The core of self-supervised learning for pre-training language models includes pre-training task design as well as appropriate data augmentation. Most data augmentations in language model pre-training are context-independent. A seminal contextualized augmentation was recently proposed in ELECTRA (Clark et al. 2020b) and achieved state-of-the-art performance by introducing an auxiliary generation network (generator) to produce contextualized data augmentation for the training of a main discrimination network (discriminator). This design, however, introduces extra computation cost of the generator and a need to adjust the relative capability between the generator and the discriminator. In this paper, we propose a self-augmentation strategy (SAS) where a single network is utilized for both regular pre-training and contextualized data augmentation for the training in later epochs. Essentially, this strategy eliminates a separate generator and uses the single network to jointly conduct two pre-training tasks with MLM (Masked Language Modeling) and RTD (Replaced Token Detection) heads. It avoids the challenge to search for an appropriate size of the generator, which is critical to the performance as evidenced in ELECTRA and its subsequent variant models. In addition, SAS is a general strategy that can be seamlessly combined with many new techniques emerging recently or in the future, such as the disentangled attention mechanism from DeBERTa (He et al. 2020). Our experiments show that SAS is able to outperform ELECTRA and other state-of-the-art models in the GLUE tasks with similar or less computation cost.


This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of bone injection gun assisted intraosseous administration of contrast media as an alternative to the intravenous route for urography. Intravenous urographies were obtained in 6 rabbits. Urographic examinations by the intraosseous route were performed in the same animals 48 h later. After adequate anesthesia, the retroauricular vein was punctured for intravenous injection and a bone injection gun was used for intraosseous injections to the distal one-third of the rabbit femur. Direct radiographies of rabbits were obtained following 1200 mg/kg body weight iomeprol (300 mg iodine/ml) administration by both the intravenous and intraosseous routes at 5, 10, and 15 min. Although there was no prominent quality difference among the radiographs obtained by each route at 10 and 15 min, the 5 min radiograph of intraosseous urography showed the calyces more clearly compared to radiographs by intravenous urography. This was attributed to longer lasting high concentrations of iodine in the rabbit circulation after intraosseous injection owing to a longer injection time (mean 240 s) compared to the intravenous route (mean 35 s). Chest radiography and computed tomographic examinations did not reveal any sign of embolus. Bone radiography and magnetic resonance images were also free of any bone or bone marrow complications 48 h after intraosseous application. The success rate for adequate intraosseous insertion by bone injection gun was 100% in all 6 rabbits without any complications. In this study, urographic imaging via bone injection gun assisted intraosseous contrast administration seems to be safe and feasible in rabbits. As a result, we think that bone injection gun assisted intraosseous urography may be an effective and reliable alternative to intravenous urography in pediatric and adult human patients (especially those with ureteral trauma), when emergency urographic examination is necessary and the intraosseous route is the only means of vascular access.


The Austrian archaeological team led by Manfred Bietak that excavated the palatial district at Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a) has produced some significant results for illuminating Lower Egypt's history during the 15 th and 18 th Dynasties. While Bietak's subsequent publications primarily have focused on the exquisite Minoan wall paintings and the site's likely association with Peru-nefer, much less attention has centered on the timing of the mid-18 th -Dynasty abandonment that Bietak says occurred "after Amenhotep II," and was followed by an occupational gap. Did the abandonment occur during the reign of Amenhotep II, at the end of his reign, or during the reign of Thutmose IV? The present work will seek to bring together all of the relevant data—from the archaeological evidence at the site, the epigraphical record, and corroborative evidence from Theban tomb paintings—in an attempt to determine more precisely the timing of the mid-18 th -Dynasty abandonment of the site. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v05i2_petrovich


Industry has consistently identified lack of experience in manufacturing processes as one of the key competency gaps among new engineering graduates. This paper discusses a laboratory-based course that provides realistic hands-on manufacturing experiences to students. The course uses team-based projects that help students gain hands-on experience with selected manufacturing processes. The projects start with simple components that can be made on a single machine such as a lathe or a mill, and progress to the manufacture and assembly of a fully functional mechanism. This approach introduces students to the issues involved in putting together a non-trivial assembly. Multiple evaluation tools including focus groups, surveys, and actual observations, were used to assess the effectiveness of the approach used. The results indicate that this is indeed an effective way of addressing industry concerns.


We study the motion of dispersed nanoprobes in entangled active-passive polymer mixtures. By comparing the two architectures of linear vs. unconcatenated and unknotted circular polymers, we demonstrate that novel, rich physics emerge. For both polymer architectures, nanoprobes of size smaller than the entanglement threshold of the solution move faster as activity is increased and more energy is pumped in the system. For larger nanoprobes, a surprising phenomenon occurs: while in linear solutions they move qualitatively as before, in active-passive ring solutions nanoprobes decelerate with respect to the purely passive conditions. We rationalize this effect in terms of the non-equilibrium, topology-dependent association (clustering) of nanoprobes to the cold component of the ring mixture reminiscent of the recently discovered [Weber et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 2016, 116, 058301] phase separation in scalar active-passive mixtures. We conclude with a potential connection to the microrheology of the chromatin in the nuclei of the cells.


Background. Traditionally, physiotherapy practical skills have been assessed by a method that relies on the subjective interpretation of competency by the examiner and lacks the formative benefits of assessment. Objective. To describe and compare student performance and satisfaction and examiner satisfaction with regard to the Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE) and traditional mark sheets during the practical skills assessment. Method. Students and examiners taking part in the second-year physiotherapy practical skills test were invited to participate by completing a series of questionnaires. Performance of techniques was marked using both the OSPE and traditional mark sheets. Results. Sixty-seven students and nine examiners participated in the study. Students scored an average of 4.6% (SD ±16.4) better when using the traditional mark sheet. Nonetheless, students and examiners expressed a preference for the OSPE mark sheet. Conclusion. The OSPE mark sheet allows for increased objectivity, as the specific micro-skills are clearly listed and appropriately weighted. This resulted in increased satisfaction, but a decrease in marks obtained. By assessing the effect of implementation of the OSPE method on performance and satisfaction, change in the current situation can be monitored.


With Algeria still self-excluded from the ENP, unconvinced by the UfM and indeed now seriously questioning the added value of the Association Agreement, EU–Algerian relations could not be at a lower point. Interaction within the EMP has conspicuously failed to lead to a meaningful convergence of the dyad's interests, even if it has encouraged a process of familiarisation of sorts between actors on both sides. Although energy has traditionally been the area where EU–Algerian relations are strongest, reflecting their market-rooted interdependence, it remains frustratingly under-institutionalised at the bilateral level. The conclusion of a 'strategic energy partnership' could help overcome the extant sterility of EU–Algerian relations, capturing the specificity of their shared interests and focusing minds on tailored 'enhanced bilateralism'.


Private equity firms have increasingly acquired physician practices, and particularly dermatology practices. Analyzing commercial claims from the Health Care Cost Institute (2012-17), we used a difference-in-differences design within an event study framework to estimate the prevalence of private equity acquisitions and their impact on dermatologist prices, spending, utilization, and volume of patients. By 2017 one in eleven dermatologists practiced in a private equity-owned practice, and private equity-owned practices employed four advanced practitioners for every ten dermatologists compared with three for non-private equity practices. Private equity firms targeted their acquisitions at larger practices that saw more commercially insured patients compared with practices that were never acquired by private equity firms. The volume of patients per private equity dermatologist ranged from 4.7 percent to 17.0 percent higher than the volume per non-private equity dermatologist up to nine quarters after acquisition. At 1.5 years after acquisition, prices paid to private equity dermatologists for routine medical visits were 3-5 percent higher than those paid to non-private equity dermatologists. There was no significant consistent impact on dermatology spending or use of biopsies, lesion destruction, or Mohs surgery. Policy makers and dermatology practice leaders may want to track the rapidly evolving phenomenon of private equity acquisitions.


We explain why central banks rarely implement the Friedman rule by studying the properties of a simple New Keynesian dynamic macroeconomic model that is generalized to incorporate the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. We show that two long-run equilibria exist, one stable and the other unstable, and we characterize the conditions under which the economy plunges into a deflation-induced depression following a contractionary demand shock. As long as the sum of the inflation rate and the natural real interest rate stays positive, the economy converges back to the long-run stable equilibrium, even when the zero lower bound is initially binding. On the other hand, a deflationary spiral starts when the sum of the inflation rate and the natural rate of interest becomes negative. The Friedman rule, which calls for a small dose of anticipated deflation, takes the sum of the inflation rate and the natural real interest rate uncomfortably close to zero and thereby raises the probability of the economy plunging into a depression. Our theoretical results also shed light onto the different correlation values between inflation and economic growth in the data.


Digital investment advisers are the fastest growing segment of financial technology (fintech) and are disrupting traditional investment advisory delivery models. The computer-led investment advisory service model may be growing particularly quickly due to a confluence of social and political factors. Politicians and regulators have increasingly focused on the standards of care applicable to investment advice providers. Fewer Americans are ready for retirement and many lack access to affordable investment advice. At the same time, comfort with digital platforms have increased, with some preferring electronic interaction over human interaction. Claiming that they can democratize retirement service by providing advice meeting a fiduciary standard at a fraction of the traditional pricing model, robo-advisers hope to capitalize on these social movements and argue that they provide a solution: conflict-free advice to investors with portfolios of all sizes. Though they have voluntarily subjected themselves to the requirements of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (1940 Act), questions remain as to how robo-advisers will meet the fiduciary standard required by such registration. The essay recommends a two-pronged approach for the regulation of robo-advisers in the near term. First, existing regulatory tools such as examination, enforcement, and disclosure should be deployed to robustly explore the sufficiency and malleability of their existing parameters before crafting any new regulatory schemes. Second, the disclosure device should be studied to determine whether the intended beneficiary of the disclosure, retail consumers, comprehend the information being disclosed to them and whether changes to the format, delivery, and/or content of disclosures would better protect consumer investors.


PURPOSE
The impact of a pharmacy-managed program for providing education and discharge instructions for patients with heart failure (HF) was evaluated.

METHODS
A before-and-after quasiexperimental design was used to quantify the effect of a pharmacist-managed HF medication education and discharge instruction program on the incidence of 30-day readmission rates and adherence to targeted Joint Commission core measures for HF (the provision of discharge instructions and the prescribing of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor [ACEI]/angiotensin II receptor blocker [ARB] at discharge or documentation of the reason if therapy was not prescribed). Adult patients admitted to Oregon Health and Science University's cardiology unit with systolic HF exacerbation as their primary diagnosis between December 2010 and March 2011 were included. Throughout patients' hospitalization, the pharmacist collaborated with the multidisciplinary team to make treatment and monitoring recommendations; provided discharge medication reconciliation, discharge medication recommendations, and discharge instructions; answered patient-specific questions; and gave the patient a complete discharge medication list.

RESULTS
The study enrolled 35 patients and compared results against a historical control group of 115 patients. The frequency of discharge counseling increased significantly (p = 0.007), as did the rate of ACEI/ARB prescribing at discharge (p = 0.02). Both 30-day all-cause and HF-related readmissions were reduced compared with baseline (p = 0.02 and p = 0.11, respectively).

CONCLUSION
Pharmacist involvement in medication reconciliation and discharge counseling for HF patients was associated with a significant increase in adherence with the Joint Commission's core measures, a significant reduction in 30-day all-cause readmissions, and a positive effect on patient satisfaction.


The great defect, and tragedy, in the International Law Commission's final recommendations about the interpretation of treaties is in their insistent emphasis upon an impossible, conformity-imposing textuality. This unhappy emphasis makes an appearance in, and dominates, the goal for interpretation which the Commission implicitly postulates but never critically examines; the deprecatory appraisal which the Commission offers of the potentialities that inhere in the rational employment of principles of interpretation; and the content and ordering of the particular principles which the Commission puts forward for canonization as "obligatory"' rules of law. In explicit rejection of a quest for the "intentions of the parties as a subjective element distinct from the text," the Commission adopts a "basic approach" which demands merely the ascription of a meaning to a text. The only justification offered, and several times repeated as if in an effort to carry conviction, is that " the text [of a treaty] must be presumed to be the authentic expression of the intentions of the parties" and hence that " the starting point of interpretation is the elucidation of the meaning of the text, not an investigation ab initio into the intentions of the part ies ." This arbitrary presumption is described as "established law" because of approval by the Institute of International Law and pronouncements by the International Court of Justice. The Court, it is noted, "has more than once stressed that it is not the function of interpretation to revise treaties or to read into them what they do not, expressly or by implication, contain."* In justifying the inclusion within its draft articles of any principles of interpretation—principles whose "utility and even existence" have been


Context. Software defect prediction aims to reduce the large costs involved with faults in a software system. A wide range of traditional software metrics have been evaluated as potential defect indicators. These traditional metrics are derived from the source code or from the software development process. Studies have shown that no metric clearly out performs another and identifying defect-prone code using traditional metrics has reached a performance ceiling. Less traditional metrics have been studied, with these metrics being derived from the natural language of the source code. These newer, less traditional and finer grained metrics have shown promise within defect prediction. Aims. The aim of this dissertation is to study the relationship between short Java constructs and the faultiness of source code. To study this relationship this dissertation introduces the concept of a Java sequence and Java code snippet. Sequences are created by using the Java abstract syntax tree. The ordering of the nodes within the abstract syntax tree creates the sequences, while small subsequences of this sequence are the code snippets. The dissertation tries to find a relationship between the code snippets and faulty and non-faulty code. This dissertation also looks at the evolution of the code snippets as a system matures, to discover whether code snippets significantly associated with faulty code change over time. Methods. To achieve the aims of the dissertation, two main techniques have been developed; finding defective code and extracting Java sequences and code snippets. Finding defective code has been split into two areas finding the defect fix and defect insertion points. To find the defect fix points an implementation of the bug-linking algorithm has been developed, called S + e . Two algorithms were developed to extract the sequences and the code snippets. The code snippets are analysed using the binomial test to find which ones are significantly associated with faulty and non-faulty code. These techniques have been performed on five different Java datasets; ArgoUML, AspectJ and three releases of Eclipse.JDT.core Results. There are significant associations between some code snippets and faulty code. Frequently occurring fault-prone code snippets include those associated with identifiers, method calls and variables. There are some code snippets significantly associated with faults that are always in faulty code. There are 201 code snippets that are snippets significantly associated with faults across all five of the systems. The technique is unable to find any significant associations between code snippets and non-faulty code. The relationship between code snippets and faults seems to change as the system evolves with more snippets becoming fault-prone as Eclipse.JDT.core evolved over the three releases analysed. Conclusions. This dissertation has introduced the concept of code snippets into software engineering and defect prediction. The use of code snippets offers a promising approach to identifying potentially defective code. Unlike previous approaches, code snippets are based on a comprehensive analysis of low level code features and potentially allow the full set of code defects to be identified. Initial research into the relationship between code snippets and faults has shown that some code constructs or features are significantly related to software faults. The significant associations between code snippets and faults has provided additional empirical evidence to some already researched bad constructs within defect prediction. The code snippets have shown that some constructs significantly associated with faults are located in all five systems, and although this set is small finding any defect indicators that transfer successfully from one system to another is rare.


This paper analyzes the economic impact of unions on productivity in the manufacturing sector across six Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Panama, and Uruguay. Using an augmented Cobb-Douglas production function, the paper finds that unions have positive, but mostly small, effects on productivity, with the exception of Argentina, with a large negative effect, and Bolivia, with no effect. An analysis on profitability shows that, in most cases, the positive productivity effects barely offset higher union compensation, and that unions are negatively related to investment in capital and R and D. Different explanations for these effects are discussed.


In this paper, a novel topology of six-level inverters for a medium-voltage high-power applications is proposed, which consists of inner flying-capacitor inverter (FCI) units and outer two-level inverter units. The proposed topology can reduce the number of devices, components, and isolated sources compared with the existing ones in the case of the same number of output voltage steps, which result in a reduction of the size and weight of the inverters. Also, the total power loss of the proposed topology is lower than that of the diode-clamped inverter (DCI) and FCI. Besides, the estimated cost of the proposed topology is about 60.5% and 81.3% compared with the DCI and FCI, respectively. In addition, the modulation technique and the control strategy for the dc-link capacitor and flying-capacitor voltages are developed for the proposed topology. The effectiveness of the proposed six-level inverter for the medium-voltage applications has been verified by simulation results. Also, the feasibility of the proposed inverter has been proved by experimental results for the prototype at the laboratory.


This book covers the areas of intellectual property law that are most relevant to both product and technological innovation. It surveys intellectual property law relevant to protecting or monopolising the novel visual appearance, as well as the novel functions and substantive characteristics of products. Intellectual Property Law and Innovation deals with copyright laws as relevant to computers, the visual design of products, registered design laws, patent laws and the law relating to computer chip layout. It also examines aspects of passing off and trademark laws relevant to product appearance. The role of these different areas of law is examined from the perspective of innovation theory, as well as from the perspective of innovation strategy and public policy. This book takes a comparative approach, but focuses principally on the law in English speaking jurisdictions, especially Australia.


Abstract Shorelines move in response to the balance of geodynamic processes acting on sedimentary basins; thus the stratigraphic record of shoreline migration is an important tool for reconstructing climate, tectonic, and eustatic histories from ancient deposits. Here we test whether subsidence geometry influences shoreline migration in response to sea-level change by comparing two physical experiments conducted in the Experimental EarthScape (XES) basin. The experiments had similar sediment supply, subsidence rate, and sinusoidal sea-level cycles, but one experiment had a fore-tilted subsidence profile, where subsidence rates increased with distance from the sediment source (similar to a passive-margin setting) and the other had a back-tilted subsidence profile, where maximum subsidence was close to the sediment source with subsidence rates decreasing downstream. In the recent back-tilted experiment, decreasing subsidence rates downstream resulted in a tendency for shoreline regressions to self-amplify during base-level fall, whereas increasing subsidence rates upstream caused a rapid shoreline retreat during base-level rise, causing amplified shoreline fluctuations during sea-level cycles compared to the previous fore-tilted experiment. These results indicate that the spatial pattern of subsidence in a basin has a significant effect on shoreline migration in response to eustatic cycles. Shorelines in back-tilted basins are substantially more sensitive to changes in relative sea level than comparable coastlines in passive-margin settings, all else being equal.


The purpose of this study was to examine the size of sella turcica in cleft subjects from the age of 4-33 years by using standardized serial lateral radiographic cepholgrams. Forty-nine subjects with cleft of the lip and/or palate were included; 24 unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 17 bilateral cleft of the lip and palate (BCLP), 6 cleft of the lip (CL), and 2 cleft palate only (CP). The length, depth, and diameter of sella turcica were measured and the mean values were analyzed longitudinally. The results show that when comparing mean dimensional changes of sella turcica between cleft groups, an increase in the diameter of sella turcica was apparent with growth, more so than length and depth. Subjects with UCLP displayed the largest dimensional changes in depth and diameter of sella turcica with age (+0.04167, +0.04167), while subjects with BCLP showed a reduction in the mean length and depth (-0.05882 mm, -0.05882 mm). Significant variations were found in the length, depth and diameter of sella turcica between cleft groups (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001 respectively). When the effect of age was studied, a positive tendency towards an increase in the linear dimensions of depth and diameter of sella turcica was evident as age increased (P < 0.001). We can conclude that the diameter of sella turcica shows the largest change with growth, and that an increase in dimensional change (depth and diameter) in sella turcica occurs in cleft subjects up until the age of 25 years old. subjects with cleft of the lip and/or palate; 24 unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), 17 bilateral cleft of the lip and palate (BCLP), 6 cleft of the lip (CL), and 2 cleft palate only (CP). All subjects were Saudi between the ages of 4-33 years old.


I. BACKGROUND & O BJECTIVES Recent advances in sensing, communication and actuation are leading to the next generation of Telemedicine when integrated with Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). They have a great potential in fostering the provision of next-generation Ubiquitous Healthcare (U-Health). However, deploying new technologies in healthcare applications without considering security makes patient privacy vulnerable, especially when we deal with highly sensitive physiological data of a patient such as heart-rate, position, temperature etc. Because traditional security mechanisms have been designed for the systems with sufficient resources, they cannot be applied directly to the extremely resource constrained WBANs devices. Our main objective is to provide a lightweight security mechanism suitable for WBANs and propose a fully functional secure healthcare platform to monitor remotely the patients' health status. II. METHODS The proposed healthcare system (Fig. 1) integrates heterogeneous devices and wearable medical sensors. It informs the healthcare professionals by sending Patient Health Information (PHI) from Body Sensors to Body Router (BR). BR uses wireless local area network to communicate with Gateway in indoor environment, and it communicates with Server through 3G/4G in outdoor environment. Gateway and Server request Hardware Address Resolution Process (HARP) for security. To guarantee the system security, we propose (i) a new lightweight encryption scheme based on stream cipher, where the encryption key is changed after each round of transmission to provide strong confidentiality (ii) an authentication mechanism is provided through HARP to authenticate BRs with their unique ID assigned before deployment and to guarantee that only authorized healthcare professionals can access to patients' data thanks to their biometrical information. III. RESULTS In order to investigate the feasibility of the proposed secure healthcare system, all components have been implemented in an experimental testbed. Zolertia is used as a wearable BS, which is a MSP430 microcontroller based sensor node equipped with CC2420 RF transceiver for wireless communication. Cubox is used as a BR, which is a low power ARM architecture. PCs are used as Gateway/Server and HARP. Firstly, the security tests of the encryption scheme have been provided to check the randomness quality. The results were significantly higher (from 0.342178 to 0.974321) than the indicated threshold value (0.01) recommended by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Secondly, the end-to-end delay was around 97ms with encryption scheme and 94ms without encryption. Thus, the communication overhead incurred due to the encryption algorithm for each round is nearly 3ms. IV. CONCLUSION Experimental results have shown that our U-Health solution is feasible in real-world scenarios. The proposed encryption scheme passed all randomness tests recommended by NIST and the security functionality brings only 3ms communication overhead in terms of end-to-end delay per transmission.


This book offers the first comprehensive overview of Post-Holocaust Jewish theology, quoting extensively from and interpreting all of the significant American writings of the movement. Morgan's lucid analysis clarifies the background of the movement in the postwar period, its origins, its character, and its legacy for subsequent thinking, theological and otherwise. Among the authors whose work he considers are Hannah Arendt, Richard Rubenstein, Eliezer Berkowitz, Irving Greenberg, Arthur Cohen, Emil Fackenheim, Eli Wiesel and many others. Ultimately, Morgan's primary purpose is to tell the story of the movement, to illuminate its real, deep point, and to demonstrate its continuing relevance today.


It is not easy to obtain the right information from the Web for a particular Web user or a group of users due to the obstacle of automatically acquiring Web user profiles. The current techniques do not provide satisfactory structures for mining Web user profiles. This paper presents a novel approach for this problem. The objective of the approach is to automatically discover ontologies from data sets in order to build complete concept models for Web user information needs. It also proposes a method for capturing evolving patterns to refine discovered ontologies. In addition, the process of assessing relevance in ontology is established. This paper provides both theoretical and experimental evaluations for the approach. The experimental results show that all objectives we expect for the approach are achievable.


One possible policy option for countries concernedabout declining or aging populations is replacementmigration – allowing or even encouraginginternational migration in order to counteract declineand aging of native populations. In the pasttwo decades, net international migration into theNordic region has been a much larger contributorto population growth than natural increase. Thispolicy brief explores the likely demographic contributionof migration to population growth in theNordic countries in the future and the extent that itcould compensate for population decline or aging.


Abstract.
 A detailed understanding of habitat associations of threatened species is essential for the development of sound conservation and habitat management plans. The globally endangered Sichuan Partridge is endemic to montane southwestern China, where it inhabits subtropical broadleaf forest. Its use of various habitats within the forest is poorly known. Habitat use by Sichuan Partridges in Laojunshan Nature Reserve, Sichuan, was studied during the breeding season (April—October). Habitat characteristics at feeding places were compared with randomly selected sites. Auditory detection was used during transect surveys of calling males to locate birds and their feeding scrape sites. Partridges were recorded in primary and secondary broadleaf forest, but not in coniferous plantations or farmland and settlements. Birds occurred between 1400 and 1800 m a. s. l., typically on the ground with a gentle slope of between five and 15 degrees, close to paths and water sources. The habitats used by Sichuan Partridges differed from the random sites in that they had a denser shrub layer, greater tree cover, thicker deciduous leaf depth and lower abundance of bamboo. Principal Components Analysis identified factors interpretable as concealment, topography and leaf litter depth as key axes of variation in Sichuan Partridge habitats. We suggest that habitat management plans incorporating this new information can now focus more effectively on identifying, protecting and restoring those sites within protected areas that are most suitable for the Sichuan Partridge.


: BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been suggested that the type of stent used in primary percutaneous coronary interventions (pPCI) might impact on outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Indeed, drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce neointimal hyperplasia when compared to bare-metal stents (BMS); moreover the later generation DES due to its biocompatible polymer coatings and stent design allow for greater deliverability, improved endothelial healing and therefore less restenosis rate and thrombus generation. However, data on the safety and performance of DES in large cohorts of AMI are still limited. AIM: To compare the early outcome of DES vs. BMS in acute myocardial infarction patients. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter analysis containing patients from 64 hospitals in Switzerland with AMI undergoing pPCI between 2005 and 2013. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause death, whereas the secondary endpoint included a composite measure of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) of death, reinfarction, and cerebrovascular event. RESULTS: Of 20 464 patients with the primary diagnosis of AMI and enrolled to the AMIS Plus Registry, 15 026 were referred for pPCI and 13 442 received stent implantation. 10 094 patients were implanted with DES and 2 260 with BMS. The overall in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients with DES as compared to those with BMS implantation (2.6% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). The overall in-hospital MACCE after DES was similarly lower when compared with BMS (3.5% vs. 7.6%; p<0.001). After adjusting for all confounding covariables, the DES remained an independent predictor for lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.51;95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to0.67; p<0.001). Since groups differed as regards baseline characteristics and pharmacological treatment we performed a propensity score matching (PSM) to limit potential biases. Similarly, after the PSM, DES implantation remained independently associated with reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.76; p<0.001). Conclusion: In unselected patients from a nationwide, real-world cohort, we found DES as compared to BMS was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and MACCE. The identification of optimal treatment strategies of patients with AMI needs further randomized evaluation; however, our findings suggest potential benefit with DES. Abstract Background: Recently, it has been suggested that the type of stent used in primary percutaneous coronary interventions (pPCI) might impact on outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Indeed, drug-eluting stents (DES) reduce neointimal hyperplasia when compared to bare-metal stents (BMS); moreover the later generation DES due to its biocompatible polymer coatings and stent design allow for greater deliverability, improved endothelial healing and therefore less restenosis rate and thrombus generation. However, data on the safety and performance of DES in large cohorts of AMI are still limited. Aim: To compare the early outcome of DES vs. BMS in acute myocardial infarction patients. Methods : This was a prospective, multicenter analysis containing patients from 64 hospitals in Switzerland with AMI undergoing pPCI between 2005 and 2013. The primary endpoint was in-hospital all-cause death, whereas the secondary endpoint included a composite measure of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) of death, reinfarction, and cerebrovascular event. Results: Of 20 464 patients with the primary diagnosis of AMI and enrolled to the AMIS Plus Registry, 15 026 were referred for pPCI and 13 442 received stent implantation. 10 094 patients were implanted with DES and 2 260 with BMS. The overall in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients with DES as compared to those with BMS implantation (2.6% vs. 7.1%, p<0.001). The overall in-hospital MACCE after DES was similarly lower when compared with BMS (3.5% vs. 7.6%; p<0.001). After adjusting for all confounding covariables, the DES remained an independent predictor for lower in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.51;95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40 to0.67; p<0.001). Since groups differed as regards baseline characteristics and pharmacological treatment we performed a propensity score matching (PSM) to limit potential biases. Similarly, after the PSM, DES implantation remained independently associated with reduced risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39 to 0.76; p<0.001). Conclusion: In unselected patients from a nationwide, real-world cohort, we found DES as compared to BMS was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and MACCE. The identification of optimal treatment strategies of patients with AMI needs further randomized evaluation; however, our findings suggest potential benefit with DES.


Principals must be instructional leaders in their schools in order to adhere to federal, state, and local mandates as well as being able to discern that the programs for students with disabilities are being developed and implemented with fidelity to meet the needs of those students. The transition a school goes through to include students with disabilities in the regular classroom is a change that affects everyone: faculty, staff, students, and parents. Best practice should emerge from what is currently known about implementing special education programs. This research study will focus on ways principals and support personnel (i.e. staff-teachers/administrators) work together or collaborate in developing and implementing an inclusion program; factors in principal preparation and professional development programs that influence principals' perspectives and perceptions of special education; and how principals establish a vision, make decisions, and allocate/arrange resources when their schools are implementing inclusion programs. Collaboration should be a crucial element to creating and maintaining successful inclusive schools. Using the three research questions as a foundation, this study used a qualitative, case study research approach to investigate the perceptions that principals, teachers (both regular education and special education), and central office support staff have on developing and implementing special education inclusion programs in their schools. Semi-structured interviews, observations and field-notes from classroom observations were utilized as data collection tools to assure that a reliable qualitative study was accomplished. Through these methods I was able to observe, examine and analyze the specific situations and experiences of the teachers and students in the school settings. The principal's responsibilities with regards to special education are: to develop/continue programs that adhere to the law/policy; encourage communication and collaboration with special education staff; attend IEP meetings; keep current on what works; monitor/evaluate their school's current practices for process improvement. More importantly, giving teachers opportunities for good quality professional development on how to be an effective inclusion co-teacher and what that looks like in the classroom is crucial to effective implementation of an inclusion program. The principalship should include visionary leadership qualities, efficient operations management, high quality instructional leadership, and advocacy practices that address the specific needs of students. These elements should be evident in services for students with disabilities, or more specifically, the inclusionary or co-teaching practices at the school. Principals should be knowledgeable of special education law and policy as well as developing an environment that encourages and supports collegiality among staff members. This change in philosophy to educating exceptional children in the regular classroom has resulted in a cultural change in many schools. The principal is at the center of this cultural change and is the central agent responsible for transitioning schools to inclusion in the regular education classroom where special education students are provided the necessary supports in order to learn alongside their non-disabled peers. There are two general principles as to why schools should implement inclusion programs for their special education students. First, services in the least restrictive environment for students with disabilities are required by law-IDEA. Second, inclusive practices give students with disabilities access to the general curriculum.


The release of acidic water contaminated with toxic metals such as aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) resulting from pyrite oxidation within acid sulphate soils (ASSs) is a major environmental issue in Australia. Groundwater manipulation using weirs and modified floodgates is not effective in low-lying floodplains due to the high risk of flooding and their inability to prevent pyrite oxidation. Permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology has been looked at as an alternative remediation technique in ASS terrain. Batch and short-term column tests were used to choose a suitable reactive material for the remediation of acidic water and the removal of Al and Fe, with recycled concrete deemed the most effective. Following these tests, a pilot-scale PRB was installed in ASS terrain on the Shoalhaven Floodplain, southeast New South Wales, Australia in October 2006. Despite a slow decrease in the performance of the PRB due to armouring effects caused by the precipitation of Al and Fe on the surface of the recycled concrete, continuous monitoring of the performance of the PRB over the last five years has shown an increase in pH to neutral (~ pH 7.3) and ~ 95% removal of Al and Fe from the groundwater. A long-term (30 months) column test conducted under controlled laboratory conditions for simulating the flow of acidic groundwater through the PRB determined that the predominant neutralisation reactions occurring within the PRB were the dissolution of carbonate/bicarbonate alkalinity, the redissolution of Al hydroxide precipitates and the re-dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxide minerals.


This article argues for a reconsideration of T. S. Eliot's early poetry—in particular "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"—as developing out of a particular American poetic tradition, one that replayed and reinforced important tenets of American liberalism and nationalism. Specifically, the most characteristic poetic landscape in Eliot's early poems (the urban cityscape) develops within a tradition dominated by Walt Whitman, the most significant American urban poet prior to Eliot. Rejecting the notion that Eliot was a disconnected and detached cultural observer so immersed in elite European intellectual traditions that he was blind to the realities of American culture, this article argues that Eliot was drawn to his antiliberal position because of very concrete and practical concerns about poetic craft.


In this paper, we present a novel object detection scheme using the multi-scale contour fragments. The template fragments are extracted by decomposing the template contour. The multi-scale hinge angle, contour direction and partial Hausdorff distance (PHD) are used to select candidates in the edge image. Then, the matches with different scales and directions are selected by the Multiclass Discriminative Field (MDF) from the candidates. With the matches and their corresponding sample fragments, the contours of the objects can be obtained. The experiments on our postmark dataset and the ETHZ dataset show that the proposed scheme is robust to detect a class of objects with different scales, directions and complex background.


Africa's food systems are changing fast amid rapid economic growth, emerging urbanization, and structural transformation. In this study, we use four rounds of nationally representative data from Ethiopia to examine changes in household food consumption patterns over a period of unprecedented economic growth. We find that while there is a general decline in the share of food in the total consumption basket of households in Ethiopia, food quantities and intake of calories have increased considerably over the period 1996 to 2011. This was mostly driven by improvements in household incomes, as shown using decomposition analysis. Furthermore, the content of the food basket is changing with a gradual shift towards high-value foods, such as animal products, fruits and vegetables, and processed foods. However, irrespective of the level of income, a heavy focus on starchy staples in the Ethiopian diet remains. Overall, this diet transformation has important implications for the food security debate and for agricultural and food policy in the country.


Point-of-care diagnostic devices that are rapid and reliable remain as an unmet need highlighted by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic crisis. The second/third wave of virus spread in various parts of the world combined with new evidence of re-infections and inadequate healthcare facilities demand increased testing rate to diagnose COVID-19 at its core. Although traditional molecular diagnostic tests have served this purpose, there have been shortage of reagents and other supplies at pandemic frontlines. This calls for novel alternate diagnostic processes with potential for obtaining emergency use authorization and that can be deployed in the field at the earliest opportunity. Here, we show an ultra-fast SARS-CoV-2 detection sensor for detecting coronavirus proteins in saliva within 100 milliseconds. Electrochemical oxidation of nickel hydroxide has been controlled using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques for successful detection of SARS-CoV-2. Test results have proven the capability of sensors to quantitatively detect the concentration of virus in blinded analyses. The detection occurs by a process similar to that of SARS-CoV-2 binding onto host cells. The sensor also shows prospects in distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 from other viruses such as HIV. More importantly, the sensor matches the detection limit of the gold standard test for diagnosing early infection. The use of saliva as a non-invasive sampling technique combined with the portability of the instrument has broadened the potential of this sensor.


Although simulators have been widely used as training environments in different industries (e.g. oil and nuclear power), there is little rigorous empirical work evaluating the effectiveness of the training methods employed. This article examines the use of simulator training in process control environments. The results of an exploratory field study are reported and the current practices of simulator training are described. The study revealed that simulator training varied considerably across organisations, often with little theoretical or empirical work to guide training design. To evaluate the utility and effectiveness of different methods of simulator training in process control environments, the article also presents a literature review of the research on laboratory- and field-based training. Several training methods are identified as having particular potential for temporal and adaptive transfer and are to be empirically tested in future studies.


In the past decades, the process of European integration has influenced all fields of law, and eventually also criminal law. Whereas the creation and enforcement of criminal liability used to be purely a national matter, European legislation now requires Member States to criminalize all sorts of harmful conduct. However, this legislation does not determine the full scope of criminal liability, omitting to define general principles of criminal law. For example, the Union refers to 'intention' in its legislation, but it has not deter-mined what qualifies as such. As a result, what is criminal in one State may not be in another, which runs counter to the goal of harmonization. This book aims to remedy this by establishing what mens rea and defences should look like in European criminal law. Should intentional conduct also encompass those consequences that were not wanted, but merely foreseen as possible side-effects? Should the European legislator be allowed to criminalize conduct that does not require any proof of mens rea? What justifications and excuses could a defendant raise in Court? Can torture or murder ever be excused? To answer these questions, this book infers common principles of mens rea and defences from European law and the legal systems of the Member States. Subsequently, it merges them into one coherent and enforceable system.


In this paper, we propose the hypothesis that, in highly pure media, the cluster shape can be retained at various scales. Impurities and/or the additives can control the shape of the developing crystals by adsorption on selective sites. We demonstrate that the shape of clusters is retained at the nanoscale. This is supported by structural studies and both experiment and simulated optical properties of nanocrystal assemblies. We compare the data to those obtained by using a large variety of techniques and observation of crystal growth in nature.


The White Rabbit scurried past I'm late I'm late I'm late and she had to follow him why? I hated the story it went nowhere stupider and stupider creepy smoking caterpillar vicious Queen of Hearts horrible pigbaby and I only six what to make of it? and at the end the letdown it was all a dream so lame she woke up back in Victorian England instead of sorting herself out instead of escaping from that hell-pit by her own wits like a proper heroine she just woke up lying among the whatever daisies butterflies in her pinafore in her alice band in her prim little shoes with her big sister close by and no deranged dealers of millinery no melancholy reptiles no lakes of tears no pointlessly battling rotund little men I hated the whole story


This paper investigates the position of China in the international fragmentation of production in the ICT industry, the most dynamic and globally dispersed sector in the world economy. The evidence shows that during the 1990s China dramatically increased its market shares in ICT products and now ranks among the top three world exporters. Moreover, China has upgraded from mere assembly of imported inputs to the manufacturing of high-tech intermediate goods. As a result, import dependence has declined and the domestic value added of exports has increased. This supports the hypothesis that industrial upgrading occurred in some tradable sectors through technological learning associated with processing trade. Therefore, a pattern of specialization initially dominated by processing trade could be favourable to a country's long-term development, to the extent that entering at the lower end of high-tech sectors is promotive of catching up in more sophisticated technology-intensive production


Features: Thoroughly up-to-date and evidence-based, including expanded material on sports medicine. Lavishly illustrated with over 1,700 color drawings and photographs – a uniquely visual approach you'll appreciate for rapid reference and quick understanding. Parent education guides make it easy to provide important information to caregivers and increase compliance. Comprehensive coverage includes growth, evaluation, management, trauma, sports, infections, and tumors, as well as each anatomical area: lower limb, foot, knee, hip, spine, and upper limb. Designed to meet the everyday needs of health care practitioners who are involved with pediatric musculoskeletal problems, including primary care physicians, pediatricians, and orthopedists.


Objective To identify promising blood-based biomarkers and novel etiologic pathways of disease risk, we applied an untargeted serum metabolomics profiling in a community-based prospective study of ischemic stroke (IS). Methods In 3,904 men and women from the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities study, Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association of incident IS with the standardized level of 245 fasting serum metabolites individually, adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, batch, diabetes, hypertension, current smoking status, body mass index, and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Validation of results was carried out in an independent sample of 114 IS cases and 112 healthy controls. Results Serum levels of 2 long-chain dicarboxylic acids, tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate, were strongly correlated (r = 0.88) and were associated with incident IS after adjusting for covariates (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.11 [1.06–1.16] and 1.12 [1.07–1.17], respectively; p < 0.0001). Analyses by IS subtypes suggested that these associations were specific to cardioembolic stroke (CES). Associations of tetradecanedioate and hexadecanedioate with IS were independently confirmed (odds ratio [95% CI] 1.76 [1.21; 2.56] and 1.60 [1.11; 2.32], respectively). Conclusion Two serum long-chain dicarboxylic acids, metabolic products of ω-oxidation of fatty acids, were associated with IS and CES independently of known risk factors. Pathways related to intracellular hexadecanedioate synthesis or those involved in its clearance from the circulation may mediate IS risk. These results highlight the potential of metabolomics to discover novel circulating biomarkers for stroke and to unravel novel pathways for IS and its subtypes.


A synthetic analogue of chukanovite Fe 2 (CO 3 )(OH) 2 is formed during experimental work on iron–clay interactions simulating the cooling of containers in radioactive waste repositories. Despite its small size and the mixture with other minerals it is undoubtedly identified by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. For the first time, the structural characterisation of a synthetic chukanovite is carried out thanks to the combination of Automated Diffraction Tomography and Precession Electron Diffraction. Refinement results and comparison with literature data show that the structure of this synthetic chukanovite is consistent with that proposed for natural chukanovite found in Dronino meteorite.


TIlls research will try to evaluate the nature of current advertisements based on the 5m' s of advertisement. / ie mission, money, message, media and measurement /. Advertising is crucial and is becoming a decisive tool to the introduction of a new product, the protection of market share and also to compete with similar firms. Even though, it is costly and often it's effects are uncertain, nowadays companies invest a lot of money in order to advertise their products and services. Most of the time the advertisement programs are handled by the marketing department. The main objectives of this research is to evaluate current advertisements. To clarity the attitude of the viewer towards these advertisement and to suggest what should be done to make the advertisements attractive and effective from the viewer point of view. And to pinpoint the problem associated with the current advertisement and again to provide a solution to make the advertisements attractive and effective in relation with the 5m's and other related points from the remaining two perspectives. All the necessary data for the accomplishment of this paper will be collected through questioners and interview ..


Abstract The open electricity market requires a dramatic increase in the exchange of information between market participants. Exchange of information and data in the heterogeneous IT environment of market participants is very difficult due to different information, data, files, databases, and application or calculation models. In order to overcome this difficulty, the authors propose a concept for an object-oriented model of the information exchange network in open electricity markets using Internet technologies. This open electricity market information exchange network, which uses eXtensible Markup Language as its information exchange format between network nodes, is realized with object-oriented methods. The presented concept makes use of the Unified Modelling Language, and its suitability in real settings is studied using the German liberalized electricity market.


The goal of this work is to reason on the complexity of the relationship between three non-functional requirements in cloud computing; privacy, accountability, and transparency. We provide insights on the complexity of this relationship from the perspectives of end-users, cloud service providers, and third parties, such as auditors. We shed light on the real and perceived conflicts between privacy, transparency, and accountability, using a formal definition of transparency and an analysis on how well a privacy-preserving transparency-enhancing tool may assist in achieving accountability. Furthermore, we highlight the importance of the privacy impact assessment process for the realisation of both transparency and accountability.


OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study is to identify co-morbidities associated with acute myocardial infarction in Tobago.

METHODS
This was a longitudinal retrospective study of myocardial infarction at the Tobago Regional Hospital in two selected periods: January 2007 to April 2007 and January 2008 to April 2008. Data were retrieved from the patients' medical records. These included co-morbid conditions eg hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, ESRD, whether history of smoking or cocaine use and if any prior care. In the former period, 11 cases were confirmed as having myocardial infarction and 27 cases in the latter period.

RESULTS
In 2007 and 2008, all cases had dyslipidaemia (LDL > 100 mg/dL) and were hypertensive. There were 36.4% of cases in 2007 that had diabetes mellitus, compared to 33.3% cases in 2008 and 9.1% had chronic kidney disease in 2007, compared to 25.9% in 2008.

CONCLUSION
The most common co-morbidities associated with acute myocardial infarction in Tobago are dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, with ESRD, smoking and cocaine use less so. Many of these patients had never received prior care.


This paper is aimed at enabling the confident use of existing model test facilities for ultra deepwater application without having to compromise on the widely accepted range of scales currently used by the floating production industry. Passive line truncation has traditionally been the preferred method of creating an equivalent numerical model at reduced depth; however, these techniques tend to suffer in capturing accurately line dynamic response and so reproducing peak tensions. In an attempt to improve credibility of model test data the proposed truncation procedure sets up the truncated model, based on line dynamic response rather than quasi-static system stiffness. The upper sections of each line are modeled in detail, capturing the wave action zone and all coupling effects with the vessel. These terminate to an approximate analytical model that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. Stages 1 & 2 are used to derive a water depth truncation ratio. Here vibration decay of transverse elastic waves is assessed and it is found that below a certain length criterion, the transverse vibrational characteristics for each line are inertia driven, hence with respect to these motions the truncated model can assume a linear damper whose coefficient depends on the local line properties and vibration frequency. Stage 3 endeavors to match the individual line stiffness between the full depth and truncated models. In deepwater it is likely that taut polyester moorings will be used which are predominantly straight and have high axial stiffness that provides the principal restoring force to static and low frequency vessel motions. Consequently, it means that the natural frequencies of axial vibrations are above the typical wave frequency range allowing for a quasi-static solution. In cases of exceptionally large wave frequency vessel motions, localized curvature at the chain seabed segment and tangential skin drag on the polyester rope can increase dynamic peak tensions considerably. The focus of this paper is to develop an efficient scheme based on analytic formulation, for replicating these forces at the truncation. The paper will close with an example case study of a single mooring under extreme conditions that replicates exactly the static and dynamic characteristics of the full depth line. Copyright © 2012 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).


The positive and negative predictive values are standard measures used to quantify the predictive accuracy of binary biomarkers when the outcome being predicted is also binary. When the biomarkers are instead being used to predict a failure time outcome, there is no standard way of quantifying predictive accuracy. We propose a natural extension of the traditional predictive values to accommodate censored survival data. We discuss not only quantifying predictive accuracy using these extended predictive values, but also rigorously comparing the accuracy of two biomarkers in terms of their predictive values. Using a marginal regression framework, we describe how to estimate differences in predictive accuracy and how to test whether the observed difference is statistically significant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Many pharmaceuticals contain active ingredients that have more than one stereoisomer. An important concern is the recognition that these different stereoisomers do not necessarily have identical, or even desirable biological activity. Consequently, analytical methods for the analysis and separation of enantiomers are important in the proper development of a marketed pharmaceutical product.
In this research, direct HPLC methods for the chromatographic separation of oxyphene optical isomers have been developed and optimized using three types of chiral stationary phases. The research carried out a systematic study of the conditions for the separation of oxyphene optical isomers using synthetic polymer chiral stationary phase of cellulose tris (3, 5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) Chiralcel OD, s-cyclodextrin chiral stationary phase, and a1-acid glycoprotein chiral stationary phase. The methods using the s-cyclodextrin and Chiralcel OD columns provide for the accurate determination of the optical purity (as low as 0.1%) of each enantiomer, in the presence of the other major enantiomer. The performance of these chiral stationary phases is also compared.


Among the consequences of globalisation and international trade, are lengthening food supply chains. Long supply chains that rely on fossil energy for food production and distribution threaten food security and contribute to climate change. The gains in economic efficiency achieved through trade liberalisation however are accompanied by increased health risks and deteriorating social and environmental conditions.
In contrast, "local food" is produced in close proximity to where it is consumed and producers are often in direct contact with consumers. Local food is often proposed as an alternative to the global distribution of food and a means to regain control over the economic, social and environmental conditions under which it is produced and distributed. There is an assumption amongst local food participants that local is more sustainable, and while this is well established socially and economically, environmental sustainability is less clear.
This study uses an ecological economics framework with fossil energy use as an indicator for the depletion of non-renewable resources of the source function, and as a factor limiting the capacity of the sink function to prevent climate change. Input output analysis in conjunction with energy accounting is used firstly to estimate the total quantity of energy required to satisfy Australian households final demand across broad consumption categories. Food was found to account for 13% of the total energy requirement of households in 2009-10. The most important food categories contributing to this energy footprint were "meat products" (19.3%) followed by "snacks, confectionary, prepared meals" (18.4%).
The research then proceeds to compare the environmental sustainability of two different food systems in Australia. Using a case study in the pork industry, the energy required to produce and deliver local products to final demand is compared to similar products available in the national-global food system. Local producers from three different farms realised energy savings of 9% - 65% across four different pork products, confirming they are delivering better environmental outcomes than the global-national system. This research points to the potential contribution of localised food to improving the sustainability of food systems, and the need for wider investigations into the environmental impacts of local food in Australia.


The editors are pleased to announce that the Jungian Journal of Scholarly Studies is launching the availability of this volume on Kindle and other portable devices. Readers familiar with the journal will note significant format changes: a cover, a table of contents, and this editorial introduction.
As guest editor of this year's journal I have the pleasure of introducing the five essays and one book review included in this volume. This year we invited authors to submit papers associated with the 2013 Chicago conference titled Psyche and Society: the work of the unconscious. This conference was itself built upon the success of the 2012 New Orleans conference that addressed the relationship between affect and action. In all, these conference themes are emerging out of the JSSS community's understanding of the importance of connecting psychology more immediately to social action. This desire is the context for this volume of the Journal which seeks to present their divergent perspectives on the critical social realities of our time.
The first four papers reflect the conference theme in a variety of interesting and exciting ways. The first three explore the rich terrain of the idea of "cultural complex," starting with Tom Singer's recounting of how his thinking developed about the idea over time. He identifies how his contribution to the concept arose from his own need to account psychologically for the problems he was seeing in groups, including those of his own upbringing. Singer notes that while conflicts generated by cultural complexes often take place in the arena of politics, these complexes remain a legitimate subject matter for the study of the psychology of individuals and groups.
Singer's paper is followed by Sukey Fontelieu's that describes the way in which belief in American exceptionalism reveals a cultural complex that can be understood in relation to the Greek god Pan. Within this complex Americans' attitude toward our own unique value is recognized as having a shadow side that restricts our ability to deal effectively with our own problems and negatively influences other people's attitude toward Americans.
Mary Hackworth's article explores how American individualism may be being balanced by a sense of the Commons expressed in an emerging interest in Unicursal labyrinths. Hackworth uses the concept of cultural complex to discuss the political divisions within and fragmentation of American society. She explores the possibility that the growing interest in labyrinths represents an unconscious expression of the desire to compensate for these complexes through the power of labyrinths to balance individual and common purposes.
Susan Wyatt's paper links individual and society through an exploration of the capacity of the individual to be an agent of change. Wyatt uses the story of the Rainmaker to explore the connection between individual and social change. Her article makes use of Jungian theory to increase understanding of social transformation.
In addition to these four papers spun out of the topic of Psyche and Society, Matthew Fike uses a Jungian approach to understand Ernest Hemingway's "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber." Fike offers an analysis of this story that contributes to prior Freudian and Lacanian studies of this story, which further establishes the contribution of Jungian thought to literature.
Finally, Susan Rowland in an insightful book review brings a Jungian perspective to the new book, In the Image of Orpheus: Rilke, a Soul History by Daniel Joseph Polikoff.
Peter T DunlapGuest Editor


Within pressurised Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) the contact between the valve components and elastomeric seals is of major significance, representing the main contributory factor to the overall system frictional characteristics. Therefore, the seal performance is extremely important and must be optimised to meet the contradictory requirements of preventing leakage and allowing smooth actuation. The environmentally driven trend to HFA formulations as opposed to CFC based ones has deteriorated this problem due to poor lubrication conditions and it has, consequently, increased the frictional losses during the pMDI actuation (hysteresis cycle). Research has been conducted into the key areas of the inhaler mechanism. As such, the contact pressure distribution and resulting reactions have been investigated, with emphasis on the correct treatment of the elastomer (seal) characteristics. The modelling of the device has been conducted within the environment of the multibody dynamics commercial software ADAMS, where a virtual prototype has been built using solid CAD geometries of the valve components. An equation was extrapolated to describe the relation between the characteristics of the ultra thin film contact conditions (sliding velocity, surface geometry, film thickness and reaction force) encountered within the inhaler valve and integrated into the virtual prototype allowing the calculation of friction within the conjuncture (due to viscous shear and adhesion). The latter allowed the analysis and optimisation of key device parameters, such as seal geometry, lubricant properties etc. It has been concluded that the dominant mechanism of friction is adhesion, while boundary lubrication is the prevailing lubrication regime due to the poor surface roughness to film thickness ratio. The multibody dynamics model represents a novel multi physics approach to study the behaviour of pMDIs, including rigid body inertial dynamics, general elasticity, surface interactions (such as adhesion), hydrodynamics and intermolecular surface interactions (such as Van der Waals forces). Good agreement has been obtained against experimental results at component and device level.


We report on the Azores Stratocumulus Measurements of Radiation, Turbulence and Aerosols (ACORES) campaign, which took place around Graciosa and Pico Islands/Azores in July 2017. The main objective was to investigate the vertical distribution of aerosol particles, stratocumulus microphysical and radiative properties, and turbulence parameters in the eastern North Atlantic. The vertical exchange of mass, momentum, and energy between the free troposphere (FT) and the cloudy marine boundary layer (MBL) was explored over a range of scales from submeters to kilometers. To cover these spatial scales with appropriate measurements, helicopter-borne observations with unprecedented high resolution were realized using the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS) and Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System–Helicopter-Borne Observations (SMART-HELIOS) instrumental payloads. The helicopter-borne observations were combined with ground-based aerosol measurements collected at two continuously running field stations on Pico Mountain (2,225 m above sea level, in the FT), and at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) station on Graciosa (at sea level). First findings from the ACORES observations we are discussing in the paper are as follows: (i) we have observed a high variability of the turbulent cloud-top structure on horizontal scales below 100 m with local temperature gradients of up to 4 K over less than 1 m vertical distance, (ii) we have collected strictly collocated radiation measurements supporting the relevance of small-scale processes by revealing significant inhomogeneities in cloud-top brightness temperature to scales well below 100 m, and (iii) we have concluded that aerosol properties are completely different in the MBL and FT with often-complex stratification and frequently observed burst-like new particle formation.


This article provides a theory of the relation between legal and non legally enforceable rules and standards in the corporation, and then uses that theory to analyze a variety of prominent features of corporate law. In the first part, we draw on recent developments in the theory of the firm to identify key problems facing participants in the firm. In developing this approach, we combine the "property rights" strand in the theory of the firm with the transaction cost approach. From this perspective, the main issue is solving the related problems of coordinating activities, choosing the firm's assets, and developing appropriate incentives for specific investments. In part II, we argue that the firm so understood will largely be governed through "norms," by which we mean "non-legally enforceable rules and standards" (NLERS). Indeed, the raison d'etre of firms is to replace legal/contractual governance of relations with NLERS. Using this framework, in part III, we analyze the duty of loyalty. In part IV, we analyze the duty of care and the business judgement rule, and a variety of other puzzling features of corporate law. From our perspective, corporate law can be understood as a remarkably sophisticated mechanism for facilitating governance by NLERS. Centralized management is used to determine the assets over which the corporation must have residual rights of control and to develop a governance structure for protecting the match-investments of insiders in these assets. Legal rules provide the default settings through which centralized management operate and prohibit non pro rata distributions (a combination of ex ante rules and the ex post duty of loyalty), which pushes controlling shareholders to maximize the value of the firm. Having established an "incentive compatible" legal form that facilitates NLERS governance, the law must be careful not to undermine that governance by midstream interference. Here, the duty of care and the business judgment rule are critical. The business judgement rule acts as a jurisdictional rule that facilitates a self governing NLERS relationship by preventing parties from turning to third party adjudicators. As such, it plays a role very similar to the role of the employment at will doctrine in employment law and for the same reasons. This analysis provides an explanation for why the duty of care, despite its appearance, does not function as a negligence rule, and why liability for directorial malpractice is so much less common than liability for other forms of professional malpractice, such as, legal or medical. The principal contexts in which the BJR does not apply are situations in which NLERS governance breaks down, generally because of last period temptations to defect. The difference in the ability of NLERS to govern midstream and end games provides the key to understanding a variety of corporate law puzzles. These puzzles include: the asymmetry between the legal standards governing purchases and sales of assets; the asymmetry between judicial review over decisions to resist all bids for control ("just say no") versus the review of sales of control; and the demand requirement in derivative litigation.


KARA TAN BHALA is First Vice President and Senior Portfolio Manager at Merrill Lynch Asset Management. Before President Suharto of Indonesia was forced to resign, he was already an anachronism in Asia. He belonged to a dying breed of Asian dictators who ruled the people with iron fists and approached business concerns with open palms. A survey around Asia reveals a body of despots reduced to ghosts of their former selves. Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines' dictator, was whisked away on a US military helicopter in 1986. Corazon Aquino was subsequently elected president of the Philippines and two further presidential elections have occurred. Chun Doo Hwan of South Korea was replaced by democratically elected successors. Chiang Ching-kuo of Taiwan died and his successor, Lee Teng-hui, was democratically elected. The military had a large influence over Thai governments until 1992, when parties opposed to the military won a majority in parliament. Since then, the country has seen a train of elected, albeit ineffectual, coalition governments. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Merrill Lynch. The number of despots in Asia will continue to shrink. The transition from authoritarianism to liberal democracy is the result of ineluctable socioeconomic forces that the despots themselves have unleashed. All Asian countries profess a desire to pursue economic development based to some degree on Western technological and scientific progress and Western-style liberalized markets. Yet to develop in this manner, authoritarian regimes as paradigm and practice necessarily must be discarded. The philosophy behind the modern political economy of the West is based on Enlightenment principles. The pillars of this intellectual edifice are reason, individualism and freedom. These pillars underlie all areas of human achievement, particularly in science, economics, and politics. It was during the Enlightenment that modern ideas in these fields were developed. In science, Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton advanced the scientific method. In economics, Adam Smith expounded the theory of free markets. In politics, John Locke advocated the rule of law and the rights of an individual. The three principles must pervade all areas of human endeavor, including politics, if the Western development model is to be emulated successfully. Some Asian leaders want reason, individualism and freedom to operate only in the economic and scientific/technological sphere, but not in the political arena. This clinical selection of ideals cannot work. It will not work for any authoritarian regime, whether benign and paternalistic, as in Singapore and Malaysia, or malignant and self-serving, as in Cambodia and Myanmar. Authoritarianism, whatever the type, is ultimately based on the concept that one individual knows what is best for the country and its people. He (political despots are mostly males) enjoys absolute power. The sovereign neutralizes threats to his power by outlawing political dissent. He may be more or less oppressive, depending on whether the dictator is merely a megalomaniac or also a sadist. If Asian leaders are serious about promoting sustained economic growth with attendant high GDP per capita akin to the Western model of economic and scientific development, then they cannot simultaneously and conveniently discard the Western political model. The labeled "Asian model" and the Western one are born from the same principles. A government cannot expect long-term, Western-style economic performance --encouraging reason, individualism, and freedom in the pursuits of science and economics--while simultaneously banishing these principles from politics. If the political atmosphere excises these principles from the political arena, how can they survive in other intellectual areas? And, if reason, individualism, and liberty do not flourish in all fields of intellectual undertaking, how is sustained progress possible? …


While analysing constitutions of various countries in the legal literature, usually not only the form and the content but also the structure of the constitution is discussed. The structure of the constitution is an internal organisational order of the norms of the constitution. Although every state has a unique structure of their constitution, however, certain regularities can be discerned. The analysis of the structure of various constitutions leads to a conclusion that normally each constitution consists of the following standard structural parts: the preamble, the main part, the final, transitional or additional provisions, in some constitutions there can also be annexes. The article ascertains that most of the constitutions begin with the introductory part, the preamble. Only the constitutions of several countries (e.g. Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, Greece) contain no preamble. After analysing the preambles of the Lithuanian Constitutions adopted in 1918-1940, the Lithuanian Constitution of 1992, the Constitution of the United States of America of 1787, the Constitution of Federal Republic of Germany of 1949, and the constitutions of several Central and Eastern European countries (the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia of 1992, the Constitution of Czech Republic of 1992 and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1997) it is stated that a preamble is considered as an inseparable part of an official text of a constitution. The preamble reflects the historical context and the circumstances of the adoption of a constitution, names the goals of the constitutional regulation, fortifies the values to be attained, declares the key political principles or even the fundamental human rights and freedoms, etc. Often the preamble reveals the methods of adoption of a constitution. The preamble is an important structural part of the constitution that helps to understand the established constitutional regulation. The principles enshrined in it can be considered as significant argument for the constitutional justice institutions while solving the case of whether the law or any other legal act in question contradicts with the constitution. While interpreting and applying the constitution as a single act, its separate sections, clauses or certain provisions it is necessary to take the content of the preamble into account, since no text of the constitution shall be interpreted in a way to contradict the statements of the preamble and its spirit. The preamble is not only a category of a political, ideological or philosophical nature, it undoubtedly has the legal burden, therefore it is considered to have legal validity. Constitutions usually do not contain any particular preamble amendment procedures. The preambles are characterised to have the so-called higher style; they are usually formulated not in compliance with the requirements of legal technique. Therefore, they differ from other constitutional provisions that are usually set out in official writing style according to certain rules of legal technique.


This thesis underlines an assessment of the Postharvest loss conditions of selected fresh produces of Etfruit wholesalers and its impact on chain players in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Reducing Postharvest loss instead of increasing the volume of production can save scarce resources, ecofriendly and improve food security (Kader, 2004). The approach for conducting the study consists of semi-structured interview and observation techniques with detailed interviews of Etfruit-wholesalers and their close trade partners. Volume losses were estimated for each supply chain channel and fresh produce. Total food loss along supply chain channels for selected fresh produces is about 28% whereas 1% in consumers' channel. Postharvest loss largely occurs in supply channels than consumer for fresh produces in developing countries (Fao, 2014). Lack of incentives against food loss given the initial supply curve (amount) resulted in a lower quantity, higher price, producer's surplus, welfare disadvantage for consumers in fresh produces market. Moreover, failing to reduce food waste from consumption resulted in a higher quantity, welfare advantage for produces and higher price in the market. Therefore, lack of responsive action to reduce postharvest loss caused producers to be greatly affected players' in the supply chain.
There were hindrances which promote food loss in the supply chains; lack of cold chain system, inadequate packaging and heavy dependence on manual Labor. These problems can largely be reduced by implementing cold chain, refrigerated transport, plastic crates, locally viable technologies and persistent policies. In Ethiopia where traditional postharvest handling is the only choice, poorly harvested and packaged fresh produces loaded onto inadequate transport by means of manual labor. Valuation of postharvest losses of fresh produces at various phases of supply channels would benefit in pinpointing the causes for food losses. This also enables to develop proper measures required to reduce losses and to increase the accessibility of fresh produces. With postharvest concerns having been mostly overlooked, a firm indication starts from lack of common assessment method. Moreover, there have not been many researches on the impacts of food loss in developing countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for further quantitative researches that provide accurate loss estimates. Unless deliberations on the potentials for reducing worldwide food loss will remains mostly rhetorical.


Despite our visual system receiving irrelevant input that competes with task-relevant signals, we are able to pursue our perceptual goals. Attention enhances our visual processing by biasing the processing of the input that is relevant to the task at hand. The top-down signals enabling these biases are therefore important for regulating lower level sensory mechanisms. In three experiments, we examined whether we apply similar biases to successfully maintain information in visual short-term memory (VSTM). We presented participants with targets alongside distracters and we graded their perceptual similarity to vary the extent to which they competed. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that the more items held in VSTM before the onset of the distracters, the more perceptually distinct the distracters needed to be for participants to retain the target accurately. Experiment 3 extended these behavioral findings by demonstrating that the perceptual similarity between target and distracters exerted a significantly greater effect on occipital alpha amplitudes, depending on the number of items already held in VSTM. The trade-off between VSTM load and target-distracter competition suggests that VSTM and perceptual competition share a partially overlapping mechanism, namely top-down inputs into sensory areas.


Provenance in scientific workflows is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, recording information about the module executions used to produce a data item, as well as the parameter settings and intermediate data items passed between module executions, enables transparency and reproducibility of results. On the other hand, a scientific workflow often contains private or confidential data and uses proprietary modules. Hence, providing exact answers to provenance queries over all executions of the workflow may reveal private information. In this paper we discuss privacy concerns in scientific workflows -- data, module, and structural privacy - and frame several natural questions: (i) Can we formally analyze data, module, and structural privacy, giving provable privacy guarantees for an unlimited/bounded number of provenance queries? (ii) How can we answer search and structural queries over repositories of workflow specifications and their executions, providing as much information as possible to the user while still guaranteeing privacy? We then highlight some recent work in this area and point to several directions for future work.


This report was written as part of our thesis based on an assignment provided by Kantega. It deals with the use of mobile phones to access eGovernment services using the Liberty Identity Web Services Framework (ID-WSF). Additionally, it explores the use of strong authentication mechanisms on mobile phones while using the phone as the terminal to access such services. The first part of the report describes the project and its goals. In this process, it defines three research questions that will be answered in the course of the thesis. Furthermore, it outlines how these questions should be answered. This part also includes a presentation of the prototype that was developed later in the project. The second part of the report concentrates on the theoretical basis of the assignment. Existing standards and technologies for strong authentication and Liberty-enabled products are explored and evaluated. The focus of the evaluation is upon whether the technologies could be used in the prototype. The third part of the report contains the requirements specification, design, implementation and testing documentation for the prototype. This part aims to describe all aspects of the prototype development and enables us to show that it is a valid proof-of-concept. Requirements and design incorporating strong authentication into the prototype are also provided, although this functionality was not implemented as specified in the assignment. The last part of the report evaluates the results obtained in the course of the thesis and especially the resulting prototype. The prototype fulfills our requirements well, but there where some reservations on the security in the strong authentication design. This part also looks at what can be done in the future to further explore the topic and improve the results. Finally, it shows how the report has answered the research questions we defined in the beginning of the thesis by completing a prototype that accesses eGovernment services using Liberty ID-WSF.


Background: several cognitive and learning style models (Curry's taxonomy, Gardner, Dunn and Dunn, etc.) and literature related to flexible learning (Keegan, Moore, Bates). Purpose of dissertation: To investigate the existence of previous studies relating to a particular cognitive style of the e-learning student with factors such as an improved outcome of on-line courses, a preference for e-learning instead of traditional on-campus education and other relevant questions. Method: literature review of cognitive styles and distance education followed by an analysis of the implications of the cognitive styles of the students and their suitability for on-line courses. Main results: Although there's extensive literature related to both cognitive styles and e-learning in a independent way, a lack of studies and specific theoretical frameworks relating cognitive styles to the particularities of e-learning was encountered. Characteristics such as field independence/ level of socialisation and locus of control may influence the adequacy of the student to e-learning courses.


The authors perform an 'industry analysis' for higher education, using the five forces model of M.E. Porter. Although strategic planning has fallen out of favor in many business organizations (Jelinek 1979; Welch and Welch 2005), it remains the primary means for strategy making on virtually every college campus in the United States. The higher education literature on strategic planning ranges from the conceptual (Peterson, Dill, and Mets 1997) to the practical, including step-by-step instructions for completing the process (Rowley, Lujan, and Dolence 1997). Strategic planning is an important tool, but higher education's sole dependence on it has come at the expense of other useful instruments in the strategy making process. For instance. Porter's (1980) five forces model, which sets the standard for industry analysis, can complement strategic planning and thus contribute to a more comprehensive organizational strategy. An industry analysis using Porter's model pays particular attention to five forces that influence any industry: threat of new entrants, intensity of rivalry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, and bargaining power of suppliers. Current examples of the model's application vary from exploring leadership and differentiation in professional service firms (Ou and Chai 2007) to understanding the Internet's role in changing markets and entire industries (Karagiannopoulos, Georgopoulos, and Nikolopoulos 2005). In light of the ongoing interest in the five forces model in diverse fields outside of higher education, we ask two questions. First, does industry analysis provide insight into higher education? Second, does Porter's emphasis on the five forces sufficiently describe the environment in which higher education institutions function? In addition to answering these questions, we highlight where industry analysis complements and/or compares to strategic planning throughout the article. Applications of the Five Forces Model Academicians from a variety of disciplines have used Porter's five forces model to describe different industries. Ondersteijn, Giesen, and Huirne (2006) conducted an industry analysis using Porter's model to interpret the external context of Dutch dairy farming. Fratto, Jones, and Cassili (2006) employed it to better understand apparel retailers and price competition within the apparel industry. Siaw and Yu (2004) were interested in the impact of the Internet on banking competition. Pines's (2006) application of the model to emergency medicine allowed him to develop a set of recommendations for how players within the field - including emergency departments and physicians might better work together to strengthen their services and ultimately offer improved care. In an article about building a firm's lobbying strategy, Vining, Shapiro, and Borges (2005) used Porter's model to identify the environmental context in which the firm operates. Dobni and Dobni (1996) provide one of the few examples of an industry analysis in higher education planning. They applied Porter's model to Canadian university-based business schools and uncovered pathologies that were incompatible with the realities for which they were supposedly preparing their students. The relative absence of industry analysis in college and university planning suggests a need for more serious consideration and application in the field. A New Era for the Higher and Postsecondary Education Industry Peterson and Dill (1997) defined three eras that characterize the evolution of the higher education industry: traditional higher education, mass higher education, and postsecondary education. We contend that higher education has moved into a fourth era that brings with it immense pressure from organizations that in the past offered little competition for students and resources. International institutions now compete with U.S. colleges and universities for students. Corporations and private companies deliver training, education, or a mixture of the two. …


PurposeBusiness accelerators have recently received increasing attention as important cogs in business ecosystem development. However, their exact role in the ecosystem is not yet well known, especially outside the IT sector. The purpose of this study is, therefore, twofold: to determine the position of life science accelerators in the business ecosystem and the attributes of support for companies and to identify key features of the life science accelerators that contribute to the change in business ecosystems.Design/methodology/approachThe authors offer an exploratory case study of five life science business accelerators and analyze the main factors affecting the companies and the whole business ecosystem. The authors build upon the scarce literature on business accelerators and consider a new type of accelerator that specializes in life science projects and study its role in the transformation and evolution of the life science industry.FindingsThe authors have defined the role and key parameters of life science accelerators that influence the existing business ecosystems: (1) cooperation with other regions and countries, (2) development of entrepreneurial skills among participants of the business accelerators program and (3) a project on demand-based approach.Originality/valueThe key parameters of the life science accelerators allow to concentrate these efforts on the activities that are most demanded by the market. Business accelerators can increase the created value for other program participants.