Recent advances in wireless communications and computing technology are enabling the emergence of low-cost devices that incorporate sensing, processing, and communication functionalities. A large number of these devices are deployed in the field to create a sensor network for both monitoring and control purposes. Sensor networks are currently an active research area mainly due to the potential of their applications. However, the deployment of a working large scale sensor network still requires solutions to a number of technical challenges that stem primarily from the constraints imposed by simple sensor devices: limited power, limited communication bandwidth, and small storage capacity. In view of all these particular constraints, we require a new paradigm for communication, which consists of new algorithms specifically conceived for sensor networks. This thesis concentrates on the routing problem, that is, moving data among different network locations, and on the interactions between routing and coding, that is, how sensors code the observations. We start by designing efficient and computationally simple decentralized algorithms to transmit data from one single source to one single destination. We formalize the corresponding routing problem as a problem of constructing suitably constrained random walks on random graphs and derive distributed algorithms to compute the local parameters of the random walk that induces a uniform load distribution in the network. The main feature of this routing formulation is that it is possible to route messages along all possible routes between the source and the destination node, without performing explicit route discovery/repair computations and without maintaining explicit state information about available routes at the nodes. A natural extension to the single-source/single-destination scenario is to consider multiple sources and/or multiple destinations. Depending on the structure and goal of the network, nodes exhibit different communication patterns. We analyze the problem of routing under three different communication models, namely uniform communication, central data gathering, and border data gathering. For each of these models, we derive capacity limits and propose constructive routing strategies that achieve this capacity. An important constraint of sensor networks is the limited storage capacity available at the nodes. We analyze the problem of routing in networks with small buffers. We develop new approximation models to compute the distribution on the queue size at the nodes which provide a more accurate distribution than the usual Jackson's Theorem. Using these models, we design routing algorithms that minimize buffer overflow losses. Routing in large and unreliable networks, such as sensor networks, becomes prohibitively complex in terms of both computation and communication: due to temporary node failures, the set of available routes between any two nodes changes randomly. We demonstrate that achieving robust communications and maximizing the achievable rate per node are incompatible goals: while robust communications require the use of as many paths as possible between the source and the destination, maximizing the rate per node requires using only a few of the available paths. We propose a family of routing algorithms that explores this trade-off, depending on the degree of reliability of the network. The performance of routing algorithms in sensor networks can be significantly improved by considering the interaction of the source coding mechanism with the transport mechanism. We jointly optimize both the source coding and the routing algorithm in a common scenario encountered in sensor network, namely, real-time data transmission. We demonstrate that the combination of specially designed coding techniques, such as multiple description coding, and multipath routing algorithms, performs significantly better that the usual routing and coding schemes. In summary, this thesis revisits the classic routing problem in the light of distributed schemes for networks with resource-limited nodes.


For today's high-speed boards and ICs, signal-integrity performance is as important to specify as digital functionality or clock speed. Signal-integrity problems, including delays, ringing, crosstalk, and EMI, can be identified through careful use of simulation. Once potential problems have been identified, layout can be constrained to improve performance, and termination strategies can be applied to minimize the impact of signal integrity on the overall performance of a high-speed design. By addressing signal-integrity problems early, a high-performance product can be produced with higher reliability and lower cost.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to develop methods to produce white composite pigments consisting of a silica core with a titania shell. Design/methodology/approach - Silica cores were coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2) via forced hydrolysis of a solution prepared from titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4). The morphology, surface charge and particle size of obtained composite particles were studied. Findings - Dispersions of well-dispersed composite particles, having silica cores of uniform size in the range from 300 to 500 nm with a homogeneous titania coating are obtained. The coating thickness corresponded to 150-400 per cent by weight of titania based on the core. Modification of the silica core by incorporation of 1.5 aluminosilicate sites per square nanometre of core surface proves to be favourable in achieving a homogeneous coating on the silica core. Deposition of such titania coating is also favoured by agitating the dispersion well, keeping electrolyte content low, maintaining pH at 2.0 and the temperature at 75 degrees C during the coating process. Research limitations/implications - Only TiCl4 is used as titania source. In addition, only silica cores obtained by Stober synthesis are used while commercially available silica solutions made from sodium silicate are not used. Practical implications - The process offers a method of producing a white composite pigment with a narrow particle size distribution in order to maximise light scattering as well as using a core with lower density than the shell. This kind of particle would be of interest for coating applications and white inorganic inks. Originality/value - The developed method provides a straightforward process to produce well-defined composite particles.


The problem of source localization has become increasingly important in recent years. In source localization, we are interested in estimating the location of a source using various relative position information. This research considers source localization using relative position information provided by Received Signal Strength (RSS) values under the assumption of log-normal shadowing. We investigate an important aspect of source localization, namely, that of optimally placing sensors. Two specific issues are investigated. The first is one of source monitoring. In this, one must place sensors around a localized source in an optimum fashion subject to the constraint that sensors are at least a certain distance from the source. The second is sensor placement for source localization. In this problem, we assume that the source is uniformly distributed in a circular region. The sensors must be placed in the complement of a larger concentric circle, to optimally localize the source. The monitoring problem is considered in N-dimensions. The localization problem is in 2-dimensions. The technical problem becomes one of investigating the underlying Fisher Information Matrix (FIM) for optimal monitoring and its expectation for optimal localization. The underlying problem then becomes one of placing sensors to maximize the determinant or the minimum eigenvalue of FIM (or its expectation) or minimize the trace of the inverse of the FIM (or its expectation). 2 Abstract Approved: Thesis Supervisor Title and Department


Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) have voluntarily formed transnational political groups and invariably follow the voting instructions of these groups. This is intriguing as there are few obvious incentives for doing so. Unlike national parties, for example, the political groups in the European Parliament are not punished by the electorate if they are divided on key issues, as citizens know very little about what goes on inside the European Parliament. This paper pieces together an explanation of why the European political groups exist and why they have become so powerful by looking at the determinants of group cohesion and by undertaking a spatial analysis of voting in the European Parliament. MEPs who share preferences on a range of issues on the European Union policy agenda have an incentive to establish a division-of-labour contract and to share the costs of collecting information. Once internal party policy specialization and agenda setting has been established, MEPs have incentives to follow the voting instructions of their group owing to the advantages of cohesion in a context of repeated voting.


Fructosamine is a measure of short-term glycemic control, which has been suggested as a useful complement to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. To date, a single genome-wide association study (GWAS) including 8,951 US White and 2,712 US Black individuals without a diabetes diagnosis has been published. Results in Whites and Blacks yielded different association loci, near RCN3 and CNTN5, respectively. Here we performed a GWAS on 20,734 European ancestry blood donors, and meta-analysed our results with previous data from US White participants from The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study (Nmeta=29,685). We identified a novel association near GCK (rs3757840, betameta=0.0062, MAF=0.49, pmeta=3.66x10-08) and confirmed the association near RCN3 (rs113886122, betameta=0.0134, MAF=0.17, pmeta= 5.71x10-18). Co-localization analysis with whole blood eQTL data suggested FCGRT as the effector transcript at the RCN3 locus. We further showed that fructosamine has low heritability (h2=7.7%), has no significant genetic correlation with HbA1c and other glycemic traits in individuals without a diabetes diagnosis (p>0.05), but has evidence of shared genetic etiology with some anthropometric traits (Bonferroni corrected p<0.0012). Our results broaden knowledge of the genetic architecture of fructosamine and prioritize FCGRT for downstream functional studies atthe established RCN3 locus.


The Company Siemens Industrial Turbo Machinery AB manufactures and launches in operation among other things gas turbines, steam turbines, compressors, turn-key power plants and carries out service for components for heat and power production. Siemens also performs research and development, marketing, sales and installations of turbines and completes power plants, service and refurbish.Our thesis for the engineering degree is to develop an automatic status log which will be used as a tool to control how the status of the machine is before and after technical service at gas turbines. Operational disturbances will be registered in a structured way in order to get a good possibility to follow up the reliability of the application.An automatic log function has been developed and will be activated at start, stop and shutdown of the turbine system. Log files are created automatically and get a name with the event type, the date and the time. The files contain data as timestamp, name, measured values and units of the signals which are going to be analyzed by the support engineers. They can evaluate the cause of the problem using the log files.


Abstract Grid computing is deemed as a good solution to the digital earth infrastructure. Various geographically dispersed geospatial resources can be connected and merged into a 'supercomputer' by using the grid-computing technology. On the other side, geosensor networks offer a new perspective for collecting physical data dynamically and modeling a real-time virtual world. Integrating geosensor networks and grid computing in geosensor grid can be compared to equipping the geospatial information grid with 'eyes' and 'ears.' Thus, real-time information in the physical world can be processed, correlated, and modeled to enable complex and advanced geospatial analyses on geosensor grid with capability of high-performance computation. There are several issues and challenges that need to be overcome before geosensor grid comes true. In this paper, we propose an integrated framework, comprising the geosensor network layer, the grid layer and the application layer, to address these design issues. Key technologies of the geosensor grid framework are discussed. And, a geosensor grid testbed is set up to illustrate the proposed framework and improve our geosensor grid design.


With increasing ethical and legal concerns on privacy for deep models in visual recognition, differential privacy has emerged as a mechanism to disguise membership of sensitive data in training datasets. Recent methods like Private Aggregation of Teacher Ensembles (PATE) leverage a large ensemble of teacher models trained on disjoint subsets of private data, to transfer knowledge to a student model with privacy guarantees. However, labeled vision data is often expensive and datasets, when split into many disjoint training sets, lead to significantly sub-optimal accuracy and thus hardly sustain good privacy bounds. We propose a practically data-efficient scheme based on private release of k-nearest neighbor (kNN) queries, which altogether avoids splitting the training dataset. Our approach allows the use of privacy-amplification by subsampling and iterative refinement of the kNN feature embedding. We rigorously analyze the theoretical properties of our method and demonstrate strong experimental performance on practical computer vision datasets for face attribute recognition and person reidentification. In particular, we achieve comparable or better accuracy than PATE while reducing more than 90% of the privacy loss, thereby providing the "most practical method to-date" for private deep learning in computer vision.


This volume is comprised of contributions from eminent leaders in the speech industry, and presents a comprehensive and in depth analysis of the progress of speech technology in the topical areas of mobile settings, healthcare and call centers. The material addresses the technical aspects of voice technology within the framework of societal needs, such as the use of speech recognition software to produce up-to-date electronic health records, not withstanding patients making changes to health plans and physicians. Included will be discussion of speech engineering, linguistics, human factors analysis, medical informatics, business and information technology, electronics and communications engineering, all integrated into a cohesive work.


Little is known about the pattern of psychiatric morbidity in arsonists referred for psychiatric evaluation, and how this compares with other violent offenders. Furthermore, there is uncertainty around whether there are differences in the psychiatric morbidity of female and male arsonists. We investigated all arsonists referred for an inpatient forensic psychiatric examination in Sweden over a five-year period (1997–2001). Diagnostic information was collected on 214 arsonists, of whom 155 were men and 59 women. Principal and comorbid DSM-IV psychiatric diagnoses in these arsonists were compared with those of 2395 other violent offenders who received forensic psychiatric examinations over the same period. We found the most common Axis I diagnoses for individuals convicted of arson and referred for forensic psychiatric evaluation were psychotic illnesses and substance use disorders. Compared with other violent offenders referred for forensic psychiatric examinations, arsonists were more likely to be diagnosed with a learning disability and, in the men, Asperger's syndrome. The pattern of psychiatric morbidity in these arsonists did not appear to differ between women and men. We conclude that the treatment needs of arsonists with psychiatric morbidity primarily relate to psychotic illnesses and substance use disorders. In addition, forensic psychiatric services could consider the involvement of learning disability expertise in meeting treatment needs.


To provide natural user interfaces to interactive environments, accurate and fast recognition of gestures and expressions is needed. We adopt a view-based gesture recognition strategy that runs in an un-constrained interactive environment, which uses active vision methods to determine context cuess for the view-based method. Using vision routines already implemented for an interactive environment, we determine the spatial location of salient body parts and guide an active camera to obtain foveated images of gestures or expressions. Face recognition routines used to obtain an estimate of the identity of the user, and provide an index into the best set of view templates to use. The resulting system combines low-resolution, user-independent processing with high-resolution, user-speciic models, all of which are computed in real time as part of an interactive environment.


Contrastive rhetoric (CR) has come under sharp criticism in recent years. This chapter first traces CR's emphasis on textual differences in students' writing to its historical link to formal linguistics, delineating the reach and limitations of such an approach. Then, examining the major criticisms leveled against CR, it suggests that the criticism reflects the changing theoretical winds in Western academia. CR, with its continuing focus on the demonstrable linguistic traits of writing rather than their ideological implications, is vulnerable to charges of political neutrality, if not naivete. Finally, it posits that intercultural rhetoric, by including qualitative research with expanded notions of culture, will offer both insights to teaching writing to non-native speakers of English and alternatives to the dominant discourse.


Composition and diversity of the nestling diet of Pied Flycatchers Ficedulo hypoleuca was compared among 17 European study areas that differed in habitat type (deciduous or coniferous forest). The most abundant foods were butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), with a high proportion of caterpillars. The proportions of beetles (Coleoptera) and Lepidoptera in the nest ling diet differed significantly between deciduous and coniferous forests. The contribution of caterpillars to the total number of Lepidoptera was significantly higher in deciduous than in coniferous forests, but did not show any relationship with latitude. Thus, Slagsvold's (1975b) hypothesis that in northern regions passerines breed early in respect to the seasonal development of arthropod food resources (as indicated by relative amount of caterpillars), was not supported. Diversity of nestling diet did not differ between forest types, and neither did it show any relationship with latitude. The probability of two items taken at random being different (another measure of diet diversity, and of the difficulty in obtaining food), did not show relationships with latitude of, or average clutch size in, study areas. The hypothesis, put forward by Von Haartman (1973) and Owen (1979), that geographical variation in prey diversity explains geographical variation in clutch size, was therefore rejected as well.


A study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of copper-chromium-arsenic
(CCA)-and boron-treated rubberwood composites against subterranean termite,
Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The materials tested were phenol
formaldehyde (PF)-bonded oriented strand board (OSB), melamine urea
formaldehyde (MUF)-bonded particleboard and urea formaldehyde (UF)bonded
laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Solutions of CCA (0.5-4.0%, w/w of
oven dry weight of particles) and boron compounds (boric acid equivalent (BAE) , 0.5 - 1.5% w/w) were separately sprayed onto the furnish during
boards manufacturing. The untreated LVL, some of the OSB and particleboard
were served as control for comparing purposes. Test blocks, 25 mm x 25 mm
x 12 mm were cut from each of the composites and were exposed to 1± 0.05 g
termites (10% soldiers and 90% workers) in test bottles for 28 days (ASTM D:
3345-92). Weight losses of the blocks and termite mortality were calculated.
OSB treated with 2.0% eGA had the lowest weight loss value (3.0%) compared
to those treated with other concentrations (weight loss values = 4.1-6.8%) and
those untreated (18.4%). The weight loss for 1.0% and 1.5% BAE-treated OSB
blocks were 6.9% and 3.8%, respectively. The resistance of particleboards
against termite attack increased by 77% when they were treated with 1% BAE.
The mean weight loss value for these boards was 6.13%. Among the untreated
rubberwood composites, PF-bonded OSB had the highest resistance against
termite attack. UF-bonded LVL was significantly more resistant to termite
attack than MUF-bonded particle boards. The weight loss value for the former
was 19.3% and the latter was 26.3%. At the end of the test periods, the
mortality of termites that were placed together with the treated blocks was
100%, whereas for those placed together with the untreated composites and
solid rubberwood, the mortality ranged from 0-16%.


Today's urban situation is a constantly shifting one—a nexus of material and immaterial flows, systems, and processes. While much has been made of the reprogramming of city spaces, little attention has been given to the deprogramming of them and who participates in this process. Furthermore, the transformation of the urban realm does not necessarily take account of its citizens. To address this, we need to engage with the provision of a framework to evolve "intelligent terrain" that is participatory, social, and enabling. Key to this trajectory is technology of a situated nature, to facilitate a local design commons and thereby affect change in the city. While much has been claimed regarding the emancipatory powers of digital networks, it is apparent that in order to make sense of their endless data we need to consider the manner with which we engage with it. Thus, the development of 'interactive instruments' becomes primary if we are to enable the public to get involved and develop a design commons. This points toward the durative nature of meaning making, using the urban condition as an operative situation for collaborative, participatory, and sociable design. This paper therefore examines the implications of such a framework upon design practices and modalities.


Increasingly, absolute frequency and orientation maps are needed, e.g. for forensics. We introduce a non-linear scale space via the logarithm of trace of the Structure Tensor. Therein, frequency estimation becomes an orientation estimation problem. We show that this offers significant advantages, including construction of efficient isotropic estimations of dense maps of frequency. In fingerprints, both maps are shown to improve each other in an enhancement scheme via Gabor filtering. We suggest a novel continuous ridge counting method, relying only on dense absolute frequency and orientation maps, without ridge detection, thinning, etc. Furthermore, we present new evidence that frequency maps are useful attributes of minutiae. We verify that the suggested method compares favorably with state of the art using forensic fingerprints as test bed, and test images where the ground truth is known. In evaluations, we use public data sets and published methods only.


Database transformations provide a unifying framework for database queries and updates. Recently, it was shown that non-deterministic database transformations can be captured exactly by a variant of ASMs, the so-called Database Abstract State Machines (DB-ASMs). In this article we present a logic for DB-ASMs, extending the logic of Nanchen and Stärk for ASMs. In particular, we develop a rigorous proof system for the logic for DB-ASMs, which is proven to be sound and complete. The most difficult challenge to be handled by the extension is a proper formalisation capturing non-determinism of database transformations and all its related features such as consistency, update sets or multisets associated with DB-ASM rules. As the database part of a state of database transformations is a finite structure and DB-ASMs are restricted by allowing quantifiers only over the database part of a state, we resolve this problem by taking update sets explicitly into the logic, i.e. by using an additional modal operator [X], where X is interpreted as an update set ∆ generated by a DB-ASM rule. The DB-ASM logic provides a powerful verification tool to study properties of database transformations. Acknowledgement. The research reported in this paper results from the project Behavioural Theory and Logics for Distributed Adaptive Systems supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): [P26452-N15]. It was further supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) through the COMET funding for the Software Competence Center Hagenberg.


On the basis of multifactor analysis of the most representative experimental data on the solubility, electrical resistance, and diffusivity of hydrogen in palladium specimens with high and low dislocation densities, it has been shown that the structure, composition, diameter (up to several nm), contribution to electrical resistance, thermodynamic and diffusion characteristics of hydride-like segregates at dislocations in palladium can vary in wide limits depending on the concentration and thermodynamic activity of hydrogen dissolved in the normal lattice of the metal. The formation of hydride-like segregation phases at dislocations occurs at high degrees of undersaturation of the solid solutions with respect to the hydride precipitation in the normal lattice of palladium. This means that a specific phase diagram can be considered for a 'hydrogen — near-dislocation segregation Pd nanoregions' system, in comparison with the conventional hydrogen–palladium phase diagram. The results obtained can be used for the description of the apparent concentration and distribution of hydrogen between the normal crystal lattice and defect regions in palladium specimens produced using different processing and treatment methods. In particular, the results can be used for the interpretation of hydrogen influence on the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, and also for revealing the micromechanisms and ways of the optimization of regimes of thermal-hydrogen treatment and governing hydrogen-induced transformation hardening of palladium and palladium-based alloys.


Time series of surface wind and upper ocean temperature and velocity, obtained from equatorial moorings along 110°W, are used to assess the importance of various oceanic and atmospheric processes in the variation of the mixed layer temperature for the period January 1986 to June 1988. This period coincides with the onset and development of the 1986–1987 El Nino-Southern Oscillation warm event and a subsequent cold event in 1988. Results of the temperature equation analyses indicate that seasonal and interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern Pacific cannot be accounted for by observed surface heat flux; oceanic processes play an important role in the heating of the surface water. Although no single process dominated SST change, the most important processes in the mean balance were the net incoming surface heat flux, the penetrative solar radiation, and the vertical turbulent flux out the bottom of the mixed layer. The mean vertical entrainment could not be estimated with the available data. On the seasonal time scales, both the vertical turbulent heat flux and the vertical entrainment variations were well correlated with SST change. Zonal advection was a significant contribution to the heat flux variability, but its fluctuations were poorly correlated with the mixed layer heating. In particular, it was found that zonal advective heat flux tended to be out of phase with the spring warming. At higher frequencies, little zonal advective heat was found to be associated with the passage of a Kelvin event in January 1987. Surprisingly, meridional heat advection appeared more important than the zonal heat advection in modifying the local SST as this event passed the mooring location.


The objectives of the study were to ascertain Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) among young employees in the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry and to determine its association with perceived psychosocial stress through a cross-sectional study. MetS was diagnosed using Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII 2001) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF 2005) criteria among 415 calling level BPO employees (274 males; 141 females) in National Capital Region, India. Perceived psychosocial stress was assessed using perceived stress scale focussing on four aspects - stress at work, stress at home, financial stress and major stressful life events in past one year along with additional questions on perceived state of depression. The results showed that MetS was present among 11.8% employees according to ATPIII criteria (14.6% males;6.4% females) and 18.3% according to IDF criteria (22.3% males;10.6% females); and was significantly higher in males compared to females (ATPIII:p=0.014; IDF:p=0.004). Psychosocial stress was perceived among higher proportion of female employees as compared to male employees; however, these differences were not significant. MetS among employees was significantly associated with self-perceived depression for past 12 months (ATPIII:p=0.010; IDF:p=0.029) and past 2 weeks (ATPIII:p=0.011; IDF:p=0.012). It was concluded that with nearly 1/5 th of the young employees having MetS and self-perceived depression, it becomes imperative to make feasible changes in their lifestyle by introducing stress management techniques, which can prove helpful in preventing development of non-communicable diseases in the future.


Fjords are glacially over-deepened, semi-enclosed marine basins, but are often neglected as a sedimentary realm. They represent the transition from the terrestrial to the marine environment and as such have the potential to preserve evidence of environmental change. Typically most fjords have been glaciated a number of times and some high-latitude fjords still possess a resident glacier. The stratigraphic record in fjords largely preserves a glacial–deglacial cycle of deposition. Sheltered water and high sedimentation rates potentially make fjords ideal depositional environments for preserving continuous records of climate and environmental change with high temporal resolution. Fjords are also referred to as miniature oceans providing the unique opportunity to study marine processes in great detail. With predictions of warming climates, changing ocean circulation and rising sea levels, this volume is a timely look at these environmentally sensitive coastlines.


This article will examine two of the world's emerging middle powers Brazil and South Africa, the rise and promulgation of their cooperative strategies to reform institutions such as the United Nations Security Council. The article tries to examine the instrumental nature of South African and Brazilian foreign policy within the framework of both countries' commitment to multilateralism and if this has been rising as part of a new form of shallow multilateralism or a regenerated regionalism of the South. Moreover, with regards to recent crises in Honduras and Zimbabwe, we will try to offer a critical evaluation of both countries global standing and their effort to promote democratic values in regional and sub-regional levels.


Background Increased level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a well-established risk factor of atherogenesis. Cigarette smoking leads to endothelial dysfunction, an early event of atherogenesis. Objective To investigate the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on the atherogenesis of LDL and possible differences of this effect between long-term smokers with and without CAD Methods Human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with 50 and 100 μg/ml LDL isolated from long-term smokers with or without coronary artery disease (CAD), before and after smoking cessation. Functional changes of HUVECs were evaluated by measuring oxidative markers (MDA, LOX-1), NO, eNOS and inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-9). Results PlasmaLDL levels of long-term (>10 years) smokers were significantly higher than that of non-smokers (p < 0.05). Smoking modified LDL increased endothelial LOX-1 and MDA levels, the higher level of LDL leaded to significantly higher levels of LOX-1 and MDA (p < 0.05). And 90 days'cessation partially yet significantly reversed LOX-1 levels (p < 0.05) but not MDA levels. Smoking modified LDL increased endothelial IL-1β, TNF-αand MMP-9 levels (all p < 0.05), the higher level of LDL leaded to significantly higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-9 (all p < 0.05). And 90 days' cessation partially yet significantly reversed IL-1β, TNF-α and MMP-9 levels (all p < 0.05). LDL isolated from long-term smokers with CAD before cessation resulted in higher levels of IL-1β but lower levels of TNF-αand MMP-9 (all p < 0.05) compared to LDL isolated from long-term smokers without CAD before cessation. Smoking modified LDL decreased endothelial eNOS and NO levels (all p < 0.05), the higher level of LDL leaded to significantly lower levels of eNOS and NO (all p < 0.05). And 90 days cessation significantly increased eNOS (p < 0.05) levels and trends to decrease NO levels. Conclusion Long-term cigarettes smoking had significant pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects on LDLparticles which could lead to endothelial dysfunction. The detrimental effects of smoking on LDL could be partially reversed by 90days' smoking cessation.


Humanitarian aid does not always achieve its intended outcomes but may have unintended side-effects which harm rather than help recipient communities in the long run. In the context of aid, iatrogenic violence refers to circumstances where aid intended to benefit recipients instead causes social disruption. The relations between donor and recipient contribute significantly to the outcomes of aid. This article aims to explore the recipient side of donor–recipient relationships in humanitarian aid targeting children affected by HIV/AIDS in Makete, Tanzania. Specific objectives include exploring (i) the lived experiences of the children who are targeted by the aid, (ii) the lived experiences of related caregivers and community members and (iii) the responses of local leaders, both non-governmental organisation (NGO) officers and local government leaders. Forty-one orphaned children aged 9–18 were involved in 3 one-hour-long participatory activities. From these, 12 were selected for in-depth interviews. Four caregivers of orphaned children and 15 key informants (community leaders and NGO officers) were interviewed. Findings show that the type of aid and method of distribution are determined by the donors and do not fit well with local conditions. Examples of iatrogenic violence include conflict and division between those in the community who receive aid and those who do not, increasing dependency with a corresponding reduction in self-reliance, criteria that exclude the most vulnerable children from aid and passivity and non-participation. Donor-controlled humanitarian aid is causing unintended harm in the recipient communities.


We surveyed the marine gobies of Malapascua island (Philippines), the surrounding islets and the nearby Monad shoal. We found 59 species in 19 genera, including 2 undescribed species of the genus Trimma, and 3 geographic and 6 depth range expansions. Furthermore we describe a new type of mimicry between the goby Koumasetta hectori and the cardinalfish Apogon nigrofasciatus. The comparison of the island versus shoal goby fauna showed a lesser species richness of shrimp-associated gobies at the shoal. This likely reflects the fact that hydrodynamic features of the environment play a dominant role in selecting which gobiid species, or their symbiotic shrimp, will be found in a certain location. We also observed a bias towards hovering species (of the genus Trimma) and away from shrimp-associated gobies at greater depths. These findings are in accord with the suspected shift of gobies towards planctotrophy with increasing depth. We furthermore compare this study to previous surveys of goby faunas, and plot the recorded species numbers against the survey areas. This species-area plot provides support for the notion of high speciation rates in gobies due to their low mobility.


We use moderate-resolution, moderate signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopy to derive Li abundances for six F and G stars in the young (few Myr) cluster NGC 2264. These are combined with consistently determined abundances of five NGC 2264 G and K stars having published Li data. The mean non-LTE abundance, calculated with photometric temperatures, is log N(Li) = 3.27 ± 0.05. This is essentially identical to the meteoritic value, providing no evidence of Galactic Li enrichment over the past 4.6 Gyr—at least to the extent that the meteoritic value represents a typical "cosmic" value at that time. The scatter of 0.16 dex is well within the expected uncertainties and does not indicate any unexpected differential Li depletion. Our mean Li abundance is 0.2–0.3 dex larger than that in the hotter stars of IC 2602 (30 Myr) and the Pleiades (100 Myr), which have consistently determined abundances. This might indicate prior modest differential enrichment, very recent Galactic Li enrichment that is not a global process, or the increasing effect of Li depletion at the young ages of these clusters; such depletion cannot be satisfactorily understood in terms of extant standard or rotational stellar models. Li is not overabundant in the cluster short-period binary W134, a result consistent with the predictions of tidal theory and rotational stellar models. The flatness of Li with Teff (mass) persists to 4000 K (∼0.5 M⊙), a morphology in agreement with both standard and rotational stellar models having ages ≲4 Myr. We note that some spectral type–based Teff scales lead to Li abundances in all of the five cooler cluster stars that are 0.3–0.8 dex larger than abundances in the six hotter stars. Interestingly, such behavior also is inferred for the near-initial Li-Teff (mass) morphology of IC 2602 and the Pleiades when model depletion factors are mapped onto their observed current abundances. No physical origin of such an abundance pattern, which might suggest an initial cluster Li abundance over a factor of 2 larger than meteoritic, is identified. Rather, we believe that it is caused by lingering deficiencies in the model depletion predictions and errant spectral type–based relative Teff values; comparison of independent spectral classifications and the effects of their differences on the derived Li abundances provide direct support for the latter. This underscores the need for accurate relative spectroscopic Teff values derived for a larger number of cluster stars from higher quality data. Finally, radial velocities are derived for our NGC 2264 stars. Our heliocentric estimate of 24 km s-1 is in fine agreement with recent determinations from early-type cluster stars, but shows ample scatter. Some candidate pre–main-sequence spectroscopic binaries are noted, including a multiple-lined star not included in the Li study.


Use of the subspecies as the basic unit in the conservation of endangered caribou (Rangifer tarandus) would produce a "melting pot" end-product that would mask important genotypic, phenotypic, ecological, and behavioral variations found below the level of the subspecies. Therefore, we examined options for establishing the basic conservation unit for an endangered caribou population: use of subspecies based on taxonomy, subspecies based solely on mtDNA, Evolutionarily Significant Units, and the geographic population. We reject the first three and conclude that the only feasible basic unit for biologically and ecologically sound conservation of endangered caribou in North America is the geographic population. Conservation of endangered caribou at the level of the geographic population is necessary to identify and maintain current biodiversity. As deliberations about endangered caribou conservation often involve consideration of population augmentation, we also discuss the appropriate augmentation protocol for conserving biodiversity. Management of a critically endangered caribou population by augmentation should only be initiated after adequate study and evaluation of the genotype, phenotype, ecology, and behavior for both the endangered caribou and the potential'donor' caribou to prevent the possible 'contamination' of the endangered caribou. Translocation of caribou into an endangered population will have failed, even if the restocking efforts succeed, if the donor animals functionally alter the population's gene pool or phenotype, or alter the ecological and behavioral adaptations of individuals in the endangered population. Most importantly, a seriously flawed restocking would risk irreversibly altering those functional characteristics of caribou in an endangered population that make them distinct and possibly unique. It might even result in the loss of the endangered population, thus eliminating a uniquely evolved line from among the caribou species.


We present results from simulations of seeded blob convection in the scrape-off-layer of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. We consistently incorporate high fluctuation amplitude levels and finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects using a fully nonlinear global gyrofluid model. This is in line with conditions found in tokamak scrape-off-layers (SOL) regions. Varying the ion temperature, the initial blob width, and the initial amplitude, we found an FLR dominated regime where the blob behavior is significantly different from what is predicted by cold-ion models. The transition to this regime is very well described by the ratio of the ion gyroradius to the characteristic gradient scale length of the blob. We compare the global gyrofluid model with a partly linearized local model. For low ion temperatures, we find that simulations of the global model show more coherent blobs with an increased cross-field transport compared to blobs simulated with the local model. The maximal blob amplitude is significantly higher in the global simulations than in the local ones. When the ion temperature is comparable to the electron temperature, global blob simulations show a reduced blob coherence and a decreased cross-field transport in comparison with local blob simulations.


Aim: A rich literature on forest succession provides general expectations for the steps forests go through while reassembling after disturbance, yet we still have a surprisingly poor understanding of why the outcomes of forest recovery after logging (or other disturbances) vary so extensively. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that regional species pool, system productivity, climate and landscape structure are important drivers of forest reassembly outcomes. Location: Transect 1,500 km in length along the east coast of Australia. Time period: Survey of 50- to 60-year-old rain forest regrowth and primary forest conducted in 2012 and 2013. Major taxa studied: Rain forest plants. Methods: In this study, we compare species and functional diversity patterns in pairs of remnant and regrowth ('secondary') rain forests spread across a 1,500 km climate and productivity gradient along the east coast of Australia. Our controlled natural experiment was designed to test the importance of regional species pool, system productivity, climate and landscape structure as drivers of species and functional diversity in regenerating forests. Notably, our study design allowed us to hold soil type, general forest type and disturbance history relatively constant in order to test our hypotheses effectively. Results: Counter to expectations, few tested factors were strongly related to the recovery of species or functional diversity in regenerating Australian rain forests. The extent of local forest fragmentation was the only factor strongly related to differences between regrowth forests and primary forest remnants, and then only for functional diversity. We found no evidence that species diversity is a reasonable proxy for, or potential driver of, functional diversity patterns. Main conclusions: Our findings suggest that forest functional recovery over decades is influenced more by regional landscape context than distinct assembly processes operating across climate and productivity gradients.


Intense anthropogenic activity continues to expose the natural environment to heavy metal contamination. Whilst a number of physical and chemical solutions for remediation exist, the use of higher plants and algae for clean‐up of contaminated landscapes, termed 'phytoremediation' and 'phycoremediation', respectively, offer an attractive and sustainable alternative. However, these remediation processes will always lead to a high‐moisture, heavy metal‐contaminated biomass, which must be further processed to partition, or render inert, the metal contaminants. Conversion of this metal‐rich biomass into second‐generation biofuels offers a useful route to subsidise the economics of remediation activities. Here we briefly review the various methods for bioremediation of heavy metals, and discuss the potential to produce bioenergy from these biomass sources. Coupling the bioremediation activity to bioenergy production gives far‐reaching social and economic benefits; however, established processes such as direct combustion and anaerobic digestion risk releasing heavy metals back into the environment. Alternatively, thermochemical conversions such as pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) offer significant advantages in terms of the segregation of metals into a relatively inert and compact solid phase while producing a biocrude oil for bioenergy production. In addition, preliminary work suggests that the HTL process can also be used to partition essential macronutrients, such as N, P and K, into an aqueous medium, allowing additional nutrient recycling. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry


Sarcopenia is a highly prevalent complication of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analyses to elucidate the exercise training (ET)'s efficacy on NAFLD adult patients' sarcopenia criteria. We identified relevant randomized controlled trials (RCT) in electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus. We selected seven RCT from 66 screened studies. The ET programs included endurance or combined (endurance and resistance) training. No study performed resistance training alone. The physical function improved with endurance or combined training (mean differences [MD] 8.26 mL/Kg*min [95% CI 5.27 to 11.24 mL/Kg*min], p < 0.0001); Muscle mass showed no evidence of the beneficial effects of endurance or combined training (MD 1.01 Kg [95% CI -1.78 to 3.80 Kg], p = 0.48). None of the selected studies evaluated muscle strength. Endurance and combined training increase physical function criteria but do not improve muscle mass criteria on sarcopenia in NAFLD patients. These results must be interpreted with caution for the small number of patients included in the RCTs analyzed, the different characteristics of the ET carried out, the non-use of resistance training, which prevents assess its effect on sarcopenia despite the evidence that recommends it and does not assessment muscle strength criteria in RCT include. Future research should include muscle strength assessments and resistance training to evaluate the effects in this condition. Exercise training is beneficial for sarcopenia in NAFLD but is necessary more experimental evidence to define the best type of training that positively affects the three criteria of sarcopenia. PROSPERO reference number CRD42020191471.


Aesthetic aspects of interaction have become a well- discussed issue. In this article we present some early results from an ongoing doctoral project focusing on exploring the area of full body movement interaction and in particularly what we call "kinAesthetic interaction". The article refers to an empirical study that aimed at exploring the area of bodily movements as interaction modality from a user centred perspective, and from this extracting important aspects that should be taken into account when designing movement interaction. We also present a prototype called BodyBug that has been designed and developed in order to exemplify movement interaction, based on design implications brought up in the empirical study. Implemented aspects reflect the experience of learning to sense and feel one's own body and movement pattern; the diversity in different peoples' body language; as well as the aesthetic experience of being able to feel flow and harmony when moving.


ABSTRACT This article focuses on the appropriation of New Age values, images, and language by different sectors of the mainstream in a Western society—in Israel. The findings support earlier research about the shift in values in the mainstream of Western societies. Specifically, this is a shift towards the admiration of nature, Far Eastern lore, a search for a 'balanced' way of life, and so on, in accordance with New Age values. This article analyzes how, and for what purpose, mainstream advertisements appropriate New Age elements. The analysis of about 100 advertisements from the last decade leads to the conclusion that all mainstream sectors, including relatively conservative ones (such as academic institutions), borrow elements from New Age, but differ in the intensity and form of appropriation: some are interested in simply attracting attention, while others directly appropriate New Age values. This article discusses the differentiation between the receptivity of specific sectors to New Age and explores possible motivations for the use of New Age elements, such as the more conservative sectors' use of esoteric elements of New Age.


Animals must make constant decisions whether to respond to external sensory stimuli or not to respond. The activation of positive and/or negative reinforcers might bias the behavioral response towards approach or aversion. To analyze whether the activation of the octopaminergic neurotransmitter system can shift the decision between two identical odor sources, we active in Drosophila melanogaster different sets of octopaminergic neurons using optogenetics and analyze the choice of the flies using a binary odor trap assay. We show that the release of octopamine from a set of neurons and not acetylcholine acts as positive reinforcer for one food odor source resulting in attraction. The activation of a subset of these neurons causes the opposite behavior and results in aversion. This aversion is due to octopamine release and not tyramine, since in Tyramine-β-hydroxylase mutants (Tβh) lacking octopamine, the aversion is suppressed. We show that when given the choice between two different attractive food odor sources the activation of the octopaminergic neurotransmitter system switches the attraction for ethanol-containing food odor to a less attractive food odor. Consistent with the requirement for octopamine in biasing the behavioral outcome, Tβh mutants fail to switch their attraction. The execution of attraction does not require octopamine but rather initiation of the behavior or a switch of the behavioral response. The attraction to ethanol also depends on octopamine. Pharmacological increases in octopamine signaling in Tβh mutants increase ethanol attraction and blocking octopamine receptor function reduces ethanol attraction. Taken together, octopamine in the central brain orchestrates behavioral outcomes by biasing the decision of the animal towards food odors. This finding might uncover a basic principle of how octopamine gates behavioral outcomes in the brain.


Abstract. This study aims to better understand and quantify the uncertainties in microwave snow emission models using the Dense Media Radiative Theory Multi-Layer model (DMRT-ML) with in situ measurements of snow properties. We use surface-based radiometric measurements at 10.67, 19 and 37 GHz in boreal forest and subarctic environments and a new in situ data set of measurements of snow properties (profiles of density, snow grain size and temperature, soil characterization and ice lens detection) acquired in the James Bay and Umiujaq regions of Northern Quebec, Canada. A snow excavation experiment – where snow was removed from the ground to measure the microwave emission of bare frozen ground – shows that small-scale spatial variability (less than 1 km) in the emission of frozen soil is small. Hence, in our case of boreal organic soil, variability in the emission of frozen soil has a small effect on snow-covered brightness temperature (TB). Grain size and density measurement errors can explain the errors at 37 GHz, while the sensitivity of TB at 19 GHz to snow increases during the winter because of the snow grain growth that leads to scattering. Furthermore, the inclusion of observed ice lenses in DMRT-ML leads to significant improvements in the simulations at horizontal polarization (H-pol) for the three frequencies (up to 20 K of root mean square error). However, representation of the spatial variability of TB remains poor at 10.67 and 19 GHz at H-pol given the spatial variability of ice lens characteristics and the difficulty in simulating snowpack stratigraphy related to the snow crust. The results also show that, in our study with the given forest characteristics, forest emission reflected by the snow-covered surface can increase the TB up to 40 K. The forest contribution varies with vegetation characteristics and a relationship between the downwelling contribution of vegetation and the proportion of pixels occupied by vegetation (trees) in fisheye pictures was found. We perform a comprehensive analysis of the components that contribute to the snow-covered microwave signal, which will help to develop DMRT-ML and to improve the required field measurements. The analysis shows that a better consideration of ice lenses and snow crusts is essential to improve TB simulations in boreal forest and subarctic environments.


Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C (HIV-1C) represents 30-65% of HIV infections in southern Brazil, and isolated cases of HIV-1C infection have also been reported in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela. Phylogenetic studies have suggested that the Brazilian subtype C epidemic was initiated by the introduction of closely related strains. Nevertheless, because of sampling limitations, the point of entry and the timing of subtype C introduction into Brazil, as well as the origin of the founder lineage, remain controversial. The present study investigated the origin, spread and phylogeography of HIV-1C in South America. Phylogenetic analysis showed a well-supported monophyletic clade including all available strains from Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. Only one lineage from Venezuela was unrelated to the epidemic involving the other three countries. Molecular clock and likelihood mapping analysis showed that HIV-1C introduction in Brazil dated back to the period 1960-1970, much earlier than previously thought, and was followed by a nearly simultaneous star-like outburst of viral lineages, indicating a subsequent rapid spread. Phylogeographic patterns suggested Paraná or Rio Grande do Sul as the possible entrance points of subtype C and an asymmetrical gene flow from Paraná to Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, as well as from Rio Grande do Sul to Sao Paulo fostered by the strong inter-connectivity between population centres in southern Brazil. The study illustrates how coupling phylogeography inference with geographical information system data is critical to understand the origin and dissemination of viral pathogens and potentially predict their future spread.


What exactly is the psychologist to do to increase the probability that intervention can alter the multiple impairments and often poor long-term outcomes associated with preschool-onset attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Intervening to support a preschool child with ADHD is complex given the child's developmental stage and the need to coordinate services across multiple people and settings. Identifying what interventions have been empirically evaluated and the extent to which these interventions affect ADHD-related behaviors and impairments is a critical first-step to providing quality care for these children. Recent guidelines set forth by the American Academy of Pediatrics (2011, ADHD: Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of attention/deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128, 1007–1022. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2654) recommend that medication only be used when behavioral interventions are not available or when significant room for improvement exists following effective implementation of behavioral interventions. As such, we review herein nonpharmacological interventions for preschool ADHD, identifying approaches in the published literature focused on training parents, teachers, and children, as well as dietary restrictions, nutritional supplements, and acupuncture interventions. This review suggests that behaviorally based approaches focused on parent and teacher training are the most well-studied and effective interventions. Child-training approaches, dietary interventions, nutritional supplements, and acupuncture require substantially more evaluation before clinical implications can be fully appreciated. We conclude by discussing key principles gleaned from this literature for psychological practice for the treatment of preschool children with ADHD.


This qualitative case study used Wenger's (1998) communities of practice (CoP) framework to analyze how the institutionally-driven electronic learning community (eLC) process at an established state virtual high school (SVHS) supported new and veteran online teachers in quality online teaching. Components of the eLC process were analyzed according to elements of the CoP framework, which provided a theoretical lens through which to analyze data gathered through interviews, observations, and document collection. Further, Lave and Wenger's (1991) concept of legitimate peripheral participation (LPP), which describes the participation of new CoP members as they move toward full membership, was used to examine the participation and perspective of new eLC members at SVHS. Three eLCs within the English department were selected for observations and document analysis. Seven interview participants included the chief academic officer, two instructional leaders, two veteran teachers, and two new teachers at SVHS. Findings revealed several areas of alignment between the eLC process and the CoP framework, particularly with Wenger's (1998) notion of practice within a CoP as a duality between participation and reification. The institutionally-driven nature of the eLC process was found to support new and veteran online teachers in quality online teaching while at the same time posing a barrier to alignment with the CoP framework. Elements of LPP were evident in case study data, particularly in the way the eLC process granted new members access to resources and to the practice of other members. Other elements of LPP were less visible in the eLC process, such as becoming and conferring legitimacy. Recommendations were made to increase alignment between the eLC process, the CoP framework, and LPP for new eLC members, including the implementation of a mentoring system to provide additional support for new online teachers and use of the TPCK framework to focus on alignment between content, pedagogy, and technology in designing professional learning for online teachers. Further, recommendations were made to guide researchers in the selection of topics and methodologies for future research.


This item contains meeting notes for the tenth meeting of the Empathy Group, an interdisciplinary research group at Bath Spa University.


Land redistribution is often seen as a powerful tool in the fight against poverty in areas where a majority of people are rural-based and make a living mostly, if not entirely, off the land. In Southern Africa, landlessness due to the asset alienation that occurred during colonial occupation has been acknowledged as one of several ultimate causes of chronic poverty. Strategies for poverty reduction therefore tend to focus on addressing the resultant imbalance in access to, and ownership of land resources. Land redistribution is thought to offer poor people secure livelihoods, as well as impartible assets to bequeath to future generations, hence reducing inter-generational transfers of poverty. In addition to redistribution, tenure reform is thought to help some landed but vulnerable households secure their livelihoods through enhanced rights to land. This has been known to spur poor households to increase investment on land, and lead to better production and higher productivity. This paper looks at land reforms in Southern Africa, making five key observations with respect to land reforms and poverty in the region: First, although there is political appetite for deracialising land holding, there is little evidence to show a commitment to link this process to poverty reduction. In all three countries under investigation - Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe - policy rhetoric on land as a poverty-reducing asset often has not been followed through with a serious commitment of resources, either for enhancing access to land or for supporting those that have been 'assetted'. Second, as currently designed, land reform efforts extend poverty 'traps' in the space economy rather than creating new opportunities. The quality of land provided and the terms of access both compromise the ability of beneficiaries to make a living as envisaged in plans. Third, in all three countries there has been policy capture of land reform initiatives by non-poor political and bureaucratic elite at the expense of the poor. Fourth, in all three countries, there has been reluctance to meaningfully reform customary forms of tenure seen as safeguarding the interests of the poor, yet at the same time there is growing evidence of commoditisation of land under such customary tenure that may not always work for poor households. Fifth, there is paucity of good quality data at country level for the systematic monitoring of the impact of land reforms. Monitoring and evaluation systems emerge as afterthoughts. The paper concludes that although some poor people have had their lives transformed by access to more land in the short term, there is no systematic linkage between the programmes for land reform in the region and poverty reduction. As a follow up, the paper calls for systematic research that can produce good quality qualitative and quantitative data on the impact of land reforms on the livelihoods of the beneficiaries (vulnerable non-poor, poor and chronically poor) especially in Type-1 (redistribution) and Type-2 (tenure) reform countries.


Epidemiological research has so far failed to explain the high incidence of occupational disorders among home care workers (HCWs) and the great differences in organizational incidence rate. A qualitative approach may contribute to a deeper understanding of work group reasoning and handling in a more contextual manner. The aim of this grounded theory study was to gain a deeper understanding of the main concern in the processes of recognizing, communicating and reporting occupational disorders among HCWs. Focus group interviews were conducted with 40 HCWs in 9 focus groups. The selected municipalities represented variations in municipality type and incidence rate of occupational disorders. Making it work in the frontline was identified as the core category explaining that the perceived work situation in home care work was the main concern but interacted with work-group socialising processes as well as with the communicability and derivability of the occupational disorder when defining and reporting occupational disorders. Complex problems could be reformulated and agreed within the workgroup to increase communicability. Described significances for reporting/non-reporting were related to financial compensation, to a part of organizational political game or to an existential uncertainty, i.e. questioning if it belonged to their chosen work and life. Our conclusion is that working situation and work group attitudes have importance for reporting of occupational disorders. To support work-related health for HCWs, integrating communication should be developed about work-related challenges in work situation, as well as about attitudes, culture and efficiency within work-group.


Code smells are symptoms of poor design or implementation choices that have a negative effect on several aspects of software maintenance and evolution, such as program comprehension or change- and fault-proneness. This is why researchers have spent a lot of effort on devising methods that help developers to automatically detect them in source code. Almost all the techniques presented in literature are based on the analysis of structural properties extracted from source code, although alternative sources of information (e.g., textual analysis) for code smell detection have also been recently investigated. Nevertheless, some studies have indicated that code smells detected by existing tools based on the analysis of structural properties are generally ignored (and thus not refactored) by the developers. In this paper, we aim at understanding whether code smells detected using textual analysis are perceived and refactored by developers in the same or different way than code smells detected through structural analysis. To this aim, we set up two different experiments. We have first carried out a software repository mining study to analyze how developers act on textually or structurally detected code smells. Subsequently, we have conducted a user study with industrial developers and quality experts in order to qualitatively analyze how they perceive code smells identified using the two different sources of information. Results indicate that textually detected code smells are easier to identify and for this reason they are considered easier to refactor with respect to code smells detected using structural properties. On the other hand, the latter are often perceived as more severe, but more difficult to exactly identify and remove.


Multi-pixel fast silicon detectors represent the enabling technology for the next generation of space-borne experiments devoted to high-resolution spectral-timing studies of low-flux compact cosmic sources. Several imaging detectors based on frame-integration have been developed as focal plane devices for X-ray space-borne missions but, when coupled to large-area concentrator X-ray optics, these detectors are affected by strong pile-up and dead-time effects, thus limiting the time and energy resolution as well as the overall system sensitivity. The current technological gap in the capability to realize pixelated silicon detectors for soft X-rays with fast, photon-by-photon response and nearly Fano-limited energy resolution therefore translates into the unavailability of sparse read-out sensors suitable for high throughput X-ray astronomy applications. In the framework of the ReDSoX Italian collaboration, we developed a new, sparse read-out, pixelated silicon drift detector which operates in the energy range 0.5–15 keV with nearly Fano-limited energy resolution (⩽150 eV FWHM @ 6 keV) at room temperature or with moderate cooling (∼0°C to +20°C). In this paper, we present the design and the laboratory characterization of the first 16-pixel (4 × 4) drift detector prototype (PixDD), read-out by individual ultra low-noise charge sensitive preamplifiers (SIRIO) and we discuss the future PixDD prototype developments.


The ability to detect and prevent a network from DDoS attack and to ensure the high quality infrastructure is a back bone of today's network security issues. In this thesis, we have successfully validated an algorithm using OmNet++ Ver. 4.0 simulation to show how a DDoS attack can be detected and how the nodes can be protected from such an attack using GOSSIP protocol.


Water scarcity has been a long standing problem in China, especially in North China. To tackle water scarcity, we have developed a low-cost Triple Water Supply (TWS) system consisting of fresh water supply, seawater for toilet flushing, and grey water reuse and recycling. This innovative system maximizes the water resource saving in coastal cities up to 23%. Moreover, this novel system opens the door for adopting an innovative sewage treatment technology, namely the SANI ® process which effectively avoids sewage sludge production. If the TWS system and the SANI ® system were to be jointly applied to the 16 major water-stressed coastal cities of China, this could possibly reduce 3,600 million m 3 /year of freshwater demand. As compared with wastewater reuse and desalination, the reduction of annual electricity and greenhouse gas emission by seawater toilet flushing can amount to 630 – 22,000 GWh and 0.4 – 15 million tonnes of CO 2, respectively. Moreover, the SANI process can avoid the production of 10 million tonnes of sludge, reducing 35% energy consumption and 36% greenhouse gas emission as compared to conventional sewage treatment processes. This is equals to 1,400 GWh/year energy saving and 1.2 million tonnes of CO 2/year emission reduction, respectively.


The human Fc gamma RI (CD64) is a high affinity receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig), and its constitutively low expression on the cell surface of monocyte/macrophage and neutrophils is selectively upregulated by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment (Perussia, B., E. T. Dayton, R. Lazarus, V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1983. J. Exp. Med. 158:1092). Three distinct cDNAs have been cloned and code for proteins that predict three extracellular Ig-like domains (Allen, J.M., and B. Seed. 1989. Science [Wash. DC]. 243:378). Several differences in the coding region of these cDNAs suggest that in addition to polymorphic differences a second Fc gamma RI gene could possibly exist. This alternative Fc gamma RI gene (Fc gamma RIb) was defined by the lack of a genomic HindIII restriction site (van der Winkel, J. G. J., L. U. Ernst, C. L. Anderson, and I. M. Chiu. 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:13449). We describe the characterization a second gene (Fc gamma RIb) that has a termination codon in the third extracellular domain and therefore predicts a soluble form of a termination codon in the third extracellular domain and therefore predicts a soluble form of the receptor. We also define two distinct IFN-gamma-responsive regions in the 5' flanking sequence of Fc gamma RIb that resemble motifs that have been defined in the class II major histocompatibility complex promoter. The Fc gamma RIb promoter does not possess canonical TATA or CCAAT boxes, but does possess a palindromic motif that closely resembles the initiator sequence identified in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase/human leukocyte IFN/adeno-associated virus type II P5 gene promoters (Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. Cell. 57:103; Seto, E., Y. Shi, and T. Shenk. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 354:241; Roy, A. L., M. Meisterernst, P. Pognonec, and R. C. Roeder. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 354:245) virus type II P5 gene promoters raising interesting questions as to its role in the basal and myeloid-specific transcription of this gene.


The sight and sound of a person speaking or a ball bouncing seem simultaneous, but their neural signals converge on different multimodal brain sites with different asynchronies. Brains come in different shapes and sizes, which further entails individual variations in this temporal distribution. How do people, and their brains, differ in how they integrate and synchronise hearing with vision? We measured temporal order judgements (TOJ) concurrently with the McGurk illusion (lip movements influence hearing), as functions of audiovisual asynchrony.

There was no correlation between McGurk susceptibility, the width of the window of integration, or the Just Noticeable Difference for temporal order discrimination (TOJ), suggesting distinct mechanisms. However each measure did correlate with the volume of distinct brain regions quantified from MR structural images (lIPS/rMTG, rMFG, and rMTG, respectively). Different measures also correlated with reading aloud versus listening comprehension. Counterintuitively, individual differences in the asynchrony for maximal McGurk and also Stream-Bounce illusions (sounds influence perceived visual motion) correlated negatively with Point of Subjective Simultaneity for TOJ: individuals who needed auditory lag for optimal integration, needed an auditory lead to perceive the same stimuli as simultaneous, and vice-versa. We propose that asynchronies within individual brain mechanisms are perceived relative to the average asynchrony across mechanisms.

These observations allow us to (1) fractionate 'multisensory perception' functionally and structurally into distinct mechanisms, (2) relate a profile of simple perceptual abilities to more complex cognitive abilities, and (3) explain how we can perceive the multisensory world accurately on average, despite evident disunity of audiovisual timing.


Mineralogical and geochemical variations in ten rock surface crusts are described from a large rock shelter known as Carpenter's Gap 1 in the southern Kimberley, formed at the junction between a sandstone floor and an overlying limestone roof. The finely laminated crusts, containing quartz, clays, oxalate and phosphate minerals, and sulfate salts (bassanite, gypsum, epsomite), formed over quartz‐rich sandstones. Mineralogical analyses of crusts, determined by X‐ray diffraction, and major element geochemical trends, in the form of element maps of cross sections, show a complex distribution of hemi‐, mono‐, and dihydrated sulfate and oxalate minerals vertically and laterally within the shelter. These mineralogical changes have occurred under fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes, which follow a general drying trend spatially with distance from the back wall and temporally over a period of about 20,000 years. Documenting these mineralogical changes is a first step in understanding the nature of microclimatic controls on the formation of rock surface coatings in shelters and their implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and for dating engravings covered by these crusts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


The recent discovery that phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCx) is dispensable for growth and lysine production in Corynebacterium glutamicum implies that this organism possesses (an) alternative anaplerotic enzyme(s). In permeabilized cells of C. glutamicum, we detected pyruvate carboxylase (PCx) activity. This activity was effectively inhibited by low concentrations of ADP, AMP and acetyl-CoA. PCx activity was highest [45 ± 5 nmol min-1 (mg dry wt)-1] in cells grown on lactate or pyruvate, and was about two- to threefold lower when the cells were grown on glucose or acetate, suggesting that formation of PCx is regulated by the carbon source in the growth medium. In cells grown at low concentrations of biotin (< 5 μg I-1), PCx activity was drastically reduced, indicating that the enzyme is a biotin protein. Growth experiments with the wild-type and a defined PEPCx-negative mutant of C. glutamicum on glucose showed that the mutant has a significantly higher demand for biotin than the wild-type, whereas both strains have the same high biotin requirement for growth on lactate and the same low biotin requirement for growth on acetate. These results indicate that (i) PCx is an essential anaplerotic enzyme for growth on glucose in the absence of PEPCx, (ii) PCx is an essential anaplerotic enzyme for growth on lactate even in the presence of PEPCx, and (iii) PCx has no anaplerotic significance for growth on acetate as the carbon source. In support of these conclusions, screening for clones unable to grow on a minimal medium containing lactate, but able to grow on a medium containing glucose or acetate, led to the isolation of PCx-defective mutants of C. glutamicum.


Two graphs based on field and experimental data assembled from a variety of sources are given showing how the wavelength, flatness (vertical form-index or ripple index), and grain size of wave ripple marks in the stratigraphic record can be interpreted in terms of the near-bed water particle orbital diameter and maximum orbital velocity induced by progressive surface waves. The graphs lead to estimates of wave period, from which the environmental setting and possible water depths and wave heights can be judged. Wave ripple-marks are the response of a mobile bed to multi component currents that are more complex than is generally recognized. The asymmetry and slow translation of the structures is shown empirically to depend on the relative importance of 2 of the 3 minimum recognizable components.


British Citizenship is facing significant contemporary challenges in terms of failure to include ethnic minority citizens in an equal manner within the legal rights and protection of citizenship. Some examples of such failure are the hostile environment laws which have resulted in discrimination and deportation of citizens, new hurdles in becoming a citizen, and cancellation laws for conduct which have affected citizens with migrant connections more than those born British and holding only British nationality. This paper investigates why such legal inequalities persist by tracing modern-day manifestations to the progress of law in this area from the days of subjecthood and empire. It finds that, despite changes in the nature of state and governance since days of empire, contemporary British citizenship has inbuilt legal inequalities which persist from the time of subjecthood. Present inequalities are not just remnants of empire; they are constructed on the legal archaeology of empire.


SU( N ) symmetric fermions on a lattice, which can be realized in ultracold-atom-based quantum simulators, have very promising prospects for realizing exotic states of matter. Here we present the ground-state phase diagram of the repulsive SU(3) Hubbard model on a honeycomb lattice at 1 / 3 filling obtained from infinite projected entangled pair states tensor network calculations. In the strongly interacting limit the ground state has plaquette order. Upon decreasing the interaction strength U / t we find a first-order transition at U / t = 7 . 2(2) into a dimerized, color-ordered state, which extends down to U / t = 4 . 5(5), at which the Mott transition occurs and the ground state becomes uniform. Our results may serve as a prediction and benchmark for future quantum simulators of SU(3) fermions.


The higher incidence of malnutrition in elderly is well documented. Elderly nursing home residents seem to have a higher risk of malnutrition with respect to the community dwell-ing elderly population. A comparative study was therefore performed to evaluate the nutri-tional status of elderly living at old age homes and in community, in the city of Mangalore. Subjects aged over 60 years were included in this study. Nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric measurements to calculate the Body Mass Index, W/H ratio, and Tri-ceps skin fold thickness and by data collected through the Mini Nutritional Assessment. A total of two hundred and ten subjects participated in this study. The study subjects were constituted by 108 inmates of old age homes and 102 people who were residing at their houses. The results showed that the elderly at home had higher BMI (p<0.001) and higher MNA scores (p<0.001) compared to those living in old age homes. The MNA results re-vealed that 19.4% of subjects were malnourished and 57.4% were at risk of malnutrition among the old age home residents. The prevalence of malnutrition by MNA was 2%, those at risk of malnutrition were 14.7% in free living elderly. The results of this study show a high risk of malnutrition (p<0.05) in the old age home residents, and confirm the need for increased surveillance of nutritional status among residents of old age homes.


A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of varying nitrogen (N) supply andirrigation methods on the root growth and distribution of maize (Zea mays L.) in Wuwei,northwest China in 2011 and 2012. The irrigation treatments included alternate furrow irrigation(AI), fixed furrow irrigation (FI) and conventional furrow irrigation (CI). The N supply treatmentsincluded alternate N supply (AN), fixed N supply (FN) and conventional N supply (CN), wereapplied at each irrigation method. The root growth across the plant row was measured in 0-100 cmsoil profile (20 cm as an interval) at maturity. The results showed that root distribution of twosides of the row was uniform for AI or CI coupled with CN or AN. Root length density (RLD) in0-40 cm soil depth was significantly increased by AI compared to other irrigation methods whiledecreased by FN compared to other N supply treatments. Though RLD decreased more with soillayer deepening under AI, RLD in 60-100 cm soil depth in AI treatment was still larger than thatin CI and FI treatments. In general, total fine root (diametersurface area, and grain yield of maize were significantly increased by AI coupled with CN or ANwhen compared to other treatments. These results indicate that alternate partial root zone irrigationcoupled with conventional or alternate nitrogen supply is useful to improve the root growth andgrain yield of maize in the arid area.


Thrombotic thrombopenic purpura (TTP) belongs to a group of syndromes, known as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Thrombotic microangiopathy is caused by thrombosis and injury of endothelial cells in small vessels (microangiopathy) that results in microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia (MAHA), consumptive thrombocytopenia, and organ injury. Thrombotic thrombopenic purpura is caused by deficiency of ADAMTS13 (A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Type 1 motif, member 13) that cleaves von Willebrand factor polymers. ADAMTS13 deficiency may be hereditary or acquired. Hereditary ADAMTS13 deficiency is caused by mutation of the relevant gene. Acquired ADAMTS13 deficiency is caused by anti-ADAMTS13 inhibitory autoantibodies. The latter is idiopathic or secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus. Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia is haemolytic anaemia (elevated serum LDH and indirect bilirubin) which is not autoimmune (direct Coombs test negative) and intravascular (schistocytes in peripheral blood smear, low-to-absent haptoglobin). Thrombocytopenia in TTP is severe with very low <30,000/uL) platelet count. The organ most frequently affected is central nervous system whereas renal injury is not frequent. The mainstay of treatment is plasma exchange which is very effective but must start as soon as possible for optimal effectiveness. Additional immunosuppressants to prevent relapses include steroids, rituximab, cyclophosphamide and others.


Richard Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen is a Romantic work that draws on medieval narrative and thematic elements (e.g., the Poetic Edda , the Volsunga Saga , and the Nibelungenlied ). Wagner's cycle is a polyvalent work of art and can be interpreted as exemplifying both secularisation, as the gods of Valhalla give way to humanity, and reenchantment, in that its performance allows the gods of Germanic myth to "live" on stage. This article addresses the issue of reception by looking at Wagner's medievalism, the modern Heathenry movement and its use of the Pagan past as a source of legitimation, and finally by examining attendance of performances of the Ring as a significant secular ritual activity that engages with Pagan gods and brings them to modern audiences, Heathen and otherwise.


— This paper aims to present a new simple algorithm for solving the distribution network reconfiguration (DNR) problem. This algorithm is a simple modification to the binary particle swarm optimization (BPSO) called selective particle swarm optimization (SPSO). The search space for proposed algorithm is a set of branches (switches) which are normally closed or normally opened, this search space may be dissimilar for different dimensions. The process of solving DNR problem is divided to two steps. First, finding search spaces after closing all switches and second, using SPSO to find switches that would be opened. The presented technique is applied to a 33-node system and a 69-node system. The results obtained via SPSO are compared with some previous methods to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


The objective of this research is to develop a new methodology for intelligent and distributed process planning. The primary focus of this paper is on the architecture of the new process planning approach, using function blocks as controller language. The secondary focus is on the other supporting technologies such as machining feature-based design and agent-based decision-making. The methodology proposed for distributed process planning is based on a design-for-machining concept that can seamlessly integrate feature-based design and agent-based planning into function block-based CNC control. Different from traditional methods, the proposed approach has a two-layer structure – supervisory planning and operation planning. The supervisory planning is performed in advance at shop floor level, followed by the operation planning accomplished at run-time at machine level by open CNC controllers. Through decentralization, the distributed process planning shows promise of improving system performance within today's continually changing shop floor environment.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Glass is a central element to modern architecture and can cover up to 100% of a building facade. The main purpose of large glazed areas is to create bright, comfortable and healthy spaces. It was shown that increasing natural light in offices reduces sickness but high visual transmittance (τv) and excessive energetic transmittance (τe) can have opposite consequences: a high τv can cause glare and visual discomfort for occupants while a high τe induces overheating which has to be balanced with air conditioning in summer. The energetic and daylighting performances of a fenestration system are central and important issues for architects and the right compromise between good lighting levels, electrical savings, solar gains in winter and overheating in summer is not easy to find. Over the past decades, progress was made and some solutions to these problems were found. Various types of blinds and shadings have been introduced to prevent glare, achieve a good daylight factor even far from the window and permit to adapt to conditions all along the year. Sun protection glazings on the other side are static systems with a selective coating to limit the transmitted part of the solar spectrum: traditionally a step function with maximum values in the visible range and minimal values in the infra-red and ultraviolet range cuts down excessive solar gains. Recent research show that the transmitted spectrum can be refined and applying a 'M' shaped transmittance distribution, a ratio of τe / τv = 0.33 can theoretically be reached [1]. A market study on complex fenestration systems integrating daylighting functions and thermal control shows that apart from blinds and coatings which can be found in many variations, few products exist. Cutting edge elements such as laser cut panel, prismatic sheets and other micro-structures were studied. The study showed that there is no existing static complex fenestration system (CFS) combining the advantages for both daylight and energetic aspects with a seasonal behaviour. We are investigating a novel micro structure combining functions of daylighting, glare protection, overheating protection in summer and thermal insulation in winter. The optical performances of envisaged structures were evaluated with a simple two dimensional ray tracing program developed specially for the study of laminar structures. This tool permits to optimize parameters and search for new solutions.


The Cameros Basin in Central Spain is an intraplate rift
basin that developed from Late Jurassic to Middle Albian time along
NW–SE trending troughs. The sedimentary basin fill was deposited
predominantly in continental environments and comprises several depositional
sequences. These sequences consist of fluvial sandstones that
commonly pass upward into lacustrine deposits at the top, producing
considerable repetition of facies. This study focused on the western
sector of the basin, where a total of seven depositional sequences (DS-
1 to DS-7) have been identified.
The composition of sandstones permits the characterization of each
sequence in terms of both clastic constituents and provenance. In addition,
four main petrofacies are identified. Petrofacies A is quartzosedimentolithic
(mean of Qm85F2Lt13) and records erosion of marine
Jurassic pre-rift cover during deposition of fluvial deposits of DS-1
(Brezales Formation). Petrofacies B is quartzofeldspathic (mean of
Qm81F14Lt5) with P/F > 1 at the base. This petrofacies was derived
from the erosion of low- to medium-grade metamorphic terranes of
the West Asturian–Leonese Zone of the Hesperian Massif during deposition
of DS-2 (Jaramillo Formation) and DS-3 (Salcedal Formation).
Quartzose sandstones characterize the top of DS-3 (mean of
Qm92F4Lt4). Petrofacies C is quartzarenitic (mean of Qm95F3Lt2) with
P/F > 1 and was produced by recycling of sedimentary cover (Triassic
arkoses and carbonate rocks) in the SW part of the basin (DS-4, Pen˜ -
acoba Formation). Finally, depositional sequences 5, 6, and 7 (Pinilla
de los Moros–Hortiguela, Pantano, and Abejar–Castrillo de la Reina
formations, respectively) contain petrofacies D. This petrofacies is
quartzofeldspathic with P/F near zero and a very low concentration of
metamorphic rock fragments (from Qm85F11Lt4 in Pantano Formation
to Qm73F26Lt1 in Castrillo de la Reina Formation). Petrofacies D was
generated by erosion of coarse crystalline plutonics located in the Central
Iberian Zone of the Hesperian Massif. In addition to sandstone
petrography, these provenance interpretations are supported by clay
mineralogy of interbedded shales. Thus, shales related to petrofacies
A and C have a variegated composition (illite, kaolinite, and randomly
interlayered illite–smectite mixed-layer clays); the presence of chlorite
characterizes interbedded shales from petrofacies B; and Illite and kaolinite
are the dominant clays associated with petrofacies D.
These petrofacies are consistent with the depositional sequences and
their hierarchy. An early megacycle, consisting of petrofacies A and B
(DS-1 to DS-3) was deposited during the initial stage of rifting, when
troughs developed in the West Asturian–Leonese Zone. A second stage
of rifting resulted in propagation of trough-bounding faults to the SW,
involving the Central Iberian Zone as a source terrane and producing
a second megacycle consisting of petrofacies C and D (DS-4, DS-5, DS-6, and DS-7). Sandstone composition has proven to be a powerful tool
in basin analysis and related tectonic inferences on intraplate rift basins
because of the close correlation that exists between depositional
sequences and petrofacies.


In an effort to mitigate the risks associated with satellite close approaches in the geostationary belt, several satellite operators came together in early 2008 to establish what is now known as the GEO Data Center. The GEO Data Center initially provided a framework for satellite operators to share orbital data for their fleets of satellites to be used to perform conjunction analysis and provide automated notification of close approaches via the SOCRATES-GEO system. After two years of operations, the GEO Data Center now has 14 members providing data for 184 satellites. Since the Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251 collision, a parallel system was set up with a LEO Data Center, which already has six members providing data for 101 satellites. These data centers have already shown the significant benefit of sharing orbital data, particularly in terms of reducing positional uncertainty and, thereby, the number of false alarms. This paper will address the current framework for these efforts, highlighting how a service-oriented architecture is used to support orbital operations and increase efficiency of analysis and resolution of risk-mitigation tasks. It will show how the interactive work flow is used to quickly assess new maneuvers to determine whether they have successfully reduced the chances of a particular close approach without causing other close approaches elsewhere. It will also show how independent space situational awareness organizations are being employed to provide a more complete picture of the threat from nonparticipating satellites and the debris population. Finally, a discussion of the ongoing research efforts to support further improvements in space situational awareness will be addressed.


High density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) are cholesterol transport particles whose plasma concentrations are directly (LDL) and inversely (HDL) correlated with risk for atherosclerosis. LDL catabolism involves cellular uptake and degradation of the entire particle by a well-characterized receptor. HDL, in contrast, selectively delivers its cholesterol, but not protein, to cells by unknown receptors. Here it is shown that the class B scavenger receptor SR-BI is an HDL receptor. SR-BI binds HDL with high affinity, is expressed primarily in liver and nonplacental steroidogenic tissues, and mediates selective cholesterol uptake by a mechanism distinct from the classic LDL receptor pathway.


Our vision in this paper is that agency, as the individual ability to intervene and tailor the system, is a crucial element in building trust in IoT technologies. Following up on this vision, we will first address the issue of agency, namely the individual capability to adopt free decisions, as a relevant driver in building trusted human-IoT relations, and how agency should be embedded in digital systems. Then we present the main challenges posed by existing approaches to implement this vision. We show then our proposal for a model-based approach that realizes the agency concept, including a prototype implementation.


Abstract International criminal tribunals have developed a number of legal theories designed to hold individuals responsible for their role in collective criminal conduct. These doctrines of criminal participation, known as modes of liability, are the subject of significant scholarly commentary. Yet missing from much of this debate, particularly as regards the International Criminal Court, has been an analysis of how current doctrine on modes of liability responds to the need to hold collective perpetrators criminally responsible for crimes of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV). Indeed, many writings in this area of the law address perceived shortcomings in the theoretical underpinnings of modes of liability doctrine in the abstract but ignore the application of this doctrine in concreto. As a result, facially neutral writings on modes of liability may in fact be gendered in application, either because they fail to account for the specific characteristics of sexual and gender-based violence or because they are applied in a manner that requires higher thresholds for finding culpability for the commission of SGBV crimes. This article fills the gap between theory and practice, examining past and present doctrine, and suggesting ways in which the treatment of modes of liability by international criminal courts and tribunals can both properly respond to the need for personal culpability and the dangers of collective criminal activity, particularly as regards SGBV crimes.