Sorensen's iteratively restarted Arnoldi algorithm is one of the most successful and exible methods for nding a few eigenpairs of a large matrix. However, the need to preserve structure of the Arnoldi decomposition on which the algorithm is based restricts the range of transformations that can be performed on the decomposition. In consequence, it is diicult to deeate converged Ritz vectors from the decomposition. Moreover, the potential forward instability of the implicit QR algorithm can cause unwanted Ritz vectors to persist in the computation. In this paper we introduce a generalized Arnoldi decomposition that solves both problems in a natural and eecient manner. ABSTRACT Sorensen's iteratively restarted Arnoldi algorithm is one of the most successful and exible methods for nding a few eigenpairs of a large matrix. However, the need to preserve structure of the Arnoldi decomposition on which the algorithm is based restricts the range of transformations that can be performed on the decomposition. In consequence, it is diicult to deeate converged Ritz vectors from the decomposition. Moreover, the potential forward instability of the implicit QR algorithm can cause unwanted Ritz vectors to persist in the computation. In this paper we introduce a generalized Arnoldi decomposition that solves both problems in a natural and eecient manner.


This article develops a dynamic institutional theory of international law that integrates and builds from insights in the legal, economics (game theory), and international relations disciplines. While a number of scholars have applied game theory and international relations theories to international law, this theory is both novel and useful because it provides a theoretic framework for (1) analyzing international commitments, compliance institutions, and the dynamic process by which international legal regimes evolve; and for (2) examining and comparing the strategic institutional approaches taken to address compliance issues in different regimes. Each of these contributions is significant. With respect to the first contribution, international scholars have not developed a rational choice theory that integrates consideration of commitments, institutions and dynamicism. The theory that comes closest is iterated game theory. This theory extends the iterated game theory model, which is often used by rational choice theorists in the international relations and international law disciplines to study international cooperation, by recognizing first that iterated games actually evolve and second that States create institutions to cope with this evolution and sustain cooperation in the face of dynamic change. States understand when entering into an international agreement not only that they face noncompliance risks as traditionally conceived (defection based on incentives presented in iterated game context, for example), but also that dynamic change may threaten the stability of the game (unforeseen events may cause payoffs to change in magnitude or become more or less certain, for example). Accordingly, ex ante, States design institutions to monitor State behavior and adjust payoffs either by rewarding cooperators or punishing defectors - as predicted by traditional game theory - but also to maintain cooperation in the face of dynamic change - as predicted by a theory of evolving games. States create institutions to reduce uncertainty and transaction costs associated with dynamic change and to adjust commitments in future iterations. Such institutions facilitate internal change and maintain cooperation by relieving parties of the need to return to the bargaining table every time the game structure changes. With respect to the second contribution, international scholars have not developed a theory that supports comparative analysis of the strategic institutional approaches taken to address compliance issues. The dynamic institutional theory highlights compliance strategies that have received very little attention by international scholars despite the prominence of such strategies in practice. The article specifically contends that States pursue three types of compliance strategies: Type I strategies focused on adjusting States' incentives to comply by altering payoff structures (the expected costs and benefits of (non)compliance); Type II strategies focused on facilitating cooperation by reducing transaction costs and uncertainty as the legal regime evolves; and Type III strategies focused on maintaining cooperation and improving regime effectiveness by dynamically adjusting commitments over time. Comparative analysis of compliance institutions illustrates that these strategies may be implemented through different types of institutions and that the optimal choice of strategy and institutions may vary considerably across issue-areas. The final part of the article applies the theoretical framework to the GATT/WTO regime as well as the international regime that regulates ozone depleting substances (the "Ozone regime"). Attention is given to these regimes because they have been effective in achieving treaty objectives, are often considered as models for the development of compliance institutions in related areas of international law, and are increasingly the focal point of interdisciplinary legal issues. Applying the dynamic institutional theory to the GATT/WTO regime reveals that, while international trade law has evolved into a relatively strong version of public international law, the strength of the current WTO regime does not derive from strict enforcement-oriented institutions aimed at deterring intentional noncompliance through the threat of sanctions, a Type I strategy. Despite its adjudicative, rule-based orientation, the WTO dispute settlement institution, which is the cornerstone of the WTO regime, actually appears to be management-oriented and facilitative in the sense that it primarily implements Type II and Type III compliance strategies and implements Type I strategies only on a limited prospective basis. This important finding is contrary to conventional wisdom and should inform debates regarding reform of the WTO as well as the design of future compliance systems. Overall, the WTO compliance system is designed to maintain regime stability by internalizing (within the structure of formal, legalistic institutions) issues that otherwise might prompt parties to work outside the system (in the realm of pure politics). Applying the dynamic institutional theory to the Ozone regime reveals the complex, multifaceted nature of the Ozone compliance system, which implements all three strategies through a host of innovative institutions. As a result of this system, the Ozone regime has experienced very high rates of participation and compliance while dynamically adjusting commitment levels and adding newly identified ozone depleting substances to the list of regulated substances. Notably, although the system includes institutions empowered to implement Type I strategies through both positive and negative means (side-payments and penalties), no significant penalties have been given. To date, the compliance system has operated primarily in "managerial mode" with the threat of enforcement lurking in the background.


Social and economic changes can multiplicate and rise water demands. As witnessed in many cases around the globe, limited renewable water resources have not effectively played a confining role for the developments, and with the rising demands, subtle transfer of rights or reallocations have taken place. Reallocation can be considered as a strategy to curb the issues of water scarcity and to exercise water demand management, in very different ways. Governance and water rights are determinative factors for the quality of reallocation with regard to the issues of equity and sustainability. By conducting a qualitative research through interviews, observations and document analysis, in this paper we have investigated the process of reallocation in Zayandehrud basin, Iran. The research revealed three mechanisms of reallocation: from previous right-holders to the government-defined purposes; from downstream to upstream; and from previous groundwater right-holders to new users. Lack of transparency and stakeholder participation in the reallocations without taking compensative measures is why here we have coined this experience a "silent reallocation". As with the growing effects of silent reallocations, Zayanderud basin has witnessed contentious interactions among right-holders and the government. Reactions and decisions by the government reveal confusion and inability to deal with the complicated circumstances of the reallocations occurred. Meanwhile, though the reactions by the right-holder groups of farmers imply for raised local awareness and tremendous improvements in their social capacity to organize their power and influence, the sole request for furthering their access to water has complicated the controversies without distinguishable outcomes.


This case report describes a 52-year-old immunocompromised man diagnosed with disseminated Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) infection. The patient had a history of malignant lymphoma and presented with fever and polyarthritis that lasted 3 weeks. Upon initial evaluation, blood and synovial fluid cultures from the swollen joints were negative. Reactive arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis was suspected as the cause of inflammatory synovitis in multiple joints. Administration of prednisolone followed by an interleukin-6 inhibitor improved the fever, but polyarthritis persisted, and destruction of the left hip joint was observed. Two months later, Mycobacterium abscessus was detected in a blood culture and right shoulder joint synovium, leading to a final diagnosis of disseminated MABC infection. The joint symptoms resolved with combined antimicrobial therapy using amikacin, azithromycin, and imipenem/cilastatin. To date, 12 cases of disseminated MABC infection with osteoarticular manifestations have been reported. A total of 13 cases, including the present case, were reviewed. Seven patients had bone involvements, five had joint involvement, and the remaining one had bursa involvement. All the cases with joint involvement, except for our case, presented with monoarthritis. MABC infection is diagnosed based on the demonstration of MABC itself. Clinicians should keep disseminated MABC infection in mind as a possible cause of persistent arthritis. As demonstrated in our case, multiple replicate cultures of blood or specimens from the affected sites may be needed to detect it.


The objective of this research is to develop a simulation software tool, GASFLO, which should evaluate pressure, flow and temperature distributions of process gas in pellet induration system networks. Pellet induration systems are complex industrial systems composed of heterogenous components. The magnitude of gas through leaks i.e. the air entering or leaving the system from the points other than the known exits, is substantial and it adversely effects the performance of induration process. These leaks are very difficult to measure because of the hostile environment in the plant. The modelling of such industrial systems requires a notable amount of experimentation so the tool has been designed to enable the user modeller to change the component models and solution algorithms easily.

The conventional methods for flow network simulation are based on process centred approach, mostly composed of homogeneous components. For ease of computation, the non-pipe elements are modelled with an approximate linear or non-linear generic equation, whose coefficients can simulate different states of the element. The resulting set of non-linear equations is linearised and solved simultaneously using some iterative method. By contrast, GASFLO is based on device centred or unit based approach, and uses a two level hierarchical solution algorithm. The pellet induration system network is first idealised into a connected graph of streams (sets of serially connected components) and nodes. At the top or coordination level the flow and pressure distributions satisfying the Kirchhoff's laws are evaluated for the connected graph. At the lower or component level the exact mathematical models of components ale computed, in order of their occurrence in respective streams, using coordination variables as parameters. The converged flows are used for the temperature computation. The solution algorithm requires partitioning of the connected graph into forest and coforest structures, for which secondary algorithms have been developed using specific heuristics relevant to the pellet induration systems. The rigorous application of software engineering techniques for the design and implementation of software, enabled the resolution of the complexity of the modelled system, embedded the characteristics of 'quality software' into the resulting code and benefits from object orientation, even though it is implemented in standard FORTRAN 77.

GASFLO predicted results are in a good agreement with the measured results, it has been validated for a real life pellet induration system. It has been applied to simulate several practical scenarios, like addition of extra wind boxes to the zones and to determine how the plant production can be increased by certain ratio, such simulations were not feasible otherwise. GASFLO takes less than a minute to simulate a real-life pellet induration system on a 486 PC. The combined simulation with an other software tool, INDSYS, which evaluates the heat distribution in the solids, is also feasible.


ABSTRACT Microsatellite-based genotyping for Candida albicans can give discrepant results between laboratories when expressed in fragment sizes, because their determination depends on electrophoretic conditions. The interlaboratory reproducibility was assessed in six laboratories provided with an allelic ladder. Despite variations in size determinations, alleles were correctly assigned, making data transportable between laboratories.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
This study reviewed the cumulative postmarketing and clinical safety experience with sodium oxybate (Xyrem), a treatment approved for cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy. Study objectives were to investigate the occurrence of abuse/misuse of sodium oxybate since first market introduction in 2002, classify cases using DSM-IV criteria for substance abuse and dependence, and describe specific characteristics of these cases.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed postmarketing spontaneous adverse event (AE) reports from 15 countries for all cases containing reporting terminology related to abuse/misuse to determine its occurrence. All death cases independent of causality were reviewed to identify associated risk factors.

RESULTS
Approximately 26,000 patients worldwide received sodium oxybate from first market introduction in 2002 through March 2008. Of those 26,000 patients, 0.2% reported > or = 1 of the events studied. These included 10 cases (0.039%) meeting DSM-IV abuse criteria, 4 cases (0.016%) meeting DSM-IV dependence criteria, 8 cases (0.031%, including 3 of the previous 4) with withdrawal symptoms reported after discontinuation of sodium oxybate, 2 confirmed cases (0.008%) of sodium oxybate-facilitated sexual assault, 8 cases (0.031%) of overdose with suicidal intent, 21 deaths (0.08%) in patients receiving sodium oxybate treatment with 1 death known to be related to sodium oxybate, and 3 cases (0.01%) of traffic accidents involving drivers taking sodium oxybate. During this period, approximately 600,000 bottles of sodium oxybate were distributed, and 5 incidents (0.0009%) of diversion were reported.

CONCLUSION
Cumulative postmarketing and clinical experience indicates a very low risk of abuse/misuse of sodium oxybate.


Modern software development uses lots of so-called domain-specific languages (DSLs), providing domain-specific abstractions as a means to cope with the increasing complexity of modern software systems. While such languages are developed with a strong focus on the domain issues they are to address, more technical considerations of language engineering are typically left out. This can become problematic when the size of descriptions or programs in such a DSL increases, leading eventually to a need for advanced modularisation techniques, such as aspect orientation. To counter the complexities involved in designing modularisation for every new DSL, this paper shows a generic approach for implementing aspect orientation for arbitrary languages. The approach is especially useful for declarative DSLs, but can be used for other languages as well.


When dealing with swindled clients and their lawyers, it pays to know the rules. CPAs can trade in their spreadsheets for trenchcoats and fedoras. They'll need to if a client ever requests help with a business fraud investigation. In fact, often it's a CPA who finds the "smoking gun"--the forged check or the purchase orders for nonexistent goods. Because most frauds usually have a financial component, CPAs can be of great help in solving them. But those uncovering fraud need to take care to avoid costly missteps. Accountants who serve as consultants to their clients, or even those who work as controllers or CFOs, need to be aware of the key legal issues, so they can work effectively with a company's lawyers. Their reward? CPAs who know their way around fraud investigations greatly increase the likelihood of financial restitution to clients, and thus provide a value-added service. FIRST, THE LAWYER Once a company has asked a CPA to look into a business fraud, the first step he or she needs to take is to advise the client to hire an attorney, specifically to establish privilege of information. (Of course, CPAs who suspect fraud while performing an audit are bound by additional rules and regulations. See "The Auditor and Fraud," JofA, Apr. 97, page 32, and "The CPA as FraudBuster" JofA, May 98, page 69.) Basically, privilege of information means attorney/client privilege will cover any information the CPA discovers. (Also see "A Matter of Privilege," page 21.) The CPA's engagement letter must specify that he or she will work on the case at the direction of the client's attorney. The letter also should clearly state the legal purpose of the accounting services to be provided; failure to do this could result in the loss of privilege. Additionally, upon learning more about just how complex the fraud case is, the CPA may want to advise the client to hire a professional investigator with a law enforcement background. While CPAs bring a knowledge of the client's financial transactions and systems to the investigative effort, the professional investigator also brings expertise in proper investigative procedures, interviewing techniques and civil and criminal laws. PLAN OF ATTACK Early in the investigation, the attorney and the CPA need to agree on an appropriate legal strategy. For example, if they're contemplating a civil suit, who--what individuals or corporate entity--would the suit be filed against and what charges would be brought? Likewise, if they want to pursue criminal charges, what jurisdiction has venue and what statutes have been violated? The attorney understands the legal elements the client needs to win a civil suit or criminal case. Thus, at a very early stage, the CPA and the attorney must determine what type of evidence they need. For instance, if they want to file a federal mail fraud case, the CPA must gather evidence to meet the necessary elements of proof under that statute. In such cases, establishing that a document traveled through "the mail" is essential. Specifically, the CPA must establish who prepared the document, who mailed it, that it went through the mail, that it was fraudulent and that the prepared knew it was fraudulent. CPAs should be aware that any private or commercial interstate carrier, such as UPS and Federal Express, may qualify under the federal mail fraud statute. The envelope is critical because it bears the carrier's name and the mailing date. Also, it may be necessary to dust the fraudulent document for fingerprints. Select the jurisdiction. The attorney and CPA need to carefully consider the many factors that can come into play when selecting the case's jurisdiction. For example, has a federal or state law been violated? One problem: With state cases witnesses normally cannot be subpoenaed across state lines; in federal cases they can. The dollar amount of the fraud is important, as well. In the Chicago area, a $10,000 fraud case may barely interest local prosecutors, but prosecutors in a rural jurisdiction may relish the opportunity. …


The likelihood function is a fundamental component in Bayesian statistics. However, evaluating the likelihood of an observation is computationally intractable in many applications. In this paper, we propose a non-parametric approximation of the likelihood that identifies a probability measure which lies in the neighborhood of the nominal measure and that maximizes the probability of observing the given sample point. We show that when the neighborhood is constructed by the Kullback-Leibler divergence, by moment conditions or by the Wasserstein distance, then our optimistic likelihood can be determined through the solution of a convex optimization problem, and it admits an analytical expression in particular cases. We also show that the posterior inference problem with our optimistic likelihood approximation enjoys strong theoretical performance guarantees, and it performs competitively in a probabilistic classification task.


This is a clinical manual of the diagnostic and therapeutic interventions available to the practitioner treating the head and neck pain patient. It focuses on the musculoskeletal or biomechanical point of view as opposed to a pharmaceutical approach. In dealing with headaches, the text looks into psychology, dietary and adjustive therapy amongst others, rather than just drug therapy. The work covers the recognition and management of the various pain phenomena and provides extensive overview of the many different types of headaches and treatment of head pain, taking a dental/chiropractic perspective.


At a time when "degrees of reality" engaged his studies, T. S. Eliot maintained that "The I who saw the ghost is not the I who had the attack of indigestion" (Knowledge and Experience 121). While this partly explains Eliot's familiar compounding of ghosts, it also suggests how an illusion prompts further, if more complicated, reflections on the allusion it makes. For the self that "sees" the ghost and the self that "suffers" indigestion are both yet distinct from the writer who alludes to them. An allusion for Eliot is by no means only an apparition of one text glimpsed in another, and a reader's customary nod upon its recognition. Rather, it doubles a reader's perspective by its very performance; that is, of reading and writing at once, of a poet's history of reading being shaped now by the process of his writing. Our memory of course helps make some ghostly demarcations of textual entries and exits, but a poem may be read by consulting its author's memory as it were. I have followed this method in reading Eliot's "To Walter de la Mare." An occasional poem with a difference, "To Walter de la Mare" puts us unmistakably in the ambience of work of a poet whose seventy-fifth birthday occasions the tribute. Eliot salutes, in other words, not so much the poet as his "conscious art," "those deceptive cadences / Wherewith the common measure is refined" (lines 31, 29-30), "The inexplicable mystery of sound" his poems create (Eliot, Collected Poems 233). There is indeed a nice irony in Eliot's tribute to a poet whose Georgian clan he had once derided. "[T] he Georgians," demurred Eliot in 1918, "caress everything they touch" (qtd. in Robert H. Ross 181-82). Thirty years later, and within a decade of his own Practical Cats, Eliot finds it only proper that he make amends. He would now seek kinship with another writer for children, and even go on to admire the latter's talent for affording "Free passage to the phantoms of the mind" (Eliot, CP 233). "To Walter de la Mare" opens with a scene familiar enough in children's fiction, one that describes children's explorations into wild and dangerous terrains. De la Mare has portrayed such scenes with easy aplomb in his stories like "Miss Jemima," "Visitors," and "The Riddle," to name only three from Collected Stories for Children. Eliot's opening has a rather general, too open, air about it: The children who explored the brook and found A desert island with a sandy cove (A hiding place, but very dangerous ground,) For here the water buffalo may rove, The kinkajou, the mangabey, abound In the dark jungle of a mango grove, And shadowy lemurs glide from tree to tree-- The guardians of some long-lost treasure-trove) .... (Eliot, CP 1-8) De la Mare was so good at evoking such anticipated dread or anxiety; Eliot's parenthetical portrait of the "desert island" is both imitation and tribute. Here, for example, is one stanza from de la Mare's "Forests:" --in the forest of the mind Lurk beasts as fierce as those that tread Earth's rock-strown wilds, to night resigned, There stars of heaven no radiance shed-- Black-eyed Remorse, Despair becowled in lead. (De la Mare, Complete Poems 26-30) Add to these some specific details from a poem like "Ah, Momotombo! " De la Mare's scene there comprises such nonplaces as "Momotombo," "Managua" and "Solentiname's Isle" and such noncreatures as "Agguapadalpo," "Yali," "Catacoluca," "Paundma," etc. Eliot's strange creatures, "the Kinkajou" and "the mangabey" make a mango grove their home. Imagination blurs the poet's memory here; de la Mare's "Managua's groves" thus enter Eliot's poem compounded as "the mangabey... of a mango grove" (CP 232). More often than not, Eliot's uncanny makes little sense out of the literary context it harnesses by a curious logic. …


BACKGROUND
Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience a range of problems in their cognitive, affective, and physical functioning following prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), in addition to multiple complex difficulties in daily living that impact wellbeing. Using the Canadian National FASD Database, we sought to profile a range of difficulties in daily living, along with risk factors, in a large cross-sectional cohort of adolescents, transition-aged youth, and adults with PAE, of which a subset was ultimately diagnosed with FASD.

METHODS
We summarized data for nine current difficulties in daily living reported at the time of diagnostic assessment for 726 individuals with PAE assessed at 26 FASD diagnostic clinics across Canada, including 443 adolescents (12 - 17 years), 135 transition-aged youth (18 - 24 years) and 148 adults (25 - 60 years). Difficulties included problems related to school disruption, employment, independent living needs, supportive or sheltered housing, legal problems with victimization, legal problems with offending, incarceration, alcohol misuse, and other substance misuse. Risk factors included age, gender, living placement, postnatal trauma, and neurodevelopmental impairment.

RESULTS
Across the full PAE sample, adolescents, transition-aged youth, and adults presented with high rates of difficulties in daily living, including independent living support needs (63%), alcohol misuse (38%), other substance misuse (46%), employment problems (37%), legal problems with offending (30%), assisted or sheltered housing (21%), school disruption (18%), legal problems with victimization (4%), and incarceration (3%). Difficulty rates were similar for those with FASD irrespective of diagnosis (e.g., with or without sentinel facial features), but rates greater for adults, and those with low overall intellectual functioning (IQ < 70). Controlling for age and IQ, cumulative difficulty was independently associated with gender, living placement, and neurodevelopmental impairment.

CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents, transition-aged youth, and adults with FASD experienced a range of substantial and complex difficulties at the time of their diagnostic assessment, signaling a high level of service needs. These findings underscore the importance of developmentally-informed assessment continued through childhood, as well as ongoing functional and needs-based service provision as youth with FASD transition to adulthood and beyond.


In 1999, Washington State voters approved the legalization of medical marijuana. In November 2012, Washington voters passed Initiative-502 (I-502), legalizing retail cannabis sales and recreational cannabis use for adults 21 years and older. As with alcohol, the law provides two options for prosecuting suspected impaired drivers: 1) demonstrating impairment through detailed observation notes, field test results, witness observations, or Drug Recognition Expert assessments; and 2) determining the suspect's blood level for the drug is above the legal "per se" limit. I-502 established a per se level of 5ng/mL of active delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (hereafter THC) in blood for cannabis-impaired driving. THC is a psychoactive compound in cannabis. The objectives of this study were to examine drivers involved in collisions and/or arrested for suspected driving under the influence (DUI), who were investigated by the Washington State Patrol and for which blood evidence was collected in order to: describe the trends in THC involvement over time and in relation to the passage of I-502; to describe the prevalence of THC alone and in combination with alcohol and other potentially intoxicating drugs; and to describe the estimated time to blood draw under real world conditions, and examine the relationship between estimated time to blood draw and the level of THC detected. Additionally, to provide necessary context, law enforcement and toxicology testing procedures as well as arrests, state patrol staffing levels, and training over the study period were documented.


Ideal point estimators hold the promise of identifying multiple dimensions of political disagreement as they are manifested in legislative voting. However, standard ideal point estimates do not distinguish between ideological motivations and voting inducements from parties, coalitions, or the executive. In this article we describe a general approach for hierarchically identifying an ideological dimension using an auxiliary source of data. In the case we consider, we use an anonymous survey of Brazilian legislators to identify party positions on a left-right ideology dimension. We then use this data to distinguish ideological motivations from other determinants of roll-call behavior for eight presidential-legislative periods covering more than 20 years of Brazilian politics. We find that there exists an important nonideological government-opposition dimension, with the entrance and exit of political parties from the governing coalition appearing as distinct shifts in ideal point on this second dimension. We conjecture that the Brazilian president's control over politically important resources is the source of this dimension of conflict, which has recently become far more important in explaining roll-call voting than the ideological dimension.


Globally, depression frequently comorbid with a variety of physical illnesses, which exert substantial mental and somatic distresses on patients. Sleep disturbance is one of the com‐ mon conditions reported by individuals with either, mental or physical illnesses. Complex interaction among depression, sleep and physical illnesses highlighted the essential mind‐ body connection in the planning of integrative care and other clinical services. A number of eastern mind‐body practices, such as Qigong, acupuncture and meditation, have been fre‐ quently studied indicating the efficacy of mind‐body connection in complementary thera ‐ pies. This chapter will introduce the integrative body‐mind‐spirit (I‐BMS) group work, which has been found effective in addressing comorbid depressed mood and somatic afflictions, especially sleep disturbances among Hong Kong Chinese adults.


Abstract Beginning with a personal account of my early experiences of Chopin9s B-Minor Prelude and A-Minor Waltz, I argue that "musical meaning" arises neither simply from the music itself nor simply from a listener9s or performer9s self projections into the music. Instead it arises intersubjectively , from a relationship that subsumes a musical self and a musical other within the virtual (i.e., imaginary or fictional) environment that fully engaged musical experience engenders. Such an intersubjective exchange is likely to be especially acute in the compositional process itself, as the composer creates through music an "other" in dialogue with his or her self. The actual relationship between this other and the composer9s own character and experience is rarely possible to ascertain with any degree of certainty: the music is better understood as self-creation than as self-representation. But paradoxically, pieces that are somehow atypical for their composer sometimes epitomize that composer9s musical character most strongly and can suggest autobiographical motivation more specifically than many of the composer9s other works. Such is the case with Chopin9s relatively few solo pieces that suggest vocal duets, whether straightforwardly, as in the C#-Minor Etude, op. 25, no. 7, or through marked contrast with a solo voice, as in the two op. 27 Nocturnes. In each of these pieces, Chopin explores a problematic relationship between two "others," one of them unattainable or elusive. If one of them mirrors Chopin9s musical self, perhaps the other, the more remote, can be understood as a musical image of the self that Chopin needed to develop in order to negotiate the "real world."


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding RNAs, which play an essential role in the regulation of gene expression during carcinogenesis. The role of miRNAs in breast cancer has been thoroughly investigated, and although many miRNAs are identified as cancer related, little is known about their involvement in benign tumors. In this study, we investigated miRNA expression profiles in the two most common types of human benign tumors (fibroadenoma/fibroadenomatosis) and in malignant breast tumors and explored their role as oncomirs and tumor suppressor miRNAs. Here, we identified 33 miRNAs with similar deregulated expression in both benign and malignant tumors compared with the expression levels of those in normal tissue, including breast cancer-related miRNAs such as let-7, miR-21 and miR-155. Additionally, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression profiles were obtained for some of the same samples. Using integrated mRNA/miRNA expression analysis, we observed that overexpression of certain miRNAs co-occurred with a significant downregulation of their candidate target mRNAs in both benign and malignant tumors. In support of these findings, in vitro functional screening of the downregulated miRNAs in non-malignant and breast cancer cell lines identified several possible tumor suppressor miRNAs, including miR-193b, miR-193a-3p, miR-126, miR-134, miR-132, miR-486-5p, miR-886-3p, miR-195 and miR-497, showing reduced growth when re-expressed in cancer cells. The finding of deregulated expression of oncomirs and tumor suppressor miRNAs in benign breast tumors is intriguing, indicating that they may play a role in proliferation. A role of cancer-related miRNAs in the early phases of carcinogenesis and malignant transformation can, therefore, not be ruled out.


AIMS
Several studies indicate the similarity between the symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study hypothesized that prenatal exposure to ethanol (EtOH) can be used as an animal model of ADHD in Wistar rats.

METHODS
At the first stage of the study, alcohol was delivered to the pregnant dams (237-252 g) by intra-gastric route throughout Gestation Days 8-20 at a dose of 6 g/kg/day. Untreated control group with isocaloric sucrose intubation was also included. Of the 16 male pups (174-180 g), 8 were in the fetal alcohol effects (FAE) group and 8 were in the untreated control group. Subjects went through behavior shaping, discrimination learning and reversal learning. Number of sessions to learn the tasks, response frequency to inhibitory (S-) and excitatory (S+) stimulus features, response latency and inter-response time (IRT) were measured.

RESULTS
Significant differences were obtained on only the reversal task. Rats with FAE needed greater number of sessions to learn the reversal task, and they had a higher frequency of incorrect responses in specifically the latter part of the sessions.

CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that reversal learning of FAE rats exhibits deficit in the inhibition of pre-learned responses. Responses behaviorally mimicked attention deficit and impulsivity symptoms of human ADHD. However, the experimental design of the study was not conducive to hyperactivity. Accordingly, rats with FEA can be an alternative to other models since it is not, for example, based on a symptom that is atypical (such as hypertension) to ADHD.

SHORT SUMMARY
Significant difference was obtained in a reversal task between male rats prenatally exposed to ethanol and matched controls. The greater number of sessions for learning and higher frequency of incorrect responses behaviorally mimicked symptoms of ADHD, suggesting that rats with fetal ethanol effects can serve as a useful animal model.


The exploration of stem and progenitor cells holds promise for advancing our understanding of the biology of tissue repair and regeneration mechanisms after injury. This will also help in the future use of stem cell therapy for the development of regenerative medicine approaches for the treatment of different tissue‐species defects or disorders such as bone, cartilages, and tooth defects or disorders. Bone is a specialized connective tissue, with mineralized extracellular components that provide bones with both strength and rigidity, and thus enable bones to function in body mechanical supports and necessary locomotion process. New insights have been added to the use of different types of stem cells in bone and tooth defects over the last few years. In this concise review, we briefly describe bone structure as well as summarize recent research progress and accumulated information regarding the osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, as well as stem cell contributions to bone repair/regeneration, bone defects or disorders, and both restoration and regeneration of bones and cartilages. We also discuss advances in the osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of dental and periodontal stem cells as well as in stem cell contributions to dentine regeneration and tooth engineering.


In this article the authors attempt to shed some light on the PhD examination process, a process that is arguably far less transparent than those at other levels of British higher education. More specifically, the authors focus upon institutional policy from a sample of 20 British universities and attempt to document policy and interrogate the principles underpinning guidelines governing examination practices. They examine definitions of what constitutes a doctorate and policies governing a range of practices that are integral to the examination process. The research reveals that although there is a large degree of inter-institutional consistency regarding key criteria for the award of a PhD, close inspection of institutional policy suggests that the PhD examination is in fact conceptualised and operationalised in diverse ways.


We develop a new computational model for representing the fine-grained meanings of near-synonyms and the differences between them. We also develop a lexical-choice process that can decide which of several near-synonyms is most appropriate in a particular situation. This research has direct applications in machine translation and text generation. We first identify the problems of representing near-synonyms in a computational lexicon and show that no previous model adequately accounts for near-synonymy. We then propose a preliminary theory to account for near-synonymy, relying crucially on the notion of granularity of representation, in which the meaning of a word arises out of a context-dependent combination of a context-independent core meaning and a set of explicit differences to its near-synonyms. That is, near-synonyms cluster together. We then develop a clustered model of lexical knowledge, derived from the conventional ontological model. The model cuts off the ontology at a coarse grain, thus avoiding an awkward proliferation of language-dependent concepts in the ontology, yet maintaining the advantages of efficient computation and reasoning. The model groups near-synonyms into subconceptual clusters that are linked to the ontology. A cluster differentiates near-synonyms in terms of fine-grained aspects of denotation, implication, expressed attitude, and style. The model is general enough to account for other types of variation, for instance, in collocational behavior. An efficient, robust, and flexible fine-grained lexical-choice process is a consequence of a clustered model of lexical knowledge. To make it work, we formalize criteria for lexical choice as preferences to express certain concepts with varying indirectness, to express attitudes, and to establish certain styles. The lexical-choice process itself works on two tiers: between clusters and between near-synonyns of clusters. We describe our prototype implementation of the system, called I-Saurus.


Abstract There is a lack of empirical studies that examine the influence of neoliberal ideas in preschool music and teaching. Neoliberal ideas have primarily been studied in a broader educational perspective and related to preschool policy reforms. The aim of this paper is to study preschool teachers' rhetoric concerning music contents and music activities related to neoliberal ideas. Data consist of group conversations with preschool teachers and of video observations of daily music activities, at one preschool in Sweden. Discursive psychology has been used as a micro-sociological methodological approach. The findings show that music in this preschool is characterized by popular music, and varied consequences for knowledge content and early childhood learning are highlighted and analyzed. Also, it is argued that neoliberal ideas, in varied ways, determine the establishment of music content. For many reasons, rhetoric concerning the choice of musical content is of great importance to the field of preschool education. For example, it is essential to music education research and to preschool teachers' everyday work, as it can improve teaching and learning qualities and become a knowledge contribution in society at large.


In patients with anorexia nervosa, ethical dilemmas will appear in case of difficult and serious medical situations. Although the principle of beneficence could be used to argue for the use of coercive medical therapies, the respect for autonomy must take precedence. The latter is a central principle of bioethics. However, the interactions between autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice become quite complex when these patients need to be treated. Difficulties must be overcome and a balance between these considerations must be reached. This paper gives an account of ethical values relevant to moral assessment in anorexia nervosa: conviction, responsibility and care.


This study analyzes the mobility between three labor market states: working in low paid jobs, working in higher paid jobs and not working. Using German panel data I estimate dynamic multinomial logit panel data models with random effects taking the initial conditions problem and potential endogeneity of panel attrition into account. In line with results from other countries, this first study on Germany finds true state dependence in low pay jobs and confirms previous results of state dependence in non-employment. Moreover, I find evidence for a "low pay no pay cycle", i.e. being low paid or not employed itself increases the probability of being in one of these states in the next year. However, compared to non working, being low paid does not have adverse effects on future employment prospects: the employment probability increases with low pay employment and the probability of being high paid seems to be higher for previously low paid workers. I find no evidence for endogenous panel attrition.


Most machine learning methods require careful selection of hyper-parameters in order to train a high performing model with good generalization abilities. Hence, several automatic selection algorithms have been introduced to overcome tedious manual (try and error) tuning of these parameters. Due to its very high sample efficiency, Bayesian Optimization over a Gaussian Processes modeling of the parameter space has become the method of choice. Unfortunately, this approach suffers from a cubic compute complexity due to underlying Cholesky factorization, which makes it very hard to be scaled beyond a small number of sampling steps. In this paper, we present a novel, highly accurate approximation of the underlying Gaussian Process. Reducing its computational complexity from cubic to quadratic allows an efficient strong scaling of Bayesian Optimization while outperforming the previous approach regarding optimization accuracy. First experiments show speedups of a factor of 162 in single node and further speed up by a factor of 5 in a parallel environment.


Introduction Prevention of falls and promotion of physical activity are essential for maximising well-being in older age. However, there is evidence that promoting physical activity among older people without providing fall prevention advice may increase fall rates. This trial aims to establish the impact of a physical activity and fall prevention programme compared with a healthy eating programme on physical activity and falls among people aged 60+ years. Methods and analysis This cluster randomised controlled trial will involve 60 groups of community-dwelling people aged 60+ years. Participating groups will be randomised to: (1) a physical activity and fall prevention intervention (30 groups), involving written information, fall risk assessment and prevention advice, a pedometer-based physical activity tracker and telephone-based health coaching; or (2) a healthy eating intervention (30 groups) involving written information and telephone-based dietary coaching. Primary outcomes will be objectively measured physical activity at 12 months post-randomisation and self-reported falls throughout the 12-month trial period. Secondary outcomes include: the proportion of fallers, the proportion of people meeting the Australian physical activity guidelines, body mass index, eating habits, mobility goal attainment, mobility-related confidence, quality of life, fear of falling, risk-taking behaviour, mood, well-being, self-reported physical activity, disability, and health and community service use. The between-group difference in the number of falls per person-year will be analysed using negative binomial regression models. For the continuously scored primary and secondary outcome measures, linear regression adjusted for corresponding baseline scores will assess the effect of group allocation. Analyses will be preplanned, conducted while masked to group allocation, will take into account cluster randomisation, and will use an intention-to-treat approach. Ethics and dissemination Protocol has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee at The University of Sydney, Australia (number 2015/517). Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journal articles, international conference presentations and participants' newsletters. Trial registration number ACTRN12615001190594.


Adults, and in some species larvae, of several members of Belonuchus Nordmann (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) and a few related genera seem to be to various degrees consistently associated with flower bracts of the genus Heliconia (Zingiberales: Heliconiaceae). They are predators and eat various dipterous and lepidopterous larvae in that habitat. Adults of at least Belonuchus cephalotes (Sharp) and Odontolinus fasciatus Sharp are able to immerse completely in water to capture larvae and/or pupae of mosquitoes (Culicidae). Adults and larvae of Belonuchus satyrus Erichson, and adults of B. cacao Blackwelder and B. rufipennis (F.) were found in water-filled flower bracts of Heliconia bihai (L.) L. in northern, lowland Venezuela. The bracts also contained mosquito larvae and semiaquatic coleopterous (Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), lepidopterous (Crambidae: Pyraustinae) and dipterous (Syrphidae, Stratiomyidae, Psychodidae, Richardiidae) larvae, and Annelida. In feeding trials, B. satyrus adults and larvae did not feed on hispine larvae or annelids, but did feed on all the lepidopterous and dipterous larvae available to them; adults dragged larvae and pupae of the mosquito genus Toxorhynchites Theobald from shallow water and thus seemed to be the top predators of the food pyramid within bracts. Records are compiled of association of Belonuchus and relatives with Heliconia bracts in the neotropics. We correct the names used for Heliconia spp. by earlier entomological authors working in Venezuela. Their 'Heliconia caribaea Lamarck' is H. bihai (L.) L. and their 'H. aurea Rodriguez' is H. bihai cv. Aurea.


This article analyses the significance of Chinese learning from the Soviet collapse with reference to prospects for direct, semi-competitive elections to the National People's Congress. It shows that the decay of the system of soviets, which is a euphemism for the emasculation of the powers of popular assemblies and the empty ritual of elections without choice, is widely perceived as a reason for the Soviet collapse. However, there is a lack of clarity about the functions which the system of soviets, or in China people's congresses, ought to fulfil, with legitimating, legislative, and supervisory functions receiving different emphases, and there is entrenched disagreement about how far China should depart from the traditional Leninist model. Although Gorbachev's reforms are seen as misconceived, in the longer term there may be little alternative to the introduction of direct, semi-competitive elections if the rhetoric of "socialist democracy" is to have any credibility.


Abstract Yucca Mountain has been designated as the nation's high-level radioactive waste repository, and the U.S. Department of Energy has been approved to apply to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license to construct a repository. The temperature and humidity inside the emplacement drift will affect the degradation rate of the waste packages and waste forms as well as the quantity of water available to transport dissolved radionuclides out of the waste canister. Thermal radiation and turbulent natural convection are the main modes of heat transfer inside the drift. This paper presents the result of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations of a segment of emplacement drift. The model contained the three main types of waste packages and was run at the time that the peak waste package temperatures are expected. Results show that thermal radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer inside the drift. Natural convection affects the variation in surface temperature on the hot waste packages and can account for a large fraction of the heat transfer for the colder waste packages. The paper also presents the sensitivity of model results to uncertainties in several input parameters. The sensitivity study shows that the uncertainty in peak waste package temperatures due to in-drift parameters is <3°C.


Improvement of the quality of life throughout the country is a current issue when performing the primary targets of the market. The research on the spatial organization of the consumer market are known worldwide. In Russia, the concept of the spatial organization of the regional consumer market as an economic system included in the region space has not become widespread yet. This paper presents an assessment of spatial differentiation and spatial autocorrelation in the development of the consumer market. We have analyzed retail turnover, price index for goods, per capita income in 82 regions of the Russian Federation for 2000–2016. To study of spatial differentiation and connectedness, we used statistical and econometrics methods (the oscillation rate, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Moran index, LISA statistics, regression models, including a spatial lag model and spatial error model). The analysis has shown that the space of consumer market in the Russian Federation becomes more homogeneous. At the same time, there are regions with common and different trends in the development of regional markets. We identified the general trends in the indicators variations: retail turnover per capita, per capita income, price index. Under uncertainty, we could identify two groups of regions. The first group of regions is in the European part of Russia and have a higher growth of the price index. The second group of regions is the Asian part of the country and has more moderate growth. The construction of models with a spatial lag and spatial error has allowed confirming that the spatial aspect is important in the dynamics of retail turnover of the Russian Federation. Further research should investigate the dependencies of regions on interregional deliveries as well as find the ways to improve the spatial organization of the consumer market.


This paper reports designing a novel single composition blue/red color illuminating phosphor followed by fabricating "smart" agricultural/horticultural LED lighting. Color-tunable Eu2+/Mn2+ co-activated alkaline earth phosphates, Na(Sr,Ba)PO4 and Ca3Mg3(PO4)4, are considered, and the stable doping sites for the corresponding activators are identified by using first-principle DFT calculations. We can realize the designated color purity with stable thermal quenching preserved luminescence behavior is induced by the Eu2+ center positioned at different coordination states with intermixed Sr2+/Ba2+ sites in Na(Sr,Ba)PO4 hosts. Moreover, we demonstrate that the resultant LED lighting adopting the proposed novel phosphor composition stimulates the enhanced photosynthesis reaction for indoor hydroponics plants, such as oats and onions, which is superior to the narrow line emission band induced by the mixture of conventional red/green/blue LEDs. Thus, using the color-tunable single composition luminescent material may produce an innovative energy-efficient artificial lighting for indoor plant growth.


Marianne Dacy. The Separation of Early Christianity from Judaism. New York: Cambria Press, 2009. Pp. vii + 356. Hardcover. $120.00. Marianne Dacy's book is a welcome addition to the ever-growing field of scholarship on the separation of Christianity and Judaism in the first centuries of the Common Era. In her introductory chapter, Dacy situates her study within the context of contemporary Jewish-Christian relations, arguing that an understanding of how and where the relationship between Judaism and Christianity deteriorated will facilitate an appreciation of how the two religions can dialogue successfully today. Consequently, Dacy's methodological procedure is largely historical-critical and her engagement with the many and varied primary sources--both Jewish and Christian, "religious" and legal material--indicates the extraordinary breadth of her reading. What sets Dacy's work apart from the voluminous secondary research on the topic is the way she has collected the evidence: Dacy maps a series of "separations" between early Christianity and Judaism that can be distinctly analysed, but that also in some ways overlap. Some of these areas, Dacy claims, have not been given due attention in the scholarly literature for their role in the separation of the two faiths, for example, in the liturgical separation of Sunday from Sabbath and Easter from Passover. Dacy also attends carefully to the texts of the early Church councils, beginning with the so-called "Council of Jerusalem" in Acts 15 and stretching through to the Synod of Laodicea in 360 CE, in order to understand how the early Church developed what could be called an institutionalised anti-Judaism. Dacy supplements this trajectory with an analysis of key rabbinic texts and recent archaeological findings. Dacy's conclusions are sound and well-articulated. Dacy argues that fixing an exact "date" for the separation of Christianity from Judaism is inappropriate, as the process was complex and many faceted and took many centuries. However, some common threads can be drawn from each distinct area analysed: Christian praxis was gradually de-judaised, firstly under the "moral" authority of Church councils, and later under the "judicial" authority of the Theodosian Code. Christian theology increasingly divinised the person of Jesus, a position enshrined definitively at Nicaea. Dacy also concludes that early Christianity held an ambiguous attitude towards its parent tradition--on the one hand it claimed to be the "New Israel," the fulfilment of Judaism, but on the other hand, it forbade Jewish practices and synagogue participation and rejected fundamental aspects of Jewish law. There are a couple of points where I think Dacy's work might have been enhanced by attention to the relevant secondary literature. Firstly, given her position that early Christianity exhibited a certain ambiguity about its place vis-a-vis Judaism, I was surprised to find no mention of the issue of the development of the Christian canon and its retention of the Hebrew Scriptures. Dacy touches on the development of the canonical Scriptures of Judaism (the Masoretic Text) as a partial "reaction" to the Christian appropriation of the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures). …


Abstract This article analyses how rituals and ceremonies were deployed in the post-tsunami rehabilitation process in Sri Lanka to 'incorporate' development projects into the habitus and social reality of local communities. It argues that even though the aid delivery process is represented as a gift, in reality it is more concerned with strengthening the social capital of the local and foreign donors. Through this process there is an expectation and an implicit demand for acquiescence from the beneficiaries, which leaves them with a social debt. This, in turn, compels them to participate in the game of development rituals and ceremonies, in order to express their (ambivalent) gratitude and thankfulness. Through two case studies, we explore how the good intentions of donors to provide aid and alleviate suffering and the acceptance of this aid by the local communities, results in an asymmetric relationship where both become accomplices of Bourdieuian notions of subtle and gentle violence.


ous since the collapse of communism. Yet liberal parties, which were responsible for bringing those advances about, are on the defensive. In the last year, liberals have suffered a number of electoral setbacks throughout the region. Some commentators saw the poor performance of the liberal parties as a sign of weakening public support for the free market, but public opinion polls in Central Europe show continued support for capitalism. Certainly, there is no widespread support for a return to economic dirigisme, which failed so spectacularly in the past. Rather, one of the most important reasons for public discontent with the political establishment is government corruption. The pervasiveness of corruption in Central Europe is partly attributable to the underdevelopment of civil society and the concomitant paucity of effective restraints on the conduct of the political class. Moreover, despite the tremendous progress toward economic freedom that Central European countries have made since the fall of communism, the role of the state in the economy remains large. The private sector is burdened with too many regulations, and governments continue to spend some 44 percent of the region's gross domestic product. To lessen the problem of corruption, the size and the scope of the state must be reduced.


The paper evaluated the effects of industrial activities on the structure and floristic pattern of woody tree/shrub species in the Calabar Port Authority. Three plots of 0.16 ha were employed to collect vegetation parameters (structure and floristic) from vegetation adjoining highly impacted site (HIS) and of less impacted site (LIS). Shannon-Wiener's index showed that vegetation in the LIS was more diverse and heterogeneous than vegetation in the HIS with species diversity index of 2.29 and 2.26 respectively; whereas, the index of evenness revealed what tree/shrub species encountered at the HIS (0.53) were fairly equally abundant compared to tree/shrub species in the LIS (0.44). Vegetation in the LIS was richer at both spatial scale and taxonomic level than vegetation in the HIS, as a result of the favourable edaphic conditions and absence of toxic substances that facilitated vegetation growth. Therefore, to preserve the threatened diversity of available tree/shrub species in the area, government was encouraged to enact laws to stop the destruction and transformation of remaining hectare of vegetation into industrial and residential estates.


When using wireless networks, some chats, web searches, and other information are broadcast out onto the local network. Other users on the same network may intercept and read this information. Unfortunately, without detailed knowledge of underlying technologies, many users are unable to properly evaluate the risks involved in everyday communication tasks. This study aims to develop techniques for allowing users without technical backgrounds to form more accurate expectations of privacy. We have developed a method for notifying users when their computer leaks such information. A large projected display placed in a common workplace shows excerpts from network traffic. A two-week trial was conducted to measure the effects of the display. Data was collected from network traffic monitoring and two paper surveys, which were conducted before and after the trial.


In practice, the environments in which mobile robots operate are usually modeled in highly complex forms and, as a result, autonomous navigation and localization can be difficult. The difficulties are exacerbated for practical robots with limited on-board computational resources and complex planning algorithms, since this paradigm of environmental modeling requires enormous computational power. A novel navigation/localization learning methodology is presented to abstract and transfer the human sequential navigational skill to a robotic wheelchair by showing the platform how to respond in different local environments along a demonstrated, static cluttered route using a lookup table representation. This method utilizes limited on-board range sensing information to concisely model local unstructured environments, with respect to the robot, for navigation or localization along the learned route in order to achieve good performance with low on-line computational demand and low-cost hardware requirements. Experimental study demonstrates the feasibility of this method and some interesting characteristics of navigation, localization, and environmental modeling problems. Analysis is also conducted to investigate performance evaluation, advantages of the approach, choices of lookup table inputs and outputs, and potential generalization of this paper


The foundations of tort law differ considerably in the various European legal systems. For a number of years a group of tort law experts, the European Group on Tort Law, has been engaged in a systematic examination of the fundamental questions of tort law with a view to formulating principles which will contribute to a "common law of Europe". Although the work has been centred on Europe, it has been informed by contributors from a number of overseas systems. This is the ninth volume in a series setting out the results of the work of the Group: earlier volumes have covered matters such as wrongfulness, causation, contributory negligence and liability for others In this volume, the authors provide an overview of the law governing multiple tortfeasors (the situation where the victim of a tort contends that more than one person is responsible for an injury suffered by him) seen from the angle of fifteen legal systems. The law has two aspects: the "external" one relating to the relationship between the victim and the tortfeasors, particularly the question of how far each is liable to the victim for the whole damage; and the "internal" relationship of the tortfeasors, raising issues of recourse inter se. Each country report consists of an account of the theoretical basis of the law in this area, together with an examination of its operation via a variety of factual situations. There is also a comparative report which summarizes the most important elements identified by the country reports and identifies the existing common ground. This volume provides the legal scholar and the practitioner with a wealth of information and insights on a complex and controversial area of law in an accessible form.


In the development of technological systems the focus of system analysis is often on the sub-system that delivers insufficient performance – i.e. the reverse salient – which subsequently limits the performance of the system in its entirety. The reverse salient is therefore a useful concept in the study of technological systems and while the literature holds numerous accounts of its use, it is not known how often, in which streams of literature, and in what type of application the concept has been utilized by scholars since its introduction by Thomas Hughes in 1983. In this paper we employ bibliometric citation analysis between 1983 and 2008, inclusively, to study the impact of the reverse salient concept in the literature at large as well as study the dissemination of the concept into different fields of research. The study results show continuously growing number of concept citations in the literature over time as well as increasing concept diffusion into different research areas. The analysis of article contents additionally suggests the opportunity for scholars to engage in deeper conceptual application. Finally, the continuing increase in the number of citations highlights the importance of the reverse salient concept to scholars and practitioners.


The Internet enables different computer networks to join together into one network in
which many different models of network devices can co-exist with each other. Standard
management protocol is necessary for the purpose of managing these networks. SNMP
(Simple Network Management Protocol), one of the standard protocols, is designed for
this open-class management function and is successfully implemented.
This thesis suggests a monitoring of network device statistical data from a remote place.
This approach reduced the complexity of existing techniques, which are basically
operable in specific operating system and having no standard Graphical User Interface
(GUI). To address this problem, a system based on WWW standard tool is developed
which is SNMP compatible as well as operable with any network device.
The network device monitoring tool is a client program, which is managed and could be
contacted with the server program. A web server and a browser are to provide static,
dynamic, and interactive management information. A web server, which plays a managing role, offers a variety of types of information. An SNMP agent, which cooperates
with a web server, uses SNMP protocol and provides access to management
information of network devices/agents. The implementation of the user interface using
the web-based technique of Java Applet makes it possible for a manager to easily search
and manage agent Management Information Base (Mill) through a browser. Java SNMP
class files and SNMP Applet Server (SAS) classes are used inside the Web-server to
communicate with network devices. The network device monitoring tool is configured
to collect network statistical data. It can monitor the real time graph on the basis of MIB
variable from remote place and shows more efficient than the existing tool.


Do international election observers deter or spur violence after election day? This article argues that only when conceptually and empirically distinguishing between violence by governments and opposition groups, can we assess the impact of international election observation. Disaggregating post-electoral violence uncovers that observers can deter governments from using force, but they have the opposite effect on opposition groups. When expecting criticism from observers, opposition leaders can easily deny their responsibility for violence by individual party militants, while weaponry and official insignia betray police and military involvement in violence and force the government to bear command responsibility. Governments also anticipate higher international costs for engaging in post-electoral violence than opposition groups, which are not usually targets of international punishment. On the other hand, international election observers unintentionally incite opposition groups to organize violence, as opposition groups seek to benefit from international attention and support that come with the presence of observers. Observers' exposure of fraud reverses this differential effect: because governments expect international costs for election rigging anyway, observers cannot deter repression after highly fraudulent elections. But their alertness to electoral malpractice alleviates opposition groups' incentives for post-electoral violence. Using data on 230 state-wide elections in Africa from 1990 to 2009, the analysis supports the observable implications of this argument. The findings of this article imply that international election observation missions make the post-electoral environment more peaceful when it comes to government repression after non-fraudulent elections. But observers ought to develop greater local expertise to identify opposition grievances before these groups resort to violence and be attentive to the possibility of increased repression after exposing cheating.


Version:1.0 StartHTML:0000000246 EndHTML:0000003916 StartFragment:0000002694 EndFragment:0000003880 SourceURL:file://localhost/Users/jenniferstoever-ackerman/Desktop/Dropbox/revised_Stoever%20Ackerman_%20The%20Word%20and%20the%20Sound.docx "The Word and the Sound" examines the violence in Frederick Douglass's iconic Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) as an aural experience—not just a visual spectacle—arguing that the text is key to understanding the relationship between listening, race, and antebellum slavery. Douglass's representations of divergent listening practices show how they shape (and are shaped by) race, revealing the aural edge of the ostensibly visual culture of white supremacy, or the "sonic color-line."  This essay draws from archival material such as speech manuals and travel writing to document the sonic color-line, particularly the dominant association of nonverbal sound with the presumed irrationality of racial others. The subsequent sections close read key aural passages in the Narrative to amplify how Douglass exposes, manipulates, and subverts the sonic color-line, challenging his white readership to listen differently, even as he remains skeptical of their their ability to do so.


Many cyanobacteria have a sophisticated circadian clock based on an elegant biochemical system requiring only three protein components: KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC (2). However, genome sequencing has revealed that the most abundant cyanobacterium of all, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus, possesses KaiB and KaiC but lacks KaiA (9). In this issue, Axmann et al. show that the Prochlorococcus KaiC protein in vitro possesses an enzymatic activity suggesting that it could be a functioning component of a timing mechanism (1). Those authors also provide convincing evidence that Prochlorococcus once had KaiA but lost it relatively recently. They suggest that compensating mutations of KaiC allow the KaiBC system to retain some timing function in the absence of KaiA. Prochlorococcus appears not to have a robust circadian clock, but it may have a timing mechanism that runs for one diurnal cycle (4). Axmann et al. suggest that KaiB and KaiC form the basis for this simplified clock in Prochlorococcus (1). Their study raises fascinating questions about the function, origins, and evolution of a circadian clock in cyanobacteria and other phototrophs.


During freeze–thaw periods, the exchange between shallow groundwater and soil water is unusually strong and bidirectional, which causes soil salinization and affects the accuracy of water resources assessment. The objectives of this study were to explore the laws of transformation between phreatic water and soil water through nine different groundwater table depths (GTDs) and three kinds of lithologies during three successive freeze–thaw periods using field lysimeters. The results showed that phreatic evaporation increased with smaller average soil particle sizes. The differences between phreatic evaporation and recharge to groundwater (DPR) and GTDs were well fitted by the semi-logarithmic model, and the regression coefficients A and B of the model were well fitted by the linear relationship with the average soil particle size. With the increase of soil particle size, the change of DPR decreased with the change rate of soil particle size. The extent of transformation between phreatic water and soil water decreased with the increase of soil particle size. During the whole freeze–thaw period, the negative value of DPR increased with an decrease in GTD. The groundwater depths of zero DPR (D-zero) of sandy loam, fine sand and sandy soil during the freeze–thaw periods were 2.79 m, 2.21 m and 2.12 m, respectively. This research is significant for the prevention of soil salinization disasters and the accurate assessment of water resources.


Rat bone marrow cells, capable of forming bonelike tissue, were cultured on three types of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite that differed in degree of crystallinity from 15%, 43% to 69%. The interface between the mineralized extracellular matrix and the hydroxyapatite was studied with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. At the onset of bone formation, calcium and phosphorous-rich afibrillar globules, with a diameter varying from 0.2 to 0 .8 μm, were produced and deposited onto the different substrata. These globules subsequently fused to form a homogeneous layer to which collagen fibres became anchored. Individual globules could be distinguished on the non-degrading 69 % crystalline hydroxyapatite , but were partially fused with the degrading surfaces of 15 % and 43 % crystalline materials . Transmission electron microscopy revealed distinctly different interfacial structures with the various types of hydroxyapatite. A 20 to 60 nm thick, glycosaminoglycan containing electron dense layer was clearly visible on 69 % crystalline hydroxyapatite, but was less well defined on the more amorphous materials. On the latter, a 0.4 to 1 μm wide amorphous zone was regularly seen to which both parallel and oblique aligned collagen fibres were attached . The results of this study show that the crystallinity of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite is an important parameter which influei:ices the establishment of the bony interface and may , as a result, have an effect on the bone formation rate and bonding strength between hydroxyapatite and bone tissue.


This paper compares the cathodic reactions occurring on steel in an oxygen-free aqueous solution containing dissolved H 2 S or dissolved CO 2 . It is well admitted that the rate of the cathodic reaction is enhanced in aqueous solutions containing dissolved CO 2 , in comparison with strong acid solutions at the same pH [1-6]. In a previous paper [7], the authors have shown that this phenomenon appears only in the mass transfer limitation region, where the transport of carbonic acid is added to the transport of proton. In the case of H 2 S containing solutions, this chemical mechanism is no more sufficient to explain the cathodic polarization curves. An additional electrochemical reaction is clearly observed, with strong links with H 2 S concentration.


Portfolio selection and risk management are very actively studied topics in quantitative finance and applied statistics. They are closely related to the dependency structure of portfolio assets or risk factors. The correlation structure across assets and opposite tail movements are essential to the asset allocation problem, since they determine the level of risk in a position. Correlation alone is not informative on the distributional details of the assets. By introducing TEDAS -Tail Event Driven ASset allocation, one studies the dependence between assets at different quantiles. In a hedging exercise, TEDAS uses adaptive Lasso based quantile regression in order to determine an active set of negative non-zero coefficients. Based on these active risk factors, an adjustment for intertemporal correlation is made. Finally, the asset allocation weights are determined via a Cornish-Fisher Value-at-Risk optimization. TEDAS is studied in simulation and a practical utility-based example using hedge fund indices.


This is the first book to explore how African American writing and art engaged with visions of Ethiopia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As the only African nation, with the exception of Liberia, to remain independent during the colonization of the continent, Ethiopia has long held significance for and captivated the imaginations of African Americans. The book delves into nineteenth- and twentieth-century African American artistic and journalistic depictions of Ethiopia, illuminating the increasing tensions and ironies behind cultural celebrations of an African country asserting itself as an imperial power. It navigates texts by Walt Whitman, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Pauline Hopkins, Harry Dean, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, George Schuyler, and others, alongside images and performances that show the intersection of African America with Ethiopia during historic political shifts. From a description of a notorious 1920 Star Order of Ethiopia flag-burning demonstration in Chicago to a discussion of the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie as Time magazine's Man of the Year for 1935, the book illuminates the growing complications that modern Ethiopia posed for American writers and activists. American media coverage of the African nation exposed a clear contrast between the Pan-African ideal and the modern reality of Ethiopia as an antidemocratic imperialist state: Did Ethiopia represent the black nation of the future, or one of an inert and static past? Revising current understandings of black transnationalism, the book presents a well-rounded exploration of an era when Ethiopia's presence in African American culture was at its height.


One of the aims of the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Epoch of Reionization (EoR) project is to measure the power spectrum of variations in the intensity of redshifted 21-cm radiation from the EoR. The sensitivity with which this power spectrum can be estimated depends on the level of thermal noise and sample variance, and also on the systematic errors arising from the extraction process, in particular from the subtraction of foreground contamination. We model the extraction process using realistic simulations of the cosmological signal, the foregrounds and noise, and so estimate the sensitivity of the LOFAR EoR experiment to the redshifted 21-cm power spectrum. Detection of emission from the EoR should be possible within 360 h of observation with a single station beam. Integrating for longer, and synthesizing multiple station beams within the primary (tile) beam, then enables us to extract progressively more accurate estimates of the power at a greater range of scales and redshifts. We discuss different observational strategies which compromise between depth of observation, sky coverage and frequency coverage. A plan in which lower frequencies receive a larger fraction of the time appears to be promising. We also study the nature of the bias which foreground fitting errors induce on the inferred power spectrum and discuss how to reduce and correct for this bias. The angular and line-of-sight power spectra have different merits in this respect, and we suggest considering them separately in the analysis of LOFAR data.


Assessments and evaluations of incubators has been a topic of discussion for as long as incubators have been in existence due to the fact that there has not been an agreement on how to determine good performance. This paper demonstrates the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) when studying performance of incubators. More specifically, it does so within the four dimensions of cooperation with universities, business networks, external funding and competence development on a sample of 16 Swedish incubators. We show that DEA enables us to measure non-numerical dimensions, and to simultaneously take into account the efforts made by both the incubator and the outcomes. Moreover, DEA provides benchmarks and, based on a model that divides the incubators into four different groups, illustrates the difference between the benchmark and the incubators' current situation.


Recent work on neuro-symbolic inductive logic programming has led to promising approaches that can learn explanatory rules from noisy, real-world data. While some proposals approximate logical operators with differentiable operators from fuzzy or real-valued logic that are parameter-free thus diminishing their capacity to fit the data, other approaches are only loosely based on logic making it difficult to interpret the learned ``rules". In this paper, we propose learning rules with the recently proposed logical neural networks (LNN). Compared to others, LNNs offer a strong connection to classical Boolean logic thus allowing for precise interpretation of learned rules while harboring parameters that can be trained with gradient-based optimization to effectively fit the data. We extend LNNs to induce rules in first-order logic. Our experiments on standard benchmarking tasks confirm that LNN rules are highly interpretable and can achieve comparable or higher accuracy due to their flexible parameterization.


We analyse time series of CDS spreads for a set of major US and European institutions on a pe- riod overlapping the recent financial crisis. We extend the existing methodology of {\epsilon}-drawdowns to the one of joint {\epsilon}-drawups, in order to estimate the conditional probabilities of abrupt co-movements among spreads. We correct for randomness and for finite size effects and we find significant prob- ability of joint drawups for certain pairs of CDS. We also find significant probability of trend rein- forcement, i.e. drawups in a given CDS followed by drawups in the same CDS. Finally, we take the matrix of probability of joint drawups as an estimate of the network of financial dependencies among institutions. We then carry out a network analysis that provides insights into the role of systemically important financial institutions.


Restructuring of global and local markets has led to an increased influence of commodity derivatives markets on commodity price setting. This has critical implications for price risks experienced by actors along commodity chains. Commodity derivatives markets have undergone significant changes that have been referred to as the 'financialization of commodities', which we define as an increase in trading activity by financial investors and the reorientation of business strategies by commodity trading houses towards risk management and financial activities. This article assesses how these global financialization processes affect commodity producers in low†income countries via the operational dynamics of global commodity chains and national market structures. It investigates how prices are set and transmitted and how risks are distributed and managed in the cotton sectors in Burkina Faso, Mozambique and Tanzania. It concludes that uneven exposure to price instability and access to price risk management have important distributional implications. Whilst international traders have the capacity to deal with price risks through hedging, in addition to expanding their profit possibilities through financial activities on derivatives markets, local actors in producing countries face the challenge of increased short†termism — albeit to different extents depending on national market structures — with limited access to risk management.


After World War II, leading western powers focused their attention on fighting the "Red Menace," Communism. Today, as terrorist activity is increasingly linked to militant Islamism, some politicians and scholars fear a "Green Menace," a Pan-Islamic totalitarian movement fueled by monolithic religious ideology. Such fears have no foundation in history, according to Vartan Gregorian. In this succinct, powerful survey of Islam, Gregorian focuses on Muslim diversity and division, portraying the faith and its people as a mosaic, not a monolith. The book begins with an accessible overview of Islam's tenets, institutions, evolution, and historical role. Gregorian traces its origins and fundamental principles, from Muhammad's call to faith nearly 1,400 years ago to the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, and the subsequent abolition of the Caliphate. He focuses particular attention on the intense struggle between modernists and traditionalists, interaction between religion and nationalism, and key developments that have caused bitter divisions among Muslim nations and states: the partitions of Palestine, the break up and Islamization of Pakistan, the 1978 revolution in Iran, and the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. Today Islamist views range across the entire spectra of religious and political thought, and Islamism is anything but a unified movement. While religious extremists have attempted to form a confederacy of like-minded radicals in many countries, much of the Muslim population lives in relatively modern, secular states. Gregorian urges Westerners to distinguish between activist Islamist parties, which promote --sometimes violently --Islam as an ideology in a theocratic state, and Islamic parties, whose traditional members want their secular political systems to co-exist with the moral principles of their religion. Gregorian emphasizes the importance of religion in today's world and urges states,societies, and intellectuals to intervene in order to prevent Islam--as well as other religions--from becoming the political tool of various parties and states. He recommends continuing dialogues between modernist and traditionalist Muslims, as well as among the educated, secular elite and their clerical counterparts. He also urges U.S.-led efforts to engage and better understand the diversity of Muslim communities in the United States and the world. Lamenting widespread U.S. ignorance of the world's fastest-growing religion, Gregorian calls on "enlightened citizens" to promote international understanding, tolerance, and peace.


Thoroughly updated for its Second Edition, this comprehensive, profusely illustrated text/atlas covers the full range of pulmonary pathology, including common, rare and newly described diseases, both neoplastic and non-neoplastic. The book presents a multimodality approach to diagnosis, integrating cytologic, radiologic, surgical, and clinical pathologic features of each disease. By combining carefully chosen color illustrations with lists of distinguishing features of each entity, this text/atlas provides a quick path to accurate diagnosis. This edition features updated sections on pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary hemorrhage, lung transplantation, and pediatric pulmonary pathology, including new classification and grading systems. Throughout the book, new entities and new images have been added. An online image bank provides instant access to all the book's illustrations.


A new conceptual design of a tritium permeation test module assembly was developed, for simulation of tritium permeation in the real plasma facing components and validation of the models and codes for evaluation of the tritium permeation. The assembly was designed for tests using powerful ion sources, which has a capability to simulate condition relevant to that of the ITER divertor. The heat load test of the prototype module has been performed using an electron beam to verify thermal and mechanical behavior of the bonded structure and to assess its structural integrity under the cyclic heat loads. Then, the first tests using tritium ion beam generated by the TPE apparatus at TSTA/LANL with the prototype module was performed and procedure to measure tritium permeated was established. Considerations for tests using the target module with defects generated by neutron irradiation or accelerated ion beam irradiation will be also taken in the new module design.


Simulations of magnetic and magnetoelastic behavior based on micromagnetic theory exhibit hysteresis. These magnetic systems have a highly nonlinear character involving short and long range fields. Computational results are presented and the role of various energetic contributions assessed and predicted using methods of contemporary nonlinear analysis. >


A micromechanical 13.1 MHz bulk acoustic mode (BAW) silicon resonator is demonstrated. The vibration mode can be characterized as a 2-D plate expansion that preserves the original square shape. The prototype resonator is fabricated of single-crystal silicon by reactive ion etching a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer. The measured high quality factor (Q=130000) and current output (i/sub MAX/ /spl ap/ 160 /spl mu/A) make the resonator suitable for reference oscillator applications. An electrical equivalent circuit based on physical device parameters is derived and experimentally verified.


The Netherlands are one of the frontrunners in stimulating electric mobility in Europe when it comes to the charging infrastructure density and electric vehicle adoption. Municipalities play an instrumental role in the rollout of public charging infrastructure while they have little insight in the relevant key performance indicators of the charging infrastructure as a means to support effective decision making. This paper aims to contribute to providing a more thorough understanding of relevant key performance indicators for public charging infrastructure. An approach is presented that explores result and performance indicators to support policy makers optimizing the roll out of and improvement of the business case for charging infrastructure.


For nearly a century, French's Index of Differential Diagnosis has been unparalleled in providing the clinician with invaluable assistance in quickly and correctly diagnosing a disease from a whole range of presenting symptoms. Arranged alphabetically by symptom, the text helps readers identify each presentation, describes the different diagnoses that it could represent, and explains the signs and tests used to make a diagnosis. Colour photographs of the highest quality have been included to help aid diagnosis at a glance. Highlights: * Completely updated and revised with contributions from key clinical specialists * More than 600 high-quality photographs to aid rapid diagnosis * Clear presentation and well-organised text with alphabetical structure, allowing instant access to information * Differential diagnoses presented in clear lists and tables to aid rapid reference The fifteenth edition of this essential text offers a succinct and well-illustrated aide-memoire that will be indispensable to trainee and established doctors in both general and hospital practice, as well as an invaluable reference for medical students.


The Article is a thorough analysis of how the current scheme for regulating lawyers has failed to adapt to technology and why that failure is disastrous. It discusses (1) why technology, electronic communications, and social media require specialized attention in lawyer regulation, (2) what mechanisms can be harnessed to meet this need, and (3) the (sometimes entertaining) ways in which lawyers' use of emails, tweets, texts, social media, data storage, computerized research, and so forth cross the lines of ethical and professional values.
The ABA recently amended the Model Rules to add the following language to the Comment of Rule 1.1: "[A] lawyer should keep abreast of changes in the law and its practice, including the benefits and risks associated with relevant technology." A few lawyers are still behind in embracing the many technological tools available to assist in their practice. Others are taking full advantage of the benefits of technology – while turning a blind eye to the significant ethical and professionalism risks. In an area where the mistakes are easy to make and the resultant harms can be extensive and severe, lawyers need to be warned and trained; expectations need to be standardized, and those standards enforced. The need for formal guidance on the lines between appropriate and inappropriate electronic behavior is much more acute than the need for training with respect to long recognized practice hazards.
As the recent ABA 20/20 Commission's failures amply illustrate, the ABA cannot be expected to address the risks of technology within any reasonable time. While increasing pressure on the ABA to shore up the Model Rules, bar associations must take action now. One option is formal ethics opinions that a lawyers can research by jurisdiction, if the lawyer is alert enough to ask questions. A better option is a statement of best practices standards adopted by state, local, and practice group bar associations. Some jurisdictions already have professionalism and civility creeds, but almost all of these are devoid of guidance on technology use, as well as fraught with drafting and definitional problems. Standards need to be rewritten to clarify the nuances of technology use and ethics. This Article offers specific language to serve this purpose.


In the last two decades, free markets have swept the globe, bringing with them enormous potential for positive change. But traditional capitalism cannot solve problems like inequality and poverty, because it is hampered by a narrow view of human nature in which people are one-dimensional beings concerned only with profit. In fact, human beings have many other drives and passions, including the spiritual, the social, and the altruistic. Welcome to the world of social business, where the creative vision of the entrepreneur is applied to today's most serious problems: feeding the poor, housing the homeless, healing the sick, and protecting the planet. Creating a World Without Poverty tells the stories of some of the earliest examples of social businesses, including Yunus's own Grameen Bank. It reveals the next phase in a hopeful economic and social revolution that is already under way - and in the worldwide effort to eliminate poverty by unleashing the productive energy of every human being.


Seismic hazard evaluations require an estimate of the expected ground motion at the site of interest usually by using attenuation relationships. The mean shear-wave velocity over the top 30 m (Vs30) is incorporated in the ground motion attenuation relationships in this study. By comparing the standard deviations of the residuals between the observed and predicted values before and after incorporating the site effect term Vs30, the reduction in standard deviation for the peak ground velocity (PGV) is significantly reduced by about 11%. Clearly, the refined attenuation relationships will be more useful for engineering purposes. Analyzing the site effect term using the amplification factor (relative to a site with Vs30 = 760 m s^(-1)), has revealed that the Changhua Plain, Chianan Plain, Pingtung Valley, Ilan Plain, and Taipei Basin have high values, implying large ground motion amplification. Following a disastrous earthquake, quick assessment and timely peak ground acceleration (PGA) and PGV map reporting will be critical for effective emergency response operations. After an earthquake we can combine the simple attenuation relationships, as determined from Model 1, to provide near real-time estimation and reporting of the PGA and PGV values for the Taiwan area. We can also use the relations between the intra-event site residual and the Vs30 to estimate the Vs30 for stations that have recorded strong motions, but do not yet have Vs30 information. Our approach including sites with estimated Vs30 has resulted in a refined Vs30 contour map that can be used for more realistic seismic hazard assessment for Taiwan. This approach is especially applicable to the foothill and mountain areas.


In this research, a new copolyamid was prepared from reaction Aceglutamide with Formaldehyde by esterfication process, and used this copolymer as adhesive between wood – wood surface. Five different weight ( 0.2, 0.4 , 0.6, 0.8 & 1.0 gm ) from the prepared copolymer respectively, were used as adhesive to prepared the specimens of wood / adhesive . Four standard test methods were used to measured the adhesion properties which are; ASTM: D-790, ASTM: D- 695,  ISO – 179                   &   ASTM: D-638 .
The results obtained from these tests indicated that, the specimens of               wood / adhesive containing 1.0 gm from the prepared copolymer have high values in all standard tests; Impact strength was 45 MPa, Compressive strength was 40 MPa, Flexural strength was 250 MPa and Tensile strength was 8150.41 MPa ; compared with the other specimens which contain on less weight from the prepared copolymer.