We are deeply honored to have been given the opportunity to edit this special issue of Girlhood Studies, given that it is dedicated to rethinking girlhood in the context of the adaptive, always-evolving conditions of white settler regimes. The contributions to this issue address the need to theorize girlhood—and critiques of girlhood—across the shifting forces of subjecthood, community, land, nation, and borders in the Western settler states of North America. As white settler states, Canada and the United States are predicated on the ongoing spatial colonial occupation of Indigenous homelands. In settler states, as Eve Tuck and K. Wayne Yang remind us, "the settler never left" (2012: 20) and colonial domination is reasserted every day of active occupation. White settler colonialism functions through the continued control of land, resources, and racialized bodies, and is amalgamated through a historical commitment to slavery, genocide, and the extermination of Indigenous nationhood and worldviews. Under settler colonial regimes, criminal justice, education, immigration, and child welfare systems represent overlapping sites of transcarceral power that amplify intersecting racialized, gendered, sexualized, and what Tanja Aho and colleagues call "carceral ableist" violence (2017: 291). This transcarceral power is enacted through institutional and bureaucratic warfare such as, for example, the Indian Act, the school-to-prison pipeline, and the child welfare system to deny, strategically, Indigenous claims to land and the citizenship of racial others.


Background and Hypothesis: HBV is a major etiological agent for viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a DNA virus per se but viral pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) has been recently found in patient blood. The serum pgRNA is hypothesized to function as a novel biomarker for the activity of HBV covalently- closed-circular DNA (cccDNA), which is the intracellular persistent form of HBV DNA and the template for producing viral proteins responsible for the chronic virulence of HBV. However, the molecular characteristics of serum HBV RNA remains elusive.
Experimental Design and Project Methods: HBV RNA were extracted from patient's sera. RT-PCR and 3' RACE were utilized to amplify the internal sequence and 3' terminus of HBV pgRNA, respectively. The PCR products were gel purified and cloned into T vector for sequencing.
Results: After comparing the sequencing data to the reference HBV sequence, we found that the serum HBV RNA are spliced fragments of the original intracellular full-length pgRNA. The prevalence of the fragmented serum pgRNA was found in greater concentrations in untreated patients, and the ratios of different spliced forms of serum HBV RNA vary during the course of antiviral treatment.
Conclusion and Potential Impact: Our study demonstrated that the serum HBV RNA are spliced/truncated forms of pgRNA, indicating that the RNA-containing virion is noninfectious. The characterization of serum HBV RNA sequence provides important insights into the assay design for serum HBV RNA detection.  Future study will focus on the mechanism underlying the selective egress of spliced pgRNA-containing virus particles.


Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is highly nutritious fruit and micro propagation of apricot plant has high economic value. The current study reports micro propagation of cultivar Cataloglu using apical node explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different combinations of BAP+NAA supplemented with 3% sucrose and solidified with 0.65% agar. The results showed a significant effect of concentrations of BAP+NAA on callus induction, shoot regeneration and their length. Rooting percentage was not affected on all shoots regenerated on any concentration of BAP+NAA. However, number of roots per explants and their length had clear implications of the concentrations of BAP+NAA used for regenerating shoots. Optimum shoot regeneration was noted on MS medium containing 1 mg/l BAP + 0.25 mg/l NAA; which were rooted on MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized in pots containing soil:sand (3:1) ratio under greenhouse conditions. It is concluded that the study will serve as reference for future apricot breeding studies and genetic transformation studies.


Liverpool FC Cult Heroes is devoted to 20 players who, over the years, have won a special place in the hearts of the Anfield faithful - not necessarily the greatest footballers, but a unique brotherhood of mavericks and stalwarts, local lads and big signings. The cast list alone is enough to stir up memories and tug at the heartstrings of any Reds fan - Elisha Scott, Billy Liddell and Joey Jones, Craig Johnston, Jamie Carragher and Luis Suarez - recalling how these charismatic personalities ignited passion on the terraces. Find out which Red icon was left at a motorway service-station as a prank. Which striker was involved in a punch-up with Italian waiters after a European Cup semi in Milan. And which skipper was carried through Lime Street station on the shoulders of fans. Discover and delight in the magical qualities of these 20 mere mortals elevated to cult status by the Red half of Liverpool.


Citizenship is usually thought of in terms of legal and political parameters setting the conditions for individuals' statuses and rights, and so has been the case in its application to the post-Yugoslav context. With the primary interest in the "top-down" perspective, citizenship has been described as a tool with which new states regulated their respective citizenship bodies. But, equally, by granting us documents (passports, birth and marriage certificates, IDs, etc.) which connect us to a wider community, and by employing an array of ethnic, cultural and state symbols, citizenship instills us with a sense of belonging, membership and identity. Furthermore, through our enacting of rights and duties of citizenship, it becomes an inextricable element of our everyday experience. It is especially when questioned and contested that citizenship plays a significant role in how we perceive ourselves, how we appear to others and how intergroup relations are mediated. This paper focuses on personal narratives that reveal lived experiences of the triangular relationship between citizenship, identity and (national) belonging in the post-Yugoslav space. Its aim is to shed some light on a less examined perspective of citizenship transformations, and to complement the currently existing literature on citizenship regimes in the post-Yugoslav states with a bottom-up approach that treats citizenship in its identity-forming and recognition-bearing social role.


In the ancient world, the collection and study of celestial phenomena and the intepretation of their prophetic significance, especially as applied to kings and nations, were closely related sciences carried out by the same scholars. Both ancient sources and modern research agree that astronomy and celestial divination arose in Babylon. Only in the late nineteenth century, however, did scholars begin to identify and decipher the original Babylonian sources, and the process of understanding those sources has been long and difficult.This volume presents recent work on Babylonian celestial divination and on the Greek inheritors of the Babylonian tradition. Both philological and mathematical work are included. The essays shed new light on all of the known textual sources, including the omen series Enuma Anu Enlil, which contains omens from as far back as the early second or even third millennium, and the earliest personal horoscopes, from about 400 B.C., as well as the Astronomical Diaries, ephemerides, and other observational and mathematical texts. One essay concerns astronomical papyri that confirm the extensive transmission of Babylonian methods into Greek; a study of Ptolemy's lunar theory suggests that Ptolemy relied more on his own observations than previously thought; and an analysis of Theon's commentary on Ptolemy's Handy Tables shows that Theon explicated their meaning both conscientiously and competently.Contributors : Asger Aaboe, Alan C. Bowen, Lis Brack-Bernsen, John P. Britton, Bernard R. Goldstein, Gerd Grahoff, Hermann Hunger, Alexander Jones, Erica Reiner, F. Rochberg, N. M. Swerdlow, Anne Tihon, C. B. F. Walker.


This paper demonstrates the effect of independent noise in principal components of k normally distributed random variables defined by a population covariance matrix. We prove that the principal components determined by a joint distribution of the original sample affected by noise can be essentially different in comparison with those determined from the original sample. However when the differences between the eigenvalues of the population covariance matrix are sufficiently large compared to the level of the noise, the effect of noise in principal components proved to be negligible. We support the theoretical results by using simulation study and examples. We also compare the results about the eigenvalues and eigenvectors in the two dimensional case with other models examined before. This theory can be applied in any field for the decomposition of the time series in multivariate analysis.


During the past five decades the heartland of global Christianity has shifted to the Southern hemisphere. This places the responsibility of future Christianity predominantly in the hands of church leaders in these regions. It is therefore crucial to critically reflect on how effective theological education is to produce competent church leaders, especially in Africa. This article aims to give an overview of the challenges theological education in Africa is currently facing, and then to provide a macro vision of the major moments in the development of the international discourse on theological education over the past five decades. This comparison will inform practitioners about the relevance of current models used for theological education in Africa. By highlighting the relevance of these various models and how they relate to challenges in Africa, this article contributes to research on the development of new and alternative frameworks for theological education in an African context.


In order to preserve stability of electricity supply generators must provide ancillary services in addition to energy production. Hydroelectric resources have significant ancillary service capability because of their dynamic flexibility. This paper suggests a solution for optimal bidding for hydro units operating in simultaneous markets for energy and ancillary services by estimating water shadow price from operating parameters of the hydro unit, expectations on prices of energy and ancillary services, and water availability. The model implications are illustrated on a numerical example of a hydro unit operating in markets of New York Independent System Operator. Participation in ancillary services market increases or decreases water shadow price depending on water availability. As a result of participation in ancillary services markets, a unit with water availability given by a capacity factor of 0.6 increases the value of existing generating capacity by 25% and nearly doubles the value of incremental generating capacity.


Dr Conrad Murray was convicted of the involuntary manslaughter of Michael Jackson for negligently causing his death when complying with Jackson's request to give him the anaesthetic propofol at home. The case raises the issue of the relative nature of patient autonomy, because the other bioethical principles of beneficence, non-maleficence and justice or fairness must also be applied where appropriate. Doctors should not accede to requests from their patients to engage in unethical or illegal conduct, as such requests will be no defence to disciplinary or criminal charges. Such requests will also be no defence to civil actions if the harmful conduct by the doctor is the result of illegality, fraud or gross negligence. South African doctors faced with requests similar to those received by Dr Murray from Jackson will be judged by the standard of reasonably competent practitioners in the same situation. Doctors are well advised to refuse requests to circumvent good medical practice and instead to seek other remedies, even if it means limiting patient autonomy and losing their patients.


In interferometric tomography, two-dimensional projection extraction, i.e., wave-front retrieval from interferograms, is a critical step for a successful three-dimensional reconstruction. We analyze the difficulty of locating the first-order frequency spectrum—a difficulty inherent in interferogram phase unwrapping by means of the traditional Fourier transform. The problem becomes more serious when we deal with interferograms obtained in real experiments, which usually lack exactly parallel and equally spaced references. To overcome this difficulty, we propose the method of localized matching filtration with Gabor filters and apply it, for the first time to our knowledge, to interferogram phase demodulation. A multi-channel Gabor spatial filter set is constructed to yield the optimally matched local spatial frequency. The optimization is aimed at maximizing the L2(R2) norm of the output of the filters. At the same time, noise and opaque objects are removed. The method, applied to both simulated and real interferograms, proves to be more effective and more flexible than the conventional Fourier transformation method, especially in cases in which references are not equally spaced and fringes are seriously deformed.


Focusing on the participants' uses of distal demonstratives, this chapter investigates how a teller's personal discovery and assessment of a new taste ( kakuni 'stewed pork belly') are shared with a recipient through the process of a storytelling. In data from an audio/video taped naturally occurring conversation among three Japanese women, I demonstrate how the teller's uses of the word kakuni and the distal demonstrative ( are 'that thing') work as a "prospective indexical" (C. Goodwin, 1996) in a recognition search, and create a context for the participants to share their knowledge about kakuni . Building on previous research on Japanese demonstratives by grammarians and researchers of conversation, I demonstrate how two uses of distal demonstratives (i.e., to refer to an entity which is solely in the speaker's mind, or to refer to an entity which is shared or co-experienced by the speaker and the listener) can converge in the process of storytelling, and how this convergence enables the recipient to display her agreement with the teller's assessment of a new taste while showing her individuality as someone who has her own experiences of kakuni . This study also indicates the importance of analyzing both verbal and nonverbal behavior (e.g., gaze direction) for understanding the use of grammatical forms in interaction.


The Internet is more than a place where the Millennial Generation communicates, plays, and shops. It is also a medium that raises issues central to nearly every existing field of legal doctrine, whether basic (such as Torts, Property, or Contracts) or advanced (such as Intellectual Property, Criminal Procedure, or Securities Regulation). This creates tremendous opportunities for legal educators interested in using the live Internet for experiential education. This Article examines how live websites can be used to create engaging and holistic simulations that tie together doctrine, theory, skills, and values in ways impossible to achieve with the case method. In this Article, the author discusses observations stemming from his experiences teaching law courses using live, online role-playing simulations that cast students in the role of attorneys. The Article concludes that such simulations have significant benefits for law students and can also benefit scholars who use simulations proactively to deepen the synergies between their teaching and scholarship. However, the resources required for simulations may also exacerbate long-standing systemic tensions in legal education, particularly regarding institutional resources as well as the sometimes conflicting roles of faculty as teacher-scholars. Because the American Bar Association will almost certainly, and appropriately, require law schools to expand their simulation offerings, the benefits and tradeoffs of simulations teaching must be addressed now.


A numerical optimization of a volute housing is performed to identify important geometric parameters and find an optimal volute geometry. For this purpose, an automated tool for the geometry generation of a volute housing is employed. The numerical model is validated using a centrifugal compressor of a turbocharger for light commercial vehicles and passenger cars. Validation results show a good accuracy of the numerical model compared to test bench measurements. A single-objective genetic algorithm is used for the optimization of the volute housing with the average isentropic efficiency as objective function. Several different typical shapes are used as initial conditions. Four different operating points are simulated for each geometry at a design speed of 100,000 min-1. The results reveal that a volute with an inlet eccentricity of 0.85 offers a superior compressor efficiency compared to tangential and symmetrical volute inlet conditions.


In patients with cancer, opioids are principally used for the management of acute surgical and chronic cancer‐related pain. However, opioids have many non‐analgesic effects, including direct and indirect effects on cancer cells and on anti‐tumour immunity (NK cells, macrophages and T‐cells). Direct effects on immune cells are manifested via opioid and non‐opioid toll‐like receptors, whereas indirect effects are manifested via the sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Opioids can also decrease/alter immune cell infiltration into the tumour micro‐environment. Animal models have shown that this is not a class effect, in that morphine and fentanyl suppress NK cell cytotoxicity; buprenorphine does not affect NK cell cytotoxicity, whereas tramadol increases NK cell cytotoxicity, reducing metastasis. In healthy individuals, morphine suppresses and fentanyl enhances NK cell cytotoxicity. In patients undergoing surgery, fentanyl decreased and tramadol increased NK cell cytotoxicity; clinical outcomes were not determined. Meta‐analyses of opioid‐sparing surgical studies report an association between improved recurrence‐free and/or overall survival with regional/neuraxial anaesthesia compared with systemic opioids. In patients receiving opioids for non‐surgical cancer‐related pain, morphine has variable effects on immunity; clinical outcomes were not assessed. Although there is a potential association between systemic opioid administration and shorter survival in cancer patients with a prognosis of months to years, studies have not been designed to primarily assess survival, as a consequence of which causality cannot be apportioned. Pain is immunosuppressive, so analgesia is important. Opioids for cancer‐related pain will continue to be recommended until definitive data on the effects of opioids on clinical outcomes in specific patient groups becomes available.


In this paper, hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion (HCEE) is developed as a new severe plastic deformation technique for processing of the relatively longer ultrafine grained samples. Increasing the length of the processed sample, decreasing the processing load astonishingly, and increasing the hydrostatic stresses are the main advantages of HCEE. In this process, pressurized hydraulic fluid surrounded workplace played the primary role in reducing the friction load and in reducing consequently total load. The HCEE process was applied to commercial pure aluminum 1050 samples at room temperature, and then microstructural evolution and mechanical properties were examined. Microstructure analysis using back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed that a significant grain refinement is achieved after the HCEE process. The average size of grains and subgrains decreased to ~700 nm after two passes of the HCEE process from the initial value of 50 μm in the unprocessed sample. Yield and ultimate strength were increased from 40MPa and 52MPa to 125 and 137MPa after two passes of HCEE process. Also, microhardness was increased from 36 HV to 45 HV after the first pass. The process seems to be very promising for industrial application of SPD processing which suffer from the main challenge of limited


Cryptorchidism is part of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS), which includes other male reproductive disorders such as hypospadias, testis cancer and reduced semen quality. These diseases appear to be linked by common pathogenic mechanisms, interfering with normal fetal testis development. Testis development and descent is dependent on androgens and thus on an intact hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. Although cryptorchidism occurs in rare syndromes and genetic disorders, in the majority of children the etiology remains open. Many maternal and fetal risk factors have been previously identified but recently, scientific focus has also been directed to environmental hormone disrupting chemicals and lifestyle, as the prevalence of testis cancer and cryptorchidism has increased and semen quality decreased over few decades in several countries. Some persistent environmental chemicals, e.g. polychlorinated pesticides and polybrominated flame retardants, were associated with testicular maldescent and testis cancer. In addition, prenatal exposure to phthalates was negatively correlated to testosterone levels and anogenital distance as a measure of androgen effect in infant boys. Alcohol consumption and maternal smoking during pregnancy also appeared to be a risk factor for cryptorchidism. Thus, current evidence suggests that the development of the male reproductive tract may be susceptible to adverse effects of environmental hormone disrupters.


Here, I studied the role of two candidate genes i.e. neuropeptide S receptor 1 (Npsr1) and transmembrane protein 132D (Tmem132d), in two psychopathological animal models of anxiety-related behavior because of recent studies showing
importance of these candidates in limbic areas and the frontal cortex of panic disorder patients, respectively. The two animal models are rat (r) and mouse (m), high anxiety-related behavior (rHAB/mHAB) and low anxiety-related behavior(rLAB/mLAB).
To understand the anxiolytic role of neuropeptide S (NPS), basal Npsr1 mRNA expression was studied in limbic brain regions of HAB vs. LAB rodents, i.e. the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus (PVN) and amygdala, because these regions have been implicated in anxiety and fear attenuating responses of NPS and also due to differences in long-term activity based on cytochrome c oxidase activity in mHAB vs. mLAB. There was significantly lower basal Npsr1 mRNA expression in
the basolateral amygdala of mHAB and also in the PVN of rHAB compared to corresponding LABs. To study the genetic underpinnings underlying this differential expression, Npsr1 DNA sequencing was carried out, which revealed several polymorphisms including single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), insertions and deletions. By using dual reporter (luciferase) assays, I could show that the SNPs in
the whole HAB promoter construct cause a significant decrease in promoter activity, thus confirming our in vivo findings in both rats and mice. Interestingly, however, when the promoter constructs were shortened to 500 bp relative to
translational (ATG) start site, there was a two-fold higher HAB promoter activity, which could be attributed to the introduction of a polymorphism with putative binding site for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) transcription factor. The higher HAB promoter activity was suppressed by dexamethasone (a GR activator), thus
suggesting the presence of a polymorphism that favors GR binding. These findings are analogous to the higher HAB specific allele expression in cross-mated F1 offspring, which allows us to study the HAB vs. LAB alleles in the same cellular
environment, irrespective of any epigenetic or other environmentally mediated factors that might modulate or interact with cis-acting factors. In addition, there was no difference in Npsr1 mRNA expression in the basolateral amygdala of mHAB and
mLAB subjected to environmental enrichment (EE) and unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS), respectively. Thus it is a non-plastic gene as it does not respond to environmental challenges faced by the susceptible animal models.
Similarly, for Tmem132d, using dual luciferase assays, two SNPs in the mHAB promoter region were shown to cause an increase in its corresponding promoter activity, and there was no difference in DNA methylation in the mHAB vs. mLAB Tmem132d promoter region, which explains the observed higher Tmem132d mRNA expression in the anterior cingulate cortex of mHAB. However, mHABs
subjected to EE had higher Tmem132d mRNA expression, while mLAB undergoing UCMS had corresponding lower gene expression. To study the cis-trans interaction, we also subjected cross-mated F1 offspring to EE or UCMS and found
that both groups have higher mLAB allelic expression, which could be attributed to
differences in DNA methylation.
Finally, I could show that there was no difference in DNA methylation in the basal
mHAB vs. mLAB Tmem132d promoter and that two SNPs in the mHAB promoter were sufficient to cause a higher corresponding promoter activity, which explains the in vivo findings observed in the anterior cingulate cortex. Furthermore, F1
offspring subjected to EE or UCMS had a significantly lower mHAB-specific allele
expression which was negatively correlated with DNA methylation, in the Tmem132d promoter region, thus this suggests cross-talk between genetic and
environmentally mediated epigenetic factors.
In summary, the data suggests a strong evolutionary conserved role of the NPS
system considering the similar findings in rats and mice. However, Npsr1 is a nonplastic
gene as it is not amenable to the different environmental manipulations applied to the animals. On the other hand, the plastic gene Tmem132d, is differentially expressed, thus making the animals more susceptible to
environmental influences. Here, it could be revealed, that SNPs in the mHAB Tmem132d promoter cause higher promoter activity and that environmental manipulation can modulate the gene's corresponding expression through DNA
methylation.


Fluorescence from Cs atoms in a magneto-optical trap is detected under conditions of very low atomic density. Discrete steps are observed in the fluorescent signal versus time and are associated with the arrival and departure of individual trapped atoms. Histograms of the frequency of occurrence of a given level of fluorescence exhibit a series of uniformly spaced peaks that are attributed to the presence of N = 0, 1, 2 atoms in the trap.


Background Stage A heart failure (HF) is defined as people without HF symptoms or structural heart disease, but with predisposing conditions for HF. This classification is used to identify high risk patients to prevent progression to symptomatic HF. While guidelines exist for managing HF risk factors, achievement of treatment goals in the United States (US) population is unknown. Methods We examined all adults with Stage A HF (≥20 years, N =4,470) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2007-2010, a nationally representative sample. Stage A HF was defined by coronary heart disease (CHD), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or chronic kidney disease. We evaluated whether nationally accepted guidelines for risk factor control were achieved in Stage A patients, including sodium intake, body mass index, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), cholesterol, and blood pressure (BP). Pharmacologic interventions and socioeconomic factors associated with guideline compliance were also assessed. Results Over 75 million people, or 1 in 3 US adults, have Stage A HF. The mean age of the Stage A population was 56.9 years and 51.5% were women. Seventy-two percent consume ≥2g sodium/day and 49.2% are obese. Of those with CHD, 58.6% were on a statin and 51.8% were on a beta-blocker. In people with diabetes, 43.6% had HbA1c ≥7%, with Mexican Americans more likely to have HbA1c ≥7% . Of those with hypertension, 30.8% had a systolic BP ≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg. Having health insurance was associated with controlled blood pressure, both in those with hypertension and diabetes. In CHD patients, income ≥$20,000/year and health insurance were inversely associated with LDL ≥100mg/dL with prevalence ratio (PR) of 0.58 (P=0.03) and 0.56 (P=0.03), respectively. Conclusions One-third of the US adult population has Stage A HF. Prevention efforts should focus on those with poorly controlled comorbid disease.


The world is too complex to manage without radical functional simplification. Meaning appears to exist as the basis for such simplification. The meaning that guides functional simplification may be usefully considered as consisting of three classes. The first class consists of meanings of the determinate world. These are meanings based in motivation, emotion, and personal and social identity. First class meanings are grounded in instinct and tend, at their most abstract, towards the dogmatic or ideological. The second class consists of meanings of the indeterminate world. These are meanings based on the emergence of anomaly, or ignored complexity. Second class meanings are also instinctively grounded, but tend towards the revolutionary. The third class consists of meanings of the conjunction between the determinate and indeterminate worlds. These are meanings that emerge first as a consequence of voluntary engagement in exploratory activity and second as a consequence of identifying with the process of voluntary exploration. Third class meanings find their abstracted representation in ritual and myth, and tend towards the spiritual or religious.


Abstract The world is rapidly converging towards lower fertility: in 2020, countries with a total fertility rate of less than 2.25 will encompass more than three-quarters of the world population. This implies that the determinants of childbearing will be increasingly similar in high-income and middle-income regions of the world. In this article, I discuss economic demography in relation to levels of childbearing. How do different societies distribute resources across the life course and between generations, and to what extent is this done through governmental transfers? The extent of such transfers varies considerably between low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries, which I explored through data from the National Transfers Account project. I argue that in low-fertility societies, the extent to which the costs of childrearing are socialised is important for fertility. The extent to which childrearing is socialised will be an important determinant of future fertility levels and, if used as a population policy, offers a straightforward pathway to achieve a desirable population size. As the global fertility decline continues, such policies will be relevant to most societies and a tool for governments to affect fertility levels across many contexts.


TB is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with a mortality rate of over 1.2 million people in (2010).When TB is left undiagnosed, mortality rates will be high. This paper presents an accurate approach for detecting TB using a well-known classifier known as the Multiclass SVM classifier. In this paper, we first extract the lung region using a graph cut segmentation method. For this lung region, we compute a set of texture and shape features, which enables the X-rays to be classify the lung region as normal, moderate or severe(TB affected) using a Multi-class SVM Classifier. In an effort to reduce the burden of TB, this recent approach achieves a maximum accuracy in identifying TB. This proposed system for TB manifestation achieves an accuracy of 94.3% compared with the earlier methods (1) which achieve an accuracy of 86%.We collect the dataset from SKS hospital and perform the classification for the received dataset. We compare the performance of the received dataset with the classifiers: KNN, SVM & Multi-class SVM classifier. Among the classifiers, the Multiclass SVM Classifier achieves a maximum accuracy. Hence the Multi-class SVM classifier is promising in achieving the maximum performance up to the human experts.


BACKGROUND
Clozapine has been serving as the gold standard medication for patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia who failed to respond to other antipsychotics. However, factors affecting response to this medication have not been comprehensively reviewed recently.

METHODS
In order to find factors associated with response to clozapine in schizophrenia, a literature search was conducted using PubMed through January 2011 with keywords of clozapine, response, and schizophrenia. Cross-referencing of relevant articles was also performed. Factors were arbitrarily classified into the following: demographic/clinical, oral dosage/pharmacokinetic, biochemical, (electro)physiological, genetic, imaging, and combinations.

RESULTS
A synthesis from 280 articles indicated that demographic and clinical variables such as high baseline symptoms and low premorbid functioning have not been particularly useful in predicting response to clozapine. Pharmacokinetic evidence points to a threshold clozapine level of 350 ng/ml but in a context of significant inter- as well as intra-individual variability. Pharmacokinetic perspectives appear to have more implication in special situations including poor response, suspected toxicity and nonadherence. A number of laboratory-based studies have reported on many potential candidates for response prediction to clozapine, however, reproducibility, specificity, robustness of the findings, as well as clinical feasibility and cost-effectiveness all pose a significant practical challenge, in relation with the fact that pathophysiological bases of treatment resistance in schizophrenia largely remain to be elucidated.

CONCLUSIONS
No unequivocal factors to clozapine response were found despite a relatively rich body of the literature, which calls for more works on this important topic. Clozapine level of 350 ng/ml appears to be useful in case of nonresponse.


We present 23 new thermal ionization mass spectrometric U-Th dates for Victoria Cave, North Yorkshire, UK. Victoria Cave underwent repeated glaciation during the late Pleistocene and contains one of the longest Quaternary cave sequences in Britain. The dates reveal that speleothem formation began beyond the range of the dating technique (before 600 ka). Finite reproducible dates of 490 −9/+10 ka confirm speleothem deposition during marine isotope stage (MIS) 13, the oldest date we know of for this part of Britain. Further speleothem formation was dated to MIS 11, MIS 9, MIS 7, and MIS 5. The results are the basis for a new chronology of Quaternary events for the cave and greatly enhance our understanding of the factors affecting the formation of the sedimentary sequence. Cyclical climatic and environmental change throughout the late Pleistocene triggered cyclical sedimentation events in the cave. All the interglacial periods show calcite deposition but with growth phases postdating the warmest events of MIS 11 and MIS 5e. The position of the cave halfway up the side of a glacial trough resulted in very distinctive sediment during the more extreme glacial maxima: ice-dammed lakes formed inside the cave and deposited varve-like clay rhythmites. The dates inferred for these deposits suggest that this locality underwent significant glaciation during MIS 12, MIS 10, MIS 6, and MIS 2, and that the ice was warm based. The absence of rhythmites during MIS 8 suggests minimal ice cover at that time. This is the most complete record for glacial events in the region; it is the only site where successive glacial maxima can be identified and dated. The record of large faunal remains indicates that the cave was open to the surface, only for relatively short times, during MIS 13, MIS 12, MIS 5e, the Late Glacial Interstadial, and parts of the Holocene. It is inferred that at other times the cave was closed because scree formation blocked the entrance. The record of vertebrate remains is therefore controlled by geomorphological processes. The deteriorating state of this unprotected site remains a cause for concern.


Planter boxes reduce impervious cover by retaining stormwater runoff rather than allowing it to directly drain into nearby sewers. There are three main types of planter boxes: Flow through, Contained and infiltration. Planter boxes can play an important role in the city by minimizing stormwater runoff, reducing water pollution, and creating a greener and healthier look. But, the main purposes of planter box built in building are to enhance overall landscape aesthetics and to supply the building with the natural environment. Planter boxes can be used on sidewalks, plazas, rooftops and other otherwise impervious
areas. They can also be constructed alongside buildings, provided proper waterproofing measures are used to protected structure of building. The intention of this research is to study the impact of planter boxes construction to the building. It consists of the good or bad impact may occur from the construction at the case study and also to know the suitability of planter boxes built in building. This research involves observation, interview and
questionnaire methodology. The observation on the condition of the planter boxes and interview will be carried out to the maintenance management department of each building are done at the Perbadanan Putrajaya, Putrajaya International Convention Center (PICC) and Ministry Energy, Water & Communication (MEWC). The questionnaire will de developed to be completed by architects, engineers, builders and contractors, and developers. Perspectives of professionals involved in various aspects of the building process; business, design, and technical implementation are a must in order to conduct a full spec research for this academic project. It was to examine the perceptions of the professional group about the planter boxes construction. The distribution of
questionnaire will be focused on a group of building professionals whom are at least having some involvement in construction industry.


Every day, billions of people around the world use the Internet to share ideas, conduct financial transactions, and keep in touch with family, friends, and colleagues. Users trust the Internet to send and store personal medical data, financial information, business communications, and even intimate conversations over this global network. Trust in the privacy and security of the Internet is enormously important to its success as a source of economic activity and an unparalleled tool for free expression. At the same time, recent data breaches, cybersecurity incidents, and controversies over the privacy of online services are heightening Americans' awareness of online threats.We hypothesize that lower levels of trust in the privacy and security of the Internet, taken together with a range of other factors, are associated with reductions in online activity. Using data from the July 2015 Computer and Internet Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, we aim to shed light on the relationship between online privacy and security concerns and a range of important Internet-based economic and civic activities. Questions in this survey included whether online households had experienced an online security breach during the year preceding the survey; whether they experienced online harassment; what concerned them the most when it comes to online privacy and security risks; and whether concerns about privacy or security stopped them from conducting financial transactions, buying goods or services, posting on social networks, or expressing a controversial opinion online.In this study, we employ quantitative analysis to assess a link between indicators of mistrust in privacy and security online — including both perceptions and reported negative experiences — and reductions in selected online activities. We find that Internet-using households that expressed various privacy or security concerns or experienced an online breach or harassment were significantly more likely than their peers to report that such concerns led them to refrain from a range of online activities. After controlling for other factors, households citing identity theft as a major concern were 16 percentage points more likely to have declined to conduct a financial transaction online, while those concerned about data collection or tracking by government were 10 percentage points more likely to say they did not express a controversial or political opinion over the Internet. Furthermore, households that had experienced a data or security breach during the past year were 11 percentage points more likely to refrain from a financial transaction, and those experiencing online harassment were 14 percentage points more likely not to express a controversial view due to privacy or security concerns.It is clear that policymakers must better understand the prevalence of mistrust in the privacy and security of the Internet, as well as any resulting chilling effects. In addition to greatly concerning many Americans, privacy and security issues may lead to reductions in economic activity and the free exchange of ideas online. We hope our analysis will spark discussion of solutions — such as promoting strong encryption, transparency in privacy policies, and other best practices — that could help build trust in the Internet and stimulate the free flow of information and commerce.


Ecoregional stratification has been proposed for sampling and mapping land-cover composition and pattern over time. Using a wall-to-wall land-cover map of the United States, we evaluated geographic scales of variance for nine landscape-level and eight forest pattern indices, and compared stratification by ecoregions, administrative units, and watersheds. Ecoregions accounted for 65 percent to 75 percent of the total variance of percent agriculture and percent forest because dominant land-cover is included in ecoregional definitions. In contrast, ecoregions explained only 13 percent to 34 percent of the variance of the other seven landscape-level pattern indices. After accounting for differences in amount of forest, ecoregions explained less than 5 percent of the variance of the eight forest pattern indices. None of the stratifications tested would be effective mapping units for land-cover pattern because within-unit variance of land-cover pattern is typically two to four times larger than between-unit variance.


The culture media optimization is an inevitable part of upstream process development in therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production. The quality by design (QbD) approach defines the assured quality of the final product through the development stage. An important step in QbD is determination of the main quality attributes. During the media optimization, some of the main quality attributes such as glycosylation pattern, charge variants, aggregates, and low-molecular-weight species could be significantly altered. Here, we provide an overview of how cell culture medium components affect the main quality attributes of the mAbs. Knowing the relationship between the culture media components and the main quality attributes could be successfully utilized for rational optimization of mammalian cell culture media for industrial mAbs production.


Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV; a member of the genus Foveavirus in the family Flexiviridae) has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 8.4 kb (4). The viral infection on several Prunus spp. has been mainly reported in Japan, New Zealand, and some countries in Africa, Europe, and North America (3). The virus can cause leaf yellowing on sour and tart cherry. Sweet cherry plants are symptomless hosts of the virus. During the growing season of 2010, leaf samples were collected randomly from one ornamental cherry (Prunus serrulata L.) and 26 sweet cherry (P. avium (L.) L.) plants grown in Shangdong and Henan provinces in northern China and 64 peach (P. persica L. Batsch) plants grown in Hubei Province in central China and tested for the presence of CGRMV by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Total RNA was extracted from leaves using the CTAB protocol reported by Li et al (2). Primer set, CGRMV1/CGRMV2 (1), was used for the amplification of a 949-bp fragment, which contains the complete CP gene of 807 bp. PCR products with the expected size were identified in one ornamental cherry, seven sweet cherry, and eight peach plants. Although some of sampled plants showed leaf chlorosis, we did not find the specific association between the symptom and CGRMV infection. The obtained PCR products were cloned into the vector pMD18-T (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Three independent clones from each isolate were sequenced by Genscript Corp., Nanjing, China. Results showed that CP sequences from the Chinese CGRMV isolates shared 87.7 to 99.8% nucleotide and 93.3 to 100% deduced amino acid similarities, and clones intra each isolate shared more than 99% nt similarities. The CP gene sequences of two representative isolates from cherry (YT-Ch-1) and peach (Pe-HB-18) were submitted to GenBank with Accession Nos. HQ539656 and JF810672, respectively. The neighbor-joining phylogenetic trees generated with nucleotide and amino acid sequences of CP genes by Clustal X v1.8 revealed that all Chinese CGRMV isolates fell into two well-resolved clades. Most of the Chinese CGRMV isolates (12 of 16 isolates, including the isolate YT-Ch-1) were grouped in a large clade represented by isolate ITA5 (GenBank Accession No. AF533159). Four isolates from peach (including the isolate Pe-HB-18) clustered into another clade represented by isolate ITA6 (GenBank Accession No. AF533160). In July 2010, peach GF305 seedlings were inoculated by side grafting with budwoods from two CGRMV positive cherry plants. In May 2011, some newly developed leaves from all inoculated plants showed vein yellowing. The CGRMV infection in these inoculated peach GF305 plants was detected by RT-PCR and protein A sandwich-ELISA using antiserum raised against the recombinant CP of CGRMV isolate YT-Ch-1 (unpublished data). These results further confirmed the CGRMV infection on field cherry plants as detected by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first record of the presence of CGRMV in ornamental and sweet cherry and peach plants in China, which provides valuable information for further evaluating the sanitary status of the virus in sweet cherry and peach orchards in China. References: (1) R. Li and R. Mock. J. Virol. Methods 129:162, 2005. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008. (3) K. G. Parker et al. USDA. Agric. Handb. No. 437:193, 1976. (4) Y. Zhang et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2275, 1998.


Incrementally constructed cascade architectures are a promising alternative to networks of predefined size. This paper compares the direct cascade architecture (DCA) proposed in Littmann and Ritter (1992) to the cascade-correlation approach of Fahlman and Lebiere (1990) and to related approaches and discusses the properties on the basis of various benchmark results. One important virtue of DCA is that it allows the cascading of entire subnetworks, even if these admit no error-backpropagation. Exploiting this flexibility and using LLM networks as cascaded elements, we show that the performance of the resulting network cascades can be greatly enhanced compared to the performance of a single network. Our results for the Mackey-Glass time series prediction task indicate that such deeply cascaded network architectures achieve good generalization even on small data sets, when shallow, broad architectures of comparable size suffer from overfitting. We conclude that the DCA approach offers a powerful and flexible alternative to existing schemes such as, e.g., the mixtures of experts approach, for the construction of modular systems from a wide range of subnetwork types.


The cerrado savanna of Brazil embraces an area of approximately 2 million km 2 , in which vegetation physiognomies may vary from open grassland to forest with a discontinuous herbaceous layer. Here we describe the main ecological factors accounting for the prevalence of ants on cerrado foliage, and present a general characterization of the arboreal ant fauna of this savanna. The high incidence of ants on cerrado foliage results mostly from the wide occurrence of predictable liquid food sources in the form of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and insect honeydew, which act as efficient promoters of ant activity on vegetation. In addition, stem galleries and cavities constructed by boring beetles and insect galls create a nesting space frequently used by arboreal ants. Specific studies involving ants, herbivores and plants are reported to demonstrate the impact that foliage-dwelling ants can have on phytophagous insects, herbivory levels, and ultimately on host plants. These studies show that: (i) ants visit EFNs and likely benefit from this resource; (ii) EFN-gathering ants can benefit particular plant species by reducing herbivory and increasing plant fitness; (iii) presence of EFNs does not affect ant species richness within a given tree; (iv) there is not a particular ant species composition typical of plants with EFNs; (v) although plants with EFNs are visited by more ant individuals than non-nectariferous plants, this visitation pattern does not translate into lower numbers of herbivores on the nectariferous plant community. We suggest some promising research avenues to elucidate how community-level parameters can be tied to the ecology of ant-plant associations in cerrado.


The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), KPC-type carbapenemase and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamase (pAmpC) which have increased in incidence in recent years in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from the blood samples causing serious infections. Ninety nine E.coli and 114 K.pneumoniae strains which were isolated from the blood samples of patients admitted to Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital between January 2001 and March 2009 were investigated. The screening tests for ESBL, pAmpC beta-lactamase and KPC-type carbapenemase were performed on the same plate. Combined disk test was performed for ESBL and modified Hodge test was done for KPC-type carbapenemase confirmation according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In addition the inhibitory-based test with boronic acid for KPC-type carbapenemase, pAmpC beta-lactamase and the modified Hodge test for pAmpC beta-lactamase were performed. Boronic acid inhibition test was performed to detect the co-presence of the three types of resistance. The frequency of the beta-lactamases in E.coli and K.pneumoniae isolates were as follows respectively: ESBL 26.2% and 61.4%; pAmpC 1% and 0.9% and ESBL + pAmpC 6% and 3.5%. ESBL was masked by pAmpC in an isolate. Ertapenem resistance was shown in three isolates and KPC-type carbapenemases were detected positive by the inhibitory- based test with boronic acid but found to be negative by the modified Hodge test. The results of modified Hodge test was considered valid according to CLSI comments. Since both ESBL and pAmpC were positive but modified Hodge test was negative in these three strains, ertapenem resistance was attributed to another mechanism. For the determination of ESBL and pAmpC beta-lactamases in the routine laboratory, reliable and sensitive susceptibility tests should be performed. The inhibitory-based test with boronic acid is easy for interpretation, and a practical method for the detremination of pAmpC beta lactamases. For KPC-type carbapenemases modified Hodge test which has been standardized by CLSI, is a reliable method. The results of this study showed that ESBL positivity rates are alarming and although the frequency of pAmpC is currently low, it is increasing together with ESBL. These data indicated the need for the establishment of urgent measures to control the increase in plasmid-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative enteric bacteria.


Practice guidelines define hemodialysis catheter dysfunction as blood flow rate (BFR) <300 mL/min. We conducted a study using data from DaVita and the United States Renal Data System to evaluate the impact of catheter dysfunction on dialysis and other medical services. Patients were included if they had ≥8 consecutive weeks of catheter dialysis between 8/2004 and 12/2006. Actual BFR <300 mL/min despite planned BFR ≥300 mL/min was used to define catheter dysfunction during each dialysis session. Among 9,707 patients, the average age was 62,53% were female, and 40% were black. The median duration of catheter dialysis was 190 days, and the cohort accounted for 1,075,701 catheter dialysis sessions. There were 70,361 sessions with catheter dysfunction, and 6,33 1 (65.2%) patients had at least one session with catheter dysfunction. In multivariate repeated measures analysis, catheter dysfunction was associated with increased odds of missing a dialysis session due to access problems (Odds ratio [OR] 2.50; P < 0.001), having an access-related procedure (OR 2.10; P < 0.001), and being hospitalized (OR 1.10; P = 0.001). Catheter dysfunction defined according to NKF vascular access guidelines results in disruptions of dialysis treatment and increased use of other medical services.


The ImagEM X2 is an extremely versatile camera that quietly delivers 70 frames/s at full frame and up to 1076 frames/s with analog binning and regions of interest. With very high signal to noise in near dark conditions and extremely low dark current, the ImagEM X2 enables quantitative ultra-low light imaging both for long integration times and at high speed. With EM gain off, the extremely deep full well capacity can extract information from the lowest contrast bright images. Additional new features allow for optimized camera triggering, on-board for EM gain protection, streamlined connectivity through IEEE1394b, improved overall signal to noise and increased non-EM dynamic range. Hamamatsu has taken the beloved 512 × 512 EM-CCD sensor and created a masterfully redesigned camera that delivers maximum speed and precision performance. Multiply faster


In this study archaeology, history and palaeoecology (modern and fossil data sets of pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs) were used to reconstruct small-scale pastoral activities in the Pyrenees Mountains during the last two millennia. Modern pollen assemblages from the major vegetation units (both natural and anthropogenic) are studied on one restricted watershed area. A correlative model (RDA) of 61 modern pollen spectra and 35 external variables distinguishes two groups of taxa, providing information on the nature and spatial extent of human impact on the landscape. The first pool indicates local pastoral activities, and the second one implies regional input from outside the studied watershed, and is not characteristic of a specific land use. These pools are described as 'Local Pastoral Pollen Indicators' (LPPI) for this particular mountain region on crystalline bedrock and 'Regional Human Activities Pollen Indicators' (RHAPI). The modern data set is used to aid interpretation of the local pollen sequence of Sourzay that covers the last 2000 calendar years BP, using RDA reconstructions, and best modern analogues as a means of comparing modern and fossil spectra. The study also demonstrates agreement between the independent interpretations of two fossil proxies, LPPI and coprophilous fungi.


The restrictive changes made by the Trump presidency on U.S. immigration policy have been widely reported: the significant increases in both interior and border enforcement, the travel ban prohibiting immigration from majority-Muslim countries, and the termination of the DACA program. Beyond the traditional levers of federal immigration control, this administration has also moved aggressively to harness the enforcement power of local and state police to increase interior immigration enforcement. To that end, the administration has employed both voluntary measures (like signing 287(g) agreements deputizing local police to enforce immigration laws) and involuntary measures (threatening to defund jurisdictions with so-called "sanctuary" laws). What has been the Trump Effect on subfederal governments' immigration policies? Have they fallen in line with the federal push for restrictive policies and increased enforcement or have they resisted? Using our unique Immigration Climate Index (ICI), we track the response of cities, counties, and states by analyzing the immigration-related laws they enacted in 2017, the first year of the Trump administration, and compare it to previous years' activity. Based on our data, we make several observations. First, subfederal governments have responded with surprising speed and in unprecedented numbers to enact laws that are almost uniformly pro-immigrant. In response to increased federal enforcement, these subfederal governments have enacted "sanctuary" laws limiting their cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. Most of these laws were enacted by cities and counties, which enacted more immigration regulations in this one year than they enacted during the previous 12 years added together (2005-2016). Second, in the context of historical ICI scores, these immigrant-protective laws help to pull the national ICI score sharply upward. By assigning scores (positive or negative) to each subfederal immigration law, our ICI has tracked the climate for immigrants on a state-by-state basis and identified distinct phases in subfederal immigration regulation since 2005. Though the national ICI score (where individual state scores are added together, through time) remains highly negative, we observe a distinct Trump effect in 2017: the immigrant-protective laws enacted by certain jurisdictions are creating more positive climates for immigrants in those jurisdictions. Finally, the nature of governmental sanctuary in 2017 is distinctly more diverse than the sanctuary we have seen in decades past. In 2017, the most active sanctuary cities are not the big urban cities we saw in past years, but rather, are medium-sized cities and suburbs with populations between 50,000-100,000 people. Though most of these smaller jurisdictions voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, a surprising number voted for Trump. Moreover, we also see the emergence of new sanctuary entities — public school districts, public universities, and even mass transit authorities — which have limited their own cooperation with federal immigration enforcement. This diversity in government sanctuary reflects another aspect of the Trump Effect: how harsh immigration enforcement policies under this administration have made immigration issues much more important to a wider range of communities and to a larger range of policy areas.


IMPORTANCE
Professionalism is a core attribute for competent occupational therapists, but teaching professionalism to students is challenging for educators.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether students can expand their understanding of professionalism by engaging with international role models.

DESIGN
Pretest-posttest.

SETTING
One academic institution in Hong Kong.

PARTICIPANTS
First-year students (N = 102) enrolled in an introductory occupational therapy course.

INTERVENTION
An international role-modeling pedagogy was informally embedded into a course curriculum. Students were divided into 16 groups and collaboratively interviewed eight role models (academic theory or practice model developers) to understand their inspiration and ideas about occupational therapy competence.

OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
In addition to pre- and postclass surveys, students completed individual self-reflection reports as a course assignment. A postsemester focus group was also held.

RESULTS
Sixty-three students completed the surveys, and 5 attended the focus group. The students showed significant improvements in their understanding of professionalism after the course (Wilcoxon signed rank Zs = 5.671-6.766, p < .001). Interviewing the role models enabled the students to become more aware of intrinsic aspects of professionalism. Major themes in the student focus group included gaining a better understanding of professionalism and committing to personal change. Some implementation challenges were also experienced.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
International experts (theory or practice model developers) can be integrated into occupational therapy curricula as role models to enhance the teaching of professionalism to students.

WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS
Interviewing international role models who have developed theories or practice models can enhance student learning in the area of professionalism and complement traditional approaches to clinical education.


Photodynamic therapy, PDT, is a method to diagnose and treat cancer. In PDT a sensitizer is administered to the patient and this sensitizer is accumulated in tumors. If the sensitizer-containing tumor is subjected to a laser of a specific wavelength the tumor is fluorescing allowing diagnostics. If other wavelengths are used a process involving reactive oxygen species and singlet oxygen is started and the tumor cells are killed. This process thus requires oxygen as well.This thesis investigates how UV-induced damage of the skin and different physiological factors of the skin influences the uptake of 5- aminolevulinic acid, ALA, and its conversion to the active sensitizer protoporphyrin IX, PpIX. It shows that UV-induced damage affects both the uptake and production of PpIX. UV-induced damage lowers the PpIX produced after ALA application both if the damage is acute and in chronically UV-affected skin.The PpIX production differs inter and intra individually. When looking how different physiological factors affect the PpIX production after topically applied ALA the thesis shows that an increase of temperature increases the production. No correlation between the formation of PpIX and the density of hair follicles was found and a weak correlation was seen comparing the epidermal and total dermal thickness and PpIX productionThe thesis also shows how PDT is used in treating laryngeal malignancies. It shows that it is possible to cure laryngeal tumors (both squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas) using PDT primarily, and that the cure rate as well as outcome of voice and patient safety is comparable to the conventional treatment modalities.PDT can also be used as a function and organ sparing treatment for recurring laryngeal cancers, both squamous cell carcinomas and sarcomas.


Leisure is desirable and beneficial, yet consumers frequently forgo leisure in favor of other activities—namely, work. Why? We propose that goal conflict plays an important role. Seven experiments demonstrate that perceiving greater goal conflict shapes how consumers allocate time to work and leisure—even when those activities are unrelated to the conflicting goals. This occurs because goal conflict increases reliance on salient justifications, influencing how much time people spend on subsequent, unrelated activities. Because work tends to be easier to justify and leisure harder to justify, goal conflict increases time spent on work and decreases time spent on leisure. Thus, despite the conflicting goals being independent of the specific work and leisure activities considered (i.e., despite goal conflict being "incidental"), perceiving greater goal conflict encourages work and discourages leisure. The findings further understanding of how consumers allocate time to work and leisure, incidental effects of goal conflict on decision-making, and the role of justification in consumer choice. They also have implications for the use of "time-saving" technologies and the marketing of leisure activities.


2 Abstract: Mobility of visually impaired people is restricted by their incapability to recognize their surroundings. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2012, out of 7 billion global population there were over 285 million visually impaired people and 39 million were totally blind out of which 19 million are children ( below 15 years). This means that someone in our world goes blind in every five seconds and a child in every minute. Over 90 percent blind children obtain no schooling. Recent survey source India is now became the world's large number of blind people. The population of India has reached 120 Cr. of those 8.90 Cr. people are visually impaired. 90%of those cannot travel independently. In this paper, we present a survey of navigation system of visually impaired people highlighting various technologies with their practical usefulness, design and working challenges and requirements of blind people. The aim of this paper is to provide a better understanding to identify important research directions in this increasingly important social area for future research.


Despite legal reforms, there has been little improvement in police, prosecutor, and court handling of rape and sexual assault. In the past 15 years in Australia, Canada, England and Wales, Scotland, and the United States, victimization surveys show that 14 percent of sexual violence victims report the offense to the police. Of these, 30 percent proceed to prosecution, 20 percent are adjudicated in court, 12.5 percent are convicted of any sexual offense, and 6.5 percent are convicted of the original offense charged. In the past 35 years, average conviction rates have declined from 18 percent to 12.5 percent, although they have not fallen in all countries. Significant country differences are evident in how cases are handled and where in the legal process attrition is most likely. There is some good news: a victim's "good" character and credibility and stranger relations are less important than they once were in police or court outcomes. However, evidence of nonconsent (witness evidence, physical injuries to the victim, suspect's use of a weapon) continues to be important.


Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are alleviating frictions associated with the gathering and distribution of information, as well as reducing transaction costs related to the identifying, monitoring, and coordination of citizens dissatisfied with certain government policies. We conducted a random-effect logit tests based on a uniquely developed panel dataset of 138 countries from 2005 to 2014 to determine, ceteris paribus, whether or not ICTs play a role in facilitating changes to the status quo that gravitate against government policies. We found that ICTs although it can reduce hysteresis, the tendency to remain passive, inertia, is stronger. In addition, because ICTs are multi-purpose technologies they also support other beneficial economic and political activities which can explain why we don't see greater evidence of social unrest with these technologies. The literature on social unrest provide some clues about this phenomenon. People are willing to engage in these movements but it appears that only during a crisis.


The Port of Long Beach, in cooperation with the Port of Los Angeles and the Corps of Engineers, has been working on the development of a Master Plan for the San Pedro Bay area. This Master Plan, nicknamed the "2020 Plan", is intended to project the Port's land and channel requirements through the year 2020. Any landfill expansion program would be implemented in phases throughout the life of the Master Plan. The initial phases of such a plan would greatly limit the ability of the Port to revise the future configuration of landfill phases, making it important for the Port to determine a final landfill configuration before implementing the early phases. In developing the 2020 Plan, the Port projected a need for approximately 2,600 acres of additional land. In attempting to turn this 2,600 acre figure into a landfill scheme, the controlling agencies had to take a number of factors into consideration, including (1) water quality and tidal circulation; (2) potential ship motion problems; (3) additional berths required for future development; (4) land and waterside transportation corridors required; (5) availability of dredge material for creating the land; (6) available areas for creating landfills; (7) efficiency of land usage in various configurations; (8) types of ships anticipated to use the new landfills; (9) types of terminals anticipated to be located on the new landfills. The Port of Long Beach developed two basic schemes which addressed the requirements listed above. In either case, the landfill configuration for the Port of Los Angeles remained the same. The first scheme (called the island scheme, Figure 1) had the advantage of more closely matching the proposed Port of Los Angeles development. Water quality and tidal circulation would be improved with this scheme. The second scheme (called the horseshoe scheme, Figure 2) created a channel on the Long Beach side which did not match the orientation of the channel on the Los Angeles side. This channel was better protected from wave forces than the island scheme, where ships would have to be berthed along the exposed southerly boundary.


Increasing growth of wind turbine systems suggests a more systematic research around their design, operation and maintenance is needed. These systems operate under challenging enviromental conditions and failure of some of their parts, for the time being, is frequent, although undesirable. Wind turbine gearboxes, more particularly, seem to be so problematic that some wind turbine designs avoid including them. Structural health monitoring and condition monitoring of wind turbines appear to be necessary in order to determine the condition and lifespan of the wind turbine components and the drivetrain respectively. In this way reparative actions could be taken whenever needed resulting in reduction of maintenance costs.

This thesis focuses on the condition monitoring of wind turbine gearboxes, taking into account the varying loads that they endure. Currently, the vibration-based damage detection methods used in real life wind turbine condition monitoring systems are based on conventional methods that generally fail to detect damage at its early stage under the operational conditions observed in wind turbines. Load and speed variations of the drivetrain that are observed commonly in wind turbines influence the vibration signals and can possibly affect potential damage features. This shows a demand for effective methods for early damage detection. Developments in the area of advanced signal processing should be examined and applied in damage detection of wind turbine gearboxes. Methods from time-frequency analysis, time-scale analysis, pattern recognition, multivariate statistics and econometrics are examined in this study in a condition monitoring context.

One important part of the work presented is the development of a simple gearbox model interfaced with realistic wind loading, a model feature that appears to be novel. Other interesting aspects of this thesis are related to the use of the empirical mode decomposition method for time-frequency analysis. The use of Teager-Kaiser energy operator as an alternative technique to Hilbert transform for the estimation of the instantaneous characteristics of the decomposed signals is one of these aspects. The study showed that for some cases and under certain conditions this operator could help to improve the time-frequency analysis. Another aspect is the observation of the change of the number of the intrinsic mode functions produced, for the different load and damage cases, during the decomposition process. This observation was connected theoretically with what is known as the mode mixing problem of the empirical mode decomposition method. For the feature discrimination part of this work, the simplest novelty detection method, outlier analysis, was used in a slightly different manner than in previous studies and the results obtained were compared with a novel adaptive thresholding technique, the 3D phase-space thresholding method. The previously described approaches were applied on the simulated gearbox data but also on real wind turbine gearbox data. Finally, cointegration analysis was proposed as a potential method for removing the effects of the gearbox load variations. This is a novel concept for the condition monitoring of wind turbine gearboxes. An approach which makes it possible to use data from just a single sensor in order to perform cointegration analysis was developed and the process for applying multiscale cointegration using either wavelets or the empirical mode decomposition method was discussed. This final part of the work is an initial step towards applying cointegration to condition monitoring data.


The use of mass spectrometry in the biosciences has undergone huge growth in recent years due to sustained effort in the development of new ionisation techniques, more powerful mass analysers and better bioinformatic tools. These developments mean that it is now possible to introduce complex crude biological-mixtures into a mass spectrometric platform and to obtain detailed information about the sample. The front-end sample handling techniques used for sample preparation have, for the most part, not changed despite the recent advances in hyphenation of liquidchromatography and mass spectrometry required to tackle the issue of increased sample complexity. In this thesis the possibility of using Digital Microfluidics (DMF) for front-end sample preparation prior to mass-spectrometric analysis of protein samples has been investigated. DMF is a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) technology used for manipulation of sub-microlitre droplets. The movement of discrete droplets of liquid is exploited using the Coulombic forces arising due to free charge polarisation. Droplets can be split, joined, dispensed and moved over a sub-surface electrode array. In this thesis a range of DMF devices have been designed, manufactured and coupled with mass spectrometric platforms for protein analysis. A variety of techniques for mass spectrometrybased analysis of biological samples from the fluidic chips have been investigated. A robotic system has been developed to automate sample introduction, manipulation and removal. Finally the application of on-chip sample purification and enzymatic digestion have been demonstrated, providing proof of concept for digital microfluidic sample preparation in mass spectrometry-based proteomics.


Abstract. The topographic mapping products at 1:50,000 scale can be realized using satellite photogrammetry without ground control points (GCPs), which requires the high accuracy of exterior orientation elements. Usually, the attitudes of exterior orientation elements are obtained from the attitude determination system on the satellite. Based on the theoretical analysis and practice, the attitude determination system exists not only the high-frequency errors, but also the low-frequency errors related to the latitude of satellite orbit and the time. The low-frequency errors would affect the location accuracy without GCPs, especially to the horizontal accuracy. In SPOT5 satellite, the latitudinal model was proposed to correct attitudes using approximately 20 calibration sites data, and the location accuracy was improved. The low-frequency errors are also found in Tian Hui 1 (TH-1) satellite. Then, the method of compensation low-frequency errors is proposed in ground image processing of TH-1, which can detect and compensate the low-frequency errors automatically without using GCPs. This paper deal with the low-frequency errors in TH-1: First, the analysis about low-frequency errors of the attitude determination system is performed. Second, the compensation models are proposed in bundle adjustment. Finally, the verification is tested using data of TH-1. The testing results show: the low-frequency errors of attitude determination system can be compensated during bundle adjustment, which can improve the location accuracy without GCPs and has played an important role in the consistency of global location accuracy.


Background: Bronchogenic cyst is a generally benign and rare congenital anomaly. The mediastinum and lung parenchyma are the most common sites the cysts occur. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of thoracoscopy and thoracotomy for the treatment of bronchogenic cysts. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were operated on in Dr. Suat Seren Thoracic Surgery Clinic between 2004 and 2019 with the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. Patients were divided into two groups according to the surgery method as video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or thoracotomy. Demographic and operative features, radiological findings, and complications were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Patients underwent either VATS (10 patients) or thoracotomy (11 patients). Sixteen patients underwent simple cyst excision, whereas parenchymal resection was performed for five patients. The mean Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) value was 3.5 ± 1.1 for the VATS group and 6.5 ± 1 for the thoracotomy group. Duration of hospital stay and chest drainage was 4.2 ± 1.7 and 3.2 ± 1.7 days, respectively, in the VATS group, while in the thoracotomy group, it was 7.1 ± 4.5 and 6.1 ± 4.5 days. The time of hospitalization stay, duration of chest drainage, operative time, and VAS values were found statistically significantly lower in the VATS group. Conclusions: Both VATS and thoracotomy are preferred surgical methods in bronchogenic cyst surgery. VATS is superior to thoracotomy in terms of shorter hospital stay, chest drainage duration, operative time, and lower postoperative pain level. Minimally invasive methods can be chosen safely for the treatment of bronchogenic cyst in appropriate cases.


A one-sided arrangement of the components relevant for magnetic particle imaging leads to improved patient access, as the object size can be unlimited. In this paper, we further investigate the properties of the single-sided MPI system published earlier. A phantom with up to five positions filled with Perimag particles was rotated to evaluate the spatial resolution depending on the orientation of the receive coils. The reconstruction was done with a Kaczmarz algorithm and a Tikhonov regularization with individually calculated regularization parameters for each measurement. The penetration depth and the spatial resolution in the y-,z-plane were evaluated.

Int. J. Mag. Part. Imag. 6(2), Suppl. 1, 2020, Article ID: 2009053, DOI: 10.18416/IJMPI.2020.2009053


Brian Garrett constructs cases satisfying Andy Hamilton's definition of weak q-memory. This does not establish that a peculiar kind of memory is at least conceptually coherent. Any 'apparent memory experiences' that satisfy the definition turn out not to involve remembering anything at all. This conclusion follows if we accept, as both Hamilton and Garrett do, a variety of first-person authority according to which memory judgements may be false, but not on the ground that someone other than the remembering subject had the remembered experience. Garrett's brain-bisection illustration sounds convincing, but only because we retain the idea that the subjects created by implanting a hemisphere each in two different bodies are entitled to say that they remember experiences before the surgery in the ordinary sense. To that extent the illustration presents a case of ordinary memory, not q-memory.


Childcare arrangements are key in women's ability to juggle motherhood and working outside the home. As such, the study of the access to childcare and its use is of great policy relevance. We focus on a particular kind of informal childcare, the one provided by grandparents. Empirically, assessing the effect of grandparental childcare is not an easy task due to unobserved preferences. In light of the potential outcome framework, we interpret the biases resulting from unobserved preferences as arising from the non-compliance of mothers to the availability of grandparents and from preferences of grandparents for activities other than childcare. Using an Instrumental Variable approach on Italian data, we find that the effect of grandparental childcare on mothers' labour supply is positive, statistically significant and economically relevant. The effect is stronger for lower educated mothers, with young children and living in the North and Centre.


This paper provides new empirical results regarding the demand and supply of title, its impact on land value, and its effects on agricultural investment on Brazilian frontiers. We use survey data from 1992 and 1993 from the state of Par with data on the characteristics of the settlers, land tenure, land agencies involved, land values, and investment. We then turn to census data from the Brazilian agricultural census from 1940 through 1985, with observations at the municipio (county) level to examine the development of property rights to land in the southern state of Paran during the agricultural boom between 1940 and 1970 and in the Amazon state of Par during the period of rapid migration to the region after 1970. By examining frontiers we can follow the rise in land values, the increase in the demand for title, and the response of government. The empirical findings support the predictions of the theory regarding the effects of title and investment on land value, the role of expected change in value on demand for title, and the contribution of title in promoting investment. Governments, however, have not exactly followed the predictions of the analytical framework in supplying title. Political and bureaucratic factors play an important role in the government response to demands for title. This result suggests that researchers must pay special attention to the complex political process by which property rights are assigned in studying the emergence of tenure institutions.


Biological invasions by nonnative species are a by‐product of economic activities, with the vast majority of nonnative species introduced by trade and transport of products and people. Although most introduced species are relatively innocuous, a few species ultimately cause irreversible economic and ecological impacts, such as the chestnut blight that functionally eradicated the American chestnut across eastern North America. Assessments of the economic costs and losses induced by nonnative forest pests are required for policy development and need to adequately account for all of the economic impacts induced by rare, highly damaging pests. To date, countrywide economic evaluations of forest‐invasive species have proceeded by multiplying a unit value (price) by a physical quantity (volume of forest products damaged) to arrive at aggregate estimates of economic impacts. This approach is inadequate for policy development because (1) it ignores the dynamic impacts of biological invasions on the evolution of prices, quantities, and market behavior, and (2) it fails to account for the loss in the economic value of nonmarket ecosystem services, such as landscape aesthetics, outdoor recreation, and the knowledge that healthy forest ecosystems exist. A review of the literature leads one to anticipate that the greatest economic impacts of invasive species in forests are due to the loss of nonmarket values. We proposed that new methods for evaluating aggregate economic damages from forest‐invasive species need to be developed that quantify market and nonmarket impacts at microscales that are then extended using spatially explicit models to provide aggregate estimates of impacts. Finally, policies that shift the burden of economic impacts from taxpayers and forest landowners onto parties responsible for introducing or spreading invasives, whether through the imposition of tariffs on products suspected of imposing unacceptable risks on native forest ecosystems or by requiring standards on the processing of trade products before they cross international boundaries, may be most effective at reducing their impacts.


Extracted from text ... SA PHARMACIST'S ASSISTANT ? may / june 2005 4
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE
Substance and drug abuse
in South Africa Monique Meyer and
Porcha Viljoen
Substance and drug abuse is a major health
problem that exerts a heavy toll on our
society in terms of economic costs and
human suffering. There is an unwillingness
to recognise the distinction between the
concept of illicit drug use and the realities
of hard-core abuse. Addictive behaviour
involves a wide range of substances. It
includes abuse of or dependencies on
nicotine, banned or illegal drugs,
psychoactive medications and alcohol.
Why do people take drugs?
Since antiquity, ..


The practice of feeding infants expressed breast milk is increasing in the United States, but the impacts on infant and maternal health are still understudied. This study examines the monthly incidence of regurgitation (gastro-esophageal reflux) in exclusively breast milk fed infants from ages two to six months. Among infants whose mothers participated in the Infant Feeding Practices II Study (IFPS II; 2005–2007), data on reflux and feeding mode were collected by monthly questionnaires. A longitudinal, repeated measures analysis was used, with feeding mode lagged by one month in order to compare reflux incidence among infants fed directly at the breast to infants receiving pumped breast milk. Mothers in both feeding groups had similar characteristics, although a greater proportion feeding at least some pumped milk were primiparous. The number of exclusively breastfed infants decreased steadily between months 2 and 6, although the proportion fed at the breast remained similar over time. An association between feeding mode and reflux incidence was not found; however, the analyses were limited by a small number of reported reflux cases. More studies are needed to further explain the relationship between different feeding modes and infant reflux.


The effects of the Variscan orogeny on the Upper Palaeozoic succession are recognizable throughout central and southern Ireland. The deformation can be zoned using structural styles and trends which illustrate a northward decrease in deformation intensity coupled with increasing control by pre-Variscan structures in the basement. The most intense deformation occurs to the south of the Dingle–Dungarvan line, where shortening approaches 50% as a result of layer-parallel shortening, followed by buckling and finally thrusting. The deformation is considered to have developed above a shallow-dipping sole thrust which has been located offshore by the SWAT seismic reflection profiles. Cross-faults, which are common throughout the orogen, resulted from N–S shear couples; this is consistent with their origin as accommodation structures due to differential shortening along strike. The original shape of the Munster Basin has exerted a control on the distribution and overall facing of the major structures. The sole thrust extends to the north of the Dingle–Dungarvan line and the structural zonation of the orogen is due to variations in the stratigraphic level of this thrust. The Leinster Massif is considered to be essentially autochthonous; slip on the sole thrust decays towards the Massif which acted as a rigid, passive block and was partially responsible for the arcuate trend of the orogen.


Endometriosis has a genetic component, and significant linkage has been found to a region on chromosome 10q. Two candidate genes, EMX2 and PTEN, implicated in both endometriosis and endometrial cancer, lie on chromosome 10q. We hypothesized that variation in EMX2 and/or PTEN could contribute to the risk of endometriosis and may account for some of the linkage signal on 10q. We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a case-control design to evaluate association between endometriosis and common variations in these two genes. The genotyping and statistical analysis were based on samples collected from Australian volunteers. The cases were 768 unrelated women with surgically confirmed endometriosis selected from affected sister pair (ASP) families participating in the Australian Genes behind Endometriosis Study. The controls were 768 female participants in twin studies who, based on screening questions, did not have a diagnosis of endometriosis. Genotypes of 22 SNPs in the EMX2 gene and 15 SNPs in the PTEN gene were the main outcome measures. Statistical analysis provided measures of linkage disequilibrium and association. Permutation testing showed no globally significant association between any SNPs or haplotypes and endometriosis for either gene. It is unlikely that the EMX2 or PTEN gene variants investigated contribute to risk for initiation and/or development of endometriosis.


This thesis presents the development and implementation of a Finite Volume Method (FVM) to simulate the sloshing behaviour of incompressible, constant density liquids in a two- dimensional, rigid rectangular tank. The phenomenon of sloshing is of importance to engineers involved in the design of all types of vehicles which transport confined liquids. This paper reports on the research conducted in the context of the transport of liquids on the ocean surface. The method presented has two immediate applications in this context: the transport of petroleum products, and roll stabilization systems for ocean-going vessels. -- The FVM is used to discretize the governing momentum and mass conservation equations using primitive variables in a fully Eulerian approach. The method is formulated by integrating the governing equations over appropriate control volumes, and assembling systems of linear equations. A fixed rectangular grid with variable spacing is utilized, and momentum control volumes (CVs) are staggered relative to the continuity CVs. The inertial accelerations caused by a specified tank motion are applied to the fluid by the inclusion of additional source terms in the momentum equations. The method can accommodate the simultaneous translation and rotation of the tank relative to an absolute reference frame, and rotation of the tank about a frame attached to it. -- The free surface boundary is handled using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, which permits arbitrary movement of the surface, including the possibility of overlapping and smaller regions breaking away. The VOF method is based on the assignment of a variable Ffor each continuity CV, where F represents the average fraction of the cell volume which is occupied by fluid. The VOF method, therefore, defines the shape of the fluid-occupied calculation domain, and the free surface. -- Results were obtained in the form of the free surface configuration, and velocity and pressure distributions throughout the fluid domain. Results are presented for various prescribed tank motions, chosen to verify the method's stability, reliability, and conformance to behaviour predicted by other established means. Prescribed tank motions were; (i) rotation to a constant angle of inclination; (ii) excitation with the predicted natural period; (iii) excitation near the natural period (producing a surface wave with a beating behaviour ); (iv) impulsive translation; (v) continuous rotation; and (vi) arbitrary simultaneous rotation and translation. All input tank motions are of a sinusoidal form. The method generated results in good agreement with expected physical behaviour. In particular, the wave period characteristics has been verified, and the ability of the method to accommodate a combined rotational and translational tank motion (representing ship roll and sway) lias been proven. -- To fully develop and define the capabilities of the proposed method, it is necessary to conduct further testing of the method to verify the surface heights calculated, and to optimize the use of various calculation parameters. In addition, testing with general tank motion (i.e. roll, sway, and heave), and with motions extreme in nature, is recommended. It is also recommended that a version of this method be developed to model a three-dimensional rectangular tank, thus ensuring its applicability to the widest possible range of practical design problems.


Methane and carbon dioxide were measured with
an autonomous and continuous running system on a ferry line crossing the Baltic Sea on a 2–3 day interval from the Mecklenburg Bight to the Gulf of Finland in 2010. Surface methane saturations show great seasonal differences in shallow regions like the Mecklenburg Bight (103–507 %) compared to deeper regions like the Gotland Basin (96–161 %).
The influence of controlling parameters like temperature, wind, mixing depth and processes like upwelling, mixing of the water column and sedimentary methane emissions on methane oversaturation and emission to the atmosphere are investigated. Upwelling was found to influence methane surface concentrations in the area of Gotland significantly during
the summer period. In February 2010, an event of elevated methane concentrations in the surface water and water column of the Arkona Basin was observed, which could be linked to a wind-derived water level change as a potential
triggering mechanism. The Baltic Sea is a source of methane to the atmosphere throughout the year, with highest fluxes occurring during the winter season. Stratification was found
to promote the formation of a methane reservoir in deeper regions like Gulf of Finland or Bornholm Basin, which leads to long lasting elevated methane concentrations and enhanced
methane fluxes, when mixed to the surface during mixed layer deepening in autumn and winter. Methane concentrations and fluxes from shallow regions like the Mecklenburg
Bight are predominantly controlled by sedimentary production and consumption of methane, wind events and the change in temperature-dependent solubility of methane in the surface water. Methane fluxes vary significantly in shallow regions (e.g. Mecklenburg Bight) and regions with a temporal
stratification (e.g. Bornholm Basin, Gulf of Finland).
On the contrary, areas with a permanent stratification like the Gotland Basin show only small seasonal fluctuations in methane fluxes.


Generalized linear mixed models provide a flexible framework for modeling a range of data, although with non-Gaussian response variables the likelihood cannot be obtained in closed form. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods solve this problem by sampling from a series of simpler conditional distributions that can be evaluated. The R package MCMCglmm implements such an algorithm for a range of model fitting problems. More than one response variable can be analyzed simultaneously, and these variables are allowed to follow Gaussian, Poisson, multi(bi)nominal, exponential, zero-inflated and censored distributions. A range of variance structures are permitted for the random effects, including interactions with categorical or continuous variables (i.e., random regression), and more complicated variance structures that arise through shared ancestry, either through a pedigree or through a phylogeny. Missing values are permitted in the response variable(s) and data can be known up to some level of measurement error as in meta-analysis. All simu- lation is done in C/ C++ using the CSparse library for sparse linear systems.


Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine utilizes a prosection‐based approach to preclinical anatomy curriculum. Carefully prosected cadavers have proven to be excellent learning tools in the gross anatomy laboratory but an immense amount of work goes into producing the specimens. To aid in maintaining a robust specimen inventory, MSU offers an undergraduate prosection course. This self‐directed course includes descriptive protocols designed to guide students through challenging prosection projects. To supplement the protocols, students use conventional dissector texts and atlases to find suitable images and directions for the various steps of each project. In an effort to streamline the protocols and offer prosection students one high yield resource for their prosections, medical illustration students from nearby Kendall School of Art and Design are creating customized anatomical images to compliment current protocols. Recently, CHM has partnered with Kendall School of Art and Design to create and pioneer a medical illustration program. With the proper prerequisites, Kendall students are eligible to take MSU's undergraduate prosection course. Kendall students who have completed the prosection course serve as laboratory assistants (LAs). These students are ideal for this project as they had previously completed the course and experienced the challenges associated with the written protocols. The LAs attempt to identify the most challenging steps in a protocol and enrich prosection protocols with step‐by‐step illustrations. This project introduces a novel approach to dissection instruction and explores the role of medical illustration students in the anatomy lab.


Fault gouge samples were collected from deep-seated fractures in the Dongshengmiao polymetallic pyrite deposit. Fault gouge particles were analysed by transmission electron microscopy. Many particles were identified with sizes of 200 nm or less, such as carbon-bearing, gold, Pb-bearing or Zn-bearing mineral particles. Carbon-bearing particles included graphite, carbonate, organic matter and carbonate mixed with organic matter. Gold particles were found in fault gouge samples in the form of natural gold, which had not been previously observed. Other particles, such as Pb- and Zn-bearing particles, directly reflect the ore-forming elemental characteristics of the Dongshengmiao deposit. Based on analysis of these particles, the following conclusions made: (1) carbon-bearing particles were deduced to be able to provide additional information related to the deposit formation; (2) fracture-induced stress acted on particles based on the observed lattice deformations in the gold, graphite, dolomite and Fe-bearing particles and the uneven edges of many particles; and (3) information about concealed ore bodies can be more easily obtained through the study of fault gouge particles, which will make ore body exploration more efficient.