This study investigated the acquisition, interpretation, and utilization of research evidence in the 4-H Youth Development Program from the frame of Social Cognitive Theory. Utilizing Consensual Qualitative Research, we interviewed twenty 4-H faculty, staff, and volunteers from seven states. Results indicated four domains, which covered participants' definitions of research utilization, their experiences utilizing research, the process of acquiring and distributing research, and barriers and facilitators to research utilization. Participants described research use primarily in terms of improving 4-H programs. They discussed their level of confidence (i.e. self-efficacy) in finding and applying research evidence and their beliefs about the outcomes of research utilization (i.e. outcomes expectancy). Participants mentioned such barriers as not knowing where to look for research, lack of time, lack of funding, and difficulty applying research findings to their work. The facilitators included support from other 4-H colleagues and availability of 4-H specific conferences, publications, and curriculum databases.


Although women are underrepresented in the field of economics, many see little need for intervention, arguing that women are inherently less interested in economics, or are less willing or able to get the math skills skills needed to do well in the subject. At the same time, others support active efforts to increase the number of women in the field, citing other possible causes of their current underrepresentation. These people argue, for example, that women are deterred from entering the field because of a lack of female role models, or that women are discouraged by an unappealing classroom environment. This study assesses these hypotheses by examining factors that influence undergraduate students' decisions to become economics majors using a survey of students in the introductory economics course at Harvard University as well as data on an entire class of students from Harvard's registrar. We find that although women in the introductory economics course at Harvard tend to begin the course with a weaker math background than men, math background does not explain much of the gender difference in students' decisions about majoring in economics. The class environment and the presence or absence of role models also do not explain much of the gender gap. On the other hand, women do less well in economics relative to other courses than men do, and controlling for this difference in relative performance significantly diminishes the estimated gender gap. An economically large but statistically insignificant difference between sexes in the probability of majoring in economics remains, however, which may be due to differing tastes or information about the nature of economics.


In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) systems with general goals beyond a cumulative sum of rewards have gained traction, such as in constrained problems, exploration, and acting upon prior experiences. In this paper, we consider policy optimization in Markov Decision Problems, where the objective is a general concave utility function of the state-action occupancy measure, which subsumes several of the aforementioned examples as special cases. Such generality invalidates the Bellman equation. As this means that dynamic programming no longer works, we focus on direct policy search. Analogously to the Policy Gradient Theorem \cite{sutton2000policy} available for RL with cumulative rewards, we derive a new Variational Policy Gradient Theorem for RL with general utilities, which establishes that the parametrized policy gradient may be obtained as the solution of a stochastic saddle point problem involving the Fenchel dual of the utility function. We develop a variational Monte Carlo gradient estimation algorithm to compute the policy gradient based on sample paths. We prove that the variational policy gradient scheme converges globally to the optimal policy for the general objective, though the optimization problem is nonconvex. We also establish its rate of convergence of the order $O(1/t)$ by exploiting the hidden convexity of the problem, and proves that it converges exponentially when the problem admits hidden strong convexity. Our analysis applies to the standard RL problem with cumulative rewards as a special case, in which case our result improves the available convergence rate.


Bulk MgB2- and YBaCuO-based materials are competitive candidates for applications. The properties of both compounds can be significantly improved by high temperature-high pressure preparation methods. The transformation of grain boundary pinning to point pinning in MgB2-based materials with increasing manufacturing temperature from 800 to 1050°C under pressures from 0.1 MPa to 2 GPa correlates well with an increase in critical current density in low and intermediate magnetic fields and with the redistribution of boron and oxygen in the material structure. As the manufacturing temperature increases (to 2 GPa), the discontinuous oxygen-enriched layers transform into distinct Mg-B-O inclusions, and the size and amount of inclusions of higher borides MgBX (X>;2) are reduced. The effect of oxygen and boron redistribution can be enhanced by Ti or SiC addition. The oxygenation of melt-textured YBa2Cu3O7 - δ (MT-YBaCuO) under oxygen pressure (16 MPa) allows one to increase the oxygenation temperature from 440°C to 700-800°C, which leads to an increase of the twin density in the Y123 matrix and to a decrease of dislocations, stacking faults, and the density of microcracks, and as a result, to an increase of the critical current density, Jc, and the trapped magnetic field. In MT-YBaCuO, practically free form dislocations and stacking faults and with a twin density of 22-35 μm-1, Jc of 100 kA/cm2 (at 77 K, 0 T) has been achieved, and the importance of twins in Y123 for pinning was demonstrated experimentally.


As the aging population in Colombia grows, caring for older adults falls not just to family but also to the community including friends and religious organizations. While there is very little research on ageism in Colombia, it is increasingly urgent to understand the role of social support of the growing older population. Two studies were conducted with a community sample in Bogota, Colombia. In a pilot study, we developed a measure of positive and negative stereotyping of older adults. In the main study with participants aged between 54 and 83, we explored the relations among endorsement of positive and negative stereotypes, anxiety about aging, perceived and expected physical and mental health, and expectations of social support. We found that perceived lack of social support and negative stereotyping significantly predict more anxiety towards aging, while positive evaluations of one's own mental health predict less anxiety. Surprisingly, greater expectations of social support predict more aging anxiety. In turn, aging anxiety and positive stereotyping predicted evaluations of mental (but not physical) health. Additionally, poorer evaluations of physical health, aging anxiety and negative stereotyping (though only marginally) significantly predict greater expectations of social support. Implications of the findings are discussed.


This title comes from a racing master, it provides all the knowledge you need to make your boat go faster and safer in any condition. In "Performance Sailing and Racing", Steve Colgate explains how to improve your sailing and push your boat to higher but safer speeds. He shows you how get your boat to perform as it was designed - with grace and an ease of motion - and to sail at a fast speed that can get you out of situations more quickly and arrive at your destination sooner. Used as one of the text books at the many branches of the Colgate Sailing School, "Performance Sailing and Racing" will help you get started in racing and improve as you learn. Even veteran sailors will pick up some new tips and tricks to becoming a successful racer. End-of-chapter quizzes reinforce what you learn so you can use your knowledge confidently on the water. Sail faster and smarter: Get the picture with clear, colorful photos and graphics; Master vital topics relating to boat speed - sail trim, sheet lead angles, steering differences in light and heavy air; and, learn even those daunting topics, including using a spinnaker and understanding polar diagrams. With this master teacher's wisdom on all the factors that make your boat sail better, you'll win the next race or just blow past the other boats in the outer harbor.


Thermal properties of selected organic products were investigated using novel DSC technique and methods of determination. The report includes determination of freezing temperatures, glass transition temperatures, amount of ice, and end of freezing point, heat capacity and thermal conductivity for selected cases. One part of the experimental work was devoted to investigate the difference between oils extracted from organic and conventional salmon.
The main aim of the investigation was to understand if the organic food requires any special treatment during processing, when compared with industrially produced foods.
For the investigated organic products (carrots, apples, salmon fillets and pork chops) no significant difference was found compared to conventional products. Organic salmon oil showed a different melting and freezing behaviour, which can be explained by the different fatty acid composition of the feed.
The performed investigation indicate that organic products can be preserved by the same technologies of the food chain than conventional products.


Stresses in piping system have been a major concern in designing a plant because pipes are the main transportation medium for many processes. Stresses are found in pipes where failure to these pipes can cause severe problem due to their criticality. This study was aimed to investigate the types of piping system in GDC UTP plant, identify and analyze which system having critical stresses and also find ways to rectify them. To date, there was no study conducted to check the stresses on the critical piping system of the plant. The scope of study was to determine the stresses in piping systems and to suggest ways to rectify them. The study was performed by identifying the critical piping system based on the characteristics and specifications of the piping system using the plant design data. Analyses were conducted by modelling the pipe using stress analysis software, CAESAR II 5.0, to check the types and also the value of the stresses exerted. The values were then compared for conformance with the governing codes. From the analyses done, piping systems in GDC UTP plant were categorized into four (4) groups according to the fluid they were carrying; namely natural gas (primary fuel), diesel (secondary fuel), chilled water and instrument air piping systems. The study concluded that only chilled water piping system was considered critical. In the analyses done on the chilled water piping system, it was found that the axial stress, hoop stress and torsion stress on the pipe were well below the allowable stresses as govern by ASME B31.1. However, the bending stress was found to be over the maximum allowable design limit. To rectify the excessive bending stress problem, it was recommended that modification could be done with the number of supports along the pipe. Analyses done on the recommended modification showed that it could reduce the maximum bending stress along the pipe.


To gain further insight into the foraging behaviour of predator species, it is essential that interactions between predators, their prey and the surrounding environment are better understood. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the underlying processes, both physical and biological, driving variation in the times and locations of seabird foraging events. Using fine-scale simultaneous measurements of seabird abundance, prey density and oceanographic variability collected during an at-sea survey in the Firth of Forth region of the North Sea, zero-inflated negative binomial models were applied to identify the underlying processes driving foraging behaviour in 2 seabird species: the common guillemot Uria aalge and the black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla. Both guillemot and kittiwake models showed consistency in their results; specific tidal states and thermal stratification levels explained observed increases in abundance. The secondary purpose of this study was to identify key oceanographic processes driving variability in prey density and determine if these were comparable to those underlying the behaviour of foraging seabirds. Log-transformations of 2 measures of prey density, NASC-40-50(MAX) and NASC-50-70(MAX), were modelled using generalised least squares. Similar tidal conditions and thermal stratification levels explained distributional patterns, suggesting that these processes act to increase prey availability, creating profitable foraging opportunities for predators to exploit. This has been termed the tidal coupling hypothesis and identifies that critical marine habitats occur not only at limited spatial locations but also within specific temporal intervals relating to the tidal cycle. Further more, by incorporating this oceanographic influence on foraging habitat, fine-scale predator-prey relationships were also identified. Foraging guillemots and kittiwakes displayed a Type II functional response to increasing values of NASC-40-50(MAX).


Superresolution algorithms have demonstrated impressive image-restoration results in the space domain. We consider the limits on superresolution performance in terms of usable bandwidth of the restored frequency spectrum. On the basis of a characterization of the spectral extrapolation errors (viz., null objects), we derive an expression for an approximate bound on accurate bandwidth extension for the general class of superresolution algorithms that incorporate a priori assumptions of a nonnegative, space-limited object. It is shown that accurate bandwidth extension is inversely related to the spatial extent of the object and the noise level in the image. For superresolution of sampled data, we present preliminary results relating bandwidth extrapolation to the difference between sampling rate and the discrete optical cutoff frequency. Simulation results are presented that substantiate the derived bandwidth extrapolation bounds.


Settlements at the Edge examines the evolution, characteristics, functions and shifting economic basis of settlements in sparsely populated areas of developed nations. With a focus on demographic change, the book features theoretical and applied cases which explore the interface between demography, economy, well-being and the environment. This book offers a comprehensive and insightful knowledge base for understanding the role of population in shaping the development and histories of northern sparsely populated areas of developed nations including Alaska (USA), Australia, Canada, Greenland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Finland and other nations with territories within the Arctic Circle.


Abstract In the context of the underground storage of radioactive waste, the aim of this experimental study is to characterize the effect of damage on transport and water retention properties of Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) argillite. The originality of the study is to simultaneously investigate the pore-size distribution, water retention, the dry, effective and relative gas permeability, and the gas breakthrough pressure (GBP) of damaged COx argillite. These different properties are all relevant to characterizing the fluid transport ability of COx argillite. Results show that the damage has a significant impact on the properties of the COx argillite. It induces a decrease in its water retention capacity and GBP, and it increases its gas permeability and apparent porosity available to water owing to the creation of micro-cracks. Another objective is to show which of these properties is the most suitable to detect early damage states in COx argillite, with a potential use being to identify them in situ. GBP appears to be the best 'detector' of damage because of its sensitivity to damage even under high confinement pressures. Gas permeability could be a good indicator of damage, as it increases significantly (one or several orders of magnitude) after the damage. Finally, the water permeability curve is a poor indicator of COx argillite damage.


Background/Context In this paper we draw on an intersectional critical framework to analyze and account for the simultaneous interworkings of race and dis/ability. Specifically, we draw on this framework to examine two aims of modern science: (a) to identify distinct biological markers of race and (b) to locate biological and neurological origins of Learning Disabilities (LD). These aims persist despite evidence that both race and LD are socially and politically constructed categories. Purpose/Objective By reviewing historical and contemporary attempts by researchers to locate race and LD as immutable features embodied by individuals, we reveal how the science behind these categories shares similar underlying systems of logic; both efforts attempt to locate social problems within bodies and illustrate what Samuels (2014) calls "fantasies of identification," or culturally embedded desires to definitively identify and categorize bodies. Research Design This is a historical analysis Conclusions/Recommendations We assert the need to engage with intersectional analyses, not simply as demographic variables along the lines of identity categories, but as an analytical tool for uncovering underlying logics that undergird systems of oppression. Examining the shared scientific explanations of race and learning disabilities illuminates possibilities for rethinking key issues at the intersection of race and disability.


Objective: L-asparaginase (L-ASP) is one of the indispensible medications used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); however, the allergic reactions caused by the drug limit its use. 52 patients (37 were low risk, 15 were high risk) who were followed for ALL between January 2010 and July 2014 and who developed local and systemic reactions associated with Escherichia coli L-ASP were evaluated. Results: Of the 52 patients with ALL who underwent therapy according to the St Jude Total XV chemotherapy protocol, three patients developed systemic allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) and eight developed swelling, erythema and increased skin temperatures at the injection site and as well as systemic fever (> 38°C) aft er E. coli L-ASP therapy. All of the patients were treated with pegylated E. coli asparaginase, and none reported complaints during the follow-up. Conclusion: Th e local reactions in these cases were regarded as allergic due to the recurrence upon challenge and the recovery aft er diff erent drugs were prescribed; and these reactions occurred particularly in the low-risk group who were receiving the drug every other day in re-induction I.


Throughout the past decade contemporary human geography has seen a decisive move away from the structuralist analysis of the New Cultural era, to a more fluid, deconstructed and poststructuralist approach, perhaps best encapsulated within the nonrepresentational movement. Yet throughout this 'performative turn' - which has done much to change social and cultural geography, and in particular landscape studies - there has never been so much as a fleeting glance towards the nonpresent. Invanably the lost, decayed, damaged or distorted have remained absent, and so, in response to this, this research aims to rectify the 'absence of absence'. The narrative begins by looking towards the development of 'landscape' within social and cultural geography, contemplating the dominance of 'presence' over 'absence' and the recent emphasis upon doings, encounters, beings and becomings. Through a sustained critique of this, I begin to draw out various themes, considering how the problem of absence itself may be manipulated and incorporated into narrative form. Through the development of a 'typology of absence' I propose that absence is composed of three broad dimensions; its capacity, temporality and affective resonances, by and through which it is able to permeate into all vistas of the landscape; past, presence, present and absent. Expounding this idea of the triple dimension of absence, I draw upon series of creative methodologies, developing the typology into a hybrid form of auto-ethnographic montage narrative which develops and forms an extended typology of absence, allowing the accounts themselves to be permeated and distorted with series of infinite nonpresences. Finally, by drawing out these methodologies, I offer several creative encounters with the landscape of Blackpool; merging time frames, distorting and breaking narratives, allowing story lines to be permeated with endless absences and disappearances.


The current dietary recommendations for diabetics are not significantly different from that of the general population; a high carbohydrate, low fat diet. Glycaemic fluctuations are unavoidable when consuming even moderate intakes of carbohydrates, exacerbating hyperglycaemia and dyslipidemia both of which are associated with the development of diabetic complications. The aim was to carry out a literature review to evaluate if restricting carbohydrate intakes was a safe and effective management strategy for diabetes. A literature review was conducted using primary electronic databases to identify randomised control trials and intervention studies published between 2001–2015. Inclusion criteria were studies that were conducted in adults with diabetes and assessed the impact of restricted carbohydrate intakes on metabolic outcomes. They also specified the amount of carbohydrates in grams per day or percentage of total daily energy intake (TEI). Primary outcomes were changes in glycated haemoglobin levels and weight from baseline. Secondary outcomes were changes in lipoproteins, glycaemic variability and adjustments in medication. There were significant reductions in glycated haemoglobin levels reported across the literature with the greatest reduction −2·2 % (p< 0·001) correlating with the lowest carbohydrate intakes (30gm/d). A decrease of −0·7 % (p< 0·001) was reported at 4 years for those consuming ≤75gm/d, −1·1 % (p< 0·001) at 22 months for those following 80–90gm/d and −0·9 % (p< 0·05) at 2 years when consuming up to 120gm/d. Decreases in bodyweight ranged from −8·6 kg to −0·9 kg with greater reductions reported at 2 years in subjects following the low carbohydrate diet (−4·7 kg) compared to the low fat diet (−2·9 kg). Effects on fasting blood glucose were immediate dropping from 11·7 mmol/l to 7·0 mmol/l requiring an immediate reduction in medication. 52 % of subjects consuming 14 % (TEI) from carbohydrates reduced their medication (p= 0·01) compared to 21 % following a diet of 53 % (TEI). A reduction or elimination of medication lead to a decrease in hypoglycaemic events with a two-fold greater decrease in glycaemic variability (p= 0·09) and greater periods in euglycaemic ranges (p= 0·07). There were significant improvements in lipoprotein profiles observed despite increases in dietary fat. When comparing intakes of 58 % fat and 14 % carbohydrates (TEI) (35 % MUFA, 13 % PUFA, 10 % SFA) to 30 % fat and 53 % carbohydrate (TEI) the low carbohydrate group significantly decreased triglyceride levels (p= 0·001) and increased high density lipoprotein levels (p= 0·007). It was also reported that there was a significant decrease in the psychological stress associated with diabetes management alongside a reduction in negative moods between meals. A carbohydrate restricted diet can provide a safe and effective solution for improving diabetes management and should have a place within the diabetic guidelines. The diet was effective in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and glycaemic variability resulting in low levels of glycaemia without the risk of hypoglycaemia. The ability of the diet to reduce the symptoms of dyslipidemia is of particular importance and when compared to the traditional low fat diet for weight loss, the low carbohydrate diet was comparable and in some instances better. There were significant reductions or cessation of diabetic medication reported throughout the literature alongside a reduction in the psychological aspects of living with a long-term disease. It is possible that the current dietary advice may actually accelerate beta cell exhaustion with elevated blood glucose diminishing the islet cells ability to produce insulin.


Machine-type communications (MTC) enables a broad range of applications from mission- critical services to massive deployment of autonomous devices. To spread these applications widely, cellular systems are considered as a potential candidate to provide connectivity for MTC devices. The ubiquitous deployment of these systems reduces network installation cost and provides mobility support. However, based on the service functions, there are key challenges that currently hinder the broad use of cellular systems for MTC. This article provides a clear mapping between the main MTC service requirements and their associated challenges. The goal is to develop a comprehensive understanding of these challenges and the potential solutions. This study presents, in part, a roadmap from the current cellular technologies toward fully MTC-capable 5G mobile systems.


This thesis seeks to examine the process of Accreditation of Prior Experiential Learning (APEL) in a university in the CK, in order to discover how it is working. The starting premise is that APEL generally is not fulfilling expectations in terms of either benefiting students or widening participation. Nor has it taken on the emancipatory role, attributed to it by some of its promoters, of opening up institutions of higher education in terms of the control of knowledge and the recognition of knowledge gained in contexts outside the academy. The approach taken to the research is qualitative, focusing on a single institution in some detail, with the researcher central to the process. Data take the form of documentation produced by the institution, taped seminars, texts produced by students and interviews with lecturers and students. All data are defined as texts and are analysed using Critical Discourse Analysis and Systemic Functional Linguistics. The conclusions find that the discoursal practices of the academy and the social structures they represent and create constitute a constraint on the potential of APEL as an instrument for broadening the recognition of different types and sources of knowledge. Different approaches to assessment for APEL are proposed, drawing on experience and theory developed elsewhere.


The Commentary on Plato's Parmenides by Proclus (AD 412-85) is the most important extant document on the interpretation of this enigmatic dialogue, and has had a crucial influence on all subsequent readings. In Proclus' Commentary, the Parmenides provides the argumentative and conceptual framework for a scientific theology wherein all mythological discourse about the gods can be integrated. Its exposition was therefore the culmination of the curriculum of the Platonic school. This theological reading of the Parmenides persisted, through the medium of Ficino, until the nineteenth century. Previously this important text was only accessible in the edition of V. Cousin (Paris, 1864). This new critical edition is based on an exhaustive study of both the Greek tradition and the medieval Latin translation. This volume, the third and final one, contains Books VI and VII, and a complete set of indexes.


A novel organic chromophore (A1) is designed and synthesized with a fine structure for two-photon absorption (TPA). The single-photon induced fluorescence spectra and the fluorescence lifetime have been studied for A1, excited respectively by 297-, 355-, 422-nm laser. And the two-photon induced fluorescence spectra were surveyed when A1 was excited by 820- and 910-nm laser. The results show that the curves of up-converted fluorescence spectra are almost same and have the same peak value at 518 nm. Accordingly, we can draw a conclusion that the TPA occurs when A1 is excited by 820- and 910-nm laser separately and though the absorption-transition pathway is different, the transition-emission pathway is the same.


Background: Angiosarcoma can develop in all parts of the body containing blood vessels, including breast. Statistically, less than 10% of all angiosarcomas originate in the breast. Angiosarcoma accounts for less than 0.05% of breast primary cancers. Primary angiosarcoma develops without a history of treatment for breast cancer, whereas secondary angiosarcoma develops in patients who have already had treatments for other primary breast cancer.Case presentation: In review of the literature, primary angiosarcoma, particularly bilateral, is rare. In this study, we present a patient, a young woman, with primary bilateral angiosarcoma.Conclusion: Although breast angiosarcoma is rare, we should be aware of it, particularly in young women with breast mass that is hyperflow in color Doppler ultrasound.


Interest in inequality, including lifespan inequality, is growing. Several studies, using various measures of variation in the length of life, reveal that as life expectancy increases, lifespan inequality tends to decrease, albeit with considerable variation across populations and over time. The aim of this article is to understand why the strength of the relationship between life expectancy and lifespan inequality varies across publications. Results differ in large part because they are based on different data sources. In addition, some measures show more smudginess than others. All the analyses presented here support the basic finding of a strong relationship between life expectancy and lifespan inequality.


This study compared four formats for safety messages in printed manuals based on layouts found in a new standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI Z535.6, 2006). These four designs are specifically for use as section safety messages. Two used a signal word panel, and two used a safety alert symbol (exclamation in a triangle). The four formats were rated by 55 college students from three different classes using a five-point scale for hazardousness. All four messages were presented on the same page of a test booklet, with order balanced using a Latin Square. Results of a Friedman test indicated significant differences in ratings. The ranked order of the formats based on estimated median was yellow safety alert symbol left of the text (3.37), signal word in black panel above text (3.13), signal word in black panel imbedded in first line of text (2.87), and black hazard alert symbol left of the text (2.13). Post-hoc analyses of ratings using a Bonferroni test indicated the signs fit into three groups: the two highest rated signs, the second and third rated signs, and the lowest rated sign.


We report results of an experimental study, complemented by detailed statistical analysis of the experimental data, on the development of a more effective control method of drug delivery using a pH sensitive acrylic polymer. New copolymers based on acrylic acid and fatty acid are constructed from dodecyl castor oil and a tercopolymer based on methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and acryl amide were prepared using this new approach. Water swelling characteristics of fatty acid, acrylic acid copolymer and tercopolymer respectively in acid and alkali solutions have been studied by a step-change method. The antibiotic drug cephalosporin and paracetamol have also been incorporated into the polymer blend through dissolution with the release of the antibiotic drug being evaluated in bacterial stain media and buffer solution. Our results show that the rate of release of paracetamol getss affected by the pH factor and also by the nature of polymer blend. Our experimental data have later been statistically analyzed to quantify the precise nature of polymer decay rates on the pH density of the relevant polymer solvents. The time evolution of the polymer decay rates indicate a marked transition from a linear to a strictly non-linear regime depending on the whether the chosen sample is a general copolymer (linear) or a tercopolymer (non-linear). Non-linear data extrapolation techniques have been used to make probabilistic predictions about the variation in weight percentages of retained polymers at all future times, thereby quantifying the degree of efficacy of the new method of drug delivery.


The general context of the work presented in this paper is assistive robotics with our long-term aim to support children with autism. This paper is part of the Aurora project that studies ways in which robotic systems can encourage basic communication and social interaction skills in children with autism. This paper investigates how a small minimally expressive humanoid robot KASPAR can assume the role of a social mediator - encouraging children with low functioning autism to interact with the robot, to break their isolation and importantly, to facilitate interaction with other people. The article provides a case study evaluation of segments of trials where three children with autism, who usually do not interact with other people in their day to day activity, interacted with the robot and with co-present adults. A preliminary observational analysis was undertaken which applied, in abbreviated form, certain principles from conversation analysis - notably attention to the context in which the target behaviour occurred. The analysis was conducted by a social psychologist with expertise in using conversation analysis to understand interactions involving persons with an ASD. The analysis emphasises aspects of embodiment and interaction kinesics and revealed unexpected competencies on the part of the children. It showed how the robot served as a salient object mediating and encouraging interaction between the children and co-present adults.


This pathbreaking study presents a feminist analysis of the politics of membership in the South Korean nation over the past four decades. Seungsook Moon examines the ambitious effort by which South Korea transformed itself into a modern industrial and militarized nation. She demonstrates that the pursuit of modernity in South Korea involved the construction of the anticommunist national identity and a massive effort to mold the populace into useful, docile members of the state. This process, which she terms "militarized modernity," treated men and women differently. Men were mobilized for mandatory military service and then, as conscripts, utilized as workers and researchers in the industrializing economy. Women were consigned to lesser factory jobs, and their roles as members of the modern nation were defined largely in terms of biological reproduction and household management.

Moon situates militarized modernity in the historical context of colonialism and nationalism in the twentieth century. She follows the course of militarized modernity in South Korea from its development in the early 1960s through its peak in the 1970s and its decline after rule by military dictatorship ceased in 1987. She highlights the crucial role of the Cold War in South Korea's militarization and the continuities in the disciplinary tactics used by the Japanese colonial rulers and the postcolonial military regimes. Moon reveals how, in the years since 1987, various social movements—particularly the women's and labor movements—began the still-ongoing process of revitalizing South Korean civil society and forging citizenship as a new form of membership in the democratizing nation.


Countries are known to follow diverse pathways of life expectancy and carbon emissions, but little is known about factors driving these dynamics. In this letter we estimate the cross-sectional economic, demographic and geographic drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions. Using clustering techniques, countries are grouped according to their drivers, and analysed with respect to a criteria of one tonne of carbon emissions per capita and a life expectancy over 70 years (Goldemberg's Corner). Five clusters of countries are identified with distinct drivers and highly differentiated outcomes of life expectancy and carbon emissions. Representatives from four clusters intersect within Goldemberg's Corner, suggesting diverse combinations of drivers may still lead to sustainable outcomes, presenting many countries with an opportunity to follow a pathway towards low-carbon human development. By contrast, within Goldemberg's Corner, there are no countries from the core, wealthy consuming nations. These results reaffirm the need to address economic inequalities within international agreements for climate mitigation, but acknowledge plausible and accessible examples of low-carbon human development for countries that share similar underlying drivers of carbon emissions. In addition, we note differences in drivers between models of territorial and consumption-based carbon emissions, and discuss interesting exceptions to the drivers-based cluster analysis.


The spectrum of the copperlike ion Kr viii was observed with a low-inductance spark and 10.7-m normal- and grazing-incidence spectrographs. A total of 46 new lines with wavelengths ranging from 115 to 696 A were identified: 18 of the type 3d10nl–3d10nl′, 10 of the type 3d104s–3d94s4p, and 18 of the type 3d104p–3d94p2. From these lines 37 new energy levels were determined: 14 of the type 3d10nl, 10 belonging to 3d94s4p, and 13 to 3d94p2. New values for all known levels were derived by combining the present results with measurements at longer wavelength by Gallardo et al. [ Appl. Opt.28, 5088 ( 1989)]. The ionization energy was found to be 1014665 ± 25 cm−1 (125.802 ± 0.003 eV). New wavelength measurements were made for the 3d10–3d94p, 4f resonance lines of the nickellike ion Kr ix.


In this work we report a simple method for the synthesis of uranyl ion imprinted and non imprinted polyaniline (IPAN and NIPAN) and a copolymer of 8-hydroxyquinoline functionalized aniline (ANHQ) and aniline (IFPAN and NIFPAN) using potassium dichromate and ammonium persulphate as the initiators. The structural characterization of the synthesized materials was done by FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy, morphology by SEM, thermal properties by TG and electrochemical properties by cyclic voltammetry. Application of the synthesized materials in removal of uranyl ion was studied using solid phase extraction (SPE). Various parameters were optimized to get quantitative removal from aqueous samples buffered to neutral pH using ammonium acetate. Selectivity and reusability studies were carried out to demonstrate the possible application in real sample analysis.


Emission of methane (CH4) from surface waters is often dominated by ebullition (bubbling), a transport mode with high‐spatiotemporal variability. Based on new and extensive CH4 ebullition data, we demonstrate striking correlations (r2 between 0.92 and 0.997) when comparing seasonal bubble CH4 flux from three shallow subarctic lakes to four readily measurable proxies of incoming energy flux and daily flux magnitudes to surface sediment temperature (r2 between 0.86 and 0.94). Our results after continuous multiyear sampling suggest that CH4 ebullition is a predictable process, and that heat flux into the lakes is the dominant driver of gas production and release. Future changes in the energy received by lakes and ponds due to shorter ice‐covered seasons will predictably alter the ebullitive CH4 flux from freshwater systems across northern landscapes. This finding is critical for our understanding of the dynamics of radiatively important trace gas sources and associated climate feedback.


The number of allusions that have been identified in Under the Volcano has reached a total at once impressive and discouraging. It is difficult to discover the central vision that keeps these fragments from flying off in all directions; to what degree is a whollistic approach to the text feasible? By analysing the function of the Platonic heritage in Under the Volcano, it appears that allusion is not a mere technique but an essential part of Lowry's vision.


The effectiveness of police and mass media interventions on the rate of restraint use by car occupants in the regional city of Whyalla and in rural South Australia was evaluated by the Road Accident Research Unit of the University of Adelaide using data supplied by Transport SA. The trial was evaluated by examining observations of restraint use before (February 1998) and directly after the campaign (December 1998) and then three months later following a second campaign (March 1999). These results were also compared with self reported restraint use telephone surveys completed before (May 1998) and directly after the intervention (December 1998). Observed restraint use levels for all vehicle occupants increased in Whyalla from 84 per cent in February 1998, to 93 per cent in December 1998. This increase was maintained four months later after supplementary education and enforcement. The increase brought the level of restraint use in Whyalla up to that of metropolitan Adelaide. Two other rural regions in South Australia also experienced increases in restraint use, but not to the same extent as in Whyalla. Self reporting surveys showed a substantial increase in the knowledge of penalties incurred for seat belt non-compliance following the intervention. The interventions were followed by a large increase in restraint use, at least part of which appeared to result from the interventions. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no. E202589.


ABSTRACT
 Epizootic shell disease (ESD) is an emerging form of shell disease of the American lobster (Homarus americanus) that has had detrimental effects on the fishery in southern New England. Three bacteria commonly isolated from lesions of wild lobsters with ESD—a novel Aquimarina sp. (A. 'homaria' I32.4), a novel Rhodobacteraceae species ('Thalassobius' sp. I31.1) and a Pseudoalteromonas sp. (Pseudoalteromonas 'gracilis' ISA7.3)—were applied directly to normal and abraded juvenile lobster carapaces, and then monitored for persistence over time and for the development of shell-disease lesions at 3 different temperatures (10°C, 15°C, and 20°C). Without abrasion of the carapace, no lesions developed in the exposures. After abrasion and exposure with a pure culture of A. 'homaria' I32.4, lesions developed at all 3 temperature and A. 'homaria' was detected in the lesions of all animals tested. Surprisingly, 'Thalassobius' sp. I31.1 also colonized these lesions. A coexposure with all 3 bacteria also demonstrated lesion development and the persistence of A. 'homaria' I32.4 and 'Thalassobius' sp. I31.1. The bacterium P. 'gracilis' ISA7.3 was not able to persist in any of the challenged lesions. Abraded areas of the cuticle with no bacteria added directly were also colonized by A. 'homaria' and 'Thalassobius' sp., and moderate lesions developed; however, the directly exposed lesions were significantly more severe (P < 0.05). The bacterium A. 'homaria', but not 'Thalassobius' sp., was detected in spontaneous lesions that developed independent of any abrasion and/or bacterial exposures. A novel bacterium, 'Candidatus Kopriimonas aquarianus' was also detected in spontaneous lesions. This study shows that 2 bacteria isolated from ESD lesions of wild lobsters are able to persist in and act together as important components of lesion development on abraded surfaces of American lobsters. This indicates that they are likely major contributors to lesion development in the ESD polymicrobial infection and may represent significant pathogens of the American lobster.


For many year after the almost proximate Progressive and New Deal eras, historians accepted strong 'continuity' between these reformist periods. However, in 1955 Hofstadter's The Age of Reform advanced a hypothesis of 'discontinuity.' He emphasized backward-looking morality in the Progressive era and the forward-oriented pragmatism of the New Deal. My thesis challenges this discontinuity school of thought, and is a contribution to scholarship because Hofstadter's theory established a dominant paradigm about these eras. Historians as diverse as Graham Jr., Weinstein, Worster, and Katznelson have further stressed the differences between the Progressive and New Deal eras.

Yet, while the discontinuity message articulated many truths, it obscures an alternative vision of the New Deal. This work demonstrates on the West Coast during the later New Deal, 1937-1942, Progressive era influence was substantial. General chapters focus on: the Progressive era; the 1920s; the early New Deal. Detailed chapters about the West Coast, 1937-1942, look at three policy areas, and include: conservation and national parks; monopoly reform and distribution of electricity from West Coast dams; social justice and responses to Dust Bowl migration. An ideological re-appraisal of the West Coast in the late New Deal is attempted.

Firstly, from a Progressive era ideological viewpoint, issues conventionally judged peripheral in the three policy areas are re-conceptualized as significant policy successes. Secondly individuals and organizations shaping and implementing policies locally and nationally were either survivors of the earlier era or steeped in its beliefs. Thirdly, events on the West Coast, 1939-1940, which reproduced conditions in the Progressive era, tested whether New Dealers had learned from their predecessors' mistakes. Consequently, the West Coast region is particularly apposite in a considered questioning of Hofstadter's philosophical divide between the two reform eras.


Assessing the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is essential for policymakers, but challenging because the crisis has unfolded with extreme speed. We identify three indicators – stock market volatility, newspaper-based economic uncertainty, and subjective uncertainty in business expectation surveys – that provide real-time forward-looking uncertainty measures. We use these indicators to document and quantify the enormous increase in economic uncertainty in the past several weeks. We also illustrate how these forward-looking measures can be used to assess the macroeconomic impact of the COVID-19 crisis. Specifically, we feed COVID-induced first-moment and uncertainty shocks into an estimated model of disaster effects developed by Baker, Bloom and Terry (2020). Our illustrative exercise implies a year-on-year contraction in U.S. real GDP of nearly 11 percent as of 2020 Q4, with a 90 percent confidence interval extending to a nearly 20 percent contraction. The exercise says that about half of the forecasted output contraction reflects a negative effect of COVID-induced uncertainty.


Coarse-to-fine approaches use sequences of increasingly fine approximations to control the complexity of inference and learning. These techniques are often used in NLP and vision applications. However, no coarse-to-fine inference or learning methods have been developed for general first-order probabilistic domains, where the potential gains are even higher. We present our Coarse-to-Fine Probabilistic Inference (CFPI) framework for general coarse-to-fine inference for first-order probabilistic models, which leverages a given or induced type hierarchy over objects in the domain. Starting by considering the inference problem at the coarsest type level, our approach performs inference at successively finer grains, pruning high- and low-probability atoms before refining. CFPI can be applied with any probabilistic inference method and can be used in both propositional and relational domains. CFPI provides theoretical guarantees on the errors incurred, and these guarantees can be tightened when CFPI is applied to specific inference algorithms. We also show how to learn parameters in a coarse-to-fine manner to maximize the efficiency of CFPI. We evaluate CFPI with the lifted belief propagation algorithm on social network link prediction and biomolecular event prediction tasks. These experiments show CFPI can greatly speed up inference without sacrificing accuracy.


This paper examines the possibilities for the transformation of social theory via basic systems epistemology. I argue that social theory has lagged behind theoretical development in other realms of scholarship and thinking in world cultures in part because of its implicit reliance on dialectic or oppositional epistemology that is an outgrowth of mechanism. Social theoretical activity of the past 50 years has oft criticized conceptions of modernity, science, objectivity, and reason as artifacts of Europe between the 1500s and 1700s. However, these critiques have failed to address how these ideas emerged in the context of dominant monotheistic religion in the Medieval or Middle Ages in formative Europe. Consequently social theory bears the cast of Medieval scholarly practices to the current day. This argument appears by looking at the context of the 400s1400s in the territories of what later became Europe and suggests the relevance of relational units for social theory.


Genetic programming is a powerful method for automatically generating computer programs via the process of natural selection (Koza, 1992). However, in its standard form, there is no way to restrict the programs it generates to those where the functions operate on appropriate data types. In the case when the programs manipulate multiple data types and contain functions designed to operate on particular data types, this can lead to unnecessarily large search times and/or unnecessarily poor generalization performance. Strongly typed genetic programming (STGP) is an enhanced version of genetic programming that enforces data-type constraints and whose use of generic functions and generic data types makes it more powerful than other approaches to type-constraint enforcement. After describing its operation, we illustrate its use on problems in two domains, matrix/vector manipulation and list manipulation, which require its generality. The examples are (1) the multidimensional least-squares regression problem, (2) the multidimensional Kalman filter, (3) the list manipulation function NTH, and (4) the list manipulation function MAPCAR.


The purpose of this work is to identify genetic affinities among 48 crude oil samples from the onshore and offshore Santa Maria basins. A total of 21 source-related biomarker and stable carbon isotope ratios among the samples were assessed to assure that they were unaffected by secondary processes. Chemometric analysis of these data identifies six oil families with map and stratigraphic distributions that reflect organofacies variations within the Miocene Monterey Formation source rock. The data comprise a training set that was used to create a chemometric decision tree to classify newly collected oil samples. Three onshore families originated from two synclines, which may contain one or more pods of thermally mature source rock. Multiple biomarker parameters indicate that the six oil families achieved early oil window maturity in the range of 0.6%–0.7% equivalent vitrinite reflectance. The offshore oil samples consist of one family from Point Pedernales field and two families from the "B" prospect. Geochemical characteristics of these families indicate origins under differing water column and sediment oxicity and carbonate versus siliceous and detrital input in 'carbonate,' 'marl,' and 'shale' organofacies like those in the lower calcareous–siliceous, carbonaceous marl, and clayey–siliceous members of the Monterey Formation elsewhere in coastal California. The corresponding lithofacies and organofacies appear to be linked to the early–middle Miocene climate optimum and subsequent paleoclimatic cooling after circa 14 Ma, a systematic up-section increase in the stable carbon isotope composition of related oil samples, decreased preservation of calcium carbonate shells from planktic foraminifera and coccoliths, and increased preservation of clay-sized siliceous shells of diatoms and radiolarians. The results show that organofacies within the Monterey source rock are responsible for many of the geochemical differences between the oil families. This paleoclimate–organofacies model for crude oil from the Monterey Formation can be used to enhance future exploration efforts in many areas of coastal California.


Herein, we describe how video games, TV shows or movies have been used to provide an innovative framework for students to think about chemistry and chemical engineering. The main objective of this paper is to show how science can be linked with pop culture, to provide educators with recent materials to use in classrooms, and to discuss the benefits and limitations of such tools. The videogames Fortnite, Spiderman and Angry Birds, the TV shows Game of Thrones and Breaking Bad, the Marvel movies, and the animated programs Raving Rabbids and Dragon Ball are used to illustrate different approaches to engage with students and encourage them to learn in a more recreational environment.


About the book: the contributors to this volume adopt a socio-cultural approach to understanding collaborative creativity across a wide range of domains such as music composition, business, school-based creative writing and art, fashion design, theatre production and web-based academic collaborations. Central to the socio-cultural approach to creativity is the recognition that it is a fundamentally social process. It thus follows that, if we are to understand and characterise human creativity, we need to examine the cultural, institutional and interpersonal contexts that support and sustain such activity. We also need to understand how cultural tools and technologies resource collaborative creativity. The volume offers a distinctive and valuable contribution to this growing field of scholarship by presenting new empirical findings, reviews and critiques of existing literature together with suggestions for how this field should develop.


In many areas of commerce, government, academia, and hospitals, large collections of digital im-
ages are being created. Many of these collections are the product of digitizing existing collections of
analogue photographs, diagrams, drawings, paintings, and prints. Usually, the only way of search-
ing these collections was by keyword indexing, or simply by browsing. Digital images databases
however, open the way to content-based searching. In this paper we survey some technical aspects
of current content-based image retrieval systems.


Two-phase flow pattern data were obtained with 12.0 mm bore sight glasses for five refrigerants: R-123, R-134a, R-502, R-402A and R-404A. The existing flow pattern maps of Taitel-Dukler and Hashizume poorly represented the data while the VDI map identified the flow pattern rather successfully, with the exception of mist flows. Methods used in horizontal flow boiling correlations to determine the threshold between all wet wall and partially wet wall flow were shown to be very unreliable.


PURPOSE
Dosimetry for free breathing lung SBRT is challenging due to tissue heterogeneity and tumor motion. This study aimed to quantify the effects of these two factors on target coverage and correlate them with the mean HU in PTV. The validity of a common approach for lung SBRT planning: assigning a uniform HU to PTV was also investigated.

METHODS
Seven free breathing lung SBRT plans were generated in Eclipse treatment planning system using AAA algorithm and the average CT images for dose calculation. 50 Gy was prescribed to periphery of PTV in 5 fractions. For each plan, the (1) planned dose (AAA-3D) was compared with (2) Acuros-3D: dose calculated on the average CT images using Acuros algorithm and (3) 4D: dose calculated by copying the plan to each individual phase, calculating doses on each phase using Acuros algorithm and rigidly registering the doses to end-inhale phase. The 4D dose was considered as the true dose the tumor received.

RESULTS
For most cases, PTV coverage was overestimated by planning using AAA algorithm and underestimated by planning using Acuros algorithm. Mean difference in PTV D95 was 0.7 Gy between AAA-3D and 4D (range -1.5 Gy to 2.6 Gy) and -1.4 Gy between Acuros-3D and 4D (range -4.3 Gy to 1.0 Gy). Mean HU in PTV has a moderate correlation with the difference in PTV D95. Lower mean HU in PTV results in larger differences between 3D and 4D doses. Assigning a uniform HU to PTV will increase the difference.

CONCLUSION
For small moving tumors in free breathing lung SBRT, planning using AAA algorithm results in overestimate of the coverage to the target and planning using Acuros algorithm will underestimate the coverage. Assigning a uniform HU within PTV will further increase the differences so it is not recommended for lung SBRT planning.


Under the sociological theory of homophily, people who are similar to one another are more likely to interact with one another. Marketers often have access to data on interactions among customers from which, with homophily as a guiding principle, inferences could be made about the underlying similarities. However, larger networks face a quadratic explosion in the number of potential interactions that need to be modeled. This scalability problem renders probability models of social interactions computationally infeasible for all but the smallest networks. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic framework for modeling customer interactions that is both grounded in the theory of homophily and is flexible enough to account for random variation in who interacts with whom. In particular, we present a novel Bayesian nonparametric approach, using Dirichlet processes, to moderate the scalability problems that marketing researchers encounter when working with networked data. We find that this framework is a powerful way to draw insights into latent similarities of customers, and we discuss how marketers can apply these insights to segmentation and targeting activities.


Green Small Cell Networks aim at achieving high rates and low powers by offloading users with low signal-to-noise-ratios from macrocell to the pico base station. In this work, we propose to jointly optimise energy efficiency (EE) and spectrum efficiency (SE) such that the network providers can dynamically tune the trade-off parameter for different design requirements. This paper formulates the EE-SE trade-off as a multi-objective optimisation problem (MOP) in the uplink of multi-user two-tier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Heterogeneous Networks. Using the weighted sum method, the MOP can be transformed into a single-objective optimisation problem (SOP). The proposed EE and SE trade-off optimisation problem is strictly quasi-concave. Hence, using Dual Decomposition approach, we derive the unique optimal solution. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and illustrate the fundamental tradeoff between EE and SE for different tradeoff parameters such as maximum transmission power and circuit power.


Abstract The chief objective of this study was to determine whether the inclusion of protein in the adult diet influences male mating success in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Previous studies on this species have shown that ingestion of methyl eugenol (ME) greatly enhances male mating performance. Accordingly, we also examined the interaction between adult diet and ME and investigated whether this chemical boosts the male mating success independent of diet. In trials conducted in field tents, we compared the mating frequency of control, protein-fed males (no ME) versus males (1) deprived of protein during the entire adult life, the pre-maturation period, or the post-maturation period and (2) not provided ME or provided ME 1 day before testing. Males deprived of protein completely or when immature (1-12 days old) obtained very few matings (<5% total matings) with or without ME feeding. Males provided protein as immature adults but deprived of protein as mature adults (>12 days old; no ME) also were competitively inferior to control males but achieved a significantly higher proportion (37%) of total matings than males in the preceding treatments. ME exposure boosted the mating success of these males slightly (40% of total matings) such that their mating frequency was not significantly different from control males. Additional tests showed that for treated males fed protein their entire adult life short-term (30 h) food deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in mating success, and feeding on ME did not boost the mating frequency of the food-deprived males. The implications of our findings for controlling B. dorsalis via sterile male releases are discussed.


This threats document provides a detailed analysis of the security
threats relevant to the Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS) protocol suite.
It calls attention to, and helps with the understanding of, various
security considerations in the NSIS Requirements, Framework, and
Protocol proposals. This document does not describe vulnerabilities of
specific parts of the NSIS protocol suite. This memo provides
information for the Internet community.


Funders, publishers, and research institutions must act to ensure that research computer code is made widely available. The publication and open exchange of knowledge and material form the backbone of scientific progress and reproducibility and are obligatory for publicly funded research. Despite increasing reliance on computing in every domain of scientific endeavor, the computer source code critical to understanding and evaluating computer programs is commonly withheld, effectively rendering these programs "black boxes" in the research work flow. Exempting from basic publication and disclosure standards such a ubiquitous category of research tool carries substantial negative consequences. Eliminating this disparity will require concerted policy action by funding agencies and journal publishers, as well as changes in the way research institutions receiving public funds manage their intellectual property (IP).


The present Critical Bibliography,* whiclh includes 2622 citations, is the twenty-second to be classified according to the system established in 1953. Thte main purpose of the classification has always beeni in the words of its founder, George Sarton, "to satisfy the needs of historians of science in general rathier tthan those of historians of particular sciences". While the classification is both chronological and by subject, preference is given to the former. The reader who wishes to find all references to a particular subject, therefore, must examine several sections of the bibliography.


We present an assessment of the most plausible dynamical regimes operating in the atmospheres of giant extrasolar planets (EGP) and cold (\methane") brown dwarfs from the available data on a selected group of objects. The most important parameters controlling the atmospheric circulation are the rotation angular velocity and the energy balance between the internal heat source and the star's insolation. The rst parameter can be reasonably constrained for some of these objects by theoretical arguments. The second is constrained by the observations. Assuming a hydrogen composition, we discuss possible scenarios for the rst order atmospheric motions in terms of characteristic geophysical fluid dynamic numbers and representative time constants. The analysis is applied to the family of extrasolar giant planets classied recently by Sudarsky et al. (2000) according to their eective temperature and Bond albedo. For completeness we extend this study to cold (\methane") brown dwarfs. Three main dynamical regimes emerge from this analysis: (A) Close EGP (\hot jupiters") with spin-orbit locked (slowly rotating) planets, have their atmospheres mainly under the star's radiative control. Super-rotating atmospheric motions between the heated and cooled hemispheres can be expected. (B) Atmospheres with their dynamics controlled by both the internal and external energy sources, with Coriolis forces producing zonal motions (Jupiter like objects). (C) Cold brown dwarfs, with motions controlled by the internal heat source (thermally driven turbulent convection) producing intense vertical velocities that dominate the motion eld.


Emily Dickinson wrote, "I dwell in Possibility—A fairer House than Prose— More Numerous of Windows—Superior—for Doors" (Johnson, 1961, p.657). Dickinson's simple yet profound reference to the expansive nature of poetry over prose may be taken as a metaphor for the possibilities of information and communication technologies (ICTs) over written modes of expression. Whether we identify with this analogy or not, what we can say today with some certainty is that the advent of ICTs has impacted prior learning assessment and recognition (PLAR) by expanding the potential for knowledge acquisition, expression, and delivery. The purpose of this article is to examine the potential of experiential learning eportfolios to promote connections between several different types of learning – academic, workplace, and web-based. The author contends that this type of PLAR enables undergraduate adult learners to not only articulate and equate experiential learning to academic knowledge but also, and most importantly, to demonstrate knowledge visually and audibly through the utilization of ICTs. Two pilot case studies of e-portfolio development are described to support the author's position.


Handbook of Marine Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology describes the biological, biotechnological and industrial applications of seaweeds. Vast research into the cultivation of seaweeds is currently being undertaken but there is a lack of methodological strategies in place to develop novel drugs from these sources. This book aims to rectify this situation, providing an important review of recent advances and potential new applications for macroalgae. Focussing on the chemical and structural nature of seaweeds the book brings the potentially valuable bioactive nature to the fore. Novel compounds isolated from seaweeds are reviewed to provide an invaluable reference for anyone working in the fi eld. Editor Se-Kwon Kim, Pukyong National University, South Korea


Barrier-free signs, such as a sound device on a traffic signaling mechanism or a Braille on a map, are widely used in a modern society for the benefit of the visually impaired people. This paper proposes a sound-aided tracing system with a mobile touch screen for understanding a structure of an image. The proposed system represents a structural feature of a line-drawing image with a guiding sound. The structural features are extracted from the image and guide sounds corresponding to the features are assigned to the pixels on the image. A prototype of the map guiding system has been implemented. The experimental results with the prototype have shown that the proposed system enables subjects to trace a correct route on the map, although there remain some usability improvements for practical use.


In recent publications Alain Connes [1] and John Barrett [2] proposed to change the KO-dimension of the internal space of the standard model in its noncommutative representation [3] from zero to six. This apparently minor modification allowed to resolve the fermion doubling problem [4], and the introduction of Majorana mass terms for the right-handed neutrino. The price which had to be paid was that at least the orientability axiom of noncommutative geometry [5,6] may not be obeyed by the underlying geometry. In this publication we review three internal geometries, all three failing to meet the orientability axiom of noncommutative geometry. They will serve as examples to illustrate the nature of this lack of orientability. We will present an extension of the minimal standard model found in [7] by a right-handed neutrino, where only the sub-representation associated to this neutrino is not orientable.


One natural outcome of the educational reform movement of the 1840s was the growth of the American public library. Though the first public libraries were housed in post offices and town halls, even in local drug stores, growing book collections soon forced cities and towns to recognize the need for larger, more appropriate buildings. Some 450 public libraries were built in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The most important and influential architect of the era who built librairies was Henry Hobson Richardson (1838-1886), perhaps best known for his design of Boston's Trinity Church.The primary focus of Kenneth Breisch's Henry Hobson Richardson and the Small Public Library in America is on Richardson's designs for public libraries in Woburn, North Easton, Quincy, and Malden, Massachusetts, as well as an unbuilt proposal for the Hoyt Library in East Saginaw, Michigan. In addition to placing them within the broader history of American library design, Breisch offers a close examination of these buildings as participants in the cultural, political, and economic developments of the period. Since more than 80 percent of the public libraries built in the latter half of the nineteenth century were privately endowed--as were all of Richardson's library commissions--his discussion of the role of philanthropy, in particular, illuminates the perceived meaning and function of public libraries to the monied classes, as well as their function as memorials to deceased family members.Breisch also examines the role played by the library profession in the development of modern library planning theory during this period, a role that often clashed with the goals of the architects commissioned to design the library buildings. Although this conflict eventually led the American Library Association to condemn Richardson's buildings as unsuitable for library work, his designs still had enormous influence on the architectural vocabulary of the institution. The fact remains that Richardson invented and refined a significant prototype for the smaller American public library building.


I Introduction: The Business of Attracting Students WITHIN THE ECONOMICS of higher education, there is a small but influential literature that examines the outcomes of competitive processes on markets for higher educational services. In a series of papers, Frank (2001, 2004) and Winston (1999, 2000, 2004), among other things, address the important question of whether the competition among colleges and universities for well-qualified students in some market segments of the U.S. higher education sector has reached an intensity that has to be classified as excessive or "socially wasteful" (Frank 2001: 11) from a welfare-economic perspective. In order to attract students with certain abilities and skills, academic program providers may mount advertising campaigns, publish information brochures on their websites, or offer campus tours. Besides these and other marketing efforts, colleges and universities may invest into the construction and maintenance of buildings and infrastructure, offer merit-based tuition discounts to the most able applicants, or try to recruit academic stars to attract prospective student-consumers' attention. And, last but not least, it can be observed that investments in sports (i.e., sports teams, gymnasiums, stadiums, and the like) are also used as instruments to attract students. (1) In his article "Higher Education: The Ultimate Winner-Take-All Market?," Frank characterizes the current competitive situation on some markets in U.S. higher education as follows: Top students ... are an essential ingredient of elite educational status, and efforts to attract these students have kept pace with efforts to attract star faculty. Universities and colleges up and down the academic totem pole are spending far more than ever on brochures, videos, mailings, multistate tours by admissions officials, and other efforts to woo top students.... Colleges and universities are spending more now not just to attract good students but also to keep them happy once they arrive.... Yesterday's double-room occupancy standard in dormitories is giving way to apartment-like suites that house one student per bedroom. Centralized athletic complexes are giving way to in-dorm training facilities that resemble expensive private health clubs. Dining halls are being supplanted by facilities modeled after the food courts in up-scale shopping malls. Multimillion-dollar. state-of-the-art classroom facilities are increasingly part of the mix. Universities that fail to offer such facilities often fail in their efforts to attract the disproportionate share of high-achievement students. (2001: 9) From the viewpoint of information economics, program providers' advertising, infrastructure investments, recruitment of academic stars, granting of merit-based tuition discounts, acquisition of accreditation labels, or participation in rankings can be interpreted as different forms of "market signaling" in the sense of Spence (1973, 1974). However, according to Frank (2001, 2004) and Winston (1999, 2000, 2004), the competition among colleges and universities for well-qualified students, which--in information-economic terminology--can be considered as a signaling game, generates "socially wasteful" (Frank 2001: 11) outcomes. The remainder of this article is organized as follows. After presenting the simple welfare-economic reasoning underlying the excessive-signaling hypothesis (Section II), the following sections point out some conceptual problems that arise by the application of such reasoning to competitive processes on markets for higher educational services. Section III tries to interpret what is meant by "socially wasteful" in the literature under investigation. Section IV deals with measurement problems that arise when one tries to identify the private and societal costs and benefits of higher education institutions' signaling activities. …


The behavior of gold crystal under uniaxial, tensile, and three different triaxial stresses is studied using an ab initio constant pressure technique within a generalized gradient approximation. Gold undergoes a phase transformation from the face-centered-cubic structure (fcc) to a body-centered-tetragonal (bct) structure having the space group of $I4∕mmm$ with the application of uniaxial stress, while it transforms to a face-centered-tetragonal (fct) phase within $I4∕mmm$ symmetry under uniaxial tensile loading. Further uniaxial compression of the bct phase results in a symmetry change from $I4∕mmm$ to ${P}_{1}$ at high stresses and ultimately structural failure around $200.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. For the case of triaxial stresses, gold also converts into a bct state. The critical stress for the fcc-to-bct transformation increases as the ratio of the triaxial stress increases. Both fct and bct phases are elastically unstable.


This paper investigates the effect and parametric optimization of process parameters for Electrochemical micromachining (EMM) of 304 stainless steel using grey relation analysis. Experiments were conducted using machining voltage, pulse on-time, electrolyte concentration and tool tip shapes as typical process parameters. The grey relational analysis was adopted to obtain grey relational grade for EMM process with multiple characteristics namely machining rate and overcut. Analysis of variance was performed to get the contribution of each parameter on the performance characteristics and it was observed that electrolyte concentration and tool tip shape were the most significant process parameters that affect the EMM robustness. The experimental results reveal that, the conical with rounded electrode, machining voltage of 9V, pulse on-time of 15ms and electrolyte concentration of 0.35mole/l is the optimum combination for higher machining rate and lesser overcut. The experimental results for the optimal setting show that there is considerable improvement in the process.


The sequences and three-dimensional structures of the galactokinase, homoserine kinase, mevalonate kinase, and phosphomevalonate kinase (GHMP) family were compared to identify highly conserved surface residues. The functions of these solvent-accessible residues were assessed by determining the effects of their substitution, via mutagenesis, on the initial-rate parameters of a representative member of the GHMP kinase family, phosphomevalonate kinase from Streptococcus pneumoniae. What emerges from this study is a profile of the conserved surface-linked functions of the family. Certain substitutions produce highly selective effects on the steady-state affinity of a particular substrate, while one residue, Asp150, appears to be a pure k(cat) effector. Substitutions elsewhere affect multiple initial-rate parameters with varying, and sometimes compensatory, patterns. An alpha-helix that repositions during catalysis was substituted along its length to assess how its different segments contribute to catalysis-the substrate-proximal edge of the helix affects ATP recognition and k(cat), while the distal edge affects recognition of both substrates without affecting turnover. GHMP kinase mutations at the conserved surface residues corresponding to Ser291 and Ala293 in phosphomevalonate kinase are linked to mevalonic acid deficiency, which can lead to early fatality, and galactokinase deficiency, which causes cataracts. Our results suggest that the molecular basis for this particular galactokinase deficiency is an increase in the K(m) for galactose.


Abstract. Due to recent atmospheric and oceanic warming, the Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most challenging regions of Antarctica to understand in terms of both local- and regional-scale climate signals. Steep topography and a lack of long-term and in situ meteorological observations complicate the extrapolation of existing climate models to the sub-regional scale. Therefore, new techniques must be developed to better understand processes operating in the region. Isotope signals are traditionally related mainly to atmospheric conditions, but a detailed analysis of individual components can give new insight into oceanic and atmospheric processes. This paper aims to use new isotopic records collected from snow and firn cores in conjunction with existing meteorological and oceanic datasets to determine changes at the climatic scale in the northern extent of the Antarctic Peninsula. In particular, a discernible effect of sea ice cover on local temperatures and the expression of climatic modes, especially the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), is demonstrated. In years with a large sea ice extension in winter (negative SAM anomaly), an inversion layer in the lower troposphere develops at the coastal zone. Therefore, an isotope–temperature relationship (δ–T) valid for all periods cannot be obtained, and instead the δ–T depends on the seasonal variability of oceanic conditions. Comparatively, transitional seasons (autumn and spring) have a consistent isotope–temperature gradient of +0.69 ‰ °C−1. As shown by firn core analysis, the near-surface temperature in the northern-most portion of the Antarctic Peninsula shows a decreasing trend (−0.33 °C year−1) between 2008 and 2014. In addition, the deuterium excess (dexcess) is demonstrated to be a reliable indicator of seasonal oceanic conditions, and therefore suitable to improve a firn age model based on seasonal dexcess variability. The annual accumulation rate in this region is highly variable, ranging between 1060 and 2470 kg m−2 year−1 from 2008 to 2014. The combination of isotopic and meteorological data in areas where data exist is key to reconstruct climatic conditions with a high temporal resolution in polar regions where no direct observations exist.


Virtual rehabilitation has emerged as a promising tool over the last decade. However the field is diverse and there is no unified understanding of the concept and in which situations it should be used. The most common usage context is a rehabilitation clinic but there is an urge to offer motivating virtual rehabilitation to be used in the homes of patients. The main drive for using such systems is to enhance motivation by introducing an interesting challenge and an element of fun. This paper describes and evaluates the feasibility of Elinor, a game-based system for stroke rehabilitation in the home. The Elinor prototype has been positively evaluated with respect to its usability, user acceptance and motivational factors. This paper reports on the initial findings concerning the rehabilitation effect of Elinor. No persons suffered any serious adverse effects from training. We had positive results with respect to the assessment of motor and process skills (AMPS). Even though these improvements were not significant they are still positive enough to motivate future work. The self-reported improvements in the motor activity logs (MAL) also motivate future work.


This article describes a learner-centred pedagogy for training student teachers. The inquiry was guided by two questions: 1) Is problem-based learning (PBL) an effective strategy when training prospective Technology teachers? 2) To what extent do student teachers transfer their own experiences of PBL to the authentic classroom situation? After exploring the cognitive dimensions and characteristics of PBL, a rationale is provided for using PBL particularly for teacher training in Technology Education. Data collected through quantitative and qualitative methods suggest that the training was perceived as a relevant, creative and satisfying professional development learning experience. However, when having to transfer PBL competencies to real schools, the student teachers experienced uncertainty about their new roles as learning facilitators in a less structured and less predictable PBL environment.
(South African Journal of Higher Education: 2003 17 (1): 39-46)


A first line of attack in exploratory data analysis is data visualization, i.e., generating a 2-dimensional representation of data that makes clusters of similar points visually identifiable. Standard Johnson-Lindenstrauss dimensionality reduction does not produce data visualizations. The t-SNE heuristic of van der Maaten and Hinton, which is based on non-convex optimization, has become the de facto standard for visualization in a wide range of applications.
This work gives a formal framework for the problem of data visualization - finding a 2-dimensional embedding of clusterable data that correctly separates individual clusters to make them visually identifiable. We then give a rigorous analysis of the performance of t-SNE under a natural, deterministic condition on the "ground-truth" clusters (similar to conditions assumed in earlier analyses of clustering) in the underlying data. These are the first provable guarantees on t-SNE for constructing good data visualizations.
We show that our deterministic condition is satisfied by considerably general probabilistic generative models for clusterable data such as mixtures of well-separated log-concave distributions. Finally, we give theoretical evidence that t-SNE provably succeeds in partially recovering cluster structure even when the above deterministic condition is not met.


Design of facilities for the control of water quality is usually predicated upon some explicit expectation of performance. In reality, unit operation efficiency, system operation, model predictive capability and target quantity are uncertain and should properly be expressed in terms of an expected performance within specified limits and an allowable variance in such a way that the reliability of achieving the target can be determined. Assuming that costs can be identified with improving efficiency and performance, and that benefits can be ascribed to compliance with the quality target, then the problem can be defined as one of optimization within probabilistic constraints. The fact that such an approach has been infrequently attempted in water quality management attests to some inherent difficulties in formulation and solution of the problem. Recent progress in the use of risk/reliability programming in the design and operation of water quality control systems is reviewed.


In this paper, I demonstrate how Korean American camp counselors locally construct ethnic identity through the practice of self-categorization in discourse. Self-categorization, or the identification of oneself in terms of ethnic identity, serves to position counselors in terms of Korean ethnicity and to associate that identity with one's personal goals in participating in the Korean camp. Using videotaped data of counselors' meetings, I show that while debating their views on what a Korean camp should be and their motivations for participating in the camp, counselors make relevant their ethnic identities by describing themselves as more 'American', more 'Korean American', or more 'Korean'. In addition, the counselors discuss whether the teaching of Korean heritage or the mentorship of the campers should be the primary objective of the camp. This opposition between 'heritage' and 'mentorship' is cast as a source of tensions that map onto ideologies of identity, whereby 'Korean American' identity acquires the local meaning of being linked to the importance of mentorship over Korean heritage. In this way, counselors construct their ethnic identities as a means of classifying themselves relationally within a field of oppositions, at the same time indexing a particular stance about what a Korean camp should be.


Crawford v. Washington was a groundbreaking decision that radically redefined the scope of the Confrontation Clause. Nowhere has the impact of Crawford and the debate over its meaning been stronger than in the context of domestic violence prosecutions. The particular circumstances that surround domestic violence cases 911 calls that record cries for help and accusations, excited utterances made to responding police officers, and the persistent reluctance of complaining witnesses to cooperate with prosecutors -- combine to make the introduction of "out-of-comment statements" a critical component of many domestic violence prosecutions. Because domestic violence cases are subject to a unique set of political and institutional forces, it is necessary to appreciate those influences to fully understand trial courts' interpretation of the scope and import of the Crawford decision.As a public defender in the Bronx, I witnessed, first hand, the excitement and confusion that followed the Crawford decision at the trial level. In the immediate aftermath of Crawford, e-mails flew about our office proclaiming the death knell of "evidence based prosecutions," the practice of prosecuting domestic violence cases without the cooperation of the complaining witness. In court, defense attorneys eagerly pushed broad interpretations of the new decision, arguing that the district attorney could no longer rely solely on 911 tapes and police testimony to prosecute defendants in domestic violence cases. In this context, a seemingly typical domestic assault case, People v. Moscat, was winding its way through the court system.Through the lens of Moscat, this Essay seeks to identify how trial courts' narrow readings of Crawford have been influenced by the forces that shape the way domestic violence cases are prosecuted. By recognizing how the dynamics of domestic-violence prosecutions mold judicial reasoning, one can better understand and evaluate trial courts' post-Crawford Sixth Amendment decisions. In turn, post-Crawford jurisprudence reveals a great deal about the environment in which domestic violence cases are tried, the presumptions that shape judicial opinions in the domestic violence context, and the obstacles many defendants face when they are accused of committing such crimes.


Although Dostoevsky's name rarely triggers associations with humour among western readers, the writer entertained his Russian contemporaries by making fun of the German minorities. Folklore studies illustrate that the Russian collective consciousness perceived the German nation with mixed feelings. By the second half of the nineteenth century, the German character had become a trustworthy source of literary satire. Dostoevsky, often accused of 'xenophobia' as a political thinker, uses an original combination of literary techniques to systematically deride the Germans as a nation. A descriptive translation study, illustrated with examples from The Humiliated and Insulted, shows that this derision was largely and at least partly deliberately softened by his early German and Dutch translators. In so doing, they both supported and completed the systematic depiction of Dostoevsky as a tragic humanist, which dominated the critical dimension of his early European reception.


Objectives Little is known about pet-related injuries in Asian populations. This study primarily aimed to investigate the incidence rate of pet-related household injuries in Hong Kong, an urban Chinese setting. Setting Cantonese-speaking non-institutionalised population of all ages in Hong Kong accessible by telephone land-line. Participants A total of 43 542 telephone numbers were dialled and 6570 residents successfully completed the interviews. Primary and secondary outcome measures Data of pet-related household injuries in the previous 12 months, pet ownership and socio-demographic characteristics were collected with a questionnaire. Direct standardisation of the incidence rates of pet-related household injuries by gender and age to the 2009 Hong Kong Population Census was estimated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to estimate risks of socio-demographic factors and pet ownership for the injury. Results A total of 84 participants experienced pet-related household injuries in the past 12 months, with an overall person-based incidence rate of 1.28%. The majority of the victims were injured once (69.6%). Cats (51.6%) were the most common pets involved. Pet owners were at an extremely higher risk after controlling for other factors (adjusted OR: 52.0, 95% CI 22.1 to 98.7). Females, the unmarried, those with higher monthly household income and those living in lower-density housing were more likely to be injured by pets. Conclusions We project a pet-related household injury incidence rate of 1.24% in the general Hong Kong population, with 86 334 residents sustaining pet-related injuries every year. Pet ownership puts people at extremely high risk, especially the unmarried. Further studies should focus on educating pet owners to reduce pet-related injuries in urban Greater China.


Title of dissertation: HIGH ELASTIC MODULUS NANOPOWDER REINFORCED RESIN COMPOSITES FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS Yijun Wang, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Dissertation directed by: Associate Professor Isabel K. Lloyd Department of Material Science and Engineering Dental restorations account for more than $3 billion dollars a year on the market. Among them, all-ceramic dental crowns draw more and more attention and their popularity has risen because of their superior aesthetics and biocompatibility. However, their relatively high failure rate and labor-intensive fabrication procedure still limit their application. In this thesis, a new family of high elastic modulus nanopowder reinforced resin composites and their mechanical properties are studied. Materials with higher elastic modulus, such as alumina and diamond, are used to replace the routine filler material, silica, in dental resin composites to achieve the desired properties. This class of composites is developed to serve (1) as a high stiffness support to all-ceramic crowns and (2) as a means of joining independently fabricated crown core and veneer layers. Most of the work focuses on nano-sized Al2O3 (average particle size 47 nm) reinforcement in a polymeric matrix with 50:50 Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA): triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) monomers. Surfactants, silanizing agents and primers are examined to obtain higher filler levels and enhance the bonding between filler and matrix. Silane agents work best. The elastic modulus of a 57.5 vol% alumina/resin composite is 31.5 GPa compared to current commercial resin composites with elastic modulus <15 GPa. Chemical additives can also effectively raise the hardness to as much as 1.34 GPa. Besides alumina, diamond/resin composites are studied. An elastic modulus of about 45 GPa is obtained for a 57 vol% diamond/resin composite. Our results indicate that with a generally monodispersed nano-sized high modulus filler, relatively high elastic modulus resin-based composite cements are possible. Time-dependent behavior of our resin composites is also investigated. This is valuable for understanding the behavior of our material and possible fatigue testing in the future. Our results indicate that with effective coupling agents and higher filler loading, viscous flow can be greatly decreased due to the attenuation of mobility of polymer chains. Complementary studies indicate that our resin composites are promising for the proposed applications as a stiff support to all-ceramic crowns. HIGH ELASTIC MODULUS NANOPOWDER REINFORCED RESIN COMPOSITES FOR DENTAL APPLICATIONS


As in many areas of the world, in Mexico ambient air pollution is a pervasive component of the lived experience. Most conspicuous in large urban centers, air pollution flows across the diverse Mexican terrain, unifying the country's political geography while also routinely permeating international boundaries. In Mexico's capital, air pollution is unyieldingly stagnant and often lingers in the valley for days during winter temperature inversions and periods of low wind activity. Although Mexico City has long suffered from seasonal dust pollution, a consequence of the slow, human-engineered desiccation of the lakes that once surrounded the city, as well as from pollution naturally generated by the relatively more sporadic volcanic eruptions known to afflict the city and its environs, the mid-20th century spawned an altogether different, more human pollution problem. Driven by state-sponsored industrialization, population growth, and a rise in the use of motorized transportation, a phase collectively known as the "Mexican Miracle," from approximately the 1940s to the 1990s, Mexico City transformed into an industrial powerhouse and the most polluted city in the world, the latter status officially recognized by the United Nations during the Earth Summit in 1992.
 The state, dedicated to carrying out its comprehensive modernization project, had left Mexico City's air pollution to fester for decades, framing the legal protection of the environment—atmosphere included—as antithetical to economic growth. This rhetoric pervaded the ways that antipollution laws, passed in the 1970s and 1980s, were enforced. Though they set into motion important classification and monitoring efforts, for the most part air pollution control laws were poorly executed due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and the collapse of the economy, which halted spending on environmental protection programs. Other spheres such as science and environmental activism were also important in the history of Mexico City's experience with air pollution, as actors within these realms contributed to the creation of air pollution knowledge throughout the second half of the 20th century. In their own ways, scientists and activists discursively rendered air pollution a threat to human life and the ecological future of Mexico City. From the 1940s to the 1990s, then, dirty air connected politics, science, and environmentally minded citizens in important and intriguing ways.


We develop a modified version of the dynamic spectrogram that permits complete characterization of an ultrashort optical pulse with fewer approximations than do other schemes. The experimental procedure for such a measurement uses a second-order optical nonlinearity and yet yields an intuitive spectrogram with no inherent symmetry constraints or ambiguity. We describe and demonstrate pulse-shape reconstruction from this type of spectrogram. Phase retrieval is performed by means of an iterative algorithm.


Christian biblical authors used the apocalyptic genre to help contextualize the meaning of salvation for their audiences. Today, dystopian film can serve a similar function. In each case, the narrative diagnoses a sinister mis-ordering of human civilization and attempts to prescribe ways in which it can be overcome. Just as apocalyptic gave biblical authors the ability to make statements about what salvation was salvation from, dystopian narratives can similarly demonstrate what social conditions today remain in need of remediation. When these dystopian narratives do so by making use of symbols and themes associated with Christian soteriology their diagnoses can become the subject of theological reflection and the hope they offer for alleviation can be cast in soteriological tones.