Network security is a weak link in wired and wireless network systems. Malicious attacks have caused tremendous loss by impairing the functionalities of the computer networks. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed DoS (DDoS) attacks are two of the most harmful threats to the network functionality. Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are even more vulnerable to such attacks. Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is an outstanding wireless routing protocol. However, AODV has significant security vulnerabilities.
Most current proposed security strategies for AODV or other MANET routing protocols require modifications of the protocols, or of the topology, or even both. Fixing the protocol flaws is obvious and straightforward. But it is impractical and infeasible for an operational commercial MANET. To circumscribe the attack traffic by deploying a large amount of the edge ingress control nodes or clustering the networks is effective. But it is costly and also requires protocol modification in some circumstances.
The dissertation presents the security solution for AODV and AODV-like networks from a novel perspective. The proposed defense system is based on proxy-based overlay architecture. The proxy guard nodes control the service-related traffic, filter the malicious packets and reinforce the legitimate ones. It assumes a strong restriction on any secure modification on the objective MANET infrastructure. The proposed solution assures a minimum impact on the objective system infrastructure or the network communication interface to make it easy to implement and update, while providing an acceptable secure protection against DDoS attacks, such as Router Requirement (RREQ) flooding, data flooding and black-hole.


The alcohols-to-olefins (ATO) catalytic process, a technology based on oil-alternative feedstocks, has gained increasing attention due to the current high price of crude oil as well as the growing environmental concerns. Intensive academic and industrial research, mainly performed under ex-situ conditions with bulk characterization techniques as well as advanced theoretical calculations, have yielded important insights into the ATO reaction mechanism, which follows the so-called "hydrocarbon pool (HCP) mechanism". This mechanism involves the subsequent addition of e.g. methanol onto an organic scaffold, from which olefins, such as propylene and ethylene, are formed and subsequently released. However, the nature of the HCP species under realistic reaction conditions and the catalytic chemistry are still under debate. The scope of this PhD thesis is to obtain new physicochemical insights into ATO catalytic processes over two industrially important solid acids, namely SAPO-34 and SSZ-13. Both molecular sieves possess the chabazite (CHA) framework structure, but differ in their chemical composition and hence their acid function. For this purpose, a combination of in-situ bulk and micro-spectroscopic techniques has been employed, which provides complementary information on the nature, formation mechanism, kinetic behavior and spatial distribution of HCP species during the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) and ethanol-to-olefins (ETO) catalytic processes. There are two similar types of HCP species observed during the course of both MTO and ETO. The first one is ascribed to poly-alkylated benzene (PAB) carbocations, the most active HCP species. The other one is the family of poly-aromatics (PA), the deactivating species. It was found that methylation reactions are responsible for both PAB and PA formations in the case of MTO, while for ETO olefin condensations are dominant. In addition, the HCP species, formed during the MTO reaction, possess more alkyl groups as compared to the ones generated during the ETO. The HCP species are mainly located at the outer rim of the CHA crystal in the case of MTO. This distribution will eventually block the reactant and product molecules to diffuse inwards and outwards. For ETO the distribution of HCP species occurs throughout the whole crystal at low temperatures; while at high temperatures only the outer part is working and the coke formation is concentrated in a layer in the inner parts of the crystal. Furthermore, in the case of MTO acid strength controls the rate of the methylation reaction, which is the major path for the formation of PAB and PA species. The acid site density affects the MTO process in terms of amount and distribution of HCP species. In contrast, condensation of olefins, the main path for the formation of both PAB and PA species during ETO, is not controlled by the acid strength; a higher acid site density results in a faster formation and produces a higher amount of PAB and PA species. Moreover, it was found that during MTO reactions over SAPO-34 the induction period and the lifetime of PAB carbocations gets shorter with increasing crystal size. Additionally, a larger amount of PA species is obtained with small-sized SAPO-34 crystals.


This research seeks to contribute to a more equitable higher education experience in Australia through developing understandings about quality in Indigenous teacher education. This investigation is based on the learning journeys shared by three graduate teachers from Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education in the Northern Territory of Australia. The teacher education programs in which the graduates studied have been closely examined in terms of curriculum, as well as enrolments and progressions. The descriptive analysis of this information has told one story about teacher education at Batchelor Institute. This story is one of a strong curriculum, a changing cohort, and significant attrition rates. The stories told by the three graduates give detailed reflections on their learning journeys. Their stories are a reflection on a positive learning experience that strengthened their identities as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and gave them a rich professional qualification. Their stories were told through video, and a collaborative approach to research using video was developed through their work. To be able to understand these stories of teacher education at Batchelor Institute, the literature was critically reviewed with regard to equity and quality in Indigenous teacher education. This review was undertaken through the use of critical hermeneutics. Through the analysis of the differing stories about teacher education, and with regard to the literature, this study has found that quality in Indigenous teacher education is found in a program that explicitly includes the aim of self-determination, has Indigenous knowledges embedded in the curriculum, and uses relationship-based learning within its delivery.


Trying to develop a fast algorithm that finds all the edges of a convex hull produced three different ideas. The analysis of these resulted in geometric and theoretical findings. One of the contributions of this paper is to describe the three algorithms. The dissemination of the geometric insights and the theory developed is also a contribution. Since one of the objectives is execution speed, the paper presents the results of a computational analysis. The article reports on the algorithms' theoretical complexity and computational performance. This includes a comparison among themselves and against the best available algorithm for the same problem. Two of the new algorithms are efficient, especially in the case of large scale problems. The paper also explains that these algorithms can be accelerated by means of well-known speed-up techniques. Implementing an output sensitive algorithm by Dula and Lopez (2006) into one of the new algorithms produced the fastest approach.


We model a Basel III compliant commercial bank that operates in a financial market consisting of a treasury security, a marketable security, and a loan and we regard the interest rate in the market as being stochastic. We find the investment strategy that maximizes an expected utility of the bank's asset portfolio at a future date. This entails obtaining formulas for the optimal amounts of bank capital invested in different assets. Based on the optimal investment strategy, we derive a model for the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), which the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) introduced as a measure against banks' susceptibility to failure. Furthermore, we consider the optimal investment strategy subject to a constant CAR at the minimum prescribed level. We derive a formula for the bank's asset portfolio at constant (minimum) CAR value and present numerical simulations on different scenarios. Under the optimal investment strategy, the CAR is above the minimum prescribed level. The value of the asset portfolio is improved if the CAR is at its (constant) minimum value.


The dynamic response of both glue-laminated timber (glulam) girder bridges and stress-laminated (stress-lam) deck bridges was determined from field test results using heavily loaded trucks. Deflections were measured for various vehicle speeds and transverse positions at the bridge midspan and were recorded using a high speed data acquisition system. A dynamic amplification factor (DAF) was computed from these data. These field tests are part of a larger research study that will also include analytical research. Only some of the experimental data are described in this paper. The overall objective of the larger study is to determine the dynamic behavior of timber bridges so that reliable design specifications can be developed.


Breast augmentation using silicone implant is a common and popular aesthetic procedure with a high safety profile. Infection of silicone breast implants is a rare clinical entity, with skin commensal organisms often implicated as causative pathogen. Surgical treatment often involves removal of the implant with salvage procedures limited to selected cases. This case highlights a delayed presentation of an infected silicone breast implant presenting as a chest wall abscess 15 years after initial surgery.


The synthesis of a new symmetrical A–D–π–A–D–π–A non-fullerene small molecule acceptor MPU3 is reported. MPU3 consists of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) central acceptor core coupled to terminal dicyanorhodanine acceptors via a thiophene donor and an ethynyl linker. The optical and electrochemical properties of this compound were investigated. MPU3 showed strong absorption in the 600–850 nm range with an optical bandgap of 1.52 eV and the material was used as an acceptor for the fabrication of solution-processed bulk heterojunction organic solar cells using an A–D–π–A–D–π–A small molecule donor (SMD) consisting of a 5,10-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]indole (DINI) central donor core and benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptor units. This donor has a complementary absorption profile to MPU3. The organic solar cell based on an optimized an SMD:MPU3 active layer afforded overall power conversion efficiencies as high as 9.05%, which is higher than that obtained with an organic solar cell using PC71BM as the acceptor (5.80%) fabricated under identical conditions. Interestingly, the energy loss in the organic solar cell based on SMD:MPU3 is very low, 0.54 eV, when compared to its SMD:PC71BM counterpart (1.02 eV). Low energy loss is an essential feature to achieve high PCE values in organic solar cells.


This study investigated the decision-making process of three instructional groups (i.e., teacher-centered, student-centered with tactical questioning and student-centered without tactical questioning) in practical courses in volleyball among university students. All students (N = 122) performed a Tactical Awareness task on the correctness of the decision-making process at three testing phases (i.e., pretest, posttest and retention test). The results revealed that the tactical awareness of all students ameliorated after five lessons (posttest) and this effect persisted over time after six weeks (retention test). However, the tactical knowledge of the student-centered instructional group with tactical questioning improved significantly more than the two other instructional groups. These findings highlight the importance of a student-centered approach with an active involvement of students in evaluative skills to enhance the tactical decision-making process.


This report reviews the effectiveness of light separation as an alternative to more permanent infrastructure to protect cycle lanes. With more cyclists on the roads than ever, it is important to consider infrastructure options that safeguard cyclists and other road users whilst being cost effective and easily adaptable to cities that are constantly changing.


Coal-fired power plants are the largest source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere, with more than 9.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emitted annually. In order to mitigate the emissions of CO2 from coal-fired plants, several measures were proposed, such as increasing the efficiency of the plants, cofiring biomass with coal, and capturing and storing CO2 deep underground. Among these measures, the use of biomass, which is considered one of the most cost-effective renewables and, in addition, carbon neutral, combined with CO2 capture and storage will play an important role toward reducing the fossil-based CO2 emissions. In this study, we investigated in detail the performances of pulverized coal combustion plants with direct cofiring of biomass and integrated with an amine-based postcombustion capture technology. All the systems were modeled and simulated using the process simulation software Aspen Plus. The results indicate that cofiring 10% of biomass in a coal-based power plant only slightly affects the energy performance of the plant, reducing the net efficiency by 0.3% points. The addition of an amine capture system to both the coal-fired and biomass cofiring plants further reduces the efficiency of the plants by more than 10% points. Analyzing the effect of various CO2 capture process parameters on the heat, solvent and cooling water requirements, and on the overall plant performance, it was found that the concentration of amine in the solution is the most important parameter. The results showed that the net electrical efficiency increases for systems using higher amine concentrations. Further, we investigated the effect of systems with lower heat requirement for solvent regeneration on the plant gross/net power output and also analyzed the plant performances under a flexible CO2 capture efficiency.


The spectral quality of solar radiance affects plant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to assess the spectral quality of deciduous shade, coniferous shade, building shade, and full sun in a natural environment common to turfgrass growth throughout a day and throughout a growing season. A spectroradiometer was used to acquire solar spectra in these four environments. Acquisitions were made on an hourly basis from 0730 to 1930 h, biweekly, from vernal equinox to autumnal equinox at The Ohio Turfgrass Foundation Research and Educational Center and from 10 April to 1 July 1997 at The Ohio State University campus. Data were tested for variation in spectral quality between morning hours and afternoon hours in full sun and among full sun and deciduous, coniferous, and building shade. Results indicated that changes in spectral quality occurred between morning and afternoon periods in full sun, but total (red + blue) photosynthetically active irradiance was not affected. Measurements indicated that a deciduous tree and a conifer tree filtered significantly more high activity (red + blue) quanta than a building. Blue irradiance relative to total irradiance increased and red irradiance decreased with increasing shade density. Significant differences were detected between full sun, tree shade, and building shade for blue photoreceptor potential (blue photon flux/far-red photon flux) and phytochrome potential (red photon flux/far-red photon flux). Results indicated that relationships among blue, red, and far-red irradiance that influence many plant responses were affected by both shade source and shade density.


Earlier work in this laboratory showed that the biological activity of vitamin A extracts from some marine Crustacea was lower than that indicated by the Carr–Price test. It was suggested that this discrepancy might have been due to the presence of cis-isomers of vitamin A, which give the same quantitative colour reaction in the Carr–Price test but are biologically less active than all-trans vitamin A. In this paper, the isomer composition of the vitamin A of two euphausiid Crustacea, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars) and Thysanoessa raschii (M. Sars), and of three decapod Crustacea, Pandalus bonnieri Caullery, P. borealis Kroyer and P. montagui Leach, is reported. The percentages of 'fast' (all-trans and 9-cis vitamin A) and 'slow' (13-cis, 9:13-di-cis, neo-b and neo-c vitamin A) reacting isomers were calculated from the rate of combination of vitamin A preparations from these species with maleic anhydride in benzene solution. Hindered cis-isomers were detected by their rapid isomerization with iodine, which results in an increase of the wavelength of the ultra-violet absorption maximum and a large increase in extinction, and by a high value for the ratio (maximum extinction in the Carr-Price test)/ (maximum extinction in the ultra-violet). The retinenes of these vitamin A isomers were allowed to react with opsin in the dark and the neo-b retinene present was measured by the formation of rhodopsin. In all five species studied, the hindered cis-isomer, neo-b vitamin A, was the most abundant form and constituted 53 to 90 % of the total vitamin A. Another hindered cis-isomer, neo-c vitamin A, not so far reported from natural sources, was isolated from extracts of M. norvegica and T. raschii by fractional chromatography. It constituted about 5% of their total vitamin A. The remainder of the vitamin A was mostly in the all-trans form. The calculated biological activities of these mixtures of isomers agreed well with the results of biological assays with rats. As the vitamin A is located in the eyes of these Crustacea, it is possible that it has a visual function. The significance of these findings in relation to the vitamin A food chain in the sea is discussed, and it seems probable that the predators of the Crustacea are able to convert neo-b vitamin A into the all -trans form.


Surfieial layers of estuarial fine, cohesive sediment beds are deposited from flow and often are in a state of partial consolidation. A series of laboratory investigations were carried out to elucidate the erosional behavior of deposited cohesive sediment beds in flumes using kaolinite. A significant feature of such beds is that they are stratified with respect to the density and the cohesive shear stength. Under a given bed shear stress, erosion occurs at a continuously decreasing rate up to a depth at which the bed shear stress equals the shear strength. This bed shear stress is therefore also equal to the critical shear stress for erosion at that depth. An expression for the rate of erosion relating this rate to the difference between the bed shear stress and the critical shear stress has been obtained. The critical shear stress increases both with depth and with the bed consolidation time. The rate of erosion decreases with increasing consolidation time.


Taking as its starting point the "original" variant of Alan Turing's famous "imitation game" (in which a test subject attempts to differentiate, based purely on textual output, between a man and a woman), this article considers the ways in which gender and sexuality are simulated in the contemporary genre of virtual romance or dating video games. The article focuses on three Sinitic games, each of which strategically queers this predominantly heteronormative genre. In queering desire, moreover, these Sinitic games simultaneously suggest ways in which Chinese society itself may also be strategically queered.


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 This paper is one of a series that further develops the System of Systems Processes Theory (SoSPT) which is an attempt at unification of the results of a wide range of systems theories and natural science experiments to enable development of a true "science" of systems. The central purpose of the SoSPT is to achieve a very detailed description of "how systems work." In this paper we explain our work of identifying fundamental systems processes found in some form in many systems. We explain why we focus on isomorphic processes as a practical and useful framework for unifying diverse systems theories at the necessary abstraction level for a general theory. We begin with a definition of "process" in general and distinguish this from a "systems-level" process. We present arguments and evidence that support the position that systems-level processes are fundamental to the origin and maintenance of systems of all kinds and thus important for synthesizing the very fragmented systems literature. We argue that the natural science literature (e.g. astronomy, physics, chemistry, geology, biology, mathematics, computer science) constitutes studies of real, successful systems by the scientific method and so also are a key source that must be integrated with the synthesized systems literature to achieve a unified "science" of systems. Earlier versions of SoSPT presented ~110 systems processes. Here we introduce some of arguments used to determine if a candidate system process remained on the list or not to reduce the list to a more manageable 55 candidate systems processes. As examples of this procedure, we cover sixteen specific, individual, surviving candidate systems processes to illustrate the arguments used to decide whether or not to include each on the list. This is a work in progress and the list will continue to change as the concept of system processes is further examined and understood and new SPs are discovered and elucidated. It is important to note that this is a recursive process because puzzling over the candidate systems-level processes will discipline our definitions and criteria for recognizing new and judging current candidate systems processes. The paper concludes with insights gained from this effort and with a projection of work yet to be completed for a true "science" of systems to emerge.


Treating algebraic symbols as objects (eg. "'a' means 'apple'") is a means of introducing elementary simplification of algebra, but causes problems further on. This current school-based research included an examination of texts still in use in the mathematics department, and interviews with mathematics teachers, year 7 pupils and then year 10 pupils asking them how they would explain, "3a + 2a = 5a" to year 7 pupils. Results included the notion that the 'algebra as object' analogy can be found in textbooks in current usage, including those recently published. Teachers knew that they were not 'supposed' to use the analogy but not always clear why, nevertheless stating methods of teaching consistent with an'algebra as object' approach. Year 7 pupils did not explicitly refer to 'algebra as object', although some of their responses could be so interpreted. In the main, year 10 pupils used 'algebra as object' to explain simplification of algebra, with some complicated attempts to get round the limitations. Further research would look to establish whether the appearance of 'algebra as object' in pupils' thinking between year 7 and 10 is consistent and, if so, where it arises. Implications also are for on-going teacher training with alternatives to introducing such simplification.


Chemotherapy is one of the most important therapeutic options used to treat human cancers, either alone or in combination with radiation therapy and surgery. Recent studies have indicated that intra-tumoural heterogeneity has a significant role in driving resistance to chemotherapy in many human malignancies. Multiple factors including the internal cell-cycle dynamics and the external microenvironement contribute to the intra-tumoural heterogeneity. In this paper we present a hybrid, multiscale, individual-based mathematical model, incorporating internal cell-cycle dynamics and changes in oxygen concentration, to study the effects of delivery of several different chemotherapeutic drugs on the heterogeneous subpopulations of cancer cells with varying cell-cycle dynamics. The computational simulation results from the multiscale model are in good agreement with available experimental data and support the hypothesis that slow-cycling sub-populations of tumour cells within a growing tumour mass can induce drug resistance to chemotherapy and thus the use of conventional chemotherapy may actually result in the emergence of dominant, therapy-resistant, slow-cycling subpopulations of tumour cells. Our results indicate that the appearance of this chemotherapeutic resistance is mainly due to the inability of the administered drug to target all cancer cells irrespective of the stage in the cell-cycle they are in i.e. most chemotherapeutic drugs target cells in a particular phase/phases of the cell-cycle, and hence always spare some cancer cells that are not in the targeted cell-cycle phase/phases. The results also suggest that this cell-cycle-mediated drug resistance may be overcome by using multiple doses of cell-cycle, phase-specific chemotherapy that targets cells in all phases and its appropriate sequencing and scheduling.


Context. White dwarf masses in cataclysmic variables are difficult to determine accurately, but are fundamental for understanding binary system parameters, as well as binary evolution. Aims. We investigate the X-ray spectral properties of a sample of Intermediate Polars (IP) detected above 15 keV to derive the masses of their accreting white dwarfs. Methods. We use data from the Swift/BAT instrument which during the first 2.5 yrs of operation has detected 22 known intermediate polars. The X-ray spectra of these sources are used to estimate the mass of the white dwarfs. Results. We are able to produce a mass estimate for 22 out of 29 of the confirmed intermediate polars. Comparison with previous mass measurements shows good agreement. For GK Per, we were able to detect spectral changes due to the changes in the accretion rate. Conclusions. The Swift/BAT detector with its combination of sensitivity and all-sky coverage provides an ideal tool to determine accurate white dwarf masses in intermediate polars. This method should be applied to other magnetic white dwarf binaries.


Current UK energy use policies, which primarily aim to reduce carbon emissions, provide abatement incentives that vary by user and fuel, creating inefficiency. Distributional concerns are often given as a justification for the lower carbon price faced by households, but there is little rationale for carbon prices associated with the use of gas to be lower than those for electricity. We consider reforms that raise carbon prices faced by households and reduce the variation in carbon prices across gas and electricity use, improving the efficiency of emissions reduction. We show that the revenue raised from these reforms can be recycled in a way that ameliorates some of the distributional concerns. Whilst such recycling is not able to protect all poorer households, existing policy also makes distributional trade-offs, but does so in an opaque and inefficient way.


Parental disciplining of their misbehaving children continues to draw much research attention. Baumrind's typology of parenting styles has been frequently used to classify Chinese parenting as more authoritarian. Although influential, research tends predominantly to focus on abstract characterization. Yet, parenting is a practice informed by specific cultural ethnotheories and enacted in response to their children's behavior in specific contexts. Our study attempted to explore this type of disciplining in situ. We interviewed 89 mothers from Taiwan (45) and Hong Kong (44) with children from near the end of infancy to beginning-school age. Mothers were asked to share their disciplinary strategies for handling four hypothetical yet common situations in which children misbehaved. These situations varied in setting, social distance among participants, possible consequences, nature of rules involved, and degree of conflict. We found five strategy types. Moreover, mothers prioritized them differently for different situations. Finally, we identified four ways of using strategies: single, contingent, simultaneous, or ratcheting-up. Depending on their strategies in a given situation, these uses also varied. We were compelled to conclude that Chinese parenting is more multi-faceted than has been typically portrayed in research. Implications for future research on parenting across cultures are discussed.


The dependence of the far-field coherence and radiant intensity of light scattered from a liquid crystal on the correlation length for the fluctuations of molecules in the crystal are analyzed theoretically. The results are useful for understanding data obtained in scattering experiments that study the hydrodynamic properties of liquid crystals excited into internal flow by a dc electric field or by application of sound vibrations. It is found that if the molecular correlation length is small relative to the dimensions of the illuminated volume, the scattered field behaves according to the van Cittert–Zernike theorem, and the motion of the molecules is better studied by measurement of the radiant intensity. If instead the molecular correlation length is much longer than the dimensions of the illuminated volume, the van Cittert–Zernike theorem does not apply, and the spatial correlation properties of the motion of the molecules can be studied by measurement of the far-field coherence.


Thirteen elements and eleven rare-earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, Tm, Yb, and Lu), as well as thorium and uranium, were determined in river sediment samples from the Tigre River, Venezuela, by instrumental neutron activation analysis employing a low-energy photon detector. The analyses were performed on the <63-μm grain size fraction by the following scheme: one irradiation for only 5 h in IVIC's RV-1 nuclear reactor followed by three counting periods, approximately one, three, and seven weeks after the irradiation. This scheme was employed with the purpose of being able to routinely analyze many samples rather than to optimize thirteen different element determinations.


In this thesis, I report state-resolved measurements of the chemisorption probability of CH4 on Pt(111) and Pt(110)-(1×2) for several rovibrationally excited states (2ν3, ν1+ν4, and 2ν2+ν4) in addition to the ground state. Measurements of the state resolved reactivity as function of the incident translational energy lead to state-resolved reactivity curves for each of the states under study. The relative efficacy of activating the dissociation reaction is obtained for each excited state by comparing the increase in reactivity observed upon excitation of a particular state to the effect of increasing the translational energy of CH4 in the ground state. The results provide clear evidence for mode specific reactivity with the highest efficacy for the stretch-bend combination (ν1+ν4), followed by the stretch overtone (2ν3) and the bend overtone state (2ν2+ν4). The results demonstrate that vibrational activation of CH4/Pt chemisorption process does not simply scale with the total internal energy of the incident CH4 molecule, which is a central assumption of the PC-MURT statistical model for dissociative chemisorption reactions developed by the group of Harrison [Ukraintsev et al., Chem. Phys., 1994. 101(2): p. 1564]. On the contrary, the qualitative predictions of the vibrationally adiabatic model proposed by Halonen et al. [J. Chem. Phys., 2001. 115(12): p. 5611] are in good agreement with our results. The higher efficacy of the ν1+ν4 state can also be rationalized by observing that, at the transition state, the breaking C-H bond is both stretched and bent from its equilibrium geometry, therefore I suggest that this state might have a significant projection on the reaction coordinate [Psofogiannakis et al., J. Phys. Chem. B, 2006. 110 : p. 24593 ; Anghel et al., Phys. Rev. B, 2005. 71 : p. 4]. Comparison between the state-resolved reactivity for CH4(2ν3) on Pt(111) and Ni(111) is used to obtain information about differences in barrier height and transition state location for the dissociation on the two different metals [Bisson et al., J. Phys. Chem., 2007. 111: p. 12679]. Finally, for the more corrugated Pt(110)-(1×2) surface, I determined the state-resolved sticking coefficients for different polar and azimuthal angles of incidence. Comparison between the reaction probability for incidence parallel and perpendicular to the missing rows of this surface shows shadowing effects that are consistent with predominant reactivity of the top layer Pt atoms.


This thesis presents a kinematical study of the molecular gas and dust in the
nearby radio galaxy Centaurus A (NGC 5128) and the nearby starburst M82. The CO (2-1) emission along the inner dust lane of Centaurus A, observed
with the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory on Mauna Kea, shows the molecular
gas to be in a thin disk, with a velocity dispersion of only about 10 km s^(-1) . The
observed line profiles are broadened considerably due to beam smearing of the
gas velocity field. The profile shapes are inconsistent with planar circular and
noncircular motion. However, a warped disk in a prolate potential provides a
good fit to the profile shapes. The morphology and kinematics of the molecular
gas is similar to that of the ionized material, seen in Ha. The best fitting warped
disk model not only matches the optical appearance of the dustlane, but also
agrees with the large scale map of the CO emission, and is consistent with HI
measurements at larger radii. We present infrared images of Cen A (NGC5128) in the J,H, and K bands
observed with the 1.5 m telescope at CTIO. The infrared morphology is primarily
determined by the presence of a thin absorptive warped disk. By integrating the
light of the underlying prolate galaxy through such a disk, we construct models
which we compare with infrared and X-ray data. The geometry of the warped disk
needed to fit the IR data is consistent with a warped disk which has evolved as a
result of differential precession in a prolate potential. The disk has an inclination,
with respect to the principal axis of the underlying elliptical galaxy, that is higher
at large radii than in the inner region. A scenario is proposed where a small gas rich galaxy infalling under the force
of dynamical friction is tidally stripped. Stripping occurs at different times during
its infall. The orientation of the resulting gas disk depends upon the angular
momentum of the infalling galaxy. We find that the resulting precession angle of
the disk is well described by the precession model, but that the inclination angle
may vary as a function of radius. We propose an orbit for the infalling galaxy
that is consistent with the geometry of the warped disk needed to fit our infrared
data, rotation observed in the outer part of the galaxy and the location of the
stellar shells in the same region. We model the kinematics of the molecular gas in the nearly edge-on disk
m M82, by considering velocity and surface density perturbations caused by a
possible rotating kpc long bar. A model with a bar that has an Inner Linblad
Resonance at r ~ 10" ~ 150 pc fits the molecular observations of the inner torus.
This model is consistent with the angle of the bar inferred from the K (2.2µm)
isophotes. The clouds have a cloud-cloud velocity dispersion of ~ 30 km s^(-1) implying
that the disk is unstable to short timescale axisymmetric perturbations.
This is consistent with the hypothesis that the high star formation efficiencies in
starbursts are due to the the short timescales of gravitational instability. It is
likely that the bar has mediated the starburst. There are serious deviations from our model at large radii. It is likely that
there are two components of molecular material which were not considered by our
model: (i) a component at large radii that is in the galactic plane and has low
line-of-sight velocities due to a larger scale bar or due to the fact that there is
a lack of molecular gas over a large range of radius (perhaps due to a previous
interaction which caused a large fraction of the gas to sink into the nucleus),
and (ii) a molecular wind with velocities of the order of the observed line widths
(80 - 120 km s^(-1)). While dense gas can be accelerated in a galactic superwind to
velocities of this order of magnitude, it is unclear how this gas interacts with the
superwind.


The quantum Cramer-Rao bound places a limit on the mean square error of a parameter estimation procedure, and its numerical value is determined by the quantum Fisher information. For single parameters, this leads to the well- known Heisenberg limit that surpasses the classical shot-noise limit. When estimating multiple parameters, the situation is more complicated and the quantum Cramer-Rao bound is generally not attainable. In such cases, the use of entanglement typically still offers an enhancement in precision. Here, we demonstrate that entanglement is detrimental when estimating some nuisance parameters. In general, we find that the estimation of coupled parameters does not benefit from either classical or quantum correlations. We illustrate this effect in a practical application for optical gyroscopes.


Are psychometric tests valid for a new reality of artificial intelligence systems, technology-enhanced humans, and hybrids yet to come? Are the Turing Test, the ubiquitous CAPTCHAs, and the various animal cognition tests the best alternatives? In this fascinating and provocative book, Jose Hernandez-Orallo formulates major scientific questions, integrates the most significant research developments, and offers a vision of the universal evaluation of cognition. By replacing the dominant anthropocentric stance with a universal perspective where living organisms are considered as a special case, long-standing questions in the evaluation of behavior can be addressed in a wider landscape. Can we derive task difficulty intrinsically? Is a universal g factor - a common general component for all abilities - theoretically possible? Using algorithmic information theory as a foundation, the book elaborates on the evaluation of perceptual, developmental, social, verbal and collective features and critically analyzes what the future of intelligence might look like.


A multisensor platform on plastic foil for environmental monitoring has been produced and its gas sensing performance, investigated. It is an array of conductometric metal-oxide (MOX) and capacitive polymer gas sensors integrated with a resistive platinum thermometer on a polyimide sheet substrate. The feasibility of simultaneous measurement of oxidizing and reducing gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity and temperature has been demonstrated. MOX signals comparable with those of the devices realized on ceramic substrates have been obtained. Due to its structure, the platform is very versatile and, by using different sensor configurations and sensing materials, it allows the detection of a broad spectrum of gaseous analytes over wide concentration ranges. From the raw signals, temperature and humidity-corrected gas responses have been inferred which have been used for the calibration of the platform sensors. All the integrated devices were stable and gave reproducible signals for more than two months of operation, even when the MOXs ran continuously at 300 • C. The performed investigation proved the device concept viability and the reliability of its practical implementation.


The strong and widely-accepted reasons for using gender-neutral language presumptively apply to the gendered word paternalism and its gender-neutral counterpart, parentalism. So this article's thesis is that legal scholars should begin with a presumption for using the gender-neutral word parentalism, while using paternalism only when emphasizing the important relevance of gender or otherwise trying to convey a gendered meaning. Accordingly, many legal scholars define paternalism in an expressly gendered way — such as "the institutionalization of male dominance," or an "ideology [that] teaches men to minimize women's agency" — or fittingly use paternalism to describe an attitude especially characteristic of men or directed primarily toward women. All these many uses of the gendered word paternalism are supported by the writers' apparent intent to emphasize the important relevance of gender to the writers' points.

On the other hand, and despite the spread of gender-neutral language throughout our society and legal profession, many legal scholars continue to use the gendered word paternalism without indicating any important relevance of gender or otherwise manifesting intent to convey a gendered meaning. These many writers use paternalism rather than parentalism to describe laws or policies aiming to protect people (of all genders) by restricting their choices. For example, these writers cite "paternalism" as a standard justification for restrictions on contractual choice or other private ordering, including the unconscionability doctrine, usury laws, the minimum wage, and countless regulations limiting the range of enforceable promises by consumers, borrowers, employees, investors, and others.

In each of these contexts, better to use the gender-neutral word parentalism, unless the writer emphasizes the relevance of gender or otherwise manifests an intent to convey a gendered meaning. For example, a writer could justify using the gendered word paternalism by arguing that all our laws are gendered male so gendered language should be used to discuss any law, including using paternalism to describe laws aiming to protect people of all genders by restricting their choices. Or a writer could justify using the gendered word paternalism by arguing (after citing sufficient empirical data) that protect-by-restricting-choice parenting is gendered male, so analogous protect-by-restricting-choice laws and policies are also gendered male. Absent one of those two plausible arguments justifying use of the gendered word paternalism, laws or policies aiming to protect people of all genders by restricting their choices are better described as examples of parentalism.

In short, a presumption for using the gender-neutral word parentalism to describe laws or policies aiming to protect people of all genders by restricting their choices is well-grounded in the strong and widely-accepted reasons for ordinarily using gender-neutral language. And examining legal scholarship's many uses of paternalism and parentalism illuminates our understandings of gender in both law and parenting.


The general aim of this study is to characterize the use of tag questions in Philippine English. Corpus findings reveal a relatively low frequency of tag questions in Philippine English compared with American, British, and Hong Kong Englishes. "Isn't it?" records the highest frequency of occurrence in ICE-PHI. On polarity types, Philippine English also seems to follow American and British Englishes in their preferences, with the positive-negative polarity the most prevalent in the three Englishes. Tag questions in Philippine English are used mainly to emphasize what the speaker says without expecting any involvement or and to confirm the speaker's knowledge about information. Lastly, in Philippine English, positive-negative tag questions are usually attitudinal tag questions but may sometimes also be peremptory tag questions while confirmatory tag questions usually take the form of positive-positive, positive-negative, and negative-positive tag questions.


There are five fundamental parameters that characterize any sign language gesture. They are hand shape, orientation, motion and location, and facial expressions. The SASL group at the University of the Western Cape has created systems to recognize each of these parameters in an input video stream. Most of these systems make use of the Support Vector Machine technique for the classification of data due to its high accuracy. It is, however, unknown how other machine learning techniques compare to Support Vector Machines in the recognition of each of these parameters. This research lays the foundation for the process of determining optimum machine learning techniques for each parameter by comparing Support Vector Machines to Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forests in the context of South African Sign Language hand shape recognition. Li, a previous researcher at the SASL group, created a stateof-the-art hand shape recognition system that uses Support Vector Machines to classify hand shapes. This research re-implements Li's feature extraction procedure but investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks and Random Forests in the place of Support Vector Machines as a comparison. The machine learning techniques are optimized and trained to recognize ten SASL hand shapes and compared in terms of classification accuracy, training time, optimization time and classification time.


We determined the effect of region and gender on the physical (pH45min, temperature45min, pH24h, temperature24h, L*-value, a*-value, b*-value, hue-angle, chroma, drip loss, cooking loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force value) and sensory properties (aroma, flavour, initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, first bite and residue) of M. longissimus dorsi from blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi). Meat from a total of 65 blesbok (males and females) from four regions (Maria Moroka, Gariep, Qua-Qua and Rustfontein in the Free State Province, South Africa) were evaluated. No gender effects were found in any of the physical characteristics. However, region influenced (P < 0.05) pH45min (mean: 6.17), pH24h (mean: 5.49), temperature24h (mean: 7.39°C), a*-values (mean: 12.90), chroma (mean: 15.73) and cooking loss (mean: 34.63%). Both region and gender had a significant effect on first bite and residue, whereas sustained juiciness was only influenced (P < 0.05) by region. Blesbok presented a meat that would be accepted by the consumer as indicated by values at the upper part of the sensory scale.


Named Data Networking (NDN), an information-centric Internet architecture, contains a new architectural component named the strategy layer. This component introduces a new forwarding model, in which a forwarding strategy decides how to forward an Interest packet. In NDN, an application can pair its namespace to use a specific forwarding strategy in the local host, but has no control over the strategies used in remote routers. Despite the central role the forwarding strategy plays, its interaction with applications has not been explored or well understood. In this paper we study and decompose the core mechanisms of a forwarding strategy in NDN. We illustrate how the correctness of some NDN applications can be affected by the coupling between the application design and the strategy decision to retransmit an unsatisfied Interest. This coupling creates challenges for application developers, who must implement their fixed application logic on a variable forwarding mechanism, and can lead to failure of application correctness and performance. We propose a new retransmission abstraction that decouples this strategy mechanism from the application design, and differentiates application Interests from network retransmissions. This allows every application to determine its own retransmission policy. We show that in some use cases the proposed abstraction can maintain continuous traffic flow regardless of the strategy used.


To utilize brain diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in rats with acute alcohol intoxication accompanied by diffuse axonal injury (DAI) under high magnetic field 7.0T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluate the impact of alcohol on DAI. Thirty male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control (N-group), pure DAI (T-group), and acute alcohol intoxication accompanied by DAI (AT-group) groups. Two hours after in vivo modeling, each animal underwent magnetic resonance DKI, followed by decapitation and pathological examination of the brain. Compared with the N-group, the mean kurtosis (MK) values in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus of the T-group and AT-group were significantly elevated (P < 0.01). The fractional anisotropy (FA) values in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and thalamus of the T-group and AT-group were significant reduced (except for the hippocampus of the T-group). However, the mean diffusivity (MD) values of the T-group and AT-group were higher than that of the N-group, but no statistically significant difference was found between the AT-group and N-group. Compared with the T-group, the MK value of the AT-group was significantly elevated (P < 0.01 in the hippocampus and thalamus). Significant differences were also found in the decreased FA value in the hippocampus and in the decreased MD values between the T-group and AT-group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed significant abnormal morphological changes in rats of the AT group. DKI can detect microstructural changes in brain tissues associated with acute alcohol intoxication accompanied by DAI. MK value provides a more comprehensive and detailed assessment of severity of brain injury and is a powerful complement to DTI. Acute alcohol intoxication might worsen pathophysiological changes of brain tissues after DAI.


Our law criminalizes a broad array of sexual, and sex-related, conduct. Among the offences that do this (or did until recently) are rape, sexual assault, coercion, human sex trafficking, female genital mutilation, forced marriage, sexual humiliation, voyeurism, public nudity and public indecency, sexual transmission of disease, selling and buying sexual services (prostitution), pimping and pandering, statutory rape and child molestation, abuse of position of trust, child grooming, creating and possessing child pornography, revenge porn, failure to register as a sex offender, fornication, sodomy, adultery, assault by sadomasochism, adult and child incest, bigamy, polygamy, miscegenation, bestiality, necrophilia, and sale of sex toys. While many of these offences, taken separately, have generated a significant body of analysis, there have been relatively few attempts to look at the category of sexual offences systematically, across the board. In this chapter (from The New Philosophy of Criminal Law, edited by Chad Flanders and Zach Hoskins), I intend to take a first step in considering the sexual offences as a whole by seeking to define the category itself. Specifically, I will address two basic issues:First, given the wide range of conduct that is covered, what exactly is to be gained by looking at the sexual offences as a whole? I will argue, among other things, that many of these offences, whether consensual, nonconsensual, or aconsensual, make use of, or rely on, the same set of basic concepts (including "sexual conduct," "consent," and "autonomy") and ultimately reflect an interlocking set of common legal interests, rights, duties, harms, and wrongs. Looking at how the concepts are used in one context may yield insights about its application in a different, related context. Second, what, if anything, distinguishes the sexual offences from other kinds of criminal offences? I will argue that there is no one set of necessary and sufficient conditions that defines the category and thereby distinguishes sex crimes from other kinds of crime. Rather, we need to look to several overlapping forms of prohibitions: on one or more kinds of socially disfavoured sexual acts; on conduct that is presumed to be preparatory of, or conducive to, future (illicit) sexual acts; and on conduct that, though it does not involve sex as such, nevertheless infringes on some aspect of another's right to sexual autonomy. Part of the challenge here will be to say what it means for conduct to be "sexual" and what distinguishes sexual autonomy from other forms of autonomy.


There are bicycles. And then there are Italian bicycles. As with high fashion or sports cars, when the world speaks of racing bicycles the conversation soon turns to Italy. Seasoned cyclists know that an Italian bicycle is more intimately yours, a more personal possession than a bicycle of other origin. Italian bicycles are built to race with passion, and to win. "Italian Racing Bicycles" traces the rich history of 40 landmark brands intimately connected with racing. Not surprisingly, the brands have deep roots, some tracing their lineage back more than 100 years to the early days of the velocipede. They also share a hunger for advanced technology, pushing engineering to new heights with exotic metal alloys, elaborate weaves of expensive carbon fibre, and aerodynamic studies that help their bikes and riders cheat the wind for greater speed. Beyond these commonalities though, the stories diverge. The restless inquisitiveness of Ernesto Colnago could not be more different from the methodical calm of Ugo De Rosa for example, and yet these two iconic frame builders contributed immeasurably to the racing victories of the great Eddy Merckx. The passion for experimentation of Pinarello, the brazen creativity of Cinelli, the barrier-bursting hour machine of Moser - in search of racing victories, the volcanic inspiration of Italian artisans has repeatedly reshaped the dynamics of cycling. Melding painstaking historical research with personal visits to each artist's workshop, author Guido P. Rubino has unearthed the stories, the methods, the dreams, and the personalities of these cycling firms, large and small, that have contributed so fundamentally to the glory of the sport. This title covers 40 Historic Brands: 3TTT, Alan, Ambrosio, Atala, Bianchi, Bottecchia, Campagnolo, Casati, Cinelli, Colnago, Columbus, Daccordi, Dedacciai, De Rosa, Ganna, Gios, Gipiemme, Guerciotti, Legnano, Masi, Miche, Milani, Modolo, Moser, Olmo, Olympia, Passoni, Pegoretti, Pinarello, Rossin, Scapin, Selle Italia, Selle Royal-Fi'zi:k, Selle San Marco, Somec, Tommasini, Torpado, Universal, Viner, Wilier, and Triestina.


Even the most brilliant of college teachers can absorb only so much writing theory in a twoor three-day writing-in-the-disciplines workshop. The faculty who register for our writing workshops are typically committed to good teaching and believe in the importance of good writing, but they might maintain a polite skepticism about or impatience with current writing theory. Engineers, mathematicians, journalists, even fellow English professors may be less interested in what composition theory suggests than what Dr. Smith down the hall does or what Dr. Black across the table just said. Our challenge, then, is to balance workshop participants' initial desire for practical, clear-cut advice about "good writing" with our professional responsibility to stimulate a critical understanding of any such advice. What is particularly lacking even among seasoned, award-winning faculty in other disciplines is a rhetorical view of writing: an understanding that writing is not one set of generalizable skills and that most criteria for "good writing" are constrained by the occasion, the audience, purpose, and context.


The International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) has periodic tumor board meetings to discuss challenging cases. The case of a pediatric thymoma from the April 2018 meeting is discussed in this article. Radiology imaging and pathology slides are reviewed. Treatment and surveillance recommendations are discussed, as well as lessons learned from group discussion.


Thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity (TRH-IR) was measured in isolated islets and in medium from rat pancreatic islets maintained in organ culture. TRH-IR in methanol extracts of both islets and culture medium was eluted in the same position as synthetic TRH by ion-exchange and gel chromatography and exhibited dilution curves parallel with synthetic TRH in radioimmunoassay. [3H]Histidine was incorporated into a component that reacted with TRH antiserum and had the same retention time as synthetic TRH on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. A continuous release of TRH-IR into the culture medium was observed from islets of both 5-d-old (newborn) and 30-d-old (adult) rats with a maximum on the second day of culture (28.7 +/- 7.0 and 13.3 +/- 3.6 fmol/islet per d, respectively). The content of TRH-IR was higher in freshly isolated islets from newborn rats (22.4 +/- 2.3 fmol/islet) than in adult rat islets, which, however, increased their content from 1.3 +/- 0.5 to 7.0 +/- 0.5 fmol/islet during the first 3 d of culture. Adult rat islets maintained in medium with 20 mM glucose released significantly more TRH-IR than islets in 3.3 mM glucose medium (13.0 +/- 0.7 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.3 fmol/islet per d). In contrast, the content of TRH-IR in the islets was reversed (1.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 4.7 +/- 1.6 fmol/islet). By exposing islets from newborn rats to streptozotocin 0.7 mg/ml for 30 min, a 50% reduction of TRH-IR content in the islets compared with the non-treated islets was seen after subsequent culture for 7 d. The insulin content was reduced by 80%, while glucagon was slightly elevated. In conclusion, these results indicate that TRH is synthesized in rat pancreatic islets, and that the release is stimulated by glucose.


Abstract The sulphur-poor portions of the dry condensed Cu-Fe-Pd-S systemwere studied at 1000°C, 900°C and 725°C by synthesis in evacuated silicate glass tubes, along with textural observations and electron microprobe analyses of equilibrated reaction products. Sulphide melt coexists with Cu-Fe-Pd alloys, bornite, Fe1−xS and iss (intermediate solid solution, Cabri, 1973) and Pd4S. Compositional data were obtained for the associations bornite-alloy-melt, pyrrhotite-alloy-melt and for immiscible Cu-rich sulphide melts. Partition coefficients for all three metals were derived for the association alloy-melt. Formation of the two new Cu-Pd alloy minerals, skaergaardite and nielsenite, is discussed in terms of the present findings.


Though economic relations between India and Korea have been strengthening, the current size of trade and investment between the two countries is relatively low compared to the size and structural complementarities of the two economies. In this context, the present paper analyses trade and investment relations and explores future areas of potential co-operation between India and Korea. We find that the increase in merchandise trade between the two countries has been mainly because of the changing demand structure and comparative advantages of both the economies in complementary sectors in recent years. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis, at both the aggregated and disaggregated levels, shows that while Korea has been specialising in a few, high value-added manufacturing products, Indias exports have been more diversified. The analysis also indicates that both the countries have comparative advantages in different products in the same industry, revealing the opportunity for intra-industry trade (IIT). Moreover, the increasing trade complementarity index (TCI) shows that Indian and Korean trade gradually has become more compatible over time, indicating that any agreement between the two countries is likely to enhance trade flows. The trade intensities between the two countries reveal that Korea is doing much better and there is scope for India to improve its export intensity with Korea. The study also suggests the areas where there is huge scope for increased investment and technological collaboration between the two countries. Further, there is huge potential for trade in services in areas such as information technology, science and technology, pharmaceutical industry, broadcasting, tourism, healthcare and human resource development. Removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers, especially sector specific barriers, will give a major boost to bilateral trade and investment relations.


We test a catering theory describing how stock market mispricing might influence individual firms' investment decisions. We use discretionary accruals as our proxy for mispricing. We find a positive relation between abnormal investment and discretionary accruals; that abnormal investment is more sensitive to discretionary accruals for firms with higher RD that firms with high abnormal investment subsequently have low stock returns; and that the larger the relative price premium, the stronger the abnormal return predictability. We show that patterns in abnormal returns are stronger for firms with higher R&D intensity or share turnover.


The climate in Svalbard is undergoing amplified change compared to the global mean. This has major implications for runoff from glaciers and seasonal snow on land. We use a coupled energy balance − subsurface model, forced with downscaled regional climate model fields, and apply it to both glacier-covered and land areas in Svalbard. This generates a long-term (1957-2018) distributed dataset of climatic mass balance (CMB) :: for ::: the ::::::: glaciers, snow conditions and runoff with a 1×1-km spatial and 3-hourly temporal resolution. Observational data including stake measurements, automatic weather station data 5 and subsurface data across Svalbard are used for model calibration and validation. We find a weakly positive mean ::: net CMB (+0.09 m w.e. a−1) over the simulation period, which only fractionally compensates for mass loss through calving. Pronounced warming and a weak :::: small : precipitation increase lead to a spatial-mean negative ::: net CMB trend (−0.06 m w.e. a−1 decade−1), and an increase in the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) by 17 m decade−1, with largest changes in southern and central Svalbard. The retreating ELA in turn causes firn air volume to decrease by 4% decade−1, which, in combination with winter warming 10 induces a substantial reduction of refreezing in both glacier-covered and land areas (average −4% decade−1). A combination of increased melt and reduced refreezing cause glacier runoff (average 34.3 Gt a−1) to double over the simulation period, while discharge from land (average 10.6 Gt a−1) remains nearly unchanged. As a result, the relative contribution of land runoff to total runoff drops from 30 to 20% during 1957-2018. Seasonal snow on land and in glacier ablation zones is found to arrive later in autumn (+1.4 days decade−1), while no significant changes occurred in the date of snow disappearance in spring/summer. 15 Altogether, the output of the simulation provides an extensive dataset that may be of use in a wide range of applications ranging from runoff modelling to ecosystem studies.


As cancer surgery expanded in the midst of a technological revolution in patient care, this discipline accepted responsibilities not only for the resection of primary tumor but also the surgical management of metastatic disease. Aggressive management strategies to bring about long-term survival to patients with peritoneal surface malignancy have been pioneered by our group (1,2). Successful treatment of abdominal and pelvic malignancies that disseminate to peritoneal surfaces has resulted from extensive experience with appendiceal cancer. Appendiceal cancer became the paradigm for successful treatment of peritoneal metastases (PM) (3,4). This review presents the concepts for and the technique of cytoreduction that prepares the patient for chemotherapy used in the operating room with hyperthermia with acceptable morbidity and mortality.


Ganoderma lingzhi (reishi) (GL) is a widely used medicinal mushroom in the treatment of several diseases, including metabolic syndrome and cancer. We recently performed autodigestion of GL and found enhanced release of hypotensive peptides and immunomodulating beta-1,3-glucan. In the present study, we examined the protective effects of G. lingzhi and its autodigested product (AD-GL) against gut inflammation and endogenous sepsis induced in mice by the oral administration of indomethacin (IND). Gut inflammation was assessed by measuring the lengths of the intestines and colon, and sepsis was evaluated by the survival period. G. lingzhi and AD-GL were mixed with animal feed (2.5%) that was available ad libitum during the experimental period. The murine model was established by the repeated oral administration of IND (once a day, 5 mg/kg from day 0). On day 3, the lengths of the small intestine and colon were measured, and the average lengths of the intestines were significantly shorter in the control and G. lingzhi-administered groups than in the AD-GL-administered group. This finding suggests that AD-GL protected against gut inflammation due to IND-induced ulceration and subsequent microbial translocation. Furthermore, the median numbers of survival days in the control group, the G. lingzhi group, and the AD-GL group were 5, 6, and 11, respectively. The concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin-6, in the blood were significantly reduced in the mice administered AD-GL. In the in vitro cell culture, G. lingzhi and AD-GL fractions released a significantly higher concentration of TNF-α from the spleen, and the splenocytes of mice administered AD-GL hot water extract showed a greater potential to produce cytokines in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These results strongly suggest the protection of the gut mucosa from inflammation, and therefore the prevention of sepsis, by the administration of AD-GL. Autodigestion appears to be a promising protocol that enhances the usefulness of G. lingzhi as a functional food.


With higher education shifting its emphasis from teaching to learning and inputs to outcomes, active learning techniques are gaining prominence. Research has shown that students learn better when they actively engage the course content, rather than passively absorb lecture material. However, many faculty are unsure of how to take advantage of these new techniques to improve the learning outcomes for their students. For one active learning technique, problem-based learning, librarians are well positioned to facilitate its adoption into course curriculum. In order to effect a highquality problem-based learning experience, a true collaboration of efforts needs to take place between the subject faculty and librarian. In such a synergistic system, information skills are integrated directly into course content, while an engaging active learning experience for students is facilitated. This article describes the background and history of problembased learning, explaining why information skills are an integral part of the technique. The authors then detail the experiences of librarians at Purdue University, both in forming collaborations with subject faculty, and in the development of problem-based learning instructional modules.


Technological change in production processes with gendered division of labor across tasks, such as agriculture, can have a differential impact on women's and men's labor. Using exogenous variation in the extent of loamy soil, which is more amenable to deep tillage than clayey soil and therefore more likely to see adoption of tractor driven equipment for primary tilling, we show that mechanization has led to significantly greater decline in women's than men's labor on Indian farms. Reduced demand for labor in weeding, a task that requires precision and is thus more often undertaken by women, explains our findings. The estimates suggest that increased mechanized tilling led to a more than 22% fall in women's agricultural labor in India during 1999-2011. Our results highlight the gendered impact of technological change in contexts where there is sex-specific specialization of labor.


A20 is a cytokine-inducible primary response gene that encodes a protein that inhibits apoptosis. We cloned and characterized a murine A20 cDNA and mapped the gene to mouse chromosome 10, 3.5 centimorgans proximal to the c-myb locus. Using the murine cDNA, we conducted in situ hybridization studies to examine patterns of A20 expression in mouse embryos and postnatal tissues. Both temporally restricted and tissue-specific patterns of A20 expression were observed, with strikingly high levels in lymphoid organs, including the thymus, spleen, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Northern analysis using purified human lymphocyte populations demonstrated that A20 is constitutively expressed in both immature and mature thymocyte subpopulations, as well as in resting peripheral T cells. Activation leads to a down-regulation of A20 expression in both mature thymocytes and peripheral T cells. This pattern of expression and regulation differs markedly from that observed in prior studies with cell lines in which stimulation led to an induction of A20 expression. Additionally, this is the first demonstration of constitutive expression of A20 in primary cells. The data suggest a role for A20 in the function of the lymphoid system.


With nonignorable missing data, likelihood-based inference should be based on the joint distribution of the study variables and their missingness indicators. These joint models cannot be estimated from the data alone, thus requiring the analyst to impose restrictions that make the models uniquely obtainable from the distribution of the observed data. We present an approach for constructing classes of identifiable nonignorable missing data models. The main idea is to use a sequence of carefully set up identifying assumptions, whereby we specify potentially different missingness mechanisms for different blocks of variables. We show that the procedure results in models with the desirable property of being non-parametric saturated.


In the practice turn, the critique of interactionism, along with structuralism, has led to the relative neglect of the analysis of the role and significance of interaction in social practice. This trend continues in theories of media and practice. I argue that Goffman's interactionist accounts of self-presentation, interaction ritual, and frame analysis provide a rich resource for studying the role of interaction in social practices. I reprise Bourdieu's theory of practice, its influence on the study of media and practice, and criticism of this tradition of research. Goffman's interactionist perspective is presented in contrast to Bourdieu's theory of practice. The potential value of such a perspective is illustrated through Goffman's own study of gender advertisements and by media research using the concept of "participation frameworks" to analyze online mediated social interaction. I end with reflections on the potential of an interactionist perspective on media and practice.


The German education system is organised in a federal system, i.e. each of the 16 Federal States is solely responsible for the supply and financing of the university places. Offering a sufficient number of these places is important in achieving the aim of promoting academic education and increasing the participation opportunities in higher education. An elaborate planning and monitoring is hence necessary, that equally considers external factors such as demographic change as well as individual changes such as the propensity to study and the preferred starting point of the studies. While the reasons for the decision in favour of studies are well documented, the reasons for a delayed start of the study were less subject to empirical investigation. Using panel regressions with fixed effects the transition from school to studies can be explained for different time lags. It can be shown that the influences on the transition behaviour are manifold and vary with the kind of the admittance qualification (for university or for university of applied sciences) and the length of the time lag. Fast transitions are mainly supported by a high relative number of above average exams, a high share of people in need of long-term care as well as a high number of granted student loans. Maintaining the school reform G8 with a shortened schooling time, wage raises broadening the financial scope for a year abroad or a voluntary social year as well as an increase in the rate of vocational training tend to delay the start of studies by one year. A growing risk of unemployment especially enhance a later transition by prolonging the entrance in the job market with the related job hunt.


This Article examines the extent to which bank holding companies should bear the costs of bank failure. Current banking law provides a number of ways to impose liability on bank holding companies for bank failure. Those devices, however, have developed haphazardly and sometimes rest on inconsistent theoretical foundations. This Article critiques the regulatory justifications that have been offered for holding company liability and offers an alternative justification for imposing liability on holding companies based on the idea that directors of bank subsidiaries suffer from an especially difficult form of horizontal conflict -- the situation where the board of directors owe several different duties and choose to serve shareholder interests to the exclusion of all others, including their duty to the bank as an entity. The Article resolves the horizontal conflict through application of agency-like principles. The quasi-agency approach would treat subsidiary directors as quasi-agents of the parent company and impose responsibility directly on the holding company for any duties that bank managers owe to parties other than the bank holding company (including the duty to act in the best interest of the bank as an entity). Under the quasi-agency approach, the holding company should be liable only to the extent that the directors of its properly capitalized bank failed to discharge duties to non-parent constituents (including any duty to the bank itself as a separate legal entity). The extent of the liability so incurred should be limited to the harm caused by the failure to discharge the duty.


BACKGROUND
Reduced sensory feedback from lower leg prostheses results in harmful gait patterns and entails a significant cognitive burden because users have to visually monitor their locomotion.

OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to validate a sensory feedback device designed to help elderly patients with transfemoral amputation to improve their temporal gait symmetry after a training program aimed at associating the vibrotactile patterns with symmetrical walking.

DESIGN
This was a prospective quasi-experimental study including 3 elderly patients walking with lower leg prostheses.

METHODS
During training sessions, participants walked on a treadmill equipped with a feedback device that controlled vibrotactile stimulators based on signals from a sensorized insole while provided with visual feedback about temporal gait symmetry. The vibrotactile stimulators delivered short-lasting, low-intensity vibrations synchronously with certain gait-phase transitions. During pretraining and posttraining sessions, participants walked without visual feedback about gait symmetry under 4 conditions: with or without vibrotactile feedback while performing or not performing a secondary cognitive task. The primary outcome measure was temporal gait symmetry.

RESULTS
With ≤2 hours of training, the participants improved their temporal gait symmetry from 0.82 to 0.84 during the pretraining evaluation session to 0.98 to 1.02 during the follow-up session across all conditions. Following training, participants were able to maintain good temporal gait symmetry, without any evidence of an increased cognitive burden.

LIMITATIONS
The small sample size and short follow-up time do not allow straightforward extrapolations to larger populations or extended time periods.

CONCLUSIONS
Low-cost, gait phase-specific vibrotactile feedback, after training combined with visual feedback, may improve the temporal gait symmetry in patients with transfemoral amputation without representing an additional cognitive burden.


This study investigates the determinants of the income levels of newly self-employed workers compared to those of employees, while focusing on the effects of gender and childcare. We argue that working mothers with preschool children prefer self-employment to paid employment, as such arrangements offer better work–life balance. Hence, we predict that self-employed working mothers earn lower incomes than their male counterparts, employed counterparts, and female self-employed worker counterparts who do not have preschool children. Empirical results based on anonymous micro data from Japanese employment statistics support our hypotheses.


Abstract Pleurosigma strigosum W. Smith is not a variety of P. angulatum (Quekett) W. Smith but a different species, as confirmed in SEM. This conclusion agrees with that of Hendey (1964), who typified the species. P. finmarchicum Cleve in Cleve and Möller 1882 does not show specific differences from P. strigosum. This paper gives descriptions and criteria for differentiation for P. strigosum, P. acutum Norman ex Ralfs in Pritchard, P. latum Cleve in Cleve et Grunow and P. sabangi Meister, a species that is not restricted to tropical seas - hitherto its only record. The second record of P. sterrenburgii Stidolph, from a truly antipodal locality, also raises questions regarding its distribution.


For patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) have efficacy comparable to that of other antidepressants. However, concerns about side effects--particularly hypertensive crisis--and drug-drug interactions have led clinicians to prescribe MAOIs less often than newer antidepressants. A 1999 survey of 573 Michigan psychiatrists found that 30% had not prescribed an MAOI within the past 3 years, and 12% had never prescribed an MAOI. (1) Although there are challenges to using these agents, we prefer prescribing MAOIs to depressed patients who have not responded to previous antidepressant trials over trying untested antidepressant combinations. Currently, MAOIs are used primarily for patients who have not responded to other antidepressant trials and are considered treatment resistant. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) typically is defined as nonresponse to [greater than or equal to] 3 adequate antidepressant trials. TRD is a major cause of disability and loss of productivity. These patients tend to do poorly over the long term, with high rates of hospitalization and suicide attempts. Several controlled trials have shown that patients who fail other antidepressants may respond to MAOIs. (2-4) Our knowledge regarding MAOIs has grown considerably. We have learned more about depression subtypes that MAOIs may help. As we learned more about dietary restrictions for patients taking MAOIs, the list of "forbidden foods" has decreased. Advances in treating a hypertensive crisis have decreased the need for hospitalization. By educating ourselves and our patients about MAOIs, we can provide another option for treating MDD. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] An older antidepressant class MAOIs were introduced approximately 60 years ago. Their potential for treating depression was discovered when a tuberculosis treatment--iproniazid--was found to reduce depressive symptoms. Researchers determined iproniazid's antidepressant effects were the result of blocking removal of the amine group by monoamine oxidase (MAO) from dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. (5) A second MAOI, tranylcypromine, was discovered when it was found to be ineffective for treating decongestion. (6) MAOI use in psychiatric practice has undergone significant changes since these medications were introduced. The discovery of hypertensive crises related to tyramine consumption led to decreased MAOI use, as did the rise of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) shortly thereafter. In the 1960s, research compared the relative efficacy of MAOIs to TCAs, and they became second-line antidepressants after the TCAs. In the late 1980s, the introduction of fluoxetine and other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) resulted in a significant drop-off in MAOI use. Pharmacologic effects MAO is a class of enzymes that initiate oxidation of extracellular neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. MAOIs can be classified based on their relative affinity to MAO as well as their enzyme selectivity. The first distinguishing characteristic is whether the drug binds to MAO in a reversible or irreversible manner. Currently, all MAOIs that are FDA-approved for treating depression bind irreversibly to MAO. As a result, the body must renew its MAO levels before a patient is no longer at risk for a hypertensive crisis, a process that may take up to 2 weeks. Clinicians must take care to ensure their patients avoid foods that contain tyramine and medications contraindicated with MAOIs during this period. MAOIs also differ from each other in enzyme selectivity. There are 2 subtypes of MAO enzymes--MA[O.sub.A] and MA[O.sub.B]. Generally, the antidepressant activity of MAOIs appears to be directed toward MA[O.sub.A] inhibition. MAOA has been found to be more specific for binding to serotonin and norepinephrine and MA0B to be more specific for phenylethylamine. …


Abstract In this work, the fractional Lie symmetry method is applied for symmetry analysis of time fractional Kupershmidt equation. Using the Lie symmetry method, the symmetry generators for time fractional Kupershmidt equation are obtained with Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative. With the help of symmetry generators, the fractional partial differential equation is reduced into the fractional ordinary differential equation using Erdélyi-Kober fractional differential operator. The conservation laws are determined for the time fractional Kupershmidt equation with the help of new conservation theorem and fractional Noether operators. The explicit analytic solutions of fractional Kupershmidt equation are obtained using the power series method. Also, the convergence of the power series solutions is discussed by using the implicit function theorem.


Antitubulin agents including taxanes and vincas that target mitosis of rapidly dividing cancer cells are among the most effective cancer therapies in current clinical use. However, these antitubulin agents also have debilitating side effects that are dose‐limiting, such as neuropathy, due to their disruption of the normal microtubule functions in resting cells including neuronal cells. Eg5 is an evolutionarily conserved mitosis‐specific kinesin essential for bipolar mitotic spindle formation and has no roles in microtubule functions of resting cells. Inactivation of Eg5 causes mitotic arrest of proliferating cells, resulting in formation of monopolar spindles. Targeting Eg5 for cancer treatment thus represents an attractive strategy that has the potential to maximize the anticancer efficacy by inhibiting cancer cell mitosis while minimizing debilitating side effects associated with antitubulins. Here we describe a selective ATP‐non competitive small molecule inhibitor of human Eg5 kinesin. The Eg5 inhibitor shows no effects on microtubule dynamics in cell‐free assays and arrests cells specifically at mitosis with monopolar spindles, resulting in rapid cancer cell death. Growth inhibition assays against a panel of 21 cancer cell lines shows that the Eg5 inhibitor has potent and broad‐spectrum activity with IC50 values ranged from 0.55 nM to 14.2 nM. Quantitative live cell imaging and high content imaging reveal that the Eg5 inhibitor has a threshold concentration activity and kills cancer cells specifically at mitosis in a time/cell cycle, but not concentration above the threshold,‐dependent manner. Consistent with the in vitro activities, the Eg5 inhibitor shows broad‐spectrum antitumor activity in preclinical xenograft tumor models representing major human cancer histologies also including drug resistant tumors and demonstrates superiority as compared to several chemotherapeutic agents targeting G2/M. Furthermore, its in vivo antitumor activity is highly schedule‐dependent with a clear threshold dose effect, as expected from in vitro observations. Indeed, the Eg5 inhibitor exhibits a robust PK/PD relationship in antitumor activity and its antitumor activity is associated with mitotic arrest of cancer cells and subsequent cell death. The Eg5 inhibitor is currently being evaluated in Phase I studies. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A62.


This publication highlights the work that the different IDB Group's sectors, departments, divisions and units conduct with Civil Society through five levels of engagement: Information, dialogue, consultation, collaboration and partnerships. This is the first review that the IDB Group undertakes on engagement actions with civil society in 26 countries of Latina American and the Caribbean. This review constitutes both a natural and indispensable step to better understand the work led by the Bank and, at the same time, provide the first database needed for our future endeavors.


Introduction The Australian Government intends to acquire land-based strike capabilities in the 2020s. While these sorts of capabilities are not new to many of the armies of the world, they signify a distinct shift in the character of the Australian Army, which has lacked a long-range strike capability (at least since the end of the days of coastal artillery). New deployable land-based anti-ship missiles, a long-range rocket system, armed medium-altitude unmanned aircraft, and a mobile surface-to-air missile system will enable the ADF to strike deep into Australia's maritime and air approaches and to dominate the sea and air from the land. Being deployable, these systems can be sent off shore providing even greater depth to the nation's security. The changes that these weapons are causing in the art of war are likely to be significant. While the future can never be accurately foreseen, one change that is becoming clear is the potential of long-range land-based strike weapons to tip the balance between the offence and the defence in war in favour of the defender. Long-range precision missiles, combined with advanced sensors, give the defender the potential to create killing zones with enormous depth encompassing the air, sea and land.  Tactics that currently allow an attacker to manoeuvre in the face of fire and close with an enemy may become too expensive and uncertain to attempt. A lodgement on a shore protected by an enemy armed with precision missiles may become all but impossible without incurring great losses of people and machines. And, as the thresholds of cost and access to missiles and advanced sensors reduce, these systems may proliferate and become commonplace, perhaps possessed by lesser powers and even non-state actors. It is wise, therefore, for Australia to deny an adversary any advantages these weapons may offer while creating opportunities for itself. This paper is intended to spark a discussion about the future of Australia's land forces in light of advances in land-based precision technologies. It will explore a number of questions, ideas and possibilities with a view to encouraging others to participate in the discussion. Army welcomes feedback, criticism and support from all; not just military professionals but also members of the academic, defence industry and think tank communities. After all, the potential changes in the character of war that these technologies may cause are not issues of theoretical or practical importance for the Army alone. Rather they are of importance for the future security of Australia and its interests.


This essay -- the final version of one presented at the UVA conference on "Jurisprudence and History" -- offers an account of Marx's theory of history and his claim that law (and morality) are "ideological," and then asks what theory of law is adequate to explain the way the Marxist theory understands law in both its ideological and non-ideological senses. In Marx's theory we need to be able to say what law is in three contexts: (1) there are the laws that constitute the relations of production, i.e., the scheme of property rights in the existing forces of production; (2) there are the laws (and associated legal beliefs, e.g., "you are entitled to equal protection of the law") that are superstructural and ideological in the pejorative sense; and (3) there are the laws that are non-ideological and superstructural because they characterize the legal relations of a non-class-based, i.e., a communist, society. I explain these different senses of law in Marx's theory and then argue that legal positivism, unlike other views about the nature of law, gives us a sensible explanation of law for purposes of the Marxist theory of historical change. That fact, in turn, gives us another data point in favor of positivism as the only serious explanation of the concept of law.


Background: A proportion of patients with acute pancreatitis develop severe organ dysfunction requiring admittance in an intensive care unit. Patient characteristics associated with ICU admittance were evaluated in this consecutive series of patients. Methods: The clinical course of patients with first attack of acute pancreatitis in urban Norway between 01.01.1996 and 31.12.2006 was reviewed. Patient characteristics, comorbidity, pre hospital delay and likely aetiology of acute pancreatitis were analysed as risk factors for ICU admittance. Results: This study includes 565 patients, 299 women and 266 men (p = 0.089), with a median age of 60 years (range: 17 - 98). 50 (9%) of the patients were admitted to the ICU. Men were more at risk than women for ICU admittance (OR 2.34; 95% CI: 1.27 - 4.32). Patients with alcohol associated pancreatitis (OR 5.94; 95%, CI: 2.61 - 13.53), miscellaneous aetiologies (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.02 - 7.73) and non-assessed aetiology (OR: 2.71, 95%, CI: 1.26 - 5.82) were more at risk of ICU admittance than patients with bile stones associated pancreatitis. Pre hospital delay increased the risk of ICU admittance amongst patients with alcohol associated pancreatitis (OR: 4.23; 95%, CI: 1.11 - 16.18). Two comorbid conditions conveyed increased risk (OR: 8.78; 95%, CI: 1.87 - 41.22). The case fatality rate was 24% in the ICU and 1.6% in the ward (OR 20.01, 95% CI: 7.71 - 51.93). Conclusions: Aetiology of acute pancreatitis, especially alcohol, pre-hospital delay and male gender are associated with increased of risk of ICU admittance and increased fatality rate during first attack of AP.


Tools to detect coding standard violations in source code are commonly used to improve code quality. One of their original goals is to prevent bugs, yet, a high number of false positives is generated by the rules of these tools, i.e., most warnings do not indicate real bugs. There are empirical evidences supporting the intuition that the rules enforced by such tools do not prevent the introduction of bugs in software. This may occur because the rules are too generic and do not focus on domain specific problems of the software under analysis. We underwent an investigation of rules created for a specific domain based on expert opinion to understand if such rules are worthwhile enforcing in the context of defect prevention. In this paper, we performed a systematic study to investigate the relation between generic and domain specific warnings and observed defects. From our experiment on a real case, long term evolution, software, we have found that domain specific rules provide better defect prevention than generic ones.


Terrestrial ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) is the largest land-atmosphere carbon flux and the primary mechanism of photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric CO2 into plant biomass. Anomalous rainfall events have been shown to have a great impact on the global carbon cycle. However, less is known about the impact of these events on GPP, especially in Africa, where in situ observations are sparse. Here, we use a suite of satellite and other geospatial data to examine the responses of major ecosystems in Africa to anomalous rainfall events from 2003 to 2017. Our results reveal that higher-than-average groundwater storage in tropical ecosystems offsets the rainfall deficit during the dry years. While the inter-annual variations in GPP in semi-arid ecosystems are controlled by near surface soil water, deeper soil moisture and groundwater control the inter-annual variability of the GPP in dense tropical forests. Our study highlights the critical role of groundwater in buffering rainfall shortages and continued availability of near-surface water to plants through dry spells.


Introduction: We investigated whether expiratory high resolution computed tomography (EHRCT) is superior to the pulmonary function test (PFT) in showing small airway disease (SAD) in patients with isolated mitral valve stenosis (MVS).
Methods: Sixty patients contributed to the study prospectively. Cases were divided into three groups (mild, moderate, severe) on the basis of MVS and PAP.
Results: A highly significant relation was determined between severity of MVS and both FEV1 (p<0.002) and FVC (p<0.007). Mean FEV1 in patients with severe MVS were significantly lower than those of cases of mild and moderate MVS (p=0.015, p=0.004). Highly significant variation was also determined between FEF25-75% based on severity of MVS (p<0.003). Mean FEF25-75% of cases of severe MVS were significantly lower than those of the mild and moderate cases (p=0.008, p=0.009). Significant variation was determined between mean FEV1 depending on PAP classifications (p<0.038). Significant variation was also observed among mean FEF25-75% in terms of PAP (p<0.005). FEF25-75% of cases with air trapping in cases of moderate and severe MVS were significantly lower than those of cases without air trapping (p=0.043, p=0.016). Mean FEF25-75% of all cases with air trapping were highly significantly lower than those of cases without air trapping (p<0.001). A significant difference was determined when presence of air trapping was assessed according to EHRCT and FEF25-75% in cases with mild and moderate MVS (p=0.021, p=0.016).
Conclusions: According to our knowledge, this is the first study to show the superiority of EHRCT over PFT (FEF25-75%) in showing SAD in patients with isolated MVS (mild and moderate stages but not in severe MVS) without additional respiratory disease.


From our first experiences to our last, institutions structure our world – through education and medicine to politics, justice, civics and religion. But in recent years even the most entrenched of institutions are seemingly on the edge of implosion. Either through deliberate political attacks or as an effect of wider disruption, new social forces have issued a comprehensive challenge to the established order.

Does this new uncertainty mark a profound loss of trust in how our society is organised and how it operates? Might this be an opportunity for thorough-going reform to regain lost legitimacy, or does it mark an end-point for a social structure that is no longer tenable in the twenty-first century? Can institutions adapt? Can trust be rebuilt? Or will new forms of social organisation eventuate from this gathering sense of crisis?

Griffith Review seeks new work that reveals the ways our institutions are transforming, reshaping, renewing. We seek work that explores the change that is already underway, and what needs to happen next so our economic and social systems can meet the needs of a future society that is shaping up to be radically different from our own.


Proteasomes are the proteolytic complex responsible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted antigen presentation. Interferon gamma treatment increases expression MHC-encoded LMP2 and LMP7 subunits of the proteasome and decreases expression of two proteasome subunits, named X and Y, which alters the proteolytic specificity of proteasomes. Molecular cloning of complementary DNAs encoding X and Y showed that their proteins are proteasomal subunits with high amino acid similarity to LMP7 and LMP2, respectively. Thus, interferon gamma may induce subunit replacements of X and Y by LMP7 and LMP2, respectively, producing proteasomes perhaps more appropriate for the immunological processing of endogenous antigens.


Virtualized data centers enable sharing of resources among hosted applications. However, it is difficult to satisfy service-level objectives(SLOs) of applications on shared infrastructure, as application workloads and resource consumption patterns change over time. In this paper, we present AutoControl, a resource control system that automatically adapts to dynamic workload changes to achieve application SLOs. AutoControl is a combination of an online model estimator and a novel multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) resource controller. The model estimator captures the complex relationship between application performance and resource allocations, while the MIMO controller allocates the right amount of multiple virtualized resources to achieve application SLOs. Our experimental evaluation with RUBiS and TPC-W benchmarks along with production-trace-driven workloads indicates that AutoControl can detect and mitigate CPU and disk I/O bottlenecks that occur over time and across multiple nodes by allocating each resource accordingly. We also show that AutoControl can be used to provide service differentiation according to the application priorities during resource contention.