INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Posterior urethroplasty has traditionally been performed via an open perineal approach. No documented cases of robotic assisted transabdominal and transvesical repair for traumatic posterior urethral injuries were identified in the literature. In the accompanying video, we present a novel technique for robotic assisted posterior urethroplasty. METHODS: A 26 year old male was found to have a total prostatic urethral disruption following two gunshot wounds to the buttock. A suprapubic catheter was initially placed for urinary diversion. Subsequent cystoscopy and retrograde urethrogram revealed an obliterated posterior urethra distal to bladder neck and proximal to the verumontanum. Four months following his trauma, the patient underwent posterior urethroplasty with robotic assistance. Simultaneous retrograde urethroscopy assisted in identifying the viable posterior urethral segment during dissection. RESULTS: Operative time was 155 minutes with estimated blood loss of 50mL. There were no operative complications. Patient was discharged on post-op day one with a foley and suprapubic tube. Post-operative cystogram and VCUG at 3 weeks revealed open bladder neck and posterior urethra without evidence of leak. Foley and suprapubic tube were removed. On follow up assessment, patient denied issues with voiding and reported strong voided stream. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic assisted transabdominal primary anastomotic posterior urethroplasty is a safe and technically feasible alternative to open repair. Laparoscopy offers shorter hospital stay and faster recovery compared to traditional techniques. Further experience and assessment of this approach can reveal additional advantages. Source of Funding: None


Localized fields in the defect mode of one-dimensional photonic crystals with active impurity are studied with the help of the theory of spontaneous emission from two-level atoms embedded in photonic crystals. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the enhancement of stimulated radiation, as well as the phenomena of transmissivity larger than unity and the abnormality of group velocity close to the edges of photonic band gap, are related to the negative imaginary part of the complex effective refractive index of doped layers. This means that the complex effective refractive index has a negative imaginary part, and that the impurity state with very high quality factor and great state density will occur in the photonic forbidden band if active impurity is introduced into the defect layer properly. Therefore, the spontaneous emission can be enhanced, the amplitude of stimulated emission will be very large and it occurs most probably close to the edges of photonic band gap with the fundamental reason, the group velocity close to the edges of band gap is very small or abnormal.


A large-scale palaeomagnetic study (125 specimens from 88 sampling localities) has been carried out on the Whin Sill complex and its associated dykes in northern England. The dominant carrier of remanent magnetization of the doleritic rocks is relatively pure magnetite of pseudo-single domain size, and the characteristic remanent magnetizations are typically well defined and unidirectional. Regionally consistent palaeomagnetic directions are obtained from three geographically distinct parts of the Whin Sill complex, here named as the Holy Island Sill (Declination/Inclination (D/I)=189.5/−2.8, α95=6.3), the Alnwick Sill (D/I=194.6/−25.6, α95=8.1) and the Hadrian's Wall–Pennines Sill (D/I=189.2/3.3, α95=3.5). Although the Holy Island Sill and the Hadrian's Wall–Pennines Sill are of similar age (c. 296 Ma) and indistinguishable on palaeomagnetic grounds, the difference in palaeomagnetic directions between them and the Alnwick Sill demonstrates the multi-component nature of the complex; magma-flow indicators suggest that the Holy Island Sill and the Hadrian's Wall–Pennines Sill may also represent separate intrusion events. Dykes local to the three sills have remanence directions corresponding to their respective sills and can tentatively be identified as their feeder dykes. Virtual geomagnetic poles for the three palaeomagnetic sites are: Holy Island Sill and Holy Island Dyke, 346.8E, 35.4S; Alnwick Sill, High Green Dyke and St. Oswald's Chapel Dyke, 337.1E, 47.1S; Hadrian's Wall–Pennines Sill and Hett Dyke, 347.1E, 32.9S.


Brofaromine is a new, reversible, and selective type-A monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) that also has serotonin reuptake inhibitory properties. Its dual pharmacologic effects offer promise in the treatment of a wide spectrum of depressed patients while producing less severe anticholinergic side effects in comparison with standard drugs. A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 220 patients was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy and safety of brofaromine in major depression. This study of a fixed-dose design and 6 weeks' duration found that brofaromine was significantly better than placebo on the Overall Evaluation of Efficacy, Beck self-rating scale, HAM-D Bech subscale, HAM-D total 14 items (minus the three sleep items), HAM-D depressed mood item and retardation factor, and worse than placebo on the insomnia items of HAM-D. Significantly more patients on placebo than on brofaromine did not complete the trial due to lack of efficacy. In comparative controlled studies (n = 899), brofaromine was found to be at least as efficacious as tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine) and standard MAOIs (tranylcypromine and phenelzine). Reductions of at least 50% in the HAM-D total score were seen in 58-66% of patients treated with either brofaromine or imipramine (n = 609). Brofaromine also was found to be of comparable efficacy to tranylcypromine in two clinical trials (n = 132), one of which included patients considered to have a treatment-resistant depression (n = 39). In another double-blind study that compared brofaromine (150 mg/day) to phenelzine (45 mg/day) (n = 158), there was no difference between brofaromine and phenelzine.


We study the problem of recovering the structure underlying large Gaussian graphical models or, more generally, partial correlation graphs. In high-dimensional problems it is often too costly to store the entire sample covariance matrix. We propose a new input model in which one can query single entries of the covariance matrix. We prove that it is possible to recover the support of the inverse covariance matrix with low query and computational complexity. Our algorithms work in a regime when this support is represented by tree-like graphs and, more generally, for graphs of small treewidth. Our results demonstrate that for large classes of graphs, the structure of the corresponding partial correlation graphs can be determined much faster than even computing the empirical covariance matrix.


BACKGROUND
The combination of ataxia and hypogonadism was first described more than a century ago, but its genetic basis has remained elusive.

METHODS
We performed whole-exome sequencing in a patient with ataxia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, followed by targeted sequencing of candidate genes in similarly affected patients. Neurologic and reproductive endocrine phenotypes were characterized in detail. The effects of sequence variants and the presence of an epistatic interaction were tested in a zebrafish model.

RESULTS
Digenic homozygous mutations in RNF216 and OTUD4, which encode a ubiquitin E3 ligase and a deubiquitinase, respectively, were found in three affected siblings in a consanguineous family. Additional screening identified compound heterozygous truncating mutations in RNF216 in an unrelated patient and single heterozygous deleterious mutations in four other patients. Knockdown of rnf216 or otud4 in zebrafish embryos induced defects in the eye, optic tectum, and cerebellum; combinatorial suppression of both genes exacerbated these phenotypes, which were rescued by nonmutant, but not mutant, human RNF216 or OTUD4 messenger RNA. All patients had progressive ataxia and dementia. Neuronal loss was observed in cerebellar pathways and the hippocampus; surviving hippocampal neurons contained ubiquitin-immunoreactive intranuclear inclusions. Defects were detected at the hypothalamic and pituitary levels of the reproductive endocrine axis.

CONCLUSIONS
The syndrome of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, ataxia, and dementia can be caused by inactivating mutations in RNF216 or by the combination of mutations in RNF216 and OTUD4. These findings link disordered ubiquitination to neurodegeneration and reproductive dysfunction and highlight the power of whole-exome sequencing in combination with functional studies to unveil genetic interactions that cause disease. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).


Investigations to study the multifactorial interactions between applying
varying rates (M) of empty fruit bunch (EFB) with different rates of inorganic
nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisers and to determine the effects of these
inorganic fertilisers on decomposition and mineralisation rates of EFB in mature oil
palm were undertaken. Two experiments were carried out viz. EFB-nutrient
interaction studies and EFB decomposition and nutrient mineralisation studies.
Significant M x N interactions were detected in all palm growth parameters and some important soil chemical properties. Palm nutrition, vegetative vigor and yield of
fresh fruit bunch (FFB) were all enhanced, with the exception of leaf magnesium
levels which significantly decreased. Significant M x K interaction enhanced leaf
potassium level but decreased leaf magnesium. No significant effects on leaf nitrogen
and phoshorus were detected. Vegetative vigor and yield were also significantly
increased but no M x K significant effects were detected on soil chemical properties.
There was a rapid initial dry matter loss of the EFB with declining rates at the
later months after field application. Total physical disintegration was observed at
eight months with dry matter loss of 70%, after which there was hardly any loss up
to the 10th month. Differences in decomposition rates were detected among the
three layers of EFB. Inorganic N additions generally increased EFB decomposition


While Dickens's alertness to debates about the physiology of the mind has been the subject of a number of critical investigations in the past two decades (especially with respect to Dickens's interest in mesmerism), this article investigates the relationship between Dickens's fiction and theories of memory within Victorian mental science. By focusing on a fantasy of 'memory extirpation' that was circulating in Victorian culture, this article reflects on the ways in which Dickens's writing engaged with (and perhaps even contributed to) Victorian philosophical and psychological discourses on self and memory. Through an analysis of an emerging psychology of memory, this article shows how Dickens's fiction comes to terms with the risks that memory poses as well as its creative possibilities.


As part of a senior research project, we began a year-long study to test interventions designed to make elementary students and teachers more aware of gender equity issues and to give them tools to resolve these situations. After practicing how to recognize gender inequities--and learning ways to resolve such situations--the 5th graders were quick to point out incidents of unfair treatment in their classroom and to offer possible solutions.


Probabilistic construction of codes on two-dimensional arrays is proposed and analyzed. Instead of a pure combinatorial erasure model used in traditional array codes, we propose a mixed combinatorial-probabilistic model of limiting the number of column failures, with assuming a binary erasure channel in each failing column. In addition, motivated by practical applications, we maintain an array with a fixed number of columns, while allowing the column size to grow to infinity. As a result, we obtain a framework that allows developing powerful constructions and analysis techniques previously only applicable in the theory of iteratively decoded one-dimensional low-density parity-check codes. The new array-code ensembles are shown to approach the performance of traditional MDS codes, with a simple decoder that offers better scalability in the number of column failures.


Optical marker-based motion capture is the dominant way for obtaining high-fidelity human body animation for special effects, movies, and video games. However, motion capture has seen limited application to the human hand due to the difficulty of automatically identifying (or labeling) identical markers on self-similar fingers. We propose a technique that frames the labeling problem as a keypoint regression problem conducive to a solution using convolutional neural networks. We demonstrate robustness of our labeling solution to occlusion, ghost markers, hand shape, and even motions involving two hands or handheld objects. Our technique is equally applicable to sparse or dense marker sets and can run in real-time to support interaction prototyping with high-fidelity hand tracking and hand presence in virtual reality.


Cows from 2 California dairies were tested for paratuberculosis at the end of lactation by using fecal culture and a commercially available serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit. Individual cow characteristics and production variables were evaluated along with ELISA testing results as predictors of fecal culture status. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age and a herd-standardized version of 305-day mature equivalent (305 ME) milk production were significant predictors of fecal culture status after adjusting for herd, quarter of the study year, and ELISA sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio. The area under a nonparametric receiver operating characteristic curve was significantly greater for a multivariable model that included age and the level of milk production when compared with a model without these covariates. In conclusion, consideration of cow-level covariates was useful as an aid in predicting Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) fecal culture status. For a given ELISA S/P ratio, older cows and those with lower 305 ME milk production relative to other cows in the herd were significantly more likely to be shedding MAP in their feces at the end of lactation.


Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonosis worldwide. Dogs and other animals can be infected, constituting an important role in the spread of the bacteria to humans. The infection is caused by any of the pathogenic serovars of the 25 serogroups of Leptospira spp. The aim of this study was to identify serogroups of Leptospira spp in dogs that had presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis. A total of 305 serum samples were obtained from dogs in 31 districts of Lima. The microagglutination test (MAT) was performed, establishing > 1/100 seroreactivity titre as seropositive using reference strains of the 25 serogroups, including the new Iquitos serogroup, Varillal serovar, strain Var10, isolated and reported in human cases in Peru. The frequency of seropositive samples was 58.0% and 10.2% were co-agglutinations. The seropositive reacted against 18 serogroups and the most frequent were: Iquitos (15.1%), Tarassovi (12.1%), Canicola (12.1%), Australis (4.6%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (4.3%), Pomona (3.9%), Mini (3.3%) and Ballum (2.6%). There were no seroreactors to serogroups Bataviae, Celledoni, Hebdomadis, Lousiana, Panama, Ranarum, and Sarmin.


The interaction of sub-micron scale objects with fluids is an important problem encountered in miniaturized systems. Various physical phenomena should be modeled simultaneously for a fundamental investigation of these systems. Our objective is to develop a direct numerical simulation tool to better understand the motion of submicron objects in complex geometries. We report: (a) A novel methodology to simulate the Brownian motion of objects in fluids, (b) A technique to simulate the motion of electrically charged bodies with thin Debye layers & (c) An innovative approach to simulate the motion of flexible bodies. The goal is to develop numerical techniques for each of these problems such that they can be unified or interfaced to allow simultaneous description of complex physical phenomena. Preliminary work has been accomplished.


The first essay studies the Marginal Cost of Funds in the existence of tax evasion. We develop a general equilibrium model of tax evasion, including the expected utility of taxpayers and three different revenue-raising government policies. In this rich model environment, we analytically derive the marginal cost of funds (MCF) for the alternative policy instruments. We consider two main fiscal reforms: the revision in the nonlinear tax scheme and the changes in enforcement mechanism (the audit and penalty rates). First, we derive the MCF for the tax reform and find its key determinants. The derived MCF is greater than the previous ones since it includes a "risk-bearing cost" as well as tax distortion. The reform in enforcement mechanism generates MCFs in different forms. Two more MCFs with respect to audit and penalty rates are presented. Finally, we compare these three different MCFs in numerical example and provide some policy implications. The second essay explores optimal tax structure in the presence of status effect. When the consumption of certain goods affects one's social status, this externality creates two opposite effects in a society. Seeking higher status through "positional goods" gives individuals much incentive to supply labor but still allocates income for less "nonpositional goods" as well. In this case, differential taxes on positional goods work as corrective instruments to internalize the social cost stemming from status seeking. Furthermore, the differential taxes generate revenue that can be used to alleviate preexisting income tax distortion. Thus, the differential taxes on positional goods could give so called "double dividend." I develop a game-theoretic model in which each individual with a different labor productivity unknown to the others engages in a status-seeking game, and the government has a revenue requirement. Then I show that, under a condition in which utility is separable between positional goods and leisure, a revenue-neutral shift in the tax mix away from nonlinear income taxes towards positional-good taxes enhances welfare. Hence, the differential taxes on positional goods are necessary together with the nonlinear income taxes for an optimal tax structure. The third essay explores the impact of increasing capital mobility on regional growth and environment. I develop an endogenous growth model in which each local government competes against the others, to induce imperfectly mobile stock of capital into its region. Then I show that an increase in capital mobility generates "tax importing" due to which each locality experiences a higher growth rate and more degraded environment. That is, the increasing mobility dampens the capital tax and transfers the burden of pollution abatement to the locality. This finding supports the hypothesis of "race to the bottom" in environmental standards. Identifying a reduction in overall welfare of residents, I consider two alternative federal interventions in the model: uniform environmental standard and requirement of lump sum transfer or tax.…


Purpose of the article: The purpose of the paper is to define the specific features of Czech family businesses operating in agriculture, identify the main problem areas and advantages that family farms subjectively perceive in this form of entrepreneurship.
Methodology/methods: In order to define the specific features of family entrepreneurship in agriculture, it was necessary to obtain data from family farms. Thus, in 2018, primary data were collected using in-depth interviews with the selected family farm owners or other family members in the Czech Republic.
Scientific aim: The scientific objective of the paper is to define the specifics of Czech family business in agriculture, as this topic is not described in detail in the scientific literature and the situation of Czech family farms is different from that of foreign family farms, to which more space is devoted in the scientific literature.
Findings: The authors identify the subjectively perceived benefits as well as problem areas of family entrepreneurship in agriculture through in-depth interviews conducted on 11 family farms. The main advantages as seen by Czech family farms include the individual planning of their working time, family flexibility, working from home, and spending time with their families. The respondents also emphasize the positive attitude to working on a family farm. The main disadvantages include overlapping of personal and working relationships, financial situation, dependence on weather, the lack of land, and the lack of support from the state.
Conclusions: Overall, the subjectively perceived advantages of family entrepreneurship prevail, which fully corresponds with the findings of the AMSP CR survey although it should be noted the family farm owners have also reported in detail about the downsides of this business.


A proper representation of the conservation status of an Architectural Heritage constitutes a key element of knowledge in order to guarantee the success of a restoration project, the valorization and the fruition of the monument itself. In this context, an important role is played by non-invasive diagnostics and 3D metric surveys that allow acquiring data on potential structural anomalies as well as the location and extent of hidden structures inside the walls. In this paper, the results of the surveys carried out at the Abbey of Santa Maria a Mare, San Nicola, Tremiti Islands (FG, Italy) are presented. The monument is in a significant state of degradation that is testified by the damage of internal and external plaster, water infiltration, presence of molds and superficial lesions on walls and fractures on columns. In order to define restoration interventions, the structure has been analyzed in detail through the realization of 3D metric surveys (photogrammetry and laser scanner) and non-invasive geophysical surveys (Ground Penetrating Radar Technique). The use of non-destructive testing techniques at different scales has provided assessment tools for building characteristics, state of conservation and building safety.


Forensic analysis of digital photo provenance relies on intrinsic traces left in the photograph at the time of its acquisition. Such analysis becomes unreliable after heavy post-processing, such as down-sampling and re-compression applied upon distribution in the Web. This paper explores end-to-end optimization of the entire image acquisition and distribution workflow to facilitate reliable forensic analysis at the end of the distribution channel. We demonstrate that neural imaging pipelines can be trained to replace the internals of digital cameras, and jointly optimized for high-fidelity photo development and reliable provenance analysis. In our experiments, the proposed approach increased image manipulation detection accuracy from 45% to over 90%. The findings encourage further research towards building more reliable imaging pipelines with explicit provenance-guaranteeing properties.


Formation of SOA from the aromatic species toluene, xylene, and, for the first time, benzene, is added to a global chemical transport model. A simple mechanism is presented that accounts for competition between low and high-yield pathways of SOA formation, wherein secondary gas-phase products react further with either nitric oxide (NO) or hydroperoxy radical (HO_2) to yield semi- or non-volatile products, respectively. Aromatic species yield more SOA when they react with OH in regions where the [NO]/[HO_2] ratios are lower. The SOA yield thus depends upon the distribution of aromatic emissions, with biomass burning emissions being in areas with lower [NO]/[HO_2] ratios, and the reactivity of the aromatic with respect to OH, as a lower initial reactivity allows transport away from industrial source regions, where [NO]/[HO_2] ratios are higher, to more remote regions, where this ratio is lower and, hence, the ultimate yield of SOA is higher. As a result, benzene is estimated to be the most important aromatic species with regards to global formation of SOA, with a total production nearly equal that of toluene and xylene combined. Global production of SOA from aromatic sources via the mechanisms identified here is estimated at 3.5 Tg/yr, resulting in a global burden of 0.08 Tg, twice as large as previous estimates. The contribution of these largely anthropogenic sources to global SOA is still small relative to biogenic sources, which are estimated to comprise 90% of the global SOA burden, about half of which comes from isoprene. Uncertainty in these estimates owing to factors ranging from the atmospheric relevance of chamber conditions to model deficiencies result in an estimated range of SOA production from aromatics of 2–12 Tg/yr. Though this uncertainty range affords a significant anthropogenic contribution to global SOA, it is evident from comparisons to recent observations that additional pathways for production of anthropogenic SOA still exist beyond those accounted for here. Nevertheless, owing to differences in spatial distributions of sources and seasons of peak production, regions exist in which aromatic SOA produced via the mechanisms identified here are predicted to contribute substantially to, and even dominate, the local SOA concentrations, such as outflow regions from North America and South East Asia during the wintertime, though total modeled SOA concentrations there are small (~0.1 μg/m^3).


The goal of this project was to evaluate three main proposals, by the Property Management Department (PMD) of St. Louis County, which the department hoped would reduce energy consumption at their Duluth Jail facility. This particular facility was opened in 1995 and houses approximately 170 inmates. Despite its relatively new construction, the building produces some of the highest utility bills of all of the County's buildings. The proposals put forth by the PMD were the following: to reduce natural gas consumption by using solar water heating for the domestic hot water; to reduce heating and cooling costs by enclosing a light well which is currently open to the sky with a transparent, insulated roof; and to utilize a white roof to reduce cooling demand during the summertime. The solar water heating proposal was evaluated by determining the energy the solar system could provide annually and comparing these energy- and monetary savings to the cost of the system. Two solar options were evaluated; one system with 20 collectors and another with 50. Both systems also included condensing boilers to provide supplementary heating during times of low solar output. The annual savings of the 20- and 50 collector systems were 128 and 173 MWh, respectively. This led to a payback period of approximately 17 years for the 20 collector system and 16 years for the 50 collector system. Enclosing the open light well, which is an open area inside the perimeter of the building which is designed to give rooms on the inside of the building natural daylight, was evaluated by performing an energy flow analysis comparing the existing condition with one in which a roof topped the well. This involved calculating the U-values of the walls before the skyroof and then using heating and cooling degree days to determine the heat flows through the walls. The enclosed light well was evaluated by performing an energy balance on the well to determine the temperature of the enclosed well. This temperature could then be used to calculate the heat flow through the enclosed light well's walls. The difference in these heat flows between the two options was then converted to an economic cost to evaluate a payback period. Two grades of Kalwall-brand insulation were evaluated; the "Nanogel" grade and a mid-range grade. The Nanogel-enclosed light well reduced the heating demand by 16 MWh but increased the cooling load by 9 MWh, while the mid-grade enclosed well decreased the heating load by 11 MWh but increased the cooling load by 4 MWh. These added up to net annual savings of $650 for the Nanogel roof and $470 for the mid-grade skyroof. However, the investment costs were so high that the payback periods were between 450 and 550 years. Two white roofing options were considered and corresponded to a newly installed roof and one that had weathered for 3 years, thereby reducing its reflectivity. These options were evaluated by determining the mean monthly roof temperatures throughout a typical year and calculating the heat flows through the roofs based on these temperatures. The temperatures were determined by performing a heat balance on the roofs' surfaces and considering the solar radiation incident on the roofs. The heat flows with the existing black colored roof and the proposed white roofs were thencompared and converted into heating and cooling costs. The white roofs led to summertime air-conditioning savings but created more wintertime heat losses and therefore caused net annual energy cost increases of $560 and $240 for the new and weathered roofs, respectively. The recommendations therefore were to implement the solar thermal system but not the other two proposals. Other areas which might benefit from additional investigations include lighting efficiency improvements, water use reductions, and replacement of the existing boilers with either more efficient natural gas units or wood-pellet/biomass boilers.


Eublastoids are a large clade of blastoids; stemmed blastozoan echinoderms diagnosed by their conservative body plan (three basals, four deltoid plates and five radial plates), lancet plate supporting the ambulacra, and hydrospire respiratory structures. Although Eublastoidea was a highly successful clade in the middle and late Palaeozoic it is absent from early echinoderm radiations seen in the Cambrian and Ordovician record. Here we provide a re‐evaluation of Macurdablastus uniplicatus Broadhead from the Ordovician, using detailed morphological assessment based on advanced synchrotron tomography and phylogenetic analysis. Macurdablastus uniplicatus falls outside Eublastoidea because of the morphological differences in lancet plate and respiratory structures. The oldest recorded eublastoid is thus middle Silurian in age. The re‐evaluation of the morphology of Macurdablastus provides a basis for revising blastoid phylogeny and classification.


Regular two-connected multihop transparent optical networks using ultrahigh bit-rate single-wavelength on/off keying are addressed. A novel solution for packet and node architecture is introduced to take full advantage of the recently demonstrated optical samplers and of the electronic processing capability. Channel transmission error arguments show how the size of these nonregenerative networks employing deflection routing is limited for a given optical bit rate. These limits are quantified for the Manhattan street network and ShuffleNet employing solitons. An upper bound on network performance in terms of maximum achievable bit rate and throughput for a given packet error rate is evaluated by taking into account the soliton self-frequency shift due to Raman scattering, the jitter due to amplified spontaneous emission noise, the short-range interaction, and their interplay. Results show that if the packet error rate is to be bounded below 10/sup -6/, the node-to-node fiber span cannot exceed a few kilometers for network sizes greater than 64 nodes when the optical bit rate is as high as 100 Gb/s. >


'The fables of witchcraft have taken so fast hold and deepe root in the heart of man, that few or none can indure with patience the hand and correction of God.' Reginald Scot, whose words these are, published his remarkable book The Discoverie of Witchcraft in 1584. England's first major work of demonology, witchcraft and the occult, the book was unashamedly sceptical. It is said that so outraged was King James VI of Scotland by the disbelieving nature of Scot's work that, on James' accession to the English throne in 1603, he ordered every copy to be destroyed. Yet for all the anger directed at Scot, and his scorn for Stuart orthodoxy about wiches, the paradox was that his detailed account of sorcery helped strengthen the hold of European demonologies in England while also inspiring the distinctively English tradition of secular magic and conjuring. Scot's influence was considerable. Shakespeare drew on The Discoverie of Witchcraft for his depiction of the witches in Macbeth. So too did fellow-playwright Thomas Middleton in his tragi-comedy The Witch. Recognising Scot's central importance in the history of ideas, Philip C Almond places his subject in the febrile context of his age, examines the chief themes of his work and shows why his writings became a sourcebook for aspiring magicians and conjurors for several hundred years. England's First Demonologist makes a notable contribution to a fascinating but unjustly neglected topic in the study of Early Modern England and European intellectual history. [from publisher's website]


The cell nuclei of Ophisthokonts, the eukaryotic supergroup defined by fungi and metazoans, is remarkable in the constancy of both their double-membraned structure and protein composition. Such remarkable structural conservation underscores common and ancient evolutionary origins. Yet, the dynamics of disassembly and reassembly displayed by Ophisthokont nuclei vary extensively. Besides closed mitosis in fungi and open mitosis in some animals, little is known about the evolution of nuclear envelope break down (NEBD) during cell division. Here, we uncovered a novel form of NEBD in primary oocytes of the flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea. From zygotene to metaphase II, both nuclear envelope (NE) and peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER) expand notably in size, likely involving de novo membrane synthesis. 3-D electron microscopy reconstructions demonstrated that the NE transforms itself into numerous double-membraned vesicles similar in membrane architecture to NE doublets in mammalian oocytes after germinal vesicle breakdown. The vesicles are devoid of nuclear pore complexes and DNA, yet are loaded with nuclear proteins, including a planarian homologue of PIWI, a protein essential for the maintenance of stem cells in this and other organisms. Our data contribute a new model to the canonical view of NE dynamics and support that NEBD is an evolutionarily adaptable trait in multicellular organisms.


Understanding the plant-pathogen interactions is of utmost importance to design strategies for minimizing the economic deficits caused by pathogens in crops. With an aim to identify genes underlying resistance to downy mildew, a major disease responsible for productivity loss in pearl millet, transcriptome analysis was performed in downy mildew resistant and susceptible genotypes upon infection and control on 454 Roche NGS platform. A total of ~685 Mb data was obtained with 1 575 290 raw reads. The raw reads were pre-processed into high-quality (HQ) reads making to ~82% with an average of 427 bases. The assembly was optimized using four assemblers viz. Newbler, MIRA, CLC and Trinity, out of which MIRA with a total of 14.10 Mb and 90118 transcripts proved to be the best for assembling reads. Differential expression analysis depicted 1396 and 936 and 1000 and 1591 transcripts up and down regulated in resistant inoculated/resistant control and susceptible inoculated/susceptible control respectively with a common of 3644 transcripts. The pathways for secondary metabolism, specifically the phenylpropanoid pathway was up-regulated in resistant genotype. Transcripts up-regulated as a part of defense response included classes of R genes, PR proteins, HR induced proteins and plant hormonal signaling transduction proteins. The transcripts for skp1 protein, purothionin, V type proton ATPase were found to have the highest expression in resistant genotype. Ten transcripts, selected on the basis of their involvement in defense mechanism were validated with qRT-PCR and showed positive co-relation with transcriptome data. Transcriptome analysis evoked potentials of hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance as possible mechanism operating in defense mechanism in pearl millet against downy mildew infection.


As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on host cells to replicate. Hsv-1 is a large double stranded DNA virus which is the cause of common cold sores and corneal blindness in humans. The defining feature of HSV-1 is its ability to exist in two discrete states. During lytic infection, productive virus replication results in cell death. After primary infection HSV-1 enters a second state in non-permissive cells, termed latency in vivo or quiescence in vitro, in which minimal activity of the viral genome allows it to colonize its host. While the lytic state of viral replication is relatively well characterised, understanding of latency has lagged due to a lack of invitro models that can facilitate detailed mechanistic study. This thesis investigates aspects of HSV-1 quiescence, specifically the role of host cell signalling and translation initiation during reactivation from a non productive state. To achieve these
objectives, a new system was established to study HSV-1 quiescence. The system employs the use of serum starved and temperature elevated primary human cells which allow for efficient suppression of wild type HSV-1 replication, which that results in the formation of HSV-1 quiescent infection. Upon investigation of the kinase pathways required during reactivation from quiescence it was discovered that inhibition of the ERK signalling pathway resulted in a suppression of viral reactivation. Additionally, the activities of the down stream substrate of ERK, Mnk1, along with the mTORC1 substrate 4E-BP, both of which regulate the mRNA translation initiation factor eIF4E were shown to be required for efficient reactivation. To further investigate the role of translation initiation during reactivation, we employed the use 4EGi-1, a recently discovered small molecule inhibitor of eIF4F formation. During our investigations it was discovered that protein synthesis in primary cells was minimally dependent upon eIF4F yet highly sensitive to 4EGi-1 at concentrations that did not alter eIF4F levels but instead, increased the association of inactive eIF2a with initiation complexes. At these relatively low concentrations a potent suppression of mRNA translation was achieved yet tolerable to cells over prolonged periods. Critically, inhibition of translation resulted in suppression of both lytic replication and reactivation from quiescence suggesting that targeting mRNA translation may be a viable therapeutic avenue for treatment of HSV-1 infection.


Acquired drug resistance in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant non-small cell lung cancer is a persistent challenge in cancer therapy. Previous studies of trisubstituted imidazole inhibitors lead to the serendipitous discovery of inhibitors that target the drug resistant EGFR(L858R/T790M/C797S) mutant with nanomolar potencies in a reversible binding mechanism. To dissect the molecular basis for their activity, we determined the binding modes of several trisubstituted imidazole inhibitors in complex with the EGFR kinase domain with X-ray crystallography. These structures reveal that the imidazole core acts as an H-bond acceptor for the catalytic lysine (K745) in the "αC-helix out" inactive state. Selective N-methylation of the H-bond accepting nitrogen ablates inhibitor potency, confirming the role of the K745 H-bond in potent, non-covalent inhibition of C797S variant. Insights from these studies offer new strategies for developing next generation inhibitors targeting EGFR in non-small cell lung cancer.


Abstract.
 We conducted fieldwork on Bonaire and Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, to assess the distribution and abundance of resident diurnal raptors. In total, seventy-three 1 km2 sample plots were selected following a stratified random method and three landscape types were distinguished, i.e. cultivated area, hills and terrace. The diurnal raptors observed were the Crested Caracara Caracara plancus (93 records), White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus (37), and the American Kestrel Falco sparverius (44 on Curaçao only). In the hills and on the terraces, all species were more abundant on Curaçao than on Bonaire. Caracaras were found significantly more in hills compared to terraces or cultivated land on both islands, as did White-tailed Hawks on Curaçao. The American Kestrel made more use of cultivated area and least of hills. As detection of the raptors did not seem to differ between the landscapes and between the islands, we infer that the observed differences in distribution are a true reflection of their habitat use. Our results suggest that the ongoing urbanization on Curaçao and Bonaire may lead to a decline in the Caracara and the White-tailed Hawk. For the American Kestrel, cultivated areas — including urbanized parts — apparently provide the open area the birds need for hunting.


Smaller sizes are becoming more and more necessary for industry. Literally, machining features less than one millimeter are called micro machining. Milling using small or mini tools is one of the most common manufacturing processes for production of precision products. As in the macro milling, milling with mini tools also suffer from well known unstable vibration problem which is called regenerative chatter. Chatter prediction models need certain process, tool and workpiece related information. Tool tip frequency response function FRF is the key input information for cutting dynamics and chatter stability analyses. The common method for determining macro tool tip FRF is the experimental modal analysis. However, in micro tools receptance coupling analysis is popular in the literature due to certain restrictions of experimental test method. This thesis is focused on determining dynamic parameters of miniature milling tools by modal testing methods which are crucial to determine the stability characteristics of the micro flat end milling. An indirect modal testing method is presented. Also stability limit prediction with a conventional model is compared with experimental results. Various chatter detection methods and milling conditions are tested. In process chatter detection problems and modelling difficulties related with the miniature tool geometry are reported. Tool dynamics prediction is done with certain accuracy. Although the thesis study lacks from solid results in the stability limit prediction, discrepancy analysis of the test data are done and it is a first step for further studies.


In this paper we describe a collaboration among anthropologists, marine biologists and the Kala Language Committee in support of the combined goals of language revitalization, marine conservation and development of Kala elementary school curriculum. The Kala language, with four distinct dialects, is spoken in six coastal villages of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, where marine resources provide residents with the overwhelming majority of their dietary protein. In 2006, due to concerns about language shift, Kala speakers developed the Kala Language Committee (KLC). The KLC's goals were to promote Kala rather than acquiesce to Melanesian pidgin (Tok Pisin), the national lingua franca, and English, the national language of education. A related goal was the documentation of Kala environmental knowledge because Tok Pisin, unlike Kala, uses general categories of description rather than words that convey specific information (e.g., species, sex, and age of animals). Concurrently with the language project, marine conservation research began in the Kala-speaking village of Kamiali. Primary goals were to document marine biodiversity, suggest ways to sustainably manage marine resources, and develop tools to help village residents evaluate the sustainability of their fishing practices. An early hurdle to information transfer to village residents was that no written language efficiently conveyed which species were under discussion; scientific names were overwhelming, whereas common English or Tok Pisin names were ambiguous. The problem was resolved in 2010 when the KLC developed and adopted a Kala orthography. The writing system permitted documentation of Kala fish names, which were subsequently used in publications and educational materials which serve to increase local comprehension of marine-conservation research and guidelines. Continued marine conservation research resulted in the development of a poster with sustainable fishing suggestions and a school curriculum for community-based marine-resource monitoring, which were fully translated into Kala. We argue that the attention paid to the Kala language via the KLC's efforts has led to increased awareness of marine diversity and the importance of conservation, as well as to increased awareness of the etymology of Kala terms and associated cultural knowledge. Therefore, building on recent literature about the benefits of collaborative approaches to both language documentation and in situ biodiversity conservation, we argue here for the benefits of engaging with community members in projects that simultaneously document linguistic and ecological knowledge. As well, we argue that integrating the academic disciplines of linguistic anthropology, ecological anthropology and conservation biology can lead to better biolinguistic diversity conservation practices.
 References: Ban, Natalie, Chris Picard & Amanda Vincent. 2009. Comparing and integrating commu¬nity-based and science-based approaches to prioritizing marine areas for protection. Conservation Biology 23. 899–910
 Cinner, Joshua E., Michael J. Marnane, & Tim R. McClanahan. 2005. Conservation and Community Benefits from Traditional Coral Reef Management at Ahus Island, Papua New Guinea. Conservation Biology. 19. 1714-1723. Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa. 2009. Research models, community engagement, and linguistic fieldwork: Reflections on working within Canadian indigenous communities. Language Documentation & Conservation 3(1). 15-50. Drew, Joshua & Adam Henne. 2006. Conservation biology and traditional ecological knowledge: Integrating academic disciplines for better conservation practice. Ecology and Society 11. 34–42.
 Grenoble, Lenore A. 2010. Language documentation and field linguistics: The state of the field. In Lenore A. Grenoble and N. Louanna Furbee (eds.) Language documentation:Practice and values, 289-309. Amsterdam: John Benjamins
 Guerin, Valerie and Sebastian Lacrampe. 2010. Trust me, I am a linguist! Building partnerships in the field. Language Documentation & Conservation 4. 22-33. Maffi, Luisa (ed.). 2001. On Biocultural Diversity: Linking language, knowledge and the environment. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
 Ramstad, Kristina, N.J Nelson, G. Paine, D. Beech, A. Paul, P. Paul, F.W. Allendorf & C.H. Daugherty. 2007. Species and cultural conservation in New Zealand: Maori traditional ecological knowledge of Tuatara. Conservation Biology 21. 455–464.
 Si, Aung. 2011. Biology in Language Documentation. Language Documentation and Conservation 5. 169-186.


We address the question in the title in a heterogeneous-agent incomplete-market model featuring exogenous idiosyncratic risk, endogenous skill investment, and flexible labor supply. The tax and transfer schedule is restricted to being log-linear in income, a good description of the US system. Rising inequality is modeled as a combination of skill-biased technical change and growth in residual wage dispersion. When facing shifts in the income distribution like those observed in the United States, a utilitarian planner chooses higher progressivity in response to larger residual inequality but lower progressivity in response to widening skill price dispersion reflecting technical change. Overall, optimal progressivity is approximately unchanged between 1980 and 2016. We document that the progressivity of the actual US tax and transfer system has similarly changed little since 1980, in line with the model prescription.


Computer systems analysts arrange to meet users to find out what is required of software to support an improved human x computer system. Bostrom (1989) successfully uses the precision model to help users explain what they want. Double-loop learning should help analysts hear what users say, but this is difficult to use (Salaway 1987).
This research found a majority of analysts had primitive models of users. First meetings are specially difficult:
a. Users rapidly pour out masses of information.
b. Analysts experience cognitive overload.
C. There is less opportunity to use reflective technique.
Three discrete populations of analysts were detected:
GROUP ANALYSTS 'VIEW OF PROBLEMS
Al The analyst is the problem
A2 Systems thinking aids this difficult task. Why won't my colleagues use it?
Any problems are due to users
IT MANAGERS' VIEW OF THIS ANALYST
Few problems
Perhaps naive
Very effective
Hard to control
Too often on users' side
Users complain
Analyst doesn't care
In order to introduce analysts to systems thinking about people, the following models were designed:
a. MENDAC, a cybernetic model of how people think while talking about computer requirements, designed to introduce technical experts to human-centered issues via the technical paradigm
(avoids challenging the technical paradigm, because computer experts often reject human issues rather than question their
existing values and assumptions).
b. Management of disconfirming evidence: a model of how people might, decide when they could risk double-loop learning.
c. H-structures, a model of both views in arguments concerning values. This highlights assumptions of semantic equivalence
between one side's fear and the other side's aspirations.
REFERENCES in this abstract.
Bostrom,R.P. 1989, Successful application of communication techniques to improve the systems development process,
Information & Management,16,279-295.
Salaway,G. 1987, An organisational learning approach to information systems development.
MIS Quarterly,11,2,245-264.


Background Peritonitis is the leading cause of technique failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Some patients experience recurrent ascites, encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS), and even death after catheter removal. Little is known, however, about the risk factors for such complications. Methods The study subjects were 117 patients that had their PD catheter removed due to peritonitis between January 2000 and June 2006. Biochemical and clinical data were reviewed retrospectively. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and blood and effluent white blood cell counts (WBC) were measured at baseline and at 72 hours of peritonitis. Based on adverse outcomes, patients were classified into 4 groups: non-complication (NC; n = 73), recurrent ascites (A; n = 26), EPS (E; n = 10), and death directly related to peritonitis (D; n = 8). Results Age at PD catheter removal was significantly higher in D group compared to NC group (62.0 ± 10.6 vs 51.2 ± 11.5 years, p < 0.05). In addition, mean PD duration was significantly longer in E group compared to NC and A groups (130.5 ± 48.1 vs 58.8 ± 42.4 vs 74.8 ± 47.4 months, p < 0.01). Compared to baseline, effluent WBC was significantly decreased in NC group after 72 hours of peritonitis. In addition, serum CRP level was significantly decreased in NC and A groups, whereas it was significantly increased in D group. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, PD duration, blood and effluent WBC, serum CRP, and micro-organisms revealed that serum CRP level at 72 hours predicted significantly the development of EPS [odds ratio (OR) 1.15, p < 0.05] and peritonitis-related death (OR 1.18, p < 0.01). In addition, PD duration (per 1 month increase: OR 1.03, p < 0.05) and age at PD catheter removal (per 1 year increase: OR 1.11, p < 0.05) were identified as significant determinants of EPS and peritonitis-related death respectively. Only effluent WBC at 72 hours was significantly associated with the development of ascites (OR 1.27, p < 0.05). Conclusion Older patients with long PD duration and those with persistently elevated serum CRP levels were likely to develop complications after peritonitis-related technique failure. Our study suggests that serial measurement of CRP may be helpful in predicting the development of complications after PD catheter removal.


Once again, Robert Sedgewick provides a current and comprehensive introduction to important algorithms. The focus this time is on graph algorithms, which are increasingly critical for a wide range of applications, such as network connectivity, circuit design, scheduling, transaction processing, and resource allocation. In this book, Sedgewick offers the same successful blend of theory and practice with concise implementations that can be tested on real applications, which has made his work popular with programmers for many years. Algorithms in C, Third Edition, Part 5: Graph Algorithms is the second book in Sedgewick's thoroughly revised and rewritten series. The first book, Parts 1-4, addresses fundamental algorithms, data structures, sorting, and searching. A forthcoming third book will focus on strings, geometry, and a range of advanced algorithms. Each book's expanded coverage features new algorithms and implementations, enhanced descriptions and diagrams, and a wealth of new exercises for polishing skills. A focus on abstract data types makes the programs more broadly useful and relevant for the modern object-oriented programming environment.Coverage includes: A complete overview of graph properties and types Diagraphs and DAGs Minimum spanning trees Shortest paths Network flows Diagrams, sample C code, and detailed algorithm descriptions The Web site for this book (http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rs/) provides additional source code for programmers along with numerous support materials for educators.A landmark revision, Algorithms in C, Third Edition, Part 5 provides a complete tool set for programmers to implement, debug, and use graph algorithms across a wide range of computer applications.


When students face academic difficulties and seek help it is considered to be an adaptive behaviour. However, studies indicate that some students are reluctant to adapt and seek academic help when they need it. Education in Indonesia is slowly moving from a teacher centred to a student centred focus. Under a student centred focus, students should have a much more central role in the processes of their learning. This study aims to investigate Indonesian primary schools students' perceptions of academic support available to them and their own academic help-seeking behaviour (AHS). Fifty five students from five primary schools in Jakarta participated in focus group interviews. QSR NVIVO 10 software was used to identify the main themes that emerged from the data. Results indicate that students find it difficult to ask for academic help even though they believed that they should ask for help when they need it to improve their academic success. Student identified factors that support and inhibiting AHS are presented. The study also confirms that teacher's behaviours are a significant influence on students AHS. The impact of peers and students' own internal factors on AHS are also considered. Listening to the students' voices about their experience of asking for academic help provides a better understanding of the nature of AHS. Also this study provides guidance to facilitating a more conducive and effective environment for students' AHS in Indonesian schools; and this in turn may provide some directions for other contexts.


Recent work using low-doses of ionising radiations, both in vitro and in ViVO, has suggested that the responses of biological systems in the region of less than 1 Gray may not be predicted by simple extrapolation from the responses at higher doses. Additional experiments, using high-LET radiations at doses of much less than one alpha particle traversal per cell nucleus, have shown responses in a greater number of cells than have received a radiation dose. These findings, and increased concern over the effects of the exposure of the general population to low-levels of background radiation, for example due to radon daughters in the lungs, have stimulated the investigation of the response of mammalian cells to ionising radiations in the extreme low-dose region. In all broad field exposures to particulate radiations at low-dose levels an inherent dose uncertainty exists due to random counting statistics. This dose variation produces a range of values for the measured biological effect within the irradiated population, therefore making the elucidation of the dose-effect relationship extremely difficult. The use of the microbeam irradiation technique will allow the delivery of a controlled number of particles to specific targets within an individual cell with a high degree of accuracy. This approach will considerably reduce the level of variation of biological effect within the irradiated cell population and will allow low-dose responses of cellular systems to be determined. In addition, the proposed high spatial resolution of the microbeam developed will allow the investigation of the distribution of radiation sensitivity within the cell, to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of radiation action. The target parameters for the microbeam at the Gray Laboratory are a spatial resolution of less than 1 urn and a detection efficiency of better than 99 %. The work of this thesis was to develop a method of collimation, in order to produce a microbeam of 3.5 MeV protons, and to develop a detector to be used in conjunction with the collimation system. In order to determine the optimum design of collimator necessary to produce a proton microbeam, a computer simulation based upon a Monte-Carlo simulation code, written by Dr S J Watts, was developed. This programme was then used to determine the optimum collimator length and the effects of misalignment and divergence of the incident proton beam upon the quality of the collimated beam produced. Designs for silicon collimators were produced, based upon the results of these simulations, and collimators were subsequently produced for us using techniques of micro-manufacturing developed in the semiconductor industry. Other collimator designs were also produced both in-house and commercially, using a range of materials. These collimators were tested to determine both the energy and spatial resolutions of the transmitted proton beam produced. The best results were obtained using 1.6 mm lengths of 1.5 urn diameter bore fused silica tubing. This system produced a collimated beam having a spatial resolution with 90 % of the transmitted beam lying within a diameter of 2.3 ± 0.9 urn and with an energy spectrum having 75 % of the transmitted protons within a Gaussian fit to the full-energy peak. Detection of the transmitted protons was achieved by the use of a scintillation transmission detector mounted over the exit aperture of the collimator. An approximately 10 urn thick ZnS(Ag) crystal was mounted between two 30 urn diameter optical fibres and the light emitted from the crystal transmitted along the fibres to two photomultiplier tubes. The signals from the tubes were analyzed, using coincidence counting techniques, by means of electronics designed by Dr B Vojnovic. The lowest counting inefficiencies obtained using this approach were a false positive count level of 0.8 ± 0.1 % and an uncounted proton level of 0.9 ± 0.3 %. The elements of collimation and detection were then combined in a rugged microbeam assembly, using a fused silica collimator having a bore diameter of 5 urn and a scintillator crystal having a thickness of 15 urn. The microbeam produced by this initial assembly had a spatial resolution with 90 % of the transmitted protons lying within a diameter of 5.8 ± 1.6 urn, and counting inefficiencies of 0.27 ± 0.22 % and 1.7 ± 0.4 % for the levels of false positive and missed counts respectively. The detector system in this assembly achieves the design parameter of 99 % efficiency, however, the spatial resolution of the beam is not at the desired I urn level. The diameter of the microbeam beam produced is less than the nuclear diameter of many cell lines and so the beam may be used to good effect in the low-dose irradiation of single cells. In order to investigate the variation in sensitivity within a cell the spatial resolution of the beam would require improvement. Proposed methods by which this may be achieved are described.


Why do Arab states lag behind the rest of the world in gender equality? Social structural, cultural, and institutional accounts offer alternative perspectives. This study critiques the 'petroleum patriarchy' thesis, presented in Michael Ross's "Oil, Islam and Women†(2008), which claims that the structure of oil-rich economies directly limit the role of women in the paid workforce and thus also (indirectly) restrict women's representation in parliament. In particular, Part I raises questions about the empirical evidence used by Ross, especially the selection of case-studies, the specification of the econometric models, and the lack of direct evidence for cultural values. Part II develops multilevel models demonstrating that religious traditions have a greater influence on attitudes towards gender equality and sexual liberalization than either labor force participation or oil rents. Part III then shows the impact of these cultural attitudes on the proportion of women in legislative and ministerial office. The conclusion summarizes the main findings and considers their implications.


International audience

 We consider some congruences involving arithmetical functions. For example, we study the congruences nψ(n) ≡ 2 (mod ϕ(n)), nϕ(n) ≡ 2 (mod ψ(n)), ψ(n)d(n) − 2 ≡ 0 (mod n), where ϕ(n), ψ(n), d(n) denote Euler's totient, Dedekind's function, and the number of divisors of n, respectively. Two duals of the Lehmer congruence n − 1 ≡ 0 (mod ϕ(n)) are also considered.


ABSTRACT The main purpose of this work was analyzing how an innovation platform can foster and provide a basis for multi-actor collaboration in order to enable climate-smart agriculture (CSA) implementation at the local level. Using a mix of social (interactions between stakeholders, knowledge changes, adoption of practices) and technical indicators (income, fulfillment of caloric requirements of the household, farm resource use, planned biodiversity or greenhouse gas emission changes), we monitored the collaboration between an NGO, local civil authorities, associations, and farmers that aimed to achieve a common goal linked to the participatory and contextualized development of CSA in Colombia. We found that multiple stakeholder engagements led to improved interactions between members of the platform and their local environment, a proactive participation in the platform meetings and a significant increase in farmer knowledge levels on the challenges posed by climate change and the resultant extreme events. The platform also facilitated the adoption of best-bet practices that contribute towards CSA when farmers both diversify their production and decrease the use of mineral fertilizers. Our findings suggest that innovation platforms can facilitate the collective understanding and use of CSA options corresponding to local conditions and priorities.


Good afternoon. Thank you very much for the invitation and the introduction. Well, I have to speak about the International Court of Justice, but I think this is the institution which is so well-known to this public that it does not need reintroduction. The International Court of Justice, which has been in existence since 1946, was formally established in 1945 as principal judicial organ of the United Nations, and has been exercising its judicial function since 1946. But this institution is successor to another great judicial body, the Permanent Court of International Justice, which started its work in 1922. So, in fact, this year we are celebrating 90 years of international judiciary. When the Permanent Court of International Justice formally ended on the last day of January 1946, the International Court inherited its jurisprudence and further developed it. Through its adjudicative role and also through another function, which is to provide advisory opinions, the Court has greatly contributed to the development of international law, in clarifying particular rules of customary international law. We have to keep in mind when the first Permanent Court started, but also the situation has not changed dramatically throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, as international law remained mostly uncodified. The Court clarified rules of international law in such important branches of public international law, as the law of treaties and the law of state responsibility, just to mention the famous Chorzow Factory judgment of the Permanent Court, which is constantly referred to by counsel before the International Court of Justice. The United Nations embarked upon the very successful task of codifying international law, in particular through the work of the International Law Commission. Secretary-General Kofi Annan, in his report in 1997, emphasized that it was in the normative area where the United Nations achieved its greatest success. So the work of the Court provided a solid basis for special rapporteurs and the International Law Commission to codify customary international law. It provided support for the views of the Commission. This approach was later on transformed into a dialogue between the International Law Commission and the International Court of Justice, as the Court later in its decisions referred to instruments which have been elaborated by the International Law Commission, and either adopted by states in the form of conventions or in the form of draft articles, such as the famous articles on state responsibility. So this is the major import of the work of the Court in terms of public international law, but I would say this is a byproduct of its adjudicative role, because the primary function of the Court is to decide disputes between sovereign states. The Court, which I have the honor to represent here, in its 66 years has gone through different periods. The beginning was quite promising, because there were a number of cases brought before the Court. The situation changed in the 1960s and the 1970s, and even the early 1980s. There were years when one of my distant predecessors and a great Uruguayan lawyer, Jimenez de Arechaga, during three years of his presidency signed just one simple judgment. It was a judgment in 1978 on jurisdiction; in fact, declining jurisdiction in Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Luckily, the situation has changed. Although there was some criticism in relation to the Nicaragua judgment and some predictions that it would have a very negative impact on the willingness of states to bring disputes before the International Court of Justice, this has not happened, and since the late 1980s and early 1990s, there has been a growing number of cases brought before the Court. At any particular moment, the Court had roughly 25 cases in the docket during 2003-2005. Of course, this required the Court to adjust to this demand, to accelerate its procedures, to amend its rules, and if in the past the Court worked on one case at a time, the situation has changed. …


Over the past two decades, thermochronological studies have greatly increased our knowledge of the Cenozoic evolution of the Colorado Plateau (western United States). There has been particular interest in the southwestern part of the plateau, leading to debate regarding the timing of uplift and fluvial incision along the Colorado River system. We here combine apatite fission track (AFT) and apatite (U-Th)-He (AHe) analyses as well as zircon U-Pb dating to investigate the much less studied northeastern Colorado Plateau, particularly the Uncompahgre Plateau and the Unaweep Canyon, which has a very unusual drainage pattern in two opposite directions. We obtained 12 AFT ages from the Uncompahgre Plateau: 3 from the top of the basement of the plateau reveal Laramide ages (65–63 Ma), and 6 samples from the Unaweep Canyon (35–27 Ma) and 3 from the northeastern plateau margin (33–17 Ma) underwent complete thermal resetting in the late Eocene to Oligocene. Thermal history modeling of top basement samples reveals Late Cretaceous heating to temperatures of at least 90 °C, implying sedimentary burial to ∼3 km, followed by cooling throughout the latest Cretaceous to Eocene. However, AHe ages (38–31 Ma) indicate minor reheating to 40–80 °C for these samples in the late Eocene to Oligocene. Zircons from the La Sal Mountains laccolith gave an Oligocene U-Pb crystallization age of 29.1 ± 0.3 Ma. AFT ages from the laccolith range from 33 to 27 Ma, confirming rapid cooling of this shallow subvolcanic intrusion. This late Eocene to Oligocene magmatism caused thermal resetting of most of the AFT (except top basement) and AHe ages from the Uncompahgre Plateau, even though samples were collected as much as 60 km away from the intrusion. Canyon samples also underwent an increase in cooling rates in the past 5–10 m.y. This Miocene–Pliocene cooling event is interpreted as regional uplift of the Colorado Plateau associated with canyon incision.


The use of digital technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and smart meters induces a huge data stack in facility management (FM). However, the use of data analysis techniques has remained limited to converting available data into information within activities performed in FM. In this context, business intelligence and analytics (BI&A) techniques can provide a promising opportunity to elaborate facility performance and discover measurable new FM key performance indicators (KPIs) since existing KPIs are too crude to discover actual performance of facilities. Beside this, there is no comprehensive study that covers BI&A activities and their importance level for healthcare FM. Therefore, this study aims to identify healthcare FM KPIs and their importance levels for the Turkish healthcare FM industry with the use of the AHP integrated PROMETHEE method. As a result of the study, ninety-eight healthcare FM KPIs, which are categorized under six categories, were found. The comparison of the findings with the literature review showed that there are some similarities and differences between countries' FM healthcare ranks. Within this context, differences between countries can be related to the consideration of limited FM KPIs in the existing studies. Therefore, the proposed FM KPIs under this study are very comprehensive and detailed to measure and discover healthcare FM performance. This study can help professionals perform more detailed building performance analyses in FM. Additionally, findings from this study will pave the way for new developments in FM software and effective use of available data to enable lean FM processes in healthcare facilities.


A new species of planktonic foraminifera belonging to the genus Globorotalia (subgenus Hirsutella), named G. (H.) eleonorae, was found in the late Miocene sedimentary successions cropping out in the Atlantic coastal area of northernMorocco (Oued Akrech and Ain el Beida zones, near Rabat). The First Occurrence of G. (H.) eleonorae is recorded in the Chron C3Bn at 7.204 Ma, the Last Occurrence is found in the Chron C3An.1n at 6.232 Ma. In terms of standard planktonic foraminiferal zonal schemes the taxon ranges within N.17 Zone of Blow (1969); from the Neogloboquadrina acostaensis/Globorotalia lenguaensis Zone, M13 (the Globigerinoides extremus/Globorotalia plesiotumida-G. lenguaensis Subzone, M13b (Sub) Tropical) to the G. lenguaensis/Globorotalia tumida Zone, M14, and from the Neogloboquadrina mayeri-Globorotalia conomiozea Zone, Mt9 to the G. conomiozea/ Globorotalia mediterranea-Globorotalia sphericomiozea Zone, Mt10 (Transitional) of Berggren et al. (1995); within the G. lenguaensis/ G. tumida Zone, M14 ((Sub) Tropical of Iaccarino et al. (2007).


Women's studies is a rapidly expanding field with a tremendous growth in the number of London courses available. As a result of this there has been increasing debate about the nature of feminist research. Can a specifically feminist methodology be identified? Which research methods are most appropriate in feminist work? What is the difference between a feminist approach and other forms of scholarship. "Researching Women's Lives" explores these issues by focusing on the dynamics of doing research, rather than engaging in a theoretical discussion about research techniques. Feminists are now involved in exploring a whole range of wider issues concerned with practical, political and ethical matters in undertaking research. In addition to issues such as violence, sexuality, political activity and popular culture, contributors also examine the impact of race, class, sexual orientation and age.


This research examined the privacy needs of the Urban Malays in Malaysia and focuses on the medium cost two-storey terrace housing typology. The literature review indicated that low priority was given for privacy in
the traditional Malay society which emphasises more on community intimacy, which subsequently influences their housing design. The National Economic Policy in the 1970s encouraged the rural-urban migration among the rural Malays, which indirectly changed their way of lives and their housing environment, especially when many of these new migrants lived in terrace housing. An earlier study indicated that the earlier generations have maintained their cultural values, while there are studies which show that neighbourhood ties among the urban Malays are weakening and family privacy has become more important. This study involved 401 respondents, selected at random from among heads of households living in Selangor, Malaysia. Two areas involved in this study, namely Gombak and Kajang in the district of Hulu Langat, were selected at random. The survey method using questionnaire and in-depth interview with selected respondents were employed to
examine the meaning of privacy and the influence of privacy on housing modifications. The findings indicated that the meanings of privacy were influenced by their cultural norms and religious belief, which were unlike what was being practiced by the traditional society and in the village housing setting. The study also revealed that the privacy provided by the original designs was not sufficient and that the need to provide privacy is one of the main reasons for housing modifications.


Research in its various forms is inherent within all my projects now, but this has not always been the case. Undertaking a PhD strongly influenced my ideas about the nature of research and how as part of the creative process it is imperative to have an in-depth under - standing of the subjects that interest me. All my work prior to that point had been documentary in approach and had a very strong polemic. The projects were concerned with my personal take on social or political issues and, looking back, I see how this was a rather self-righteous attempt to set the world to rights, and I was becoming uneasy about it. Not only about my own work, but also about quite a lot of the work that I was seeing at the time, and I know exactly when that started. I had just come back from Chernobyl where I had been photographing within the exclusion zone. A no-entry area with a 30-kilometre radius that was evacuated after the nuclear meltdown at the Chernobyl Power Plant in 1986. The area contained one major city, Pripyat, and over 70 villages and scores of farms. The people living in these locations were given 24 hours to gather their possessions and were then moved to locations around the Ukraine, in most cases never to return. On my arrival back in the UK, the press had written about my having risked my life in such a dangerous place, which wasn't the case. I'd gone there, taken some photographs and then left again with everyone patting me on the back and saying I was a hero; but I was just a glorified tourist who chose to go there. The people affected by the disaster in Chernobyl had no choice but to live with the consequences every single day of their lives.


This document updates RFC 5043 and RFC 5044 by extending Marker
Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Aligned Framing (MPA) negotiation for Remote
Direct Memory Access (RDMA) connection establishment. The first
enhancement extends RFC 5044, enabling peer-to-peer connection
establishment over MPA / Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The
second enhancement extends both RFC 5043 and RFC 5044, by providing an
option for standardized exchange of RDMA-layer connection
configuration. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Recent advances in high throughput RNA-Seq technologies allow to produce massive datasets. When a study focuses only on a handful of genes, most reads are not relevant and degrade the performance of the tools used to analyze the data. Removing such useless reads from the input dataset leads to improved efficiency without compromising the results of the study. To this aim, in this paper we introduce a novel computational problem, called gene assignment and we propose an efficient alignment-free approach to solve it. Given a RNA-Seq sample and a panel of genes, a gene assignment consists in extracting from the sample the reads that most probably were sequenced from those genes. The problem becomes more complicated when the sample exhibits evidence of novel alternative splicing events. We implemented our approach in a tool called Shark and assessed its effectiveness in speeding up differential splicing analysis pipelines. This evaluation shows that Shark is able to significantly improve the performance of RNA-Seq analysis tools without having any impact on the final results. The tool is distributed as a stand-alone module and the software is freely available at https://github.com/AlgoLab/shark.


OBJECTIVES
To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of a dyad-based uncertainty management intervention for breast cancer, including tailored information and coping skills training.

SAMPLE & SETTING
16 patient-partner dyads experiencing breast cancer were enrolled from a midwestern comprehensive cancer center.

METHODS & VARIABLES
A single-group pre-/post-test design was used, and descriptive statistics and Cohen's d were calculated. Measures were completed before the intervention and during each treatment cycle. Feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, uptake, and outcome variables (uncertainty, dyadic coping, family functioning) were included.

RESULTS
16 dyads were enrolled during a 13-month period; 15 dyads completed the training for the study, and 13 dyads completed all study activities. Overall, participants reported satisfaction with the intervention. Small to medium effect sizes were observed across the outcomes.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
This study highlights the need for nurses to help couples manage uncertainty related to new cancer treatment. Tailored interventions can allow nurses to use their time efficiently by focusing on individuals' actual needs.


PurposeUK higher education has faced an unprecedented period of change due to multiple UK governmental policies over a short period – coupled with demographic change and the vote to leave the European Union. This pressures universities to meet third mission aims by engaging effectively with society and business, generating income in the process to address reduced funding. Support from the UK Government includes over 20 years of funding for universities to develop entrepreneurial structures and processes, termed entrepreneurial architecture (EA). While the government regularly collects data on funds generated through third mission activities, less is known about how EA is perceived by those inside the university. The purpose of this paper is to meet that gap by exploring the perspectives of those employed specifically as part of EA implementation, as knowledge exchange intermediaries.Design/methodology/approachThe study takes a phenomenological approach to achieve deeper insights into those routines and norms resulting from the application of EA. This is a purposeful sample with what is reported to be an under-researched group (Hayter, 2016); those employed as internal knowledge intermediaries across 15 universities (two from each). These university employees are specifically charged with business engagement, knowledge exchange and research commercialization; their contracts are funded and designed as a part of the EA rather than for research or teaching. An initial pilot comprising four semi-structured interviews indicated suitable themes. This was followed up through a set of three interviews over 18 months with each participant and a mapping of EA components at each institution.FindingsDespite EA strategies, the picture emerging was that universities had embedded physical components to a greater or lesser degree without effective social architecture, shown by conflicts between stated and actual routines and norms and by consistent barriers to third mission work. Power and perceived power were critical as participants felt their own worth and status was embedded in their senior manager's status and power, with practical difficulties for them when he or she lost ground due to internal politics.Research limitations/implicationsThe benefits of this study method and sample include deep insights into the perspectives of an under-reported group. The purposeful sample might be usefully expanded to include other countries, other staff or to look in depth at one institution. It is a qualitative study so brings with it the richness, insights and the potential lack of easy generalizability such an approach provides.Practical implicationsIn designing organizations to achieve third mission aims, EA is important. Even where the structures, strategies, systems, leadership and culture appear to be in place; however, the resulting routines and norms may act against organizational aims. Those designing and redesigning their institutions might look at the experience suggested here to understand how important it is to embed social architecture to ensure effective actions. Measuring cultures and having this as part of institutional targets might also support better results.Social implicationsGovernments in the UK have invested resources and funding and produced policy documents related to the third mission for over 20 years. However, the persistent gap in universities delivering on policy third mission aims is well documented. For this to change, universities will need to ensure their EA is founded on strong underlying supportive cultures. Knowledge sharing with business and community is unlikely when it does not happen in-house.Originality/valueThe study adds new knowledge about how EA is expressed at individual university level. The findings show the need for more research to understand those routines and norms which shape third mission progress in UK universities and how power relations impact in this context, given the pivotal role of the power exerted by the senior manager.


Background and Objective: The State of Qatar has achieved maternal, neonatal and perinatal survival rates which are comparable to many high income countries, both from the West and East. Our study aims to analyze fetal and perinatal determinants of Qatar's neonatal mortality rate (NMR) during 2011. Methodology: A PEARL Study (Perinatal Neonatal Outcomes Research Study in the Arabian Gulf), a joint collaborative research project between Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) Qatar and University of Gloucestershire United Kingdom, is Qatar's prospective national perinatal epidemiological Study funded by Qatar National Research Fund. The study is quantifying maternal, neonatal and perinatal mortality, morbidities and their correlates by establishing a national neonatal perinatal registry for Qatar called Q-Peri-Reg. Data on live births and neonatal mortality were collected from all public and private maternity facilities in Qatar during 2011. Data on fetal and perinatal determinants was ascertained from maternal obstetric and delivery room record on predesigned performas. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was done using Epi Info and SPSS-20. Results: Qatar's NMR during 2011 was 4.9. The incidence of low birth weight in Qatar is 11% and the incidence of preterm deliveries 10.7%. 10% of the babies required delivery room resuscitation. The relative risk of neonatal mortality was higher and statistically significant with fetal growth (p<0.001), fetal weight at birth (p<0.001), fetal gestation at birth (p<0.001), APGAR score at 1 and 5 minute (p<0.001) and the need for delivery room resuscitation (p<0.001). The RR of neonatal mortality increased (Table 1) with decreasing birth weight (p<0.001) and gestational age (p<0.001). Conclusion: Further improvement in Qatar's neonatal mortality is possible by addressing the high incidence of low birth weight and preterm deliveries. Better maternal nutrition, improved antenatal care, birth spacing and best obstetric and neonatal practices at delivery are likely to be most helpful.


This thesis presents MathLet v3 which is the third version of a system developed to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions. Previous versions were developed by Hakan Buyukbayrak and Mehmet Celik. MathLet v3 implements two steps to recognize handwritten mathematical expressions; symbol recognition and parsing. In the symbol recognition step, two classifiers are combined. One of these classifiers uses online features while the other one uses offine features. Both classifiers return probability distributions over classes. In the parsing step, probability distributions are used to increase time performance of MathLet v3. Moreover, parallel programming is used in parsing phase. Special handling approach for mistaken symbols is also implemented in the parsing step. MathLet v3 has four applications and two of them can be accessed through the Web. Users write mathematical expressions or upload existing InkML les which contain mathematical expression and get recognition results for them through the Web by using these applications. MathLet has been participating in a competition named CROHME since 2011. The evaluation results of MathLet in CROHME show that the accuracy of MathLet has increased from 0.55% to 8.35% starting from 2011, although recognition task becomes more di cult each year. In addition to accuracy improvements, experiments made in order to measure the time performance of MathLet v3 show that MathLet v3 has become faster.


respect to historical relations with both capitalism and modern (mass) society. A self-critique of the arts as a form of essentialism frequently took the form of an opposition between representation and abstraction. Interwoven into the canonical narrative was a belief in the expressive and existential capacity of art to operate as a method of individuation along with a set of other features. These include the pursuit of effects of detachment and depersonalization, mechanization and technology; an emphasis on surface reflexivity; a tendency toward transcendentalism; and attention to the internal ordering and relationship of parts in tension with, in painting, undifferentiated composition. It is from such values that one (to many minds) dominant exclusionary monolith of modernism came to be erected (one that paralleled American postwar hegemony of the 1950s and 1960s), a superstructure considered by many to be at odds with the movement's resistance to totalitarian extension. Most critics recognize that it was during the 1960s that the central tenets of American modernism began to erode, at the height of Greenberg's and Michael Fried's self-conscious defense of abstraction. Greenberg and Fried's formalist emphasis on unitary integration and impersonal flatness was marginalized by persistent figuration and postwar European expressionism; by kitsch and realism's "recomplication" of the pictorial field; and by new propositions bound to minimalism, process and anti-form. John Cage's challenge to authorship, materiality and internal structure— seen also in Alison Knowles's "Make a Salad" of 1962, as well as in the work of artists such as Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg and Andy Warhol—did much to undermine the dominance of formalist theory. Others have joined critics such as Rosalind Krauss and Carol Duncan, who attacked modernism's myths of originality and "centeredness" and its position of "privileged" and gendered hegemony in dismantling Greenberg's paradigm. There are reasons to regard the "historic moment" as relevant in reconstructing a definition of modernism and to confront the role of history as the canyon (versus the canon) of art's operative field. In this field, modernism's aestheticism should be tempered, indeed E X H I B I T I O N S


Digital preservation is a topic that has been extensively explored over the last thirty years in the fields of archival and information studies. However, relatively little literature has touched on the topic of Trusted Digital Repositories (TDRs). A TDR is '[A]n archive, consisting of an organization of people and systems that has accepted the responsibility to preserve information and make it available for a Designated Community.'1 Standards governing TDRs, namely the Open Archival Information System (OAIS) and Repository Audit and Certification (RAC), have been designed and tested by developed nations with minimal reference to the developing world. Little attempt has been made to question whether these standards, entirely developed in one context, are actually transferable or applicable to another. There is an assumption, however, that because these standards have been generalised, they are ubiquitous and robust, transferable to any locale. This thesis seeks to question the basic assumptions that are made when standards or best practice created in the developed world are applied to different contexts outside of the original milieu of elaboration. Further, this thesis considers the applicability of TDRs to the Eastern African archival context. Using threefold mimesis, the study examines the standards development process, identifying underlying socio-economic, cultural, infrastructural, educational and other presumptions that may exist in the documented standards. It also examines whether these biases impact on the applicability and transferability of standards to Eastern Africa. During the course of this study the author analyses both the digital preservation scholarship and also research related to technology transfer. Parallels are drawn between technology transfer and standards development and implementation, to identify and detail some of the potential obstacles that may preclude the transferability of TDR standards to Eastern Africa. In the end, this thesis finds that TDR standards have little relevance both in developed-world case study digital repositories and in the East African national archives context. These findings challenge the notion held by many that standards have been generalised to such an extent that they are transferable to any context. Further this conclusion brings into question the perceived universality of standards as unbiased documents capable of guiding the establishment of TDRs.


Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion EGU Abstract Many projections of the soil carbon sink or source are based on kinetically defined carbon pool models. Parameters of these models are often determined in a way that the steady state of the model matches observed carbon stocks. The underlying simplifying assumption is that observed carbon stocks are near equilibrium. This assumption is 5 challenged by observations of very old soils that do still accumulate carbon. In this modelling study we explored the consequences of the case where soils are apart from equilibrium. Calculation of equilibrium states of soils that are currently accumulating small amounts of carbon were performed using the Yasso model. It was found that already very small current accumulation rates cause big changes in theoretical equilib-10 rium stocks, which can virtually approach infinity. We conclude that soils that have been disturbed several centuries ago are not in equilibrium but in a transient state because of the slowly ongoing accumulation of the slowest pool. A first consequence is that model calibrations to current carbon stocks that assume equilibrium state, overestimate the decay rate of the slowest pool. A second consequence is that spin-up runs (simulations 15 until equilibrium) overestimate stocks of recently disturbed sites. In order to account for these consequences, we propose a transient correction. This correction prescribes a lower decay rate of the slowest pool and accounts for disturbances in the past by decreasing the spin-up-run predicted stocks to match an independent estimate of current soil carbon stocks. Application of this transient correction at a Central European beech 20 forest site with a typical disturbance history resulted in an additional carbon fixation of 5.7±1.5 tC/ha within 100 years. Carbon storage capacity of forest soils is potentially much higher than currently assumed. Simulations that do not adequately account for the transient state of soil carbon stocks neglect a substantial amount of current carbon accumulation.


Applying several estimation procedures to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we find that labor supply elasticities with respect to own wages and to other household members' income for married white women have decreased significantly in absolute terms during the 1983-2000 period. The elasticities with respect to after-tax wages are statistically either not different from zero or negative, while the elasticities with respect to other household members' income are negative, significant, and relatively stable for much of the period. Our results are robust and consistent across models and specifications. These findings suggest an important change in the labor supply behavior of married women, revealing that younger females today are not behaving like younger females in the past. We informally explore several possible explanations to this phenomenon: changes in the intrahousehold resource allocation and in turnover rates for younger cohorts. These institutional adjustments, together with the increasing portion of younger females in the labor force pool, might explain the empirical findings of our study.


As non-democratic regimes have adapted to the proliferation of social media, they have began actively engaging with Twitter to enhance regime resilience. Using data taken from the Twitter accounts of Venezuelan legislators during the 2014 anti-Maduro protests in Venezuela, we fit a topic model on the text of the tweets and analyze patterns in hashtag use by the two coalitions. We argue that the regime's best strategy in the face of an existential threat like the narrative developed by La Salida and promoted on Twitter was to advance many competing narratives that addressed issues unrelated to the opposition's criticism. Our results show that the two coalitions pursued different rhetorical strategies in keeping with our predictions about managing the conflict advanced by the protesters. This article extends the literature on social media use during protests by focusing on active engagement with social media on the part of the regime. This approach corroborates and expands on recent research on inferring regime strategies from propaganda and censorship.


Parsing of human languages is a well studied subject, but most algorithms will handle either fixed word order languages or free word order languages. In this paper we describe extensions to a chart parser in order to enable varying degrees of word order flexibility and parsing via templates instead of rules. We have chosen to use templates instead of rules because this enables more information to be captured, which in turn will make it easier to extract the meaning from the sentence. The grammatical paradigm used in this paper is Role and Reference Grammar, but we expect the methods to be useful for other grammatical paradigms.


The Loch Doon igneous complex lies to the N of the Solway–Shannon Iapetus Ocean suture line through the British Isles, but in a region lacking the Proterozoic continental basement which is known to exist further N. It comprises a genetically related magma suite ranging from hypersthene diorite margins through quartz monzonite to granite at the centre. Petrochemical data, studies of xenolith and autolith densities and field radiometric mapping indicate that the suite lacks sharp internal boundaries but is gradational and based on a monzodiorite parental magma which evolved through a two-stage crystal fractionation process. The early crystallization of dioritic margins was dominated by pyroxene-plagioclase precipitation and these minerals were joined later by biotite as acidic residual liquids developed. Biotite formation and fractionation at the expense of pyroxenes is related to contamination of the magma by water from the roof zone. Partial assimilation of roof material, particularly in the form of xenoliths, and mixing between cumulates and residual liquids are also recognized but are of relatively minor importance. These petrochemical, geophysical and isotopic studies of the Southern Uplands granites indicate the generation of parental magmas by the partial fusion of metabasaltic lower crust or crustal underplate as a late event in the evolution of the Iapetus Ocean.