When a patient in need of a stem cell transplant has no compatible donor within his or her closest family, and no matched unrelated donor can be found, a remaining option is to search within the patient's extended family. This situation often arises when the patient is of an ethnic minority, originating from a country that lacks a well-developed stem cell donor program, and has HLA haplotypes that are rare in his or her country of residence. Searching within the extended family may be time-consuming and expensive, and tools to calculate the probability of a match within groups of untested relatives would facilitate the search. We present a general approach to calculating the probability of a match in a given relative, or group of relatives, based on the pedigree, and on knowledge of the genotypes of some of the individuals. The method extends previous approaches by allowing the pedigrees to be consanguineous and arbitrarily complex, with deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We show how this extension has a considerable effect on results, in particular for rare haplotypes. The methods are exemplified using freeware programs to solve a case of practical importance.


NMR crystallography, the combination of solid-state NMR techniques, chemical modelling, quantum chemical calculations and other characterization techniques, allows the determination of molecular and supramolecular structures which are not amenable to standard X-ray crystallography. The method is demonstrated on a set of application examples. First the principles and practical considerations of NMR crystallography based on dipolar NMR spectroscopy are outlined in conformational studies of polymorphs of N-octyl-gluconamide and of methoxycarbonyl urea. Then structural studies of two substrate–inhibitor complexes, human manganese superoxide dismutase with azide and nickel superoxide dismutase with cyanide, are reviewed. Finally an example of ongoing developments in the related field of EPR crystallography is reported.


Over the nineteenth century, the popular and the scientific understanding of idiocy changed in conjunction with shifts in social concerns and the emergence of new discourses. An examination of representations of idiocy over the century foregrounds the manner in which the condition was given shape and meaning. The dissertation traces the history of the idea of intellectual disability in England from the start of the nineteenth century up to the initial articulation of eugenics, and argues that the idea of intellectual disability acquired new significance in the Victorian era, eventually stabilizing somewhat with the notion of the idiot as degenerate. Political, gender, economic, religious, literary and scientific discourses interact to weave a notion of what intellectual disability means and how it should be interpreted. This dissertation examines the ways that idiocy is constructed by these discourses, and to what ideological purpose, by reading critically texts involved in the construction of the notion. These texts include Wordsworth's "The Idiot Boy," Dickens' Barnaby Rudge , Scoff's Waverley, and Gaskell's "Half a Life-time Ago," among other literary works, as well as medical, scientific and sociological writings. The dissertation is organized thematically and, for the most part, chronologically to sketch out a cultural history of the idea of idiocy, with an emphasis on delineating the factors that shaped perceptions (the idiot as holy fool, as innocent, or as degenerate), as well as on the ideological significance of the notion of idiocy. Throughout the dissertation, special emphasis is placed on the relation of intellectual disability to gender notions, and the varying interpretations of the significance of intellectual disability when associated with men or women.


The project focused on an assessed team element of a level 4 module called 'Materials Technology'. Student teams researched an assigned material to demonstrate its properties, applications, environmental impacts, etc through the analysis of manufacturing processes of a chosen product. The research was traditionally presented using PowerPoint and the project progress tracked through group tutorials. However, the rationale for this project was to explore the potential of online collaboration (through the VLE, Mahara) to improve student engagement, improve understanding of material properties and applications, and improve the student experience and satisfaction with the module.

Each team collaborated and presented their research using a Mahara page. All materials research was collated and discussed through the software in addition to team meetings in the studio. Group tutorials were conducted around an interactive whiteboard so the Mahara page could receive live annotations and updates in response to tutor feedback. The online collaboration provided flexibility (time/location) in the way students contributed to the team project.

The process facilitated a collaborated outcome rather than a collection of individual contributions. A focus group gathered significantly more positive comments, than negative, in relation to student experience and satisfaction. When compared with the control project (team research presented through PowerPoint) a higher proportion of students felt that they had developed a good understanding of material properties and applications, and the overall module experience had considerably improved.

The approach demonstrated a higher level of student engagement through the flexibility of online collaboration and greater overall student satisfaction. The teaching model fostered wider participation and encouraged shared peer learning of material properties and applications. The research led to further investigation into the potential for online design studios to encourage greater peer interaction through collaboration, and sharing and enhancing ideas, skills and processes.


Legal education has a clear mission – to develop competent and committed members of the legal profession – but this goal can be an elusive one to meet. This is because legal educators often develop their most effective approaches to teaching through trial and error and instinct. A microcosm of this struggle for effective legal teaching is clinical legal education's distinct set of commitments, pedagogy and teaching methodologies. Building on the trials, errors, and instincts of clinical teachers, this article offers a more intentional approach for designing, teaching, and supervising in a clinic: "adaptive clinical teaching" (ACT). ACT is a structured method of guided analysis and reflection that applies to any clinical teaching situation, allowing a clinician to make her teaching choices based on as much knowledge and with as much intentionality as possible. One of the advantages of this method is that it provides clinicians with an approach for new issues as they arise and builds a base of knowledge so that each clinical choice is not experienced anew. This article offers clinicians – and ultimately all legal educators – a systematic framework to apply ACT to their own teaching and an example of the application of ACT to demonstrate how the method encourages replacing instinct with deliberate strategies for teaching and supervising. It is the authors' hope that clinical teachers will use the ACT model to create collections of knowledge for themselves and their colleagues, to challenge and broaden their teaching instincts, and to maximize learning for clinic students. It is the authors' belief that these insights and the collected knowledge that results will translate to legal education more broadly.


Overview The building of Australia's fleet of future submarines is likely to be the largest defence program in this country's history. It will cost tens of billions of dollars and will run for decades. So it's little wonder that it's a recurring topic of interest on the pages of ASPI's blog The Strategist. Our contributors continue to examine the topic from all angles, and this Strategic Insights collects selected pieces from the past twelve months. The authors are Kym Bergmann, Peter Briggs, Andrew Davies, Julian Kerr, Chris Mather, Hans J Ohff, Terence Roach, Benjamin Schreer, Tony Shepherd, Geoff Slocombe, Mark Thomson and Hugh White.


Price stability is considered an essential component of macroeconomic management of an economy because the higher inflation rate is harmful for various sectors of the country. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the dynamics of inflation in presence of capital account liberalization and the institutional quality variables for Pakistan. The study covers the time period of 1984 to 2015 and employs the ARDL estimation technique to estimate three different specifications based on trade liberalization and the institutional quality measures. The longrun and short-run estimates of different specifications reveal that the model which incorporates the institutional quality measures along with the capital account liberalization index can best explain the inflationary process in. Moreover, growth rate of money supply and the real effective exchange rate are proved significant contributors of inflation; whereas, capital account liberalization, trade openness, per capita GDP and the institutional quality index are helpful in reducing inflation in the country. The study suggest that along with opening of capital account, the government should also ensure stability of institutional quality measures, such as law and order, democratic accountability, transparency and the government stability to control inflation rate in the economy. Furthermore, the policy makers should take proper cautionary measures for controlling growth rate of money supply.


Today there is no agreement as to how developing countries can achieve sustained economic growth and wellbeing. Over the last 50 years many suggested policy panaceas have failed. Policy makers are now faced with growing economic challenges and confusing policy prescriptions. Against this background, the re-emerging study of institutions now offers new promise in explaining why development has so far eluded so many countries, and consequently, what can be done about it. This thesis deals with questions which to date have only received partial or cursory attention. The study asks: What really are institutions? Why do they matter? What can we learn about them that can help us deal with the current challenging development debacle? This study starts by reaffirming what institutions are. It shows that institutions are inescapable influencers of the way we relate to each other, and the effects we have on our societies' economic development. Yet so far, scholars and policy makers have not yet fully taken up the opportunity of identifying and utilising the insights that the institutional perspective offers. This study deliberately picks up the challenge. Using the experience of the Uganda coffee sector, it shows that the nature of institutions can be better understood, and their role and impact, better addressed towards pressing development questions. The study shows that by integrating old and new institutionalist perspectives and theories of institutions and institutional change, it is possible to make much more progress towards understanding, explaining and addressing the role and influence of institutions in the development of an economic sector. In so doing this study goes beyond existing works on definition, taxonomy and explanation of institutional influence. It raises new insights to be considered as we face today's contemporary development challenges. This research should therefore be of interest and value to researchers, students, policy makers and entrepreneurs concerned with economic development and the factors that shape and influence it in practice.


This paper reports the results of an analytical, numerical and experimental investigation dealing with I-section steel members acted by a combination of major-axis bending and axial ("beams subjected to tension"), which is relatively rare in practice and, therefore, has received little attention in the past. In particular, there are no guidelines for the design against buckling ultimate limit states of such members (only their cross-section resistance is checked). This means that the axial tension favorable effect on lateral-torsional buckling/failure is neglected, leading to over-conservative designs − indeed, a beam subjected to axial tension is currently designed against lateral-torsional failure as a "pure beam". In order acquire scientific knowledge and provide design guidance on this topic, the lateral-torsional stability, failure and design of hot-rolled steel I-beams with fork-type end supports and acted by simple transverse loadings (mostly applied end moments) and various axial tension values are addressed in this work. After developing and validating an analytical expression to calculate critical buckling moments of beams under uniform bending and axial tension, beam finite element buckling results are presented for the non-uniform bending cases. Then, two full-scale tests involving a narrow and a wide flange beam under eccentric tension are described and their results are used to develop finite element models, subsequently employed to perform a parametric study aimed at gathering a fairly extensive ultimate strength/moment data bank. Finally, this data bank is used to assess the merits of a design approach proposed here for beams subjected to tension and collapsing in lateral-torsional modes − this design approach, which consists of slightly modifying the current procedure prescribed in Eurocode 3 to design beams against lateral-torsional failures, is shown to provide ultimate moment estimates that correlate very well with the values obtained from the numerical simulations.


Behind our democracy lurks a powerful but unaccountable network of people who wield massive power and reap huge profits in the process. In exposing this shadowy and complex system that dominates our lives, Owen Jones sets out on a journey into the heart of our Establishment, from the lobbies of Westminster to the newsrooms, boardrooms and trading rooms of Fleet Street and the City. Exposing the revolving doors that link these worlds, and the vested interests that bind them together, Jones shows how, in claiming to work on our behalf, the people at the top are doing precisely the opposite. In fact, they represent the biggest threat to our democracy today - and it is time they were challenged. "Fantastic, timely, eye-opening." (Armando Iannucci, New Statesman, Books of the Year). "Captures a collective sense of anger and awakening." (Matt Haig, Observer, Books of the Year). "A book of revelations...The Establishment have stitched it up - stitched you up - and they know it." (Danny Dorling, Times Higher Education Supplement). "A dissection of the profoundly and sickeningly corrupt state that is present-day Britain. He is a fine writer, and this is a truly necessary book." (Philip Pullman). "Owen Jones is a phenomenon of our times." (David Kynaston, The Times Literary Supplement). "You will be enlightened and angry." (Irvine Welsh).


This article explores the link between justice and the political in organizational life. In contrast to the traditional organizational justice literature, the authors assume that justice experience cannot exist without political consciousness and use a narrative approach to explore this link. They draw from interviews with members of a human relations committee about organizational justice within their experience. Analyzing transcripts of these interviews, they read for narrative structures and themes. The discussion focuses on the political nature of justice in participants' stories as revealed in three themes: paradoxical implementation, cultural context, and personal intervention. The authors critique theories of organizational justice as being incomplete without consideration of political concerns and dynamics.


Several families of continual learning techniques have been proposed to alleviate catastrophic interference in deep neural network training on non-stationary data. However, a comprehensive comparison and analysis of limitations remains largely open due to the inaccessibility to suitable datasets. Empirical examination not only varies immensely between individual works, it further currently relies on contrived composition of benchmarks through subdivision and concatenation of various prevalent static vision datasets. In this work, our goal is to bridge this gap by introducing a computer graphics simulation framework that repeatedly renders only upcoming urban scene fragments in an endless real-time procedural world generation process. At its core lies a modular parametric generative model with adaptable generative factors. The latter can be used to flexibly compose data streams, which significantly facilitates a detailed analysis and allows for effortless investigation of various continual learning schemes.


The paper describes an approach to the parallel natural join execution on computing clusters with GPU and MIC Coprocessors. This approach is based on a decomposition of natural join relational operator using the column indices and domain-interval fragmentation. This decomposition admits parallel executing the resource-intensive relational operators without data transfers. All column index fragments are stored in main memory. To process the join of two relations, each pair of index fragments corresponding to particular domain interval is joined on a separate processor core. Described approach allows efficient parallel query processing for very large databases on modern computing cluster systems with many-core accelerators. A prototype of the DBMS coprocessor system was implemented using this technique. The results of computational experiments for GPU and Xeon Phi are presented. These results confirm the efficiency of proposed approach.


Nonselective fishing gears extract a great many small marine species, with limited documentation or assessment of their impacts. Among those species, seahorses (genus Hippocampus) are unusual because this genus has been the focus of scientific surveys and international trade regulation. Our review of published and unpublished data sources analyzed data on seahorse bycatch for five gear-type categories and 22 countries. The median catch per unit effort of seahorse bycatch across all five gear types was 0.96 seahorses per vessel−1 day−1. Nonetheless, fleet sizes were so large that annual catches were estimated at approximately 37 million seahorses across our sampled countries. Fisher interviews suggested that seahorse catches were declining (although information on changes in effort over time were not available). Furthermore, international export data did not capture the magnitude of seahorses in bycatch. Our work emphasizes the importance of evaluating bycatch, even for taxa where reported daily catch rate...


This paper reviews findings from research conducted at a university campus to develop a robust systems approach to monitor and continually optimize building energy performance. The field analysis, comprising three projects, included detailed monitoring, model-based analysis of system energy performance, and implementation of optimized control strategies for both districtand building-scale systems. One project used models of the central cooling plant and campus building loads, and weather forecasts to analyze and optimize the energy performance of a district cooling system, comprising chillers, pumps and a thermal energy storage system. Fullscale implementation of policies devised with a model predictive control approach produced energy savings of about 5%, while demonstrating that the heuristic policies implemented by the operators were close to optimal during peak cooling season and loads. Research was also conducted to evaluate whole building monitoring and control methods. A second project performed in a campus building combined sub-metered end-use data, performance benchmarks, energy simulations and thermal load estimators to create a web-based energy performance visualization tool prototype. This tool provides actionable energy usage information to aid in facility operation and to enable performance improvement. In a third project, an alternative to demand controlled ventilation enabled by direct measurements of building occupancy levels was assessed. Simulations were used to show 5-15% reduction in building HVAC system energy usage when using estimates of actual occupancy levels.


MEDIA COMPOSER 6: PROFESSIONAL EFFECTS AND COMPOSITING teaches film and video editors about the full range of effects available in Media Composer. Along with its counterpart, Media Composer 6: Professional Picture and Sound Editing, this book provides the foundation for Media Composer Professional Certification through an Avid Learning Partner. In this thorough guide, you'll go far beyond the basics and learn how to apply, design, and build your own effects; how to make full use of all of Media Composer's effects nesting techniques; how to composite various elements using different types of keys; and how to animate effects using keyframes and the motion tracker. You'll also get familiar with the Avid FX interface that comes bundled with Media Composer. Media Composer is a powerful tool, the standard editing system used by professionals in the film and television industries. Go beyond the basics and take a giant step toward your mastery of this important software with Media Composer 6: Professional Effects and Compositing. MEDIA COMPOSER 6: PROFESSIONAL EFFECTS AND COMPOSITING (course # MC205) is part of the Avid Learning Series. To find more books on Media Composer, Pro Tools, Sibelius, or any other Avid product, visit www.courseptr.com/avid.


Pile driving in water produces extremely high sound levels in both surrounding air and underwater environments. In a companion work [Reinhall and Dahl] it is shown using finite element simulation that for underwater case the primary sound signal originates from a compression wave traveling down the pile at a speed in excess of Mach 3. In this work, we present measurements pile driving impact noise made from a marine construction site in Puget Sound using a vertical line array (VLA) positioned at ranges 8–15 m from full‐scale impact pile driving. The measurements are modeled using the parabolic wave equation approach for which synthetic time series are generated (bandwidth 50–2050 Hz). The simulation is achieved by way of a phased array of point sources, representing one source traveling down the pile at supersonic speed. Pile end reflections are included and the process is repeated with both an up‐ and down‐traveling time‐delayed sources. With the field computed in this manner, excellent agreement is achi...


Participation in elite level sport is inherently linked with exposure to pain (Bartholemew et al" 1998; Heil, 1993) with those able to tolerate it whilst maintaining performance levels gaining a competitive edge over their opponents (Egan, 1987). Studies have shown that the presence of experimental pain reduces muscle performance (Farina et al" 2002; Farina et al" 2008) when pain is induced via hypertonic saline injection but this is an invasive method of pain induction whereby it is unclear if there is any interference of normal muscle functioning due to the injection of fluid into the muscle (Wing et al" 2011a). The series of studies presented within this thesis aimed to investigate whether this relationship existed when pain was induced via a non-invasive Gross Pressure Device (GPD) and subsequently the effect of severity of pain on muscle performance. The final stages of the research explored the possible location of inhibition; central or peripheral. The GPD was established to be a reliable method of pain induction at pain perception threshold level both inter-session and intra-session. A protocol for use was established in pilot testing which was followed throughout the research. Pain perception threshold level was established for all participants prior to undertaking the experimental trials as well as their maximal ramped contraction within an isometric knee extension measured on an isokinetic dynamometer which was subsequently used for normalisation. The experimental trials consisted of three explosive isometric voluntary contractions of which the peak maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was selected for analysis. Electromyographic activity (EMG) of the vastus lateralis and semitendinosus were also measured during the contraction to indicate neural activation. Immediately following each painful trial participants were asked to rate the painfulness of the condition on a visual analogue scale (VAS). Inducing pain at perception threshold level produced a mean reduction in maximal force by 9%12% when pain was induced ipsi-laterally, and 11% when induced contra-laterally. When pressure exerted by GPD was doubled and then trebled from previously established pain perception threshold, a greater reduction in maximal force was reported (18% & 21% respectively). When placebo and nocebo conditions were introduced and therefore there was a disparity between the expected pain severity and the stimulus applied, while there was a significant difference in the perception of pain severity reported via VAS (F = 27.971; p < 0 05) no significant difference in force output was found (x2(2) = .452, p>0.05). The studies presented within this thesis have demonstrated that pain induced at perception threshold level reduced muscle performance even when a non-invasive method of pain induction was used. Furthermore it was found that there is an incremental decrease in performance relative to severity of pain induced. Concomitant reduction in force and EMG suggest that inhibition is likely to be neuronal but the level of this could not be established. However, the fact that pain induced contra-laterally produced similar reductions in force as ipsi-lateral pain induction suggests inhibition is unlikely to be at peripheral level. Furthermore manipulation of the severity of pain perceived was found not to alter muscle performance Forth 8 'S Unllkely t0 be at cortical leve|; rather >t *s likely to be sub-conscious. 7 1 C° " ductfed t0 determine the mechanisms by which pain reduces muscle strateeTes ran h' h i °" dynamic' mu'ti-joint tasks in order that effective strategies can be developed for athletes to perform when experiencing pain


Weak gravitational lensing has become a powerful probe of large-scale structure and cosmological parameters. Precision weak lensing measurements require an understanding of the intrinsic alignment of galaxy ellipticities, which can in turn inform models of galaxy formation. It is hypothesized that elliptical galaxies align with the background tidal field and that this alignment mechanism dominates the correlation between ellipticities on cosmological scales (in the absence of lensing). We use recent large-scale structure measurements from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to test this picture with several statistics: (1) the correlation between ellipticity and galaxy overdensity, wg+; (2) the intrinsic alignment auto-correlation functions; (3) the correlation functions of curl-free, E, and divergence-free, B, modes, the latter of which is zero in the linear tidal alignment theory; (4) the alignment correlation function, wg(rp,θ), a recently developed statistic that generalizes the galaxy correlation function to account for the angle between the galaxy separation vector and the principle axis of ellipticity. We show that recent measurements are largely consistent with the tidal alignment model and discuss dependence on galaxy luminosity. In addition, we show that at linear order the tidal alignment model predicts that the angular dependence of wg(rp,θ) is simply wg+(rp)cos (2θ) and that this dependence is consistent with recent measurements. We also study how stochastic nonlinear contributions to galaxy ellipticity impact these statistics. We find that a significant fraction of the observed LRG ellipticity can be explained by alignment with the tidal field on scales ≳ 10 \hMpc. These considerations are relevant to galaxy formation and evolution.


OBJECTIVE
To increase breast cancer (BC) awareness, screening services, and education for local underserved women.

DESIGN
Mayo Clinic launched a twice-monthly, half-day outreach breast clinic composed of 3 women physicians, a nurse and medical interpreters.

SETTING
Community Adult Literacy Learning Center in Rochester, Minnesota.

PATIENTS
Underserved women from immigrant and minority backgrounds in Rochester.

INTERVENTIONS
The clinic offered clinical breast examinations, breast imaging, follow-up appointments, assistance in accessing government paid health coverage programs, educational classes, transportation vouchers, and follow-up surveys.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
We assessed the number of patients seen, number of mammograms, breast sonograms, number of patients diagnosed with BC, number of interpreters, quantity of transportation vouchers and results of follow-up surveys.

RESULTS
Between December 1, 2005 and July 31, 2009 there were 177 patient visits (including 46 follow-up visits) provided to 131 women on 58 days spent in the clinic. One hundred thirteen women (86.3%) had mammograms, sonograms, or both. Screening identified one woman with a diagnosis of breast cancer, 5 with symptomatic breast cysts and 3 women who underwent breast biopsy after a suspicious lesion was identified with breast imaging. One hundred and twenty women required an interpreter for the initial examination and mammogram visit. Transportation vouchers were used by 51 women. All follow-up surveys indicated overall satisfaction with the breast clinic, services and screening procedures.

CONCLUSIONS
For effective breast screening of underserved in a community setting, it is important to address racial/ethnic background, socioeconomic status, English language proficiency, and access to health care in general.


This article analyses the welfare consequences of delegating to the central bank the task of minimising deviations of forecasts of goal variables from their target values. The delegated objectives considered in this article are motivated by the observation that central banks oftentimes operate under objectives which do not necessarily represent society's preferences. The analysis is performed using an estimated model of optimising households and firms that generates tradeoffs between stabilising wage and price inflation and the output gap. We find that when the central bank's objective is defined solely in terms of price inflation, it is welfare optimal to stabilise only those fluctuations in price inflation that are forecastable at least five quarters ahead. On the other hand, when the central bank's objective involves both wage and price inflation stabilisation, the central bank should stabilise all fluctuations in these variables, not just those forecastable at some horizon.


In South Africa, the three spheres of government perform distinct functions in terms of the Constitution. By spreading the responsibilities of government across national, provincial and local structures, the Constitution ensures that government does not become too far removed from citizens. If local government is the closest level of interaction for citizens, then media at community level provide the link for that interaction. It is against this backdrop that this article views the quote widely attributed to American congressman Tip O'Neil: All politics is local. Political news has social importance for virtually everyone (Gelman 2011). On the flip side of the coin, people are what matter in terms of community media (Lauterer 1995: 9). This implies that even at grassroots level, media should have an editorial policy on political reporting if they want their editorial content to be relevant to the community they are serving. This loyalty to the needs of the community is the essence of media at grassroots level (Milne, Rau, Du Toit & Mdlongwa 2006: 3-4). This article reports on a qualitative content analysis of the existing editorial policies of community radio stations and newspapers in the Mangaung area in the Free State. Based on these findings, suggestions are made for a framework to draw up an editorial policy on political news for community media. * Willemien Marais and Margaret Linström lecture in the Department of Communication Science at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein. 3. Willemien & Margaret 11/18/11 3:42 PM Page 33


This paper present a novel approach to perform the tomography of biological specimen based on Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM). A hologram results from the interference between a reference wave and an object wave reflected from or transmitted through a sample. In the hologram, both amplitude and phase of the field transmitted through the object are registered. In DHM, the object field is recovered when the hologram is processed by a digitally computed replica of the reference wave, allowing quantitative measurement of both phase and amplitude. Phase measurements provide high accuracy optical path length measurements across the specimen along the optical axis. To proceed to a tomographic reconstruction of the refractive index of the sample based on this quantitative phase measurement, such 2-dimentionnal data must be recorded for different sample orientations covering an angle of 180° to cover all the object spatial frequencies in the reciprocal space. The representation of the data in function of the angle is known as a sinogram. The 3-dimentionnal refractive index can then be reconstructed from the sinograms by a filtered backprojection algorithm. In our system, the specimen is inserted in a glass micropipette to permit its rotation. To our knowledge, a quantitative tomography of the refractive index of a pollen cell with a resolution in the micron range is presented for the first time.


What you say is often far less important than how you say it. One of the harbingers of success is understanding how nonverbal cues such as body language, dress, and demeanor affect how you are perceived and understood. In this book Navarro, one of the leaders in nonverbal behaviours, demonstrates how to modify your subconscious statements to your greatest advantage and also read what other people are 'saying' nonverbally. These skills will increase your ability to accurately assess moods, decode behaviors, anticipate problems, avoid hidden pitfalls, influence negotiations, and understand the secret motivations of those around you.


The "Necker-Zeno model", a model for bistable perception inspired by the quantum Zeno effect, was previously used to relate three basic time scales of cognitive relevance to one another in a quantitative manner. In this paper, the model predictions are compared with experimental results obtained under discontinuous presentation of an ambiguous stimulus. In addition to earlier results for long inter-stimulus intervals, we show that the reversal dynamics according to the Necker-Zeno model is also in agreement with new results for short inter-stimulus intervals. Moreover, we refine the model in such a way that it accounts for the distribution of "dwell times" (inverse reversal rates). Finally, we indicate applications concerning the modification of cognitive time scales under conditions of psychopathological impairments and meditationinduced modes of awareness.


In this paper, we examine and compare two fundamentally different teleportation schemes: the well-known continuous-variable scheme of Vaidman, Braunstein, and Kimble (VBK) and a recently proposed hybrid scheme by Andersen and Ralph (AR). We analyze the teleportation of ensembles of arbitrary pure single-mode Gaussian states using these schemes and see how they fare against the optimal measure-and-prepare strategies—the benchmarks. In the VBK case, we allow for nonunit gain tuning and additionally consider a class of non-Gaussian resources in order to optimize performance. The results suggest that the AR scheme may likely be a more suitable candidate for beating the benchmarks in the teleportation of squeezing, capable of achieving this for moderate resources in comparison to the VBK scheme. Moreover, our quantification of resources, whereby different protocols are compared at fixed values of the entanglement entropy or the mean energy of the resource states, brings into question any advantage due to non-Gaussianity for quantum teleportation of Gaussian states.


Dopamine-1 (DA-1) receptors have been found in renal tubular membranes which stimulate both adenylate cyclase and phospholipase-C activity. In renal cortical plasma membrane preparations the DA-1 agonist SKF 82526, forskolin and NaF stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine inhibited basal and DA-1 agonist stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. Forskolin, NaF, dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine had no effect on basal or DA-1 agonist stimulated phospholipase-C activity in these membranes. These studies indicate that DA-1 agonist stimulates adenylate cyclase and phospholipase-C activities independently. Phospholipase-C activity was also increased by the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate). When DA-1 agonist and guanosine-5'-O-(3-thiophosphate) were added together there was a slight but significant increase in phospholipase-C activity. This increase was inhibited in the presence of guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate). DA-1 stimulated phospholipase-C activity was found to be insensitive to both cholera and pertussis toxins. The present studies indicate a cyclic AMP independent transduction pathway for DA-1 receptor mediated through a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein associated phospholipase-C.


This Article discusses the current split between the federal circuits over the scope of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act ("CFAA") and whether it extends to employees who steal an employer's electronic trade secrets to which they were lawfully given access as employees. After discussing the legislative history of the CFAA and various appellate decisions interpreting its scope, the Authors argue that recent court decisions interpreting the statute—exemplified by the Fourth Circuit in WEC Carolina Energy Solutions, LLC v. Miller and the Ninth Circuit in United States v. Nosal —are unduly narrow in their scope. The Authors argue that the CFAA, by its language, is broad enough to provide for civil liability when a disloyal employee misappropriates electronic trade secrets in violation of an employer's computer use policies. A contrary approach is harmful to employers and inconsistent with the statute's intent. In light of these ambiguities, clarification of the CFAA's scope—either from the Supreme Court or via legislative action—is sorely needed.


Due to titanium's excellent strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance, titanium and its alloys have great potential to reduce energy usage in vehicles through a reduction in vehicle mass. The mass of a road vehicle is directly related to its energy consumption through inertial requirements and tire rolling resistance losses. However, when considering the manufacture of titanium automotive components, the machinability is poor, thus increasing processing cost through a trade-off between extended cycle time (labor cost) or increased tool wear (tooling cost). This fact has classified titanium as a "difficult-to-machine" material and consequently, titanium has been traditionally used for application areas having a comparatively higher end product cost such as in aerospace applications, the automotive racing segment, etc., as opposed to the consumer automotive segment. Herein, the problems associated with processing titanium are discussed, and a review of cutting tool technologies is presented that contributes to improving the machinability of titanium alloys. Additionally, nonconventional machining techniques such as High Speed Machining and Ultrasonic Machining are also reviewed. Additional factors specific to machining titanium alloys are also discussed, a crucial one being its non-conformity with standard tool wear models. Subsequently, the results of a controlled milling experiment on Ti-6Al-4V are presented, to evaluate the relationship between tool preparation/process parameters and tool wear and for a comparison with traditional wear models.


Worldwide focus on energy has sharpened in the last 15 years. Political, sociological, financial and environmental factors cause concern at various global, regional and domestic levels of authority and within the public's consciousness. The built environment within the UK is a high energy user and is increasingly regulated within the UK. 'Energy Management Systems' allow organisations to understand their energy usage and develop strategies to reduce it. Published data from industry and academia contain data that can be utilised to set benchmarks and gain an indication on proven strategies to reduce energy within particular building types. However, the sports industry seems to have little or no mention in such literature. The finances, brand awareness and infrastructure within sport present an opportunity to not only drive its own energy consumption down, but help smaller clubs, and inspire the viewing public and other industries to bring about change through the implementation of procedures and investment in sustainable technology. The current measures being taken by sporting associations and individual clubs to reduce energy use and carbon emissions are investigated via direct contact and also through analysis of published and gathered data the cost of energy consumption is identified as 0.49%, relative to the financial outgoings of a typical English football club. It is concluded that the drive for sustainability is overly reliant on the individual club and what measures that are put in place are hampered by the increased requirements put upon them and lack of future planning in regards to ownership and payback. The example of USA and Canadian sports associations and franchises should be used as one to strive for with regards to engagement with environmental sustainability and wide reporting of issues and measures through Corporate and Social Responsibility.


Mexican Americans are rapidly becoming the largest minority in the United States, playing a vital role in the culture of the American Southwest and beyond. This A-to-Z guide offers comprehensive coverage of the Mexican American experience. Entries range from figures such as Corky Gonzales, Joan Baez, and Nancy Lopez to general entries on bilingual education, assimilation, border culture, and southwestern agriculture. Court cases, politics, and events such as the Delano Grape Strike all receive full coverage, while the definitions and significance of terms such as coyote and Tejano are provided in shorter entries. Taking a historical approach, this book's topics date back to the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, a radical turning point for Mexican Americans, as they lost their lands and found themselves thrust into an alien social and legal system. The entries trace Mexican Americans' experience as a small, conquered minority, their growing influence in the 20th century, and the essential roles their culture plays in the borderlands, or the American Southwest, in the 21st century.


On April 12, 1904, "Sherlock Holmes" became a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, one of the biggest makers of card games, board games, and the like in the United States. Of course, that did not mean that Parker Brothers controlled the great man's name outright. Rather, it meant the U.S. Patent Office had granted the company the right to use the name in the category of "games played with cards." According to the official report of the registration, Parkers Brothers had been using the words "Sherlock Holmes" in connection with "games played with cards" since February 15, 1904. To the best of my knowledge, that settles the incept date of the first Sherlockian game. (A few days later, Parker Brothers also completed its copyright registration of "Rules for the playing the game of Sherlock Holmes.") "Sherlock Holmes" suffered a quick fade, at least when compared to some of its contemporaries in Parker Brothers product line. ("Rook" for example, was introduced in 1906 and is still popular today, while "Ping-Pong," introduced in 1902, has become a generic term for table tennis.) Why was "Sherlock Holmes" so short-lived and then so thoroughly forgotten? Here are two possibilities to consider. First, Parker Brothers may have run into intellectual property problems, despite its trademark and copyright registrations. Second, maybe "Sherlock Holmes" turned out to be a not-very-grand game. Indeed, its defects may well have been obvious to its creators from day one, or close to it. Parker Brothers completed its copyright registration of "Rules for the playing the game of Sherlock Holmes" on April 18, 1904, and a mere five months later the company was back, copyrighting "improved" rules for the game on September 23. This despite the fact that George Parker, the chief game developer for the company, "still played every Parker game over and over again himself, with employees, family and friends to make certain that every wrinkle was ironed out, that confusion was eliminated and that "actual playing qualities" were excellent. Even though he was the very busy head of a good-sized business, he personally wrote the rules for every game the company produced, working over them evening after evening to clarify and simplify them."


Abstract Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi), the only flightless members of their 27-member genus, are listed as vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. The world population of <1,000 breeding pairs is restricted to scattered small colonies along the coastlines of Isla Fernandina and Isla Isabela, Galápagos, Ecuador. No previous study has systematically examined daily activity patterns by these birds in relation to environmental variables. We made half-hourly behavior scan counts at a colony of Flightless Cormorants at Cabo Douglas, Isla Fernandina during the daylight hours of 7 consecutive days in May 2011. We used generalized linear models and multi-model inference to examine the response of colony occupancy and behaviors to hour of day, height of tide, temperature, humidity, wind speed, barometric pressure, solar elevation, and solar flux. We show that the behavior of Flightless Cormorants during our period of study was shaped primarily by time of day, wind speed, and solar flux; unlike many marine birds, they responded little to tide.


This paper presents an applied qualitative and quantitative study and seeks to understand egocentric speech according to Vygotsky and Piaget and, through a literature review, the educational implications of Vygotsky and Piaget's ideas. Additionally, the representations of these ideas by fifteen teachers of basic education are investigated. It is important to understand egocentric speech in Vygotsky and Piaget. Despite the differences in how they conceive its nature, functions and implications, for both, egocentric speech is intrinsically linked to and facilitates our understanding of child development. Regarding the representation of teachers who criticized children who used egocentric language, when teachers established any negative consequences of such language, they attributed it to the affective and moral aspects as well as to cognition. However, their approach was more practically oriented than those found in the psychological theories addressed. Therefore, this study aids in understanding the limits and scope of teacher-training courses.


In most modern video games, character behavior is scripted; no matter how many times the player exploits a weakness, that weakness is never repaired. Yet, if game characters could learn through interacting with the player, behavior could improve as the game is played, keeping it interesting. This paper introduces the real-time Neuroevolution of Augmenting Topologies (rtNEAT) method for evolving increasingly complex artificial neural networks in real time, as a game is being played. The rtNEAT method allows agents to change and improve during the game. In fact, rtNEAT makes possible an entirely new genre of video games in which the player trains a team of agents through a series of customized exercises. To demonstrate this concept, the Neuroevolving Robotic Operatives (NERO) game was built based on rtNEAT. In NERO, the player trains a team of virtual robots for combat against other players' teams. This paper describes results from this novel application of machine learning, and demonstrates that rtNEAT makes possible video games like NERO where agents evolve and adapt in real time. In the future, rtNEAT may allow new kinds of educational and training applications through interactive and adapting games.


This article highlights recent arguments for favorable macro conditions for commodities investments, including cyclical properties, inflation hedging characteristics, and global demand and consumption matters. The author documents a variety of the limitations inherent in passive commodities investments when long-only total return indexes are used and hypothesizes that the commodities asset class has a number of distinct characteristics that make it particularly suitable for skillful active managers to find alpha opportunities. He tests the hypothesis using two equally weighted portfolios of actively managed commodity strategies. His results show that active management in commodities can indeed provide superior performance to investors.


The electronic nose is a rudimentary replica of the human olfactory system. However there has been considerable commercial interest in the use of electronic nose systems in application areas such as environmental, medical, security and food industry. In many ways the existing electronic nose systems are considerable inferior when compared to their biological counterparts, lacking in terms of discrimination capability, processing time and environmental adaptation. Here, the aim is to extract biological principles from the mammalian olfactory systems to create a new architecture in order to aid the implementation of a nose-on-a-chip system. The primary feature identified in this study was the nasal chromatography phenomena which may provide significant improvement by producing discriminatory spatio-temporal signals for electronic nose systems.

In this project, two different but complimentary groups of systems have been designed and fabricated to investigate the feasibility of generating spatio-temporal signals. The first group of systems include the fast-nose (channel 10 cm x 500 μm2), proto-nose I (channel 1.2 m x
500 μm2) and II (channel 2.4 m x 500 μm2) systems that were build using discrete components. The fast-nose system was used to characterise the discrete sensors prior to use. The proto-nose systems, in many ways, resembles gas chromatography systems. Each proto-nose system consists of two microchannels (with and without coating) and 40 polymer-composite sensors of 10 different materials placed along it. The second group of systems include the hybrid-nose and the aVLSI-nose microsensor arrays assembled with microchannel packages of various lengths (5 cm, 32 cm, 7lcm, 240 cm) to form nose-on-a-chip systems. The hybrid-nose sensor array consists of 80 microsensors built on a 10 mm x 10 mm silicon substrate while the aVLSI-nose sensor array consists of 70 microsensors built on a 10 mm x 5 mm silicon substrate using standard CMOS process with smart integrated circuitries. The microchannel packages were fabricated using the Perfactory microstereolithography system. The most advanced microchannel package contains a 2.4 m x 500 J.lm2 microchannel with an external size of only 36 mm x 27 mm x 7 mm. The nose-on-a-chip system achieved miniaturisation and eliminates the need for any external processing circuitries while achieving the same capability of producing spatio-temporal signals.

Using a custom-designed vapour test station and data acquisition electronics, these systems were evaluated with simple analytes and complex odours. The experimental results were in-line with the simulation results. On the coated proto-nose II system, a 25 s temporal delay was observed on the toluene vapour pulse compared to ethanol vapour pulse; this is significant compared to the uncoated system where no delay difference was obtained. Further testing with 8 analyte mixtures substantiated that spatio-temporal signals can be extracted from both the coated proto-nose and nose-on-a-chip (hybrid-nose sensor array with 2.4 m long microchannel) systems. This clearly demonstrates that these systems were capable of imitating certain characteristics of the biological olfactory system. Using only the temporal data, classification was performed with principal components analysis. The results reinforced that these additional temporal signals were useful to improve discrimination analysis which is not possible with any existing sensor-based electronic nose system. In addition, fast responding polymer-composite sensors were achieved exhibiting response times of less than 100 ms. Other biological characteristics relating to stereolfaction (two nostrils sniffing at different rates), sniffing rate (flow velocity) and duration (pulse width) were also investigated. The results converge with the biological observations that stereolfaction and sniffing at higher rate and duration improve discrimination. Last but not least, the characterisation of the smart circuitries on the aVLSI-nose show that it is possible to achieve better performance through the use of smart processing circuitries incorporating a novel DC-offset cancellation technique to amplify small sensor response with large baseline voltage. The results and theories presented in this study should provide useful contribution for designing a higher-performance electronic nose incorporating biological principles.


Objective: Auditory processing disorder (APD) is diagnosed on the basis of listening difficulties despite normal audiogram, although the cause is unknown. This study examined the hypothesis that the underlying cause of APD is a modality-specific deficit in auditory temporal processing and also considered how far the auditory impairments in APD differ from those in children with dyslexia. Design: Performance of children diagnosed with APD (N = 22) was compared with that of a normative group (N = 98) as well as with children with dyslexia (N = 19) on a battery of temporal auditory tasks; 2-Hz frequency modulation (FM), 40-Hz FM, and iterated rippled noise detection as well as a control task (240-Hz FM), which is thought to draw on peripheral spectral mechanisms. Visual tasks were coherent form and coherent motion detection. Results: On average, the APD group performed more poorly than the normative group on the 40-Hz FM, 240-Hz FM, and iterated rippled noise tasks. There were no significant differences between the APD and dyslexia group's performance and no evidence for a specific temporal auditory impairment. A higher proportion of children in the APD group performed poorly (<−1 SD) on the visual tasks than those in the normative group. Auditory psychophysical performance correlated positively with the performance on the SCAN-C, a standardized test of auditory processing, but not with reading ability. Conclusions: The research did not support a modality-specific impairment of temporal auditory processing as being the underlying cause of APD. In both the APD and dyslexia groups, a similar proportion displayed poor auditory performance, and this does not seem entirely accounted for by attention or performance I.Q. However, the significance of these auditory difficulties is uncertain. Serious difficulties with auditory assessment were also identified. Currently, auditory perceptual deficits may be better seen as a part of a multifactorial description of learning problems rather than as part of a diagnostic category in their own right.


This position paper introduces the idea of a 'new learning' which brings together elements of play and game-based learning approaches into education. The paper argues for a better understanding of the division between structured and unstructured play time in how one designs and delivers learning at all levels from primary to tertiary. Play and game-based approaches are not just for having a rest but according to new research have a critical component in how people learn, as they give the player a chance to reflect upon and reorganize their learning experiences. The position paper puts forward an idea of future learning and provides an example from the Quest to Learn Schools in New York and Chicago as possible models for how future learning may look. The paper concludes that new learning expects a more rigorous and pervasive focus upon the learner, rehearsal, reflection and feedback, highlighting the role of play and game-bases approaches as being central.


Media outlets in the United States are frequently accused of articulating partisan biases in political reporting. In Europe, the media and citizens are assumed to interpret reality from polarized and populist mindsets. To date, however, empirical research has not explored how such interpretations are constructed online. Important questions remain unanswered: How are online media constructing partisan biases? How do citizens respond to such news? To answer these questions, this article draws on a comparative qualitative content analysis of online political news and responses in the United States, U.K., and The Netherlands (N = 1,179). Results reveal that citizens respond to partisan news with congruent polarized interpretations. These findings provide important foundational evidence for the congruence between partisan media and polarized interpretations.


Introduction: Tuberculosis in children is mainly due to failure of tuberculosis control in adults. In India, over 100,000 children die from tuberculosis every year. The risk of developing disease after infection is determined by various factors, including age at exposure, sex, family, and socioeconomic status. There are no such studies carried out in Bareilly district till date; therefore, with this view, this study is being conducted. Aims and objectives: To know the sociodemographic profile of pediatric tuberculosis patients in Bareilly district. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 children aged 0 to 14 years registered at various tuberculosis units (TUs) in Bareilly district. The selection of TUs was done by simple random sampling. Result and conclusion: Out of total 120 cases in the study, majority of them were females (65%), followed by 35% male pediatric tuberculosis cases; 61.7% study participants belonged to 10 to 14 years of age, and 51.7% belonged to lower socioeconomic status.


TensorFlow is a machine learning system that operates at large scale and in heterogeneous environments. Tensor-Flow uses dataflow graphs to represent computation, shared state, and the operations that mutate that state. It maps the nodes of a dataflow graph across many machines in a cluster, and within a machine across multiple computational devices, including multicore CPUs, general-purpose GPUs, and custom-designed ASICs known as Tensor Processing Units (TPUs). This architecture gives flexibility to the application developer: whereas in previous "parameter server" designs the management of shared state is built into the system, TensorFlow enables developers to experiment with novel optimizations and training algorithms. TensorFlow supports a variety of applications, with a focus on training and inference on deep neural networks. Several Google services use TensorFlow in production, we have released it as an open-source project, and it has become widely used for machine learning research. In this paper, we describe the TensorFlow dataflow model and demonstrate the compelling performance that TensorFlow achieves for several real-world applications.


OpenFlow, which allows operators to control the network using software running on a network operating system within an external controller, has recently been proposed and experimentally validated as a promising intelligent control plane technique. To mitigate the potential scalability issue of an OpenFlow-based centralized control plane and to leverage the mature, well-defined, and feature-complete path computation element (PCE) communication protocol, the complex path computation function required in optical networks can be formally decoupled from the OpenFlow controller so the controller can off-load the task to one or more dedicated PCEs. In addition to the control plane intelligence, future optical networks also feature data plane intelligence such as the introduction of flexible transmitters and receivers, which can dynamically change the modulation format and transmission rate of the optical signal without hardware modifications. In this paper, for the first time, we successfully demonstrate a dynamic transparent wavelength-switched optical network employing flexible transmitters and receivers controlled by an OpenFlow-stateless PCE integrated control plane. Our designed flexible transmitter is implemented by a cas-cadeof adual-drive Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) and a dual-parallel MZM. By adjusting the electrical binary drive signals, the flexible transmitter is able toflexibly switch the symbol rate and the modulation format, including binary phase shift keying, quadrature phase shift keying, 8-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (8QAM), and 16QAM. The flexible receiver is able to automatically detect different modulation formats and symbol rates and measure the bit-error rate. All the network elements, including optical switching nodes and flexible transmitters and receivers, are extended with OpenFlow interfaces, which can be intelligently controlled by the OpenFlow-stateless PCE integrated control plane with significant protocol extensions. On an actual network testbed with real hardware, we successfully validate dynamic and seamless interworking operations between the OpenFlow controller, a stateless PCE, and all the data plane hardware. The overall feasibility and efficiency of the proposed solutions are verified, and dynamic end-to-end path provisioning and lightpath restoration in such a new network scenario are quantitatively evaluated. We also tested the scalability of the proposed control plane; the experiment results indicated that dynamic path provisioning and restoration can be achieved within hundreds of milliseconds by using the proposed approach, and the overall architecture scales well with a batch of requests.


JORDAN King's Counsel: A Memoir of War, Espionage, and Diplomacy in the Middle East, by Jack O'Connell. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2011. 266 pages. $26.95. The late Jack O'Connell was a career CIA official and international lawyer who maintained a strong interest in Jordan throughout most of his professional life. He eventually rose to serve as the CIA's Amman Chief of Station from 1963 until 1971 and later became King Husayn's personal attorney after retiring from government service. Many people who are interested in Jordan are aware of O'Connell's involvement with King Husayn, but this book adds an interesting and valuable perspective to the literature on Jordan. Avi Shlaim, the author of the brilliant and voluminous biography of King Husayn, Lion of Jordan, has noted that O'Connell had a closer relationship with the Jordanian monarch than any other American (p. xv). It might also be noted that O'Connell wrote this book late in life, and died in 2010 shortly after he completed it. At this stage of his life, he clearly allowed himself the luxury of be ing forceful, blunt, and sometimes even angry in stating his views. An important theme throughout the book is how O'Connell's CIA service in Jordan increasingly convinced him of the value of King Husayn as an ally and the importance of supporting the Jordanian monarch. He chides a number of Washington policymakers for failing to recognize King Husayn's defining integrity or his strong identification with the United States and US interests. He is also highly critical of a variety of policymakers whom he viewed as so pro-Israeli that they would not consider the value of working with friendly Arab states. He occasionally uses the word "betrayal" to describe US treatment of Jordan, particularly with regard to Jordanian efforts to regain the West Bank from Israel. He further singles out various Israeli politicians and especially Binyamin Netanyahu for fairly harsh criticism. In one of the more uneven parts of the study, he describes an incident at King Husayn's funeral where he scolds Mossad head Efraim Halevy for Israel's lack of receptivity to Jordanian peace overtures. Halevy seems like a singularly poor choice for such a dressing down, as he is widely regarded as one of Israel's most pro-Jordanian leaders, certainly in the same league as assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Yet, this book is not simply about Jordan and Israel. One of the most interesting aspects of this memoir involves King Husayn's sometimes friendly relations with Iraqi dictator Saddam Husayn. Such dealings were mostly pragmatic, but there were also some unexpected jolts in dealing with Saddam. In one instance, O'Connell relates an incident when Saddam's wife telephoned King Husayn and asked him to prevent her husband from ordering the planned execution of his son Uday. While it is well known that Saddam briefly jailed Uday for publicly murdering one of his favorite servants, O'Connell's revelation that he had made a decision to execute his son has not been so clear. O'Connell maintains that King Husayn secretly flew to Baghdad and talked Saddam out of capital punishment for his own son. In another stunning assertion, O'Connell also claims that Saddam sought to "replace the Shah as America's man in the Middle East and to form partnerships with major U.S. firms" (p. 163). This is a powerful statement that may need to be placed more firmly in context since Saddam's sincerity on this matter is difficult to take seriously. …


A novel miniature fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (F-P) refractive-index (RI) sensor machined by 157 nm laser is proposed. The sensor head consists of a micro air F-P cavity near the tip of a single-mode fiber with a micro channel on the fiber tip used as both inlet and outlet for medium under test. Thin films are coated at reflective interfaces of the F-P cavity as mirrors to ensure high optical contrast, respectively. A RI resolution of 1130.887 nm/RI unit (RIU) is achieved by experiment. Such a sensor has a number of outstanding advantages when compared with other fiber-optic RI sensors, such as very small, rigid, high resolution, excellent linearity, wide measurement range, et al.


Hearing loss has become very common today. Approximately 10% of the population suffering hearing impairment due to different reasons across the world. Among all most commonly observed sensorineural hearing loss caused due to poor cochlear hair cells function and damages to cochlear nerve. Sensorineural hearing loss is characterized by widening of auditory filter which leads to spectral masking and degrades speech perception. Different researches are incorporated to minimize this effect but from previous studies it is observed that splitting of signal into two different parts and providing them dichotically to both the ears reduced it to effectively. In this paper several technique are reviewed to improve speech perception along with binaural dichotic presentation of speech using Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) to be used in hearing aid. KeywordsBinaural Hearing Aid, Dichotic Presentation, FPGA Implementation And Sensorineural Hearing Loss.


PURPOSE
To develop and evaluate a method to automatically identify and quantify deformable image registration (DIR) errors between lung CT scans for quality assurance purposes.

METHODS
We propose a deep learning method to ag registration errors. The method involves preparation of a dataset for machine learning model training and testing, design of a 3D convolutional neural network architecture that classifies registrations into good or poor classes, and evaluation of a metric called Registration Error Index (REI) which provides a quantitative measure of registration error.

RESULTS
Our study shows that, despite having limited number of training images available (10 CT scan pairs for training and 17 CT scan pairs for testing), the method achieves 0.882 AUC-ROC on the test dataset. Furthermore, the combined standard uncertainty of the estimated REI by our model lies within ±0:11 (±11% of true REI value), with a confidence level of approximately 68%.

CONCLUSIONS
We have developed and evaluated our method using original clinical registrations without generating any synthetic/simulated data. Moreover, test data were acquired from a different environment than that of training data, so that the method was validated robustly. The results of this study showed that our algorithm performs reasonably well in challenging scenarios.


The debate concerning the status of legal doctrine revolves mainly around the question what legal academics should do. This article tries to answer the preliminary question what legal scholars are actually doing if they analyse legal doctrine. What kind of questions do they address, which theoretical framework is used? In this article it is argued that the theoretical framework commonly used by scholars who engage in doctrinal analysis is made up from the legal system itself. The legal system is not only the subject of inquiry, but its categories and concepts form at the same time the conceptual framework of legal doctrinal research. That is why methodological questions are usually addressed by engaging in reflections on the nature of the legal system itself. Those who maintain that there is a separate methodology for legal doctrinal research which is fundamentally different from the methodology of social sciences, argue that law is an autonomous system, to be differentiated from morals, politics or economics. Those who advocate a kind of legal research that makes room for other perspectives, sociological, philosophical, economical or political, clothe their argument equally in terms of considerations pertaining to the legal system itself, arguing that the legal system is open, responsive or purposive. After having investigated the rival pictures of law as open (Von Jhering) or autonomous (Hugo Grotius), the article concludes by examining the background of the contemporary uneasiness with law and legal doctrine and the current emphasis on the desirability of an empirical approach to law.


Real-time time-dependent functional theory (RT-TDDFT) directly propagates the electron density in the time domain by integrating the time-dependent Kohn–Sham equations. This is in contrast to the popular linear response TDDFT matrix formulation that computes transition frequencies from a ground state reference. RT-TDDFT is, therefore, a potentially powerful technique for modeling atto- to picosecond electron dynamics, including charge transfer pathways, the response to a specific applied field, and frequency dependent linear and nonlinear properties. However, qualitatively incorrect electron dynamics and time-dependent resonant frequencies can occur when perturbing the density away from the ground state due to the common adiabatic approximation. An overview of the RT-TDDFT method is provided here, including examples of some cases that lead to this qualitatively incorrect behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Recently, considerable attention has been focused on low-dimensional nanomaterials owing to their unique physical properties and potential applications in sensors, magnetics, electric transportation, optics, and even as building blocks for nanoscale devices. The past couple of decades have witnessed the development on new mild soft solution based strategies for fabrication of low dimensional nanostructures. In particular, hydrothermal synthesis, as a traditional method but a good choice, has provided various general routes for the rational synthesis of a variety of low dimensional nanostructured materials such as nanorods, nanowires, nanosheets, nanotubes, and their assemblies with controllable size, shape, phase, length scale, and structural complexity. This review gives an overview of recent advances in hydrothermal syntheses of low dimensional nanoarchitectures. Recent progresses undoubtedly emphasise that a rich family of inorganic nanostructures can be accessible by this facile approach and their shape, size, and structures can be controlled. However, hydrothermal synthesis for rational design of nanomaterials is still at its infancy and far beyond its maturity even though this traditional approach has been studied for many years. The further understanding of the reaction kinetics and formation mechanics in this reaction system by taking advantage of various characterisation techniques will make this route become a mature and reliable technique in future for the rational design of diverse nanomaterials with expected well-defined shapes, sizes, phases, and compositions, and even with unique structural specialty and complexity. These new nanobuilding blocks of different functionalities will find potential applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology.


Evidentialism has shown itself to be an important research program in contemporary epistemology, with evidentialists giving theories of virtually every important topic in epistemology. Nevertheless, at the heart of evidentialism is a handful of concepts, namely evidence, evidence possession, and evidential fit. If evidentialists cannot give us a plausible account of these concepts, then their research program, with all its various theories, will be in serious trouble. In this paper, I argue that evidentialists has yet to give a plausible account of evidence possession and the prospects for doing so are dim.


Riboflavin synthase catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin. Animals and humans lack this enzyme, whereas many bacteria and certain yeasts are absolutely dependent on endogenous riboflavin synthesis. Riboflavin synthase is therefore an attractive target for chemotherapy. The N-terminal domain of riboflavin synthase forms a dimer in solution and is capable of strongly binding riboflavin. It can serve as a model for the binding site of the native enzyme. Structural information obtained from this domain at high resolution will be helpful in the determination of the binding mode of riboflavin and thus for the development of antimicrobial drugs. Here, the crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the N-terminal domain of riboflavin synthase are reported. The crystals belong to the space group C222(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 50.3, b = 104.7, c = 85.3 A, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees, and diffract to 2.6 A resolution.


Purpose - The paper's purpose is to reopen a debate around the potential impact of narrow conceptualisations of inclusion, or participation, of service users in current mental health policy development and implementation.

Design/methodology/approach - The approach here is a conceptual analysis of the continuity of "'New Labour' thinking" and its connection to Putnam on social capital and citizenship, whilst also offering counter critiques drawing on Bourdieu, Rose, and Arnstein.

Findings - The findings show the potential for disempowerment and argue for alternative service user action, either contracting on "their own rules of engagement" or specifically taking up an oppositional stance to disempowering forms of involvement. The authors also draw attention to the influence of differing English and Scottish policy drivers which appear to offer potentially different forms of engagement.

Originality/value - The paper offers a fresh analysis that particularly points to the potential value of service user groups considering alternative forms of involvement, rather than those prescribed by "Third Way" or "Big Society" thinking.


Previous research hypothesizes that long working hours are related to consumerism, the ideal worker norm, high levels of human capital, and a high cost-of-job-loss. The authors test these hypotheses using panel data on working hours for an Australian sample of full-time employed workers. Analyses include a static cross-sectional model and a persistence model for long hours over time. The results suggest that long hours (50 or more hours in a usual week) are often persistent, and provide strongest support for the consumerism hypothesis, with some support for the ideal worker norm and human capital hypotheses, and no support for the cost-of-job-loss hypothesis. Other results are consistent with a backward-bending supply of long hours, and with multiple job holders and the self-employed working long hours.


A significant number of advances in fertility regulation is now under development. These advances in technology represent modest gains rather than dramatic breakthroughs; they frequently involve a bio-engineering input, include collaboration between public agencies and industry, and are closely related to the needs of developing countries. Such advances are the result of the existence of specialized programmes whose major objective is the development of new technology. As yet a similar specialized public mechanism to undertake the wide range of activities associated with product development and introduction of the new technology into family planning programmes does not exist. The three major phases of the contraceptive development process are defined (biomedical development, product development, and product introduction-market development) and four areas requiring greater attention identified. A product development laboratory that would accept responsibility for dosage form development, stability testing, quality control procedures, product and packaging modifications, and the production of supplies for biomedical research would increase the acceptability of existing methods and accelerate new developments. A contraceptive information service that would provide 'full disclosure' product related information to managers of family planning programmes is also needed. A patent and licensing administration for the public sector would assure that new contraceptives developed with public funds would be made widely available to family planning programmes at a reasonable cost. A contraceptive introduction planning unit that would consider the programme implications of new methods of fertility regulation and assist countries in planning for their introduction also needs to be established as part of the ongoing international research programmes or as a new mechanism. The availability of a specialized capacity to assume responsibility for public leadership in these four areas would contribute significantly to the development of new contraceptive methods tailored to the needs of developing countries and to the success of current international contraceptive research and development efforts.


The capability to conditionally inactivate gene function is essential for understanding themolecular basis of development. In geneandmRNA targeting approaches, protein products can perdure, complicating genetic analysis. Current methods for selective protein degradation require drug treatment or take hours for protein removal, limiting their utility in studying rapid developmental processes in vivo. Here, we repurpose an endogenous protein degradation system to rapidly remove targeted C. elegans proteins. We show that upon expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate-recognition subunit ZIF-1, proteins tagged with the ZF1 zinc-finger domain can be quickly degraded in all somatic cell types examined with temporal and spatial control. We demonstrate that genes can beengineered to becomeconditional lossof-function alleles by introducing sequences encoding the ZF1 tag into endogenous loci. Finally, we use ZF1 tagging to establish the site of cdc-42gene function duringacell invasion event. ZF1 tagging provides a powerful new tool for the analysis of dynamic developmental events.


This book offers a novel, incisive and wide- ranging account of Libya's '17 February Revolution' by tracing how critical towns, communities and political groups helped to shape its course. Each community, whether geographical (e.g. Misrata, Zintan), tribal/communal (e.g. Beni Walid) or political (e.g. the Muslim Brotherhood) took its own path into the uprisings and subsequent conflict of 2011, according to their own histories and relationship to Muammar Qadhafi's regime. The story of each group is told by the authors, based on reportage and expert analysis, from the outbreak of protests in Benghazi in February 2011 through to the transitional period following the end of fighting in October 2011. They describe the emergence of Libya's new politics through the unique stories of those who made it happen, or those who fought against it. The Libyan Revolution and its Aftermath brings together leading journalists, academics, and specialists, each with extensive field experience amidst the constituencies they depict, drawing on interviews with fighters, politicians and civil society leaders who have contributed their own account of events to this volume.


Abstract A growing body of knowledge highlights the negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the health and well‐being of many people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDDs) and their caregivers. The underlying reasons are not only due to biomedical factors but also ethical issues. They stem from longstanding and pervasive structural injustices and negative social attitudes that continue to devalue people with IDD and that underlie certain clinical decisions and frameworks for public‐health policies during this pandemic. Unless these fundamental ethical shortcomings are addressed, pandemic responses will continue to undermine the human rights and well‐being of people with IDD. This paper proposes an ethics framing for policy and practices regarding clinical care and public health based on Martha Nussbaum's approach to Capability Theory. Such a framework can reorient healthcare professionals and healthcare systems to support the capabilities of people with IDD to protect, recover, and promote health and well‐being. It could be applied during this pandemic and in planning for future pandemics. The paper presents some practical recommendations that follow from applying this framework.


The research project EUROLOB II investigates if and how national and European business interest associations (BIAs) respond with modified strategies of interest intermediation to the new competitive situation caused by enlargement (reduced "ear-time") and the new consultation regime of the Commission, which institutionalised the principle of "participatory governance" and new procedures promoting the access of European NGOs. The research will be based on the replication of an earlier survey (EUROLOB I, 1999), addressed to BIAs in Germany, Great Britain, France and the EU. For comparative reasons it will be extended to BIAs in Poland and to European level general interest associations. The quantitative analysis will be supplemented with a series of interviews.


Web applications are known normal for various associations because of their utilization of getting to data and operation without knowing time confinement and topographical limitation. Presently a day, for a superior execution web application are made or worked in multi-level engineering. By and large there is diverse level accessible like information level, web level and customer level. The web program contains in customer level while web server and web asset contain in web level design. Information base contains in information level. As of now there exist Intrusion Detection System (IDS) just for either web server or database server. There is impractical to give end to end security to whole web server and database server all the while. In current paper we actualize the component which gives insurance to database server and in addition web server in multitier application by utilizing java as a part of front end and SQL server in back end side.


BY F. V. LAWRENCE ABSTRACT. A method for calculating the fatigue crack propagation portion of the fatigue life of welds initiating fatigue failure at the toe of the weld is presented. The method can be applied to arbitrarily shaped and loaded members having external fatigue cracks of an assumed initial size. The results indicate that estimates using this procedure can provide reasonable estimates of the fatigue life of mild constructional steels. In the higher strength quenched and tempered steels, however, the initiation period which is neglected in this analysis may constitute the major portion of the fatigue life. The analytical model allows the relative influence of weld geometry on the crack propagation portion of the fatigue life to be assessed.


Observations for the $\delta$ Scuti star AN Lyn have been made between 2008 and 2016 with the 85-cm telescope at Xinglong station of National Astronomical Observatories of China, the 84-cm telescope at SPM Observatory of Mexico and the Nanshan One meter Wide field Telescope of Xinjiang Observatory of China. Data in $V$ in 50 nights and in $R$ in 34 nights are obtained in total. The bi-site observations from both Xinglong Station and SPM Observatory in 2014 are analyzed with Fourier Decomposition to detect pulsation frequencies. Two independent frequencies are resolved, including one non-radial mode. A number of stellar model tracks are constructed with the MESA code and the fit of frequencies leads to the best-fit model with the stellar mass of $M = 1.70 \pm 0.05~\mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ , the metallicity abundance of $Z = 0.020 \pm 0.001$, the age of $1.33 \pm 0.01$ billion years and the period change rate $1/P\cdot \mathrm{d}P/\mathrm{d}t =1.06 \times 10^{-9} ~\mathrm{yr^{-1}} $, locating the star at the evolutionary stage close to the terminal age main sequence (TAMS). The O-C diagram provides the period change rate of $1/P \cdot \mathrm{d}P /\mathrm{d}t =4.5(8)\times10^{-7}~\mathrm{yr^{-1}}$. However, the period change rate calculated from the models is smaller in two orders than the one derived from the O-C diagram. Together with the sinusoidal function signature, the period variations are regarded to be dominated by the light-travel time effect of the orbital motion of a three-body system with two low-luminosity components, rather than the stellar evolutionary effect.


In the architectural design, designers are focused on the early stages of the design process or conceptual design. The ultimate goal of this stage is to find a solution for an existing problem, investigate design space, or explore an idea. This stage conventionally begins with sketches and diagrams to explore ideas and solutions; the ambiguity and vagueness of conventional freehand sketching can be a source of creativity. Nowadays, with the advances in digital technology, there are attempts to integrate digital tools into the conceptual design in order to construct a digital design medium in the architectural education. Recent developments in CAAD software shows a shift in focus toward conceptual design interface; but these tools have not developed and still fail to offer an appropriate design environment for sketching; So application of digital tools in the early stages of design, has created problems and challenges especially regarding creativity. The problem is that why digital sketching could not yet replace the conventional freehand sketching. Therefore, this research focuses on the early stages of the design process and aims to investigate the current situation of digital sketching and its related discussions and challenges in architectural design education, also, study the current sketching tools in the architectural schools and tendency of instructors and their students to use digital sketching in real world. This research has a qualitative approach and a survey has conducted via an online questionnaire. Findings show that, there are attempts to study and propose interfaces and programs to enhance digital systems or new ways of working with them in order to support creativity and sketching. Also, findings indicate that the professors yet doubt over digital tools, but there is a tendency to use these tools among educators and their students if these tools can meet educational demands.


We propose a numerical method to eliminate the background noise from a line spectrum. The background noise is discriminated from signal components by applying a singular value decomposition (SVD) method to a cyclic matrix that is constructed from the spectrum data. The first column of the cyclic matrix is given by the Fourier transform of the spectrum data. Unlike conventional smoothing procedures, the new method gives no distortion to the signal waveform. The details of the method are described. Experimental results applied to FT-Raman spectrum data of carbon tetrachloride are also shown.


Did a "doctrine race" exist alongside the much-publicized arms competition between East and West? Using recent insights from organization theory, Kimberly Marten Zisk answers this question in the affirmative. Zisk challenges the standard portrayal of Soviet military officers as bureaucratic actors wedded to the status quo: she maintains that when they were confronted by a changing external security environment, they reacted by producing innovative doctrine. The author's extensive evidence is drawn from newly declassified Soviet military journals, and from her interviews with retired high-ranking Soviet General Staff officers and highly placed Soviet-Russian civilian defense experts. According to Zisk, the Cold War in Europe was powerfully influenced by the reactions of Soviet military officers and civilian defense experts to modifications in U.S. and NATO military doctrine. Zisk also asserts that, contrary to the expectations of many analysts, civilian intervention in military policy-making need not provoke pitched civil-military conflict. Under Gorbachev's leadership, for instance, great efforts were made to ensure that "defensive defense" policies reflected military officers' input and expertise. Engaging the Enemy makes an important contribution not only to the theory of military organizations and the history of Soviet military policy but also to current policy debates on East-West security issues. Kimberly Marten Zisk is Assistant Professor of Political Science and Faculty Associate of the Mershon Center at the Ohio State University.


ABSTRACT What is the input to the mental System that computes inflected forms like walked, came, dogs, and men? Recent connectionist models feed a word's phonological features into a single network, allowing it to generalize both regular and irregular phonological patterns, like stop-stopped, step-stepped and fling-flung, cling-clung. But for adults, phonological input is insufficient: verbs derived from nouns like ring the city always have regular past tense forms (ringed), even if they are phonologically identical to irregular verbs (ring the bell). Similarly, nouns based on names, like two Mickey Mouses, and compounds based on possessing rather than being their root morpheme, such as two sabertooths, take regular plurals, even when they are homophonous with irregular nouns like mice and teeth. In four experiments, testing 70 three- to ten-year-old children, we found that children are sensitive to such nonphonological information: they were more likely to produce regular inflected forms for forms like to ring ('to put a ring on') and snaggletooth (a kind of animal doll with big teeth) than for their homophonous irregular counterparts, even when these counterparts were also extended in meaning. Children's inflectional Systems thus seem to be like adults': irregular forms are tied to the lexicon but regular forms are computed by a default rule, and words are represented as morphological tree structures reflecting their derivation from basic word roots. Such structures, which determine how novel complex words are derived and interpreted, also govern whether words with irregular sound patterns will be regularized: a word can be irregular only if its structure contains an irregular root in 'head' position, allowing the lexically stored irregular information to percolate up to apply to the word as a whole. In all other cases, the inflected form is computed by a default regular rule. This proposal fits the facts better than alternatives appealing to ambiguity reduction or semantic similarity to a word's central sense. The results, together with an analysis of adult speech to children, suggest that morphological structure and a distinction between mechanisms for regular and irregular inflection may be inherent to the design of children's language Systems.


Most detection and attribution studies use climate models to determine both the expected 'fingerprint' of climate change and the uncertainty in the estimated magnitude of this fingerprint in observations, given the climate variability. This review discusses the role of models in detection and attribution, the associated uncertainties, and the robustness of results. Studies that use observations only make substantial assumptions to separate the components of observed changes due to radiative forcing from those due to internal climate variability. Results from observation‐only studies are broadly consistent with those from fingerprint studies. Fingerprint studies evaluate the extent to which patterns of response to external forcing (fingerprints) from climate model simulations explain observed climate change in observations. Fingerprints are based on climate models of various complexities, from energy balance models to full earth system models. Statistical approaches range from simple comparisons of observations with model simulations to multi‐regression methods that estimate the contribution of several forcings to observed change using a noise‐reducing metric. Multi‐model methods can address model uncertainties to some extent and we discuss how remaining uncertainties can be overcome. The increasing focus on detecting and attributing regional climate change and impacts presents both opportunities and challenges. Challenges arise because internal variability is larger on smaller scales, and regionally important forcings, such as from aerosols or land‐use change, are often uncertain. Nevertheless, if regional climate change can be linked to external forcing, the results can be used to provide constraints on regional climate projections. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 570–591 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.121


This paper is aimed at designing a robust vaccination strategy capable of eradicating an infectious disease from a population regardless of the potential uncertainty in the parameters defining the disease. For this purpose, a control theoretic approach based on a sliding-mode control law is used. Initially, the controller is designed assuming certain knowledge of an upper-bound of the uncertainty signal. Afterwards, this condition is removed while an adaptive sliding control system is designed. The closed-loop properties are proved mathematically in the nonadaptive and adaptive cases. Furthermore, the usual sign function appearing in the sliding-mode control is substituted by the saturation function in order to prevent chattering. In addition, the properties achieved by the closed-loop system under this variation are also stated and proved analytically. The closed-loop system is able to attain the control objective regardless of the parametric uncertainties of the model and the lack of a priori knowledge on the system.


The growing adoption of biometric identity systems, notably face recognition, has raised questions regarding whether performance is equitable across demographic groups. Prior work on this issue showed that performance of face recognition systems varies with demographic variables. However, biometric systems make two distinct types of matching errors, which lead to different outcomes for users depending on the technology use case. In this research, we develop a framework for classifying biometric performance differentials that separately considers the effect of false positive and false negative outcomes, and show that oft-cited evidence regarding biometric equitability has focused on primarily on false-negatives. We then correlate demographic variables with false-positive outcomes in a diverse population using a commercial face recognition algorithm, and show that false match rate (FMR) at a fixed threshold increases >400-fold for broadly homogeneous groups (individuals of the same age, same gender, and same race) relative to heterogeneous groups. This was driven by systematic shifts in the tails of the imposter distribution impelled primarily by homogeneity in race and gender. For specific demographic groups, we observed the highest false match rate for older males that self-identified as White and the lowest for older males that self-identified as Black or African American. The magnitude of FMR differentials between specific homogeneous groups (<3-fold) was modest in comparison with the FMR increase associated with broad demographic homogeneity. These results demonstrate the false positive outcomes of face recognition systems are not simply linked to single demographic factors, and that a careful consideration of interactions between multiple factors is needed when considering the equitability of these systems.


This study explains how bots interact with human users and influence conversational networks on Twitter. We analyze a high-stakes political environment, the UK general election of May 2015, asking human volunteers to tweet from purpose-made Twitter accounts—half of which had bots attached—during three events: the last Prime Minister's Question Time before Parliament was dissolved (#PMQs), the first leadership interviews of the campaign (#BattleForNumber10), and the BBC Question Time broadcast of the same evening (#BBCQT). Based on previous work, our expectation was that our intervention would make a significant difference to the evolving network, but we found that the bots we used had very little effect on the conversation network at all. There are economic, social, and temporal factors that impact how a user of bots can influence political conversations. Future research needs to account for these forms of capital when assessing the impact of bots on political discussions.