AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays diverse roles and coordinates complex metabolic pathways for maintenance of energy homeostasis. This could be explained by the fact that AMPK exists as multiple heterotrimer complexes comprising a catalytic α-subunit (α1 and α2) and regulatory β (β1 and β2)- and γ (γ1, γ2, γ3)-subunits, which are uniquely distributed across different cell types. There has been keen interest in developing specific and isoform-selective AMPK-activating drugs for therapeutic use and also as research tools. Moreover, establishing ways of enhancing cellular AMPK activity would be beneficial for both purposes. Here, we investigated if a recently described potent AMPK activator called 991, in combination with the commonly used activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or contraction, further enhances AMPK activity and glucose transport in mouse skeletal muscle ex vivo. Given that the γ3-subunit is exclusively expressed in skeletal muscle and has been implicated in contraction-induced glucose transport, we measured the activity of AMPKγ3 as well as ubiquitously expressed γ1-containing complexes. We initially validated the specificity of the antibodies for the assessment of isoform-specific AMPK activity using AMPK-deficient mouse models. We observed that a low dose of 991 (5 μM) stimulated a modest or negligible activity of both γ1- and γ3-containing AMPK complexes. Strikingly, dual treatment with 991 and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or 991 and contraction profoundly enhanced AMPKγ1/γ3 complex activation and glucose transport compared with any of the single treatments. The study demonstrates the utility of a dual activator approach to achieve a greater activation of AMPK and downstream physiological responses in various cell types, including skeletal muscle.


Climate change presents an unparalleled menace to our globe. Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is a recent global response to the climate change challenge posed by forest based carbon emissions. Global interest in REDD+ is growing unabated, as is researches on the topic. However, there has been limited synthesis work on power relationship among major actors involved in REDD+. This is particularly relevant because REDD+ is currently based on negotiations and voluntary actions. In order to fill the gap, this article employed an actor-centered power approach and identified major actors, their interest, means of power to realize their interest and outcomes from these actors-interestpower interplays. The article is based on review of primary and gray literatures. The review showed that currently there are a total of eight major actors, ranging from multi-lateral financial institution to national government and indigenous people. These actors play important role in the negotiation, design and implementation of REDD+. The actors represent diverse interests and employ various means of power to realize their interest. Through this process of power interaction and associated action, REDD+ has brought both hopes and concerns for the institutional, economic, social and ecological outcomes from global forest governance. While the potential transfer of sizeable fund to the forestry sector, especially from Annex I countries and funding agents to Non-Annex I countries, constitute the main positive role REDD+ will play, there are salient issues that need to be addressed including lack of strong global institution; biodiversity concern, lack of competitiveness, lack of tenure clarity and possibility of distributive and procedural injustice.


Tracking the 6DoF pose of arbitrary 3D objects is a fundamental topic in Augmented Reality (AR) research, having received a large amount of interest in the last decades. The necessity of accurate and computationally efficient object tracking is evident for a broad base of today's AR applications. In this work we present a fully comprehensive pipeline for 6DoF Object Tracking based on 3D scans of objects, covering object registration, initialization and frame to frame tracking, implemented to optimize the user experience and to perform well in all typical challenging conditions such as fast motion, occlusions and illumination changes. Furthermore, we present the deployment of our tracking system in a Remote Live Support AR application with 3D object-aware registration of annotations and remote execution for delay and performance optimization. Experimental results demonstrate the tracking quality, real-time capability and the advantages of remote execution for computationally less powerful mobile devices.


Marine plastic pollution is an environmental contaminant of significant concern. There is a lack of consistency in sample collection and processing that continues to impede meta-analyses and large-scale comparisons across time and space. This is true for most taxa, including seabirds, which are the most studied megafauna group with regards to plastic ingestion research. Consequently, it is difficult to evaluate the impacts and extent of plastic contamination in seabirds fully and accurately, and to make inferences about species for which we have little or no data. We provide a synthesized set of recommendations specific for seabirds and plastic ingestion studies that include best practices in relation to sample collection, processing, and reporting, as well as highlighting some "cross-cutting" methods. We include guidance for how carcasses, regurgitations, and pellets should be handled and treated to prevent cross-contamination, and a discussion of what size class of microplastics can be assessed in each sample type. Although we focus on marine bird samples, we also include standardized techniques to remove sediment and biological material that are generalizable to other taxa. Lastly, metrics and data presentation of ingested plastics are briefly reviewed in the context of seabird studies.


This paper is an additional report to the paper by Amano (2001). In this paper, the authors report the additional experimental results of the effect of an ammonia mass fraction at the inlet of the AWM (Ammonia-Water Mixture) vapor generator in the AWM turbine system. The AWM turbine system features the Kalina Cycle technology. The 70KW-experimental facility was built in order to gain knowledge for practical applications. The heat source is the exhaust steam from a back-pressure steam turbine. The AWM turbine system is installed at the bottoming stage of a combined cycle which has a gas turbine, a steam turbine and an AWM turbine for cascade utilization of heat. The authors designed and constructed an experimental facility, the ACGS (the Advanced Co-Generation System), to investigate various energy-saving technologies for a distributed energy supply system in the Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering at Waseda University. One of the main targets is a hybrid combined heat and power supply system that uses AWM as its working fluid. The AWM turbine system was developed for the bottoming stage of a "trinary turbine cycle system" which is composed of a gas turbine, a steam turbine and the AWM turbine systems. The experimental results of the ammonia mass fraction to the cycle efficiency are investigated with a range of the ammonia mass fraction between 0.4 [NH3 kg/kg] to 0.7 [NH3 kg/kg]. It shows that there are optimal operating conditions depending on the heat source temperature with an ammonia mass fraction of the cycle. The simulation model of the AWM turbine system shows good agreement with the experimental data.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


This thesis consists of three chapters that fall under the broad banner of contract theory, applied to topics in behavioral and development economics. Empirically, labor contracts that financially penalize failure induce higher effort provision than economically identical contracts presented as paying a bonus for success. This is puzzling, as penalties are infrequently used in practice. The most obvious explanation is selection: loss averse agents are unwilling to accept such contracts. In the first chapter, I formalize and experimentally test this intuition. Surprisingly, I find that workers were 25 percent more likely to accept penalty contracts, with no evidence of adverse selection. Penalty contracts also increased performance on the job by 0.2 standard deviations. Finally, I outline extensions to the basic theory that are consistent with the main results.
The second chapter analyzes the effect of market structure in microfinance on borrower welfare and the types of contracts used. We find that market power can
have severe implications for borrower welfare, while despite information frictions, competition delivers similar borrower welfare to non-profit lending. We also find that for-profit lenders are less likely to use joint liability than non-profits, which is consistent with some empirical stylized facts suggesting a decline in use of joint liability. We simulate the model to evaluate quantitatively the importance of market structure for borrower welfare.
The third chapter contrasts individual liability lending with and without groups to joint liability lending, motivated by an apparent shift away from joint liability
lending. We show under what conditions individual liability can deliver welfare improvements over joint liability, conditions that depend on the joint income distribution and social capital. We then show that lower transaction costs that mechanically favor group lending may also encourage the creation of social capital. Finally, we again simulate the model to quantify our welfare conclusions.


Error Analysis (EA) is a cognitive process that complements language learning. While EA research literature has drawn mostly from English as a Foreign Language (EFL) contexts for its data, Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learner errors also prove a rich resource which, understood and turned to the learner's advantage, offer a means to create informed personalised cognitive approaches to learning and' honing' one's Chinese. This paper explores the strengths and limitations of an EA approach among beginner-level learners of Chinese in an English-medium university in Northern Ireland. Learners are found to have much to gain by activating cognitive learning processes as early and as effectively as possible, allowing momentum and motivation to be maintained despite the potentially daunting prospect of acquiring an unfamiliar' new' linguistics of tones and characters. The paper briefly reviews EA in theory and reports on authentic practice. Errors from class, coursework and test sources are categorised, analysed for likely cause and then strategized for future treatment. The study establishes a' live' taxonomy of its small population's error processing, including details of teacher interventions. EA experienced as an ongoing learning process appears to offer scaffolding and assurance, as well asa potentially enjoyable and' thinking' journey towards accuracy, an educational strategy this group of beginner CFL learners in a Northern Ireland university responded to very positively.


Although the effects of violent video games on aggression in users have been researched extensively and the resulting body of research shows that violent video games can increase aggressive behaviors, aggression-related feelings and thoughts, and physiological arousal, no empirical studies to date have examined whether there are similar and parallel effects of verbal aggression (e.g., profanity) in video game content. A 2 X 2 between-subjects factorial experiment (N = 321) tested the effects of profanity used by protagonists (protagonist profanity present versus absent) and antagonists (antagonist profanity present versus absent) on users' hostile expectations, accessibility of aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, perceived arousal, use of profanity, enjoyment, presence, and perceived performance while taking into account the potential moderating role of gender and controlling for several individual difference variables. The study's factors were manipulated via the creation of four versions of an original threedimensional ―first-person shooter‖ video game. Profanity used by both protagonist and antagonist characters was found to have significant effects on players' hostile expectations, an important higher-order aggressive outcome that is the most direct precursor to aggressive behaviors in the process described by the general aggression model. There was limited evidence for effects of profanity in game content on players' accessibility of aggressive thoughts, aggressive feelings, and perceived arousal. Additionally, profanity had little impact on how much players used profanity themselves, how much they enjoyed the game, feelings of presence, and how they rated their performance in the iii game. These trends were consistent across a range of demographic, personality, and video game experience dimensions that were measured, even though several of these individual difference variables were found to be related to some outcome variables and to each other. Therefore, while this study's findings did not necessarily indicate imitative modeling of profanity, they point to the possibility of more general effects regarding aggressive outcomes. This study's findings emphasize the need for future research investigating the effects of profanity in video games and other media.


A cDNA was cloned that encodes human stress‐activated protein kinase‐4 (SAPK4), a novel MAP kinase family member whose amino acid sequence is ∼60% identical to that of the other three SAP kinases which contain a TGY motif in their activation domain. The mRNA encoding SAPK4 was found to be widely distributed in human tissues. When expressed in KB cells, SAPK4 was activated in response to cellular stresses and pro‐inflammatory cytokines, in a manner similar to other SAPKs. SAPK4 was activated in vitro by SKK3 (also called MKK6) or when co‐transfected with SKK3 into COS cells. SKK3 was the only activator of SAPK4 that was induced when KB cells were exposed to a cellular stress or stimulated with interleukin–1. These findings indicate that SKK3 mediates the activation of SAPK4. The substrate specificity of SAPK4 in vitro was similar to that of SAPK3. Both enzymes phosphorylated the transcription factors ATF2, Elk‐1 and SAP‐1 at similar rates, but were far less effective than SAPK2a (also called RK/p38) or SAPK2b (also called p38β) in activating MAPKAP kinase‐2 and MAPKAP kinase‐3. Unlike SAPK1 (also called JNK), SAPK3 and SAPK4 did not phosphorylate the activation domain of c‐Jun. Unlike SAPK2a and SAPK2b, SAPK4 and SAPK3 were not inhibited by the drugs SB 203580 and SB 202190. Our results suggest that cellular functions previously attributed to SAPK1 and/or SAPK2 may be mediated by SAPK3 or SAPK4.


AltikAt, S., 2013. the effects of reduced tillage and compaction level on the red lentil yield. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 1161-1169 A two year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of three tillage treatments and three intra-row compaction levels on sowing performance, weed population, red lentil yield and yield components. the tillage treatments were: (1) conventional tillage (moldboard plow + disk harrow + float CT); (2) reduced tillage 1 (horizontal axis rotary tiller RT1); (3) reduced tillage 2 (vertical axis rotary tiller with roller RT2). Intra-row compaction levels were: (1) no compaction (C0), (2) 60 kPa compaction (C1) and (3) 90 kPa compaction (C2). Results concluded that reduced tillage systems provided the best results of sowing performance and weed density. However, the highest crop yield was observed at the plot with tilled conventional tillage systems. Additionally, the increase in the intra-row compaction level improved sowing performance and crop yields.


Crop biodiversity has the potential to enhance resistance to strains due to biotic and abiotic factors and to improve crop production and farm revenues. To investigate the effect of crop biodiversity on crop productivity, we build a probabilistic model based on ecological mechanisms to describe crop survival and productivity according to diversity. From this analytic model, we derive reduced forms that are empirically estimated using detailed field data of South African agriculture combined with satellite derived data. Our results confirm that diversity has a positive and significant impact on crop survival odds. We show the consistency of these results with the underlying ecologic and agricultural mechanisms.


The use of restraint and seclusion in the American psychiatric setting has a rich history - rich in medical, ethical, legal, and social controversy. For centuries, mental health care providers used movement restrictions and solitary confinement to manage psychiatric patients. Superintendents of eighteenth and early nineteenth century insane asylums and other institutions of confinement believed that strait-waistcoats, "tranquilizer chairs," "maniac beds," chains, shackles, and "quiet rooms" deescalated agitation and promoted self-control. Reforms beginning in the nineteenth century helped make some psychiatric institutions more humane, in part because staff members were trained to find ways to calm potentially violent patients without imposing holds or isolation. With the advent of Freud's psychoanalysis, advances in microbiology in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as the explosion of psychotropic drugs in the latter half of the twentieth century, many traditional uses of restraint and seclusion became unnecessary. Federal and state legislatures and administrative agencies responded to these philosophical, scientific, and medical developments by restricting restraint and seclusion to emergency situations and forbidding their imposition as a means of coercion, discipline, or convenience.Although restraint and seclusion are used less frequently in the twenty-first century, they persist as methods of behavior management. A number of recent injuries and deaths associated with these interventions have refueled the dialogue regarding their appropriate use, bringing centuries old questions to the fore. Some stakeholders, who believe that the use of restraint and seclusion are evidence of patient warehousing, institutional abuse and neglect, and human rights violations, support legislation that would further reduce restraint and seclusion use or eliminate it altogether. Other stakeholders, who believe that restraint and seclusion can be used to prevent violent or assaultive patients from harming themselves and others, are questioning the scientific basis, cost, and feasibility of restraint-and-seclusion-free initiatives. In recent legislative sessions, federal and state lawmakers have attempted to respond to these seemingly irreconcilable concerns. Many commentators believe that heightened awareness of inappropriate restraint and seclusion practices and more intense education and regulation will resolve these concerns. I argue instead that the psychiatric restraint and seclusion controversy resists legislative solution because it is a function of more fundamental problems relating to mental health care access and finance. The controversy persists because of these practical problems, and because the use of restraint and seclusion implicate seemingly competing goals of patient safety and individual autonomy and, more broadly, the philosophical doctrines of legalism and medicalism.


Abstract This paper studies estimation of covariance matrices with conditional sparse structure. We overcome the challenge of estimating dense matrices using a factor structure, the challenge of estimating large-dimensional matrices by postulating sparsity on covariance of random noises, and the challenge of estimating varying matrices by allowing factor loadings to smoothly change. A kernel-weighted estimation approach combined with generalised shrinkage is proposed. Under some technical conditions, we derive uniform consistency for the developed estimation method and obtain convergence rates. Numerical studies including simulation and an empirical application are presented to examine the finite-sample performance of the developed methodology.


At 08:35 UT on 21 November 2004, the onset of an interval of substorm activity was captured in the south- ern hemisphere by the Far UltraViolet (FUV) instrument on board the IMAGE spacecraft. This was accompanied by the onset of Pi2 activity and subsequent magnetic bays, ev- ident in ground magnetic data from both hemispheres. Fur- ther intensifications were then observed in both the auroral and ground magnetic data over the following 3 h. Dur- ing this interval the fields-of-view of the two southern hemi- sphere Tasman International Geospace Enviroment Radars (TIGER) moved through the evening sector towards mid- night. Whilst initially low, the amount of backscatter from TIGER increased considerably during the early stages of the expansion phase such that by 09:20 UT an enhanced dusk flow cell was clearly evident. During the expansion phase the equatorward portion of this flow cell developed into a narrow high-speed flow channel, indicative of the auroral and sub- auroral flows identified in previous studies (e.g. Freeman et al., 1992; Parkinson et al., 2003). At the same time, higher latitude transient flow features were observed and as the in- terval progressed the flow reversal region and Harang dis- continuity became very well defined. Overall, this study has enabled the spatial and temporal development of many dif- ferent elements of the substorm process to be resolved and placed within a simple conceptual framework of magneto- spheric convection. Specifically, the detailed observations of ionospheric flows have illustrated the complex interplay be- tween substorm electric fields and associated auroral dynam- ics. They have helped define the distinct nature of different substorm current systems such as the traditional substorm current wedge and the more equatorward currents associ- ated with polarisation electric fields. Additionally, they have revealed a radar signature of nightside reconnection which provides the promise of quantifying nightside reconnection in a way which has already proved extremely successful in studies of the dayside magnetosphere.


As fit is a significant problem for women wearing sari blouse, the study examined the physical properties of blouse materials and its influence on fit. Seventeen different blouse materials (100% cotton, polyester/cotton union fabric, polyester/nylon union fabric and 100% polyester) structured in plain weave were chosen for investigation. Front Cup area of the sari blouse was cut in straight, cross and bias grain to understand the effect of fabric grain alignment on blouse fit. The fit was analyzed for 51 blouses through subjective wear trial expressions and visual analysis of fit by judges. The fit attributes: Ease, number of wrinkles and seam line deviations were measured on subjects for overall fit assessment. The results show that the fabric specifications and grain influenced the fit significantly with the p-value 0.001. Furthermore; Positive correlation exists between the scores obtained in subjective wear trial and visual analysis of fit by judges.

Keywords: Sari blouses, fabric grain, wear trial, visual fit, fit analysis


Sociologists that study organizations often analyze the museum from a cultural perspective that emphasizes the norms of the museum industry and the larger society. We review this literature and suggest that sociologists should take into account the technical demands of museums. Drawing on insights from social studies of technology, we argue that museums are better understood as organizations that must accomplish legitimate goals with specific technologies. These technologies impact museums and the broader museum field in at least three ways: they make specific types of art possible and permit individuals and organizations to participate in the art world; they allow actors to insert new practices in museums; and they can stabilize or destabilize museum practices. We illustrate our arguments with examples drawn from the world of contemporary art.


In 2012, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) recorded 32 armed conflicts with a minimum of 25 battle-related deaths. This is a significant decrease from the 37 recorded in 2011. Overall, the 2000s has been the least conflict-ridden decade since the 1970s. A worrying finding, however, is that the number of internationalized intrastate conflicts continued to be at a high level for the fourth consecutive year. At six, the number of wars – conflicts leading to 1,000 or more battle-related deaths – remained the same as in 2011. In total, UCDP estimates that the conflicts that were active in 2012 caused between 37,175 (low estimate) and 60,260 (high estimate) battle-related deaths, with a best estimate of 37,941. The conflict that caused the highest number of fatalities in 2012 is the Syrian conflict, which led to between 14,830 (low) and 30,805 (high) battle-related deaths, with the best estimate being 15,055. Eleven armed conflicts listed in 2011 were not active in 2012; however, three new conflicts erupted during the year – India (Garoland), Mali and South Sudan vs. Sudan (common border) – and three previously registered conflicts were resumed by new actors. Lastly, 2012 saw an increase in the number of signed peace agreements which had been at a very low level over the past three years; four accords were concluded during the year, compared with one in 2011.


The purpose of this article is to provide a uniform, lightweight language speci cation and tutorial for a class of temporal logics for reasoning about action and change that has been developed by our group during the period 1994-1998. The class of logics are collected under the name TAL, an acronym for Temporal Action Logics. TAL has its origins and inspiration in the work with Features and Fluents (FF) by Sandewall, but has diverged from the methodology and approach through the years. We rst discuss distinctions and compatibility with FF, move on to the lightweight language speci cation, and then present a tutorial in terms of an excursion through the di erent parts of a relatively complex narrative de ned using TAL. We conclude with an annotated list of published work from our group. The article tries to strike a reasonable balance between detail and readability, making a number of simpli cations regarding narrative syntax and translation to a base logical language. Full details are available in numerous technical reports and articles which are listed in the nal section of this article.


Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is broadly defined as a systematic process that proactively examines the potential consequences of development actions. As a planning process, the longer-term objective of EIA is to contribute to sustainable development of the environment. EIA cannot meet its sustainability objective without a systematic follow-up program. Notwithstanding the benefits of a follow-up program, there is little guidance for best practices. The problem is that follow-up programs are not widely implemented in EIA and the lessons learned from experience have not been documented. This research explores the principles and characteristics of best-practice follow-up in an attempt to identify the lessons learned and issues raised from experiences in Canada's mining resource sector. A normative framework for doing follow-up is developed from the literature using these principles. Based on document analysis and semi-structured interviews, a case study of the Ekati Diamond Mine, Canada's first diamond mine, is evaluated based on the best practice principles, which advocate actions for success. The Ekati mine is meeting requirements in the best practice principles, as established in the best practice framework, which is outlined in part, in licenses obtained by Ekati. This is exemplified in BHPB's, use of hypothesis in impact prediction. However, there are normative principles and elements that are left out in Broken Hill Proprietary Billiton Ekati's follow-up programs. For example, there is some concern about the level to which local knowledge has been incorporated and the level to which monitoring of socio-economic elements is being carried out. Based on Ekati's experience, a number of new lessons emerge to inform the framework on best practice follow-up namely, that there is need for mandatory, nonephemeral legislation on follow-up, that baseline data needs to be repeatedly collected after projects have started operations and that there is a need for firmer requirements if proponents are to exercise serious commitment to public involvement.


AbstractCalifornia droughts are often caused by high-amplitude and persistent ridges near and off the west coast of North America without apparent connections with ENSO. Here with a hierarchy of climate models, it is demonstrated that extreme ridges in this region are associated with a continuum of zonal wavenumber-5 circumglobal teleconnection patterns that originate from midlatitude atmospheric internal dynamics. Although tropical diabatic heating anomalies are not essential to the formation and maintenance of these wave patterns, certain persistent heating anomalies may double the probability of ridges with amplitudes in the 90th percentile occurring on interannual time scales. Those heating anomalies can be caused by either natural variability or possibly by climate change, and they do not necessarily depend on ENSO. The extreme ridges that occurred during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 winters could be examples of ridges produced by heating anomalies that are not associated with ENSO. This mechanism could p...


Write powerful Ruby code that is easy to maintain and change. With metaprogramming, you can produce elegant, clean, and beautiful programs. Once the domain of expert Rubyists, metaprogramming is now accessible to programmers of all levels. This thoroughly revised and updated second edition of the bestselling Metaprogramming Ruby explains metaprogramming in a down-to-earth style and arms you with a practical toolbox that will help you write your best Ruby code ever. Dig under the surface and explore Ruby's most advanced feature: a collection of techniques and tricks known as metaprogramming. In this book, you'll learn metaprogramming as an essential component of Ruby and discover the deep, non-obvious details of the language. Once you understand the tenets of Ruby, including the object model, scopes, and singleton classes, you're on your way to applying metaprogramming both in your daily work assignments and in your fun, after-hours projects. Metaprogramming Ruby, Second Edition makes mastering the language enjoyable. The book is packed with: Pragmatic examples of metaprogramming in action, many of which come straight from real-life gems such as Rails. Programming challenges that let you experiment and play with some of the most out-there metaprogramming concepts. Metaprogramming "spells"--33 practical recipes and idioms that you can study and apply right now, to write code that is sure to impress. This completely revised new edition covers the new features in Ruby 2.0 and 2.1, and contains code from the latest Ruby libraries, including Rails 4. Most examples are new, "from the wild," with more recent libraries. And the book reflects current ideas of when and how much metaprogramming you should use. Whether you're a Ruby apprentice on the path to mastering the language or a Ruby wiz in search of new tips, this book is for you. What You Need: Ruby 2.x, Ruby 1.9, or a recent version of JRuby.


What does 'work-life balance' (WLB) mean to today's generation of university graduates and what support do they expect?

This thesis examines the relationship between these young people's conceptualizations of the WLB discourse and their expectations of employer and government WLB support.
In recent times, the topic of WLB has gained wide academic and public attention. However, an emergent critical perspective signifies the problematic nature of the WLB discourse (e.g. Lewis, Gambles, & Rapoport, 2007). Furthermore, much of the work-life literature tends to focus on workers who have caring and/or other family responsibilities, thereby confining our understanding of WLB experiences to a particular demographic cohort. Accordingly, this study focuses explicitly on the WLB perspectives and expectations of young British and Asian people who are in transition from university to work and employment. By including young Asian people's viewpoints, this study provides insight into how young people from this region talk about and conceptualize the WLB discourse. More specifically, the research examines the variability in the ways in which these young people from Western and Eastern contexts make sense of the WLB discourse in the here-and-now Britain as they and their personal, social, and cultural contexts undergo transformation.

Thematic analysis was employed on qualitative data obtained from semi-structured interviews and focus groups conducted with 30 women and men from the UK, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand, all of whom are studying in the UK. Drawing on an integrated theoretical framework of life course theory (Giele & Elder, 1998) and the sense of entitlement concept (Lewis & Smithson, 2001), the analysis suggests that the notion of 'individual choice' strongly underpins these young people's conceptualizations and expectations of the WLB discourse. While most participants largely consider WLB as a matter of individual choice, there are also variations in preferences for how to prioritize their impending employment and personal lives, illustrated in a proposed typology of four emerging WLB orientation preference patterns of 'balancer', 'careerist', 'career-sacrificer', and 'integrator'.
Findings also indicate that the notion of individual choice impacts on the participants' expectations of employer and government WLB support, where the majority have a low sense of entitlement to such support. Although most participants demonstrate an awareness of the 'business case' for employers to adopt WLB initiatives, many question their effectiveness. Instead, there appears to be a stronger sense of entitlement to individual choice. In terms of government WLB support, young people feel disconnected to what the government can do for them. The findings reveal that social comparisons are made among these young British and Asian people at both personal and national levels, which in turn shape perceptions of what kind of external WLB support is feasible, normative, and appropriate for them to expect.Overall, the findings indicate that while individual choice is fundamental in the young people's conceptualizations and expectations of WLB, the choices that they have are inextricably interlinked with their life course contexts and structural and cultural realities.

The thesis highlights the importance of contextualizing meanings and expectations of the WLB discourse in the timing of these young people's lives as well as their multiple contexts (structural, national, and cultural). It contributes theoretically to the field of work-life research by proposing and developing an integrated theoretical framework of life course theory and sense of entitlement to examine the various ways in which WLB is conceptualized and expectations of external WLB support are formed. Finally, the thesis discusses the theoretical and applied implications of the findings for understanding the diverse WLB expectations of today's generation of young workers and considers future avenues for research.


This article summarizes a long-term study of vapor intrusion mitigation system performance in a historic, unoccupied residential duplex with an extensive set of temporal variability observations. The experimental design included multiple cycles of subslab depressurization (SSD) system operation and shut-off during a seven-month period, followed by a year-long period of continuous operation. Results showed that the system provided rapid pressure field extension and radon control as much as 100 days of operation before optimum volatile organic compound (VOC) mitigation was achieved. Greater variability in VOC concentrations than in radon concentrations was observed during the initial mitigation system cycling. Subslab VOC concentrations at numerous locations increased during this initial period of SSD operation, and indoor air VOC concentrations were more variable than radon. However, indoor air concentrations were considerably less variable (and lower) during the first year of continuous mitigation system operation. ©2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The database allows estimating structural fiscal balances for 20 countries in the region under different assumptions regarding the output gap and commodity structural prices. It is a unique database of its kind since: 1) It takes into consideration the distinct responsiveness of different types of revenues to changes in the output gap: In order to adjust for the impact of the business cycle on revenues, we calculate individual elasticities for each source of revenue (i.e. direct taxes, indirect taxes, revenues from non-renewable resources, etc.). Since the different types of revenues in the region have different sensitivities to changes in the output gap, this disaggregated approach allows for a more fine-tuned adjustment. 2) It includes estimations of SFBs based on output gaps projections available in real time. In addition to giving estimations of the actual SFBs, we provide with estimations of the SFBs that would have resulted should the projections on output gaps available to policymakers at the time of designing fiscal policy (data in real time) have been correct. This is in contrast to much of the existing work on structural fiscal balances that makes only an ex post analysis using actual and revised information on the output gaps. 3) It allows assessing the response of fiscal policy to the business cycle. We provide with measures of the fiscal impulse, assessing not only the actual but also the intentional fiscal stance, as well as the degree of procyclicality of fiscal policy.


As part of its 2015 annual work plan, the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) is preparing a country program evaluation (CPE) with Uruguay for the period 2010-2015. This approach paper defines the scope of the evaluation. This CPE is the third occasion on which OVE has evaluated the Bank's country program with Uruguay. The previous evaluations covered the periods 1991-2004 (document RE-312) and 2005-2009 (document RE-389). This CPE seeks to analyze the Bank's relationship with the country, taking an independent view and assessing in particular the program?s relevance and effectiveness, including both financial and nonfinancial products offered by the Bank during the period under analysis. The evaluation will place special emphasis on analyzing the Bank's business model and its implications in an upper-middle-income country like Uruguay, in a context of higher economic growth and greater access to international markets. This evaluation is intended as an input for the new country strategy document that the Bank is preparing.


In this paper I investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of the additive/regular plural marker and associative plural marker -lAr in Turkish. I propose that they are in fact different from each other in terms of their syntax and semantics although they share the same surface form in the language. Turkish has a plural marker -lAr which basically attaches to nouns and pluralizes their reference. In addition, -lAr can also give rise to a reading in which pluralized proper names and kinship terms denote either family or company (cf. Sebuktekin (1971) and Goksel and Kerslake (2005)). I argue here that despite their surface resemblance, these two plural markers are distinct both syntactically and semantically in the sense that the former is additive while the latter is associative. When a pluralized noun appears in a genitive construction, the plural marker comes before the possessive suffix. On the other hand, when a proper name appears with the plural in the same construction, the plural marker comes after the possessive suffix. Moreover, the additive plural induces both collective and distributive interpretations whereas the associative plural -lAr gives rise to only the collective reading. Based on these facts, I argue that the additive and associative plural -lAr head different functional categories and are interpreted differently. Following Ritter (1991), I assume that the additive plural is the head of the functional category NUMP. It turns nominal predicates denoting singularities into predicates denoting pluralities. On the other hand, the associative plural heads a different category, namely, GRP (cf. Nakanishi and Ritter (2008)) and gives rise to some sort of a group reading whose reference contains a focal referent and some other individual(s).


The CIDUI experience has been an unforgettable learning process for us all. At the time of writing these introductory pages, we had doubts about the topics that should be included. Maybe the ideas and great debates about the university question and the challenges of the future, or the contributions made by its conferences to knowledge for improving teaching and innovation in our lecture halls. Maybe the complicity with our respective and successive rectorships, or the proximity and trust of faculty, which have lent full meaning to the institutional efforts made and have always filled us organisers with pride. Or perhaps the exemplary cooperation between the members of the human team that has made it possible to hold ten conferences that have been both interuniversity and intergenerational, and have featured such diverse professional profiles, or the confidence put in us by our respective universities. After analysing what has happened over these years, we believe that the seven issues that are discussed below are the ones that most deserve to be highlighted.


In our daily lives, we are constantly surrounded by music, and we are deeply influenced by music. Making music together can create strong ties between people, while fostering communication and creativity. This is demonstrated, for example, by the large community of singers active in choirs or by the fact that music constitutes an important part of our cultural heritage. The availability of music in digital formats and its distribution over the world wide web has changed the way we consume, create, enjoy, explore, and interact with music. To cope with the increasing amount of digital music, one requires computational methods and tools that allow users to find, organize, analyze, and interact with music--topics that are central to the research field known as \emph{Music Information Retrieval} (MIR).
The Dagstuhl Seminar 19052 was devoted to a branch of MIR that is of particular importance: processing melodic voices (with a focus on singing voices) using computational methods. It is often the melody, a specific succession of musical tones, which constitutes the leading element in a piece of music. In the seminar we discussed how to detect, extract, and analyze melodic voices as they occur in recorded performances of a piece of music.
Gathering researchers from different fields, we critically reviewed the state of the art of computational approaches to various MIR tasks related to melody processing including pitch estimation, source separation, singing voice analysis and synthesis, and performance analysis (timbre, intonation, expression). This triggered interdisciplinary discussions that leveraged insights from fields as disparate as audio processing, machine learning, music perception, music theory, and information retrieval. In particular, we discussed current challenges in academic and industrial research in view of the recent advances in deep learning and data-driven models. Furthermore, we explored novel applications of these technologies in music and multimedia retrieval, content creation, musicology, education, and human-computer interaction.
In this report, we give an overview of the various contributions and results of the seminar. We start with an executive summary, which describes the main topics, goals, and group activities. Then, we present a more detailed overview of the participants' contributions (listed alphabetically by their last names) as well as of the ideas, results, and activities of the group meetings, the demo, and the music sessions.


In recent years, questions emerged about how high level moisture contents might affect heat technical properties in building materials. Yet, existing standards and scientific publications, respectively, do not provide conclusive insights into the area of high rated moisture, since they are valid for the equilibrium moisture area only. Taking instructions of calculation according to harmonized European standards (EN ISO 10456, DIN EN 1745) as a basis, typical moisture contents of freshly produced AAC would theoretically involve immense surcharges on , which would drastically affect thermal conductivities and, in turn, increase heating costs. Moreover, increasing risks of mould formation and other damages would be expected. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that actual increases in at production moisture levels are far below values stated in the European standards. In addition to this fundamental perception recent investigations have shown that the surcharge of moisture content under typical condition of use of AAC in buildings the moisture conversion factor Fm is not higher than 5 %. In several investigations a lower value for Fm have been found and can be used in the future for starting points of further investigations and tests.


This policy brief evaluates the distribution of municipal aid in Massachusetts in FY 2011 and suggests an approach for reforming municipal aid without redistributing current aid. We use the "municipal gap," a measure that is outside the control of local officials, to determine a community's need for municipal aid. To show the general pattern of municipal gaps across the state, we compare five prototype communities -- large cities, job-center suburbs, higher-income residential suburbs, rural towns, and resort towns. The analysis shows that the distribution of FY 2011 municipal aid does not closely relate to municipal gaps. A 10-year simulation from FY 2012 to FY 2021 shows that with only modest increases to the aid pool, a gap-based formula can significantly improve the distribution of municipal aid in just a few years. This brief summarizes and expands on analysis in NEPPC working paper 10-4: Does Springfield Receive Its Fair Share of Municipal Aid? Implications for Aid Formula Reform in Massachusetts.


Abstract We report on the first record of a pterosaur from Alaska. This record consists of a single manus track from the lower part of the Upper Cretaceous Cantwell Formation in Denali National Park, Alaska, United States, making this the northernmost occurrence for this group of reptiles. The specimen is from deposits that record a low-lying floodplain with small lakes and ponds, dissected by small channels that fed a larger tributary stream on an active fan lobe. The dominant vegetation was comprised of conifers with an understory of ferns and horsetails.


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In this paper, we introduce a new idea of Revision Tree which can provide a flexible mechanism to store the current collaborative virtual environments (CVE) space, replay the past recorded CVE space and replace the current CVE by other past CVE space. Revision Tree with hierarchical 3D structure is visualized in space and operated by users to refer the past space information using replay, revert, clone and merge functions. Those functions provide effective and flexible collaborative work in CVE to support communication among many users over computer network. Using this method, the users as group members can progress collaborative work and confirm the past CVE without prior communication even if some of the group members do not participate in the space. Thus, asynchronous collaborative work can be attained and applied to efficiently more creative CVE applications.


Four stages of deposition regime have been detected on high-resolution seismic reflection profiles. First, in strata of Paleocene-Eocene age small vertical faults indicate differential compaction of probably anoxic sediments deposited in the still isolated Eurasian Basin.
Than, a high-amplitude-reflector sequence indicates a time of widespread changes in deposition realm associated with the gradual opening of the Fram Strait and ongoing subsidence of the Lomonosov Ridge (LR) in Eocene and Oligocene. Episodical incursions of water masses from the North Atlantic were the consequences and led to the deposition of sediments of strongly different lithology.
The third stage marks widespread and pelagic sedimentation since earliest Miocene. Sediment waves are evidence for paleo-bottom current activity and the onset of an ocean circulation system. The slope of the LR is structured into terraces, indicating fault-controlled sediment drifts arisen due to the onset and intensification of current circulation. Advanced deepening of the Fram Strait likely enabled an effective exchange of water masses between the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. Continuous sagging of the LR, reactivation of former faults and bottom currents passing along the ridge may shape the steep sediment free flanks of the terraces in addition.
At least, a continuous regional drape of reflectors marks the transition to glaciation of the northern hemisphere in early Pliocene.


The problems relating to unsuccessful organisational identity creation can affect both the individual's and the organisation's chances of attaining successful or satisfactory outcomes. Both the individual and the organisation benefit from the individual being
able to carry out appropriate identity work and construct a stable identity that can be incorporated into the pre-existing contents of their "identity portfolio". This paper reports on a research programme that sought a deeper understanding of the processes involved in identity creation and management by new organisational entrants.
Merging work from a variety of fields (e.g. Leonard Beauvais and Scholl, 1999; Campbell-Clark 2000; Haslam, 2003;Ashforth, 2000) the research focussed on the
flow, within the individual, between one identity and another, and how this process affects the facilitation of increased levels of perceived compatibility between the
identities that make up an individual's sense of self. The research also examined how an individual's self-concept/sense of self can be a motivational force that affects their behavioural choices. This involved the examination of the links between an individual's dominant motivators within a particular context in their life and how the individual constructs/reconstructs their identity within that context. The research sample consisted of forty new organisational entrants. An initial quantitative survey was conducted, which was followed by a series of in-depth
qualitative interviews over a period of seven months. This allowed the examination of the change in the structure of the participants' lives between their creation of the new
context specific identity and when this identity had become established (or not). The results deliver a model that displays how proactive identity management strategies,
adaptive strategies to deal with perceived dissonance, and successful management of motivational profiles were characteristics of successful adaptors. The comparative
results, with those less successful, will be useful to researchers working in the areas of new identity creation and/or identity management and would be of interest to those
dealing with new entrant management.


Our conceptions of underwater space are mostly based on images we have seen of it. These images, mediated through technology, have a great impact on how the environment is perceived. The article analyses how three different wildlife documentary series (Planet Earth, Dolphins – Spy in the Pod and Oceans) produce an oceanic environment and its inhabitants, and how these cinematic environments can affect how the ocean is perceived. The article's approach questions anthropocentrism and maps the relation between cinematic features, the oceanic environment and the aesthetic possibilities of perceiving more-than-human space. The analysis emphasises how the films' aesthetics are connected to the material movements of environments and animals. With the help of Gilles Deleuze's and Felix Guattari's concepts of assemblage and deterritorialisation, the article takes a posthumanist approach in mapping the possibilities of decentering the human and engaging nonhuman animals and nature as the proper cinematic subjects. The article argues that the audiovisual aesthetics of the analyzed documentaries are able to challenge anthropocentrism, but at the same time they are anthropomorphic in premissing their imagery on human comprehensibility.


How does the yoga studio present India for viewing? As a yoga scholar-practitioner, I examine visual, linguistic, and embodied representations of India at a local yoga studio to address this question. The fieldwork for this ethnographic thesis spans yoga classes, yoga teacher training, and a two-week pilgrimage to India with members of this yoga studio. I pay special attention to bhakti yoga, a devotional form of yoga taught by the yoga studio as a way to offer a more spiritual and therefore more authentic yoga. Placing my experiences within a critical understanding of postcolonial yoga history, I show that yoga has been constructed to meet various ideologies and political projects, challenging the production of yoga as India's pristine and unchanging cultural icon. I find that India is exhibited as an ultra-spiritual, pre-colonial, anti-modern location both at the yoga studio and when traveling as a yoga tourist. Using Jean Baudrillard's theory of the hyperreal, along with postcolonial theories, I argue that the yoga studio creates a particular India for consumption that is not based in reality but is instead the product of oriental fantasies.


Smallholder commercial agriculture in developing countries is hinged on cash crop production and in Zimbabwe tobacco is increasingly becoming an important smallholder cash crop. This study therefore, analyzed the viability of tobacco production by smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Cross sectional survey data was collected for the 2010 and 2011 production season from 60 smallholder households in the Mount Darwin District of Mashonaland Central Province in Zimbabwe. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, gross margin analysis, breakeven analysis and ordinary least square (OLS) criterion to determine the viability and determinants of income earnings from tobacco by farmers. The study revealed that, smallholder tobacco production was viable, with farmers achieving average yield of 2052 kg/ha, average price of US $2.45 per kilogram and earning, on average, about US $2352 per hectare as gross margin. Break-even analysis revealed a margin of safety of 50% with respect to both yield and prices, indicating that, small-scale tobacco production will remain lucrative even at much lower prices and yields. Regression analysis showed that, off farm employment was inversely related to revenue earnings from tobacco with coefficient (-0.058) and the relationship was significant at 5%. Price and yield were positively related to tobacco gross margins with coefficients 0.865 and 1.001 and the relationship was significant at 1%. It is therefore concluded that, tobacco production is viable and can improve incomes for smallholder farmers. To improve income earnings from tobacco, there is a need for farmers to focus on farm production for better yields and improve quality for better prices.


Parasites of animals and plants can encounter trade-offs between their specificity to any single host and their fitness on alternative hosts. For parasites that manipulate their host's behavior, the complexity of that manipulation may further limit the parasite's host range. The recently described crypt-keeper wasp, Euderus set, changes the behavior of the gall wasp Bassettia pallida such that B. pallida chews an incomplete exit hole in the side of its larval chamber and "plugs" that hole with its head. E. set benefits from this head plug, as it facilitates the escape of the parasitoid from the crypt after it completes development. Here, we ask whether this behavioral manipulator is limited to Bassettia hosts. We find that E. set attacks and manipulates the behavior of at least six additional gall wasp species, and that these hosts are taxonomically diverse. Interestingly, each of E. set's hosts has converged upon similarities in their extended phenotypes: the galls they induce on oaks share characters that may make them vulnerable to attack by E. set. Behavioral manipulation in this parasitoid system may be less important to its host range than other dimensions of the host-parasitoid interaction, like the host's physical defenses.


Background: Intrathecal additive drugs are becoming increasingly common in anesthesia practice. We aimed to evaluate the additive effects of dexmedetomidine on spinal anesthesia with sufentanil in patients undergoing lower abdominal or lower limb surgery. Methods: This double-blind randomized controlled trial was performed in Mashhad, Iran, between 2017 and 2018. Sixty patients undergoing lower abdominal or lower limb surgery were randomly divided to receive 15 mg of bupivacaine and 3 μg of sufentanil (control group; n=30) or 15 mg of bupivacaine, 3 μg of sufentanil, and 10 μg of dexmedetomidine (intervention group; n=30). Outcomes, comprised of the onset and regression of sensory and motor blocks, the duration of analgesia, analgesic use, hemodynamic parameters, and side effects, were assessed. The data were analyzed in the SPSS software (version 22), using different statistical tests. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The times of sensory and motor blocks reaching T10 and Bromage 3, respectively, were significantly shorter, while the times of sensory and motor regressions to S1 and Bromage 0, correspondingly, were significantly longer in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.001). Both the frequency (P=0.006) and the dose (P<0.001) of postoperative analgesic use were significantly lower, and the duration of analgesia was significantly longer in the intervention group (P<0.001). The frequency of side effects and changes in hemodynamic parameters had no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion: The sufentanil and dexmedetomidine combination in spinal anesthesia caused the earlier onset and later regression of sensory and motor blocks, longer postoperative analgesia, and lower analgesic use without significant side effects or hemodynamic changes, which appears to be due to the combined effects of sufentanil and dexmedetomidine. Trial Registration Number: IRCT2017082833680N3.


Fast analog to digital conversion with only one bit per sample not only makes high sampling rates possible but also reduces the required hardware complexity. For short data buffers or block lengths, it has been shown that tone frequency estimators can be implemented by a simple table look-up. We present an analysis of such tables using the Hadamard transform. As an outcome of the analysis, we propose a class of nonlinear estimators of low complexity. Their performance is evaluated using numerical simulations. Comparisons are made with the proper Cramer-Rao bound and with the table look-up approach.


Although widely used, there is little information concerning the efficacy of corn-soy blend (CSB) supplementation in the treatment of moderate underweight in African children. Lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS), which have proven to be beneficial treatment for severely wasted children, could offer benefits to less severely affected individuals. We conducted a clinical randomized trial to determine whether LNS or CSB supplementation improves weight gain of moderately underweight children. A total of 182 underweight [weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) < -2] 6- to 15-mo-old children were randomized to receive for 12 wk a ration of 43 g/d LNS or 71 g/d CSB, providing 1189 and 921 kJ, respectively, or no supplementation (control). The primary outcome was weight change; secondary outcomes included changes in anthropometric indices, hemoglobin levels, and morbidity. The body weight increases (mean ± SD) did not differ and were 620 ± 470, 510 ± 350, and 470 ± 350 g in the LNS, CSB, and control groups, respectively (P = 0.11). Compared with controls, infants and children in the LNS group gained more weight [mean (95% CI) = 150 g (0-300 g); P = 0.05] and had a greater increase in WAZ [0.33 (-0.02-0.65); P = 0.04]. Weight and WAZ changes did not differ between the control and CSB groups. In exploratory stratified analysis, the weight increase was higher in the LNS group compared with the control group among those with lower initial WAZ [250 g (60-430 g; P = 0.01]. Supplementation with LNS but not CSB modestly increases weight gain among moderately underweight children and the effect appears most pronounced among those with a lower initial WAZ.


ABSTRACT This article reports on the early stages of a multi-year project using writing to facilitate healing among university-aged survivors of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda. Working with genocide survivors carries with it expected and unexpected personal and professional complexities. Drawing on early versions of her own published and unpublished poems, the author demonstrates by way of example the role that writing poetry and the use of poetic inquiry played in addressing those complexities. The article includes an overview of the project that took place in Rwanda and describes the challenges inherent in working with survivors, then lays out the role that poetry and poetic inquiry can play as a means of engaging with this sort of difficult research. Through the inclusion of the poems themselves, the author explores the ways poetry affords opportunities for listening, understanding, processing, and responding to others. The article concludes with an explication of the broader implications of this work.


Abstract. Halogenated very short-lived substances (VSLSs) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. When transported to the stratosphere, these compounds can have a significant influence on the ozone layer and climate. During a research cruise on RV Sonne in the subtropical and tropical west Indian Ocean in July and August 2014, we measured the VSLSs, methyl iodide (CH3I) and for the first time bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2), in surface seawater and the marine atmosphere to derive their emission strengths. Using the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART with ERA-Interim meteorological fields, we calculated the direct contribution of observed VSLS emissions to the stratospheric halogen burden during the Asian summer monsoon. Furthermore, we compare the in situ calculations with the interannual variability of transport from a larger area of the west Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere for July 2000–2015. We found that the west Indian Ocean is a strong source for CHBr3 (910 pmol m−2 h−1), very strong source for CH2Br2 (930 pmol m−2 h−1), and an average source for CH3I (460 pmol m−2 h−1). The atmospheric transport from the tropical west Indian Ocean surface to the stratosphere experiences two main pathways. On very short timescales, especially relevant for the shortest-lived compound CH3I (3.5 days lifetime), convection above the Indian Ocean lifts oceanic air masses and VSLSs towards the tropopause. On a longer timescale, the Asian summer monsoon circulation transports oceanic VSLSs towards India and the Bay of Bengal, where they are lifted with the monsoon convection and reach stratospheric levels in the southeastern part of the Asian monsoon anticyclone. This transport pathway is more important for the longer-lived brominated compounds (17 and 150 days lifetime for CHBr3 and CH2Br2). The entrainment of CHBr3 and CH3I from the west Indian Ocean to the stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon is lower than from previous cruises in the tropical west Pacific Ocean during boreal autumn and early winter but higher than from the tropical Atlantic during boreal summer. In contrast, the projected CH2Br2 entrainment was very high because of the high emissions during the west Indian Ocean cruise. The 16-year July time series shows highest interannual variability for the shortest-lived CH3I and lowest for the longest-lived CH2Br2. During this time period, a small increase in VSLS entrainment from the west Indian Ocean through the Asian monsoon to the stratosphere is found. Overall, this study confirms that the subtropical and tropical west Indian Ocean is an important source region of halogenated VSLSs, especially CH2Br2, to the troposphere and stratosphere during the Asian summer monsoon.


In general, the highly development environment in the society or the natural
interruptions can cause loss of the power supply due to the burden of the generator.
In industries, this can cause million of losses when the shortage of supply occurs.
Usually, the supply will be back-upped in the storage system. If the over demand is
uncontrolled, or when there is no decision-making in removing a certain load, there
will be a trouble in the power system. Certain loads will be removed depending on
some importance or criteria such as operating load and area power. This requires
some decision-making in order order to choose the best load(s) to be cut off. In order
to do that, Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) can be applied in determination
of the load shedding scheme in the electric power system. The objective of this
thesis is to justify a load shedding scheme for an islanded power system. This thesis
proposes methodologies for load shedding scheme for the islanded electric power
system by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy
Process (Fuzzy AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal
Solution (TOPSIS). In this thesis, the load shedding scheme is applied to several
systems such as large pulp mill electrical system, IEEE 118 bus test case system,
Selangor electrical system and Johore electrical system. Models are built up on the
base of analysing correlative factors with examples given to indicate how the AHP,
Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS are applied. From this thesis, a series of analyses are
conducted and the results are determined. Analyses are made, and the results have
shown that AHP, Fuzzy AHP and TOPSIS can be used in determination of the load
shedding scheme in pulp mill system, IEEE 118 bus system, Selangor system and
Johore system. Among these three MCDM methods, the results shown by TOPSIS is
the most effective solution because of the effectiveness of load shedding is the
highest.


Methylammonium lead halide perovskites have emerged as high performance photovoltaic materials. Most of these solar cells are prepared via solution-processing and record efficiencies (>20%) have been obtained employing perovskites with mixed halides and organic cations on (mesoscopic) metal oxides. Here, we demonstrate fully vacuum deposited planar perovskite solar cells by depositing methylammonium lead iodide in between intrinsic and doped organic charge transport molecules. Two configurations, one inverted with respect to the other, p-i-n and n-i-p, are prepared and optimized leading to planar solar cells without hysteresis and very high efficiencies, 16.5% and 20%, respectively. It is the first time that a direct comparison between these two opposite device configurations has been reported. These fully vacuum deposited solar cells, employing doped organic charge transport layers, validate for the first time vacuum based processing as a real alternative for perovskite solar cell preparation.


The matrix domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein contains a highly basic region near its amino terminus. It has been proposed that this basic domain, in conjunction with the HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr, is responsible for the localization of the HIV-1 preintegration complex to the nucleus in nondividing cells. It has also been postulated that the matrix basic domain assists in the targeting of the HIV-1 Gag precursor Pr55Gag to the plasma membrane during virus assembly. To evaluate the role of this highly basic sequence during infection of primary human monocyte-derived macrophages, single- and double-amino-acid-substitution mutations were introduced, and the effects on virus particle production, Gag protein processing, envelope glycoprotein incorporation into virus particles, and virus infectivity in the CEM(12D-7) T-cell line, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were analyzed. Although modest effects on virus particle production were observed with some of the mutants, none abolished infectivity in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. In contrast with previously reported studies involving some of the same matrix basic domain mutants, infectivity in monocyte-derived macrophages was retained even when combined with a vpr mutation.


This article considers the existence of a subgroup of academic research that is particular to areas of design practice: practice-based research [PbR]. This subgroup is widely recognized in Europe but is less well recognized elsewhere. PbR has raised a number of discussions about the best way of approaching the outcomes that are considered, within the dominant models of academic research, to be non-traditional. One question that is debated asks whether academic research in areas of design practice is in some way different from the existent models of academic research. This is a matter of the understanding that a community has about traditional research criteria in terms of their potential for satisfying the needs that are expressed in the areas of design practice. It is also a matter of the nature of design practice and the particular concepts that are adopted in these areas. The context in which PbR finds grounds for these discussions is one in which the needs and requirements of the academy are pervasive. The article therefore presents the concepts of academic research and design practice in order to introduce the problem that PbR represents. This problem is discussed in terms of contextual understandings that are specific to different nations and academic communities.


Brand, which is widely used in manufacturing sectors for many years, has been adopted as a new apartment sales strategy by construction companies in Korean housing market since 1990s to survive in fierce competitions and fulfill customer's changing needs. Due to distinctive attributes of construction market and its product, various factors are needed to be considered in order to implement the strategy from other industries. A number of construction companies have succeeded in brand awareness and image building, however, they still struggle to establish brand loyalty and manage brand equity elements in balance. The purpose of this study is to introduce and analyze the brand equity building process of apartment products in Korean housing market and determine causal relationships among variables to propose strategies for long-term prosperity of the construction companies. System dynamics modeling method is applied to describe how variables affect and are linked to each other in terms of building equity and enhancing company profits from customers' brand awareness to brand loyalty. Based on the analysis model, strategies for construction companies were proposed and this may support the company to gain competitiveness among its competitors in the fastchanging market.


The huge amount of content in today's work life brings up new challenges for Business Process Management (BPM). The right content has to be provided at the right time, of the right quality, and at preferably low cost. So far, a remarkable number of software products have been developed for the management of enterprise content. However, there is still a significant lack of knowledge on how to efficiently make use of these systems in a specific organisational context. With this paper, we present a framework, taking a business process perspective on Enterprise Content Management (ECM). Within the framework, different types of content are identified that are relevant in regard to the business processes of a company. For each type of content blueprints are developed that describe how to make use of specific services of ECM systems. In order to implement organisational change, methodical support is provided on how to embed the blueprints into the business processes of a company.


Success in international trade depends, amongst other things, on distance from markets. Most new economic geography models focus on the distance between countries. In contrast much less theorizing and empirical analysis have focused on how distances within a country?for instance due to the location behaviour of exporting firms?matter to international trade. In this paper we contribute to the literature on the latter by offering a theoretical model to explain the optimal distance that an export-oriented firm would locate from a port. We present empirical evidence from South Africa in support of the model.


This paper examines the mechanisms for giving by investigating the psychological and values differences between men and women's motivations for giving. We explored two of the eight mechanisms for giving developed by Bekkers and Wiepking as a framework for why people give—principle of care and empathic concern. Are there differences in these motives for giving by gender, and can these differences in values and the psychological benefits that people receive when making donations explain gender differences in charitable giving? Are women more likely to give and give more than men because of their higher levels of empathic concern and principle of care? We used two US national data sets to test our hypotheses. Our results for both data sets indicate significant differences in motives by gender, as well as differences in the probability of giving and amount given by gender, even after controlling for empathic concern and principle of care measures. Our findings are discussed in terms of the importance of viewing charitable giving through a gender lens as well as practical implications for practitioners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Modern technology and innovation research needs to analyse and collect users' requirements from the outset of the project's design, according to the Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) approach. Bringing in new services without involving end-users in the whole research process does not make for optimal results in terms of scientific, technological and economic impact. This commentary reports on research experience of stakeholder involvement and co-production in Italy, implemented in Earth Observation downstream services at regional level. It reports the participative approach and method adopted and the impacts and benefits derived. Abstract


A geophysical investigation of the continental margin between Norway and the Faeroe Islands has been carried out, utilizing gravity, magnetic, bathymetric, seismic refraction and seismic reflection data. Detailed analysis of this data has shown that the boundary between the oceanic-type crust beneath the Norwegian Basin and the continental-type crust of North-West Europe does not lie along the Faeroe-Shetland Escarpment as suggested by Talwani and co-authors. The line of splitting between the More region and Greenland has been identified as lying just to the south-east of magnetic anomaly 24 within the eastern Norwegian Basin. This is supported by seismic reflection and gravity evidence. Gravity data over the margin has been interpreted as revealing a zone of anomalously thin crust which may mark a north-eastern extension of the Faeroe-Shetland Channel. It is separated from the Norwegian Basin by a zone of rather thick crust forming a spur from the Faeroes Block. It is proposed that the zone of anomalously thin crust be known as the East Faeroes Trough. Within the Norwegian Basin the magnetic data confirms that the sea-floor spreading anomalies form a fan-shaped pattern narrower in the south than in the north. Seismic reflection data within the central portion of the basin shows rough and undulating basement topography, with many basement peaks, some of which form the seamounts detected on earlier bathymetric surveys. It has been tentatively suggested that the basement peaks and lack of correlatable magnetic anomalies in the centre of the basin are due to the continual westward migration of the spreading axis.


Title of Dissertation: MARGUERITE HIGGINS: AN EXAMINATION OF LEGACY AND GENDER BIAS Peter Noel Murray, Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Dissertation directed by: Professor Maurine Beasley College of Journalism This study examined the historical legacy of journalist Marguerite Higgins. The core research question of this dissertation is whether the legacy of Higgins, as portrayed in history, accurately reflects the facts of her life. The thesis focuses on allegations in the literature regarding unethical and immoral behavior by Higgins as she pursued her career, and addresses the degree to which these allegations may have been influenced by gender bias. The word 'legacy,' as used in this dissertation, is defined as that which has been handed down from the past. This study examined archival material and analyzed information concerning Higgins' life by searching the collections of Higgins' papers and those of people who knew and worked with her during her career, as well as those of authors who wrote about her. The thesis then compared this information about Higgins obtained through primary research with the portrayal about Higgins that has been established over the years by scholars and other authors who have written about her since her death. The theoretical context of this study is the psychology of stereotypes and gender bias. The study considered whether the attitudes and behavior of Higgins' male peers might have been influenced by bias. The work of other authors has described discrimination against women journalists, including Higgins, by newspaper editors, for example, in their restriction of women to writing for the women's section of newspapers, and by the U.S. military in its efforts to prevent women from covering combat. This study focuses on more subtle forms of possible discrimination, the attitudes and behavior of her male colleagues. The study found inaccuracies in Higgins' historical legacy and determined that there were numerous gaps between information available in archival collections and the portrayal of her by authors who created the written record of her life. MARGUERITE HIGGINS: AN EXAMINATION OF LEGACY AND GENDER BIAS


The purpose of this paper is to analyse the applications and relevance of the Purposes of Sharī'ah (Maqāsid al-Sharī'ah) in Islamic Adjudication and Its Procedure. Objectives of Sharī'ah investigates the purposes and meanings behind injunctions of Sharī'ah. Allah created mankind with the purpose of worshipping him and following His directives. Adjudication is also part of act of worshipping Allah Ta'āla. The Shari'ah does not intend to create difficulty for mankind. The same is also with the substantive and procedural provisions of Islamic adjudication. Alternatives are mostly available in case the basic rule is not obtainable. The entirety of the law is demonstrations of Allah's justice and goodness to mankind. These are demonstrated in all injunctions especially adjudication and its procedure. Maqāsid al-Sharī'ah is classified into three grades: ḍarūriyyāt (necessaries), hājiyyāt (complementaries) and taḥsīniyyāt (embellishments). The Islamic judiciary has central authority in the protection and promotion of the five necessaries which are the protection of religion, life, mind, progeny as well as property.  This was done through both affirmative and punitive measures. The second grade known as hājiyyāt are intended to prevent hardship, difficulty and to facilitate the protection of the necessaries. Several injunctions related to adjudication are aimed at preventing hardship on litigants and to facilitate protection of the five necessaries. Taḥsīniyyāt refers to adopting good customs and avoidance of filths that good conscience avoids. As a nucleus of the Islamic judicial system, a judge is expected to occupy high moral ground in his appearance and conducts as well as his behaviours with litigants. A judge is expected to take cognizance of all these purposes of Sharī'ah while he administers the Islamic justice and resolve conflicts. keywords:Objectives of Sharī'ah,Islamic adjudication,Islamic judicial system,the Islamic justice and resolve conflicts,Islamic Adjudication and Its Procedure


Component birefringence can cause signal impairments in phase modulated optical links. At the transmitter, imperfect launch conditions couple phase modulation to unintended polarization modulation. At the receiver, polarization modulation creates spurious photocurrents due to birefringence in, and time delays between, interferometric paths. In this paper, we analyze such systems, and develop a formula for the photocurrent as a function of 11 system parameters. We utilize both the Jones description and our recent generalization of the Stokes description that includes optical phase, examine several special cases for phase modulated RF optical links, and evaluate some typical system performance issues.


Universal health coverage (UHC) has been identified as a priority in the sustainable development goals (SDG3), but it is argued here that this is only possible if the health workforce is educated in, and values a public health approach at the primary health care (PHC) level. Encouraging community participation by developing a critical awareness of the social determinants of health and supporting communities to take action is needed. Community health workers (CHWs) have the potential to act as agents for social change to improve the health of rural communities if trained and supported appropriately. This study investigates the optimization of public health skills, knowledge and practices of health workers at the PHC level in rural Cambodia. It is anticipated that this study will afford new insights to inform stakeholders of the factors impacting on the development of public health workforce capacity. The research engaged twenty CHWs over two studies using a participatory action research approach. Over eight participatory workshops and a two-day training session CHWs identified (using photovoice), implemented and reflected on solutions to community health problems. In addition, ten semi-structured interviews were undertaken with key stakeholders from government and non-government organisations (NGOs) to gain an understanding of current methods used to develop the public health capacity of health workers in Cambodia. The public health skills gaps identified at provincial and community levels included planning, communication, community engagement techniques and using initiative to identify and implement solutions. These gaps are intrinsically linked to Cambodian social and political structures, and cultural values which promote a hierarchical working environment. In addition, aid dependency and a lack of ownership has created a new patronage which encourages further disempowerment and an apathetic approach to independently tackling community health issues. Fragmented public health training mainly directed by international agents and a lack of financial support to develop sustainable training, supervision and monitoring negatively impacts public health skill development. Health promotion and prevention training is provided to health facility workers, but there is a 'know-do' gap. They view their role as purely curative and removed from the community public health agenda, thus devaluing the application of new public health skills. The implementation of community participation policies in Cambodia is hindered by a reliance on external agencies and cultural norms of respect, obedience and fear of challenging the elite. The capacity for CHWs to act as agents of social change is unlikely given the current policy structure and implementing environment. The health workforce in Cambodia has the potential to contribute significantly to the goal of UHC, however factors affecting their desire and ability to implement a public health approach need addressing. Although many health systems are hierarchical in nature, the degree to which people can innovate, openly analyse processes and procedures and suggest solutions needs to be considered. Identifying ways of supporting CHWs to mobilise and enable communities to be empowered within the contextual environment is required, as is a better understanding of how to close the know-do gap in health facility workers.


This document describes a usage of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP) for manipulating the contents of Presence Information Data Format (PIDF) based presence documents. It is intended to be used in Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) based presence systems, where the Event State Compositor can use the XCAP-manipulated presence document as one of the inputs on which it builds the overall presence state for the presentity.


Genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have become the most powerful tool to search the numerous potential risk genetic loci for the susceptibility of many complicated diseases in recent years. However, despite of the more comprehensive analysis of GWAS, there are some limitations for the method. First, it is difficult to identify true causal variants due to the haplotype construction based on the linkage disequilibrium. Besides, most causal variants identified by GWAS were non-coding variants. Although it has been suggested non-coding causal variants may contribute to epigenetic regulation, such as histone acetylation, methylation or DNA methylation, mRNA splicing and the regulation of RNA transcription. The mechanisms of action, and the cellular states and processes in which they function were largely unknown. In a recent study, Farh et al . developed a fine-mapping algorithm to identify candidate causal genetic variants in 21 autoimmune diseases from 39 GWAS studies (1). Through integrated predictions with transcription and cis-regulatory map for several kinds of immune and non-immune cell types, including resting and stimulated CD4+ T cell, regulatory cell, B cell and monocytes, etc., they had provided the unique information about the distributions and features of causal variants in the susceptibility of autoimmune diseases. Accordingly, more than 90% susceptible variants are reside in non-coding and around 60% variants were located in immune-cell transcription factor binding sites (enhancer), which contribute to activating or modulating T or B cell immune response. However, only 10–20% risk variants appear to act directly classical recognizable transcription factor binding sites to regulate gene expression while the 80–90% of non-coding genetic variants functions directly by modifying the non-classical regulatory sequence. In addition, most non-coding risk variants, including those that alter gene expression, affect non-canonical sequence determinants not well-explained by current gene regulatory models.


It is shown that there exist a large class of nonlinear elastic systems (which includes both dissipative and conservative systems) where localized modes (linear or nonlinear) completely define the large time behavior. For dissipative systems, there are possible generations of unboundedly complicated chaotic attractors. For some conservative (for example, weakly nonlinear) elastic systems, the method developed allows one to construct an algorithm of the integration of the corresponding evolution equations. The phenomenon of vibration and nonstationary wave localization within beams, plates, and shells has been studied using the nonlinear approach.


The challenge of distinguishing genetic drift from selection remains a central focus of population genetics. Time-sampled data may provide a powerful tool for distinguishing these processes, and we here propose approximate Bayesian, maximum likelihood, and analytical methods for the inference of demography and selection from time course data. Utilizing these novel statistical and computational tools, we evaluate whole-genome datasets of an influenza A H1N1 strain in the presence and absence of oseltamivir (an inhibitor of neuraminidase) collected at thirteen time points. Results reveal a striking consistency amongst the three estimation procedures developed, showing strongly increased selection pressure in the presence of drug treatment. Importantly, these approaches re-identify the known oseltamivir resistance site, successfully validating the approaches used. Enticingly, a number of previously unknown variants have also been identified as being positively selected. Results are interpreted in the light of Fisher's Geometric Model, allowing for a quantification of the increased distance to optimum exerted by the presence of drug, and theoretical predictions regarding the distribution of beneficial fitness effects of contending mutations are empirically tested. Further, given the fit to expectations of the Geometric Model, results suggest the ability to predict certain aspects of viral evolution in response to changing host environments and novel selective pressures. data – with a focus on distinguishing the relative contribution of genetic drift from that of positive and purifying selection. Results illustrate the available mutational paths to drug resistance, and offer important insights in to the mode and tempo of adaptation in a viral population.


Land use / land cover (LULC) data is used in various application domains including land administration and environmental applications. Land cover data presents the physical coverage of the earth's surface while land use data presents its socio-economic functionality. A common definition and classification system is required to combine these data. In this way, according to user requirements in Turkey, coordination of information on the environment (CORINE) database which defines land cover classes in three data-use level was extended by creating a standard definition system at large scaled data use level. Harmonized LULC data model with five levels was produced from national to local level. LULC data at large scaled data use level was produced for Trabzon City to examine the applicability of the proposed model. This LULC data were generalized to other data use levels with the using of the LULC data model. Case studies showed that managing LULC data harmonized are successful to promote the multiple uses of LULC data in various environmental applications effectively.


A static analysis design is sufficient if it can prove the property of interest with an acceptable number of false alarms. Ultimately, the only way to confirm that an analysis design is sufficient is to implement it and run it on real-world programs. If the evaluation shows that the design is insufficient, the designer must return to the drawing board and repeat the process--wasting expensive implementation effort over and over again. In this paper, we make the observation that there is a minimal range of code needed to prove a property of interest under an ideal static analysis; we call such a range of code a validation scope. Armed with this observation, we create a dynamic measurement framework that quantifies validation scopes and thus enables designers to rule out insufficient designs at lower cost. A novel attribute of our framework is the ability to model aspects of static reasoning using dynamic execution measurements. To evaluate the flexibility of our framework, we instantiate it on an example property--null dereference errors--and measure validation scopes on real-world programs. We use a broad range of metrics that capture the difficulty of analyzing programs along varying dimensions. We also examine how validation scopes evolve as developers fix null dereference errors and as code matures. We find that bug fixes shorten validation scopes, that longer validation scopes are more likely to be buggy, and that overall validation scopes are remarkably stable as programs evolve.


Action recognition has been heavily employed in many applications such as autonomous vehicles, surveillance, etc, where its robustness is a primary concern. In this paper, we examine the robustness of state-of-the-art action recognizers against adversarial attack, which has been rarely investigated so far. To this end, we propose a new method to attack action recognizers which rely on the 3D skeletal motion. Our method involves an innovative perceptual loss which ensures the imperceptibility of the attack. Empirical studies demonstrate that our method is effective in both white-box and black-box scenarios. Its generalizability is evidenced on a variety of action recognizers and datasets. Its versatility is shown in different attacking strategies. Its deceitfulness is proven in extensive perceptual studies. Our method shows that adversarial attack on 3D skeletal motions, one type of time-series data, is significantly different from traditional adversarial attack problems. Its success raises serious concern on the robustness of action recognizers and provides insights on potential improvements.


Dynamical phase transitions (DPT) are receiving a rising interest. They are known to behave analogously to
equilibrium phase transitions (EPT) to a large extend. However, it is easy to see that DPT can occur in finite
systems, while EPT are only possible in the thermodynamic limit. So far it is not clear how far the analogy of
DPT and EPT goes. It was suggested, that there is a relation between topological phase transitions (TPT)
and DPT, but many open questions remain.
Typically, to study DPT, the Loschmidt echo (LE) after a quench is investigated, where DPT are visible as
singularities. For one-dimensional systems, each singularity is connected to a certain critical time scale, which
is given by the dispersion in the chain.
In topological free-fermion models with winding numbers 0 or 1, only the LE in periodic boundary conditions
(PBC) has been investigated. In open boundary conditions (OBC), these models are characterized by symmetry
protected edge modes in the topologically non-trivial phase. It is completely unclear how these modes affect
DPT. We investigate systems with PBC governed by multiple time scales with a Z topological invariant. In
OBC, we provide numerical evidence for the presence of bulk-boundary correspondence in DPT in quenches
across a TPT.


Structure learning algorithms for graphical models have focused almost exclusively on stable environments in which the underlying generative process does not change; that is, they assume that the generating model is globally stationary. In real-world environments, however, such changes often occur without warning or signal. Real-world data often come from generating models that are only locally stationary. In this paper, we present LoSST, a novel, heuristic structure learning algorithm that tracks changes in graphical model structure or parameters in a dynamic, real-time manner. We show by simulation that the algorithm performs comparably to batch-mode learning when the generating graphical structure is globally stationary, and significantly better when it is only locally stationary.


Stimulation of lymphocyte death receptors leads to activation of the cysteine protease caspase-8, which undergoes autoproteolysis to produce a mature form that cleaves effector caspases (such as caspase-3) as part of a proteolytic cascade that ends in apoptosis. In contrast, caspase-8 activation during antigenic stimulation, which involves its association with a complex that contains Bcl10 and MALT1, is required for lymphocyte proliferation. Kawadler et al. found that interleukin-2 (IL-2) production was reduced in activated human T cells (stimulated with antibodies directed against CD3 and a chimeric form of CD28) in which caspase-8 was knocked down with siRNA. Caspase-8 activated by antibody stimulation underwent limited autoproteolysis and failed to cleave substrate effector caspases appreciably. Activation of the transcription factor NF-κB in response to coexpression of MALT1 and Bcl10 was attenuated in Jurkat lymphoma cells lacking caspase-8; moreover, MALT1 knockdown prevented caspase-8 activation in primary human T cells. Noting that MALT1 contains a paracaspase domain (distantly related to the caspase proteolytic domain), the authors used a controlled heterodimerization system to show that heterodimerization of MALT1 and caspase-8 led to cleavage of the latter. The MALT1 paracaspase domain bound to the caspase-8 protease domain; however, mutational analysis established that caspase-8 cleavage was autoproteolytic and did not depend on MALT1 protease activity. MALT1 failed to stimulate caspase-8–mediated proteolysis of caspase-3, although it did stimulate proteolysis of the caspase homolog c-FLIPL. c-FLIPL was cleaved after antibody stimulation of lymphocytes, and its knockdown inhibited IL-2 production. Moreover, mutational analysis revealed that MALT1-dependent activation of caspase-8 and proteolysis of c-FLIPL were critical to NF-κB activation and IL-2 production. Thus, MALT1 appears to activate caspase-8 in a manner that affects its processing and substrate specificity, which leads to proliferative—rather than apoptotic—signaling. H. Kawadler, M. A. Gantz, J. L. Riley, X. Yang, The paracaspase MALT1 controls caspase-8 activation during lymphocyte proliferation. Mol. Cell 31, 415-421 (2008). [PubMed]