoposide or H2O2, an increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress, compared to wild type animals, clearly emerged. Accordingly, brain extracts from Fe65 KO mice, exposed to non-lethal doses of ionizing radiations, showed high levels of γ-H2AX and p53, thus demonstrating a higher sensitivity to X-rays than wild type mice. Nuclear Fe65 is necessary to rescue the observed phenotype and, few minutes after the exposure of MEFs to DNA damaging agents, Fe65 undergoes phosphorylation in the nucleus. With a similar timing, the proteolytic processing of APP is rapidly affected by the genotoxic stress: in fact, the cleavage of the APP C-terminal fragments by γ-secretase is induced soon after the exposure of cells to etoposide, in a Fe65-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that Fe65 plays an essential role in the response of the cells to DNA damage. Moreover we found that Fe65 is a chromatin bound protein that determines the degree of chromatin condensation both in basal and under genotoxic stress conditions. Fe65 association with chromatin is required during DNA damage repair. Indeed a known partner of Fe65 is the histone acetyltransferase Tip60. Considering the crucial role of Tip60 in DNA repair, we explored the hypothesis that the phenotype of Fe65 null cells was dependent on its interaction with Tip60. We demonstrated that Fe65 knockdown impaired recruitment of Tip60-TRRAP complex to DNA double strand breaks and decreased histone H4 acetylation. Accordingly, the efficiency of DNA repair was decreased upon Fe65 suppression. To explore whether APP has a role in this mechanism, we analyzed a Fe65 mutant unable to bind to APP. This mutant failed to rescue the phenotypes of Fe65 null cells; furthermore, APP/APLP2 suppression results in the impairment of recruitment of Tip60-TRRAP complex to DNA double strand breaks, decreased histone H4 acetylation and repair efficiency. On these bases, we propose that Fe65 and its interaction with APP play an important role in the response to DNA damage by assisting the recruitment of Tip60-TRRAP to DNA damage sites.


In The Farther Reaches of Human Nature the late Abraham Maslow provided a detailed acount of creativeness during its primary, or inspirational, moments. During such moments there is a strong tendency to become intensely involved with their intrinsic relationships of the matter-at-hand, one effect of which is the giving up of both the past and the future. Further, while attention is riveted to the phenomena vividly present to consciousness, there occurs a diminution of fear, a lessening of inhibitions, and a loss of ego. There is also manifested a trusting attitude that is notable for its qualities of strength, courage, acceptance, and Taoistic receptivity. Maslow further held that perception during creative experience is not primarily abstract, that is, in the service of building theoretical understanding. Rather perception is aesthetic and serves the propensity to cherish or savor the particularities of things. Such happenings during creative experience, Maslow held, tend to result in the psychological integration of the person, a beneficent spontaneity, and a strong fusion of the person with his world. In the course of his investigations, Maslow further concluded that the conditions and traits of creativeness are also those of the self-actualizing person and of "peak experiences" generally, such that it might be said Maslow took the general goal of education to be the teaching of the creative attitude (or its conditions), the taking up of which provides persons with occasions for peak experiences, which in turn help to produce self-actualizing persons. The need for healthy, self-actualizing persons stemmed from what has now become a commonplace: accelerated social change has generated the obligation to educate a new type of person.


People who are Blind or Visually Impaired (BVI) have one goal in common: navigate through unfamiliar indoor environments without the intervention of a human guide. The number of blind people in the world is not accurately known at the present, however, based on the 2010 Global Data on Visual Impairments, World Health Organization, approximately 285 million people are estimated to be visually impaired worldwide: 39 million are blind and 246 have low vision, 90% in developing countries, with 82% of blind people aged 50 and above. Available extrapolated statistics about blindness in some countries in the Middle East show ∼102,618 in Iraq, ∼5,358 in Gaza strip, ∼22,692 in Jordan, ∼9,129 in Kuwait, ∼104,321 in Saudi Arabia, and ∼10,207 in the United Arab Emirates. These statistics reveal the importance of developing a useful, accurate, and easy to use navigation system to help this large population of disabled people in their everyday lives. Various commercial products are available to navigate BVI people in outdoor environments based on the Global Positioning System (GPS) where the receiver must has a clear view of the sky. Indoor geo-location, on the other hand, is much more challenging because objects surrounding the user can block or interfere with the GPS signal. In this paper, we present a centralized wireless indoor navigation system to aid the BVI. The system is designed not only to accurately locate, track, and navigate the user, but to also find the safest travel path and easily communicate with the BVI. A centralized approach is adopted because of the lack of research in this area. Some proposed navigation systems require users to inconveniently carry heavy navigation devices; some require administrators to install a complex network of sensors throughout a building; and others are simply impractical in practice. The system consists of four major components: 1) Wireless Positioning Subsystem, 2) Visual Indoor Modeling Interface, 3) Guidance and Navigation Subsystem, and 4) Path-Finding Subsystem. The system is designed not only to accurately locate, track, and navigate the user, but to also find the safest travel path and easily communicate with the BVI. A significant part of the navigation system is the virtual modeling of the building and the design of the path-finding algorithms, which will be the main focus of this research. Ultimately, the proposed system provides the design and building blocks for a fully functional package that can be used to build a complete centralized indoor navigation system, from creating the virtual models for buildings to tracking and interacting with BVI users over the network.