It is morning, June 28, 2007, in the August amphitheater of the United States Supreme Court. Three prominent black civil rights lawyers wait expectantly. They, along with members of the press and public, are here to bear witness to the Court's decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1. The case involved two cities separated by thousands of miles: Seattle, Washington, and Louisville, Kentucky. Local communities in these far-flung locales had voluntarily attempted to integrate their public schools. On this, the last day of his first full Term, Chief Justice John Roberts gavels the room to order. He then strikes down the plans in a matter of sentences. On behalf of himself and four colleagues, he declares Seattle's and Louisville's voluntary school integration plans unlawful because they consider race as a factor in student assignment. With a simple maxim, Chief Justice Roberts and his colleagues destroy what had taken the cities years to build: "The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race," his argument goes, "is to stop discriminating on the basis of race." Moments after Chief Justice Roberts finishes speaking, a voice both incredulous and distressed pierces the High Court's etiquette. Bristling with barely concealed anger but tempered by the circumspection of the law professor he once was, Justice Stephen Breyer informs those assembled that he takes strong objection to Chief Justice Roberts's pronouncements of the law. Justice Breyer, too, offers a simple statement: "The majority is wrong." On a nine-person bench where the give and take between judges and lawyers usually involves rapid-fire exchanges, Justice Breyer proceeds to "hold court" alone for the next twenty-one minutes. No lawyers stand before him; no one is poised to answer questions or to persuade him of one side or the other. Indeed, joined in his dissent by Justices Stevens, Souter, and Ginsburg, Justice Breyer is not asking questions. Instead, he forcefully challenges Chief Justice Roberts's view of "the law" of the land. "The majority is wrong" to conclude that consideration of race is per se unlawful. To the contrary, when used to include rather than exclude, taking race into account is constitutional. The plans in question, adopted democratically to overcome racial isolation by creating racially diverse schools, are "partly remedial, partly educational, partly civic." "These plans are not affirmative action plans," he explains. "School placement here has nothing to do with any students' merits. . . . Until today the law has allowed school districts to implement these kinds of plans." The Supreme Court has routinely given "significant practical leeway" to democratically elected school boards to make educational policy that "tries to bring people together." The five Republican appointees, he suggests, are dictating their own policy preferences in the name of the law. Justice Breyer denounces Chief Justice Roberts's temerity with sixteen memorable words: "It is not often in the law that so few have so quickly changed so much." In this Foreword, the author argues that oral dissents, like the orality of spoken word poetry or the rhetoric of feminism, have a distinctive potential to root disagreement about the meaning and interpretation of constitutional law in a more democratically accountable soil. Ultimately, they may spark a deliberative process that enhances public confidence in the legitimacy of the judicial process. Oral dissents can become a crucial tool in the ongoing dialogue between constitutional law and constitutional culture.


This article recalls with vivid awareness the Alex Gray like vision of infinitely small pulsating structures within my own body, and of bodily sensations of levitation I recalled when I read in Michael Murphy's Future of the Body the references to Haridas Chaudhuri's unpublished Yogic Potentials or Siddhis in Hindu-Buddhist Parapsychology. Along with Murphy's section of Extraordinary Somatic Awareness Mediated by Internal Clairvoyance, and within the framework of Ramamurti S. Mishra's Textbook of Yoga Psychology that provides context for Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, one sees as Chaudhuri explicates, how aṇimām siddhi of infinitely small somatic perception, and how laghimā siddhi of levitation are manifested. This artcile provides the notions, context and details of how such yogic potentials operate as transpersonal experiences of the body, mind and psyche.


This paper uses experimental methods to study the impact of limited enforcement and reputation on employer-worker relations in labour markets in Ghana. Participants, students recruited from universities in Accra, Ghana are designated as either employers or workers and play a gift-exchange game on a tablet computer. In this game, employers make wage offers to workers, who can then choose to accept or reject and, after accepting, what effort level to exert. Five treatments were used to assess the impact of limited enforcement, competition between employers and reputation. Each participants plays four games, consisting of five trading periods. We find different results from earlier experiments in developed countries: while these experiments have found strong evidence for relational contracting and conditional reciprocity, we do not find evidence for this. We find that a subgroup of workers exerts very low effort levels, but that this low effort of the workers is not punished by employers, who are not responsive in their wage offers to what the workers did previously. As a result, on average, the workers capture most of the profits. Introducing competition or a multilateral reputation mechanism does not significantly improve this.


After grateful alumni acquired the Mueller Spaghetti Company on behalf of New York University, and the courts held that the university did not have to pay tax on the pasta maker's income, Mueller's competitors cried foul. Congress responded to their pleas and enacted the unrelated business income tax (UBIT). The UBIT subjects an otherwise tax-exempt entity, such as a charitable institution or a religious organization, to tax on its income from a trade or business that is not substantially related to the organization's tax-exempt purpose. The UBIT is widely viewed as leveling the playing field between taxable for-profit businesses and tax-exempt nonprofits. Although it seems obvious that the nonprofits' tax exemption would provide them with a tax-induced advantage over their for-profit competitors, an across-the-board exemption from tax, such as that granted to nonprofits, does not generally provide such an advantage. Accordingly, the effect of the UBIT is not to level the playing field, but rather to tilt it against nonprofits and to the advantage of for-profit businesses. Furthermore, because nonprofits do not enjoy a tax-induced advantage in competitiveness by virtue of their exemption from tax, there is no benefit that they can leverage by issuing market-rate debt to fund their investments. Accordingly, the UBIT provisions that sweep debt-financed investments within its reach are also problematic.


A new implementation of the perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition is presented. This formulation is designed such that the partial differential equations in the PML are identical to those in the regular medium for any linear electromagnetic material. This makes this method particularly simple to implement, especially in dispersive and anisotropic materials. We call this method the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) because it employs variable changes that are not strictly exact when the PML conductivity is spatially variant. Comparisons with the convolutional PML in a Lorentz dielectric show that the NPML is as effective an absorber as exact PML formulations.


Abstract Human activity is one of the most important factors affecting disturbance to birds that use coastal barrier beaches in southern New England. The barrier beach at Napatree Point, RI, provides important breeding habitat for several bird species, key stopover habitat for thousands of migrating shorebirds, and is also a popular destination for people. Anecdotal evidence suggested that walkers, joggers, dogs, and watercraft were disrupting birds that foraged and roosted at this site. Our objectives were to characterize the frequency and sources of disturbance to birds and use this information to develop management recommendations to minimize the frequency of human disturbances to birds at Napatree Point. We conducted 106 hours of observation from May through August in 2013. Of 211 flight responses, the most common sources of disturbance to birds were beach walkers (57.8%), motorboats (8.5%), kayaks (8.5%), bird watchers (7.6%), and anglers (6.2%). Birds typically flushed when pedestrians (e.g., walkers, bird watchers, and anglers) were within 39 ± 24 m (median ± inter-quartile range) and watercraft (e.g., motorboats and kayaks) were within 38 ± 33 m. Flight responses were positively correlated with the number of people on the beach and the number of boats in the area. Disturbances to birds peaked in July when human visitation was highest. Using a spatially explicit density map of flight-initiation distance vectors, we identified the most important area to set as a buffer zone for human access if managers seek to reduce the frequency of human disturbances to birds at Napatree Point.


Opioid analgesics provide effective treatment for noncancer pain, but many physicians have concerns about adverse effects, tolerance, and addiction. Misuse of these drugs is prominent in patients with chronic pain. Recognition and early prevention of misuse helps physicians identify the causes and proceed with patient care. Most persons with chronic pain have a significant medical comorbidity (eg, asthma) that affects treatment decisions.


The article discusses current "environmental impact assessment system" and "three simultaneous" system in China. In the opinion of author, current systems cannot prompt enterprises to reduce pollutants emission fundamentally, and thus put forward controlling corporate pollution reduction should not hinder economic development, and keeping economic sustainable increase is the premise of promoting pollution reduction in enterprises. Through empirical analysis of pollution investment data in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of China, the author finds that 60%-100% of environmental investment in each district is from non-governmental investment, which is not conductive to prompt enterprises to reduce pollutants emission or economic sustainable development. To keep economic sustainable development, environmental investment must be increased. Because of the public characteristic of environmental cost, increasing environmental protection investment is an important measure to prompt enterprises to reduce pollutants emission.


2016 marked the 25th anniversary of the restoration of Azerbaijan's state independence. Able to reinstate independence twice in the past century- in 1918 and 1991- Azerbaijan carries on its ancient and prolific tradition of statehood. This also means twice ridding itself of occupation in a single century and makes state sovereignty the greatest accomplishment and asset for the country. Throughout a 25 year journey under such complicated circumstances, Azerbaijan has gone from being a country with a stagnant economy to becoming the leader nation in the South Caucasus. This nation has become a reliable energy security partner, and has evolved from being a recipient of international aid to a donor country. Initially, an average member of the international community, Azerbaijan eventually reached the level of non-permanent member of the UN Security Council 20122013 . This article reviews the evolution of the foreign policy of the Republic of Azerbaijan over the last 25 years


New Zealand felt earthquake reports have been collected since the late 19th century. In March 2004, the GeoNet Project, operated by GNS Science, implemented an Internet-based questionnaire. The aim was to provide an objective and automatic assignment of Modified Mercalli (MM) earthquake shaking intensity and location based on answers to a set of standardized questions. Since the first year of implementation, the number of reports received has increased tenfold. Besides providing valuable information for emergency response agencies, the reports led to the enhancement of isoseismal models and better understanding of the regional effects of earthquakes in New Zealand.

The GeoNet Project, launched in 2001, is an integrated geological hazards monitoring and data collection system funded by the New Zealand Earthquake Commission and designed, built, and operated by GNS Science. GeoNet provides real-time monitoring of earthquake, volcano, land deformation, tsunami, and landslide hazards in New Zealand. The networks of instruments collect data that are freely available to users both in New Zealand and around the world via its Web site (http://www.geonet.org.nz).

### History of Electronic Felt Earthquake Reporting

Felt earthquake reports are a valuable means of obtaining information on how people across New Zealand have experienced an earthquake. Reports have been collected in New Zealand since the late 19th century. Increasingly inexpensive technology and the growing public adoption of the Internet has fueled three phases of electronic felt report collection in the past ten years:

### Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) Forms

A machine-readable questionnaire, developed by G. Downes and D. Maunder in 2000, was an entirely revised and expanded set of questions based on Dowrick's (1996) version of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. The new form had not been widely implemented before it became clear that the growing use of the Internet by the general public suggested a more effective means of obtaining …


Serum sulfate concentrations are elevated in infants, young children, and pregnant women due, at least in part, to increased renal sulfate reabsorption. Little is known about the effects of hormones, particularly those involved in growth, development, and pregnancy, on renal sulfate reabsorption. The objective of this investigation was to examine the effects of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), progesterone (PG), and 17beta-estradiol (EST) on renal sodium/sulfate co-transport. 35S-sulfate uptake was determined in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)/NaSi-1 cells (MDCK cells that have been stably transfected with rat sodium/sulfate co-transporter (NaSi-1) cDNA) and in opossum kidney (OK) cells. NaSi-1 mRNA was determined by RT-PCR and protein levels by ELISA. GH (0.1 nM) significantly increased the sodium/sulfate co-transport in MDCK/NaSi-1 cells up to 35%. IGF-1 induced a concentration-related stimulation of the sodium/sulfate co-transport with a maximal response observed at 1000 nM (59% increase). Sodium-dependent sulfate uptake was significantly increased when cells were preincubated with 10 nM PG, 10 nM EST, or 10 nM PG/10 nM EST up to 41%, 46%, or 39%, respectively. OK cells exhibited endogenous sodium-dependent sulfate transport; significantly increased sodium/sulfate co-transport was also observed in OK cells that were preincubated with GH, IGF-1, and PG/EST, although not with EST alone. The NaSi-1 mRNA and NaSi-1 protein levels were significantly increased in MDCK/NaSi-1 cells treated with 0.1 nM GH, 100 nM IGF-1, 10 nM PG, and/or 10 nM EST compared with control. These results suggest that the increased renal sulfate reabsorption that occurs in neonates, young and pregnant humans, and animals could be mediated by the increased steady-state levels of NaSi-1 mRNA produced by the higher plasma concentrations of GH, IGF-1, or PG/EST.


Economically viable copper deposits occurrence are widespread in the ultramafic rocks of Semail ophiolite massifs of the northern Oman Mountains, particularly in the basaltic and pillow lava units of the mantle section. The present study discriminates the occurrence of copper bearing mineralized zone within ophiolite sequence of parts of Wadi Al-Jizzi, Sultanate of Oman using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite data. Digital image processing methods namely band rationing and spectral unmixing applied on the ASTER VNIR and SWIR spectral wavelength regions were showed promising results in detecting the zone of potential copper bearing mineralization within the middle extrusives consist the basaltic to andesitic pillow and massive lava and the lower extrusives have basaltic pillow and massive basalt in the ophiolite sequences. The interpreted images are verified in the field and through laboratory studies. The study recommends the technique as time and cost-effective and has potential for targeting mineralized zone in similar region elsewhere in the world.


Problem, research strategy, and findings: How media portray public transit services can affect the way voters and stakeholders think about future transit investments. In this study, I examine social media content about public transit from a large sample of Twitter comments, finding that they reflect more negative sentiments about public transit than do the comments about most other public services, and include more negative material about transit patrons. However, transit agencies may be able to influence the tone of those comments through the way they engage with social media. Transit agencies that respond directly to questions, concerns, and comments of other social media users, as opposed to merely "blasting" announcements, have more positive statements about all aspects of services and fewer slurs directed at patrons, independent of actual service quality. The interaction does not have to be customer oriented. Agencies using Twitter to chat with users about their experiences or new service also have statistically significantly more positive sentiments expressed about them on social media. This study's limitations are that it covers only one social media outlet, does not cover all transit agencies, and cannot fully control for differences in transit agency service. Takeaway for practice: Planners committed to a stronger role for public transit in developing sustainable and equitable cities have a stake in the social media strategy of public transit agencies; moreover, they should not let racial and sexist slurs about patrons dominate feeds. Planners should encourage interactive social media strategies. Even agencies that only tweet interactively a few times a day seem to have more civil discussions surrounding their agencies and announcements on Twitter than agencies that use their feed only to blast service announcements.


Chip-Level Modulated Binary Pulse Position Modulation (CLM-BPPM) is proposed as a modulation scheme for Fiber-Optic Code Division Multiple Access (FO-CDMA) systems using Optical Orthogonal Code (OOC) for time domain signal spreading. The proposed scheme provides better synchronization and source activity detection at the receiver side as compared to On-Off Keying (OOK). A mathematical expression is derived for the BER of CLM-BPPM using a combinatorial interference pattern analysis approach. The mathematical model is verified using simulation. Numerical results demonstrate that CLMBPPM has a BER that is very close to OOK. Moreover, increasing the average source activity causes the performance of the CLMBPPM to approach that of the OOK system with an asymptotic BER equal to the BER of OOK at full user activity.


This volume presents state-of-the-art research and thinking on the analysis of justification, evaluation and critique in organizations, as inspired by the foundational ideas of French Pragmatist Sociology's economies of worth (EW) framework. In this introduction, we begin by underlining the EW framework's importance in sociology and social theory more generally and discuss its relative neglect within organizational theory, at least until now. We then present an overview of the framework's intellectual roots, and for those who are new to this particular theoretical domain, offer a brief introduction to the theory's main concepts and core assumptions. This we follow with an overview of the contributions included in this volume. We conclude by highlighting the EW framework's important yet largely untapped potential for advancing our understanding of organizations more broadly. Collectively, the contributions in this volume help demonstrate the potential of the EW framework to (1) advance current understanding of organizational processes by unpacking justification dynamics at the individual level of analysis, Justification, Evaluation and Critique in the Study of Organizations: Contributions from French Pragmatist Sociology Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 52, 3 29 Copyright r 2017 by Emerald Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 0733-558X/doi:10.1108/S0733-558X20170000052001 3 (2) refresh critical perspectives in organization theory by providing them with pragmatic foundations, (3) expand and develop the study of valuation and evaluation in organizations by reconsidering the notion of worth, and finally (4) push the boundaries of the framework itself by questioning and fine tuning some of its core assumptions. Taken as a whole, this volume not only carves a path for a deeper embedding of the EW approach into contemporary thinking about organizations, it also invites readers to refine and expand it by confronting it with a wider range of diverse empirical contexts of interest to organizational scholars.


We present Raman and terahertz absorbance spectra of methylammonium lead halide single crystals (MAPbX3, X = I, Br, Cl) at temperatures between 80 and 370 K. These results show good agreement with density-functional-theory phonon calculations. Comparison of experimental spectra and calculated vibrational modes enables confident assignment of most of the vibrational features between 50 and 3500 cm-1. Reorientation of the methylammonium cations, unlocked in their cavities at the orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition, plays a key role in shaping the vibrational spectra of the different compounds. Calculations show that these dynamic effects split Raman peaks and create more structure than predicted from the independent harmonic modes. This explains the presence of extra peaks in the experimental spectra that have been a source of confusion in earlier studies. We discuss singular features, in particular the torsional vibration of the C-N axis, which is the only molecular mode that is strongly influenced by the size of the lattice. From analysis of the spectral linewidths, we find that MAPbI3 shows exceptionally short phonon lifetimes, which can be linked to low lattice thermal conductivity. We show that optical rather than acoustic phonon scattering is likely to prevail at room temperature in these materials.


Biogenically-produced halocarbons play an important role in regional and global biogeochemical
processes. These compounds are short-lived (lifetimes <6 months) and so have temporal and
spatial variability in their atmospheric distributions. Marine regions, in particular coastlines, have
been identified as important source regions for these compounds, and within these regions
macroalgae (seaweeds) are an important source. Despite their short lifetime, it is believed that
biogenic bromocarbons may contribute to stratospheric inorganic bromine (Bry). Measurement and
model studies have identified a 6 (1-8) ppt excess of stratospheric Bry that cannot be accounted for
via known sources of longer-lived halocarbons. Tropical regions are believed to play an important
role in this process, as deep convection may act as a rapid transport mechanism allowing these
compounds to reach the upper troposphere within their atmospheric lifetimes. Despite this
potential importance, gaps still remain in our knowledge of halocarbon biogeochemistry in this
region. This study provides the first dedicated measurements of tropical macroalgae via laboratory
incubations of 15 species. Laboratory studies on temperate macroalgae were also performed, with
a focus on the impact of exposure and desiccation on halocarbon emissions. Desiccation-related
halocarbon emissions are of interest due to a growing seaweed aquaculture industry; seaweeds are
often left to dry before processing. In situ atmospheric measurements of halocarbons around
Malaysia as part of the SHIVA campaign are also reported here. A study of halocarbon
concentrations in Malaysia allowed the identification of different regions characterised by different
source and atmospheric transport processes. We identified that strong coastal sources do exist in
this region, but that their distribution is patchy and model studies should not assume a constant,
strong coastal source. Laboratory and field measurements were combined in a final discussion
providing annual emission estimates for the Malaysian and south east Asian region. Of particular
interest is the potential impact of aquaculture, which, if projected expansions in production are met,
could account for a considerable proportion of future Malaysian annual bromoform emissions.


The tissue distribution and developmental appearance of alkaline phosphatase and Gla proteins, relative to mineralization were examined. Undecalcified sections of tooth germs, calvaria and alveolar bone of the rat were immunostained for Gla proteins, (indirect immunofluorescence and avidin-biotin-peroxidase-complex) and then stained for alkaline phosphatase activity. In the growth regions of tooth germs, Gla protein was observed in young odontoblasts and in early predentin, at a stage prior to formation of the first mineralized dentin. Similar results were obtained for bone: young osteoblasts as well as osteoid were immunopositive for Gla protein prior to formation of the first mineralized bone. Histochemical staining revealed that differentiating odontoblasts and osteoblasts exhibited alkaline phosphatase activity at stages prior to appearance of Gla proteins and that cells adjacent to odontoblasts and osteoblasts (not directly involved in the formation of predentin/dentin and osteoid/bone) stained for alkaline phosphatase, but not for Gla proteins. We conclude, that in these bone- and dentin-forming cells, alkaline phosphatase activity is expressed before the appearance of Gla proteins, but that both appear before the onset of mineralization. We also conclude that Gla protein is a more specific marker for bone and dentin formation than histochemical alkaline phosphatase activity, since only the cells directly involved in these processes were immunostained for Gla protein.


Different defects may manifest themselves at different temperatures. Therefore, the tests that target such temperature-dependent defects must be applied at different temperatures appropriate for detecting them. Such multi-temperature testing scheme applies tests at different required temperatures. It is known that a test's power dissipation depends on the previously applied test. Therefore, the same set of tests when organized differently dissipates different amounts of power. The technique proposed in this paper organizes the tests efficiently so that the resulted power levels lead to the required temperatures. Consequently a rapid multi-temperature testing is achieved. Experimental studies demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed technique.


POLITICS, says Narongchai Akrasanee, is holding the Thailand economy back, but a more deep-seated, underlying problem is the nation's education system. Narongchai, a former Thai Commerce Minister and well-known economist on the international stage, says that between 10 million and 15 million Thais are not fully employed because Thailand's education system is not able to produce the workers required by industry. And stop-gap solutions, such as companies filling staff needs by establishing their own education centres, will not solve the long-term problems of the country. He also worries that political fighting will break out again . . .


We propose a discrete choice framework for pedestrian dynamics, modeling short term behavior of individuals as a response to the presence of other pedestrians. We use a dynamic and individual-based spatial discretization, representing the physical space. We develop a model predicting where the next step of a walking pedestrian will be, at a given point in time. The use of the discrete choice framework is justified by its flexibility, the capacity to deal with individuals and the compatibility with agent-based simulation. The model is calibrated using data from actual pedestrian movements, manually taken from video sequences. We present two different formulations: a cross nested logit and a mixed nested logit. In order to verify the quality of the calibrated model, we have designed and developed a pedestrians simulator.


Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism enhanced by opsonization, where typically, more bound antibodies trigger a stronger phagocyte response. Here, we show that Spike-specific antibodies, dependent on concentration, can either enhance or reduce Spike-bead phagocytosis by monocytes independently of the antibody neutralization potential. Surprisingly, we find that both convalescent patient plasma and patient-derived monoclonal antibodies lead to maximum opsonization already at low levels of bound antibodies and is reduced as antibody binding to Spike protein increases. Moreover, we show that this Spike-dependent modulation of opsonization seems to affect the outcome in an experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection model. These results suggest that the levels of anti-Spike antibodies could influence monocyte-mediated immune functions and propose that non-neutralizing antibodies could confer protection to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mediating phago-cytosis.


In recent years, we have experienced increasing interest in the understanding of the physical properties of collisionless plasmas, mostly because of the large number of astrophysical environments (e.g. the intracluster medium (ICM)) containing magnetic fields that are strong enough to be coupled with the ionized gas and characterized by densities sufficiently low to prevent the pressure isotropization with respect to the magnetic line direction. Under these conditions, a new class of kinetic instabilities arises, such as firehose and mirror instabilities, which have been studied extensively in the literature. Their role in the turbulence evolution and cascade process in the presence of pressure anisotropy, however, is still unclear. In this work, we present the first statistical analysis of turbulence in collisionless plasmas using three-dimensional numerical simulations and solving double-isothermal magnetohydrodynamic equations with the Chew–Goldberger–Low laws closure (CGL-MHD). We study models with different initial conditions to account for the firehose and mirror instabilities and to obtain different turbulent regimes. We found that the CGL-MHD subsonic and supersonic turbulences show small differences compared to the MHD models in most cases. However, in the regimes of strong kinetic instabilities, the statistics, i.e. the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of density and velocity, are very different. In subsonic models, the instabilities cause an increase in the dispersion of density, while the dispersion of velocity is increased by a large factor in some cases. Moreover, the spectra of density and velocity show increased power at small scales explained by the high growth rate of the instabilities. Finally, we calculated the structure functions of velocity and density fluctuations in the local reference frame defined by the direction of magnetic lines. The results indicate that in some cases the instabilities significantly increase the anisotropy of fluctuations. These results, even though preliminary and restricted to very specific conditions, show that the physical properties of turbulence in collisionless plasmas, as those found in the ICM, may be very different from what has been largely believed. Implications can range from interchange of energies to cosmic ray acceleration.


In this experimental work optical nonlinear properties of aqueous solution of oxazine 1 dye and solutions containing of Ag nanoparticles were studied. For this purpose four samples as 0.2 mM aqueous solution of dye and solutions of dye containing 200, 300 and 400 ppm of colloidal Ag nanoparticles were prepared. All the aqueous samples showed a negative nonlinearity of the order of 10 cm/W. Also it was shown that adding nano-particles decreases nonlinear refractive index of solutions. It seems that these decreases in nonlinear refractive indexes were due to reduction of linear absorption of samples because of adding nanoparticles.


We consider a large-scale Ad-auction where adverts are assigned over a potentially infinite number of searches. We capture the intrinsic asymmetries in information between advertisers, the advert platform and the space of searches: advertisers know and can optimize the average performance of their advertisement campaign; the platform knows and can optimize on each search instance; and, neither party knows the distribution of the infinite number of searches that can occur. We look at maximizing the aggregate utility of the click-through rates of advertisers subject to the matching constraints of online ad allocation. We show that this optimization can be decomposed into subproblems, which occur on timescales relevant to the platform or the advertisers respectively. The interpretation of the subproblems is that advertisers choose prices which are optimal given the average click-through rate they receive, that the platform allocates adverts according to a classical assignment problem per search impression and that prices satisfy a nominal complementary slackness condition. We then place this optimization result in a game-theoretic framework by assuming that advertisers bid strategically to maximize their net benefit. In this setting, we construct a mechanism with a unique Nash equilibrium that achieves the decomposition just described, and thus maximizes aggregate utility. This simple and implementable mechanism is as follows. When a search occurs, the platform allocates advertisement slots in order to maximize the expected bid from a click-throughs - this is a classical assignment problem. If an advert receives a click, the platform then solves the assignment problem a second time with the advertiser's bid replaced by a bid which is uniformly distributed between zero and the original bid. The advertiser is then charged their bid minus a rebate. The rebate is the product of the advertiser's bid and ratio of the advertiser's click-through rate in the second assignment calculation (after a click-through) to the first assignment click-through rate (before the click-through). We demonstrate that, under the assignment and pricing mechanism just described, advertisers bidding strategically will maximize aggregate utility. The novelty of the mechanism just described is that, while maximizing utilitarian objective, it can be implemented by the platform in a strategic environment on the time-scales relevant to the platform (per-impression) and advertiser (on-average) respectively, and neither party requires information on the distribution of searches. We also show that dynamic models, where advertisers adapt their bids smoothly over time, will converge to the solution that maximizes aggregate utility.


Conventional wisdom suggests that political consultants encourage candidates to "go negative" and to accept the ethos of winning election at any cost. However, recent studies indicate that some campaign professionals draw ethical distinctions between different forms of negative campaigning. While there is a growing literature on campaign consultants, less is known about their influence on those running for political office. Using a nationwide survey of candidates, we find that those who wage professional campaigns are more likely than those who wage amateur campaigns to consider it acceptable to use negative campaign tactics and to find it appropriate to raise issues against an opponent concerning legal infractions. However, contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that candidates' acceptance of personalized attacks, which critics judge to be most harmful to democracy, are not attributable to consultants, but rather to other factors and incentives inherent in the U.S. electoral system.


A two-dimensional (2D) HPLC-MS/MS method has been established for the determination of trace amounts of D-amino acid residues in proteins. D-Amino acid residues are now increasingly recognized as biomarkers of diseases and key moieties for the regulation of protein structures/functions, therefore, a sensitive analytical method is highly required. However, non-negligible amounts of D-amino acids are produced by chemical racemization during the hydrolysis of proteins, and a sensitive determination of D-amino acid residues is normally difficult. In the present study, DCl/D2O hydrolysis is adopted and the produced deuterated D-amino acids are distinguished from naturally-occurring D-amino acids in the proteins using the 2D-HPLC-MS/MS system. D-Ala, D-Asp, D-Glu, D-Pro and D-Ser (frequently observed D-amino acids in higher animals) were selected as the targets, and the sensitive determination (around 1% or less of the L-forms) could be carried out. As an application, the D-amino acid residues in ovalbumin (OVA) were determined, and the presence of a significant amount of D-Ser (1.8% of L-Ser) was demonstrated.


Many international ethical dilemmas seek to protect human rights, while respecting cultures and traditions. The issue of female genital mutilation (FGM) is no different. FGM is practiced through much of Northern Africa, and parts of the Middle East, and is a deeply entrenched cultural tradition. However, this cultural tradition is not present within certain religious, ethnic, class, or racial lines; rather, the practice spans all sorts of demographic divisions. This creates a uniquely difficult problem to solve, as the origin of FGM is not easily identifiable. Understanding the origin of the practice, the affected demographics, and the social structure that support the perpetuation of FGM is critical to successful reform. I argue that education, empowerment, and positive deviance (i.e. using role models who have chosen to not be circumcised) for both genders are all essential components of any organized response to eradicating FGM.


Urban gardens have been observed to multiply in response to crises. However, the meaning and motivations behind the emergence of gardening movements varies greatly over space and time. In this paper we argue that bottom up urban gardening initiatives taking place in Southern European countries in form of land occupation and communalization represent forms of resistance that enhance social cohesion and collective action in times of need. Specifically, this research examines the role of urban gardens in (i) building community resilience and (ii) articulating forms of resistance and contestation to development pressure and commodified urban lifestyles. Our research is based on data collected among 27 urban gardening initiatives in Barcelona, Spain, including 13 self-governed community gardens and 14 public gardens. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with gardeners and with staff from the Barcelona City Council. Our results show mechanisms through which urban gardens can contribute to build resilience by nurturing social and ecological diversity, generating and transmitting local ecological knowledge, and by creating opportunities for collective action and self-organization. We further examine collectively managed gardens as urban commons that emerge as a form of resistance to the privatization of public urban space, and that offer opportunities to experiment with new models of urban lifestyles. We show how gardening initiatives can be seen to represent an emerging form of urban green commons that provides a suitable ground to 'sow' resilience and contestation in times of crises and socio-ecological deterioration.


Kosher USA follows the fascinating journey of kosher food through the modern industrial food system. It recounts how iconic products such as Coca-Cola and Jell-O tried to become kosher; the contentious debates among rabbis over the incorporation of modern science into Jewish law; how Manischewitz wine became the first kosher product to win over non-Jewish consumers (principally African Americans); the techniques used by Orthodox rabbinical organizations to embed kosher requirements into food manufacturing; and the difficulties encountered by kosher meat and other kosher foods that fell outside the American culinary consensus. Kosher USA is filled with big personalities, rare archival finds, and surprising influences: the Atlanta rabbi Tobias Geffen, who made Coke kosher; the lay chemist and kosher-certification pioneer Abraham Goldstein; the kosher-meat magnate Harry Kassel; and the animal-rights advocate Temple Grandin, a strong supporter of shechita, or Jewish slaughtering practice. By exploring the complex encounter between ancient religious principles and modern industrial methods, Kosher USA adds a significant chapter to the story of Judaism's interaction with non-Jewish cultures and the history of modern Jewish American life as well as American foodways.


Surveys shows that unbelievers have a distinctive profile compared to the general population on several indicators related to sociality, collective identity and cultural transmission. For example, they tend to rank family as less important, to identify less with people for whom tradition is important, and to be less willing to fight for their country; but more likely to rate friendship as very important. This evidence suggests a distinctive, less (or differently) embedded, sociality, and lower social conformity, compared to believers.

This paper presents early analysis from our Templeton funded Understanding Unbelief project. Reaching for a New Sense of Connection contributes to mapping the diversity of unbelief in Northern and Central Europe by using survey, social media and interview data across six countries (UK, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Norway, and Romania). These countries offer diverse (non-) religious backgrounds including post-Communist societies, (eastern Germany, Poland, Romania), environments with strong pressures to religious conformity, (both in the majority culture and minority subcultures); in strong welfare state environments and in less secure contexts; in mixed Christian heritage environments, and with different majority religious heritages (Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox). The sample includes environments which have experienced rapid (Netherlands) and gradual (UK) secularization, in cosmopolitan and parochial environments (big cities and small towns), and in environments that have high and low levels of unbelief.

In analysing our data, we will bring new theoretical perspectives to the study of unbelief, beginning by using Herbert's theory of religious publicisation (2011).


From the age of Darwin to the present day, biologists have been grappling with the origins of our moral sense. Why, if the human instinct to survive and reproduce is "selfish," do people engage in self-sacrifice, and even develop ideas like virtue and shame to justify that altruism? Many theories have been put forth, some emphasizing the role of nepotism, others emphasizing the advantages of reciprocation or group selection effects. But evolutionary anthropologist Christopher Boehm finds existing explanations lacking, and in Moral Origins, he offers an elegant new theory. Tracing the development of altruism and group social control over 6 million years, Boehm argues that our moral sense is a sophisticated defense mechanism that enables individuals to survive and thrive in groups. One of the biggest risks of group living is the possibility of being punished for our misdeeds by those around us. Bullies, thieves, free-riders, and especially psychopaths-those who make it difficult for others to go about their lives-are the most likely to suffer this fate. Getting by requires getting along, and this social type of selection, Boehm shows, singles out altruists for survival. This selection pressure has been unique in shaping human nature, and it bred the first stirrings of conscience in the human species. Ultimately, it led to the fully developed sense of virtue and shame that we know today. A groundbreaking exploration of the evolution of human generosity and cooperation, Moral Origins offers profound insight into humanity's moral past-and how it might shape our moral future.


Small area estimation techniques typically rely on regression models that use both covariates and random effects to explain between domain variation. Chambers and Tzavidis (2006) describe a novel approach to small area estimation that is based on modelling quantile-like parameters of the conditional distribution of the target variable given the covariates. This is an outlier robust approach that avoids conventional Gaussian assumptions and the problems associated with specification of random effects, allowing inter-domain differences to be characterized by the variation of area-specific M-quantile coefficients. These authors observed, however, that M-quantile estimates of small area means are biased with the magnitude of the bias being related to the presence of outliers in the data. In this paper we propose a bias adjustment to the M-quantile small area estimator of the mean that is based on representing this estimator as a functional of the small area distribution function. The method is then generalized for estimating other quantiles of the distribution function in a small area. The effect of this bias adjustment on small area estimation with random effects models in the presence of model misspecification is also examined.


As IT spending continuously increased throughout the last years, it nowadays accounts for a significant amount of total corporate spending. Simultaneously, academic research validated the strategic importance and performance benefits derived from a superior IT capability - the ability to successfully deploy organizational IT skills and resources. Furthermore, shareholders pursuing long-term oriented goals are interested in consistent investments to develop organizational capabilities, such as IT capability. Consequentially, the question arises how a firm's ownership structure is related to its IT capability.
This research question is addressed by analyzing secondary data on publicly listed U.S. companies of the last ten years. The results provide support for the hypothesized relation throughout the investigated period and withstand several control and robustness tests.
This study contributes to the ongoing research on IT capability by showing that certain types of shareholders promote the development and deployment of IT capability which in turn influences strategic topics. Findings further confirm that decisions on IT investments characterized by long-term benefits must be backed by owners with a corresponding long-term investment horizon.


We present a 52 years-old woman who developed acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) with atypical features. APMPPE was unilateral and associated with serous retinal detachment and disc edema causing severe vision loss to 20/400. Oral corticosteroid therapy was prescribed with rapid resolution of lesions and visual improvement to 20/20. Clinical course and multimodal imaging in illustrating different features provide us clues for the definitive diagnosis.


It is becoming prohibitively expensive and time consuming, as well as tedious and error-prone, to perform debugging manually. Among the debugging activities, fault localization has been one of the most expensive, and therefore, a large number of fault-localization techniques have been proposed over the recent years. This paper presents a crosstab-based statistical technique that makes use of the coverage information of each executable statement and the execution result (success or failure) with respect to each test case to localize faults in an effective and efficient manner. A crosstab is constructed for each executable statement, and a statistic is computed to determine the suspiciousness of the corresponding statement. Statements with a higher suspiciousness are more likely to contain bugs and should be examined before those with a lower suspiciousness. Case studies are performed on both small- (the Siemens and Unix suites) and large-sized programs (space, grep, gzip, and make), and results suggest that the crosstab-based technique (CBT) is more effective (in terms of a smaller percentage of executable statements that have to be examined until the first statement containing the fault is reached) than other techniques, such as Tarantula. Further studies using the Siemens suite reveal that the proposed technique is also more effective at locating faults than other statistically oriented techniques, such as SOBER and Liblit05. Additional experiments evaluate the CBT from other perspectives, such as its efficiency in terms of time taken, its applicability to object-oriented languages (on a very large Java program: Ant), and its sensitivity to test suite size, and demonstrate its superior performance.


Productivity growth has flat-lined in most economies despite rapid advances in technology. Economists suggest competing explanations for this paradox. Some argue the current stagnation will persist given deep structural challenges, arguing that recent technological advances are no match for those of the past. Others argue that the historical time-lag between technological advances and increased productivity means a productivity surge is just around the corner. The paper explores the implications of alternative productivity growth scenarios for the global economy, particularly for growth, labor markets and the flows of trade and capital. The paper explores the appropriate policy response under these alternative scenarios. It highlights the importance of productivity-enhancing reforms and the first-mover benefits that can flow to economies which move closer to the productivity frontier. It explores the factors that constrain an economy's ability to reap the full benefits of any future productivity boom. It highlights the consequences of asymmetric increases in productivity across countries for both booming and non-booming economies and the role of monetary and fiscal policies, with particular warnings for the stability of the euro zone. Finally, it highlights the implications of asymmetric productivity changes across sectors and the importance of flexibility in labor, capital and product markets.


The presence of the aril (sarcotesta) in the papaya causes a slow and low germination, being necessary to break the state of dormancy. Calcium hydroxide that was applied in order to evaluate its scarifying effect was the objective. The sample consisted of 60 randomly selected fruits of hermaphrodite plants in a commercial production batch of approximately 1 ha (2222 plants) showing commercial maturity, of homogeneous size (±2 kg). The treatments were calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 at three doses, dipping the seed for a period of 24 h; the standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) at 25% with a 15 min immersion time. The highest germination and vigor seeds were obtained applied Ca(OH)2 with highly significant differences respect to the rest treatment, especially for the dose of 60 g l of water for reasons of diminishing expenses. Significant correlations were found, with direct relations (aril and mechanical damage) and inverse relations (abnormal seeds) between the variables evaluated related to the vigor and germination of the seeds. It can be an ecological and not expensive methodology to improve the germination and vigor of papaya seeds in relation to other chemical compounds to scarify.


Stencil computations are an important class of compute and data intensive programs that occur widely in scientific and engineeringapplications. A number of tools use sophisticated tiling, parallelization, and memory mapping strategies, and generate code that relies on vendor-supplied compilers. This code has a number of parameters, such as tile sizes, that are then tuned via empirical exploration. We develop a model that guides such a choice. Our model is a simple set of analytical functions that predict the execution time of the generated code. It is deliberately optimistic, since tile sizes and, moreover, the optimistic assumptions are intended to enable we are targeting modeling and parameter selections yielding highly tuned codes. We experimentally validate the model on a number of 2D and 3D stencil codes, and show that the root mean square error in the execution time is less than 10% for the subset of the codes that achieve performance within 20% of the best. Furthermore, based on using our model, we are able to predict tile sizes that achieve a further improvement of 9% on average.


Freedom of speech has been severely criticized at many American universities. Meanwhile, such prestigious transnational institutions as the United Nations and the European Union have endorsed censorship of hate speech, as well as denial of Holocaust and climate change, and even blasphemy.Those trends are antithetical to classically liberal ideals about both the freedom of speech and the purpose of the university. John Stuart Mill thought higher education should not tell us what it is our duty to believe, but should "help us to form our own belief in a manner worthy of intelligent beings." He added that "there ought to exist the fullest liberty of professing and discussing, as a matter of ethical conviction, any doctrine," regardless of its falsity, immorality, or even harmfulness.The classical liberal argument for free speech has historically been championed in two distinct ways. First, the Founding documents of the United States recognize freedom of speech as a natural right. Second, alternatively, that right might be grounded in utility, meaning its acceptance best promotes human flourishing. Ironically, the very trends on campus that threaten freedom of speech also lend strong support to both justifications for it.


Hypertension is common among patients with diabetes, with the prevalence depending on type and duration of diabetes, age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, history of glycemic control, and the presence of kidney disease, among other factors (1–3). Furthermore, hypertension is a strong risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), heart failure, and microvascular complications. ASCVD—defined as acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction (MI), angina, coronary or other arterial revascularization, stroke, transient ischemic attack, or peripheral arterial disease presumed to be of atherosclerotic origin—is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality for individuals with diabetes and is the largest contributor to the direct and indirect costs of diabetes. Numerous studies have shown that antihypertensive therapy reduces ASCVD events, heart failure, and microvascular complications in people with diabetes (4–8). Large benefits are seen when multiple risk factors are addressed simultaneously (9). There is evidence that ASCVD morbidity and mortality have decreased for people with diabetes since 1990 (10,11) likely due in large part to improvements in blood pressure control (12–14). This Position Statement is intended to update the assessment and treatment of hypertension among people with diabetes, including advances in care since the American Diabetes Association (ADA) last published a Position Statement on this topic in 2003 (3).

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PURPOSE
To determine the optimal dose and schedule of anthracycline and taxane administration as adjuvant therapy for early-stage breast cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to test two hypotheses: (1) that a novel continuous schedule of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide was superior to six cycles of doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide once every 2 weeks and (2) that paclitaxel once per week was superior to six cycles of paclitaxel once every 2 weeks in patients with node-positive or high-risk node-negative early-stage breast cancer. With 3,250 patients, a disease-free survival (DFS) hazard ratio of 0.82 for each randomization could be detected with 90% power with two-sided α = .05. Overall survival (OS) was a secondary outcome.

RESULTS
Interim analyses crossed the futility boundaries for demonstrating superiority of both once-per-week regimens and once-every-2-weeks regimens. After a median follow-up of 6 years, a significant interaction developed between the two randomization factors (DFS P = .024; OS P = .010) in the 2,716 patients randomly assigned in the original design, which precluded interpretation of the two factors separately. Comparing all four arms showed a significant difference in OS (P = .040) but not in DFS (P = .11), with all treatments given once every 2 weeks associated with the highest OS. This difference in OS seemed confined to patients with hormone receptor-negative/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -negative tumors (P = .067), with no differences seen with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (P = .90) or HER2-positive tumors (P = .40).

CONCLUSION
Patients achieved a similar DFS with any of these regimens. Subset analysis suggests the hypothesis that once-every-2-weeks dosing may be best for patients with hormone receptor-negative/HER2-negative tumors.


Culturally competent care (CCC) is needed in areas where diversity of population is present to ensure each patient receives adequate consideration of their health needs. A review of the literature indicates that a lack of CCC could have extremely serious repercussions on patients' health outcomes. The literature also provides evidence of the influence of leadership on improving work performance and staff satisfaction. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has become such a linguistically and culturally diverse society that it has a strong need to be able to provide CCC. It is well recognised that the nurse leader manager (NLM) plays an important role in facilitating the quality and nature of care and overseeing work performance. With this in mind this study aimed to identify the kind of leadership style that was present in UAE hospitals and the style that nurse leader managers should implement in order to best facilitate culturally competent care.

This research study was carried out in ten UAE hospitals. A quantitative descriptive design was used to provide objectivity and to address the fact that at the time of the research little was known about leadership style and CCC in the UAE. There was also a need for the research to be sensitive to the UAE cultural situation in that the collection of data about hospital management, leadership and health outcomes was not the norm and was perceived as a potential threat. Thus the specific UAE cultural context had a major impact upon the research design and methodology. A cross-sectional survey was used with Likert scale type items and open-ended questions. These generated both descriptive statistics for quantitative data and quasi-statistical analysis for qualitative data. The hospitals were divided into two types: four private and six government. The total sample of participants, drawn from these hospitals, was 153. The participants were chosen from all the matrons/ nursing directors, deputy directors, supervisors, nurses-in-charge and in-service education staff.

The research findings showed that CCC was present in the hospitals, but it was at a lower level than what would be the ideal (having scored 6 as almost always). Evidence was found for the presence of components of transformational and transactional leadership styles. Leadership was found to have an important impact on the provision of CCC. Similarly, transformational leadership style attributes were identified by the participants as having an important impact on CCC. The results of this study contribute to the field of nurse leadership and culturally competent care and add support to research findings in other fields on the effects of leadership in providing better organisational outcomes (Alexander, 2002; Bass, 1990; de Ruiter & Saphiere, 2001; Dunham-Taylor, 2000; Liao & Chuang, 2007; Marrone, 1999; Nyberg, 1993; Shapiro, Miller, & White, 2006; Snow, 2001; and Stordeur, Vandenberghe & Dhoore, 2000). Furthermore, the finding that the leadership style has a more significant impact on CCC than does organisational culture with regard to CCC in a linguistically and culturally diverse community compares well with the findings of others (Sarros, Tanewski, Winter, Santora and Densten (2002).

At the same time, the this study's findings contradict the common perception that private hospitals are more customer focused than government hospitals (Jensen, Webster &Witt, 2007), yet they support findings such as Zhao, Bazzoli, Carretta and Chukmaitov (2004) that hospitals with better financial conditions have better health outcomes for patients, which is in keeping with the better resourced government hospitals in the UAE.

A further outcome of this study was the development of a professional programme and conceptual framework that represents the relationship between leadership styles, organisational culture and CCC. Included are three conceptual mind maps representative of NLM in private hospitals, government hospitals and the ideal NLM, thus suggesting solutions to both government and private hospital CCC needs. Finally, recommendations were made for policy makers and managers regarding the need for linguistic services and hospital staff professional programme of learning to enhance patient health outcomes.


There is a rapid evolution in telecommunication with denser networks and systems operating on an increasing number of frequency bands. Also in the next generation 5G networks, even further densification is needed to be able to reach the tight requirements, implying more nodes on each carrier. Denser networks and more frequencies makes it challenging to ensure the best possible cell and frequency carrier assignment to a User Equipment (UE), without the UE needing to perform an excessive amount of inter-frequency measurements and reporting. In this paper, we propose a procedure of predicting the strongest cell of a secondary carrier, and the procedure is exemplified in a UE load-balancing use case. The prediction is based on only measurements on the primary carrier cells, avoiding costly inter-frequency measurements. Simulations of a realistic network deployment show that a UE selection based on the proposed secondary carrier prediction is significantly better than a random UE selection for load balancing.


Background: the competitive of existing area in servicing organ izations which are showing the desired services, the importance and satisfy customers and making content about their needs more than before. Material & Methods: The present study descriptive survey of practical p urpose and its method correlation study has been done . Statistical Society of this research is all refer red patients to outpatient clinics in private and governmental hospitals at Tehran provin ce(N=260). The data collecting tools have included two questionnaires, so for measuring of services qualit y was used from servqual standard questionnaire and part of parasoraman, zitamel and berry(1996) standard questionnaire about customer's behavioral tendencies for measuring of loyalty. Results: T-test was used for comparing the average in priva te and governmental section at all the five dimentions and pierson correlation coefficient was used for determining the relation between one by o ne the five dimentions of services quality with patient 's loyalty and also used regression test. 36% of variance in patients' loyalty is due to components of service q uality. A change of one unit in tangible factors, e nsuring, and empathy results in 0.263, 0.285, and 0.116 change i n patient 's loyalty, respectively. Regression mode l cannot make any prediction for other components because the significance levels of components are greater tha n 0.05. Conclusion: whereas in this research there is meaningful relati on between services quality and patient's loyalty;it seems that in such organizations the str ategic application which cause the improving of qua lity;will redound the increasing of patient'sloyalty and fina lly it will cause more profitability for hospitals.


The speciation of iodine in atmospheric aerosol is currently poorly understood. Models predict negligible iodide concentrations but accumulation of iodate in aerosol, both of which is not confirmed by recent measurements. We present an updated aqueous phase iodine chemistry scheme for use in atmospheric chemistry models and discuss sensitivity studies with the marine boundary layer model MISTRA. These studies show that iodate can be reduced in acidic aerosol by inorganic reactions, i.e., iodate does not necessarily accumulate in particles. Furthermore, the transformation of particulate iodide to volatile iodine species likely has been overestimated in previous model studies due to negligence of collision-induced upper limits for the reaction rates. However, inorganic reaction cycles still do not seem to be sufficient to reproduce the observed range of iodide – iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol. Therefore, we also investigate the effects of the recently suggested reaction of HOI with dissolved organic matter to produce iodide. If this reaction is fast enough to compete with the inorganic mechanism, it would not only directly lead to enhanced iodide concentrations but, indirectly via speed-up of the inorganic iodate reduction cycles, also to a decrease in iodate concentrations. Hence, according to our model studies, organic iodine chemistry, combined with inorganic reaction cycles, is able to reproduce observations. The presented chemistry cycles are highly dependent on pH and thus offer an explanation for the large observed variability of the iodide – iodate speciation in atmospheric aerosol.


I use standardized test scores from roughly 45 million students to describe the temporal structure of educational opportunity in over 11,000 school districts—almost every district in the US. For each school district, I construct two measures: the average academic performance of students in grade 3 and the within-cohort growth in test scores from grade 3 to 8. I argue that third grade average test scores can be thought of as measures of the average extent of educational opportunities available to students in a community prior to age 9. Growth rates in average scores from grade 3 to 8 can be thought of as reflecting educational opportunities available to children in a school district between the ages of 9 and 14. I document considerable variation among school districts in both average third grade scores and test score growth rates. Importantly, the two measures are uncorrelated, indicating that the characteristics of communities that provide high levels of early childhood educational opportunity are not the same as those that provide high opportunities for growth from third to eighth grade. This suggests that the role of schools in shaping educational opportunity varies across school districts. Moreover, the variation among districts in the two temporal opportunity dimensions implies that strategies to improve educational opportunity may need to target different age groups in different places. One additional implication of the low correlation between growth rates and average third grade scores is that measures of average test scores are likely very poor measures of school effectiveness. The growth measure I construct does not isolate the contribution of schools to children's academic skills, but is likely closer to a measure of school effectiveness than are measures of average test scores.


Psychophysiological measurements of startle eyeblink can provide information about the state of an individual regarding sensory, attentional, cognitive, and affective processing, and thus reveal valences of interest for affective computing. However, eyeblink is usually measured using intrusive contact electromyographic (EMG) electrodes, accompanied by a laborious manual process of feature extraction. We introduce a new noninvasive automatic system using high-speed video recording of startle blinks in conjunction with data-driven feature selection and support vector machine (SVM) ensembles to classify startle eyeblinks. Using a prestimulus (prepulse) to produce robust modulation of acoustically elicited startle eyeblinks, we tracked the blinks using 250 frames per second video, and extracted different features from eyelid displacement and velocity signals. The SVMs were able to determine whether a trial had contained startle or prepulse+startle stimuli with an accuracy of up to 73 percent (five-fold cross validation). By fusing the decisions made on different feature sets, an ensemble of seven SVMs increased this rate to almost 79 percent. Since startle eyeblinks are robustly modulated by not only sensory events (such as the prepulse used in this study) but also affective and cognitive states, eyelid tracking using high-speed video, in conjunction with the introduced classification method, is an effective and user-friendly alternative to EMG for classification of startle blinks to infer users' affective-cognitive states.


This paper uses the framework of arbitrage-pricing theory to study the relationship between liquidity risk and sovereign bond risk premia. The London Stock Exchange in the late 19th century is an ideal laboratory in which to test the proposition that liquidity risk affects the price of sovereign debt. This period was the last time that the debt of a heterogeneous set of countries was traded in a centralized location and that a sufficiently long time series of observable bond prices are available to conduct asset-pricing tests. Empirical analysis of these data establishes three new results. First, sovereign bonds with wide bid-ask spreads earn 3-4% more per year than bonds with narrow bid-ask spreads, and the difference is reflected in greater sensitivity to innovations in market liquidity. Second, small sovereign bonds, as measured by market value, earn 1.8-3.5% more per year than large sovereign bonds, and the difference is also reflected in their exposure to innovations in market liquidity. Third, market liquidity is a state variable important for pricing the cross-section of sovereign bonds. This paper thus provides estimates of the quantitative importance of liquidity risk as a determinant of the sovereign risk premium and underscores the significance of market liquidity as a nondiversifiable risk.


Background/question/methods: Devastating forest damage resulting from extreme drought and heat is increasingly reported from around the world. In late 2010 and early 2011, due to abnormally dry conditions (less that 50% rainfall) and mean maximum temperatures of 1 to 1.5°C above average, large areas of canopy collapsed in the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest in the south-west of Western Australia (SWWA). Monitoring plots within and outside the damaged sites were established to determine (a) where the damage occurred, (b) what species were affected and to what severity, and (c) to examine relationships between damage and topography, soil type, stocking, stand structure, and the presence of the introduced soil-borne plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. In addition, how the plots changed over time was followed with regards to tree response, secondary pests and fuels.

Results/conclusions: Approximately, 16,800 ha of forest was shown to have collapsed. Approximately 50% of the collapse sites were associated with shallow soils. Marri (Corymbia calophylla), jarrah, Banksia grandis and Allocasurina fraseriana were shown to be sensitive to drought. Many trees died, whilst others developed epicormic or coppice shoots. Large numbers of Phorocantha semipunctata were observed to attack stressed trees and contribute to tree deaths. It is likely major structural changes are likely to occur in the jarrah forest with the predicted drying and warming climate in this region. Detailed findings and the implications of this forest collapse will be discussed.


Introduction: Listeria monocytogenes–related central nervous system infections may involve the cerebral parenchyma. Meningitis and meningoencephalitis are the most commonly seen forms and mainly affect immunocompromised patients; however, a less frequent form, rhombencephalitis, can occur in otherwise healthy people. Early treatment with appropriate antibiotic therapy is crucial for this otherwise fatal disorder. However, it is not always possible to rapidly establish the diagnosis because of varying presentations and discrepancies in diagnostic tests. Case Report: Herein we report 3 cases of listerial infections involving the central nervous system parenchyma, with versatile diagnostic challenges and related possible solutions and radiologic hints to overcome similar issues in the future. Conclusions: We point out the importance of nonconventional magnetic resonance imaging techniques in the diagnosis, as we detected petechial hemorrhages in the brain parenchyma in all cases, which can be a diagnostic clue.


This is the pacy, sensitive and formidably argued history of the causes of the First World War, from acclaimed historian and author Christopher Clark. This book was the winner of the Financial Times Books of the Year 2014. It was a winners of Sunday Times and Independent Books of the Year 2012. This book was also the winner of the Los Angeles Times History Book Prize 2014. The moments that it took Gavrilo Princip to step forward to the stalled car and shoot dead Franz Ferdinand and his wife were perhaps the most fateful of the modern era. An act of terrorism of staggering efficiency, it fulfilled its every aim: it would liberate Bosnia from Habsburg rule and it created a powerful new Serbia, but it also brought down four great empires, killed millions of men and destroyed a civilization. What made a seemingly prosperous and complacent Europe so vulnerable to the impact of this assassination? In The Sleepwalkers Christopher Clark retells the story of the outbreak of the First World War and its causes. Above all, it shows how the failure to understand the seriousness of the chaotic, near genocidal fighting in the Balkans would drag Europe into catastrophe. Reviews: "Formidable...one of the most impressive and stimulating studies of the period ever published. " (Max Hastings, Sunday Times). "Easily the best book ever written on the subject...A work of rare beauty that combines meticulous research with sensitive analysis and elegant prose. The enormous weight of its quality inspires amazement and awe...Academics should take note: Good history can still be a good story." (Washington Post)."A lovingly researched work of the highest scholarship. It is hard to believe we will ever see a better narrative of what was perhaps the biggest collective blunder in the history of international relations." (Niall Ferguson). "[Reading The Sleepwalkers], it is as if a light had been turned on a half-darkened stage of shadowy characters cursing among themselves without reason...[Clark] demolishes the standard view...The brilliance of Clark's far-reaching history is that we are able to discern how the past was genuinely prologue...In conception, steely scholarship and piercing insights, his book is a masterpiece." (Harold Evans, New York Times Book Review). "Impeccably researched, provocatively argued and elegantly written...a model of scholarship." (Sunday Times Books of the Year). "Superb...effectively consigns the old historical consensus to the bin...It's not often that one has the privilege of reading a book that reforges our understanding of one of the seminal events of world history. " (Mail Online). "A monumental new volume...Revelatory, even revolutionary...Clark has done a masterful job explaining the inexplicable." (Boston Globe). "Superb...One of the great mysteries of history is how Europe's great powers could have stumbled into World War I...This is the single best book I have read on this important topic." (Fareed Zakaria). "A meticulously researched, superbly organized, and handsomely written account Military History Clark is a masterly historian...His account vividly reconstructs key decision points while deftly sketching the context driving them...A magisterial work." (Wall Street Journal). "This compelling examination of the causes of World War I deserves to become the new standard one-volume account of that contentious subject." (Foreign Affairs). "A brilliant contribution." (Times Higher Education). "Clark is fully alive to the challenges of the subject...He provides vivid portraits of leading figures...[He] also gives a rich sense of what contemporaries believed was at stake in the crises leading up to the war." (Irish Times). "In recent decades, many analysts had tended to put most blame for the disaster [of the First World War] on Germany. Clark strongly renews an older interpretation which sees the statesmen of many countries as blundering blindly together into war." (Stephen Howe, Independent Books of the Year). About the author: Christopher Clark is Professor of Modern History at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of St Catharine's College. He is the author of The Politics of Conversion, Kaiser Wilhelm II and Iron Kingdom. He is widely praised around the world, Iron Kingdom became a major bestseller. He has been awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.


We explore racial differences in multigenerational living arrangements in 1910, focusing on trigenerational kin structures. Coresidence across generations represents a public function of the family, and we observe this across different ages or life-course stages through which adults came to be at risk for providing simultaneous household support for multiple generations of kin dependents. Using data from the 1.4 percent 1910 Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample, our comparisons adjust for marital turnover, including widow(er)hood/divorce and remarriage, as rates are known to be historically higher among African Americans in this period. Across subgroups defined by age and sex, we find that African Americans are virtually always as likely as or more likely than European Americans (of both native and foreign parentage) to live as grandparents in trigenerational households. Widow(er)hood/divorce generally increased the likelihood of trigenerational coresidence, while remarriage sometimes increased, sometimes decreased, and sometimes had no association with this living arrangement. Also, we find that the life-course staging of household kin support in 1910 differed across race/generation partly due to different economic and demographic circumstances, suggesting more complexity in kin support than previously considered. We discuss these findings in relation to the histories of African American and European American families as well as their implications for future research.


Two of the most significant banking reforms to come out of the banking problems in the late 1980s and early 1990s were the increase in capital requirements from Basel 1 and the prompt corrective action (PCA) provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA). The PCA provisions require regulators to shut down banks before book capital becomes negative. We compare failures and FDIC losses on commercial banks in the pre-FDICIA commercial bank crisis of the mid-1980s to early 1990s with that in the recent financial crisis. Using a sample of community and mid-sized banks, we find that almost all the same bank characteristics predict failure and high losses in the two crises. Our results imply that for these classes of banks, the two crises were very similar. We find that the failure rate in the recent period was driven more by severe economic conditions than by the increased concentrations in real estate lending. The analysis suggests that the combination of PCA with higher capital levels helped reduce failure rates in the recent period. In contrast, the analysis suggests that the reforms did not help with FDIC losses. FDIC losses on failed commercial banks were approximately 14% of failed bank assets over the 1986-92 period but increased to approximately 24% over the 2007-13 period. We find that the increased losses are not explained by variations in bank balance sheets or local economic conditions. Finally, we find that a discretionary accounting variable, interest accrued but not yet received, is predictive of both failure and higher FDIC losses.


A new approach is developed to derive dynamic information near the peak of the ionospheric F-layer from ionosonde measurements. This approach avoids deducing equivalent winds from the displacement of the observed peak height from a no-wind equilibrium height, so it need not de- termine the no-wind equilibrium height which may limit the accuracy of the deduced winds, as did the traditional servo theory. This approach is preliminarily validated with com- parisons of deduced equivalent winds with the measurements from the Fabry-Perot interferometer, the Millstone Hill inco- herent scatter radar and with previous works. Examples of vertical components of equivalent winds (VEWs), over Wuhan (114.4 E, 30.6 N, 45.2 dip), China in December 2000 are derived from Wuhan DGS-256 Digisonde data. The deduced VEWs show large day-to-day variations during the winter, even in low magnetic activity conditions. The diurnal pattern of average VEWs is more complicated than that predicted by the empirical Horizontal Wind Model (HWM). Using an empirical electric field model based on the observations from Jicamarca radar and satel- lites, we investigate the contributions to VEWs from neutral winds and from electric fields at the F-layer peak. If the elec- tric field model is reasonable for Wuhan during this period, the neutral winds contribute mostly to the VEWs, and the contribution from the E ◊ B drifts is insignificant.


In a world where the grocery store may be more powerful than the government and corporations are the governors rather than the governed, the notion of corporations being only private actors is slowly evaporating. Gone is the view that corporations can focus exclusively on maximizing shareholder wealth. Instead, the idea that corporations owe duties to the public is capturing the attention of not only citizens and legislators, but corporations themselves. This book explores the deepening connections between corporations and the public. It explores timely - and often controversial - public issues with which corporations must grapple including the corporate purpose, civil and criminal liability, taxation, human rights, the environment and corruption. Offering readers an encompassing, balanced, and systematic understanding of the most pertinent duties corporations should bear, how they work, whether they are justified, and how they should be designed in the future, the book clarifies corporations' roles vis-à-vis the public.


Collaborative learning team building is a fundamental, difficult and time-consuming task in educational environments. In this paper, we address a collaborative learning team building problem that considers two valuable grouping criteria usually considered by teachers. One of these criteria considers the understanding levels of the students with respect of the topics of a given course, and is based on building well-balanced teams in terms of the understanding levels of their members. The other criterion considers the interest levels of the students with respect of the topics of a given course, and is based on building well-balanced teams in terms of the interest levels of their members. The problem addressed has been recognised as an NP-Hard optimization problem. To solve the problem, we propose a steadystate evolutionary algorithm. This algorithm aims to organize the students taking a given course into teams in such a way that the two grouping criteria of the problem are optimized. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated on nine problem instances with different levels of complexity, and is compared with that of the only algorithm previously proposed for solving the addressed problem. The obtained results show that the steady-state evolutionary algorithm significantly outperforms the previous algorithm.


The traditional characterization of the so called Black-Yellow coalition as a "bourgeois coalition" elicited a broad debate over the relationship between citizens and bourgeoisie members. This debate was essentially characterized by a suppression of the connection between "bourgeois society" and capitalism. The article recalls the relationship between "citoyen" and "bourgeois" and in this context reflects upon post-democratic attempts at "liberating" capitalism from its vessels of democratic (class) representation. In this historic moment, citizen opposition alone will prove to be harmless. In defence of democracy it is of paramount importance to reestablish the concept of class as a political term.


Balanced knockout tournaments are ubiquitous in sports competitions and are also used in decision-making and elections. The traditional computational question, that asks to compute a draw (optimal draw) that maximizes the winning probability for a distinguished player, has received a lot of attention. Previous works consider the problem where the pairwise winning probabilities are known precisely, while we study how robust is the winning probability with respect to small errors in the pairwise winning probabilities. First, we present several illuminating examples to establish: (a)~there exist deterministic tournaments (where the pairwise winning probabilities are~0 or~1) where one optimal draw is much more robust than the other; and (b)~in general, there exist tournaments with slightly suboptimal draws that are more robust than all the optimal draws. The above examples motivate the study of the computational problem of robust draws that guarantee a specified winning probability. Second, we present a polynomial-time algorithm for approximating the robustness of a draw for sufficiently small errors in pairwise winning probabilities, and obtain that the stated computational problem is NP-complete. We also show that two natural cases of deterministic tournaments where the optimal draw could be computed in polynomial time also admit polynomial-time algorithms to compute robust optimal draws.


This paper presents a comparison of incremental delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters for integrated temperature sensing applications. The characteristics of bipolar transistor based temperature sensing front-ends place specific requirements on the modulator loop architecture. Single loop delta-sigma architectures that removes the input signal from the internal loop by the addition of a feed-forward path to the quantiser, has been investigated thoroughly. It is found that the noise transfer function (NTF) implemented by the modulator can be optimised for either accuracy or integrator signal excursion, based on the requirements of the target application.


On 23 June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union (so-called 'Brexit'). This paper uses newly released information, from the Understanding Society data set, to examine the characteristics of individuals who were for and against Brexit. Two key findings emerge. First, unhappy feelings contributed to Brexit. However, contrary to commonly heard views, the key channel of influence was not through general dissatisfaction with life. It was through a person's narrow feelings about his or her own financial situation. Second, despite some commentators' guesses, Brexit was not caused by old people. Only the very young were substantially pro-Remain.


In this paper, an exploratory experiment, based on analysis of variance, was carried out in order to get collocations in a pedagogical domain corpus. A semi-automatic corpus containing learning styles papers in Spanish was built. After wards, the corpus was lemmatized and a bigrams representation was extracted. The proposed method consists on divide the list of bigrams in quartiles, and analyzing the variance on each one of them. A list of collocations, which was evaluated using a gold standard built by an expert in the domain, was retrieved from each experiment accordingto established thre sholds for the method. Results showed a retrieved list with important collocation in the selected domain.


BE YOUR BEST You can be vegan and still perform at the top of your ability--run your fastest, lift your max, cross the finish line first. Combining dietary know-how with exercise physiology and a full workout program, this book details everything the vegan athlete needs to maintain energy and build muscle, including: *day-by-day meal plans *protein intake recommendations *the best calorie-rich foods *optimal fitness techniques *delicious meat-free, dairy-free recipes The Vegan Athlete shows how a diet of natural plant proteins, essential amino acids and carefully balanced vitamins provides more than enough nutrition to fuel a lean, strong body. Thanks to this book, you can follow a full-body program for getting and staying in shape that is truly cruelty-free.


Background The inclusion of universal health coverage (UHC) as a health-related Sustainable Development Goal has cemented its position as a key global health priority. We aimed to develop a summary measure of UHC for Kenya and track the country's progress between 2003 and 2013. Methods We developed a summary index for UHC by computing the geometrical mean of indicators for the two dimensions of UHC, service coverage (SC) and financial risk protection (FRP). The SC indicator was computed as the geometrical mean of preventive and treatment indicators, while the financial protection indicator was computed as a geometrical mean of an indicator for the incidence of catastrophic healthcare expenditure, and the impoverishing effect of healthcare payments. We analysed data from three waves of two nationally representative household surveys. Findings The weighted summary indicator for SC increased from 27.65% (27.13%–28.14%) in 2003 to 41.73% (41.34%–42.12%) in 2013, while the summary indicator for FRP reduced from 69.82% (69.11%–70.51%) in 2003 to 63.78% (63.55%–63.82%) in 2013. Inequities were observed in both these indicators. The weighted summary measure of UHC increased from 43.94% (95% CI 43.48% to 44.38%) in 2003 to 51.55% (95% CI 51.29% to 51.82%) in 2013. Conclusion Significant gaps exist in Kenya's quest to achieve UHC. It is imperative that targeted health financing and other health sector reforms are made to achieve this goal. Such reforms should be focused on both, rather than on only either, of the dimensions of UHC.


Block ramps or rock chutes are structures characterized by large bed slopes. They are increasingly used as river bed stabilization measures because of their particular capacity to sustain the river morphology and biological continuity. The scour process downstream of block ramps is an important research topic in engineering practice that must be controlled to ensure their structural stability. The purpose of this study is to analyze the scour downstream of a block ramp, in presence of a rock sill located in the stilling basin. The effect of sills is analyzed for non-uniform bed material. A dimensional analysis resulted in physically based dimensionless groups controlling the profile of the scour hole. The sediment distribution of the non-uniform bed mixtures at the scour equilibrium configuration is studied. The surface sediment redistribution is investigated for different scour typologies and the effect of protection work is also analyzed


This classroom-based study explores the role of storytelling among adolescent students with emotional disabilities in the art classroom. The research is based on existing literature and seeks to make useful discoveries about the effects of combining art and narrative methodologies as a method for increasing participation and engaging interests among the student population studied. The research question investigates how students construct their own stories when prompted to share. To discover participant responses and the effects of storytelling, a visual exemplar and a TED biographical artist narrative of the contemporary artist Gabriel Barcia-Colombo were presented to the students. Data was collected to reflect students' personal storytelling constructions in relation to the narrative examples which also included the shared teacher story. Student surveys, interviews, warm-up questions, artwork, and researcher field notes were analyzed for significant meaning. The author reports that storytelling in the classroom proves to have a positive effect overall on student engagement. The research findings show students had a clear vision of the personal stories they wanted to tell for their visual constructions prior to the artist exemplars. The author notes that the phenomenon of student participants' predilection for sharing personal stories might be reflective of the supportive and structured environment in which they are cultivated. The research study results will be used for the design and development of future storytelling units to encourage students' continual engagement in art curricula.


Rates of nitrification, geochemical variables, and the associated ammonia oxidizer microbial community were investigated in the water column of Mono Lake, California, between August 2002 and August 2003. Ammonia oxidation rates were measured using a 15N isotope tracer technique. 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid, functional gene, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were used to characterize the ammonia oxidizer population. Peak ammonia oxidation activity occurred consistently between 12 and 14 m; the maximum integrated rate was observed in November 2002. The ammonia‐oxidizing bacterial (AOB) community exhibited sequences most closely related to halo and/or alkaline tolerant Nitrosomonas‐like sequences. The observed phylogeny represented a significant shift from previously documented AOB community composition and was coincident with Mono Lake's transition from monomixis to meromixis. Samples were also analyzed for ammoniaoxidizing archaea (AOA). FISH analysis revealed a substantial population of Crenarchaeota, the phylum encompassing all known AOA; however, no archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) sequences were detected. Unrealistic AOB cell‐specific nitrification rates strongly indicate the possibility of a missing nitrification source, and correlations between nitrification rates, geochemical variables, and crenarchaeal and AOB abundance also indicate a significant AOA contribution to nitrification. However, the lack of verifiable archaeal amoA genes leaves open the question of whether AOA contribute to nitrification in Mono Lake.


Latinx curriculum theorizing is a constellation of curriculum scholarship rooted in the histories, knowledges, and everyday lives of peoples from across the Latin American diaspora. It is a framework that pushes back against demonizing stereotypes, caricatures, and colonial generalizations of an entire diaspora. Born out of resistance and liberation, it comes from the histories and practices of Latinx peoples in creating counternarratives, education reform, and activism. Specifically, Latinx curriculum theorizing includes the following: (a) Latinidad as a collective point of entry, (b) Latinx as a term, (c) history and circumstance as curricular knowledge, (d) counternarratives and testimonio as curriculum theorizing, (e) cultural knowledges of Latinx students and community as theory, (f) cultural knowledges of Latinx teachers, and (g) Latinx communities generating critical pedagogies and education initiatives.
 Latinx curriculum theorizing draws from a variety of Latinx philosophical traditions, including critical race theory, Latina feminist philosophy, Latinx and Chicanx studies, and various strands of Latin American, Continental, Caribbean, and Africana philosophy. While scholars who do Latinx curriculum theorizing are trained in theories such as critical race theory, feminist theory, and post- and decolonial theories, because of the subject matter and the people, this framework is the next step up in putting such foundational theories into conversation with one another. It is therefore a newly emerging framework, in the early 21st century, because it draws upon all these perspectives to account for a very transitionary, contradictory, and messy Latinx experience.
 What makes something distinctly Latinx curriculum is an engagement with a state of transition and liminal spaces, both pedagogically and epistemologically, with the varied and multilayered trajectories of Latin American-origin realities. Far from being a monolithic and static framework, Latinx curriculum theorizing is itself malleable, contested, and in transition. Just as Latinx itself is a contested term within academic and activist spaces, Latinx curriculum theorizing is a point of contestation that makes it a framework with porous boundaries that can explain and even redefine the Latinx educational experience. As such, Latinx curriculum lends itself to nuanced analysis and praxis for issues of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, language, migration, racial hierarchies, and colonial legacies. This type of curriculum theorizing also points to power structures from multiple social locations and offers pathways for social change and liberation.


Look carefully and you'll notice that many of the most successful designs are built around words. Apple tantalises us with the ability to hold, "1,000 songs in your pocket". MailChimp has created a wonderfully engaging brand, heavily focused around language.Words lie at the heart of what we create as designers and an understanding of how they might be used will make you better at your craft. Just like an understanding of grid systems, colour theory and typography are essential for the practicing designer, we must take responsibility for the words that make up the content we shape.In this book The Standardistas demonstrate how a respect for the craft of words can lead to better and more engaging user experiences and add an often overlooked, but important element, to your design toolbox.