The main aim of the dissertation is to develop a meshless model that describes the solidification and macrosegregation phenomena during the direct chill casting (DCC) of aluminium alloys under the influence of a low-frequency electromagnetic field. Macrosegregation is an undesired consequence of alloy solidification. It represents one of the major casting defects and substantially reduces the quality of the finished product. On the other hand, low-frequency electromagnetic casting (LFEC) is a process that promises to increase greatly the product quality, including the reduction of macrosegregation. The modelling of both processes is of tremendous importance to the metallurgical industry, due to the high costs of experiments during production.

The volume-averaging formulation is used for the modelling of the solid-liquid interaction. The conservation equations for mass, energy, momentum, and species are used to model the solidification of aluminium-alloy billets in axysimmetry. The electromagnetic-induction equation is coupled with the melt flow. It is used to calculate the magnetic vector potential and the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force is time-averaged and included in the momentum-conservation equation, which intensifies the melt flow. The effect of Joule heating is neglected in the energy conservation due to its insignificant contribution. The semi-continuous casting process is modelled with the Eulerian approach. This implies that the global computational domain is fixed in space. The inflow of the liquid melt is assumed at the top boundary and the outflow of the solid metal is assumed at the bottom. It is assumed that the whole mushy area is a rigid porous media, which is modelled with the Darcy law. The Kozeny-Carman relation is used for the permeability definition. The incompressible mass conservation is ensured by the pressure correction, which is performed with the fractional step method. The conservation equations and the induction equation are posed in the cylindrical coordinate system. A linearised eutectic binary phase diagram is used to predict the solute redistribution in the solid and liquid phases. The micro model uses the lever rule to determine the temperature and the liquid fraction field from the transport equations.

The partial differential equations are solved with the meshless-diffuse-approximate method (DAM). The DAM uses weighted least squares to determine a locally smooth approximation from a discrete set of data. The second-order polynomials are used as the trial functions, while the Gaussian function is used as the weight function. The method is localised by defining a smooth approximation for each computational node separately. This is performed by associating each node with a unique local neighbourhood, which is used for the minimisation. There are 14 nodes included in the local subdomains for the DCC and LFEC simulations. The stability of the advective term is achieved with a shift of the Gaussian weight in the upwind direction. This approach is called the adaptive upwind weight function and is used in the DAM for the first time. The Explicit-Euler scheme is used for temporal discretisation.
The use of a meshless method and the automatic node-arrangement generation makes it possible to investigate the complicated flow structures, which are formed in geometrically complex inflow conditions in a straightforward way. A realistic inflow geometry and mould can therefore be included in the model. The number of computational nodes is increased in the mushy zone and decreased in the solid phase, due to the optimisation of the computational time and memory. The computational node arrangement is automatically adapted with time, as the position of the mushy zone is changed in shape and position.


Abstract Pancreatic cancer is the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Among individuals who develop pancreatic adenocarcinoma, only 5% will survive 5 years after diagnosis and most patients live for <12 months. Novel strategies for prevention and risk stratification are greatly needed. Glucose intolerance has emerged as an important predisposing factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Prospective studies have demonstrated an increased risk of pancreatic cancer with increasing body-mass index, a determinant of peripheral insulin resistance and a central risk factor for type II diabetes. Although controversy remains regarding causation versus consequence, diabetes has been associated with pancreatic cancer risk and fasting serum glucose and post-load plasma glucose have been linked with the subsequent risk of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, studies have linked levels of circulating hormones to pancreatic cancer risk, including insulin, C-peptide and adiponectin. Studies are needed to better understand mechanisms underlying the higher risk of pancreatic cancer among individuals with impaired glucose processing Metabolism denotes the conversion of food products into energy and the building blocks for cellular functioning. The high-throughput identification and quantification of small molecule metabolites produced by metabolism, including lipids, fatty acids, sugars, nucleotides, and amino acids, has been termed metabolomics. Metabolomics is increasingly being used to evaluate alterations in metabolism and their relationship to human disease. In epidemiologic studies, this technology has particular potential to advance our understanding of disease, as participants have provided information on a variety of exposures and diseases in addition to biologic samples. Given the strong link between glucose intolerance and pancreatic cancer risk, we pursued a rigorous pilot program of a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics platform for application to prospectively collected, archived plasma specimens in a nested case-control study of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This pilot program highlighted important issues relevant to data analysis, including accounting for sample preservative type, sample processing delays, and fasting times. Furthermore, it helped define reproducibility of metabolites using actual archived participant samples. The application of metabolomics to large epidemiologic studies holds promise for defining new biomarkers of disease, including for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Brian Matthew Wolpin. Using metabolomics in epidemiologic studies: An example for pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Post-GWAS Horizons in Molecular Epidemiology: Digging Deeper into the Environment; 2012 Nov 11-14; Hollywood, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(11 Suppl):Abstract nr IA23.


In God and Phenomenal Consciousness, first published in 2008, Yujin Nagasawa bridges debates in two distinct areas of philosophy: the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion. First, he introduces some of the most powerful arguments against the existence of God and provides objections to them. He then presents a parallel structure between these arguments and influential arguments offered by Thomas Nagel and Frank Jackson against the physicalist approach to phenomenal consciousness. By appealing to this structure, Nagasawa constructs novel objections to Jackson's and Nagel's arguments. Finally, he derives, from the failure of these arguments, a unique metaphysical thesis, which he calls 'non-theoretical physicalism'. Through this thesis, he shows that although this world is entirely physical, there are physical facts that cannot be captured even by complete theories of the physical sciences.


Heating and cooling will more and more rely on heat pumping in order to enable a more rational use of energy. The further development of domestic and small industrial multi-stage heat pumps with enhanced performance is impaired by the presence of oil mixed with the refrigerant and its migration through the hermetic loop. Oil-free directly driven small-scale turbomachinery has been identified as a technology that will allow a significant performance surge in refrigeration and heat pump applications. A proof of concept compressor unit has been designed, built and successfully tested, demonstrating the technical feasibility of such a system. Directly driven turbocompressors are composed of several components, involving different specialization fields like compressor aerodynamics, bearing and rotordynamic design as well as the electric layout of the motor and its drive. Fragmentation is the commonly used procedure for designing complex and interdisciplinary systems. The splitting into submodules certainly simplifies the design process of the individual components, it leads, however, to conservative designs and makes it more complex to keep track of the mutual interactions between the submodules. Only an integrated and simultaneous design of the complete system ensures an optimum solution. The models of the different components have been linked together to build a global system, enabling its integrated optimization. Compared to a unit that has been designed using fragmented design, the overall efficiency could be increased by 16 points by using the proposed integrated design procedure. In order to be able to predict the system's performance, losses, critical speeds and stability margins the different components have been modeled in a modular and generic way. As the system operates with a vapor close to the saturation line, both the impeller and the gas-bearing models include real gas effects. The bearing model additionally incorporates rarefaction and clearance distortion effects resulting from centrifugal growth and thermal influence. Models for calculating the windage losses occurring in the bearings and in the gap between the rotor and the stator of the electric motor have been introduced as well. In order to enable the calculation of the whirl speeds and the corresponding stability margins, a rotordynamic model has been developed specifically for gas bearing supported rotors. The model has been extended with a forced response module that allows to predict the orbits of the rotor as a function of a given unbalance and vice-versa. A vapor phase test rig for measuring the compressor performance has been built. The oil free gas bearing supported radial turbocompressor with a tip diameter of 20 mm could be tested to speeds up to 210 krpm, reaching pressure ratios higher than 3.2 and powers of 1.7 kW. Internal isentropic compressor efficiencies in excess of 80% have been measured. A detailed comparison between the measured and the predicted compressor map shows excellent agreement.


INTRODUCTION
Irregularly shaped wounds or flap borders usually require specified software or devices to measure their area and follow-up wound healing. In this study, an easy way of area measurement called histogram planimetry (HP) for wounds with irregular geometric shapes is defined and compared to conventional millimetric wound measurement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten irregularly bordered geometric shapes were measured by 4 different individuals working as surgical assistants using both HP and manual millimetric measurement tools. The amount of time for each wound shape calculation as well as the measurements of the wound areas were noted. All measurements were compared for each method and between each individual using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

RESULTS
There was no statistically significant difference between 2 measurement methods by means of measured areas; however, measurement time was significantly lower when the HP method was used. There also was no significant difference between the individuals' measurements and calculation times. These results indicated that HP is useful as a conventional millimetric square wound measurement technique with significantly lower measurement times.

CONCLUSION
Due to the development of photo-editor software technologies, measurements in the surgical field have become more accurate and rapid than conventional manual methods without consuming the time and energy needed for other studies. A future study including comparisons between the presented method and complex computerized measurement methods, in terms of duration and accuracy, may provide additional supportive data for the authors' method.


Beef tenderness is an important factor contributing to consumer eating satisfaction of beef products. Tenderness is dependent on several factors including: breed-type, postmortem age time, myofibrillar muscle protein degradation, and collagen content. During the past 30 years, numerous studies have indicated steaks from cattle with a greater percentage of Brahman genetics are tougher than steaks from Bos taurus cattle. The cause of tougher steaks is commonly attributed to Brahman cattle having a greater calpastatin activity which inhibits calpains, the enzymes responsible for myofibrillar protein degradation during the postmortem aging process. Some researchers have reported calpastatin activity was poorly correlated to tenderness of steaks from Brahman cattle. Others have reported sensory panelists indicated steaks from cattle with increasing percentages of Brahman genetics have an increase in the amount of connective tissue or collagen. Additionally, researchers have reported an increase in expression of genes that play a role in cross-linking of collagen which decreases collagen solubility. Due to these findings, we hypothesized steaks from cattle with greater Brahman genetics have more collagen cross-links and therefore a less soluble collagen fraction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Brahman genetics on protein degradation, collagen cross-linking, and meat tenderness of strip loin steaks.


Present in India since the 1960s, the Naxalite insurgency has steadily spread across the country. Counterinsurgency measures lagged behind and did not follow any systematic process till the early 2000s with the exception of Andhra Pradesh, which in 1989 established the Greyhounds, an anti-Naxalite police force. However, under the Congress-led UPA government (in power since 2004), there has been a concerted effort to tackle the insurgency. This article analyzes the centrally funded Security Related Expenditure Scheme in the context of industrial investments in Andhra Pradesh over the period 2005-2009. I find the scheme to have had no effect on industrial credit at the district level. A further disaggregation of the industrial credit data reveals no effects on construction but finds a positive effect on mining and quarrying activity.


Green technology involves a wide range of subjects, from new energy-saving techniques
to advanced materials innovation that can be applied to daily life. Its main goal is to
protect the environment from harmful effects that technology sometimes brings. Green
computing has taken off in Malaysia but not all information technology companies in the
country see its long-term benefits. Although most green computing initiatives have
concentrated on innovating hardware, little attention has been paid to the software aspect
and how it can enhance green computing. This research shows how software reusability
can promote green computing and to illustrate this point, quantitative analysis method is
used to gather data from questionnaires distributed among the employees of IT companies
in Malaysia. The questionnaire has been structured into three sections to meet the main
goal, to achieve the objectives of this study and answer the research questions. The data
collected will be thoroughly examined before it is tabulated or published. Reliability
analysis, factor analysis, normality analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis
are used to analyze the amassed data. It can be discerned that the main software
reusability approaches used in the IT industry include design patterns, component-based
development and application frameworks. Telecommuting is the main green computing
approach while algorithmic efficiency, power management, voice over internet protocol
(VOIP) and virtualization approaches are also commonly used methods. The implication
of this study to IT companies in Malaysia is that it substantiates the benefits of software
reusability practices which drive savings in development costs. It also highlights software
reusability as an important method in preventing the negative effects of global warming
and maintaining environmental sustainability.


We prove an explicit expression for the solutions of the discrete Schwarzian octahedron recurrence, also known as the discrete Schwarzian KP equation (dSKP), as the ratio of two partition functions. Each one counts weighted oriented dimer configurations of an associated bipartite graph, and is equal to the determinant of a Kasteleyn matrix. This is in the spirit of Speyer's result on the dKP equation, or octahedron recurrence [Spe07]. One consequence is that dSKP has zero algebraic entropy, meaning that the growth of the degrees of the polynomials involved is only polynomial. There are cancellations in the partition function, and we prove an alternative, cancellation free explicit expression involving complementary trees and forests. Using all of the above, we show several instances of the Devron property for dSKP, i.e., that certain singularities in initial data repeat after a finite number of steps. This has many applications for discrete geometric systems and is the subject of the companion paper [AdTM22]. We also prove limit shape results analogous to the arctic circle of the Aztec diamond. Finally, we discuss the combinatorics of all the other octahedral equations in the classification of Adler, Bobenko and Suris [ABS12].


Intelligence is the power which makes the owner capable of making a decision defined by reasoning. When traditional solutions and

approaches, such as First Principal Modelling or Statistical Modelling, are not feasible or able to effectively address complex real-

world problems, then Computational Intelligence with some nature-inspired computational techniques and methodologies is employed.

For transferring data between two non-directly connected devices when some other devices are in-between, a set of rules are used by

routers which are devices between sender and receiver, to determine the most appropriate paths into which routers should forward data

toward the intended destination. This set of rules is called routing protocol. Researchers use some computational itelligence

techniques to design network routing protocols.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play an important role in today's data communication systems and researchers are expected to

proliferate in the field of wireless communication in the near future. The deployment of wireless sensor networks offer several

advantages in comparison to traditional infrastructure-based networks, such as fully distributed mobile operation, the easy discovery

of joining wireless devices, and instant and low cost network setup. Designing an effective routing protocol is one of the main

challenges in the ad-hoc networking paradigm and the utilisation of an adequate link-cost metric is essential.

WSN researchers address issues such as low throughput and high latency in wireless sensor data communication. Routing Protocols in

WSNs play a key role in data communication and the main parameter in all routing protocols is data communications link-cost.

This research delivers two surveys on existing routing protocols and link-quality metrocs for wireless sensor networks. Most of the

routing protocols in this area are considered in different groups. The majority of link-quality metrics in WSNs are studied in

different categories. Link-quality and traffic-aware metrics account for most of the metrics, as well as metrics in multi-channel

networks and cognitive radio systems, which are also considered in detail. Metrics are reviewed in detail in terms of their

performance; summary and comparison tables of link-quality metrics are provided to enable better comparison and show a brief overview

of their appearance to get a clearer picture.

Routing-metrics are important is determining paths and maintaining quality of service in routing protocols. The most efficient metrics

need to send packets to maintain link-quality measurement by using the Radi Frequency (RF) module. In this study, a set of statistical

analyses is done on some link-quality metrics to select the best metric for energy-aware scenarios. Two prominent link-quality

metrics; Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) and Link-Quality Indication (LQI), are described in detail. The symmetry of RSSI

and LQI in two directions is studied, and relations with the Expected Transmission Count (ETX), RSSI, and LQI as link-quality metrics

are analysed. The evaluation in this research is based on a series of WSN test-beds in real scenarios.

Due to implementation of routing protocols in limited power supply devices in WSNs, one novel link-quality metric and also some

routing protocols for wireless sensor networks are proposed in this research to obtain better performance in different scenarios.

Rainbow Collection Tree Protocol (RCTP) is presented and evaluated as an enhanced version of Collection Tree Protocol (CTP). It uses

the Trickle algorithm to optimise overhead cost and the algorithm also makes RCTP quickly adaptable to changes in topology. The

Rainbow mechanism is used in RCTP to detect and route around connectivity nodes and avoid routes through dead-end paths.

Energy-efficient Rainbow Collection Tree Routing Protocol (ERCRP) is presented and evaluated as a novel, real-time, position-based and

energy-efficient routing protocol in this research. ERCRP is a lightweight protocol that reduced the number of nodes which receive the

RF signal using a novel Parent Forwarding Region (PFR) algorithm. ERCRP as a Geographical Routing Protocol (GRP) reduced the number of

forwarding nodes and thus decreases traffic and packet collision in the network.

WSNs are used in three-dimension (3D) scenarios such as sea or land surfaces with different levels of height. Three-Dimension

Position-Based Adaptive Real-Time Routing Protocol (3DPBARP) is presented and evaluated as a novel, real-time, position-based and

energy-efficient routing protocol for WSNs in this research. 3DPBARP is a lightweight protocol that reduces the number of nodes which

received the RF signal using a novel PFR algorithm. 3DPBARP as a GRP decreases the number of nodes which participate in packet

forwarding and thus shrink the traffic and collision in the network.


Romanian migration is today one of the biggest, complex, and dynamic migration to Western Europe. This paper is a comprehensive review of the existing literature that aims at providing a full picture of this dynamic migratory process and discusses its far-reaching consequences. It first presents and characterizes the Romanian migration through the different phases during and after state socialism. The second part of the paper is dedicated to unfolding the socio-economic effects of the Romanian migration addressing the remitting behavior and its development over the past years. The issue of return migration is also addressed stressing that return is not much developed, however it has significant impacts through the emergence of returnees' entrepreneurship. Finally we address some of the consequences of the medical doctors' migration which is today considered one of the main migration challenges the country is facing.


Colloidal dispersions of anisometric particles can display dynamical arrest and ordering involving both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. We show that orientational order can develop in glassy colloidal dispersions of charged platelets when a concentration gradient is imposed through solvent evaporation. Our model system of Laponite (LRD) platelets in deionized water has been extensively studied for its ergodic to non-ergodic transitions, and the existence of an underlying isotropic – nematic phase transition has been a subject of debate. We use small-angle X-ray scattering, dynamical light scattering and birefringence to show that the orientational order we observe does not result from an underlying, uniquely determined equilibrium state with orientational order, but from plastic deformation of the colloidal glass.


Greedy best-first search (GBFS) and A* search (A*) are popular algorithms for path-finding on large graphs. Both use so-called heuristic functions, which estimate how close a vertex is to the goal. While heuristic functions have been handcrafted using domain knowledge, recent studies demonstrate that learning heuristic functions from data is effective in many applications. Motivated by this emerging approach, we study the sample complexity of learning heuristic functions for GBFS and A*. We build on a recent framework called \textit{data-driven algorithm design} and evaluate the \textit{pseudo-dimension} of a class of utility functions that measure the performance of parameterized algorithms. Assuming that a vertex set of size $n$ is fixed, we present $\mathrm{O}(n\lg n)$ and $\mathrm{O}(n^2\lg n)$ upper bounds on the pseudo-dimensions for GBFS and A*, respectively, parameterized by heuristic function values. The upper bound for A* can be improved to $\mathrm{O}(n^2\lg d)$ if every vertex has a degree of at most $d$ and to $\mathrm{O}(n \lg n)$ if edge weights are integers bounded by $\mathrm{poly}(n)$. We also give $\Omega(n)$ lower bounds for GBFS and A*, which imply that our bounds for GBFS and A* under the integer-weight condition are tight up to a $\lg n$ factor. Finally, we discuss a case where the performance of A* is measured by the suboptimality and show that we can sometimes obtain a better guarantee by combining a parameter-dependent worst-case bound with a sample complexity bound.


CONTEXT
Little is known about differences in the unmet need for mental health service use between African Americans and Caribbean blacks.

OBJECTIVE
To extend the National Survey of Black Americans by examining 12-month mental health service use for African Americans and Caribbean blacks from the recently completed National Survey of American Life.

DESIGN AND SETTING
National household probability samples of noninstitutionalized African Americans and Caribbean blacks (blacks from Caribbean area countries now living in the United States) conducted between February 2001 and June 2003, using a slightly modified World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 3570 African Americans and 1621 Caribbean blacks 18 years and older (N = 5191).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Proportion of respondents with 12-month DSM-IV disorders who sought help in the specialty mental health, general medical, human service, and complementary-alternative medicine treatment sectors. The percentage receiving minimally adequate treatment was also assessed.

RESULTS
Overall, 10.1% of respondents used some form of mental heath care services in the past year. Use of services was much higher among those who met criteria for a 12-month DSM-IV disorder (31.9%) than among those who did not (5.4%). Forty-nine percent of respondents with serious mental illness used services, whereas 39.3% had contact with mental health care specialists. The youngest and oldest age groups were least likely to obtain any services. Among African Americans, women were more likely than men to use general medical care and services from any sector. Respondents with the most years of education showed the highest use of services.

CONCLUSIONS
The underuse of mental health services among black Americans remains a serious concern. Educational interventions that focus on both consumers and mental health care professionals are needed.


A simple one-dimensional analytic formulation is developed for approximate determination of the preload force that must be applied by tie-rods and/or tie-plates for a multimodule central solenoid coil assembly in tokamak devices. The primary purpose of the preload is to ensure that vertical tensile stress does not develop between any two adjacent module coils within the assembly. The absence of the tensile force is a minimal requirement needed to prevent lateral movements of the coils, when friction is the sole means available. An excessive preload, on the other hand, can damage insulation and conductor jackets. The analysis is based on a model system in which the vertical motion of the coil winding is described through representation of the coil conductors and tie-rods/-plates with linear springs. The coupled spring system is represented by a system of simultaneous linear equations, which is solved analytically to obtain the compression force at each spring in terms of the applied preload, electromagnetic forces on the springs, and spring constants. Although this procedure lacks the rigor of complex two- or three-dimensional analyses, it is expected to be able to play some useful role.


Detection of objects in cluttered indoor environments is one of the key enabling functionalities for service robots. The best performing object detection approaches in computer vision exploit deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to simultaneously detect and categorize the objects of interest in cluttered scenes. Training of such models typically requires large amounts of annotated training data which is time consuming and costly to obtain. In this work we explore the ability of using synthetically generated composite images for training state-of-the-art object detectors, especially for object instance detection. We superimpose 2D images of textured object models into images of real environments at variety of locations and scales. Our experiments evaluate different superimposition strategies ranging from purely image-based blending all the way to depth and semantics informed positioning of the object models into real scenes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these object detector training strategies on two publicly available datasets, the GMU-Kitchens and the Washington RGB-D Scenes v2. As one observation, augmenting some hand-labeled training data with synthetic examples carefully composed onto scenes yields object detectors with comparable performance to using much more hand-labeled data. Broadly, this work charts new opportunities for training detectors for new objects by exploiting existing object model repositories in either a purely automatic fashion or with only a very small number of human-annotated examples.


An empirical valence-bond (EVB) model is developed to describe the transfer of a proton from aqueous solution bulk to a metal electrode surface. The results of density functional calculations are used for parametrizing the model for a Pt(111) surface, which was chosen as a model system. Thereby, the metal surface is addressed in terms of the cluster model. The developed EVB model makes it possible to perform large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a metal/electrolyte solution interface. Using MD we explore the proton transfer to a Pt(111) electrode surface with different negative surface charge densities. Preliminary conclusions are reported to elucidate some aspects of the proton transfer mechanism.


The physics of tokamak plasmas, in which electrons are heated by electron cyclotron heating (ECH) and whose current is driven by electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), is investigated in this paper together with applications on tokamak A configuration variable (TCV) using modifications of the pressure and current profiles to improve the operational regimes. In order to explain the experimentally determined current drive efficiency and hard x-ray and electron cyclotron emission measurements, it is shown that quasi-linear effects and radial transport of the suprathermal electrons are necessary. Plasmas with fully non-inductively driven currents were obtained with 0.9 MW of off-axis ECCD and 0.45 MW of on-axis counter ECCD. The combination of the driven current and the bootstrap current, accounting for 50% of the total current and peaking off-axis, yields a reversed safety factor profile and a wide and stable electron internal transport barrier. This barrier leads to an enhancement in the energy confinement by a factor of 4.5. ECH is also used to broaden the current profile of high elongation, low normalized-current plasmas whose vertical position would otherwise be uncontrollable on TCV, but whose MHD stability properties should allow high beta values. An elongation of 2.47 at a normalized-current of 1.05 MA mT(-) 1 is obtained with off-axis ECH absorbed at an optimized normalized radius between 0.55 and 0.7. Finally, third harmonic ECH is tested in various scenarios, all using vertical beam launching. In particular, high density Ohmic target and preheating with second harmonic ECH are presented. The fraction of third harmonic power absorbed reaches 65% and 85%, respectively.


Background A 'homely' nursing or care home is of international interest and comes from a wide variety of academic disciplines and from policy makers and charities. However, 'homeliness' is a dynamic and complex concept and one worthy of further investigation. Aims (a) To explore what is meant by 'homely' in the care home environment, (b) to explore whether a 'homely' care home is a priority in the expressed views of residents, staff and visitors, and (c) to explore features contributing to the creation of homeliness in the care home environment. Method A mixed methodology was used – a narrative literature review, an environmental assessment using the Sheffield care environment assessment matrix (SCEAM) tool and Q methodology. Participants (n = 16) included staff, residents and their relatives from care homes in the west of Scotland. Results The literature review generated eight themes: home as space; home as place, design features, homeliness, the outdoors, home and identity, dementia design and specific rooms. The SCEAM revealed that homely environments supported personalisation, safety and health, privacy, community, comfort and awareness, choice and staff accommodation. The Q method revealed three factors: standards driven, making the most of it and a sense of belonging. Conclusion The results showed that staff and relatives placed priority on features included in national standards of care, while residents placed more importance on a feeling of belonging.


French Music Since Berlioz explores key developments in French classical music during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This volume draws on the expertise of a range of French music scholars who provide their own perspectives on particular aspects of the subject.
Deirdre Donnellon's introduction discusses important issues and debates in French classical music of the period, highlights key figures and institutions, and provides a context for the chapters that follow. The first two of these are concerned with opera in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries respectively, addressed by Thomas Cooper for the nineteenth century and Richard Langham Smith for the twentieth. Timothy Jones's chapter follows, which assesses the French contribution to those most Germanic of genres, nineteenth-century chamber music and symphonies.
The quintessentially French tradition of the nineteenth-century salon is the subject of James Ross's chapter, while the more sacred setting of Paris's most musically significant churches and the contribution of their organists is the focus of Nigel Simeone's essay.
The transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century is explored by Roy Howat through a detailed look at four leading figures of this time: Faure, Chabrier, Debussy and Ravel. Robert Orledge follows with a later group of composers, Satie & Les Six, and examines the role of the media in promoting French music. The 1930s, and in particular the composers associated with Jeune France, are discussed by Deborah Mawer, while Caroline Potter investigates Parisian musical life during the Second World War.
The book closes with two chapters that bring us to the present day. Peter O'Hagan surveys the enormous contribution to French music of Pierre Boulez, and Caroline Potter examines trends since 1945.


Not only does urbanisation have a negative impact on the establishment of natural open space areas but also has serious implications for urban stream corridors (USCs), the focus of this study. For the purpose of this study USCs are defined as the aquatic, the riparian and the terrestrial zone. The principle objective of this study is to develop a set of policies, based on international and local experiences (Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Open Space System) to guide municipalities in implementing effective USC management practices. The literature review lead to the identification of both the value of USCs and the threats thereto. The value of USCs includes habitat and biodiversity, purification, amenity, cultural, recreational and eductional valueas well as flood attenuation value. Conversely, threats to USCs include the impacts of urbanisation on stream hydrology, erosion, decline in water quality, loss of natural open space (NOS), alien infestation, littering and unnatural fence barriers. Urban stream corridor management is subject to specific legislation, municipal capacity and importantly, public involvement, which were also evaluated. This process lee;td to the establishment of a conceptual framework containing the critical considerations associated with USC management such as the value of USCs for nature and man, the need for public involvement, effective implementation structures supported by implementation policies and the integration of use management in urban planning. Key to the success of USC management is public involvement. As a consequence, the methodology included a survey to be undertaken with 40 urban riparian households along two streams in Pietermaritzburg to establish their opinion regarding natural open spaces (NOSs) and USC management. A reconnaissance survey of two streams was undertaken to inform the questionnaire and later debate on the issue. The results from this exercise together with the findings of the interviews with stakeholders in the USC management process will form the basis for the establishment of an USC management policy, which will be contained in a separate report (Component B).


The goal of this thesis work is to develop a methodology to optimize advertisement targeting inside the Spotify platform. By understanding the relevance of advertisements to users, the advertisement efficacy can be improved leading to an overall reduced advertisement load, to a better user experience, and to an increased advertisement revenue. Three types of advertisement are delivered inside the Spotify platform: house advertisements, which promote the Spotify premium subscription, label advertisements, which promote artists and albums and commercial advertisements, which promote external brands or products. For each type, machine learning models were implemented to optimize the matching of advertisements to users. The house advertisement targeting focused on maximizing the conversions of users from free to premium subscriptions. Unlike traditional advertisement targeting models, which focus on estimating the user probability of converting, the proposed approach focuses on estimating the change in probability of converting when an advertisement is delivered, so that only impressions producing a true uplift are delivered. The targeting of label advertisements optimized the number of users starting to listen to the advertised music. The implemented approach delivers relevant advertisements based on an evaluation of the affinity between the user's music and the advertised music and on the user's listening behavior. The commercial advertisement targeting optimized the number of clicks on advertisements. Given that commercial advertisements advertise external products, the main challenge faced was the lack of relevant data to inform the targeting. The implemented approach tries to deal with this problem by combining feature based methods with collaborative filtering methods. The main contribution of this thesis work is the implementation of machine learning models to improve advertisement targeting inside the Spotify platform. In particular, the proposed methodology uses uplift modeling, with a modified approach to handle bias in the training data, and also makes use of meta-data to better understand the context of the campaigns.


Haloalkaliphilic bacteria have plant growth promoting characteristics that can be used to deal with different environmental stresses. To study the effect of haloalkaliphilic bacteria to reduce salinity and alkalinity stress in wheat, 48 isolates were isolated and grouped into halophiles, alkaliphiles and haloalkaliphiles based on growth characteristics. The ammonia, 3-indole acetic acid and ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase production were studied. Wheat yield was evaluated in the presence of six plant growth promoting activity superior isolates in the greenhouse condition. Definitive identification was performed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. All three groups had plant growth promoting characteristics. Halophilic, alkaliphilic and haloalkaliphilic strains increased wheat yield about 20.6%, 42.7% and 58.2% in comparison with the control, respectively. The economic grain yield was maximum in H7 (3366 Kg ha-1), A11 (5530 Kg ha-1) and HA6 (2672 Kg ha-1) strains. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that all of them were owned to Bacillaceae family. These bacteria belonged to four genera including, Alkalibacillus, Bacillus, Haloalkalibacillus and Virgibacillus. H1 and H7 belonged to Virgibacillus genera and Virgibacillus pantothenticus species, respectively. Both superior alkaliphilic isolates were classified to Bacillus clausii. The haloalkaliphilic isolates (HA1 and HA6) were allocated to Virgibacillus marismortui and Alkalibacillus haloalkaliphilus species, respectively. All three extremophilic native groups of bacteria had the ability to aid the wheat plant to deal with high stresses, but plants inoculated with haloalkaliphilic strains had higher yield compared to the other groups due to better root growth and development.


A study of statistical features of auroras during substorm activity is presented, emphasizing characteristics which are commonly applied to turbulent flows. Data from all-sky television (TV) observations from the Barentsburg observatory (Svalbard) have been used. Features of the probability density function (PDF) of auroral fluctuations have been examined at different spatial scales. We find that the observed PDFs generally have a non-Gaussian, heavy-tailed shape. The generalized structure function (GSF) for the auroral luminosity fluctuations has been analyzed to determine the scaling properties of the higher (up to 6) order moments, and the evolution of the scaling indices during the actual substorm event has been determined. The scaling features obtained can be interpreted as signatures of turbulent motion of the magnetosphere-ionosphere plasma. Relations to previously obtained results of avalanche analysis of the same event, as well as possible implications for the validity of self-organized criticality models and turbulence models of the substorm activity, are discussed.


In this chapter, we present the methodology for the selection of the working fluid, the environmental and working conditions for operation, and the development carried out for the design of a closed cycle OTEC prototype plant. This prototype uses the temperature difference between the cooler deep waters and the warmer surface waters of the Mexican Caribbean Sea to feed a thermal machine capable of generating 1 kW of electrical energy; and it works with an organic Rankine cycle, composed of a pump, a turbine, and two heat exchangers. The advances carried out in installing the prototype are also presented.


In the following study we investigate how young learners engage with music and movement to illustrate their understandings and connections to nature. We discover a symbiotic relationship between the performing arts, Social Emotional Learning, and Mindful Learning over the course of six months, and examine the potentials and constraints of this harmonization. Results from this study show that learning in a co-constructivist setting, which allows opportunities for reflective listening, choice, intentional focus, and feedback, supports the development of behavioural and emotional abilities, and empowers students to delve deeper into their connections with nature through composing abstract music and movement pieces.


All parents want their children to be savvy about money. All governments want their citizens to be informed, sensible and responsible when it comes to earning, saving, spending and investing money. In his latest book, Professor Adrian Furnham investigates the economic socialisation of children and adolescents. He looks at how, when and why some people become economically literate and others do not, and attempts a comprehensive and critical evaluation of the scattered interdisciplinary research in this much neglected and important field. This is a book that will be welcomed by many different groups of people - not least by parents bewildered by the complexities and pitfalls of pocket-money systems.


Abstract: Once we acknowledge that disintegration of the EU is a "thinkable" option, it becomes important to grasp what "the collapse of the Union" would mean. How can the "disintegration" of the Union be defined or conceptualized? Would the departure of just one country from the eurozone or from the EU itself amount to "disintegration"? Contrary to the expectations of some democratic theorists, the EU will not collapse because of the "democratic deficit" of European institutions. Nor will it be saved by the democratic mobilization of civil society. Paradoxically, it is widespread disillusionment with democracy—the shared belief that national governments are powerless in the face of global markets—that may be the best hope for reconciling the growing tension between the goal of further European integration and the goal of deepening democracy in Europe.


The third list-homomorphism theorem says that a function is a list homomorphism if it can be described as an instance of both a foldr and a foldl. We prove a dual theorem for unfolds and generalise both theorems to trees: if a function generating a list can be described both as an unfoldr and an unfoldl, the list can be generated from the middle, and a function that processes or builds a tree both upwards and downwards may independently process/build a subtree and its one-hole context. The point-free, relational formalism helps to reveal the beautiful symmetry hidden in the theorem.


Fiber in Dairy Cattle Nutrition. A review Fiber or cell wall is essential in dairy cattle nutrition as well as in ruminants in general. This nutritional fraction consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lignified nitrogen, cutin and silica. Its importance in dairy cattle nutrition relies on its physical and chemical properties. Cell wall stimulates saliva secretion as well as buffers, which stabilizes ruminal pH. Likewise, it undergos microbial fermentation in the rumen to produce volatile fatty acids, which are the main energy source for the ruminant. Neutral detergent and acid detergent fiber are the main cell wall fractions used in ration formulation. Fiber has important implications in dairy cattle nutrition, because it helps to maintain normal rumen function and motility, milk production and its composition, and allows to estimate feed intake as well as the energy content of feeds and forages. Fiber level in the diet has to be such that keeps the health of the animal, but at the same time does not interfere with feed intake nor energy density of the diet. Fiber requirements depends on body condition of the cow, particle size of the feed, buffer capacity of the diet, feed intake frequency as well as economical aspects. NRC (1989) recommends levels of 19 Io 27% of ADF and 25 to 35% of NDF in dairy rations, depending on milk production level. Likewise, it suggests that 75% of total NDF has to be supplied by forages. However, recent research shows that forage NDF in the diet could be reduced to 75-16% of dry matter, when NDF content of the total diet is 28 % or higher. Nonforage fiber sources may be used to reduce the forage NDF levels to 60-65% of total NDF. According to some authors nonforage fiber sources are 40 to 80% as effective as forage fiber. Different studies indicate that the level of NDF in the diet depends on its quality, so diets having legumes as main fiber source, require higher levels of NDF than those with grasses/ since grasses have higher effective fiber levels. Particle size must be bigger than 0.95 cm to prevent milk fat depression. Another factor to consider when NDF requirements are to be established is the source of non fiber carbohydrates, if this nutritional fraction consists of readily fermented starch, fiber level in the ration has to be higher. Recommendations of dairy cattle fiber requirements has to be taken as guides, since the dairy herd has its own nutritional needs because of its milk production level, diet quality and feeding practices at the farm.


We study the enhancement of critical temperatures related to superconductivity, charge density wave and antiferromagnetism driven by disorder, by means of an extended Finkel'stein non-linear {\sigma}-model renormalization group approach. We show that the critical temperature for Cooper pairs can be enhanced both in the presence of Anderson localization and in its absence, close to the Gade-Wegner criticality. In the latter case, which may be relevant for electrons randomly hopping on a bipartite lattice at half-filling, like graphene or half-filled square lattice, superconductivity and magnetic order can compete depending on the strength of disorder and residual repulsive interaction.


Cloud computing is attractive for both consumers and providers to benefit from potential economies of scale in reducing cost of use (for consumers) and operation of infrastructure (for providers). In the IaaS service deployment model of the cloud, consumers can launch their own virtual machines (VMs) on an infrastructure made available by a cloud provider, enabling a number of different applications to be hosted within the VM. The cloud provider generally has full control and access to the VM, providing the potential for a provider to access both VM configuration parameters and the hosted data. Trust between the consumer and the provider is key in this context, and generally assumed to exist. However, relying on this assumption alone can be limiting. We argue that the VM owner must have greater access to operations that are being carried out on their VM by the provider and greater visibility on how this VM and its data are stored and processed in the cloud. In the case where VMs are migrated by the provider to another region, without notifying the owner, this can raise some privacy concerns. Therefore, mechanisms must be in place to ensure that violation of the confidentiality, integrity and SLA does not happen. In this thesis, we present a number of contributions in the field of cloud security which aim at supporting trustworthy cloud computing. We propose monitoring of security-related VM events as a solution to some of the cloud security challenges. Therefore, we present a system design and architecture to monitor security-related VM events in public IaaS cloud systems. To enable the system to achieve focused monitoring, we propose a taxonomy of security-related VM events. The architecture was supported by a prototype implementation of the monitoring tool called: VMInformant, which keeps the user informed and alerted about various events that have taken place on their VM. The tool was evaluated to learn about the performance and storage overheads associated with monitoring such events using CPU and I/O intensive benchmarks. Since events in multiple VMs, belonging to the same owner, may be related, we suggested an architecture of a system, called: Inspector Station, to aggregate and analyse events from multiple VMs. This system enables the consumer: (1) to learn about the overall security status of multiple VMs; (2) to find patterns in the events; and (3) to make informed decisions related to security. To ensure that VMs are not migrated to another region without notifying the owner, we proposed a hybrid approach, which combines multiple metrics to estimate the likelihood of a migration event. The technical aspects in this thesis are backed up by practical experiments to evaluate the approaches in real public IaaS cloud systems, e.g. Amazon AWS and Google Cloud Platform. We argue that having this level of transparency is essential to improve the trust between a cloud consumer and provider, especially in the context of a public cloud system.


Storyscapes deals with "the postcolonial understanding of South African land, landscape and space ... in relation to race, class and gender identity" (publishers' blurb) since the democratic transition of 1994. Prefaced by a thoughtful Introduction ("Learning about Space, and about Ourselves") and divided into sections addressing "Stories and Identities", "Places and Landscapes", and "Cultural Identity", this new collection of essays from nine South African and one Dutch academic represents a valuable attempt to mount a crossdisciplinary investigation into the psychodynamics of identity-construction in the new South Africa. "Who are the people who call themselves South Africans?" the editors ask.


Information and communication technologies (ICT) are believed to play a central role in determining productivity, especially when ICT investments are complemented in investments in Organizational Capital and Human Capital. In this paper we explore the ICT-Organizational Innovation-Human Capital complementarities issue for the Manufacturing sector in Italy. We use data from the 7th, 8th and 9th waves of the "Indagine sulle Imprese Manifatturiere Italiane", which contains information on ICT investments, organizational innovations, the skill composition of the work-force and on many other variables (measured at the firm level). From these three waves we create an unbalanced panel, and we take the wave-to-wave variation in the log of productivity and regress it on a series of explanatory variables, including ICT investment, the presence of organizational innovations, the skill composition of the work force and their interactions. On these differenced data we run OLS and find no evidence of the complementary hypothesis between ICT investment and organizational innovations, which is per se an interesting result, given that for many other (European) countries there exists significant evidence of complementarity. This is perhaps due to 1) the focus on manufacturing firms and 2) the fact that most firms in our dataset are medium-small firms (i.e. organizational change is more complementary with ICT investment for large firms). Our data also signal that the skill composition of the work-force is a strong determinant of productivity (either alone or when interacted with other potentially complementary assets). Finally, ICT investment is a complement to human capital in stimulating productivity growth.


ABSTRACT The Ruvubu National Park, the biggest protected area and biodiversity refuge of the country, is comparatively less studied than western Burundi near Bujumbura, the capital. This article reports the results of a botanical inventory of the vascular plants from the protected area, evidences species newly encountered and establishes a comparison of the floristic diversity with the Akagera National Park in Rwanda located in the same phytochorion, in the Lake Victoria regional mosaic. Records from the Ruvubu include 522 species (including infraspecific groups) from 96 families and 306 genera, representing nearly 17% of the known vascular plants of Burundi. The most common families were the Fabaceae, the Asteraceae and the Poaceae. 96 species or 18% of the flora were encountered for the first time in the park. Study of environmental determinants of Leguminosae abundance and floristic variability would provide more precisions.


A new snow-soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (Snow-SVAT) scheme, which simulates the accumulation and ablation of the snow cover beneath a forest canopy, is presented. The model was formulated by coupling a canopy optical and thermal radiation model to a physically based multi-layer snow model. This canopy radiation model is physically based yet requires few parameters, so can be used when extensive in situ field measurements are not available. Other forest effects such as the reduction of wind speed, interception of snow on the canopy and the deposition of litter were incorporated within this combined model, SNOWCAN, which was tested with data taken as part of the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) international collaborative experiment. Snow depths beneath four different canopy types and at an open site were simulated. Agreement between observed and simulated snow depths was generally good, with correlation coefficients ranging between r(2) = 0.94 and r(2) = 0.98 for all sites where automatic measurements were available. However, the simulated date of total snowpack ablation generally occurred later than the observed date. A comparison between simulated solar radiation and limited measurements of sub-canopy radiation at one site indicates that the model simulates the sub-canopy downwelling solar radiation early in the season to within measurement uncertainty.


With the development of science and technology, production system in modern factories is more complex than it used to be. In order to cut unnecessary loss and protect operators from failure, simulation plays an essential role on testing production lines. In this thesis work, the model of production lines, located in Production Technology Centre (PTC) of University West were built with NX, Autodesk Inventor and simulated with Robot studio. And the production line includes three robot cells (milling machine work cell, turning machine work cell and conveyance work cell, respectively), a gantry robot and some auxiliary equipment, i.e. tables, computers, human task console. Signals were added to make sure the model could work as reality.Different measurement methods were used in order to locate production line components at right positions due to their importance to the accuracy of simulation. Measurement methods were also compared with each other to show the error. For instance, the error of CAD models, measurement, and the distance error among equipment, etc.


Background: Cost-efficient and non-invasive predictors of antidepressant response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are required. The personality vulnerabilities—neuroticism and self-criticism—are associated with antidepressant outcomes in other modalities; however, self-criticism has not been examined in response to rTMS, and the literature on neuroticism and rTMS is inconsistent. Methods: This naturalistic, 4-week study involved daily dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC) rTMS for major depression (15 unipolar, 2 bipolar). Participants completed the Big Five Inventory (neuroticism) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (self-criticism) at baseline and at the end of treatment. Changes in depressive symptoms, as rated by the clinician, were quantified using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Given the inconsistencies in data regarding the stability of neuroticism in patients receiving rTMS, we performed a systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis of trials examining rTMS and neuroticism. Results: rTMS significantly improved depressive symptoms, and this was predicted by higher levels of self-criticism but not neuroticism. Self-criticism was stable over the 4 weeks of rTMS; however, neuroticism decreased, and this was not related to decreases in depressive symptoms. Our quantitative meta-analysis of 4 rTMS trials in major depression (n = 52 patients) revealed decreases in neuroticism, with a moderate effect size. Limitations: Our results are limited by a small sample size, and the absence of a sham-rTMS group. Our meta-analysis included only 4 trials. Conclusion: Highly self-critical patients appear to benefit more from rTMS than less self-critical patients. Neuroticism, a conceptually similar but distinct personality domain, does not appear to predict antidepressant response, yet this vulnerability factor for depression decreases after rTMS.


In spite of significant on-going research, the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) still suffers vulnerability issues specially regarding impersonating the ownership of IP prefixes of ASes (Autonomous Systems). In this context, a number of research studies focused on securing the BGP through historical-based and statistical-based behavioural models. This paper proposes a novel method aiming to detect IP prefix hijacking incidents based on tracking the behaviour of suspicious ASes. The detection method uses signaturebased technique as a pre- process phase to separate suspicious announces (BGP updates) from benign announces. From a processing perspective, the outputs of signature-based algorithm are used as inputs for the detection method. Nine feature will be extracted from the ASpath attributes of potentially suspicious ASes. The features are considered a combination of the behavioral characteristics of the routers in relation to their connectivity. Based on these features and the best five supervised learning classifiers, we identify the hijacks. Under different learning algorithms, the detection method is able to detect the hijacks with a high accuracy especially with J48, which can detect the hijacks with 96%.


Purpose of review Tissue hypoxia is present in kidneys from diabetic patients and constitutes a central pathway to diabetic kidney disease (DKD). This review summarizes regulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and interventions towards the same for treatment of DKD. Recent findings In the hypoxic diabetic kidney, HIF activity and the effects of HIF signaling seem to be cell-specific. In mesangial cells, elevated glucose levels induce HIF activity by a hypoxia-independent mechanism. Elevated HIF activity in glomerular cells promotes glomerulosclerosis and albuminuria, and inhibition of HIF protects glomerular integrity. However, tubular HIF activity is suppressed and HIF activation protects mitochondrial function and prevents development of diabetes-induced tissue hypoxia, tubulointerstitial fibrosis and proteinuria. No clinical treatment targeting kidney hypoxia is currently available, but development of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors to promote HIF activity to treat renal anemia could potentially also target diabetes-induced kidney hypoxia. Summary Increasing HIF activity in the diabetic kidney may possess a novel target for treatment of DKD by improving kidney oxygen homeostasis. However, HIF-mediated glomerulosclerosis may be a concern. The kidney outcomes from the ongoing clinical trials using prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors may provide additional insights into the complex role of HIF signaling in the diabetic kidney.


WOOD, JEFFREY (b. 1954). EVERY NIGHT AND EVERY MORN (William Blake) for tenor and piano. Woodprints Press, Inc., 2000 (CVR 2005). Quasi F# minor; C#^sub 4^-A^sub 5^; Tess: M-mH; regular meters (simple and compound) with changes; * = 44-132; V/D.P/D; 22 pages. "He who bends to himself a Joy/ Doth the winged life destroy;/ But he who kisses Joy as it flies/ Lives in Eternity's sunrise." So wrote William Blake (1757-1827), English poet and mystic, in the late eighteenth century. Blake began having visions of angels and other mystical beings early in his life and said that "God put his face to the window." The conclusions he reached from his direct experiences with the divine concur with those reached by all mysticsthat all life is one, a unity, that every thought or act has a return consequence in the universal scheme of things, and that attachment and desire bring misery rather than happiness. These themes are contained in the text of this continuous song cycle. Jeffrey Wood is a pianist and composer on the composition faculty of Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee. He has composed in many different mediums, both instrumental and vocal. For this work, Wood has chosen four sections of Blake's long poem, "Auguries of Innocence," and set them in cyclic musical design. Beginning and ending with "To see a World in a Grain of Sand" ("Argument" and "Epilogue"), he also uses these verses to separate the second, third, and fourth songs ("Speaking Wrath," "The World in a Grain of Sand," and "Eternity's Sunrise"), the first couplet between two and three, and the second couplet between three and four. "Speaking Wrath" begins, "A Robin Red breast in a Cage/ Puts all Heaven in a Rage" and ends with "The Lamb misus'd breeds Public strife,/ And yet forgives the Butcher's Knife." "The World in a Grain of Sand" begins, "It is right it should be so;/ Man was made for Joy & Woe;" and ends with "The Bleat, the Bark, Bellow, & Roar/ Are Waves that Beat on Heaven's Shore." "Eternity's Sunrise" begins "Every Night & every Morn/ Some to Misery are Born" and ends with "But does a Human Form Display/ To those who Dwell in Realms of Day." The composer uses several different pieces of musical material in the piano part, two or three of them derivative from others. These musical figures or motives are expressive of the essence of the text and are developed into accompaniment patterns that both set mood and create background for the declamation of the vocal line. The opening eight measures serve as a piano prologue, announcing the serious nature of the coming text in a forceful, somewhat jagged chordal motif that softens momentarily into triplets before returning to itself in the cadential measures. At the cadence the voice begins its recitative declamation of "To see a World in a Grain of Sand." The soft chords underlying the text carry a slow melody that foreshadows the musical motif of three delicate arpeggios followed by a snatch of melody in high octaves in the right hand that is a sound picture of the image of "Eternity in an hour." The musical motif for "Speaking Wrath" is a suddenly agitated eighth plus two sixteenth note pattern that is repeated in the right hand throughout the section, alternating somewhat irregularly with a beat or measure of consecutive sixteenth notes. The left hand plays a countermelody that complements the vocal melody. Widely spaced chords in molto ritardando lead back to the reiteration of the connecting text ("To see a World"), followed again by the "eternity" motif that leads to the fourth musical pattern in the piano. At "It is right it should be so,/ Man was made for joy and woe," the pattern changes to pulsing repeated chords in close spacing over a slow bass melody in the lower octaves. The pulsing pattern gives way to flowing triplets over a strong left hand motive at "The Babe is more than swadling Bands" and continues through "Are waves that beat on Heaven's Shore. …


The level of detail required for accurate structural acoustic modeling of fluid loaded structures remains an issue of significant debate. Analytical solutions are rarely available, and discrete numerical solutions are typically too complex for ready extraction of physical understanding. In addition, numerical techniques introduce their own explicit scales through the minimum mesh dimension. However, the wavenumber based formulation of the surface variational principle describes the surface pressure and displacement as a comparatively small set of interacting waves. Coupling the SVP with distributed methods of representing structural attachment features provides a means to introduce, control, and investigate features of differing scales. We present here a technique for assessing the critical resolution scales for a fluid loaded two-dimensional plate. For feature attachments, we consider a line-mass elastically suspended by a line-spring from the wetted plate. We then use a spatial expansion for the elastic attachment to the wetted plate. The excitation applied to the plate is taken as a concentrated harmonic force. With the excitation held fixed, the influence of the scale of the feature spatial representation on the radiated power is assessed.


This paper marks an important step in the development of the Regional Acidification INformation and Simulation (RAINS) model. One of the major goals of the project since its beginning four years ago, has been to get RAINS used in policy analysis. To that end the model should include variables that are very crucial in the eyes of the decision makers. The cost of reducing air pollutant emissions certainly is such an important policy relevant variable.

The authors have successfully developed a uniform approach for establishing cost-of-control functions for emissions of sulfur dioxide in virtually all European countries. This uniformity is particularly important for comparing the cost-effectiveness of various scenarios for controlling acid deposition in Europe.

Currently the assumptions and the numbers in this paper are under review by experts in many of the European countries.

The cost-of-control functions allow the evaluation of targeted deposition levels at a variety of locations in Europe. This will be the topic of a subsequent paper. In the near future we will also develop similar control function for the emissions of nitrogen oxides and will eventually combine the functions into one cost-of-control function for acidifying emissions.


Acceptance of probabilistically based risk-analysis evaluation methods among water resources engineers is rather slow, as it is among other engineering specialities. Academic researchers promote a wide variety of advanced methods to assist in the efficient design of water-related structures ranging from highway culverts, levees, and dam spillways to marine breakwaters. Yet, there is considerable resistance in using these techniques for very fundamental and understandable reasons. Risk analysis is advocated here, as in many other forums, as a way of dealing with the evaluation of important but uncertain decision variables in an explicit and formal manner.


Materials consisting of grains or crystallites with sizes below a hundred nanometers have exhibited unique physical and mechanical properties in comparison to their coarse-grained counterparts. As a result, considerable effort has been put into uncovering the new deformation mechanisms that give rise to this outstanding response of nanocrystalline materials. Moreover, the production of nanocrystalline materials of reasonable sizes for structural applications remains a challenge. However, the size limitation is of no issue for their present application in the growing field of MEMS and NEMS devices. Ultimately, the reliability and lifetime prediction of these devices will depend on the accurate knowledge of their mechanical response. This dissertation addresses experimental and simulation procedures used to understand the fundamental deformation mechanisms operating in bulk nanocrystalline Nickel. Recent results from simulations suggested dislocations as a dominant carrier of plasticity in nanocrystalline materials. In contrast to coarse-grained materials, these dislocations are nucleated at grain boundaries and, after propagating through the nano grains, they are absorbed there as well. Deformation experiments during in-situ X-ray diffraction strengthened the predicted outcome from simulation but many open questions remained. Within this thesis a more extensive range of in-situ testing experiments are performed that aim to systematically investigate the nanocrystalline deformation mechanism in terms of both temperature and external loading conditions. The development of a low temperature tensile test set-up allowed to study temperature dependent behavior and revealed that dislocation activity in nanocrystalline Nickel is a strongly thermally activated process where propagation of dislocation seems to be as important as nucleation from dislocations at the grain boundary. This finding is further supported by strain-dip tests, which revealed that pinning points strongly influence dislocation propagation. Nanocrystalline Nickel exhibits, in its as prepared state, large internal stress variations. These stress variations and the small grain size are most likely responsible for the microplastic regime characterized by an extended macroscopic strain, making the usage of the classical definition of yield questionable. Furthermore it could be shown that upon annealing, which reduces the samples' internal stress, this extended microplastic regime was observed to be less pronounced. To study the structural stability of nanocrystalline Nickel at large strains, the material was investigated by compression experiments, revealing no changes in mean grain size. Furthermore, the three dimensional atomic probe technique was utilized for localizing impurity concentrations. The program was rounded by calculating diffraction peaks from simulated nanocrystalline structures with a single type of defect. This allowed investigating the characteristics of the diffraction pattern of nanocrystalline systems in a bottom up approach. Finally, the results of the thesis are discussed in terms of a thermally activated deformation mechanism that involves the nucleation, propagation and absorption of dislocation within the nanocrystalline environment.


: The microstructural complexity of Li-rich cathode materials has so far hampered understanding the critical link between size, morphology, structural defects with both capacity and voltage fading that this family of materials exhibit. Li 2 MnO 3 is used here as a model material to extract reliable structure-property relationships that can be further exploited for the development of high-performing and long-lasting Li-rich oxides. A series of samples with microstructural variability have been prepared and thoroughly characterized using the FAULTS software, which allows quantification of planar defects and extraction of average crystal-lite sizes. Together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and density functional theory (DFT) results, the successful application of FAULTS analysis to Li 2 MnO 3 has allowed rationalizing the synthesis conditions and identifying the individual impact of concurrent microstructural features on both voltage and capacity fading. This clearly is a necessary step for the development of high-capacity Li-ion cathode materials with enhanced cycle life


Drawing on research on repetition in storytelling (Jefferson et al., 1987; Norrick, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2007), I demonstrate how words and phrases in punch lines about food and restaurants can acquire evaluative or symbolic meanings in a storytelling among three Japanese women. I also show how later in the conversation participants use these words and phrases to comment on their taste and to evaluate a story utilizing the original evaluative or symbolic meanings of these words and phrases. This study shows how the ubiquity of talk about food and restaurants allows the participants to use words and phrases from punch lines as a device to show their understanding of one another and suggests how this can be a group bonding exercise in talk-in-interaction.


The regressive and subsequent transgressive transit of a shoreline across a clastic shelf generates the standard reservoir flow unit in most marginal to shallow marine hydrocarbon reservoirs. The stratigraphic unit produced by the shoreline transits is commonly referred to as the high-frequency (104 to 105 years), regressive–transgressive sequence (RT sequence). The unit is usually bounded top and base by marine shales marking flooding surfaces, which can act as barriers to fluid flow. Stratigraphic architecture in the RT-sequence is also known to control the internal flow behavior of many reservoirs. Hence, an ability to consistently characterize reservoirs at a sub RT-sequence scale is critical to enabling prediction of reservoir performance and optimization of resource extraction strategies.

This study describes the internal architecture of one shallow-water (< 10 m), low-accommodation regressive shoreline succession from the Campanian of the Alberta Basin, Canada, based on an extensive outcrop and subsurface dataset that has been convolved into a 3D geocellular computer model. The architecture and evolution of the ancient mixed-process (waves, tides, and fluvial processes) regressive deltaic shoreline system is compared and contrasted with a partial Holocene analog from northeastern Australia. The same stratigraphic surfaces and units are identified in both the modern and the ancient regressive systems. The key architectural unit is the element complex set (ECS), which is a multi-kilometer-scale, discontinuity-bounded unit that is the product of the reorganization of the coastline, often caused by autogenic backwater-driven avulsions. Multiple avulsions during a regressive shelf transit episode lead to lateral offsets of ECS units in low-accommodation systems. These systems are termed "avulsion-driven systems." An increasing component of vertical stacking of ECS units is observed in higher-accommodation regressive systems. The mechanisms for generating accommodation on a regressive-shoreline shelf-transit time frame may be allogenic (tectonic subsidence or eustatic sea-level change), autogenic, or a combination of the two mechanisms. A key, localized, autogenic mechanism is related to the distance of progradation during the transit of a deposystem across the shelf. In proximal shelf positions, ECS units tend to offset laterally due to limited available accommodation, whilst in more distal positions, early differential, load-induced, compactional subsidence of underlying prodelta and shelf muds can promote vertical stacking of ECS units. The critical down depositional-dip distance from the transgressive turnaround point at which ECS units become preferentially vertically stacked is a function of shelf gradient, shoreline trajectory, sandstone fraction, and prodelta and shelf mud rheology and is termed the "critical autogenic ECS stacking distance." Vertical stacking of ECS units may also occur when ECS units overstep underlying shelf topography, such as the distal termination of an older RT sequence.

Recognition criteria and nomenclature for intra-regressive-shoreline surfaces and stratigraphic units, as well as predictive models for the ancient record are detailed across a spectrum of types of deltaic systems.


Abstract Iron cations in the octahedral sheet are a disadvantage to the industrial application of palygorskite clays. In this study, a palygorskite sample from eastern China (Mayaoshan deposit, Jiangsu Province) is shown to have an Fe content that is much greater than usual. The structural formula of the Fe-rich palygorskite sample was established as (Si7.48Al0.52) (Al1.24Fe0.94Mg1.77Ti0.03 ⃞1.02)O20(OH)2(OH2)4. The palygorskite is seen to be dioctahedral according to the structural formula, consistent with Fourier transform infrared data. Occurrences of AlFe3+⃞OH and Fe3+Fe3+⃞OH vibrations in the OH-stretching and -bending regions show that Fe atoms occupy inner sites of octahedral sheets. A Mössbauer spectrum confirmed that Fe ions occupy inner octahedral sites as trivalent Fe cations (Fe3+).


We present measurements of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers that took place during thunderstorms. The intensity and polarization patterns of these air showers are radically different from those measured during fair-weather conditions. With the use of a simple two-layer model for the atmospheric electric field, these patterns can be well reproduced by state-of-the-art simulation codes. This in turn provides a novel way to study atmospheric electric fields.


Despite sophisticated present day automatic speech recognition (ASR) techniques, a single recognizer is usually incapable of accounting for the varying conditions in a typical natural environment. Higher robustness to a range of noise cases can potentially be achieved by combining the results of several recognizers operating in parallel. One such approach is multi-band processing, mimicking parallel processing of frequency subbands in human speech recognition as had been claimed by Fletcher. However, recent findings in both human and automatic speech recognition have revealed insufficiencies, such as the assumption of independence between frequency subbands, of the original multi-band ASR approach which often leads to reduced performance in the case of clean speech and wide-band noise. To overcome this problem, we propose and investigate a new set of ``full combination'' rules which integrate acoustic models trained on all possible combinations of subbands, preserving correlation information and leading to higher performance in all noise conditions. In this development, particular attention was given to the theoretical basis for all of the rules developed in terms of statistical theory, so that the assumptions that were necessary in each model become clear. The new combination strategies are developed for both posterior- and likelihood-based systems. These new combination strategies are then also applied to the combination of diverse feature streams, for example derived from multi-time scale analysis, which results in better exploitation of the often used instantaneous and time difference features. While combination may give the same weight to each expert, robustness of a multiple stream system can be further enhanced when each stream expert is assigned a weight reflecting its reliability. The new combination techniques are tested with several fixed and adaptive weighting strategies, including relative frequency of correct classification, least mean squared error, local signal-to-noise ratio, and maximum-likelihood based weights. We will see how the new multi-band approaches, which are consistently trained in clean speech, outperform original multi-band ASR models in both clean and noisy speech. Multi-band processing improves over the baseline fullband recognizer only in the case of narrow-band noise. However, combining multiple data streams from different time scales, using the same ``full combination'' rules, has also shown to significantly improve over the baseline in wide-band factory noise.


Although denominal verbs have been included in closed categories when it comes to derivation processes, it is possible to develop a system which helps non-native speakers of Spanish to create them. After a thorough analysis of Spanish Grammar textbooks, this chapter concludes that none of them include verbal derivation in the section dedicated to the verb. The paper then offers a non-native student-orientated typology of a specific verb formation process; i.e. instrumental denominal verbs. This corpus has proven quite useful when dealing with derivation in grammar textbooks. The chapter also includes both the results of some exercises carried out by North-American students and a didactic proposal which can simplify the teaching of Spanish as a foreign language. Keywords: denominal verbs; instrumental verbs; second language acquisition


We introduce a transport approach which combines partonic and hadronic degrees of freedom on an equal footing and discuss the resulting reaction dynamics. The initial parton dynamics is modeled in the framework of the parton cascade model, hadronization is performed via a cluster hadronization model and configuration space coalescence, and the hadronic phase is described by a microscopic hadronic transport approach. The resulting reaction dynamics indicate a strong influence of hadronic rescattering on the space-time pattern of hadronic freeze-out and on the shape of transverse mass spectra. Freeze-out times and transverse radii increase by factors of 2{endash}3 depending on the hadron species. thinsp {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}


A Varied Bouquet Pollinators display innate attractions to odor, but can also learn to associate odor with a nectar reward. Riffell et al. (p. 200, published online 6 December; see the Perspective by Knaden and Hansson) characterized the odor profile for flowers to which hawkmoths are innately attracted and found that the majority contain a distinct chemical profile, which is uniquely represented on their olfactory lobe. The moths could also be trained to associate nonattractive odors with a reward and thus learn novel odor attractions. Though learning altered neurons within the antennal lobe, the innate preferences were not changed. Hawkmoths supplement their innate repertoire of attractive flower odors by learning new ones via an octopamine pathway. [Also see Perspective by Knaden and Hansson] Pollinators exhibit a range of innate and learned behaviors that mediate interactions with flowers, but the olfactory bases of these responses in a naturalistic context remain poorly understood. The hawkmoth Manduca sexta is an important pollinator for many night-blooming flowers but can learn—through olfactory conditioning—to visit other nectar resources. Analysis of the flowers that are innately attractive to moths shows that the scents all have converged on a similar chemical profile that, in turn, is uniquely represented in the moth's antennal (olfactory) lobe. Flexibility in visitation to nonattractive flowers, however, is mediated by octopamine-associated modulation of antennal-lobe neurons during learning. Furthermore, this flexibility does not extinguish the innate preferences. Such processing of stimuli through two olfactory channels, one involving an innate bias and the other a learned association, allows the moths to exist within a dynamic floral environment while maintaining specialized associations.


With the increase of the LHC luminosity foreseen in the coming years, many detectors currently used in the different LHC experiments will be dramatically impacted and some need to be replaced or upgraded. The new ones should be capable to provide time information to reduce the data ambiguity due to the expected high pileup. We propose to equip CMS high |η| muon chambers with pairs of single gap RPC detectors read out by long pickup strips PCB. The precise time measurement (0<15 ps) of the signal induced by particles crossing the detector on both ends of each strip will give an accurate measurement of the position of the incoming particle along the strip. The absolute time measurement, determined by RPC signal (around 1.5 ns) will also reduce the data ambiguity due to the highly expected pileup and help to identify Heavy Stable Charged Particles (HSCP). The development of a specific electronic chain (analog front-end ASIC, time-to-digital converter stage and printed circuit board design) and the corresponding first results on prototype chambers are presented.


This study examines the transaction of the lived experience of 'suffering' in the process of psychotherapy. 'Suffering' is conceptualised as having its weight and value transacted between a psychotherapist and his or her client. As a psychotherapist from a family with a disabled member, my fieldwork in a hospital with the parents of disabled children was conducted in Taiwan. The development of our therapeutic relationship was discovered as the process of 'suffering transaction': the interaction of lived experience of suffering between my clients and myself. Two clients took part in this study in which eight to ten sessions of counselling or psychotherapy were conducted and transcribed as the research data. The data also included my lived experience, which was made explicit in this field work through records of six sessions of therapeutic supervision and my self-reflective therapeutic diary and research journal. Inspired by Gee's (2000) work on data presentation, my understanding of client's stories is represented as poetic form. Reflections from the use of reflexivity explore the inter-correlations of 'suffering' between us. The theoretical perspective informing the further analysis of this study is hermeneutic phenomenology and social suffering. The socio-cultural embodiments in language are explored as the hermeneutic horizons of the theme of suffering transaction. Politically, the development of 'early intervention' in Taiwan creates as 'unjust' context for those encountering medical services, and this shared understanding of the medical bureaucracy influenced the psychotherapeutic encounter. The analysis also explores the influence of Confucian approaches to gender difference and family ethics, and Christian religious beliefs, in relation to the self-identification of my clients in suffering for other. These three horizons indicate that searching for the meaning of suffering is an inter-subjective process that entails taking the responsibility for the 'Other' as the symbolic socio-cultural body. The thesis concludes with discussion about the ethics of the therapeutic relationship. I argue that in psychotherapy, both therapist and client are engaged in the Levinasian idea of the primordial responsibility 'for' the other. In the context of wider debates about psychotherapy as an ethical practice, I argue that a therapist has the pre-moral position of not only witnessing client's lived experience of suffering but also being witnessed by the client. This study provides an example in which the context of 'witness' is inter-subjectively developed in psychotherapy.


"Moving Places" is the brilliant account of a life steeped in and shaped by the movies - part autobiography, part film analysis, and part social history. Jonathan Rosenbaum, one of America's most gifted film critics, began his moviegoing in the 1950s in small-town Alabama, where his family owned and managed a chain of theaters. Starting in the Deep South of his boyhood, Rosenbaum leads us through a series of "screen memories", making us aware of movies as markers of the past - when and where we saw them, with whom, and what we did afterward. The mood swings easily from sensual and poignant regret to screwball exuberance, punctuated along the way by a tribute to the glamorous Grace Kelly of "Rear Window", a meditation on "The Rocky Horror Picture Show" and its improbable audience-community, and an extended riff on Rosenbaum's encounters with "On Moonlight Bay". Originally published in 1980, "Moving Places" is reissued now both as a companion volume to the author's latest book and as a means of introducing a new generation of film buffs to this unique, often humorous exploration of one man's life at the movies.


Asthma in children in Teesside in the north east of England is the subject of my research. Asthma is the most commonly diagnosed chronic health problem of childhood in the United Kingdom and its prevalence has increased markedly in recent decades. Previous research has identified it as being a particular health concern of people in Teesside. 'What is asthma?' is my central research question, and I seek its answer in how people talk about asthma. My data is derived from semi-structured interviews with children with asthma and their families, observation of their consultations with health professionals in asthma clinics, and unstructured interviews within, and participant observation of, their local community. Asthma is presented as different modes of 'unhealth' - illness, disease, sickness and diagnosis, the last being a sub-category of, or the same as, sickness. Relationships are created between these different modes of asthma and other unhealths. Research focuses upon the contributions of biology, culture and history to asthma in Teesside's children. I show how relationships between the self and the other, the individual and the population, and the local and wider worlds contribute to how asthma is known in them. Throughout, a contrast is drawn between asthma as a thing and asthma as a word. Central to my argument is that the contribution of things and words to asthma is variable, and uncertainty over their respective contributions gives asthma its potency. The dissertation is, however, also about researching asthma. Reflexivity guides my research and I discuss how my dual background in medicine and anthropology has influenced my approach to researching asthma and to writing about it. Disciplines, I argue, discipline the practice and presentation of research: what asthma was when I practised medicine is not what I have researched here as an anthropologist.


Even though advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) significantly changed the way professionals in building and construction (BC) industry work, the dominant training method is still the traditional classroom lecture with all its drawbacks. In response to the demands from the AEC sector to improve and broaden the competence of engineering students in using new technologies while solving specific problems, in 1993 University of Stanford (USA) started an ICT supported distance learning course named Architecture/Engineering/Construction Computer Integrated Global Teamwork Course (AEC Global Teamwork). The mission of the program is to educate the next generation of professionals to be able to work in multi discipline collaborative environments and to take advantage of information technologies to produce high quality products in faster and more economic way. Positive feedback of the AEC Global Teamwork encouraged other institutions to introduce their own BC oriented dis-tance learning courses, one of them being ITC Euromaster. In autumn 2001, nine European universities started the pro-ject in order to develop an inter university postgraduate programme in information technology in construction (ITC). This paper describes similarities and differences of both approaches, presents results of the survey carried out among participants of both courses, and compares both of them from the students' point of view.


Mucoadhesion is said to occur when two surfaces, one of which is a mucous membrane, adhere to each other. Mucoadhesive materials are typically hydrophilic macromolecules containing numerous hydrogen bond forming groups, the carbomers, cellulose derivatives and chitosans being well-known examples. Mucoadhesion is said to occur in two steps, the initial contact (wetting) stage followed by the consolidation stage (the establishment of the adhesive interactions). The relative importance of each stage will depend on the individual application. For example, contact / adsorption is a key stage if the dosage form cannot be applied directly to the target mucosa, while consolidation is important if the formulation is exposed to significant dislodging stresses, such as those experienced in the oral cavity. The mucoadhesive will stay in place until dislodged, which can arise from either overhydration of a dosage form, epithelial cell or mucus turnover, the application of force that overcomes the adhesive properties of the formulation or a combination of these. Mucoadhesion can also include the retention of semisolids and liquids on a mucous membrane, and the adsorption of materials from solution, the mechanism of which differs from that of solids. Modified and new mucoadhesive materials with optimal adhesive properties have been developed that can further enhance the potential of this technology.


In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, all levels of government are considering how to protect public health by keeping people in their homes, even if they can no longer afford their monthly mortgage or rent payments. The protections that have emerged thus far have been far more protective of homeowners than renters. This essay exposes how the disparity in legal protections for these two groups is not unique to this pandemic. Rather, the crisis has merely uncovered longstanding, deep-rooted patterns within legal doctrines, governmental programs, and public policies that bestow favorable treatment upon homeowners at the expense of renters. This essay situates the current crisis within our existing research addressing the disparate treatment of renters and owners. It examines the historic distinctions between freeholds and leaseholds that have resulted in different treatment of the two groups, exposes the ways the existing legal doctrine primarily harms poor people and people of color, and proposes steps that can be taken to bring more parity to the legal treatment of renters and owners.


Crash and omission failures are common in service providers: a disk can break down or a link can fail anytime. In addition, the probability of a node failure increases with the number of nodes. Apart from reducing the provider's computation power and jeopardizing the fulfillment of his contracts, this can also lead to computation time wasting when the crash occurs before finishing the task execution. In order to avoid this problem, efficient checkpoint infrastructures are required, especially in virtualized environments where these infrastructures must deal with huge virtual machine images. This paper proposes a smart checkpoint infrastructure for virtualized service providers. It uses Another Union File System to differentiate read-only from read-write parts in the virtual machine image. In this way, read-only parts can be checkpointed only once, while the rest of checkpoints must only save the modifications in read-write parts, thus reducing the time needed to make a checkpoint. The checkpoints are stored in a Hadoop Distributed File System. This allows resuming a task execution faster after a node crash and increasing the fault tolerance of the system, since checkpoints are distributed and replicated in all the nodes of the provider. This paper presents a running implementation of this infrastructure and its evaluation, demonstrating that it is an effective way to make faster checkpoints with low interference on task execution and efficient task recovery after a node failure.