This paper was presented at the Planetary Collegium's 12th Annual International Conference, Consciousness Reframed 12 in Nov 2011 (Centro Cultural de Belem, Lisbon, Portugal) and refers to one of a number of metadesign methods that were developed to facilitate non-hierarchical teams. It describes how a matrix framework was used to help teams to create, maintain and develop their self-identity. The primary aim is to increase what the authors call 'network consciousness' (Backwell & Wood, 2009), in which consciousness is described as a 'low-grade system for keeping records' (Minsky, in Horgan, 1993). This concept may be controversial as it embodies a digital, therefore, coarse-grained methodology for mapping (shared) consciousness. Also, by depicting animate and inanimate entities as agencies that are dynamic and equal in status; and by emphasizing relations rather than players, we aim to develop an emancipatory approach that transcends the dualistic mindset. Using this digital approach, data about all relations and their interdependencies are recorded as a set of signature 'profiles'. These are then aggregated as a macroscopic snapshot of the whole system. Whenever the community's salient characteristics grow into a self-similar form that can be made acknowledged by each agent, irrespective of location, we describe this as a 'self-organized criticality', or 'SOC' (Bak, Tang & Wiesenfeld, 1987). Its fractal nature also makes it easier for the team to envisage what might happen if their environment were to be scaled-up, or down. It thus renders the system suitable for attracting implicit consensus within a given team. Furthermore, it inherently considers impact upon that beyond the remit of the team and, thereby, 'seeding' new and coherent behaviour without the need for top-down management.
KEYWORDS: metadesign, holarchy, synergy, network-consciousness


We have realized a flexible force sensor, composed of four redundant capacitors, the operation of which is based on the measurement of a load-induced capacitance change. We use polyimide both as flexible substrate and as elastic dielectric between two levels of finger-shaped aluminum electrodes. In particular we have developed a technology for realization of polyimide micro-features with gentle slopes to facilitate subsequent metallization processes. Thereby, we could improve step coverage and electrical contacting between the two metallization levels, as well as the mechanical stability of the sensor. The smooth polyimide slopes were obtained by combining lithographic resist-reflow techniques with dry etching procedures. We have electrically characterized the capacitors using an impedance analyzer and obtained a typical force sensitivity of 1-2 fF/N. © 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.


by Sultan A. Alhusayni Anthocyanins and flavonoids, in general, have a protective role from UV and oxidation on plant and animals. Anthocyanins are found abundantly in some plant but not all plants. The reasons for these differences in concentration are not well understood. In Dahlia flowers (Dahlia variabilis hort.), Anthocyanin formation is depending on the expression of genes such as flavanone 3βhydroxylase (FHT), which hunts precursor molecules toward the anthocyanin pathway. The aim of this project is to investigate the FHT gene expression in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) to see if the up-regulation of FHT expression correlates with an increase in anthocyanin production. Quantative PCR was performed to measure FHT and IVS (transcriptional activator) gene expression. The differences in the mean of FHT and IVS expression between purple versus white eggplant were significant. THE
  EXPRESSION
  OF
  THE
  FLAVANONE 3β-HYDROXYLASE (FHT) AND IVS TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GENES IN EGGPLANT (SOLANUM MELONGENA L.) by Sultan A. Alhusayni


From the Publisher:
While there are many books on particular languages, especially C++ and Java, they tend to concentrate on how to program using that language and their treatment of the semantics is highly languages-specific. A more wide-ranging comparison of the various languages and their underlying concepts is lacking. The Interpretation of Object-Oriented Programming Languages attempts to provides a comprehensive treatment of the main approaches to object-oriented languages, including:- class-based, prototype, and actor languages. This book will be useful for final year undergraduates/first year postgraduates studying object-oriented programming, as well as research students and others requiring a detailed account of object-oriented programming languages and their central concepts.


Objective: To examine the secular effects of opportunistic screening for cervical cancer in a rich, developed community where most other such populations have long adopted organised screening. Design, setting, and participants: The analysis was based on 15 140 cases of invasive cervical cancer from 1972 to 2001. The effects of chronological age, time period, and birth cohort were decomposed using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Results: The overall age adjusted incidence decreased from 24.9 in 1972–74 to 9.5 per 100,000 in 1999–2001, in a log-linear fashion, yielding an average annual reduction of 4.0% (p<0.001) during the 30 year period. There were two second order and thus identifiable changes: (1) around the mid-1920s cohort curve representing an age-period interaction masquerading as a cohort change that denotes the first availability of Pap testing during the 1960s concentrated among women in their 40s; (2) a hook around the calendar years 1982–83 when cervical cytology became a standard screening test for pregnant women. Conclusions: Hong Kong's cervical cancer rates have declined since Pap tests first became available in the 1960s, most probably because of increasing population coverage over time and in successive generations in a haphazard fashion and punctuated by the systematic introduction of routine cytology as part of antenatal care in the 1980s.


As individuals age, they are at increased risk of experiencing health threats and loss of resources (Baltes et al., 1997; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010). Such age-related challenges can contribute to the experience of psychological distress and biological dysregulations, which in turn may instigate further deterioration of individuals' physical health (Schulz, Martire, Beach, & Scheier, 2000; Wrosch, Schulz, & Heckhausen, 2004). However, theory and research also suggest that normative losses in older adults' psychological, biological, and physical health can be circumvented if a person engages in adaptive self-regulation to address such age-related challenges (e.g., Baltes & Baltes, 1990; Carstensen et al., 1999; Hall, Chipperfield, Heckhausen, & Perry, 2010; Hamilton, Catley, & Karlson, 2007; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995).
 Using ideas from the Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development (Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995; Heckhausen, Wrosch, & Schulz, 2010), the three longitudinal studies of this dissertation extend prior lines of research by investigating whether the appropriate use of specific behavioral and cognitive self-regulation strategies can ameliorate age-associated losses among the elderly in general, and especially among "at-risk" individuals who confront adverse conditions (i.e., elevated stress or feelings of loneliness). The different studies are all based on the same multi-dimensional and multi-wave longitudinal dataset. While they address independent research questions, the nature of this dissertation creates some overlap in the reported procedures across studies.
 Study 1 investigates the different roles of stress in the association between physical activity engagement and physical health among 157 older adults over four years of data collection. Results demonstrated that older adults' physical health symptoms increased across time. In addition, older adults' engagement in physical activity predicted a reduction of stress perceptions over two years and fewer physical health problems over four years among participants who perceived high levels of stress at baseline, but to a lesser extent among their counterparts who perceived low levels of stress at baseline. Finally, the long-term physical health benefits among highly stressed individuals were statistically mediated by a reduction of stress perceptions over two years. These findings suggest that physical activity has the potential to ameliorate chronically high perceptions of stress and thereby produce long-term benefits on older adults' physical health.
 Study 2 examines the long-term associations between reports of sleep duration and diurnal cortisol secretion over four years among 157 older adults. The study's findings demonstrate that older adults experienced increases in diurnal cortisol secretion over time, and that this effect was forecasted by individual differences in sleep duration. Results from growth curve and cross-lagged panel analyses demonstrated that higher levels of and increases in sleep duration buffered long-term elevations of diurnal cortisol secretion. By contrast, lower levels of and declines in sleep duration predicted a steep increase in cortisol secretion over time. Reversed analyses indicated that diurnal cortisol secretion did not contribute to changes in sleep duration over time. These findings suggest that longer sleep exerts restorative functions and protects older adults from experiencing maladaptive increases in diurnal cortisol secretion over time.
 Study 3 investigates in a sample of 122 older adults whether health-related self-protection (e.g., avoiding self-blame for health problems or seeing the silver lining) can predict psychological and biological benefits among lonely (as compared to non-lonely) participants. Results demonstrated that baseline self-protection predicted a reduction of psychological stress and diurnal cortisol volume over two years, and lower CRP after 6 years, but only among lonely participants. In addition, mediation analyses demonstrated that the observed short-term reduction of cortisol secretion mediated the effects of self-protective control on lower long-term levels of systematic inflammation. These findings suggest that lonely older adults may ameliorate stress-related psychological and biological disturbances if they engage in self-protection to cope with emerging health threats.
 Overall, these findings contribute to our knowledge about pathways to healthy aging. The results are discussed in light of life-span theories of successful aging and general psychological models of health and disease. In addition, implications for clinical practice and future research are addressed.


As we approach the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics to be held in the year 2020, many Olympic movements are underway in Japan. Although the Olympic Moves Project was launched in Holland as an Olympic movement in 2003 and has been underway in Japan from 2015, there have been only a few studies that have reported on the actual state of activities on projects in countries around the world and the present state of affairs in Japan. This study describes the content of Olympic Moves projects underway in various countries, along with the status of Olympic Moves in Japan and how the existing program can be strengthened. Holland, Belgium, and South Korea have each held large-scale sports events in their Olympic Moves program, with teenagers from all over the country coming together at famous sports stadiums. In contrast, the events in Japan have been recreational in nature and limited in scope to individual middle schools. We hope that  his aspect of the Olympic Movement will continue at many middle schools as a positive, lasting part of Japan's Olympic legacy.


Taenia solium Taen/asis is prevalent in humans in developing countries, and an
imported disease in developed countries. It may cause severe or fatal illness when
humans ingest eggs and develop larval cysts in the central nervous system
(neurocysticercosis). This project has two parts: the development of a laboratory
diagnostic method to accurately detect Taenia solium carriers at the species-level,
and the use of a Geographic Information System (CIS) as a tool to study
transmission dynamics between human and pig hosts. A capture enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test that detects taeniid antigens (coproantigens) in
human faeces was developed and standardised to use antibodies against somatic
and secretory -excretory antigens produced by the tapeworm, achieving Taen/asis
detection sensitivity values of 96% and up to 100% specificity for Taenia solium.
This simple and reliable ELISA is potentially very useful as a screening method for
human T. solium Taen/asis. Porcine serosurveys (for T solium antibodies) and
total culling (for pig cyst counts) were performed within the framework of a large
intervention programme being applied in endemic villages in northern Peru.
Necropsy data for the entire porcine population was obtained, the whole carcass
being examined for T. solium cysts. The number and characteristics of the cysts
were recorded. All data, along with geographic location of the tapeworm carriers
and pigs, were entered in a GIS model developed using ArcGis 10. The results for
porcine cysticercosis and human Taen/asis were plotted on maps and spatial
relations among human and pig hosts were established. Correlation between the
hosts' locations was analyzed using binary logistic regressions performed in SPSS
11.0. The model showed a visual spatial relationship between the locations of
hosts. An approximate influence area for Taenia solium was established at 300
meters around human tapeworm carrier household locations, and confirmed by
logistic regression (p< 0.005). Pigs living inside this area may be a source of new
tapeworms. Using this model, focused control measures can be established in
high risk areas, targeting treatment or elimination of possible sources of infection.


This book explores emerging trends in wearable sensors for sport and highlights the developments taking place. Drawing on the literature both the approaches and principals for the use of sensors in sport are outlined, and together with references to key works the reader finds this useful in considering such endeavours. The development of wearable technologies is fast paced and accompanying that is an exponential growth in the use and development of computing resources, thus while the review is comprehensive on content not all works can be included and given publication times will inevitably be somewhat dated. The illumination through trends, examples and principles are an aid for anyone considering the use of sensors and wearables in sports


General Game Playing (GGP) agents learn strategies to skillfully play a wide variety of games when given only the rules of the game. The rules are provided in a language called Game Description Language (GDL) and specify the initial game setup, what constitutes legal moves and how they update the game state when played, how the game terminates, and what the outcome is. In here we extend this line of research further, that is, we assume that the game-playing agent must learn the rules of a game by observing others play instead of them being provided. Our focus here will mainly be on modeling piece movements with less attention placed on the remaining game-rule properties. We define a subset of games, we name simplified boardgames, that despite constituting only a small subset of games expressible in GDL nonetheless encapsulate a large variety of interesting piece movement patterns found in popular boardgames. We provide a well-defined formalism and a practicable algorithm for learning game rules of simplified boardgames. We empirically evaluate the learning algorithm on different boardgames and under different assumptions of availability of observations. Furthermore, we show that our formalism offers at least an order of magnitude speedup over state-of-the-art logic-based GDL reasoners for fitting boardgames. The method is thus directly relevant for GGP systems.


In a model of originate-to-distribute (OTD) banking, I show that contagion may spread before any preference shock, fire sale, or change in lending margins takes place. The drivers of contagion are opaqueness of collateral and roll-over frequency. Complexity of structured finance and poor screening of noninstitutional borrowers induce both originators and investors at different stages of the OTD chain to develop heterogeneous expectations on the future value of securitized debt. When new information on the value of collateral is sufficiently bad, overleveraged banks are unable to repay loans and the supply of liquidity by lenders in the money market shrinks in the short term. Banks with accurate pricing models are unable to roll over their collateralized loans and go bankrupt for lack of liquidity. Under some conditions the industry is able to prevent contagion to solvent institutions. In the scenario where that is not feasible, policy makers shall limit their intervention to ensuring orderly resolution of insolvent banks' default.


Vegetable oil and its esters (biodiesel) are the renewable alternative fuels that can be used as a substitute for diesel in the diesel engines. The vegetable oil fuelled diesel engine results in lower efficiency and higher smoke emission. Hence in this work, an attempt has been made to use inedible and under utilised mahua oil (MO) as a substitute for diesel by fumigating liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) along with the air. A single cylinder diesel engine was modified to work in dual fuel mode by suitable retrofitting. The MO was injected into the cylinder using a fuel pump and LPG was fumigated along with the air. In MO + LPG dual fuel mode, 9% increase in brake thermal efficiency and 35% reduction in smoke emission of the engine were observed as compared to the sole fuel mode with MO. Also, the engine performance characteristics in MO + LPG dual fuel mode are close to sole fuel mode with diesel. From this work, it is concluded that LPG can be fumigated along with the air to increase the performance of MO fuelled agricultural diesel engine.


Since 2001, an aid consortium known as Gavi has accounted for over half of vaccination expenditure in the 75 eligible countries with an initial per capita GNI below $1,000. Regression discontinuity (RD) estimates show aid significantly displaced other immunization efforts and failed to increase vaccination rates for diseases covered by cheap, existing vaccines. For some newer and more expensive vaccines, i.e., Hib and rotavirus, we found large effects on vaccination and limited fungibility, though statistical significance is not robust. These RD estimates apply to middle-income countries near Gavi's eligibility threshold, and cannot rule out differential effects for the poorest countries.


The tortuosity assessment of vessels and nerve fibres in ophthalmic images has drawn substantial attention, for its potentials in assisting various medical diagnoses. Numerous morphological tortuosity measures have been leveraged to quantify tortuosity from various perspectives, which warrants the simultaneous use of multiple measures with an aim to produce a robust and accurate assessment. This paper proposes an approach for the automated assessment of curvilinear structures' tortuosity. Starting with the generation of clusters of tortuosity density for each individual measure, labelled fuzzy sets are then extracted that enhances the readability of subsequent operations. Finally, results from multiple measures are aggregated by a nearest neighbour guided approach where weights are generated in a data-driven manner to explain the derived aggregations. Experimental results on both ophthalmic vessel and nerve images demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over those where measurements are used independently or aggregated using conventional averaging operators.


Sexual offending creates a significant public health issue (Mann, Hanson & Thornton, 2010), whereby having a better understanding of the underlying factors related to sexual offending will result in more effective prevention, assessment, and intervention (Seto, 2019). Various factors are identified as aetiological factors for sexual offending, or risk factors for recidivism, including adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), problematic personality traits, intimacy deficits, deviant sexual preferences, and sexual preoccupation (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Mann et al., 2010).

Personality disorders (PDs) are highly prevalent among Individuals Who Have Previously Sexually Offended (IPSO; Chen, Chen & Hung, 2016; Craissati & Blundell, 2013), with this relationship being recognised in the UK by the development of the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) pathway in 2011. However, there are issues regarding the current screening procedure in that it predominantly screens for antisocial and borderline PDs, meaning that a proportion of IPSO with a range of other PDs may be being missed. Furthermore, the prevalence of PDs among IPSO housed in UK prison establishments has not yet been explored.

Another factor which is thought to contribute to the aetiology of sexual offending is Sexual Preoccupation (SP; Seto, 2019; Ward & Beech, 2017), which is one of the most strongly present treatment needs among IPSO in the UK (Hocken, 2014). Nonetheless, it is the only risk factor that is not currently addressed by psychological treatment programs for IPSO in the UK (Lievesley, 2019). A tentative link has been reported between PD and SP among IPSO, with sexually preoccupied IPSO presenting with a different personality profile compared to those without SP (Berman-Roberts, 2015). Given that these individuals have acted upon their sexual thoughts and engaged in illegal sexual behaviour, it is imperative to learn more about the underlying mechanisms of SP in order to inform and enhance assessment and treatment (Jardin et al., 2017), which is the main aim of this thesis.

Additionally, ACEs are an integral part of understanding sexual offending (Hanson & Morton-Bourgon, 2005; Levenson, 2014), and are also implicated in the aetiology of PD and SP (Courtois & Weiss, 2018; Zanarini, 2000), whereby PD symptomology and SP may be better understood as functional responses deployed as ways of coping with these experiences. ACEs are now considered to be a public health ''crisis' (Anda, Butchart, Felitti & Brown, 2010), and studies have recently explored the prevalence of ACEs among prisoners in Scotland and Wales (Carnie, Broderick, Cameron, Downie & Williams, 2017; Ford et al., 2019). Yet, the prevalence of ACEs among IPSO housed in UK prison establishments has not yet been explored, nor the relationships between PD and ACEs, and SP and ACEs among this population. Therefore, ACEs were also included for exploration within this thesis in order to fully understand the relationship between PD and SP among IPSO.

Through utilising a mixed-methods approach, this thesis offers the first in-depth exploration of the relationships between PD, SP, and ACEs among a sample of IPSO housed in two UK prison establishments. Study one (n = 203) explores the psychometric properties of two PD scales in a UK general population sample, before they were employed for use with a prison population. The second (n = 155) and third (n = 45) studies explore the prevalence of PD, SP, and ACEs among IPSO, as well as the relationships between PD and SP, PD and ACEs, and SP and ACEs. Finally, the fourth study (n = 5) explores the life trajectories and narrative identities of IPSO that experienced adverse environments during childhood and developed a preoccupation with sex and problematic personality traits.

The findings reveal that attempting to understand the underlying mechanisms of SP is a complicated process, as SP manifests differently for each individual. SP may be used as a way to regulate emotions and manage stress, and/or as a way of managing identity and self-worth. Although this thesis provides support for the impulsivity and compulsivity models of SP, as well as it being used as a coping mechanism for anxiety and depression, it also highlights the relationships between SP and emotion dysregulation, and SP and impaired identity. Furthermore, the results bolster Montaldi's (2002) claim that some presentations of SP may be better understood through the use of PDs, whereby this thesis highlights the possibility of two pathways for IPSO with SP (in relation to borderline and narcissistic PDs). Multiple kinds of SP presentation suggest the need for multiple treatment approaches, and it is important for clinicians to tailor treatment according to the individual's motivation for SP.

In regard to the prevalence of PD among IPSO in the UK, a range of PDs (predominantly dependent, depressive, borderline, and avoidant PDs) were reported among IPSO housed in UK category C prison establishments. This has important implications for the current OPD pathway screening procedures, in that these may need amending to be more inclusive of the range of PDs present among IPSO, or specific services for IPSO with PD may need to be developed and implemented. Moreover, a large proportion of IPSO met the criteria for PD, and among these individuals, all of them experienced at least one ACE, with over half reporting four or more ACEs. Thus, this demonstrates the need for all services to adopt a trauma-informed and relational approach, whilst also highlighting how preventative measures are crucial in order to try and prevent the cyclical nature of ACEs, and to prevent individuals from coming into contact with the criminal justice system in the first place.

This thesis concludes that PD and SP symptomology may be better understood as effective survival strategies to abnormal circumstances, and it is important that clinicians address this aspect of an individual's sense-making during treatment. Furthermore, a common thread throughout all studies is regarding impairments in identity. Therefore, a useful treatment target among IPSO is in relation to incoherence in the self-narrative, as having a coherent, pro-social identity is thought to be crucial to rehabilitation and desistance (Maruna, 2001). Clinicians should work from a Good Lives Model (GLM; Ward, Mann & Gannon, 2007) perspective in order to help individuals identify appropriate values and goals, and work towards a more appropriate narrative identity (Ward & Marshall, 2007). An individual's protective factors should also be taken into account, in which peer-support roles and religiosity may play an important part in protecting individuals from future offending. Implications and limitations of all studies are discussed extensively throughout, as are opportunities for further research.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a common postoperative complication in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). Although the recent clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension divided PAH associated with CHD (PAH-CHD) into several subclasses, the anatomical and hemodynamic features of postoperative PAH-CHD vary enormously. Therefore, it is still difficult to obtain clinical evidence supporting the indication of pulmonary vasodilators for PAH-CHD. We often encounter patients with PAH occurring after surgical treatment of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), especially patients with major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs). PAH might be caused by pulmonary agenesis, hypoplasia and/or thrombosis, inadequate closure of the ventricular septal defect, relief of the pulmonic stenosis, or an excessively large prior systemic-to-pulmonary shunt. Moreover, patients with TOF and MAPCAs who are diagnosed as inoperable because of the presence of PAH show similar hemodynamic and clinical features to patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. The MAPCAs in these patients usually show hypoplastic and abnormal arborization. Based on our experience, we believe that PAH-targeted therapies are effective in some patients with PAH occurring after surgical treatment of TOF and MAPCAs, especially as an adjunct to percutaneous pulmonary angioplasty. To help classify patients with PAH associated with TOF, especially with MAPCAs, we propose several new subclassifications: "PAH due to hypoplastic pulmonary arterial beds", "PAH due to abnormal pulmonary arborization", or "segmental PAH associated with CHD." A multicenter registry of patients using a unified protocol is essential to explore the indications and efficacy of pulmonary vasodilators for postoperative PAH-CHD.


Abstract:The need to build an awareness of peace and of peace education is often a message that is difficult to share with the larger society. John Dewey, an acclaimed American philosopher and intellectual, used his public platform to espouse his ideas on democracy and peace as a resolution to global discord during the years preceding and during World Wars I and II. Although Dewey did shift his perspective as global conflicts shattered his hope for world peace, he persevered in his missive of democracy and tolerance, especially through his writing and lectures. Dewey strongly believed that democratic societies are best suited to preserve peace and societal harmony. His reasoning was premised on his own understanding of democracy as a way of life, not as a political process. This paper examines Dewey's ideas on peace education and his influence during the interwar years as well as during World War II. It also discusses how his ideas have been applied to contemporary approaches to peace education as seen through the lens of present-day practitioners. Through these historical milestones, Dewey's philosophical support for peace education wavered when he faced the perpetual dilemma of what to do when the values of peace are in direct conflict with justice, decency, humanity, understanding, and cooperation. Yet, aspects of his ideas on how to teach peace—focused on building democratic communities—can still be seen in classrooms today.


Method in Theology stands, with Insight, as Bernard Lonergan's most important work. It is Lonergan's answer to those who would argue that in this time of cultural change and dissolution the believer is afloat on a sea of multiplying theologies, without rudder or compass. Lonergan was resolute in his refusal to be defeatist on this point. While agreeing that theology must continually change to mediate between religion and culture, he worked out an integral method to guide and control this ongoing process. This is a reprint of the 1973 edition. A new annotated edition of Method in Theology will be published eventually as a part of the Collected Works of Bernard Lonergan. Bernard Lonergan (1904-1984), a professor of theology, taught at Regis College, Harvard University, and Boston College. An established author known for his Insight and Method in Theology, Lonergan received numerous honorary doctorates, was a Companion of the Order of Canada in 1971 and was named as an original members of the International Theological Commission by Pope Paul VI.


This Note offers a normative critique of cost-benefit analysis, one informed by deontological moral theory, in the context of the debate over whether tort litigation or a non-tort approach is the appropriate response to mass harm. The first Part argues that the difference between lay and expert intuitions about risk and harm often reflects a difference in normative judgments about the existing facts, rather than a difference in belief about what facts exist, which makes the lay intuitions more defensible. The second Part considers how tort has dealt with this divergence between lay and expert perspectives. It also evaluates how tort's approach has differed from that of public law approaches to accident law, such as legislative compensation and risk regulation by administrative agencies. Ultimately, tort's ability to recognize the value of lay intuitions supports retaining the tort perspective as part of our societal arsenal of responses to risk and harm. This ability can also support a pro-tort perspective in two practical debates in the arena of tort law: that over preemption of tort law by administrative agency judgments, and that over access to tort recovery as part of a no-fault system.


To discover and develop a new drug it takes $ 800 million and 10-15 years and even then only one third of those reaching the market pay back, the rest of them piggy ride on the successful ones. To be in the market the leading Companies need to spend $2 billion per year and to be successful at least 4 new drugs must be generated. But at present the average is around one per year and even for that there is no guarantee that it will realize the minimum threshold sales level of $ 350 million, in the second year post-launch. It is hyped around that with new technologies involving Combinatorial Libraries, High-throughput screening and use of molecular targets based on genomics and proteomics will reduce the time and the costs involved for new drug development, but this does not seem to be. The main advantage of these new techniques is that drugs discovered would be more target and disease specific. As a part of monthly discussion AI-PEAR-GP decided to discuss this issue and members exchanged views on the SWOT analysis of wet lab drug discovery and computer aided drug discovery. A concise report on discussion on this topic is presented here.


The global sanitation workforce bridges the gap between sanitation infrastructure and the provision of sanitation services. Sanitation workers provide an essential public service but often at the cost of their dignity, safety, health, and living conditions. They are some of the most vulnerable workers. They are far too often invisible, unquantified, and ostracized, and many of the challenges they face stem from this fundamental lack of acknowledgment. Sanitation workers are exposed to serious occupational and environmental health hazards risking illness, injury, and death. This report presents the findings of a study that examined nine case studies of sanitation workers in low- and middle-income countries, predominantly focusing on emptying pits and tanks, providing transportation of fecal sludge, and performing sewer maintenance. It is an initial analysis into a growing body of work on sanitation workers, but already the findings highlight several action areas to ensure that efforts in reaching Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6.2 and 6.3 do not compromise the dignity, health, and rights of the workforce. Collecting data from literature and key informant interviews, the nine cases provide an overview of the key challenges sanitation workers face. The report also addresses good practices and suggests areas for action.


Digital ecosystems development is characterized by a paradox in terms of innovation. At no time in history has the pace of innovation been so fast and never before have third-party firms been able to benefit so much for their own innovations from their integration into a keystone player's ecosystem. However, such a keystone player may be encouraged to implement non-cooperative strategies to capture the innovations developed by its own complementors. Such strategies may be detrimental to trading partners, innovation and consumers. This article aims to analyse these two possible effects of the development of digital ecosystems on innovation and to infer recommendations in terms of competition policy to counteract the detrimental effects that may result from potential unbalanced co-opetitive situations.


The article proposes a conceptual model for understanding key factors that shape satisfaction with the services offered by South African advertising agencies. In particular, the model draws together two distinct approaches: (1) service quality associated with service output and performance, and (2) relational exchanges between advertisers and advertising agencies. Insight and perspectives from 116 large South African advertisers were obtained by means of a survey administered via a web-based platform. Data obtained from the respondents were subjected to factor and correlation analysis in order to identify representative factors that could explain advertisers' overall satisfaction. The model confirms six satisfaction factors, namely integrity, core service, account management, cost management, mutual commitment and communication. Each of these factors has a significant impact on and correlation to each other as well as a moderate to strong correlation to overall satisfaction. This article also discloses the dimensions underlying these factors, which contributes to the understanding of advertiser satisfaction within the South African context. This research contributes to the literature by providing a more complete and integrated view of the structure of customer satisfaction in service contexts. From a practical perspective, the research provides a useful framework for advertising agencies to measure and manage advertiser satisfaction. Key phrases: Client satisfaction, advertising industry, relationship management, South Africa, service quality


This study compares the performance of a discriminative price auction and a uniform price auction for allocating conservation contracts to reduce non-point source pollution. In particular we evaluate (in a laboratory experiment) the influence of an environmentally based experimental design. To some extent we confirm previous results; the uniform price auction makes participants reveal their true costs. Nevertheless, the discriminative price auction is associated with higher market performance because the over-shading of bids is lower than predicted. We show that this behavior is more likely if subjects have pro-social motives and more knowledge of the problem of non-point source pollution.


Abstract: The intent of the study was to investigate the motivational effects on English learning for English as a foreign language (EFL) grade 12 students in public schools in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). To achieve this intent, 363 students' scores on the Common English Proficiency Assessment (CEPA) were related to the students' state of satisfaction, willingness to communicate with people from other cultures, integrative orientation, instrumental orientation, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and willingness to spend time learning English as measured by a self-report questionnaire. The study showed that there were significant positive correlations (p Introduction Some language learners are more successful in learning a foreign language than others even if they are given the same opportunities. For years, researchers have investigated various factors that may contribute to this phenomenon including methods of instruction, age, aptitude, intelligence, learning strategy use, and affective variables with varied results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of affective factors on English learning for prospective college students in grade 12 in United Arab Emirates (UAE) public schools. This study was motivated by a desire to understand the attitudinal and motivational variables of Emirati students studying EFL as the ability to effectively use English is becoming paramount for college study in the UAE. The Study Explored the Following Research Question To what degree does the state of satisfaction, willingness to communicate with people from other cultures, integrative orientation, instrumental orientation, extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation, and willingness to spend time on learning English affect prospective UAE college students' English language acquisition? This study further explores various assumptions about the effects of attitudinal variables on EFL learners and enriches the body of knowledge by investigating these variables on Emirati EFL students on which little, if any, research has been done. The results of this study can assist language instructors in understanding what attitudes to foster to help learners better achieve language attainment. In addition, the study provides essential information to curriculum developers and educational administrators about vital social and psychological aspects of language learning to be included in materials, classrooms, and programs. Previous Research A considerable amount of research demonstrated connections between attitudes, motivation and English language proficiency. Gardner and Lambert (1972) and much of Gardner's later work (1985; Tremblay & Gardner, 1995; Masgoret and Gardner, 2003; Gardner et al., 2004) focused on the importance of attitudes toward the target language community and orientation, "a class of reasons for learning a second language" (1985), which, when combined with motivation, "the intensity of one's impetus to learn" (Brown, 2001) can lead to successful language learning outcomes. Working mainly in North American contexts, particularly Canada, Gardner identified integrative orientation (learning a language because one strongly identifies with or wishes to become part of its associated culture) as being an important predictor of language attainment. Much of Gardner's work in Canadian and other contexts support the importance of integrative orientation. However, Gardner and Lambert (1972) acknowledged that other orientations may be important in different socio-cultural contexts. In fact, they found instrumental orientation (learning a language for its practical value, such as getting a well-paid job) to be significant in explaining differences among English learners in the Philippines. …


Scientific literature is replete with papers describing advances in applying new technologies to the study of landslides and advances in our understanding of factors affecting landslide occurrence, distribution, and movement. Far fewer papers look at how this knowledge is implemented to achieve landslide risk reduction. State and local governments exercise the greatest control on how landslide risk reduction is accomplished. Data generated from a questionnaire to state geological surveys, review of their agency Web sites, and two case studies demonstrate that progress has been made during the last 20 years in implementing actionable policy changes and programs to achieve a reduction is landslide risk in the United States. Progress is evident from the pivotal role played by state and local government in the areas of: (1) developing guidelines and training, (2) increasing public awareness and education, (3) implementing loss reduction measures, and (4) conducting emergency preparedness, response, and recovery. The number of states requiring registration for practicing geologists has nearly doubled during the last 20 years. This increase was accompanied by a shift from individual state tests as part of determining competency to a uniform national test. During this period, state geological surveys established Web sites as a primary means for promoting public awareness and education about landslide hazards. Measures reducing the impact of landslides have included providing information specific to residents and landowners, as well as supporting land-use planning efforts by local governments. Many state geological surveys are involved with emergency management of landslide hazards.


The possibility that the supervisory system of Norman & Shallice (1986) can be fractionated into different subprocesses is discussed. It is argued that confronting a novel situation effectively requires a variety of different types of process. It is then argued that evidence of separability of different processes may be obtained by the observation of very low correlations across patients on more than one measure on each of which frontal patients show a performance deficit. Examples of this are provided by examining the Hayling sentence completion and the Brixton spatial anticipation tasks. Finally, differential localization of the subprocesses and hence the conclusion that they are separable is discussed with respect to the localization of monitoring and verification processes in memory.


YIRU YANG, XINGXIANG WANG, TAOLIN ZHANG and DECHENG LI, 2014. Utilization of crop straw resources in Anhui Province, Eastern China. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 20: 1302-1310 Returning straw to fields is one of the most effective ways of maintaining and improving soil fertility. However, straw burning is a recurring phenomenon in China. To better understand the current situation facing the utilization of straw resources in Anhui Province, a total of 731 typical fields and farmers were surveyed on a provincial scale in 2011 along a national highway, provincial highway and county road. Moreover, a total of 344 fields and farmers were surveyed on a county scale in three typical counties, i.e., Mengcheng County, Dingyuan County and Xuanzhou District. The average rates of straw returning were generally low in Anhui Province, with 30.2% for single-middle-season rice, 16.1% for early rice, 14.3% for wheat, 2.9% for rape, 1.8% for late rice and 1.8% for maize, respectively. The average return rate of wheat in the three typical counties was 13.2%, lower than the rates of the entire province; however, the return rates of other crops in the counties were all higher than those of the entire province. However, straw burning was still prevalent. The average rates of burning wheat, rape and maize straw reached 65.5%, 75.8% and 57.3% on the provincial scale, respectively, and 86.0%, 64.0% and 51.3% in the three typical counties, respectively. Only a small fraction of straw was utilized in traditional ways, adhering to the following order: household fuel>fodder>industrial raw material. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen policy regarding the prohibition of straw burning and to enhance straw returning and the comprehensive utilization of straw resources.


Since taking office, the Obama administration has repeatedly affirmed its intent to prevent potential future international crises from becoming the source of costly new U.S. military commitments. In one of the earliest foreign policy pronouncements of the new administration, vice President Joseph R. Biden declared: "We'll strive to act preventively, not preemptively, to avoid whenever possible or wherever possible the choice of last resort between the risks of war and the dangers of inaction." This would not be the first time senior U.S. officials have extolled the virtues of better crisis management and conflict prevention as a way to avoid costly military entanglements. Yet for all the avowed interest in preventive action, the United States has repeatedly found itself responding to foreign crises belatedly and hastily with damaging consequences for U.S. regional interests and policy goals. In many other cases, moreover, regional instability and conflict have eventually necessitated major U.S. military interventions to stabilize and reconstruct the stricken country. The Obama administration's declarations will intent to make preventive action a policy priority for the United States. The hypothesis of this article indicates a direct relation between Obama's foreign policy and preventive action in U.S. strategy. The Obama's foreign policy is the independent variable and preventive strategy is the dependent variable and the theoretical framework is based on Agent-Structure approach.


This paper resumes the discussion in information systems research on the use of partial least squares (PLS) path modeling and shows that the inconsistency of PLS path coefficient estimates in the case of reflective measurement can have adverse consequences for hypothesis testing. To remedy this, the study introduces a vital extension of PLS: consistent PLS (PLSc). PLSc provides a correction for estimates when PLS is applied to reflective constructs: The path coefficients, inter-construct correlations, and indicator loadings become consistent. The outcome of a Monte Carlo simulation reveals that the bias of PLSc parameter estimates is comparable to that of covariance-based structural equation modeling. Moreover, the outcome shows that PLSc has advantages when using non-normally distributed data. We discuss the implications for IS research and provide guidelines for choosing among structural equation modeling techniques.


Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) facilities create high enthalpy flows to recreate atmospheric entry conditions. Although no condition has been duplicated exactly in a ground test facility, it is important to characterize the condition to understand how close a facility can come to doing so. An ICP facility was constructed at the University of Vermont for aerospace material testing in 2010. The current setup can operate using air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon to test samples in a chamber. In this work we investigate different ways to increase measured heat flux and expand our facility to operate supersonically. To do so, a water cooled injection system was designed to overcome failure points of the prior system. An investigation of heat flux methods that provide a baseline for the facility were also examined and tested. A nozzle configuration was also developed with an overall goal of increasing the plasma flow to reach sonic and supersonic velocities, allowing it to be compared with the existing subsonic system. An iterative approach was taken to develop a nozzle design that is robust enough to handle the harsh environment, yet adaptable to the pre-existing facility components. The current design uses interchangeable sonic and supersonic nozzles which also allow for appropriate plasma gas expansion. Data are taken through retractable and goose-neck probe sample holders during testing. Heat flux can be determined by use of a Gardon gage, slug calorimeter, and water cooled calorimeter. Total and static pressure are determined from a pitot tube and pressure tap, which are then manipulated into a velocity measurement. A comparison between subsonic and supersonic operation is then made with these data. Existing literature uses correlations between jet diameter and velocity gradients to determine the effective heat flux. This investigation found that the experimental and theoretical heat flux results scale correctly according to the correlations.


A monetary model is constructed to explore the risk-sharing role of multiple installment payments for credit settlement against inflation risk when the choice of cash and credit is endogenous. Economic individuals acquire liquidity for cash consumption and credit settlement. In equilibrium, the choice of a debt rollover may adjust the demand for liquidity in credit settlement to dampen consumption loss. Welfare benefits result from inflation. The optimal money growth is positive with a zero nominal interest rate and a one-period settlement cycle.


The energy spectra of cosmic-ray antiprotons and protons near solar minimum were precisely measured with BESS-Polar II (Balloon-borne Experiment with a Superconducting Spectrometer) during a long-duration flight over Antarctica in December 2007 and January 2008. The upper-TOF (UTOF) and lower-TOF (LTOF) scintillator hodoscopes measure the charge and velocity of incident particles. A thin plastic scintillator middle-TOF (MTOF) hodoscope is installed on the lower surface of the magnet bore to measure low-energy particles that cannot reach the LTOF. The MTOF further lowers the threshold energy to about 120 MeV for antiproton or proton measurements. We report absolute spectra of the cosmic-ray antiproton in the range 0.12 to 0.4 GeV and the antiproton/proton ratio calculated with UTOF-MTOF trigger events. These new results are independent of the UTOF-LTOF triggered antiproton spectrum published in 2012 and proton
spectrum published in 2016.


This book was first published in 2005. Copyright 'exceptions' or 'users' rights' have become a highly controversial aspect of copyright law. Most recently, Member States of the European Union have been forced to amend their systems of exceptions so as to comply with the Information Society Directive. Taking the newly amended UK legislation as a case study, this book examines why copyright exceptions are necessary and the forces that have shaped the present legislative regime in the UK. It seeks to further our understanding of the exceptions by combining detailed doctrinal analysis with insights gained from a range of other sources. The principal argument of the book is that the UK's current system of 'permitted acts' is much too restrictive and hence is in urgent need of reform, but that paradoxically the Information Society Directive points the way towards a much more satisfactory approach.


The mechanisms by which ethanol and inhaled anesthetics influence the nervous system are poorly understood. Here we describe the positional cloning and characterization of a new mouse mutation isolated in an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) forward mutagenesis screen for animals with enhanced locomotor activity. This allele, Lightweight (Lwt), disrupts the homolog of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) unc-79 gene. While Lwt/Lwt homozygotes are perinatal lethal, Lightweight heterozygotes are dramatically hypersensitive to acute ethanol exposure. Experiments in C. elegans demonstrate a conserved hypersensitivity to ethanol in unc-79 mutants and extend this observation to the related unc-80 mutant and nca-1;nca-2 double mutants. Lightweight heterozygotes also exhibit an altered response to the anesthetic isoflurane, reminiscent of unc-79 invertebrate mutant phenotypes. Consistent with our initial mapping results, Lightweight heterozygotes are mildly hyperactive when exposed to a novel environment and are smaller than wild-type animals. In addition, Lightweight heterozygotes exhibit increased food consumption yet have a leaner body composition. Interestingly, Lightweight heterozygotes voluntarily consume more ethanol than wild-type littermates. The acute hypersensitivity to and increased voluntary consumption of ethanol observed in Lightweight heterozygous mice in combination with the observed hypersensitivity to ethanol in C. elegans unc-79, unc-80, and nca-1;nca-2 double mutants suggests a novel conserved pathway that might influence alcohol-related behaviors in humans.


BACKGROUND: Recent regulatory and clinical concerns have brought into sharp focus antipsychotic drug-induced QTc interval prolongation, torsades de pointes, and sudden cardiac death. Several new generation (atypical) antipsychotic drugs have either been withdrawn from clinical use or delayed in reaching the marketplace due to these concerns. Because torsades de pointes is rarely found, QTc interval prolongation serves as a surrogate marker for this potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. Current methods of calculating this electrocardiographic parameter have limitations. The primary care physician is a key member of the team managing a patient who requires administration of antipsychotic drugs. This article focuses on new generation antipsychotic drugs and principles useful to both the primary care physician and the psychiatrist. METHOD: PubMed was searched in September 2002 using the terms antipsychotic drug and QT interval. References were examined from review articles describing antipsychotic drugs and the QT interval. The author's files gathered over the past 20 years on the QT interval were also reviewed. RESULTS: Nine cases were available in which drug-induced QTc interval prolongation was associated with new generation antipsychotic drug administration. Eight cases were taken from the literature, and the author added one additional report. The newer agents involved were risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone. In at least 8 cases, there was evidence of other risk factors associated with QTc interval prolongation. In one case frequently referenced in the literature, the authors misunderstood their own data showing that QTc interval prolongation did not relate to delayed ventricular repolarization. In another instance, 2 authors reported on the same patient, with important information missing from both articles. No evidence of torsades de pointes appeared in any of the 9 cases. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence is currently available in the literature implicating new generation antipsychotic drugs in the production of torsades de pointes. However, the absence of such evidence does not prove that newer antipsychotic drugs do not cause torsades de pointes. Among patients free of risk factors for QTc interval prolongation and torsades de pointes, current literature does not dictate any specific consultative or laboratory intervention before administering new generation antipsychotic drugs. When risk factors are present, evaluation and intervention specific to those risk factors should dictate the clinician's course of action. More specific guidelines for monitoring the QT interval and risk of torsades de pointes await improved methods of measuring the QTc interval relevant to each patient.


Religious broadcasting has been an integral part of American culture since the very beginning of radio. Over the decades, religious broadcasters have periodically generated considerable controversy as they have used the airwaves to transmit unorthodox spiritual and political messages. The decade of the 1980s has been the most tumultuous and political thus far in the history of religious broadcasting. Televangelists forged a coalition that provided critical electoral support for Ronald Reagan and George Bush while also playing a significant role in defining the social agenda of the decade. Toward the end of the decade, however, religious broadcasting appeared to self-destruct in the wake of financial and sexual scandals that rocked several major ministries. Still, religious broadcasting not only persists, but some ministries thrive and some televangelists continue to influence the American political scene. This article examines the rise and fall of televangelism and explores the prospects for the continuing influence of broadcasters in American religion and politics.


In the wake of the Baby P case, the issue of child protection has come under increased scrutiny and this book will be of interest to a variety of professionals who work with children. Chris Beckett is senior lecturer in the Faculty of Health and Social Care at Anglia Ruskin University, England. He entered academia in 1999 after a period as a manager of a children and families social work team in Cambridge where he was responsible for setting up one of the first specialist children and families' social work teams in the United Kingdom. The author and co-author of several textbooks and scholarly articles on social work, he also has an interesting creative side-line as a critically acclaimed science fiction writer. In this significantly revised second edition of his best-selling textbook on child protection (first published in 2003), he provides students and practitioners with an introduction to the complex issues involved in child-protection work. The book focuses mainly on the "acute" end of the spectrum of services to children, to discuss the protection of children and young people who have already been subject to serious maltreatment or who are in imminent risk. It consists of 14 chapters that are coherently structured into four main sections and followed up with a comprehensive reference list and index.Part One outlines the historical development of the UK child-protection system, including an acknowledgment of the cross-cultural and interdisciplinary issues that may arise. There is an emphasis on the specific legal and procedural framework that operates within England and Wales, yet readers from other jurisdictions will still find much that is relevant.Part Two examines the issue of child maltreatment and its consequences, and includes chapters on definitions of the various forms of child abuse and neglect, the special vulnerabilities of disabled children and a discussion of both physical and psychological harm. The controversial issue of ritual abuse is also given a brief mention. Part Three goes on to consider the question of when and why abuse and neglect occurs, appropriate responses and associated external factors. It also includes chapters discussing the issues of parental mental illness and substance abuse, parents with learning difficulties, domestic violence and the effects of poverty and social exclusion. In Part Four, the problems and dilemmas facing the child-protection system are discussed, including the real-world restraints that can limit professionals' ability to detect and respond effectively to every incidence of child abuse. The author courageously questions some of the assumptions inherent within the current child-protection system and argues that an acknowledgement of its actual limitations may be a pre-requisite for the development of what he refers to as "an environment that is conducive to strong, imaginative, constructive child protection work" (p. 212).Each chapter includes reflective exercises based on actual case histories to encourage the reader to relate the text to the real-life situations that might be encountered in their own professional practice, and concludes with a useful bullet-point summary of the main learning points. The book is written with an engaging and accessible style throughout and would certainly provide a thought-provoking reference point for anyone involved in the challenging field of child protection. A recommended read.


Capacitive deionization technique (CDI) represents an interesting alternative to compete with reverse osmosis by reducing energy consumption. It is based on creating an electric field between two electrodes to retain the salt ions on the electrode surface by electrostatic attraction; thus the CDI cell operates as a supercapacitor storing energy during the desalination process. Most of the CDI research is oriented to improving the electrode materials in order to increase the effective surface and ionic retention. However, if the CDI overall efficiency is to be improved, it is necessary to optimize the CDI cell geometry and the charge/discharge current used during the deionization process. A DC/DC converter is required to transfer the stored energy from one cell to another with the maximum possible efficiency during energy recovery, thus allowing the desalination process to continue. A detailed description of energy losses and the DC/DC converter used to recover part of the energy involved in the CDI process will provide the hints to optimize the efficiency of the CDI technique for water desalination. The proposed chapter presents an electric model to characterize the power losses in CDI cells and the power converter required for the energy recovery process.


In our paper, we discuss pension expenditure as one of the main indicators of pension system sustainability. However, given the large demographic diversity between the European countries, public spending on pensions is hard to compare. We proposed two alternative indicators visualising the level of pension expenditure. The first is the quotient of pension expenditure and GDP and old-age dependency ratio. The second replaces the old-age dependency ratio with the proportion of population aged 65 and over. Such standardisation of the commonly used pension expenditure to GDP indicator makes it possible to provide for the demographic effect and this way it facilitates a comparison of pension expenditures between countries with very different population structures.


Photograph of Sarah T. Hughes and other United States District Court judges from Texas, with President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson in the Oval Office of the White House, Washington, D.C.

Pictured from left to right: Judge James L. Noel, Jr.; Senator Ralph W. Yarborough (Texas); President Kennedy; Judge Sarah T. Hughes; Edmund O. Noel (in front), son of Judge Noel; Vice President Johnson; Judge Adrian A. Spears; Judge Leo Brewster.

This particular photographic print was presented to Judge Sarah T. Hughes by Kennedy's successor, President Lyndon B. Johnson. An inscription at the bottom of the print, handwritten by President Johnson, reads "To Judge Sarah Hughes with affection and high regard. Lyndon B. Johnson." On the back of the photograph, "B5212-1" is handwritten in ink.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) or oxidative stress has been reported with strongly involving to pathogenesis of many diseases in human. On the other hand, ROS play a critical regulation as secondary signal to maintain intracellular redox equilibrium. Basically, the antioxidant defense systems in the body counteract with overproduced ROS. However, when the redox balance is broken under severe oxidative stress conditions, it leads to tissue injuries and numerous disorders. In this review, we briefly introduce the systems of ROS and antioxidants systems in the body and discuss the opposite roles of ROS in normal physiological conditions and diseases. For ROS-related diseases, conventional and currently developed antioxidant therapies are also described in this review.


We investigate various properties of the excitation source that is responsible for driving the acoustic p-mode oscillations of the Sun. Current prejudice places this in the superadiabatic layer of the convection zone. We consider in detail how the precise nature of the resonant mode spectrum is modified: (i) as a result of the impact of different source-multipole mixtures; and (ii) as a function of the radial extent of the source. To do this, we model the observed resonant spectra with the solutions to a simple, one-dimensional wave equation which is intended to describe the essential elements of the solar resonant acoustic cavity, Further, we also fit these models to the low-l peaks in a high-resolution power spectrum generated from data collected by the Birmingham Solar-Oscillations Network (BiSON), We also use the extensive BiSON data set to search for variations in the source characteristics over the solar cycle.


Recurrence after surgery in the multimodality therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma is a common problem. As the majority of patients experience not only local but also distant metastases, a systemic treatment strategy in addition to local control measures remains necessary. Nevertheless, none of the chemotherapy regimens have achieved clinical success. Local management modalities such as stereotaxic treatments, cryoablation and redo surgery on the other hand have promising results, but provide palliative outcomes.


Developing a bioprocess model can not only reduce cost and time in process
development, but now also assist the routine manufacturing and guarantee the
quality of the final products through Quality by Design (QbD) and Process
Analytical Technology (PAT). However, these activities require a model based
process design to efficiently direct, identify and execute optimal experiments for the
best bioprocess understanding and optimisation. Thus an integrated model based
process design methodology is desirable to significantly accelerate bioprocess
development. This will help meet current urgent clinical demands and also lower the
cost and time required. This thesis examines the feasibility of a model based process
design for bioprocess optimisation. A new process design approach has been
proposed to achieve such optimal design solutions quickly, and provide an accurate
process model to speed up process understanding.
The model based process design approach includes bioprocess modelling, model
based experimental design and high throughput microwell experimentation. The
bioprocess design is based on experimental data and a computational framework
with optimisation algorithm. Innovative model based experimental design is a core
part in this approach. Directed by the design objectives, the method uses D-optimal
design to identify the most information rich experiments. It also employs Random
design and Simplex to identify extra experiments to increase the accuracy, and will
iteratively improve the process design solutions.
The modelling and implementation method by high throughput experimentation was
first achieved and applied to an antibody fragment (Fab') precipitation case study. A
new precipitation model based on phase equilibrium has been developed using the
data from microwell experimentation, which was further validated by statistical tests
to provide high confidence. The precipitation model based on good data accurately describes not only the Fab' solubility but also the solubility of impurities treated as a
pseudo-single protein, whilst changing two critical process conditions: salt
concentration and pH. The comparison study has shown the model was superior to
other published models. The new precipitation model and the Fab' microwell data
provided the basis to test the efficiency and robustness of the algorithms in model
based process design approach. The optimal design solution with the maximum
objective value was found by only 5 iterations (24 designed experimental points).
Two parameterised models were obtained in the end of the optimisation, which gave
a quantitative understanding of the processes involved. The benefit of this approach
was well demonstrated by comparing it with the traditional design of experiments
(DoE).
The whole model based process design methodology was then applied to the second
case study: a monoclonal antibody (mAb) precipitation process. The precipitation
model was modified according to experimental results following modelling
procedures. The optimal precipitation conditions were successfully found through
only 4 iterations, which led to an alternative process design to protein A
chromatography in the general mAb purification platform. The optimal precipitation
conditions were then investigated at lab scale by incorporating a depth filtration
process. The final precipitation based separation process achieved 93.6% (w/w) mAb
yield and 98.2 % (w/w) purity, which was comparable to protein A chromatography.
Polishing steps after precipitation were investigated in microwell chromatographic
experimentation to rapidly select the following chromatography steps and facilitate
the whole mAb purification process design. The data generated were also used to
evaluate the process cost through process simulations. Both precipitation based and
protein A chromatography based processes were analysed by the process model in
the commercial software BioSolve under several relevant titre and scale assumptions.
The results showed the designed precipitation based processes was superior in terms
of process time and cost when facing future process challenges.


Answering longstanding questions about the relationship between immigrant identity, collective action, and societal incorporation requires a dynamic theory that integrates these micro, meso, and macro levels of analysis. I propose a Du Boisian framework of immigrant incorporation that centers immigrants' subjectivities, accounting for variation in immigrants' perceptions of their relational social positions and subsequent strategies for shifting these positions. In this conceptualization of collective identity and collective action, macro-contexts enable and constrain collective identities through the process of ethnoracial formation, but immigrants negotiate competing perceptions of these identities and the political context, shaping divergent strategies to negotiate group position. I illustrate this framework by drawing on focus groups with Muslim American immigrants, identifying three central couplings of perceived identity and collective action strategy: 1) a perception of an integrating, "model citizen" collective identity that is aspirationally white, shaping assimilationist strategies for incorporation; 2) a perception of temporarily stigmatized identity with corresponding "identity-improvement" strategies for incorporation; and 3) a perception of racialized identity that rejects aspirational whiteness coupled with coalition-building with Black and Brown communities to target racialized systems altogether. Following Du Bois' legacy, this framework expands our understanding of the dialectic between macro-contexts and micro-dynamics in immigrant incorporation and builds upon growing research that questions whether the quest for societal inclusion is necessarily a process of integration into the dominant category.


The Ex Post Facto Clause bars any increase in punishment after the commission of a crime. But deciding what constitutes an increase in punishment can be tricky. At the front end of a criminal case, where new or amended criminal laws might lengthen prisoners' sentences if applied retroactively, courts have routinely struck down such changes under the Ex Post Facto Clause. At the back end, however, where new or amended parole laws or policies might lengthen prisoners' sentences in exactly the same way if applied retroactively, courts have used a different standard and upheld the changes under the Ex Post Facto Clause. Because the harm is identical and lies at the core of what the Ex Post Facto Clause is supposed to protect against, we think the asymmetry is mistaken.
Parole is an integral part of punishment: it determines how much time people will serve on their sentences. Until the 21st century, black-letter law forbade even modest parole changes that were adverse to prisoners. If a change in the parole regime might lead to longer sentences, then courts insisted that the change be applied prospectively only. Over the last two decades, relying on language in two US Supreme Court parole cases decided in 1995 and 2000, the lower courts have shifted parole–ex post facto doctrine by 180 degrees. Prisoners can no longer prevail even when the change in the state parole regime is almost certain to lead to significantly longer sentences.
In the context of parole, the courts have repudiated past doctrine and strayed far from the purposes of the Ex Post Facto Clause. In this article, we review the history, show how the current case law is misguided and illogical, and put forward a new framework that would restore the Ex Post Facto Clause to its rightful place.


Industrial productivity levels of formerly socialist economies in Central East Europe (including East Germany) are considerably lower than in the more mature Western economies. This research aims at assessing the reasons for lower productivities at the firm level: what are the firm-specific determinants of productivity gaps. To assess this, we have conducted an extensive field study and focussed on a selection of two important manufacturing industries, namely machinery manufacturers and furniture manufacturers, and on the construction industry. Using the data generated in field work, we test a set of determinant-candidates which were derived from theory and prior research in that topic. Our analysis uses the simplest version of the matched-pair approach, in which first hypothesis about relevant productivity level-determinants are tested. In a second step, positively tested hypothesis are further assessed in terms of whether they also constitute firmspecific determinants of the apparent gaps between the firms in our Eastern and such in our Western panels. Our results suggest that the quality of human capital plays an important role in all three industrial branches assessed. Amongst manufacturing firms, networking activities and the use of modern technologies for communication are important reasons for the lower levels of labour productivity in the East. The intensity of long-term strategic planning on behalf of the management turned out to be relevant only for machinery manufacturers. Product and process innovations unexpectedly exhibit an ambiguous picture, as did the extent of specialisation on a small number of products in the firms' portfolio and the intensity of competition.


This study examined the theory and behavior of an HPLC-based chromatographic competitive binding immunoassay with the simultaneous injection of sample and a labeled analyte analogue. Equations based on nonlinear chromatographic theory were derived to describe the calibration curve for this assay in a system with adsorption-limited kinetics and homogeneous binding sites. These equations related the assay response (B/Bo) to the column's binding capacity, the moles of injected analyte or labeled analogue, and the flow rate/adsorption kinetics of the system. There was good agreement between the predicted theoretical response and experimental data obtained for the binding of human serum albumin (HSA) to an immobilized anti-HSA antibody column. This theory was also successful in describing the changes that occurred in the calibration curve when the flow rate or amount of labeled analogue applied to the column was varied. A comparison was made between the results of this study and previous theoretical work that examined the behavior of a related, sequential injection competitive binding method. On the basis of the results reported in this work, several general guidelines were developed for the design and optimization of simultaneous injection methods for use in such areas as clinical testing, pharmaceutical analysis, and environmental monitoring.


This article focuses on west-east planning policy transfers in Europe – the movement of ideas, principles, priorities, and processes related to the development, implementation and evaluation of planning policy. It examines the case of Albania, where various activities to promote the transfer of policy have taken place over the last quarter century. Since the end of communism in 1990, foreign consultants have been involved in providing advice on a range of policy issues, including urban and regional planning. Drawing on a survey of consultants with direct experience of providing policy advice in Albania, the article explores the impact of west-east planning policy transfer and the key barriers it has faced.


Chloroperoxidase (CPO) is a heme-containing glycoprotein secreted by the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago . Chloroperoxidase contains one ferriprotoporphyrin IX prosthetic group per molecule and catalyzes a variety of reactions, such as halogenation, peroxidation and epoxidation. The versatile catalytic activities of CPO coupled with the increasing demands for chiral synthesis have attracted an escalating interest in understanding the mechanistic and structural properties of this enzyme. In order to better understand the mechanisms of CPO-catalyzed enantioselective reactions and to fine-tune the catalytic properties of chloroperoxidase, asparagine 74 (N74) located in the narrow substrate access channel of CPO was replaced by a bulky, nonpolar valine and a polar glutamine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO N74 mutants displayed significantly enhanced activity toward nonpolar substrates compared to wild-type CPO as a result of changes in space and polarity of the heme distal environment. More interestingly, N74 mutants showed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity but significantly enhanced epoxidation activity as a consequence of improved kinetic perfection introduced by the mutation as reflected by the favorable changes in k cat and k cat / K M of these reactions. It is also noted that the N74V mutant is capable of decomposing cyanide, the most notorious poison for many hemoproteins, as judged by the unique binding behavior of N74V with potassium cyanide. Histidine 105 (H105) was replaced by a nonpolar amino acid alanine using site-directed mutagenesis. The CPO H105 mutant (H105A) displayed dramatically decreased chlorination and catalase activity possibly because of the decreased polarity in the heme distal environment and loss of the hydrogen bonds between histidine 105 and glutamic acid 183. However, significantly increased enantioselectivity was observed for the epoxidation of bulky styrene derivatives. Furthermore, my study provides strong evidence for the proposed histidine/cysteine ligand switch in chloroperoxidase, providing experimental support for the structure of the 420-nm absorption maximum for a number of carbon monoxide complexes of heme-thiolate proteins. For the NMR study, [dCPO(heme)] was produced using 90% deuterated growth medium with excess heme precursors and [dCPO(Phe)] was grown in the same highly deuterated medium that had been supplemented with excess natural phenylalanine. To make complete heme proton assignments, NMR spectroscopy has been performed for high-resolution structural characterization of [dCPO(heme)] and [dCPO(Phe)] to achieve unambiguous and complete heme proton assignments, which also allows important amino acids close to the heme active center to be determined.


Background The majority of research documenting the public health impacts of natural disasters focuses on the well-being of adults and their living children. Negative effects may also occur in the unborn, exposed to disaster stressors when critical organ systems are developing and when the consequences of exposure are large. Methods We exploit spatial and temporal variation in hurricane behaviour as a quasi-experimental design to assess whether fetal death is dose-responsive in the extent of hurricane damage. Data on births and fetal deaths are merged with Parish-level housing wreckage data. Fetal outcomes are regressed on housing wreckage adjusting for the maternal, fetal, placental and other risk factors. The average causal effect of maternal exposure to hurricane destruction is captured by difference-in-differences analyses. Results The adjusted odds of fetal death are 1.40 (1.07–1.83) and 2.37 (1.684–3.327) times higher in parishes suffering 10–50% and >50% wreckage to housing stock, respectively. For every 1% increase in the destruction of housing stock, we observe a 1.7% (1.1–2.4%) increase in fetal death. Of the 410 officially recorded fetal deaths in these parishes, between 117 and 205 may be attributable to hurricane destruction and postdisaster disorder. The estimated fetal death toll is 17.4–30.6% of the human death toll. Conclusions The destruction caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita imposed significant measurable losses in terms of fetal death. Postdisaster migratory dynamics suggest that the reported effects of maternal exposure to hurricane destruction on fetal death may be conservative.


Background: This article explores whether engagement with listening occupations varies depending on the occupational role or the level of sensory stimulation presented to participants with neuropalliative conditions. Method: The study used a multiple case quasi-experimental study involving marginal-participant time-sampled observations of engagement of individuals with neuropalliative conditions, with casual leisure occupations using the Individual Child Engagement Record. Data was collected using the Individual Child Engagement Record with 14 participants (who had Barthel scores averaging 7/100). The participants represented a particular sub-group of individuals with profound levels of neurological disability. Results: The time-sampled observations of engagement showed a significant difference between the scores for the control condition, engagement in a potentially active role at a music-making group, and engagement in a passive audience role when listening to an audio recording. Therefore, passively listening to an audio recording appears to be less engaging than the potentially active role offered by the music-making group for participants with neuropalliative conditions. Conclusion: The small sample size and the use of a single observer without video recording backup compromised the reliability of the data while complying with the facility's POVA policy. Switching on an auditory recording or broadcast, while easy to arrange, may not be sufficiently engaging to prevent boredom and occupational deprivation. Consideration of an individual's sensory, support, and role preference should be undertaken when designing leisure occupations for individuals with neuropalliative conditions rather than simply switching on an audio recording or broadcast.


SI 508 has been taught in various forms from 2006 to 2008 to master's students at the University of Michigan School of Information. The course covers topics in network analysis, from social networks to applications in information networks such as the Internet. I will introduce basic concepts in network theory, discuss metrics and models, use software analysis tools to experiment with a wide variety of real-world network data, and study applications to areas such as information retrieval. -- As a network scientist I think networks are fun to talk about, but they are even more fun to play with. Therefore, labs are an integral part of this course. In addition to providing background material, the labs and the demos offer ample opportunity for learners to get hands-on with interactive demonstrations, real-world data sets, and a dizzying array of tools (Pajek, Guess, NetLogo, and others). Experimenting in the labs will enable learners to get much more out of this course than simply reading the lectures and other materials. The labs are also designed to bring you up to speed with the skills you need to do the assignments. -- Another important part of the course is the final group project, in which students take the concepts they learned and apply them to networks that they select. Although I can offer little guidance on anyone's individual project through this open format, I hope that the assignments will expose people to different techniques one can apply and various questions to explore. This showcase of student projects from past years should provide some inspiration. Enjoy, and tell Open.Michigan what you think about the course by going to the course feedback
 link on the left.


The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between sarcoma tumor grade and the quantitative tumor metabolism value for [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) determined by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Seventy patients with bone or soft-tissue sarcomas underwent PET scanning with quantitative determination of tumor FDG metabolic rate (MRFDG) before treatment. MRFDG (micromol/g/min) for each tumor was compared with National Cancer Institute tumor grade, S-phase percentage, and percentage of aneuploidy of the tumor population. The pretreatment quantitative determination of tumor MRFDG by PET correlates strongly with tumor grade but not with the other selected histopathological tumor correlates. In addition, overlap of MRFDG PET values with tumor grade suggests that PET, an objective tumor measurement, may provide an alternative means of assessing tumor biological potential or may have the potential to overcome some of the limitations of traditional pathological evaluation. FDG PET can uniquely provide a metabolic profile of a diverse group of sarcomas noninvasively and provide clinically relevant tumor biological information.


[1] A large flood of the Eel River, northern California, created a thick sediment deposit between water depths of 50 and 70 m in January 1997. The freshwater plume, however, confined sediment delivery to water depths shallower than 30 m. Mechanisms proposed to explain the apparent cross-shelf transport include dispersal by oceanographic currents, resuspension by energetic waves, and gravitationally forced transport of a thin layer of fluidized mud. Field observations indicate that these processes were all active but cannot determine their relative significance or whether these mechanisms alone explain the location, size, and timing of deposition. Approximately 30% of the sediment delivered by the Eel River is accounted for in the midshelf mud bed and inner shelf, but the fate of the remaining 70% is uncertain. A three-dimensional, hydrodynamic model was used to examine potential mechanisms of sediment transport on the Eel River shelf. The model includes suspended sediment transport and was modified to account for a thin, near-bed layer of fluidized mud. It was used to simulate flood dispersal on the Eel River shelf, to compare the relative importance of transport within the near-bed fluid mud layer to suspended sediment transport, and to evaluate sediment budgets for floods. Settling properties of fine-grained sediment, both within the flood plume and the fluid mud layer, critically impact depositional patterns. To a lesser degree, wind-driven ocean currents influence the volume of sediment that escapes the shelf, and wave magnitude affects the cross-shelf location of flood deposits. Though dilute suspension accounts for a large fraction of total flux, cross-shelf transport by gravitational forcing appears necessary to produce a midshelf mud deposit similar in volume, location, and timing to those seen offshore of the Eel River.


The evolution of the game industry and changes in the advertising landscape in recent years have led to a keen interest of marketers in using digital games for advertising purposes. Digital games specifically designed for a brand with the aim of conveying an advertising message, are known as advergames. The increasing interest in the use of digital games as a marketing strategy is undoubtedly related to the development of new technologies and the proliferation of broadband and mobile devices and the closely popularization of digital games. However, despite the increasing interest in this marketing strategy, marketers and marketing companies still need more knowledge about the potential of digital games as a medium to convey advertising messages. This thesis aims at broadening the understanding of how advertising messages can be embedded within digital games. In this thesis an interdisciplinary framework is used in order to outline a theoretical model aiming to structure the existing knowledge to help explain how persuasive communication works within digital games. This framework consists of theories from game studies, media studies and studies on persuasion undertaken from a humanities perspective. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a broadening of the understanding of how persuasiveness can be implemented within digital games. It does so by forging new interdisciplinary links within the area of game studies where the emphasis of this study clearly lies, while also taking up new subjects that are important to this field. Furthermore, this study explores contemporary design theories and their relation to games as well as how this relationship may be used in a practical context. By giving order and intelligibility to specific aspects of persuasive games the theoretical model developed in this dissertation renders visible how persuasiveness can be structured within digital games and identifies specific aspects of persuasive games that might not be visible at first glance. This thesis builds upon game scholars Salen and Zimmerman's (2004) statements about how digital games convey meaning through semiotic principles by claiming that persuasiveness can be implemented within digital games by making use of three persuasive levels: (1) the signs embedded within the game, (2) the system that allows players to interact with the signs of the game and (3) the context in which games are played. The theoretical model of this thesis explains how all the persuasive dimensions that can be used within digital games are structured according to the three levels of persuasion. This model thus facilitates the study and implementation of persuasive strategies within digital games from a new and specific perspective.


In this paper we present a case study of a self-paced university course that was originally designed to support independent, self-paced study at distance. We developed a social media intervention, in design-based research terms, that allows these independent students to contribute archived content to enhance the course, to engage in discussions with other students and to share as little or as much personal information with each other as they wished. We describe the learning design for the intervention and present survey data of student and tutor perception of value and content analysis of the archived contributions. The results indicate that the intervention was positively received by tutors and by the majority (but not all) students and that the archive created by the students' contributions was adding value to the course. We conclude that the intervention was a modest, yet manageable example of a learning enhancement to a traditional cognitive-behavioral, course that has positive impact and potential with little negative impact on workload.


A passive phytoremediation study to investigate the environmental purification efficacy of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was carried out at Mbat-Abiati and Oberekkai Creeks of the Great Kwa River in Southeastern Nigeria. The study assessed the levels of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Co in the water column and underlying sediments (abiotic monitors) in comparison with their levels in E. crassipes (biomonitor). Generally, observed values of heavy metals in sediment and water hyacinth of the two Creeks did not vary significantly (p>0.05), and the sequence that was frequently encountered in the accumulation of the heavy metals was: SEDIMENT>PLANT ROOTS>PLANT LEAVES>WATER. Relative Accumulation Indices (RAI) revealed that the concentration of the heavy metals in the sediments are much higher than values recorded for the waters. This appear normal since sediments are reservoirs for all contaminants and dead organic matter descending from the ecosystem above. The pattern of heavy metal concentrations in the organs of E. crassipes are closely associated with that of its geological substrate (water and sediments). Although zinc displayed the highest accumulation in both root and leaves tissues, and appeared more mobile from roots to leaves than other heavy metal, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) revealed Co as the metal with the highest phytoaccumulation capability in the area, followed by Ni, Cu, Pb and Zn, in that order. Indication from the study is that water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) can effectively absorb and translocate Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and Co, even when the concentrations of the metals in the abiotic components of the environment is low.


We have observed the steep spectrum radio source B2 0924+30 using the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) telescope. Hosted by a z = 0.026 elliptical galaxy, it has a relatively large angular size of 12′ (corresponding to 360 kpc projected linear size) and a morphology reminiscent of a remnant Fanaroff-Riley type II (FRII) radio galaxy. Studying active galactic nuclei (AGN) radio remnants can give us insight into the time-scales involved into the episodic gas accretion by AGNs and their dependence on the AGN host environment. The proximity of the radio galaxy allows us to make detailed studies of its radio structure and map its spectral index and radiative age distribution. We combine LOFAR and archival images to study the spectral properties at a spatial resolution of 1′. We derive low frequency spectral index maps and use synchrotron ageing models to infer ages for different regions of the source. Thus, we are able to extend the spectral ageing studies into a hitherto unexplored frequency band, adding more robustness to our results. Our detailed spectral index mapping, while agreeing with earlier lower resolution studies, shows flattening of the spectral index towards the outer edges of the lobes. The spectral index of the lobes is $\alpha^{609}_{140} \sim -1$ and gradually steepens to $\alpha^{609}_{140} \sim -1.8$ moving towards the inner edges of the lobes. Using radiative ageing model fitting we show that the AGN activity ceased around 50 Myr ago. We note that the outer regions of the lobes are younger than the inner regions which is interpreted as a sign that those regions are remnant hotspots. We demonstrate the usefulness of maps of AGN radio remnants taken at low frequencies and suggest caution over the interpretation of spectral ages derived from integrated flux density measurements versus age mapping. The spectral index properties as well as the derived ages of B2 0924+30 are consistent with it being an FRII AGN radio remnant. LOFAR data are proving to be instrumental in extending our studies to the lowest radio frequencies and enabling analysis of the oldest source regions.


Brian Latwis CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT: A STUDY IN LEADERSHIP, THEORY, AND IMPLEMENTATION 2010/2011 Robert B. Campbell, Ed.D. Educational Leadership The purpose of this study is to review the literature, identify components of a classroom management plan, and implement the research into practice to study the effects of implementing a classroom management plan. There will be three action research cycles that drive this case study. The case study starts by studying the effects of implementing a classroom management plan with 18 teachers in Generic Township High School. Utilizing the research, key components have been identified: procedures, rules, hierarchy of negative consequences, and the importance of positive reinforcement and communication home. This study is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Qualitatively, the participants were observed and interviewed in order to gauge effectiveness from their vantage point. Quantitatively, data on teacher discipline referrals were collected by marking period and analyzed. Surveys were utilized in the data collection. If classroom management plans are necessary to provide structure and improve learning, then it is important to identify the effective components of classroom management plans and to most effectively implement them. This study's findings suggest


The effects on the reflectivity spectra of successive etching of an AlAs/AlGaAs Distributed Bragg Reflector are studied. Etching was done using base piranha solution (NH4OH + H2O2 + H2O) and characterization was done using a normal reflectivity set-up. The central reflectivity of the DBR was observed at 9100A, with full-width at half maximum of 875A. With the design wavelength of 8500A, the disparity was attributed to the error in either layer thickness or molar composition of Al in AlxGa1-xAs. The error was found improbable for Al mole fraction alone. When error caused by layer thickness was investigated, it was found that the layer thickness for AlAs was 767A with 8.3% error, and AlGaAs 676A with 10.6% error. Each successive etching reduced the peak reflectance and increased the full-width at half maximum of the reflectance spectra. A big drop in reflectivity was also observed after the 6th etching, and the peak reflectivity of the DBR were less than the expected values. These observations were attributed to the changes in the etchant and the surface morphology produced by etching.