PATSy (www.patsy.ac.uk) is an established (since 1998) on-line learning resource. It is a web-based generic shell designed to accept data from any discipline that has cases. The domains represented on PATSy currently include developmental reading disorders, neuropsychology, neurology/medical rehabilitation and speech and language pathologies. At the time of writing, sixty-one data-rich and extensively described cases of adults and children with disorders can be accessed under 4 domain headings - speech and language, dyslexia, medical rehabilitation and neuropsychology. The system is used by more than 30 university departments including 80% of UK Speech and Language science departments. It is part of the DfES/Becta `National Grid for Learning' (NGfL) and is indexed in numerous refereed online resource databases including BIOME, SOSIG, LESTER, LTSN Psychology and LTSN Medicine. Student feedback and focus group evaluations have generally been positive (www.patsy.ac.uk/speech/reports.html) & (www.patsy.ac.uk/neuropsychology/report.html). PATSy is designed for use in conjunction with more traditional methods of clinical training, professional education and academic teaching about disorders. This multimedia database (video, audio, pictures) serves as an electronic archive for case-based research as it contains rich collections of test data on research participants. It offers health science students an opportunity to practice diagnostic reasoning on `virtual patients'. Students access real patient data in the form of videos, assessments, and medical histories. PATSy's virtual patients can have psychometric and cognitive assessment tests `administered' to them by learners. Typically, PATSy is used in blended learning contexts. Students attend clinical placements and tutors integrate online PATSy sessions with lecture content. PATSy complements taught content and clinical placements in important ways though. First, tutors are provided with a way of exposing a class of students to the same cases (clinical placements don't always expose students to a wide range of cases and student experiences on placements can vary widely). PATSy also contains published and rare cases that can bring the journal literature alive for students. PATSy cases are mostly research grade, which means that each case has been assessed in-depth compared to most clinical assessments. Different disciplines (speech & language therapy, neuropsychology, medical rehabilitation) can use PATSy cases inter-professionally. The PATSy system can be extensively configured to the particular needs of user-departments. To ensure wide uptake, the system has been deliberately designed to be agnostic with respect to clinical teaching models (eg. information processing models versus traditional diagnostic models). Lecturers can `hold back' PATSy cases. Students can then be assessed dynamically and authentically as they diagnose a previously-unseen case using PATSy in its exam mode. Clinical reasoning is difficult to teach via direct instruction. It is difficult to give students a set of rules that they may universally apply (Williams, 1993; Jonassen, 1996). For this reason clinical science education (like law and other professions) is tending to adopt case-based teaching methods. Knowledge of the subject is represented in the form of many example cases (eg. Irby, 1994; Whitworth, Franklin & Dodd, 2004). PATSy is particularly well-suited to case-based teaching and for use in problem-based learning contexts. PATSy supports several types of use - researchers and clinicians canaccess the cases and see test data summaries, information about the patientfrom the case contributor, and access a list of research publications relating to the patient. In contrast, student access can be set up so that students are not presented with test data summaries but are, instead, required to work through and interpret test results.


This Article responds to an important recent essay in the Columbia Law Review by Marvin Chirelstein and Larry Zelenak. Chirelstein and Zelenak propose a dramatic change in tactics in the way that the government attempts to combat tax shelters - that is, efforts by corporations and high-earning individuals to avoid tax by clever manipulations of the technical terms of the Tax Code. For the past seventy years or so, the IRS has responded to these manipulations by urging courts to read the tax statutes purposively, rather than literally, and thus to deny favorable tax treatment to business transactions entered into with no real business purpose or economic substance. However, as textualism has grown in influence, the IRS's purposivist entreaties have diminished in effectiveness. Chirelstein and Zelenak propose to respond to this problem by doing away with the notion of business purpose and economic substance and instead enacting a pair of bright-line rules that would make rather more difficult some of the most popular shelters. My claim in this Article is that the Chirelstein/Zelenak approach reaches a bit farther than it needs to, but that it contains some very important elements that are worth preserving. In particular, I argue that Chirelstein and Zelenak seem to assume that there is no principled argument we could present to textualist judges to convince them to analyze a transaction for economic substance. I respond by analyzing various strands of textualist theory to demonstrate that, in fact, Congress could likely resolve many textualist objections with a carefully crafted statute. However, I also respond to other commentators who have assumed that there are no constitutional limits on Congress's power to command textualists to apply economic substance analysis. That argument overlooks the constitutional roots of many textualist theories. I thus offer, I believe for the first time, an analysis of whether Congress can constitutionally displace certain textualist interpretative methods by statute. The Article then applies these insights to suggest a fairly radical re-shaping of the meaning of economic substance, although one that draws on earlier work by others. I argue that Congress ought to enact a statute that would prohibit favorable tax treatment of all tax-motivated transactions, except where, as Chirelstein and Zelenak suggest, expressly authorized by Congress or the IRS. This arrangement, I argue, would reduce waste not only in the private sector but also in government, forcing Congress to make plain when it has agreed to treat its lobbyists generously.


Securities crowdfunding is premised on two core policy goals, inclusivity and efficiency. First, crowdfunding is conceived as an inclusive system where all entrepreneurs are given a chance to pitch their idea to the "crowd." Second, crowdfunding is supposed to be an efficient way to channel funds from public investors to promising startup companies. There is a fundamental tension between these two policy goals, however. A totally inclusive system would ensure that platforms list any and every company that wants to participate. But platforms need to curate and select the companies they list in order to establish a reputation as a reliable market for investors. This gatekeeping function aids efficiency, but is exclusive by its nature. Hence, the tension between inclusive and efficient crowdfunding.
This Article provides a theoretical and an empirical analysis of inclusivity versus efficiency in crowdfunding. It also compares the American crowdfunding system with its counterpart in New Zealand using original research collected by the author during a six month residency in that country. This research reveals that crowdfunding in New Zealand is much more financially successful than in the United States. This Article explains this outperformance on the basis that New Zealand's system is focused solely on efficiency, even at the expense of inclusivity. In the United States, by contrast, we closed our eyes to the tension between efficiency and inclusivity and tried to achieve both at the same time. In practice, and perhaps as could have been expected, this has led to only minor success on both fronts.
Broadening the analysis out, we see that inclusive crowdfunding is a luxury that only certain countries can manage, depending on their existing systems for entrepreneurial finance. The United States has a huge and sophisticated venture capital industry and thus can afford to sacrifice some efficiency in our crowdfunding system in order to advance inclusivity. But New Zealand has long had very little venture capital investment and hence a real need to develop crowdfunding as an effective new means for efficiently channeling capital to the country's startup companies. The need to consciously trade off inclusivity and efficiency is an important lesson from the present research.


This paper reviews surface photometry of bulges and elliptical galaxies. Work prior to 1982 is discussed by Kormendy (1982a; hereafter K82). Since then, the subject has gone through a revolution. CCD detectors have come into common use, providing photometry accurate enough to measure new classes of subtle properties of ellipticals. Together with improvements in seeing, CCDs have allowed the resolution and study of galaxy cores
and nuclei (Section 2). Newly discovered structural details, such as dust, shells, and dynamical subsystems, show the importance of accretion events in galaxy evolution (Sections 3-6). Better measurements of parameter scaling laws have led to improved constraints on galaxy formation (Section 8). Finally, CCDs provide accurate measurements of departures from elliptical isophotes (Section 9) and color gradients (Section 10). These observations are currently producing a quantum jump in our understanding
of elliptical galaxies.
Some of the present subjects are discussed in more detail in recent reviews by Kormendy (1987a; hereafter K87), Okamura (1988), and Nieto (1988). Techniques are discussed by de Vaucouleurs (1979, 1984), Nieto (1982), Capaccioli & de Vaucouleurs (1983), Capaccioli (1985, 1987,
1988a,b), Okamura (1988), and Djorgovski & Dickinson (1989). Compilations of photometry references for individual galaxies are found in Davoust & Pence (1982) and Pence & Davoust (1985).

Unless otherwise noted, we assume that the Hubble constant is H_0 = 50 km s^(-1) Mpc^(-1).


Before the last decade, attempts to identify the genetic factors involved in the susceptibility to age-related complex diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer had very limited success. Recently, two important advancements have provided new opportunities to improve our knowledge in this field. Firstly, it has emerged the concept of studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the age related decline of the organism (such as cellular senescence), rather than the genetics of single disorders. In addition, advances in DNA technology have uncovered an incredible number of common susceptibility variants for several complex traits. Despite these progresses, the translation of these discoveries into clinical practice has been very difficult. To date, several attempts in translating genomics to medicine are being carried out to look for the best way by which genomic discoveries may improve our understanding of fundamental issues in the prediction and prevention of some complex diseases. The successful strategy seems to be testing simultaneously multiple susceptibility variants in combination with traditional risk factors. In fact, such approach showed that genetic factors substantially improve the prediction of complex diseases especially for coronary heart disease and prostate cancer, making possible appropriate behavioural and medical interventions. In the future, the identification of new genetic variants and their inclusion into current risk profile models will probably improve the discrimination power of these models for other complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and breast cancer. On the other hand, for traits with low heritability, this improvement will probably be negligible, and this will urge further researches on the role played by traditional and newly discovered non-genetic risk factors.


This work is concerned with the prediction of short (SGF) and long glass fiber (LGF) orientation in a center-gated disk and end-gated plaque injection molding test geometry using a simulation method that has not been attempted previously. Previous work has used assumptions to simplify the fiber orientation geometry (assuming a thin cavity) or flow field (neglecting fountain flow and entry regions). LGF orientation is predicted in a center-gated disk injection molding geometry including the advancing front and simulating the sprue and gate region (SGM method) so that no assumption about fiber orientation at the mold entrance has to be made. Using a semi-flexible fiber model and orientation parameters obtained through rheology, increased agreement was found between predicted and experimentally obtained values of orientation using the SGM method and a semi-flexible fiber model than was found using a Hele-Shaw approximation. The SGM method was applied to the end-gated plaque to predict SGF orientation both along and away from the centerline using an objective (reduced strain closure model) and non-objective (strain reduction factor model) orientation model. The predicted values of the strain reduction factor model showed reasonable agreement with experimentally obtained values of orientation throughout the three-dimensional cavity when using orientation parameters fit to experimental orientation data. Furthermore it was found that the objective model predicted results very similar to the non-objective model suggesting that objectivity may not play a role in predicting orientation in more complex geometries such as an end-gated plaque. Finally, the SGM method was applied to the end-gated plaque geometry to predict LGF orientation using a rigid and semi-flexible fiber model. It was found that the SGM method and the semi-flexible fiber model provides orientation predictions that are similar to experimentally obtained values of orientation.


With 50 percent of the world's population living in urban environments, people have greater economic and social opportunities, but are also at higher risk of mental illness. Fortunately increasing evidence shows mental health can be improved by nature. Nature can boost self-esteem, increase focus and creativity, and reduce social isolation. Public libraries are in a prime position to use this evidence to create programs to help improve patrons' mental health through environmental literacy. Libraries can help patrons feel comfortable in nature and once they see the benefits of the outdoors they will see the need for an environmentally sustainable future.

The ideas presented in the poster focus on the UN's SDG 13 - Climate Action. The poster can help libraries increase their nature and environmental sustainability programs for the double benefit of increasing environmental literacy as well as improving patrons' mental wellbeing. An increase in these programs can hopefully help patrons establish habits that can benefit them for life.

The information is divided into two sections: background on mental health and the benefits of nature supported by academic resources, and examples of successful environmental programs focusing on various age groups.


Neotropical hawk-eagles ( Spizaetus spp) are large forest raptors, having low population densities and high sensitivity to human disturbance.  The three species of Brazil's Atlantic forest ( S. ornatus , S. melanoleucus , S. tyrannus ) are threatened and little is known of many aspects of their biology, such habitat requirements, nesting behavior, and food habitats. Here I present data about the breeding biology, diet and behavior of the Ornate Hawk-Eagle ( S. ornatus ; OHE) and the Black-and-white Hawk-Eagle ( S. melanoleucus ; BWHW), and estimations of distribution - extent of occurrence (EOO) - and population sizes for the three hawk-eagles of the southern Atlantic Forest. I compiled data from 9 years of field studies done in Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina combined with data from the literature (n = 191 records). I calculated the total amount of forest available for each species by GIS analyses and estimated population sizes based on species density data from the literature. The EOO was 123,551 km² for BWHE, 92,512 km² for OHE, and 67,824 km² for Black Hawk-Eagle ( S. tyrannus; BHE). All species experienced more than 30% shrinkage in their historical distribution (before the year 2000). Forest remnants comprise 32% of BHE's EOO and around 20% for other hawk-eagle species. Population sizes estimated for the southern region were 869 pairs for BHE (1,684 individuals), 1,532 pairs for BWHE (2,849 individuals), and 2,020 pairs for OHE (1,192 individuals). Population size estimates based only on forest patches larger than 10 km² were 542 pairs for BHE (RS = 48 pairs; SC = 494 pairs), 818 pairs for BWHE (RS = 67 pairs; SC = 751 pairs), and 1178 pairs for OHE (RS = 67 pairs; SC = 1,111 pairs). I recorded displays and copulation of BWHE in July; the nest was built in an inaccessible, emergent tree in the hillside of a valley. Two nests of OHE were found in emergent trees (20 m and 30 m height) measured 138 x 115 x 45 cm and 132 x 100 x 100 cm; one egg was found (64.5 x 51.1 mm). Spizaetus seems to have very variable breeding cycles and begin breeding in the austral winter. I estimated egg laying occurs from July to September with fledging happening 3-4 months later. Diet of OHE consisted mostly of birds (90%) but also some mammals. Spizaetus require large, unbroken forest areas to live, and my data reinforce the critical situation of hawk-eagles in southern Atlantic forest. All three species have lost habitat and their distributions have shrunk over the past decades. The estimated population sizes suggest concern and a need for conservation actions. Conservation of large raptors in the Atlantic Forest is not a simple task, requiring the need to preserve and limit the disturbance of remaining forests, establish connectivity among fragments and reduce direct threats to raptors ( e.g. , persecution). We also need to better understand the ecological requirements of hawk-eagles and establish public policies to protect both species and their habitats.


Our choice was justified by the fact that between the two countries exist some features that make them interesting to study from the employment point of view. Thus, both countries are Latin and this is why we consider they are comparable, because employment means people, more precisely mentalities and attitudes to work. We considered that it is interesting to see how the labour market from the east Latin Europe has evolved, in a comparable, crucial period, with its counterpart from west Latin Europe. First of all, we would like to point out the fact that our intention is to analyse the periods which from the economic history point of view have influenced in a decisive manner the present evolution of the two countries. The Portugal labour market is a subject of real scientific interest (we would like to mention that even Michael Porter was interested by this topic). Our paper tries to emphasize the common and different features of the two labour markets, in order to facilitate an experience sharing process on this topic. To achieve the paperâ€(tm)s objectives statistical and cluster analysis have been used. This is one of the best ways to capture the influence of determinant factors on labour market performance. The degree of originality is given by the assumed objectives, namely studying some very up-to-date problems from an interconnected perspective (historical similarities, structural changes, labour market performance) and analyzing the Romanian situation compared to other EU countries, i.e. Portugal. The main impact of the paper will be on the practical level through the model outcomes and conclusions. One of the objectives is to look for solutions to the problems identified and to persuade policy makers to give them a greater importance. Our main contribution is represented by the fact that we have approached this topic from an economic and historical perspective, trying to find explanations for the present situation in the modern past of the two nations.


Abstract Aspidolite, the Na analogue of phlogopite, ideally NaMg3AlSi3O10(OH)2, occurring in hornfels from a contact aureole in Kasuga-mura, central Japan, has been approved as a mica species by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association. Aspidolite is interleaved with and surrounded by phlogopite. Based on its mode of occurrence, phlogopite is classified into two types; (1) phlogopite interleaved with aspidolite (= interleaved phlogopite) and (2) phlogopite rim. The aspidolite-phlogopite assemblage is associated with amphibole (pargasite-magnesiosadanagaite), titanite, calcite, scapolite, apatite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. A representative chemical formula of aspidolite is (Na0.90K0.10)∑1.00(Mg2.27Al0.41Fe0.232+Ti0.05)∑2.96(Al1.44Si2.56)∑4.00O10(OH1.97F0.03)∑2.00. Aspidolite has almost fully occupied the interlayer site; its Na/(Na+K) ratio ranges from 0.67 to 0.95. It has more tetrahedral Al (1.38-1.48 a.p.f.u. for O = 11) than the ideal aspidolite end-member showing progression of tschermakite-type substitution. The alternation of aspidolite and phlogopite parallel to the (001) plane may indicate a miscibility gap between these two phases. The phlogopite rim is interpreted as a later product, probably formed metasomatically. Aspidolite is optically biaxial negative with elongation positive and Z ‖ cleavage. Two polytypes (1M and 1A) of aspidolite were identified in X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Aspidolite-1M is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with refined unit-cell parameters a = 5.291(8), b = 9.16(2), c = 10.12(2) Å, β = 105.1(1)°, V = 473(1) Å3, Z = 2. Aspidolite-1A is triclinic, space group C1̄, with a = 5.289(6), b = 9.16(1), c = 9.892(9) Å, α = 94.45(9), β = 97.74(9), γ = 90.0(1)°, V = 473.4(9) Å3, Z = 2.


Title of Document: THE ROLE OF PLASMONIC RESONANCE IN ENHANCEMENT OF INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND SILVER NANOSTRUCTURES IN FLUORESCENCE SHY-HAUH GUO, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Associate Professor Raymond J. Phaneuf, Department of Material Science and Engineering Plasmonic resonant coupling in noble metallic nanostructures to incident radiation and the related subject of localized behavior of electromagnetic waves are currently of great interest due to their potential application to biosensing, chemical sensing, optical transmission, and nanophotonic devices. In this thesis we present the results of experimental investigations and numerical calculations on nanometer-sized metallic structure enhanced fluorescence (nMEF). These investigations are carried out with silver nanostructures fabricated by two different methods: e-beam lithography (top down) and spray pyrolysis (bottom up). By fabrication of arrays of nanoparticles with varying shape, size, and inter-particle spacing, we determine the dependence of fluorescence enhancement on these critical dimensions and locate the optimum configuration for fluorescence enhancement for a given molecule and excitation wavelength. For practical applications, especially for rapid sensor fabrication, we then repeat the nMEF measurement with size-selected Ag nanoparticles produced with a spray pyrolysis instrument equipped with differential mobility analyzer (DMA), basing our choice of particle size and average spacing (~coverage) on the findings from our results on electron-beam lithographically patterned structures. To explore the role of particle plasmons in fluorescence enhancement quantitatively we compared the plasmon resonance frequencies for rod-shaped nanoparticles vs. width-to-length aspect ratios, with the shape which produces the optimum enhancement for a particular excitation/fluorescent-emission-peak frequency/polarization combination. In further experiments we measured fluorescence from two dimensional metallic stripes, with systematically-varying widths and spacings, both with and without an underlying noble metallic film. Finally, to probe the effect of the substrate, we compared fluorescence measurements in the absence of metal nanoparticles over oxide-coated silicon substrates and oxidecoated noble-metallic films. In analyzing these results we applied both the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) [24-26] methods, calculating the electromagnetic field response of our arrays to incident light. Comparison between these calculations and experiment provides physical insight as to the mechanisms of nano-metal particle-enhanced fluorescence: our results indicate local field enhancement from silver nanoparticles is crucial in nMEF. THE ROLE OF PLASMONIC RESONANCE IN ENHANCEMENT OF INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND SILVER NANOSTRUCTURES IN FLUORESCENCE


Background: Multiple sclerosis is a presumed autoimmune disease associated with genetic and environmental risk factors such as infectious mononucleosis. Recent research has shown infectious mononucleosis to be associated with a specific HLA class I polymorphism. Objectives: Our aim was to test if the infectious mononucleosis-linked HLA class I single nucleotide polymorphism (rs6457110) is also associated with multiple sclerosis. Methods: Genotyping of the HLA-A single nucleotide polymorphism rs6457110 using TaqMan was performed in 591 multiple sclerosis cases and 600 controls. The association of multiple sclerosis with the HLA-A single nucleotide polymorphism was tested using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex and HLA-DRB1*1501. Results: HLA-A minor allele (A) is associated with multiple sclerosis (OR = 0.68; p = 4.08 × 10 -5). After stratification for HLA-DRB1*1501 risk allele (T) carrier we showed a significant OR of 0.70 (p = 0.003) for HLA-A. Conclusions: HLA class I single nucleotide polymorphism rs6457110 is associated with infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis, independent of the major class II allele, supporting the hypothesis that shared genetics may contribute to the association between infectious mononucleosis and multiple sclerosis.


One of the major goals in systems biology is to infer the architecture of biochemical pathways and regulatory networks from postgenomic data, such as microarray gene expression and cytometric protein expression data. Various reverse engineering Machine Learning methods have been proposed in the literature, and it is important to understand their relative merits and shortcomings. In the talk the learning performances of three different graphical models machine learning methods, namely Relevance networks, Gaussian Graphical Models, and Bayesian networks, are cross-compared on real cytometric protein data and simulated data from the RAF signalling pathway. Relevance networks are based on pairwise association scores and straightforward to implement. But the inference is not done in the context of the whole system and there is no possibility to distinguished between direct and indirect associations. Both shortcomings are addressed by Gaussian graphical models, where the partial correlation between two variables, conditional on all the other domain variables, is employed as association score. Bayesian networks are more flexible probabilistic graphical models for conditional dependence and independence relations. Bayesian networks are based on directed acyclic graphs and can be exploited to analyse interventional data for identifying putative causal interactions. The empirical results were obtained by applying the shrinkage estimator of Schaefer and Strimmer (2005) to compute the inverse covariance matrix for Gaussian Graphical Models, and Bayesian network inference was done by sampling BNs from the posterior distribution with order Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), as proposed by Friedman and Koller (2003). The experimental results were obtained by analysing data from the RAF protein signalling network reported in Sachs et al. (2005); which describes the interaction of eleven phosphorylated proteins and phospholipids in human immune system cells. Thereby it was distinguished between real cytometric protein activity measurements reported in Sachs et al. (2005) and synthetically generated data as well as between pure observational and interventional data. Observational data are obtained by passively monitoring the system without any interference while interventional data are obtained by actively manipulating variables, e.g. using gene knock-out experiments. De-


Now in flexi-cover, this visually stunning collection of Klimt's landscape paintings brings to light a lesser-known aspect of the Viennese painter's uvre. While Klimt is largely revered for his opulent, symbol-laden portraits of the Viennese bourgeoisie, these works were just one aspect of his artistic expression. His landscapes represent an important facet of his career and are a valuable contribution to the school of European nature painting. For many years the artist travelled to the Austrian and Italian countryside during the summer, where he took advantage of the extraordinary light and spectacular hues to paint and sketch landscapes. Among the most exquisite of Klimt's landscapes are those in which he experimented with composition and style. Accompanied by scholarly essays, the images reproduced in this book comprise all extant landscapes from this brilliant artist, proving that his mastery extends beyond portraiture and revealing themes that appeared throughout his life's work.


In this paper, the authors distinguish between three real-time fault detection, correction and identification schemes for vibration forces on the rotor of a rotational active magnetic bearing (AMB) system. Historical fault data obtained from a fully suspended 250 kW water cooling AMB pump was used in the design process of the three schemes. The real-time schemes perform three main tasks: 1) fault detection, 2) fault diagnosis and error correction and 3) fault identification. Displacement and current masking were performed during the fault detection stage and the vibratory amplitudes and frequencies were extracted by means of the Wigner-Ville distribution. Pattern recognition techniques, statistical diagnosis and fuzzy logic were used to calculate fault features during the fault diagnosis and error correction stages. During the fault identification stage, data fitting, fuzzy logic and ISO standards were used to calculate the type, parameters, vibratory level and zone of the vibration force. A comparison between the experimental results obtained from a double radial AMB test rack was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed schemes in the real-time detection, correction and identification of vibration forces on the rotor of a rotational AMB system. The three real-time schemes were able to correct and minimize vibration forces to a stable working condition.


Asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic illnesses of childhood, affecting 6.8 million children in the US, and being a major cause of school absenteeism (American Lung Association, 2014). The total number of school days missed because of asthma related issues has increased to 13.8 million days in 2013 as compared to 12.4 million in 2003 (The Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). If asthma is not managed in children at school it can reduce academic performance rates. Because of the need for asthma to be controlled in the school setting to decrease absenteeism and promote the health and academic success of children diagnosed with asthma, it is important for school nurses to coordinate an effective asthma management program for children diagnosed with asthma. A program evaluation was conducted to assess the asthma management program in place at an elementary school in eastern North Carolina compared to best practices for management of asthma in schools. Data collected from key informants revealed that school staff is well educated on policies and procedures to manage students' asthma, but some students still have unmanaged asthma. Data was collected through observation and participation in the school nurse's role. Policies on medication administration were read and data was gathered about asthma medications, action plans, and adherence. When compared to best practices, the school's asthma management program was determined effective. Recommendations included continued education towards students and their caregivers, which can be done by calling home and educating caregivers when they come into the health office to drop off medications.


This survey article examines the ways in which the UK government has attempted to manage criticism of its arms exports to Saudi Arabia. Hitting the headlines since 2015 due to widespread, credible allegations of serious violations of international humanitarian law committed by the Saudi-led coalition in the war in Yemen, UK arms sales are now subject to unusual levels of parliamentary, media, NGO and legal scrutiny. The article outlines the government's strategies for managing criticism in order to both deal with domestic dissent and maintain good relations with the Saudi government. Paying attention to such strategies is an important means of analysing how arms transfers are justified and facilitated, and how governments manage the contradictory pressures to both promote and restrict arms exports.


The article refers to a recent article on child marriage in Nigeria, published in this Journal, as a broad context to examine two issues. The first is the statutory elaboration of the constitutional protection of children, and the second is the suggestion that religious marriages trump children's rights in Nigeria's constitutional jurisprudence. These issues are discussed together in the context of the belief that the absence of statutory protection of children is not fatal to their human rights protection, and that neither an Islamic nor any other religious marriage trumps the rights of children in Nigeria. The article recommends a negotiated consensus in determining the minimum age for child marriage, given Nigeria's plural and religious constituents.


Writing from Vicksburg, Mississippi, in early 1863, "Amnon," a correspondent with the Augusta Chronicle & Sentinel, declared that the North's siege of the city was doomed to fail. The Union Army was being "decimated" by death and desertions, he boasted, and if troops tried to attack the Confederate stronghold, it would become a "slaughter pen" filled with Yankee dead.' Two months later, however, a more subdued and chastened correspondent gave his readers back home in Georgia a vivid picture of the toll Federal bombing had taken on the strategically important city. The shelling had become so constant that residents of Vicksburg were indifferent to the constant attacks. "Amnon" described one elderly man who calmly sat on the front porch every day while Union shells flew over head. Despite the threat to his safety, the man never moved.2 The reporting of "Amnon" during the siege of Vicksburg was characteristic of the letters Georgia's soldier correspondents supplied to their hometown newspapers during the American Civil War.3 Written in the bombastic, inflated style of the era, many of the letters not surprisingly were little more than boastful propaganda proclaiming the superiority of the Southern cause and the bravery of Confederate troops. Yet other letters had a real human interest quality, contained excellent descriptive features, and provided valuable insight into the war. Historians have virtually ignored the reporting done by the South's soldier correspondents, even though it constituted the majority of original news printed by many Confederate newspapers during the Civil War.4 Struggling financially, few Southern editors could afford to hire paid, full-time correspondents to cover a war of the vast scale that the Civil War presented. Instead, many editors made arrangements with hometown soldiers to send back letters describing their wartime experiences. This study examines the soldiers' correspondence that appeared in the newspapers of one state, Georgia.5 More than forty soldiers corresponded with the state's newspapers at various times during the war. Some of the men, going by such names as "Private," "Bayonet," "Ready," and "Ogelthorpe," sent back only a handful of letters and were never heard from again. But other soldiers, such as "J. T. G." of the Columbus Enquirer, "Tivoli" of the Atlanta Southern Confederacy, and "Toutle-Monde" of the Savannah Republican, sent back regular correspondence for years. Soldier correspondents were important because they provided much of the original reporting found in Georgia's wartime press. In relating the stories of hometown men fighting in faraway places, these volunteer correspondents provided readers with their own brand of "local" news, the sort of news that had not been emphasized by the state's newspapers before the war, yet had taken on added importance as newspaper reading increasingly became a part of daily life.6 While soldier correspondents had no formal training, they regularly used such reporting techniques as interviewing and firsthand observation. And the vivid, descriptive style of their letters was in line with the increasing realism found in writing during the nineteenth century. In these ways, soldier correspondents unknowingly, but significantly, were helping to influence the future direction of news coverage and reporting by Georgia's newspapers.7 The practice of American newspapers using letters from individuals as news goes back to the earliest days of the country's press. Reporting had yet to evolve as a profession, and enterprising editors looked everywhere they could for copy. Private letters from informed individuals to other private citizens occasionally were made available to editors who were glad for any bit of news. The writers of these letters frequently were referred to in print as "our correspondent,' even though they were not paid for their writing.8 Likewise, soldiers had been used by American newspapers to provide copy in all of the nation's wars prior to the Civil War. …


V2O5 nanomaterials including nanoribbons, nanowires, and microflakes have been synthesized by an ultrasonic assisted hydrothermal method and combined with a post-annealing process. The as-annealed V2O5 nanomaterials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) N2 adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) has been used as an electrolyte ([C3mpyr][NTf2] containing 1 M LiNTf2) in rechargeable lithium metal batteries by combining V2O5 nanomaterials as cathode materials. The electrochemical tests including constant current charge−discharge, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) show near theoretical specific capacity, improved cyclability, good high-rate capability, and enhanced kinetics. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that the RTIL can prevent the dissolution of V2O5 during charge ...


Evidence-based guidelines recommend participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) to reduce subsequent cardiovascular events following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The objective of this study was to investigate the reasons for and the demographic characteristics of patients who participate in CR programmes following PCI in a single metropolitan setting in Australia. Logistic regression models were used to examine the data obtained using self-reports through mailed questionnaires from 202 patients 12-24 months following the index PCI. Thirty-five per cent of subjects reported to have participated in CR programmes, of whom less than a quarter were female. In this sample the main reason for programme participation was a recommendation given by the general practitioner (GP). The likelihood of participating in a CR programme decreased with age and absence of a partner. Additional research on determinants of participation in CR programmes among this cohort of patients could assist in the development of new strategies to encourage healthy behaviours and reduce the risk of further cardiac events.


Abstract. Since 2014, the Land Survey Division of Singapore Land Authority (SLA) has spearheaded a Whole-of-Government (WOG) 3D mapping project to create and maintain a 3D national map for Singapore. The implementation of the project is divided into two phases. The first phase of the project, which was based on airborne data collection, has produced 3D models for Relief, Building, Vegetation and Waterbody. This part of the work was completed in 2016. To complement the first phase, the second phase used mobile imaging and scanning technique. This phase is targeted to be completed by the mid of 2017 and is creating 3D models for Transportation, CityFurniture, Bridge and Tunnel. The project has extensively adopted the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)'s CityGML standard. Out of 10 currently supported thematic modules in CityGML 2.0, the project has implemented 8. The paper describes the adoption of CityGML in the project, and discusses challenges, data validations and management of the models.


Indicator minerals are mineral species that, when appearing as transported grains in clastic sediments, indicate the presence in bedrock of a specific type of mineralization, hydrothermal alteration or lithology. Their physical and chemical characteristics, including a relatively high density, facilitate their preservation and identification and allow them to be readily recovered at the parts per billion level from sample media such as till, stream sediments or soil producing large exploration targets. Another major advantage of indicator mineral methods is that grain morphology, surface textures or mineral chemistry may be examined to obtain information about transport distance and bedrock source. Indicator minerals have become an important exploration method in the past 20 years and now include suites for detecting a variety of ore deposit types including diamond, gold, Ni–Cu, PGE, porphyry Cu, massive sulphide, and tungsten deposits. One of the most significant events in the application of indicator mineral methods in the past 10 years was the explosion in diamond exploration activity in the glaciated terrain of Canada and the resultant changes in sampling and processing methods and improved understanding of kimberlite indicator minerals. At the same time, technological advances have led to increased sophistication of determining indicator mineral chemistry for all indicator minerals. This paper provides an overview of indicator mineral methods and their application in a variety of terrains in the past 20 years, focusing on gold and diamond exploration.


This report describes the design of atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements that, in combination with other measurements and models, would be used to quantify regionally distributed CO2 exchanges from California's terrestrial ecosystems and CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Using models of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), fossil fuel CO2 emissions, and regional meteorology, we predict CO2 concentration "signals" in the atmosphere. The predictions of NEE exhibit spatial and temporal variations that are controlled by land cover and climate. Fossil fuel CO2 emissions from metropolitan areas are the strongest localized sources of CO2 while weaker but spatially extensive fossil emissions are present throughout the Central Valley. We subdivide the CO2 sources into four components: NEE inside and outside CA, and fossil fuel CO2 inside and outside CA. Maps of predicted atmospheric CO2 concentration signals from these four sources largely mirror the instantaneous emissions near strong sources but plumes of CO2 enriched or depleted air are predicted to advect far from their sources. We then identify a baseline set of observing stations from existing and possible future sites that could be used to characterize in-state and out-of-state ecosystem and fossil fuel contributions to atmospheric CO2 concentrations. For each of the stations we calculate mean midday concentration signals with standard deviation for each month and source. We also calculate the covariance of the signal due to NEE inside CA with each of the other signals to quantify how much of the signal from NEE inside CA might be readily separable from the other signals. On the basis of these predictions, we identify new observing stations and a measurement protocol that, in combination with existing stations, would provide data to estimate NEE within CA. Although beyond the scope of this project, future work should estimate the uncertainties in estimating California's NEE that would be obtained using atmospheric concentration data from the stations identified herein.


Deep-water agglutinated Foraminifera (DWAF) are investigated from Miocene sediments recovered from ODP Hole 909C in the Fram Strait, Norwegian-Greenland Sea. We studied 125 samples from Cores 909C-50R to -103R, and recovered over 60 species of DWAF. The faunal succession in Hole 909C is subdivided into three assemblages based on the stratigraphic ranges of charac- teristic cosmopolitan taxa. These are: (1) a diverse Reticulophragmium amplectens - Reophanus berggreni Assemblage in Cores 909C-100R-2 to -91R-1 (1040.71-952.78mbsf); (2) a Reticulophragmium amplectens Assemblage in Cores 909C-87R-2, to -71R-3 (915.7-762.68mbsf); and (3) a low-diversity Reticulophragmium rotundidorsatum Assemblage in Cores 909C-71R-1 to -55R-1 (759.68-605.52mbsf). The DWAF assemblages are correlated to the standard chronostratigraphy using dinoflagellate cysts and magnetostratigraphy. The stratigraphic ranges of some well-known Paleogene DWAF species extend far into the Miocene at this local- ity, confirming the hypothesis that the Arctic and northern Norwegian Sea basins served as a refuge for these species long after they dis- appeared from the North Atlantic stratigraphic record. The taxonomic affinities of the Miocene assemblages from Hole 909C supports the idea that an estuarine circulation pattern has been in place between the Arctic Ocean and Greenland Sea basins since at least the early Miocene. Changes in the benthic foraminiferal morphogroups within the R. rotundidorsatum Assemblage correlate with an increase in total organic carbon, indicating an increase in oceanic productivity in the Fram Strait region during the late Miocene.


A guide to all aspects of ProQuest's Art and Architecture Archive including content, searching, and viewing results on the ProQuest platform.


The Editors welcome submissions for possible publication in the Letters section. Authors of letters should: • Include no more than 300 words of text, three authors, and five references • Type with double-spacing • Send three copies of the letter, an authors' form (see Table of


MATH 6312 Combinatorics and Graph Theory (3 semester credit hours) This course covers theory and applications of combinatorics and graphs, topics from basic counting principles, principle of inclusion and exclusion, permutation statistics, ordinary and exponential generating functions, composition of integers, integer partitions, Stirling numbers of the first kind, q-analogs of binomial and multinomial coefficients, Euler's formula, Hamilton paths, planar graphs, chromatic and Tutte polynomials and algorithms on networks. Prerequisites: Theoretical Concepts of Calculus and Abstract Algebra I is required or instructor consent required.


The Piazza degli Uffizi in Florence is a unique architectural space housing the offices established by the Medici grand duke Cosimo I in the sixteenth century. This article examines the unusual physical and social character of the space, from the perspective of the people—performing as both spectators and actors—who have experienced this environment. Their presence and participation is necessary to complete the space, as in a theater or onstage, as each beholder's perception, action, and interaction is different. The complex reveals and manifests the identity of the duke and the citizens of Florence through five seemingly disparate means: a consideration of architectural terminology, the collective patronage of the project, its position in the urban setting (especially in relation to the transformations made by Cosimo I), the manner in which the architect Giorgio Vasari employs theatrical conventions, and the necessary presence of people.


†SUMMARY Background Coronary artery bypass graft surgery still remains as the treatment of choice of patients with left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease; however, there are few previous studies with local data on the outcomes of this type of surgery. Objectives To describe immediate and 5-year outcomes of a series of coronary surgeries in patients with LMCA disease. Material and Methods From 2003 to 2007, 174 consecutive coronary artery bypass graft surgeries to the LMCA were analyzed. The procedures had been performed by three Associated Surgical Centers. The following outcomes were assessed 30 days and 5 years after surgery: cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, major cardiovascular events, need of a new revascularization and survival free of symptoms. Curves were compared with expected survival rates for the same age group and sex. Results Multiple lesions were present in 90.8% of patients. Mortality rate was 4.0% at 30 days, similar to the rate expected according to EuroSCORE (6.4%, OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.21-1.78; p=0.333); major cardiovascular events included myocardial infarction (2.9%) and stroke (1.7%). Total follow-up was 506 patient-years (12 to 60 months) and involved 91% of patients. When cardiovascular mortality was considered, survival rate at 5 years was 83.7%, similar to the one expected in the general population. However, when all cause-mortality was considered, survival at 5 years decreased to 77.6% (p=0.436). During the same period, survival free of symptoms and of new revascularization was 72.2% and 88.1%, respectively. Conclusions In our series of patients subjected to coronary artery bypass graft surgery due to LMCA disease, operative mortality was somewhat lower than expected according to EuroSCORE, with rates of stroke and myocardial infarction between 1.7% and 2.9%. At 5-year follow-up, survival was similar to that expected in the general population for the same age group, and survival free of angina and revascularization was 72% and 88%. Finally, 90% of LMCA lesions were associated with multiple coronary obstructions, and these conditions are unlikely to be treated with angioplasty. The results analyzed in this study were consistent with the findings previously published in international bibliography.


Over the past decade, an increasing number of countries have began anchoring their fiscal policy frameworks in terms of rules that target the cyclically adjusted or structural (as opposed to actual) balance in an effort to overcome problems of procyclicality and fiscal volatility. The logic for doing so is in principle compelling: rule-based fiscal policies allow automatic stabilizers to work freely during the cycle and help accumulate fiscal surplus in good times. However, the estimation of structural balances is subject to a number of methodological challenges, including the degree of estimation uncertainty. This paper presents a range of estimates of the structural budget balance and uses them to analyze the cyclical behavior of fiscal policy in Latin America and the Caribbean. Based on an original dataset comprising detailed fiscal information from 20 countries across the region between 1990 and 2012, the paper finds that the range of estimates can be large for some countries, especially those that derive substantial fiscal revenue from commodity-related activities. In addition, the evidence shows that on average, the region has followed a procyclical policy pattern: a 1 percent increase in the output gap is associated with up to a 0.66 percentage point deterioration in the structural primary balance. This pattern hides substantial regional heterogeneity: procyclicality is more marked in countries that face large terms of trade shocks, but it can be counteracted by higher institutional quality.


An Australian "ley†farming type of system, which integrates medic pasture with livestock in place of conventional summer fallow, is a promising technology having the potential to provide important benefits for improving winter wheat production in the Central High Plains of the United States. Medic is an annual legume that regenerates yearly from a soil seed bank, and in the pasture phase of the cropping sequence, it provides hay or grazing for livestock. Farming systems with medics form the foundation for flexible and sustainable semiarid wheat farming systems in Australia. This article reports the performance of a specific medic specie (Medicago rigidula), which can replace fallow for more profitable winter wheat production in the U.S. Central High Plains.


Since the 1990s, historical institutionalism has established itself as a frequently used approach in the study of European integration. One basic tenet of those who use this approach is to take history seriously in the study of European integration—in particular how historical choices on institutionalizing particular procedures and policies explain subsequent patterns of agency. Looking at the manner in which time and institutional structures affect outcomes is central in this approach. In the context of the European Union (EU), the works that have adopted this approach have typically examined developments in policies and institutions over time. While sharing with other institutionalist approaches (such as rational choice and sociological institutionalism) the recognition that "institutions matter," historical institutionalism introduced particular concepts such as "path dependence" and "critical juncture" into the study of the EU. The distinct contribution here is the capacity of historical institutionalism to explain the persistence of institutional structures and the continuity of policies as well as the reasons for change. In the study of European integration, this approach has been adopted in many areas of research, ranging from studies about the legal foundations of the EU, the workings within institutions of the EU, the process of enlargement, to analyses of various sectors of EU policy-making, and the study of the multiple crises confronting the integration project in the 2010s.


This study deals with the argument structure of the Latin verb habere and its possible role in the subsequent changes. Latin habere originated in verbs that now exist almost exclusively as temporal auxiliaries in Spanish and Portuguese, but this was not always so. We find uses of this verb where it expresses possession in Late Latin texts like Itinerarium Egeriae. This raises questions as to the status of subjects and objects. In previous studies I have found that the subject-roles (active, neutral and patient) connected with the descendants of habere play a part in the development of this verb in Ibero-Romance. This paper will shed some light on the diachronic processes involved that led to these semantic and syntactic changes. The data are taken from 4th century texts. They show no sign of syntactic decay but the descending verbs have developed a more abstract sense during the period in question. The structural information of the verb does not in itself predict the disappearance of it in a few hundred years and its replacement by Ibero-Romance tenere, and this in itself intriguing.


Electroactive polymers (EAPs) respond to electrical stimulation with large deformations. They are dynamic actuators which have attracted attention from an interdisciplinary audience of engineers and scientists. An enabling EAP technology is emerging which attempts to imitate the properties of natural muscle and which, as a result, can perform a unique function in a variety of biologically-inspired robotics applications. Electroactive Polymers for Robotics Applications covers the fundamental properties, modelling and demonstration of EAPs in robotic applications, focusing particularly on artificial muscles and sensors. Ionic PolymerMetal Composite Actuators and Dielectric Elastomers are discussed within the book with chapters on their properties and their uses in robotics applications. With its concentration on devices based on EAPs and their uses, Electroactive Polymers for Robotics Applications will be of interest to researchers working within this field as well as to postgraduate students studying robotics or smart materials and structures. Practitioners working in the mechanical, electrical and materials industries will also find this book of value.


CONTEXT
Studies suggest that many survivors of critical illness experience long-term cognitive impairment but have not included premorbid measures of cognitive functioning and have not evaluated risk for dementia associated with critical illness.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether decline in cognitive function was greater among older individuals who experienced acute care or critical illness hospitalizations relative to those not hospitalized and to determine whether the risk for incident dementia differed by these exposures.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Analysis of data from a prospective cohort study from 1994 through 2007 comprising 2929 individuals 65 years old and older without dementia at baseline residing in the community in the Seattle area and belonging to the Group Health Cooperative. Participants with 2 or more study visits were included, and those who had a hospitalization for a diagnosis of primary brain injury were censored at the time of hospitalization. Individuals were screened with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) (score range, 0-100) every 2 years at follow-up visits, and those with a score less than 86 underwent a clinical examination for dementia.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Score on the CASI at follow-up study visits and incident dementia diagnosed in study participants, adjusted for baseline cognitive scores, age, and other risk factors.

RESULTS
During a mean (SD) follow-up of 6.1 (3.2) years, 1601 participants had no hospitalization, 1287 had 1 or more noncritical illness hospitalizations, and 41 had 1 or more critical illness hospitalizations. The CASI score was assessed more than 45 days after discharge for 94.3% of participants. Adjusted CASI scores averaged 1.01 points lower for visits following acute care illness hospitalization compared with follow-up visits not following any hospitalization (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.33 to -0.70; P < .001) and 2.14 points lower on average for visits following critical illness hospitalization (95% CI, -4.24 to -0.03; P = .047). There were 146 cases of dementia among those not hospitalized, 228 cases of dementia among those with 1 or more noncritical illness hospitalizations, and 5 cases of dementia among those with 1 or more critical illness hospitalizations. The adjusted hazard ratio for incident dementia was 1.4 following a noncritical illness hospitalization (95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7; P = .001) and 2.3 following a critical illness hospitalization (95% CI, 0.9 to 5.7; P = .09).

CONCLUSIONS
Among a cohort of older adults without dementia at baseline, those who experienced acute care hospitalization and critical illness hospitalization had a greater likelihood of cognitive decline compared with those who had no hospitalization. Noncritical illness hospitalization was significantly associated with the development of dementia.


Abstract Proceeding from a phenomenological perspective, the present study investigated the experiences of seven homeless women who had lived through childhood trauma and subsequent substance abuse, with specific focus on the recovery process experienced by each. Applying the analytical protocol of Giorgi (1985) to the written accounts obtained from the participants, 15 constituent themes of the recovery process were identified. In order to illuminate the participants' experiences with minimal influence of any possible researcher bias, the researcher refrained from labelling, judging or diagnosing the women's life circumstances. Consequently, no treatment paradigm was applied to help explain, predict or judge the behaviour of the participants during the course of this research.


Entrepreneurs of NU, engaged in the al-Kautsar religious gathering, can be deemed as having good education and structural position either as a member or an organizer. They declare that NU institutionally gives a big contribution to their business. Their companies are generally home-industries in which they themselves pay the capital. Though the profit is less than IDR 5,000,000, they are aware of developing their industries. Their participation in the Islamic organization, NU, does not mean that they do not choose the conventional banking system, not the shariah one. Their choice is based upon a consideration which banking system is more beneficial for them. To put simply, it can be said that they will be enthusiastic and interested in utilizing the services of shariah-banking system if they could get more benefits. However, they prefer interest system than profit-sharing system. They consider both systems as being at the same position and regard interest as religiously acceptable. Therefore, they believe that conventional banking system is allowed in Islam. Though having preference to conventional banking system, they still possibly utilize shariah-banking system as long as it can give more facilities and benefits and confess that shariah-banking system is in line with their religious doctrines. Keywords: floating market, entrepreneur of NU, syariah bank.


From the time of the ancients through the middle ages, the Chinese were among the most prolific inventors in the world, but their voluntary insularity prevented most of these inventions from dissemination beyond China. Many of them did not become known outside China until they were "reinvented" elsewhere. Another characteristic of early Chinese attitudes toward products of the intellect was the prevailing view that such belonged to the community as a whole, including creations that would be within the modern realm of copyright and inventions that would be within the modern realm of patent. Creating property-type protection for the inventor was not, therefore, within the mainstream thinking of Chinese culture. Although these attitudes extended to what we view as copyrightable works and trademarks, our focus in this paper is on discovery and invention, that is, intellectual accomplishments that traditionally have been within the purview of patent laws. Previous efforts by foreign nations to impose systems of intellectual property protection failed because such systems ran counter to a deeply embedded cultural mindset derived first from Confucianism and later reinforced by communist socialism. In the post-Mao era, however, the Chinese government has undertaken a widespread restructuring of its legal and economic systems because its leaders (1) foresaw the critical need to attract foreign investment, and (2) recognized that movement toward free-market principles in many economic sectors would be essential to the long-term health of the Chinese economy. To be successful ultimately, an economy based in significant part on free-market principles must provide legal protection for property interests, including intangible property in the form of functional ideas and original expressions. The post-Mao adjustment has included the enactment of a wide array of laws to serve as a foundation for the new economy. For our purposes, the self-evidently most important law is China's pre-adolescent patent law, first effective in 1985, with substantial amendments effective in 1995 that created a patent system closely resembling those of most of the world's economically developed nations. The major elements of the new Chinese patent system are explained and compared with their U.S. counterparts. A patent system cannot properly perform its role, however, without an effective court system, legal profession, and serious attention to the rule of law. For much of the post-Mao period the Chinese have equated enactment with implementation. Fortunately, during the past several years the Chinese have begun to recognize and attempt to remedy this disconnect. Although today's China has a legal system far more well developed than before, a great deal remains to be done. A functional court system and legal profession are developing, with a substantial number of new law schools having been opened and those closed during the Cultural Revolution reopened, a serious commitment to greatly increasing the number and competency of lawyers, and increased training within China and abroad of law faculty and judges. Even more directly pertinent to our study is that special intellectual property courts have been established, staffed by judges having meaningful training in various areas of technology as well as in the law of patents and other intellectual property. Other nations, especially the U.S., have shown impatience with China's efforts to actualize their intentions to provide realistic patent protection for inventions and other intellectual property. Some of that impatience is justified. One must understand, however, that China has had to overcome enormous obstacles. It has had a patent system for only 15 years, with a number of its most critical provisions being only five years old; when juxtaposed with engrained traditions several thousand years old, patience seems to be warranted, especially in light of very substantial progress in the past 6-7 years. Moreover, the central government in Beijing has had more than a little difficulty with "localism"-cadres of local political officials and even locally stationed military personnel acting in complicity with local infringers in defiance of Beijing's dictates. Beginning about 1996, however, the central government has begun to take localism seriously and has attempted to at least ameliorate it. Again, however, as long as China continues to show progress, patience is the watchword, and it will be quite sometime before the nation's young patent system can play the role it is supposed to play in incenting technological advancement. If China is willing to reciprocate by more fully opening its markets to outsiders, unencumbered trade relations between the West and the Chinese can only hasten the realization of that role.


The Speedy Trial Act (STA) of 1974 occupies a peculiar place in the criminal justice system. Very few pieces of legislation can lay claim to protecting both the rights of criminal defendants and the public's significant interest in timely justice, while reducing the cost of judicial administration. The STA formerly accomplished these lofty aims by reducing pretrial delays. But for the past two decades legal scholars have ignored the STA, and both prosecutors and defense attorneys have subverted the STA's goals by routinely moving for continuances. And although the Act categorically applies in every federal criminal case, it has been effectively marginalized by federal district and circuit courts. The reason this happens is simple: no actor in the criminal justice system has an incentive to follow it. Prosecutors and defense attorneys alike rely on delays in the system; and overburdened district courts, which have opposed the STA since its inception, have failed to enforce it as written. Appellate courts, too, prefer to thwart the STA's requirements rather than reverse a conviction obtained by otherwise constitutional means. The institutional inertia that pulls courts away from the STA's commands has led to a predictable result: an increase in pretrial delays, the very ill that Congress intended to cure when it passed the Act. This Article highlights and examines the ways in which federal courts undermine the STA and details a number of open circuit court conflicts involving the Act. The Article then proposes a comprehensive, but non-Congressional, fix that prescribes how every actor in the criminal justice system can comply with the Act as Congress intended.


Author: Rajendran, Catherine Jenifer Rajam. MS Institution: Purdue University Degree Received: December 2018 Title: Analysis of Pseudo-Symmetry in Protein Homo-Oligomers Committee Chair: Shiaofen Fang Symmetry plays a significant role in protein structural assembly and function. This is especially true for large homo-oligomeric protein complexes due to stability and finite control of function. But, symmetry in proteins are not perfect due to unknown reasons and leads to pseudosymmetry. This study focuses on symmetry analysis of homo-oligomers, specifically homodimers, homo-trimers and homo-tetramers. We defined Off Symmetry (OS) to measure the overall symmetry of the protein and Structural Index (SI) to quantify the structural difference and Assembly Index (AI) to quantify the assembly difference between the subunits. In most of the symmetrical homo-trimer and homotetramer proteins, Assembly Index contributes more to Off Symmetry and in the case of homodimer, Structural index contributes more than the Assembly Index. The main chain atom CarbonAlpha (CA) is more symmetrical than the first side chain atom Carbon-Beta (CB), suggesting protein mobility may contribute to the pseudosymmetry. In addition, Pearson coefficient correlation between their Off-Symmetry and their respective atoms B-Factor (temperature factor) are calculated. We found that the individual residues of a protein in all the subunits are correlated to their average B-Factor of these residues. The correlation with BFactor is stronger in Structure Index than Assembly Index. All these results suggest that protein dynamics play an important role and therefore a larger off-symmetry may indicate a more mobile and flexible protein complex.


The University of Michigan Digital Library (UMDL) project is creating an infrastructure for rendering library services over a digital network. When fully developed, the UMDL will provide a wealth of information sources and library services to students, researchers, and educators. Tasks are distributed among numerous specialized modules called agents. The three classes of agents are user interface agents, mediator agents, and collection interface agents. Complex tasks are accomplished by teams of specialized agents working together-for example, by interleaving various types of search. The UMDL is being deployed in three arenas: secondary-school science classrooms, the University of Michigan library, and space-science laboratories. The development team expects the scale and diversity of the project to test their technical ideas about distributed agents, interoperability, mediation, and economical resource allocation.


Worldwide and specifically in the economic developed countries the role of business has changed over the last few decades from classical 'profit maximizing' approach to a social responsibly approach. Organizations, not only; have responsibility to their shareholders, but also they have responsibility to all their stakeholders in a broader inclusive sense. According to Carroll (1999) the social responsibility of business embraces the Economic, Legal, Ethical and Discretionary expectation. Economic responsibility of business means that society expects business produce goods and service to answer society needs. Werther and Chandler (2011) mentioned that, one cannot look at CSR without considering the context which includes the level of development in an organization's operational location. CSR has been conventionally perceived as a phenomenon reserved for developed countries. In the other word, in developed countries with better resources and organizations will demand or have higher expectations from CSR. However, in developing countries, there is no significant focus on the CSR initiatives rather on economic growth, hence relegating CSR to be lower significance to the MNCs and the society at large (Hurst, 2004, cited by Pimpa, 2011). Supporting this Hohnen (2007) saying that there are differences in the way CSR is implemented and promoted. Depending on the context of the operational location the success of CSR on an organizational level and the entire economy, are interrelated with situational factors such as; economic, social, institutional and cultural conditions of context. It means that, the differences in implementation of CSR strategy within countries are dependent on context. The purpose of this paper is to find the role of economic development as one of the factors that have an effect on implementation of CSR. To answer our questions about this problem we have looked to CSR activities by two multinational companies in two different locations developed and developing (Canada and Nigeria) in order to understand the effect of economic development on CSR implementation. Using HDI as a scale of measurement, we categories the scale of economic development of countries where Nigeria is quite lower than Canada. Through evaluating and interpreting companies CSR activities in both countries. We conclude that the bottom up line of approach the level of economic development defines the level and types of community needs which has a significant role to play in shaping implementation in organizations CSR strategy.


This report is the culmination of a two-year project examining the complex relations among Turkey, Russia, and Iran in an effort to better understand these countries' perceptions in the post-Cold War world and the conditions and interests that cause international political alignments among them. It surveys the undercurrents of these relationships in a political, economic, and energy supply and demand context and assesses the geostrategic and regional impact of these dynamics through a series of case studies on developments in the Middle East, Caucasus, and Central Asia. The report is meant to provide U.S. policymakers with practical recommendations for calibrating and balancing relations with each of these three countries, while taking into account the interests of other major actors. It integrates independent analysis by CSIS scholars with perspectives from Turkish, Russian, and Iranian counterparts obtained through extensive field research and two international workshops held in Ankara and Moscow.


The rhetoric of «social urgency» employed in the area of aid for homeless people characterises the management of poverty at every step of the «charitable» process, from donor to volunteer to recipient. Despite the gestures towards ethics and the communication strategies of donors, this area is characterised by a flourishing market in poverty that is rarely required to justify its results or submit itself to a genuine evaluation of its effectiveness. Our fieldwork demonstrates how this market instrumentalises of the poor, and how they attempt to escape those forms of social control market actors put place under the guise of «aid». We ask whether managing the poor in this manner is not simply a form of discipline that has as its ultimate goal to make them more profitable?


Being reflexive about the conditions and claims underpinning academic knowledge is a defining aspect of critical tourism and hospitality studies. In this article we explore how criticality has been conceptualised and consider the implications for addressing a major challenge in the field: that is, surfacing the power-knowledge relations that underpin mainstream or normalised ways of thinking. We aim to be reflexive about some of the dangers that exist in relation to the oppositional stance of critical perspectives. By drawing on examples from our own and others critical research and teaching practices we examine how a reflexive approach can enable different types of dialogue, spaces and relationships. We draw on related work in critical management studies and debates within tourism and hospitality to argue for a critical pedagogy that embraces reflexivity as a 'practice'—a way of doing, thinking and transforming knowledge as we live it.


The conception of Art Nouveau in Belgium as a kind of bourgeois art should be seen in a broader social context, because most of the early Art Nouveau artists were heavily influenced by the socialist and anarchist ideas of their time, notwithstanding the fact that almost all of them were indeed of bourgeois origins. Especially in the case of Henry Van de Velde, these influences would shape his life and career. He was familiar with the theories of anarchist thinkers Michael Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, the socialist ideals of the Arts and Crafts Movement and absorbed some of Nietzsche's philosophy.


It has been 112 years since the last play was written by Henrik Ibsen, and he still lives on through his works as a modern dramatist. His plays cannot be set aside; even in our time, they demand to be studied more than ever before. Ibsen has been studied and performed all around the world, especially in Asia, where he speaks to the political and social needs of that part of the world. The combination of current political circumstances, social inequalities, and human rights has given his plays a special urgency in Asia. However, even though Ibsen has seen a particular resurgence in Asia and the Middle East, the terrible events of 22 July 2011 in Oslo and Utoya bear certain traces of Ibsen in his country of birth as well. A false hero, trumpeting himself as a true philosopher in a land in need of rescue, brings only chaos and destruction. Ibsen is considered, from one side, as an idealist whose heroes are divine for rescuing the society from their life-lie. On the other side, he is as a deflator of heroism and a derider of blind idealism. To the former, in his hypothetical society, there is a triangular form at the apex of which a leader stands to lead the masses up from the base. The question is raised here: how do Ibsen's plays enlighten the debate on the contemporary socio-political issues? By applying historical approach along with contextual methodology, this study answers the above question. The significance of conducting this study on Ibsen's plays is to know the response of his plays to the current political matters.


Recent research studies communication emergence in communities of deep network agents assigned a joint task, hoping to gain insights on human language evolution. We propose here a new task capturing crucial aspects of the human environment, such as natural object affordances, and of human conversation, such as full symmetry among the participants. By conducting a thorough pragmatic and semantic analysis of the emergent protocol, we show that the agents solve the shared task through genuine bilateral, referential communication. However, the agents develop multiple idiolects, which makes us conclude that full symmetry is not a sufficient condition for a common language to emerge.


Many strong claims are made for the educational value of computer games, but there is a need for systematic examination of the research evidence that might support such claims. This book fills that need by providing, a comprehensive and up-to-date investigation of what research shows about learning with computer games. Computer Games for Learning describes three genres of game research: the value-added approach, which compares the learning outcomes of students who learn with a base version of a game to those of students who learn with the base version plus an additional feature; the cognitive consequences approach, which compares learning outcomes of students who play an off-the-shelf computer game for extended periods to those of students who do not; and the media comparative approach, which compares the learning outcomes of students who learn material by playing a game to those of students who learn the same material using conventional media. After introductory chapters that describe the rationale and goals of learning game research as well as the relevance of cognitive science to learning with games, the book offers examples of research in all three genres conducted by the author and his colleagues at the University of California, Santa Barbara; meta-analyses of published research; and suggestions for future research in the field. The book is essential reading for researchers and students of educational games, instructional designers, learning-game developers, and anyone who wants to know what the research has to say about the educational effectiveness of computer games.


Background: The diaphyseal fractures of humerus were traditionally treated conservatively, but the needs of the patients warranted surgical fixation of these fractures now. The two most popular methods of fixation are Plate Osteosynthesis and Intra-medullary fixation with Inter-locking Nail. In this study we tried to compare these two methods of fixation to arrive at the ideal choice of implant for these fractures.
 Materials & Methods: In this study we included 40 patients with diaphyseal fractures of humerus, who attended the department of Orthopedics and Traumatolog MAMC Agroha. The period of study was 1 year's i.e, from September 2015 to September 2016.
Results: Forty two percent of cases were in the age group 31-40 years. The males outnumbered the females. The most common cause was motor vehicle accidents amounting to 64%. Right side was involved in 65% of all cases. All operations were done within 4-6 days of injury. In the twenty patients of plate group, the
Complications were: Infection-7.1%; delayed union-12%; movement restriction of shoulder-12%; movement restriction of elbow-7%. In the twenty patients of nail group, complications were: infection-6.7%; fracture end splintering-7.6%; delayed union-26.8%; movement restriction of elbow-7.6%; movement restriction of shoulder-14.3%; shoulder pain-48%. Maximum number of fractures (73.3% in plating group and 60% in nailing group) clinically united in 12 weeks but the results were statistically insignificant. Excellent results were obtained in 15 patients (73.3%) in locking plate group and 12 patients (60%) in locking nail group on functional assessment.
Conclusion: Both locking plating and interlocking intramedullary nailing provided statistically comparable results for patients requiring surgical treatment of mid shaft humeral fractures. But a higher rate of excellent and good results and a tendency for earlier union was seen with locking plating group in our study.
Keywords: Traumatolog, Osteosynthesis


Extracted from text ... 6 Printed on Sappi Dukuza Plus Gloss 90g/m2. Journal of Marketing Vol 11 No 4 2005 (c)
strategic affairs
Someone to believe in
Over the past year or so I have been researching the psyche of the future consumer, recently presenting some of my findings at the mfsa's Winter School held in Johannesburg, as well as to a group of Cape Town chartered marketers, and at various corporate workshops.
One of my overall perceptions is that a radical global transformation is clearly taking place in terms of the way companies and governments communicate with consumers, prospective ..


This paper uses administrative student and expenditure data from Florida public universities to describe a) how the cost of producing graduates varies by major, b) how the inclusion of major-specific instructional costs alters the estimated net returns to different fields of study, and c) how major-specific instructional expenditures changed between 1999 and 2013. We find that the cost of producing graduates in the highest cost major (engineering) is roughly double that of producing graduates in low-cost majors, such as business. Cross-major comparisons of per graduate earnings returns net of costs differ from comparisons based on earnings outcomes alone in economically significant ways for a number of fields. Differences between net returns and earnings returns per dollar of instructional spending are even more pronounced. Our analysis of trends in instructional expenditures shows that per credit expenditures for undergraduate classes dropped by 16% in Florida universities between 1999 and 2013. The largest drops occurred in engineering and health, where per credit spending fell by more than 40%. Observed spending changes have little relationship with per credit costs or earnings outcomes.


The Facilitation and Grant Management project involves two separate aspects: the administration and organisation of RIC meetings, and development of associated projects and protocols; and the administration of grants. Grant management took place under the old consortium process; projects were asked to submit bids which were then rated and the top four awarded funding. Funded projects received monitoring visits and completed performance monitoring returns. To conduct this evaluation, email questionnaires were sent to three stakeholder groups: RIC members, Regional Infrastructure Development Group (RIDG) members and Infrastructure Strategic Partnership (ISP) members. 14 RIC members and 8 others returned completed questionnaires. The researchers also interviewed the Senior Policy and Development Manager at VONNE, who oversees the project, and undertook a deskbased review of reports and papers relating to the project. The Facilitation project has successfully supported the RIC in its first year in its new structure, helping it to, for instance, achieve Fit for Purpose status, produce a Delivery Plan, Business Plan and Strategy, carry out a self-assessment, and commission research projects. The Grant Management project has managed to create the appropriate procedures for grant management, and make grants to FINE and the ICT project (the Facilitation and Grant Making project also receives funding). Survey findings revealed that RIC members and stakeholders regard the facilitation of the RIC to be successful. For instance, the majority of respondents thought that RIC meetings were well run, that VONNE project staff facilitating RIC meetings are helpful and supportive, that the materials provided to RIC members are of a high quality, and that meeting minutes are accurate. For the grant management aspect of the project, most RIC members and stakeholders agreed that the prioritisation and rating procedures used to assess grant applications were useful and valid, and that grants were awarded based on a fair process of appraisal. Concerns were raised about the short timescales previously involved in the grant management process, and about the need to ensure that any funding opportunities are advertised right across the third sector. At a Change Check review session, RIC members and stakeholders were asked to use the survey findings to assess the impact of the different aspects of the RIC with reference to the resources devoted to each. The results of this process were also largely positive, although future funding and grant management issues are in question for the RIC. It was not considered appropriate to make recommendations for the project. The Facilitation project operates in a way that responds to the developing needs of the RIC, and the research findings did not reveal any particular problems with the way that it has worked up to now. The Grant Management aspect of the project has been completed in its current form. However, there were some potential transferable lessons emerging from the findings for future grant management programmes, e.g. minimising time pressures in the bidding programme, and making sure all the third sector is made aware of funding opportunities.


The main objective of this study was to detect fatigue-induced clinical symptoms of immune suppression in medical residents. Samples were collected from the subjects at rest, following the first night (low-stress), and the last night (high-stress) of night float. Computerized reaction tests, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Wellness Profile questionnaires were used to quantify fatigue level. DNA of human herpes viruses HSV-1, VZV, EBV, as well as cortisol and melatonin concentrations, were measured in saliva. Residents at the high-stress interval reported being sleepier compared to the rest interval. EBV DNA level increased significantly at both stress intervals, while VZV DNA level increased only at low-stress. DNA levels of HSV-1 decreased at low-stress but increased at high-stress. Combined assessment of the viral DNA showed significant effect of stress on herpes virus reactivation at both stress intervals. Cortisol concentrations at both stress intervals were significantly higher than those at rest.


Summary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a number of different human tumors and appears to play different pathogenetic roles in each case. Thus, immunoblastic B cell lymphomas of the immunosuppressed display the full pattern of EBV latent gene expression (expressing EpsteinBarr nuclear antigen [EBNA]I, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C, and -LP, and latent membrane protein [LMP]I, 2A, and 2B), just as do B lymphoblastoid cell lines transformed by the virus in vitro. In contrast, those EBV-associated tumors with a more complex, multistep pathogenesis show more restricted patterns of viral gene expression, limited in Burkitt's lymphoma to EBNA1 only and in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) to EBNA1 and LMH, 2A, and 2B. Recent evidence has implicated EBV in the pathogenesis of another lymphoid tumor, Hodgkin's disease (HD), where the malignant Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells are EBV genome positive in up to 50% of cases. Here we extend preliminary results on viral gene expression in HRS cells by adopting polymerase chain reaction-based and in situ hybridization assays capable of detecting specific EBV latent transcripts diagnostic of the different possible forms of EBV latency. We show that the transcriptional program of the virus in HRS cells is similar to that seen in NPC in several respects: (a) selective expression of EBNA1 mRNA from the BamHI F promoter; (b) downregulation of the BamHI C and W promoters and their associated EBNA mRNAs; (c) expression of LMP1 and, in most cases, LMP2A and 2B transcripts; and (d) expression of the "rightward-running" BamHI A transcripts once thought to be unique to NPC. This form of latency, consistently detected in EBVopositive HD irrespective of histological subtype, implies an active role for the virus in the pathogenesis of HD and also suggests that the tumor may remain sensitive to at least certain facets of the EBV-induced cytotoxic T cell response.


The latest scientific framing of climate change emphasizes the importance of limiting cumulative emissions and the need to urgently cut CO2. International agreements on avoiding a 2 °C global temperature rise make clear the scale of CO2 reductions required across all sectors. Set against a context of urgent mitigation, the outlook for aviation's emissions is one of continued growth. Limited opportunities to further improve fuel efficiency, slow uptake of new innovations, coupled with anticipated rises in demand across continents collectively present a huge challenge to aviation in cutting emissions. While difficulties in decarbonizing aviation are recognized by industry and policymakers alike, the gap between what's necessary to avoid 2 °C and aviation's CO2 projections has profound implications. Biofuel is one of the few innovations that could play a significant role in closing the gap, but with low anticipated penetration before 2020 its contribution would have little impact over the desired timeframe. If the aviation sector does not urgently address rising emissions, there is an increasing risk that investment in new aircraft and infrastructure could lead to stranded assets. This leaves it facing an uncomfortable reality. Either the sector acts urgently on climate change and curtails rising demand, or it will be failing to take responsibility for a considerable and growing portion of climate change impacts.

Keywords:

alternative fuels;
aviation;
carbon dioxide emissions;
climate change;
demand-management;
fuel efficiency;
mitigation;
scenarios


This article examines how best to educate law students with disabilities so that they can successfully transition from classroom to practice. At the very time that the importance of experiential learning is being trumpeted as critical to the preparation of all law students for practice, all too little attention has been given to the role of clinical education in helping students with non-visible disabilities succeed in their chosen careers. Increasingly, law students are seeking accommodations for a range of mental health, cognitive, and learning disabilities. Law schools have become more adept at providing accommodations in academic classes to qualified students with documented disabilities. Note-takers, special testing and attendance rules, and access to academic support programs are common features of most law schools' disability law protocols. But, how best can we help prepare these students for the demands of practice?Until now, law faculty have lacked guidance on this important topic. This article seeks to fill that gap by studying how law school clinics and accommodations officers can assist students as they begin practice. First we explore the limits of protections afforded by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), after acknowledging that its employment provisions apply to clinics. We then review two case studies built on our clinical experience in an effort to develop best practices for law faculty and administration in helping these students overcome the accommodations gap between classroom and practice.


The use of seat belts has made a significant contribution to the reduction of road traffic casualties, and the risk inherent with not wearing seat belts in all seats of a vehicle is now well-known worldwide. The use of seat belts has a major role in reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in all types of motor-vehicles crashes.The aim of this study is to understand the reasons behind the variation in seat belt use over the past two decades in Lebanon. It analyzes the situation and suggests recommendations to improve seat belt use in Lebanon.Nine observational studies had been conducted in Lebanon during the last two decades between 1997 and 2017, and one qualitative study was performed in 2017.The results show a significant variation in the use of the seat belt. When enforcement efforts are in progress, seat belt use increases. While when there are no checkpoints and the enforcement of seat belt use is almost absent, a significant fall was noticed.The results of this study proved the failure of the Lebanese government in saving hundreds of lives just by a simple measure of enforcing seat belt law. Although experiences from various countries prove that such laws usually have a long-lasting effect on seat belt use, Lebanon failed to pursue the successful implementation of this law due to security and political problems.During the past two decades, Lebanon witnessed continuous fluctuations in seat belt use. Outside few short enforcement campaigns, our observations showed lack in seat belt use. Our observations of seat belt use among drivers and front seat passengers showed a significant correlation between seat belt use and the enforcement of seat belt law.The greatest national benefits from seat belt use are obtained when wearing rates are very high. This can be achieved only through a sustained enforcement campaign alongside other seat belt wearing interventions such as publicity and education.