There are two levels of control of the expression of the levanase operon in Bacillus subtilis: induction by fructose, which involves a positive regulator, LevR, and the fructose phosphotransferase system encoded by this operon (lev-PTS), and a global regulation, catabolite repression. The LevR activator interacts with its target, the upstream activating sequence (UAS), to stimulate the transcription of the E sigma L complex bound at the "-12, -24" promoter. Levanase operon expression in the presence of glucose was tested in strains carrying a ccpA gene disruption or a ptsH1 mutation in which Ser-46 of HPr is replaced by Ala. In a levR+ inducible genetic background, the expression of the levanase operon was partially resistant to catabolite repression in both mutants, indicating that the CcpA repressor and the HPr-SerP protein are involved in the glucose control of this operon. In addition, a cis-acting catabolite-responsive element (CRE) of the levanase operon was identified and investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. The CRE sequence TGAAAACGCTT(a)ACA is located between positions -50 and -36 from the transcriptional start site, between the UAS and the -12, -24 promoter. However, in a background constitutive for levanase, neither HPr, CcpA, nor CRE is involved in glucose repression, suggesting the existence of a different pathway of glucose regulation. Using truncated LevR proteins, we showed that this CcpA-independent pathway required the presence of the domain of LevR (amino acids 411 to 689) homologous to the BglG family of bacterial antiterminators.


Abstract This paper is concerned with the study of the Electrorheological Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability (EKHI) at the interface between a poorly conducting couple stress fluid saturated porous layer which is in relative motion with a poorly conducting couple stress fluid in a thin shell in the presence of a transverse electric field and laser radiation. A simple theory based on fully developed flow approximations is used to derive the dispersion relation for the growth rate of EKHI. The cutoff and the maximum wave numbers and the corresponding maximum frequencies are obtained. It is shown that the effects of couple stress parameter, laser radiation and the electric field reduce the growth rate of KHI considerably compared to a non-conducting fluid in the absence of an electric field. These are favorable to control the surface instabilities in many practical applications discussed in this paper.


Title of Dissertation: KEY MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS THE DESIGN OF EFFICIENT, LIGHTWEIGHT SCHEMES FOR SECURE GROUP COMMUNICATIONS IN LARGE MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS. Maria Striki, Doctor of Philosophy, 2006 Directed By: Professor John S. Baras, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Securing group communications in resource constrained, infrastructure-less environments such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) is a very challenging research direction in the area of wireless networking and security. This is true as MANETs are emerging as the desired environment for an increasing number of civilian, commercial and military applications, addressing an increasing number of users. Most of these applications are sensitive and require specific security guarantees. The inherent limitations of MANETs impose major difficulties in establishing a suitable secure group communications framework. Key Management (KM) is the operation that enables and supports the secure exchange of data and ensures the capability of members' secure cooperation as a group. KM protocols provide a common symmetric group key to all group members, and ensure that only legitimate members have access to a valid group key at any instance. Our work focuses on the design of efficient, robust, novel or improved group KM schemes, capable of distributed operation where key infrastructure components are absent or inaccessible, that accomplish the following: (a) better performance than this of existing schemes for similar environments, (b) successfully handle network dynamics and failures, in networks with large number of nodes. Our protocols address Flat or Hierarchical MANETs separately. Our solution for Flat MANETs involves the design of two new Octopus protocols, and the adaptation of the original to MANETs. We introduced algorithms for handling membership changes, disruptions and failures with low overhead for initial key establishment or steady state for all three protocols. In an effort to reduce their suboptimal performance when executed without topological considerations, underlying routing is integrated into the design by the definition of topology oriented communication schedules via lightweight heuristics. In addition, we integrated a lightweight leader election algorithm with the proposed protocols, used Elliptic Curve Cryptography to reduce certain costs further, and investigated the effects of a number of mobility models in the performance of our schemes. For Hierarchical MANETs, we designed a 2-level Hybrid scheme that supports various combinations of protocols to improve metrics of interest. This scheme exploits battlefield diversity, and links key distribution to network topology and nodes' mobility. KEY MANAGEMENT: TOWARDS THE DESIGN OF EFFICIENT, LIGHTWEIGHT SCHEMES FOR SECURE GROUP COMMUNICATIONS IN LARGE MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS


The violent gang rape of a paramedical student in a moving bus in New Delhi and her subsequent death, resulting in widespread outrage around India, has led to calls for chemical castration as a punishment for rapists. Various political and civil society groups and reportedly the central government too are considering such a law, which they say would curb the rising rates of rape throughout the nation.

The gang rape sparked massive protests in New Delhi and outrage in parliament and led to a joint statement by the United Nations and Unicef condemning the incident.1 The government has increasingly been trying to calm public anger.2

Chemical castration, in which …


The existence of subject-object asymmetry in Chinese is a point of controversy. From a UG perspective, the syntactic category of subject is invariably the same, while LaPolla (1990) argues that there is no such category in Chinese. This paper takes an intermediate position and starts out from the observation that the syntactic distinction between subject and object has a lower profile in Chinese than in English and other languages. The question is what can be seen from an experimental perspective that looks at the incremental analysis of utterances by the brain. To test this, an ERP (event-related potentials) experiment was conducted with sentences of the type [NP1 Vtransitive Adverb] with two values for NP1 (animate subject vs. inanimate object) and two values for the context (animate topic context, inanimate topic context). As it turned out, Chinese also favors subject interpretation, i.e. NP1 is preferentially analyzed as S or A. This can be accounted for by the extended Argument Dependency Model (Bornkessel-Schlesewsky & Schlesewsky 2006, 2009a) with its universal subject preference, which is determined by simplicity-based factors that favor S and A over O. Additional semantic and pragmatic inferences can influence interpretation at a later stage of online sentence processing, as is the case in Chinese. Even though it is hard to explain why syntactic rules can be more easily overwritten in Chinese, ERP experiments offer interesting insights into what may constitute the category of subject.


This inspiring book makes drawing in a realistic style easier than you may think and more fun than you ever imagined! Authors Mark and Mary Willenbrink (Watercolor for the Absolute Beginner) cover it all-from choosing materials and the correct way to hold your pencil, to expert advice on the tricky stuff, like getting proportions and perspective right, drawing reflections, and designing strong compositions. (It's not as scary as it sounds...not with Mark and Mary as your guide!) At the heart of this book, a series of fun, hands-on exercises help you practice and perfect your strokes-24 mini-demos lead up to 9 full step-by-step demos. Each exercise builds on the previous one as you develop your skills, build your confidence, and enjoy yourself along the way. The lessons you learn by drawing simple subjects such as coffee mugs, clouds and trees will help you take on progressively more challenging matter like animals, still lifes, landscapes and portraits...the kinds of subjects and scenes you've always dreamt of drawing. This book is just the ticket for budding artists of any age. It's never too early and never too late to discover the pure joy of drawing!


Vocational training programmes, like South Africa's learnership programme, which combine classroom learning and on-the-job training seem like the type of intervention which can create skills, get young people into jobs quicker, and reduce youth unemployment. This paper uses a longitudinal dataset of young people over four years—some of whom participate in the learnership programme—and firm level data to assess whether the programme meets its objectives, and based on this draws lessons for similar programmes in other countries. The results are disappointing: young people completing learnerships are more likely to be employed but this fades quickly; they do not get better jobs; and the way the programme is funded, as well as the nature of the firms which undertake subsidized training, means that the programme redistributes resources from smaller to larger firms and from more labour-intensive firms to less.


In modern programming high-level data-structures are an important foundation for most applications. With the rise of the multi-core era, there is a growing trend of supporting data-parallel collection operations in general purpose programming languages and platforms. To facilitate object-oriented reuse these operations are highly parametric, incurring abstraction performance penalties. Furthermore, data-parallel operations must scale when used in problems with irregular workloads. Work-stealing is a proven load-balancing technique when it comes to irregular workloads, but general purpose work-stealing also suffers from abstraction penalties. In this paper we present a generic design of a data-parallel collections framework based on work-stealing for shared-memory architectures. We show how abstraction penalties can be overcome through callsite specialization of data-parallel operations instances. Moreover, we show how to make work-stealing fine-grained and efficient when specialized for particular data-structures. We experimentally validate the performance of different data-structures and data-parallel operations, achieving up to 60X better performance with abstraction penalties eliminated and 3X higher speedups by specializing work-stealing compared to existing approaches.


The field of AI is directed at the fundamental problem of how the mind works; its approach, among other things, is to try to simulate its working -- in bits and pieces. History shows us that mankind has been trying to do this for certainly hundreds of years, but the blooming of current computer technology has sparked an explosion in the research we can now do. The center of AI is the wonderful capacity we call learning, which the field is paying increasing attention to. Learning is difficult and easy, complicated and simple, and most research doesn't look at many aspects of its complexity. However, we in the AI field are starting. Let us now celebrate the efforts of our forebears and rejoice in our own efforts, so that our successors can thrive in their research. This article is the substance, edited and adapted, of the keynote address given at the 1992 annual meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence on 14 July in San Jose, California.


Motivated to revolutionize our today's fossil fuels based energy production, my work concentrated on the investigation of promising low-cost materials for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production and photovoltaic electricity generation. Hydrogen presents a fully scalable energy storage solution while photovoltaics have the biggest potential for clean electricity generation. Both are combined in the hydrogen-based economy that will be introduced in Chapter 1. A clear way to achieve this revolutionary technological and societal goal is through fundamental understanding of the complex electronic properties of the most promising low-cost semiconductors offering strong visible light absorption. The modern fields of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting and photovoltaics have a lot in common: materials, scientific concepts and theoretical background. In other words, their complementarity was a strong motivation for the interdisciplinary work presented in this thesis. The main focus in this thesis is on hematite, which is a promising low-cost material offering visible light absorption and the chemical robustness for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. However, it has two major drawbacks: firstly, for a semiconductor, hematite has extremely low electron and hole mobilities. This makes it challenging to collect charges that are photo-generated deep within the hematite layer and far away from the surface. Secondly, water oxidation appears to be limited by trap states located in the mid band gap region. Chapter 3 addresses these drawbacks showing that doping of hematite from the underlayer, surface passivation from annealing treatments and/or overlayers are all key parameters to consider for the design of more efficient iron oxide electrodes. By better understanding the underlying principles of over- and underlayers, I was able to design multilayered hematite photoanodes comprised of functional thin films to obtain a significant reduction in the water oxidation overpotential. Whereas hematite thin film electrodes were fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis in Chapter 3, I introduce a new atomic layer deposition (ALD) route towards crystalline, highly photoactive, phase pure and impurity-free hematite films in Chapter 4. With this thin film model system I could precisely demonstrate that only the 10 nm thick space charge region of hematite is photoactive, which presents a major challenge when considering that around 60-70 nm are needed to achieve sufficient light absorption as shown in Chapter 5. In light of this charge transport limitation, I propose and demonstrate new host-guest electrode designs that would be indispensible for the realization of high performance ALD hematite photoanodes. To complement these studies, I demonstrate in Chapter 5 the basis for an optoelectronic modeling of the hematite PEC device that helps identifying and eliminating major optical and electronic losses in the PEC cell. In Chapter 6 my work on ALD SnO2 as an electron selective layer (ESL) led to major advances in low-cost flat hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells. The tin oxide layer is found to resolve the problem of an energy band misalignment encountered with the previously used ALD TiO2 ESL in addition to stabilizing the photovoltaic performance. Hysteresis-free solar conversion efficiencies of up to 18% have been achieved for flat devices paving the way towards low-cost flat film perovskite solar cells that will easily surpass the photovoltaic performance of polycrystalline silicon solar cells in the near future.


By way of follow-up to earlier work in understanding and improving discoverability of scholarly content, this article reports on recent data and reflections that led to clearer definitions of discovery and discover-ability, as well as deeper cross-sector collaborations on standards, transparency, metadata, and new forms of partnerships. Recent advances in discoverability are also described - from enhanced library-based web-scale searching to serving researcher needs through the Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) registry. The article points to a 2014 SAGE white paper that presents in greater detail opportunities for wider collaboration among libraries, publishers, service providers, and researchers in the interest of furthering discovery, access, and usage of scholarly writings and creative work.


This study focuses on the possibility of early detection of Basal Stem Rot (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma spp. a wood decaying fungi in oil palm plantation. The datasets were based on reflectance spectra measured with a GER 1500 spectroradiometer in the range of 350 – 1050nm. Relationship of oil-palm leaves reflectance spectra with the infestation of BSR was investigated. Two datasets from the same plantation were analysed; the young palm (5 years old) and the mature palm (17 years old). The palms were classified to three groups: T1 – healthy palm, T2 – palm infected with Ganoderma without any foliar symptoms but with white mycelium or fruiting body at base stem; and T3 – palm infected with Ganoderma with foliar symptoms and white mycelium or fruiting body at base stem. The reflectance was analysed using the continuum removed at several absorption features; the blue region (400-550nm), red region (550 – 750nm) and the NIR region (915-970nm). The continuum removal vegetation indices; Band Depth, Normalised Band Depth, Difference to Reflectance, Band Depth Normalised to Area and Continuum Removed in three absorption features were analysed on the sensitivity of the infection. The results were compared to the results of several other hyperspectral indices namely Red-Edge, NDVI, SIPI, MCARI, TCARI and OSAVI. It can be concluded that most of the continuum removed indices in the three absorption features were possible to be use as a tool in early detection of BSR in oil palm plantation.


The syntactic functions of subject and object are usually characterized by a certain semantic role and/or discourse function (information structure). In a "free word order" language, the position of a phrase at main clause level tends to be determined by its discourse function, while retaining its prototypical semantic role. In this paper we show that in the earlier stages of Germanic (represented by Norwegian) and of Romance (Spanish), the syntactic functions of subject and object were largely characterized by their semantic role, rather than by information structure. These languages then underwent a change, whereby the discourse-functional properties of subjects and objects became more prominent, allowing subjects to express various semantic roles.


Due to scarcity of cellulosic wood fibers five bamboo species, namely B. tulda, D. hamiltonii, B. balcooa, M. baccifera, and B. arundinacea, and two eucalyptus species, namely E. tereticornis and E. grandis, were grown under North Indian climatic conditions in order to sustain fiber supply through social forestry. After four years of cultivation, these cellulosic raw materials were evaluated for anatomical structures, fibre dimensions, chemical characterization, and pulp and paper making characteristics. B. balcooa and M. baccifera contained higher holocellulose and α-cellulose contents compared to other bamboo species and lower ash contents, indicating that they are likely to pose less problem during chemical recovery. E. grandis contained higher holocellulose, α-cellulose, and lower lignin contents than that of E. tereticornis. Morphologically, bamboo species did not show much difference in fiber dimensions and their derived values. E. grandis showed problems of kink and curl due to longer fiber length than E. tereticornis. Based on pulp yield, brightness, and pulp viscosity B. balcooa, M. baccifera and E. grandis are better options for social forestry among other species.


Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify factors predictive of successful English language outcomes in adolescents who received a cochlear implant (CI) between 2 and 5 yrs of age. Design: All 112 participants had been part of a previous study examining English language outcomes at the age of 8 and 9 yrs with CIs. The participants were given a battery of language and verbal reasoning tests in their preferred communication mode along with measures of working memory (digit span) and verbal rehearsal speed (sentence repetition duration). The degree to which students' language performance was enhanced when sign was added to spoken language was estimated at both test sessions. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to document factors contributing to overall language outcomes. Results: A substantial proportion of the adolescents obtained test scores within or above 1SD compared with hearing age-mates in the tests' normative samples: 71% on a verbal intelligence test, 68% on a measure of language content, 71% on receptive vocabulary, and 74% on expressive vocabulary. Improvement in verbal intelligence scores over an 8-yr interval exceeded expectation based on age-mates in the test's normative sample. Better English language outcomes were associated with shorter duration of deafness before cochlear implantation, higher nonverbal intelligence, higher family socioeconomic status, longer digit spans, and faster verbal rehearsal speed as measured by sentence repetition rate. Students whose current receptive vocabulary scores were not enhanced by the addition of signs also exhibited higher English language scores than those without sign enhancement; however, sign enhancement demonstrated in the elementary school years was not predictive of later high-school language skills. Conclusions: Results of this study support the provision of CIs to children at the youngest age possible. In addition, it highlights the substantial role that cognition plays in later language outcomes. Although the students' use of sign to enhance language skills during the elementary years does not appear to have a negative impact on later language skills, students who continue to rely on sign to improve their vocabulary comprehension into high school typically exhibit poorer English language outcomes than students whose spoken language comprehension parallels or exceeds their comprehension of speech + sign. Overall, the language results obtained from these teenagers with more than 10 yrs of CI experience reflect substantial improvement over the verbal skills exhibited by adolescents with similar levels of hearing loss before the advent of CIs. These optimistic results were observed in teenagers who were among the first in the United States and Canada to receive a CI. We anticipate that the use of improved technology that is being initiated at even younger ages should lead to age-appropriate language levels in an even larger proportion of children with CIs.


Because the Ego can only be projected image of the subject through its multiple representation, its various « garments » it can only be imaginarily sustained by the Other, the Other's gaze. Clothing and its problematization in adolescence are a way of grasping oneself back from the Other's gaze, in a renewed quest (like an after effect of the mirror stage) for approval and confirmation of one's image from the Other. In this way the adolescent's relationship with clothing may be perceived as a necessary phase when gazes are recombined in order to construct what we call a visage, within the difficult meeting of these gazes. Thus we propose that clothing be thought of as the place of a process of visage-ification affecting subject and object, a process through which the meeting of gazes is played out again and put into dialectical form.


Coastal upwelling systems are characterised by high primary productivity caused by the supply of nutrients into the surface layer of the ocean. These areas are key locations in global fish production despite their smaller size when compared with larger oceans. Another coastal mechanism that enhances primary productivity is eddy activity. It has been shown that eddies have three key features in the formation
of the favourable reproductive habitat: enrichment, larval concentration and retention. Additionally, near-coastal eddies enhance primary production upon the neighbouring shelf as well as being mechanisms for the off shore transport. In this thesis, the results from an analysis of upwelling and eddy activity in the Southern Queensland Coastal Marine Zone off eastern Australia are presented. Firstly, the analysis includes the quantification and characterisation of upwelling events using chlorophyll-a data as a proxy. Secondly, a census of near-coastal eddies from a study of sea surface height data, along with the quantification of the potential impact of eddies over the shelf is presented. Finally, the analysis includes an examination of the role of upwelling events and eddies in the general circulation upon the shelf, through the examination of numerical representations.

The analysis of chlorophyll-a data results in the identification of two characteristic patterns. One pattern is associated with upwelling events driven primarily by bottom stress, as well as a less significant wind stress. This pattern is evident during the September to March period each year. From the days related to this particular chlorophyll-a bloom formation, approximately 87% and 60% of these days show upwelling conditions favoured by bottom stress and wind stress, respectively. The periodicity of hese events leads to the identification of the Southeast Fraser Island Upwelling System. The second pattern was associated with upwelling events displaying an offshore transport not associated with wind stress, prompting the examination of the eddy activity in this region. It is suggested that the latter pattern is the result of a secondary upwelling system. It is proposed that this upwelling system is referred to as the Sunshine Coast Upwelling System.

The analysis of the sea surface height data using an eddy detection and tracking tool, results in the identification of three coastal regions. Each region is characterised by ts latitudinal distribution of eddies, as well by the main eddy features. The Southern Queensland Coastal Marine Zone is strongly dominated by cyclonic eddies of short (7-24 days) and long (>24 days) life spans, with approximately 31% and 29% of the total number of eddies, respectively. It is shown by quantifying an event in 2012, that near coastal eddies have the potential to extract offshore a high percent of the shelf water. The 2012 eddy extracted approximately 64% of the shelf water, which was replaced by slope water, resulting in a chlorophyll-a bloom. It is suggested, that the eddy activity has a significant role in the generation of chlorophyll-a blooms that are not associated with the Southeast Fraser Island Upwelling System.

Further insight into the ocean circulation of the Southern Queensland Coastal Marine Zone is gained from the analysis of ocean reanalysis data as well as through the implementation and application of a regional ocean model. The examination of ocean reanalysis data describes the role of eddies and upwelling events in the general circulation upon the shelf. The East Australian Current and wind drive most of the coastal circulation. The high variability of ottom stress resulting from the current, enhances the inshore bottom layer transport. The implementation of a numerical model identified high vorticity associated with sub-mesoscale features as contributing to the existence of the Southeast Fraser Island Upwelling System. The numerical results highlight the key role of the Breaksea Spit shallow waters in defining the source of upwelling water off Fraser Island. The Ekman transport by wind stress is significant in the Southeast Fraser Island Upwelling System (Spring and Summer). The northward transport by wind stress (Winter) could be significant in the generation of mesoscale eddies, potentially creating upwelling events by entraining shelf water. Simultaneously, the high concentration of cyclonic ear-coastal eddies enhances a northward inner shelf current, supporting the reports of a northward transport of sand, ending at the north of Fraser Island.

In summary, a key finding of this research is the identification of the Southeast Fraser Upwelling System. The examination of the Sunshine Coast Upwelling System leads to the characterisation of the Southern Queensland Coastal Marine Zone as being strongly dominated by cyclonic eddies. The analysis of numerical representations suggests that sub-mesoscale eddies have a significant influence on arine dynamics along the shelf break. It is suggested that the findings of this research should guide the future design and implementation of oceanographic surveys examining the Southern Queensland Coastal Marine Zone. The irst objective of these surveys would be to observe upwelling events driving the Southeast Fraser Island Upwelling System as well as surveying the sub-mesoscale activity in this region. Improved knowledge of this region's physical oceanography would be extremely beneficial in the management of sustainable fishery and would result in clear economic benefits.


Published at a time of unprecedented growth of interest in translation, the Dictionary of Translation Studies aims to present the insights of a number of different approaches to translation in an unbiased, non-partisan way. With more than 300 articles, this essential volume provides the reader with a snapshot of a rapidly developing discipline, based on work produced in serveral languages. With a clear, easy-to-follow layout, the Dictionary provides a comprehensive and highly accessible survey of key terms and concepts (such as Abusive Translation, Equivalence, Informationsangebot, Minimax Principle, Texteme and Thick Translation), types of activity (Autotranslation, Dubbing, Signed Language Interpreting), and schools and approaches (Leipzig School, Manipulation School, Nitra School). Each term is presented within the context in which it first occurred and is given a definition which is both clear and informative. Major entries include a discussion of relevant viewpoints as well as comments on how the usage and application of the term have developed subsequent to its coining. In addition, all entries provide suggestions for further reading, and there is an extensive bibliography included at the end. This is an indispensable tool for anyone studying or teaching translation at university level.


The need for flexible forms of serialisation arises under many circumstances, e.g. for doing high-level inter-process communication or to achieve persistence. Many languages, including variants of ML, thus offer pickling as a system service, but usually in a both unsafe and inexpressive manner, so that its use is discouraged.In contrast, safe generic pickling plays a central role in the design and implementation of Alice ML: components are defined as pickles, and modules can be exchanged between processes using pickling. For that purpose, pickling has to be higher-order and typed (HOT), i.e. embrace code mobility and involve runtime type checks for safety. We show how HOT pickling can be realised with a modular architecture consisting of multiple abstraction layers for separating concerns, and how both language and implementation benefit from a design consistently based on pickling.


PURPOSE
The antibiotic susceptibility of Escherichia coli in isolates from patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI) in an emergency department (ED) was compared with susceptibility data from the associated hospital.

METHODS
Patients eligible for study participation included women age 18-65 years with one or more symptoms consistent with a UTI for whom a urine dipstick, urinalysis, or urine culture was ordered. Clinical decision-making, including the decision to order a urine culture, was at the discretion of the individual healthcare provider; however, a deidentified urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed for those study participants for whom a urine culture was not ordered. We compared the E. coli-specific antibiogram for uncomplicated UTI to the antibiogram based on all urine cultures in the ED regardless of patient disposition, non-intensive care unit (ICU) hospital inpatients, and the hospitalwide antibiogram.

RESULTS
Of the 578 ED patients screened for study eligibility, 119 met the inclusion criteria. E. coli, detected in 53 (74%) of the 72 pathogen-positive cultures, was the most common pathogen isolated. For E. coli, ciprofloxacin nonsusceptibility was significantly less common in isolates from ED patients with uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis than in isolates from non-ICU inpatients or from the hospitalwide population. E. coli nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin was significantly less common in ED isolates from patients with uncomplicated UTI than in isolates from all ED patients with clinician-ordered urine cultures.

CONCLUSION
Antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli in an ED and its associated hospital depended on factors such as whether patients were hospitalized and whether ED isolates were from patients with uncomplicated UTI.


Density, population structure, mortality and growth of Lutjanus carponotatus on the Great Barrier Reef were compared on 2 spatial scales: between the Lizard and Palm Island groups and among 4 locations within the Palm group. The mean density at the Palm group was approximately 7 times that of the Lizard group. There were 2-fold differences in density within the Palm group, but strong statistical signals were not detected due to high variability in the data. Differences in size structures and asymptotic body sizes between the island groups were pronounced, and smaller differences were also evident within the Palm group. While age structures were similar among Palm group locations and lacked anomalous peaks, a series of strong cohorts at older age classes at the Lizard group suggests greater recruitment variability there during the past 2 decades. Variability in mortality did not increase with scale, as larger differences existed within the Palm group than between it and the Lizard group. The population traits estimated in this study were used in conjunction with reef area data to generate estimates of abundance and biomass, the values of which illustrate how multiple population traits interact to ultimately determine population size and reproductive potential. Multi-scale studies that examine a variety of aspects of population biology are rare for large reef fish, but are needed to identify which traits are likely to exhibit variation on which spatial scales.


At the commencement of the 2016 NFL season, Colin Kaepernick, one of the quarterbacks for the San Francisco 49ers, and Megan Rapinoe, midfielder for the U.S. Women's Soccer Team, among other professional athletes, began exercising their First Amendment freedom of speech by kneeling during the national anthem before their respective professional league games as a protest to promote awareness for social injustice and police brutality. The protests immediately sparked politicalcontroversy, and the persisting nationwide social injustice debate was brought into the conversation of a multibillion dollar industry: professional sports. However, the burning question that has yet to be addressed in the endless hoursof media coverage and political opinions is what actions the San Francisco 49ers, U.S. Women's Soccer, and other sports and entertainment organizations legally may take against athletes and entertainer-employees who are exercising their First Amendment freedom of speech rights. The public outcry has focused on the rights of the individuals, but are they entitled to behave at will without repercussions in their employment? This article will explore the legal landscape concerning the First Amendment's freedom of speech within the employment arena involving athletes, entertainers, and organizations, as well as anticipate social and legal consequences for all parties involved.


The subpopulation of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Mediterranean Sea is presently list as "Endangered". This study is an attempt to provide detailed data on sperm whale Bachelor Groups surrounding Ischia, Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mediterranean Sea). 24 hours, 38 minutes, and 38 seconds of sperm whale Bachelor Group acoustic data was analyzed in order to describe acoustic repertoire, classify behavioral associations to acoustic types, and identify habitat-use. The data showed that the acoustic repertoire of sperm whale Bachelor Groups is dominated by Usual Clicks. Additionally, a click type that maintains an inter-click interval (ICI) in between Usual Clicks and Creaks was identified during acoustic analysis and named "Transition Clicks". Acoustic events were categorized into Single Code and Combination Code events; representing situations where one acoustic code was heard versus situations where two or more different acoustic codes were heard simultaneously. Analysis revealed that Single Code events represented 71.25% of the sperm whale Bachelor Group acoustic repertoire. The Usual Click/ Transition Click combination represented 73.74% of Combination Code events. A significant difference was shown between time spent in Single Code versus time spent in Combination Code for Usual Clicks and for Squeals. Acoustic repertoire data revealed the possibility for a strong collaborative acoustic structure and a speculated strategy for evolutionary success among sperm whale Bachelor Groups in Ischia, Italy. Additionally, the study showed that sperm whale Bachelor Groups spend 77.87% of the analyzed time engaged in orientation/searching/foraging behavior and 1.09% engaged in socializing behaviors. Event maps revealed a 'hotspot' of sperm whale Bachelor Group activity in the waters to the northwest of Ischia, Italy, within the submarine Canyon of Cuma, and outside of the boundaries for the Regno di Nettuno Marine Protected Area (MPA). It is recommended that the results of this study be utilized in extending the Regno di Nettuno MPA to include the 'hotspot', and possible critical area, for sperm whale Bachelor Groups. The results of this study and published literature of the sperm whales in this area could be utilized to create population-specific management strategies for more effective measures in ending population decrease and preserving the species. Further research should be carried out to analyze in detail the role of Transition Clicks in sperm whale acoustics and the possibility of a collaborative acoustic structure that has yet to be displayed in any other sperm whale population worldwide.


This study engages in a discussion of yōkai (preternatural monsters in Japanese folklore) characters in Mizuki Shigeru's manga and their transmedia expansion not as an expression of Japanese cultural tradition, but as an outcome of transmedia adaptation practices (known as "media mix" in Japan) in the modern period by creators, media companies, and other social agents. This study argues that recent Japanese transmedia practices are principally propelled by the specific style of character drawing found in the manga medium and the character-centric multimedia production scheme, which makes manga(-originated) characters—including yōkai characters—versatile for moving across different media platforms. Although transmedia practices can enhance the potential for producing synergies among previously discrete cultural industries and media companies to attain more profits, such a close relationship undermines the autonomy of each media industry, company, and other actors, which can attenuate social critique or cultural politics previously exercised through storytelling in manga, including Mizuki's yōkai works. By analyzing the transmedia practices that have used Mizuki's yōkai manga as "original" sources, this article addresses what has been gained and lost when yōkai are migrated into different media platforms.


Although David Maslanka is not a percussionist, his writing for marimba shows a solid appreciation of the idiomatic possibilities developed by recent innovations for the instrument. The marimba is included in at least eighteen of his major compositions, and in most of those it is featured prominently. Both Arcadia II: Concerto for Marimba and Percussion Ensemble and Concerto for Marimba and Band display the techniques and influences that have become characteristic of his compositional style. However, they express radically different approaches to composition due primarily to Maslanka's growth as a composer. Maslanka's traditional musical training, the clear influence of diverse composers, and his sensitivity to extra-musical influences such as geographic location have resulted in a very distinct musical style. His exemplary attention to detail and sound timbres give his works an individualized stamp. The evolution of motivic gestures is the most distinctive characteristic of Maslanka's compositional process. Maslanka freely incorporates forms and structural principles of the baroque and classical periods, but these principles are not applied in a strict sense. These factors combine to produce two works that are both unique and significant in the literature for marimba. They exhibit a sensitivity to sound timbres while maintaining a mature approach to melody, harmony, and rhythm acknowledging the traditions of earlier eras. This study examines compositional techniques, aspects of formal structure, tonality, melodic content, and marimba technique found in David Maslanka's Arcadia II: Concerto for Marimba and Percussion Ensemble (1982), and Concerto for Marimba and Band (1990). Transcripts of personal interviews provide valuable insights into Maslanka's approach to composition and other issues pertinent to the study of his compositions for marimba. Biographical information and an overview of his works that include marimba will serve as background material.


In recent years much attention has been given to the unparalleled economic development of East Asia. In The Changing Capital Markets of East Asia the contributors look at the growing sophistication of capital markets in this area and discuss the possible economic and political consequences. The theme of the book is more strategic than technical and the work does not confine itself to a basic market analysis. The Changing Capital Markets of East Asia presents a valuable guide for all those interested in what causes and determines change in the private and public finance spheres.


Alterative medication and natural remedies have been used from ancient time for the treatment and wellbeing of human. Medicinal plants are considered to be effective and for most important for the human health. Some of the natural medicinal plants are so common that we use them in daily life without knowing their medicinal importance. Annona squamosa belonging to the family Annonaceae is the best example of it. It is a multipurpose tree with edible fruits. Its fruits are commonly known as custard apple which is eatable. The pulp can be used as flavouring in ice cream. Between 50-80% of the fruit is edible. The Vitamin C content is appreciable (35-42 mg/100 g) and slightly higher than in grapefruit. The nutrient value of thiamine, potassium and dietary fiber is also significant. It is reported to contain various chemical compounds such as alkaloid, isomeric hydroxyl ketones from leaf, acetogenin, samaquasine, annonacin and annonastatin from seeds, acetogenin, squamone from bark of it. Various studies have been reported as an antibacterial, antidiabetic, antitumor, anti-malarial, anthelmintic, anti-genotoxic potential and hepatoprotective activity. The leaves are used as a vermicide, for treating cancerous tumors, also applied to abscesses, insect bites and other skin complaints. The crushed leaves were sniffed to overcome the hysteria and fainting spells, and they were also applied on the ulcers and wounds. Scrapings of root-bark are used for toothache. Powdered seeds are used to kill head-lice and fleas but care should be taken that the powder does not come in contact with the eyes as this causes great pain. The crude extracts of different parts and pure isolated phytoconstituents of its fruits was reported to acquire anti-diabetic, antiviral, antioxidant activity, respiratory stimulant, during pregnancy and diuretics properties, very useful for the improvement of the immune system, nervous system and also for the development of the brain in the fetus. Sitaphal can be the most effective remedy of choice for various diseases and this new research will definitely help mankind to lead a disease free and healthy life. INTRODUCTION: Management of poor health through medication has entered an era of rapid


The threshold power for the transition into H-mode with hydrogen (H), deuterium (D), and helium (He) as majority ion species has been evaluated from a series of dedicated experiments on the tokamak TCV. Identical plasma configurations with a single-null X-point and favorable direction of the ion ∇B drift have been chosen. The input power was varied via the plasma current and L–H transitions were obtained with Ohmic heating alone. Under these conditions and for electron densities in the range of 6–7 · 1019 m−3 the threshold power compared to D increased by 1.75 for H and 1.45 for He, respectively. For D and He, the measured power levels are in good agreement with the predictions of the commonly used scaling law. In the case of H, transitions into H-mode were observed already at power levels of about 80% of the expected threshold power. Our results have also been analyzed on the basis of a physics-based scaling, which includes more parameters and applies to all ion species. Using the case of D as reference, we find that the increase in threshold power for He follows the predictions. For H there is a noticeable disagreement which may partly be explained by uncertainties in the relevant plasma parameters. The new scaling implies a strong dependence on the values of the electron temperature at the separatrix. For the present study, only data up to a normalized radius of 0.95 were available. More precise measurements of the edge temperature profiles may help to resolve the issue.


This Article uses the Supreme Court's recent opinion in Christian Legal Society v. Martinez as a point of departure for analyzing the current state of free exercise doctrine. I argue that one of the most notable features of the Christian Legal Society (CLS) case is its almost total lack of engagement with the Free Exercise Clause. For the core of CLS's complaint was unambiguously about the declaration and exercise of religious beliefs: the group claimed that it was being excluded from campus life because it required its members to live according to shared religious principles and to subscribe to a Statement of Faith. Yet notwithstanding the clear religious basis of its claims, CLS devoted a mere two pages to the Free Exercise Clause in its brief. The Court's Free Exercise Clause analysis was similarly elliptical: the majority dispensed with the free exercise argument in a single footnote. For his part, Justice Alito did not even mention the Free Exercise Clause once in his lengthy dissent. What accounts for this paucity of treatment? The following sections explore this question. I begin by tracing the fading status of the Free Exercise Clause from Employment Division v. Smith in 1990 to Christian Legal Society v. Martinez in 2010. I show that while the Clause has occasionally played a supporting role in Supreme Court decisions over the past two decades, it has not provided an independent basis for constitutional relief in a single case since 1993. I then suggest that the fact that the Free Exercise Clause has become so doctrinally otiose is itself an argument for reinvesting the Clause with independent meaning. But what kind of meaning should it have? Unlike commentators who have reasoned that free exercise doctrine must either treat all citizens equally or give religious believers special privileges, I outline an approach to the Free Exercise Clause that seeks to accomplish both. Specifically, I propose that the Clause be reinvigorated to provide some exemptions from generally-applicable laws for conscientious objectors—but that these exemptions must be available to religious and secular claimants on an equal footing. To illustrate how my proposal might operate in practice, I then apply the reinvigorated Free Exercise Clause to Christian Legal Society v. Martinez itself. I conclude that even though a reinvigorated Free Exercise Clause might not have changed the result in the CLS case, there are nevertheless strong arguments in favor of giving greater weight to the Clause in future cases. * Visiting Assistant Professor, Villanova University School of Law (Fall 2010). J.D. Harvard Law School, A.B. Harvard College.


This paper uses new data on Swedish national wealth over a period of two hundred years to study whether the patterns in wealth-income ratios previously found by Piketty and Zucman (2014) for some very rich and large Western economies extend to smaller countries that were historically backward and developed a different set of political and economic institutions during the twentieth century. The findings point to both similarities and differences. In the pre-industrial era, Sweden had much lower wealth levels than the rest of Europe, and the main explanation is that the Swedes were too poor to save their income. Over the twentieth century, Swedish aggregate trends and levels are much more similar to those of the rest of Europe, but the structure of national wealth differs. In Sweden, government wealth grew much faster and became more important, not least through its relatively large public pension system. This suggests an explicit role of historical economic and political institutions for the long-run evolution of wealth-income ratios.


This article discusses the design and analysis of a portal imaging system based on a thick transparent scintillator. A theoretical analysis using Monte Carlo simulation was performed to calculate the x-ray quantum detection efficiency (QDE), signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the zero frequency detective quantum efficiency [DQE(0)] of the system. A prototype electronic portal imaging device (EPID) was built, using a 12.7 mm thick, 20.32 cm diameter, Csl(Tl) scintillator, coupled to a liquid nitrogen cooled CCD TV camera. The system geometry of the prototype EPID was optimized to achieve high spatial resolution. The experimental evaluation of the prototype EPID involved the determination of contrast resolution, depth of focus, light scatter and mirror glare. Images of humanoid and contrast detail phantoms were acquired using the prototype EPID and were compared with those obtained using conventional and high contrast portal film and a commercial EPID. A theoretical analysis was also carried out for a proposed full field of view system using a large area, thinned CCD camera and a 12.7 mm thick CsI(TI) crystal. Results indicate that this proposed design could achieve DQE(0) levels up to 11%, due to its order of magnitude higher QDE compared to phosphor screen-metal plate based EPID designs, as well as significantly higher light collection compared to conventional TV camera based systems.


This paper deals with rural–urban migration and the impact of migration on regional development. The general problem of optimal allocation of production factors in time and space is introduced in order to derive the most satisfactory migration strategy. In describing the regional economy by means of a generalized Cobb–Douglas production function, the general problem is decomposed into two levels. At the first level, optimal allocation of factors in time is solved in an explicit form using the generalized Hoelder inequality. At the second level, a spatial strategy is derived and the principle of spatial allocation of production factors is formulated. By use of the optimal strategies, the simple two-sector model (that is, agriculture and the rest of the economy) is investigated, and the labor surpluses in Polish agriculture and in an agricultural region in Poland are calculated.


Purpose

This paper aims to reflect on the paper "Service failure and loyalty: an exploratory empirical study of airline customers" published 18 years ago. It positions it in the evolving literature on relationship marketing and suggests directions for further research and developments in the area.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of key contributions of the paper to the study of relationship marketing and the effects of service failures on relationships identifies emerging strands of research.

Findings

The concept of a "relationship lifecycle" is now widely used in marketing for identifying customer segments. Different points in the lifecycle are associated with differing sets of relationship expectations and levels of tolerance to service failure. Customer relationship management has tended to morph into customer experience management where principles of relationship lifecycles have been applied to mapping customer "journeys" through a service process.

Practical implications

The original study informed practices of managing relationship expectations and handling failed expectations, depending on a customer's length of relationship with a company. Although relationship marketing was originally conceived as an integrator of marketing cues, its emphasis on cognitive evaluations may have been too limiting and customer experience management has since introduced additional affective dimensions.

Originality/value

The original paper had been widely cited and generated discussion and important further research. It has value as part of the emerging landscape of services marketing research. This retrospective analysis locates this historical development with reference to currently popular issues of customer experience management.


The importance of metalinguistic knowledge in foreign language learning is exemplified by beginning Chinese learners' practice of self-initiated self-repairs. It demonstrates how such knowledge helps learners to enhance accurate L2 production. Repair constitutes an important part of the social organization of conversation for the interactional needs of human communication. Self-repair by native speakers illustrates their metalinguistic awareness of communicative needs at the subliminal level; whereas self-repair by beginning Chinese language learners reflects their conscious effort and self-monitoring of their utterances for accurate Chinese production. This study suggests that developing metalinguistic knowledge should help learners to suppress L1 influence, and linguistic research offers a vital role in fostering the development of learners' metalinguistic knowledge.


ABSTRACT The European welfare state has been founded on the nation-state, within stable boundaries. The nation provided affective solidarity. The state provided the institutional capacity. Coterminous boundaries for the economy and welfare bounded social and economic interests and encouraged social compromises. With spatial rescaling, economic regulation, welfare provision and political identities have migrated to new levels. Regions and cities are presented as in competition for economic development. States seek levels of regulation above and below the state. This may lead to a 'race to the bottom' as regions deregulate and cut spending to attract mobile capital. New regional identities may undermine national solidarity. Theories of fiscal federalism have placing redistributive competences at the highest level to avoid this. Yet, there may be a race to the top as regions experiment in new forms of social provision. New forms of affective solidarity may emerge at new scales. All public policies, and not just explicitly social ones, have a distributive effect. Differences are emerging across substate territories in welfare priorities and distributional policies. These often depend on the constitution of regional policy communities and social compromises. There is no simple race to the bottom or to the top, but a variety of experiences.


ABSTRACT Bispecific antibodies are a rapidly growing class of therapeutic molecules, originally developed for the treatment of cancer but recently explored for the treatment of autoimmune and infectious diseases. Bordetella pertussis is a reemerging pathogen, and several of the key symptoms of infection are caused by the pertussis toxin (PTx). Two humanized antibodies, hu1B7 and hu11E6, bind distinct epitopes on PTx and, when coadministered, mitigate disease severity in murine and baboon models of infection. Here we describe the generation of a bispecific human IgG1 molecule combining the hu1B7 and hu11E6 binding sites via a knobs-in-holes design. The bispecific antibody showed binding activity equivalent to that of the antibody mixture in a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A CHO cell neutralization assay provided preliminary evidence for synergy between the two antibodies, while a murine model of PTx-induced leukocytosis definitively showed synergistic neutralization. Notably, the bispecific antibody retained the synergy observed for the antibody mixture, supporting the conclusion that synergy is due to simultaneous blockade of both the catalytic and receptor binding activities of pertussis toxin. These data suggest that a hu1B7/hu11E6 bispecific antibody is a viable alternative to an antibody mixture for pertussis treatment.


Objective Risk assessment for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and thromboprophylaxis in those with risk factors is established in adult practice. Evidence to support efficacy and safety of this approach in adolescents is lacking. We aimed to describe thrombotic risk factors and to determine the proportion of potentially preventable events in a retrospective cohort study of adolescents with VTE. Design, setting and patients Data were collected between 2008 and 2014 from eight tertiary UK centres. Qualifying events were radiologically confirmed VTE in subjects aged 12–17 years. Central venous line-related upper venous system events were excluded. Results 76 cases were identified, 41 males, median age 15 years. Frequent risk factors were: reduced mobility, 45%; thrombophilia, 24%; malignancy, 20%; surgery, 18%; combined oral contraceptive pill, 12%; congenital venous anomaly, 5%. 28 (37%) had no significant underlying diagnosis and no provoking event/hospitalisation, presenting as outpatients with VTE which was considered 'unpreventable'. Of 48 where there had been opportunity for risk assessment, chemical thromboprophylaxis was not indicated in 26 and was contraindicated in 8. 14/76 (18%) had an indication to consider thromboprophylaxis and no contraindication. Of these, four had cerebral palsy, five malignancy and two inflammatory bowel disease. All had reduced mobility with recent surgery in eight. Four received chemical thromboprophylaxis prior to presentation. Conclusions Among a cohort of adolescents with VTE, a small proportion (13%) had an indication to consider chemical thromboprophylaxis but did not receive it. VTE risk assessment and prevention should focus on adolescents with immobility or surgery, particularly in those with malignancy.


As the number of hosts attached to a network increases beyond what can be connected by a single local area network (LAN), forwarding packets between hosts on different LANs becomes an issue. Two common solutions to the forwarding problem are IP routing and spanning tree bridging. IP routing scales well, but imposes the administrative burden of managing subnets and assigning addresses. Spanning tree bridging, in contrast, requires no administration, but often does not perform well in a large network, because too much traffic must detour toward the root of the spanning tree, wasting link bandwidth.


Methodical design of gas turbine premixed turbulent combustion systems for fuel flexibility is a necessity for higher efficiency and operational flexibility, due to the use of vast range of fuel types and fuel mixtures. Different fuels/fuel mixtures have different reactivity and varied molecular transport characteristics. The central theme of this paper is numerical investigation of these effects, along with the dynamics of turbulent premixed high-pressure flames. We studied these dominant factors in two different geometrical configurations, a cylindrical dump combustion system and an industrial gas turbine single burner combustion system. Here, we chose the algebraic flame surface density model as subgrid scale reaction closure for LES approach in conjunction with three widely employed turbulence models for dump combustor (F-1 configuration). For the second, the flame stability of a swirl burner with mixing section (F-2 configuration) for variation of fuel types is analysed in RANS for two different fuel profiles, a uniform fuel profile and rich core-lean outer. We investigated flame dynamics in conjunction with the vortex breakdown point. This phenomenon is visualized in the context of the Lewis number variation for the rich corelean outer. Numerical validation with available experiments are made for two main combustion quantities, flame brush thickness and mean flame position for the dump combustion system. For the swirl burner, only the numerical results are presented with potential reasoning for change of flame stabilization location for variation of Lewis number (for higher hydrocarbons) in the case of rich core-lean outer profile.


China's internal rural-to-urban migration has impacted the country in economic, social, and cultural terms. Despite the increasing number of families involved in migration, little is known about how migrant families as a unit adapt to new environments from rural to urban settings. Policy making needs to be informed to address migrant families' needs. This article investigates how Chinese families experience transitions resulting from migration, exploring their use of formal and informal support to achieve adaptation and the process of making evolving choices for their children. We begin with a brief introduction to the literature on family resilience and its relation to Chinese migrant families. Then we provided an analysis of Chinese social policies most central to the experiences of rural-to-urban migrant families. After a brief description of methodology, we present our findings starting with a migrant family story to provide an anchor for the following discussion on how current policies can impede or facilitate migrant families' resilience. Our conclusion is that lack of social support leaves migrant Chinese families vulnerable when coping with enormous social, cultural, and economic transformations. Family constitutes the basis of Chinese society; therefore, a policy framework on social support is important to support these families and foster family resilience.


The origin and evolution of the USDA SCS curve number method for estimating runoff from small ungauged rural catchments is traced, and the characteristics of the method are examined. When the method is expressed as an infiltration equation, the infiltration rate becomes dependent on both total storm rainfall and rainfall intensity. When expressed as a spatially varied saturation overland flow model, the method implies that some part of any catchment has infinite surface storage capacity. The lack of physical reality in the formulation of the method is an inherent limitation to any further development. A major weakness is the sensitivity of estimated runoff to errors in the selection of the curve number. Changes of about 15-20% in the curve number doubles or halves the total estimated runoff. The results of some Australian studies where curve numbers have been calibrated against actual runoff data are collated.


Anthropometric characteristics (height and weight) are used in the assessment of the morphological status of an individual, and on the basis of the results of BMI bring certain estimates and conclusions. BMI, as a statistical measure, is used in many public health campaigns as an approximate measure of the ideal body mass and the degree of nutrition of a population. The research covered the students of high school in Pale, East Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The sample consists of a total of 115 respondents, 55 male (average height 183,07±9,01cm, body weight 68,77±10.11kg, BMI 20,72±2.54g/m2) and 60 female (average height 168,70±7,29; average body weight 56,03±8,66Kg; BMI 19,82±3,03kg/m2) who regularly attended physical education in secondary vocational school, , aged 16±0.5 years. The main goal of the research was to determine and analyze differences in BMI parameters between male and female students, aged 16±0.5 years, and determine the trend of changes. Using the T-test module, the obtained results confirmed that there are statistically significant differences in body height (t=10,47; p<0.001) and body weight (t=7,72; p<0.001), while in BMI values there are not statistically significant differences (t = -0.47, p>0.001).


Firming property prices in recession and early recovery are consistent with investors expecting income weakness to be temporary. The authors argue that these expectations are supported by anticipated restraint in new construction, restraint that has been in place since the mid-1990s and contrasts sharply with overbuilding that characterized the 1980s. Firm property prices and weak cash flows in the economic downturn since 2001 have resulted in falling cap rates (gross property yields) according to the authors. This pattern represents a profound shift from undisciplined markets of 1980–1995, when cap rates generally declined in expansion (1983–1990) and rose sharply (1990–1995) in retrenching real estate markets.


We read with interest the British Thoracic Society's guidelines for patient care during bronchoscopy (May 1993;48:584) and would like to offer some further relevant comments from the anaesthetist's point of view. Pulse oximetry is important, but we would suggest that ECG and blood pressure monitoring should be included in all patients to assist in the early detection of cardiovascular complications. Diagnostic bronchoscopy has


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important vegetable and staple crop worldwide and mainly propagated vegetatively. Breeding of potato is problematic and therefore induced mutation is an attractive means of improving the crop. In vitro culture systems, and especially the production of micro-tubers, are ideal for such purposes in potato improvement. Radio-sensitivity testing (growth reduction, GR and lethal dose, LD) allows the determination of irradiation treatments (Gy) for mutation induction. Three schemes incorporating in vitro techniques were tested for mutation induction in potato namely: 1) irradiation of cuttings without leaves and subsequent dissociation of chimeras to produce plantlets or micro-tubers on M1V2 (or further generation) plantlets, 2) irradiation of cuttings with leaves and direct induction of mutant micro-tubers, and 3) induction and irradiation of micro-tubers. Variability among the potato genotypes to gamma irradiation was recorded. Optimized irradiation treatments for mutation induction were established for the various tissues/propagules: cutting growth (GR50, 9-6 to 20.6 Gy), cutting tuberization ability (LD50, 7.3 to 13 Gy) and micro-tuber sprouting ability (LD50, 20.6 to 54.8 Gy). Micro-tubers were found to be more resistant for in vitro mutation induction than in vitro cuttings. This study shows the susceptibility of different plant tissue/propagule and potato genotypes to gamma irradiation. Radio-sensitivity analyses showed that lower gamma doses are required when mutation induction is applied in combination with micro-tuberization.

 Key words: Potato, gamma irradiation, stem cuttings, micro-tubers, in vitro tuberization.


Shareholder activism has dominated corporate governance literature for the last decade. However, despite the abundance of research focusing on specific manifestations of activism, there is a dearth of literature tackling shareholder activism as a whole. This article puts forward a novel theory situating shareholder activism within a more complete framework, treating activism as a collection of diverse models that differ by motives, tools, and structures. This paper provides a more complete perspective on activism—an analytical understanding of activism as a model rather than an investigation of specific occurrences thereof—and a demonstration that different models of activism are present both in the U.S. and around the globe. In this way, the paper responds to calls from academia, practitioners, and the U.S. legislature for potential regulatory changes aimed at shareholder activism. By surveying eleven different countries and the models of activism prevalent therein, and by widening the framework to account for the myriad forms of shareholder activism, this paper fills an important gap in current corporate governance literature. In particular, the paper's main argument is that calls for regulatory changes are currently framed both too specifically and too generally. By targeting specific actors like hedge funds without accounting for how such reform may affect other players, these regulatory proposals operate too narrowly. Still, others increasingly call for the adoption of specific arrangements from foreign jurisdictions without considering a full model of activism. This paper tackles these issues by providing a comparative examination of different models and proposing a procedural framework for any discussion of shareholder activism.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * The root cause of the economic crisis is excessive consumption accompanied by record low savings rates and huge budget and current account deficits. * Thawing credit markets alone will not mean a rapid economic recovery in output growth and employment, * Unemployment will remain high in the near term and only decline slowly over many years as adjustments are made in the skills of the labor force. * Expect inflation to remain low in the near term. Inflation risks will be present in the long run as the result of monetary stimulus provided by the Federal Reserve. * The current fiscal stimulus package may not be the best approach since it ignores the need to reduce consumption relative to income. * Higher tax rates and lower spending will be required once the economy has stabilized. ********** [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Many attribute the beginning of the financial crisis to the collapse of the housing market. While the housing bust indeed plays an important role, particularly in the health and stability of the banking sector, the real problem is deeper. The fluctuations observed across real estate markets over the last decade or so simply reflect sizable macroeconomic imbalances. It is the nature of these imbalances that we must fully appreciate to better understand the crisis and to potentially forecast plausible scenarios going forward. At the broadest level, we have witnessed a consumption boom over the last two decades, where U.S. aggregate household consumption grew to represent more than 70% of gross domestic product (GDP), a historically and unsustainably high level (see Exhibit 1). Excessive consumption was fueled by a loosening of lending standards prompted by government policy to increase homeownership rates, and accompanied by record low savings rates. Cheap credit from both home and abroad and a substantial increase in financial intermediation including new structured derivative products also contributed. In line with the private sector, the U.S. government also ran sizable budget deficits and a huge current account deficit. [GRAPHIC 1 OMITTED] Collectively, the expansion of credit yielded levels of U.S. household indebtedness and corresponding decreases in household savings, as a percentage of disposable income, that were also unprecedented (see Exhibits 2 and 3). In other words, U.S. consumers and policymakers have been financed to a significant degree by borrowing from abroad (and, by default, from future generations). Simply put, the U.S. economy, financed by excess credit, spent more than it earned. STRUCTURAL CHANGES ARE REQUIRED The long-term implications of these factors are significant. Perhaps more importantly, a thawing of credit markets will not on its own portend a rapid economic recovery in output growth and employment. It is likely that the economy will not enjoy a healthy recovery until these long-run imbalances are rectified. In fact, given these long-run challenges, a swift recovery could be undesirable. If a rapid recovery merely reflects a temporary return to the levels of excess consumption and debt, we would only have delayed adjustments with a potentially larger economic cost down the road. [GRAPHIC 2 OMITTED] [GRAPHIC 3 OMITTED] Using IMF data, the table in the next column provides historical evidence that economic contractions associated with financial crises tend to be deeper and last longer than recessions not associated with a financial shock. Accordingly, we conjecture that the outcome with the highest probability is an L-shaped economic pattern, where the economy finds its footing perhaps as early as the second half of 2009, but muddles along for some time with significant excess capacity and unemployment. JOBS? We project one measure of excess capacity, the "output gap," reflecting the degree to which actual economic activity diverges from the potential implied by optimal capacity utilization, to significantly expand before narrowing (see Exhibit 4). …


Art, value, law - the links between these three terms mark a history of struggle in the cultural scene. Studies of contemporary culture have thus increasingly turned to the image as central to the production of legitimacy, aesthetics and order. Judging the Image extends the cultural turn in legal and criminological studies by interrogating our responses to the image. This book provides a space to think through problems of ethics, social authority and the legal imagination. Concepts of memory and interpretation, violence and aesthetic, authority and legitimacy are considered in a diverse range of sites, including: * body, performance and regulation * judgment, censorship and controversial artworks * graffiti and the aesthetics of public space * HIV and the art of the disappearing body * witnessing, ethics and the performance of suffering * memorial images - art in the wake of disaster.


Emma Lazarus (1849-1887) was a poet who struggled to translate the Jewish experience into the American idiom for the sake of masses of immigrants seeking to negotiate their passage at the border crossing of American culture. Reading her today can teach us a great deal about the degree of imagination required in the journey from the humiliation of dispersion to the joys of Jewish and American nationalisms. I see Lazarus as the harbinger of the modern American ethnic Jew (and perhaps in some ways American ethnic writing as a corpus), one possessed simultaneously of an insider and an outsider sensibility. But "translation" of identity, like that of a text, always entails losses as well as gains, and in claiming one Jewish history she remained a stranger to other ways of seeing the past. This essay examines the contradictions between modern identity and ancient lineage that animate Lazarus's late body of proto-Zionist poetry and polemics. There was a dynamic period when it seemed that Emma Lazarus might become more than a marginal figure in America's Protestant literary culture. By the late 1870s and 1880s, Robert Browning, Walt Whitman, Henry James, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and many others had all praised her translations of Heine as well as her own verse that appeared in Lippincott's and Century. But Lazarus was fated to be memorialized exclusively for "The New Colossus," her great paean to American largesse, and by Jewish Americans for the few years of poetry, essays, and political activity dedicated to their cause. Representative of this trend, the Jewish scholar and activist Henrietta Szold would celebrate Lazarus as "the most distinguished literary figure produced by American Jewry and possibly the most eminent poet among Jews since Heine and Judah Loeb Gordon" (qtd. in Vogel 24). And in the mid-twentieth century, a highly regarded Jewish scholar, Solomon Liptzin, remarked that in the crucial years of the late nineteenth century only a single Jewish writer, the Sephardic poetess Emma Lazarus, succeeded in groping her way during solitary and tragic years from early ignorance and indifference to profound insight and prophetic vision. Phoenix-like, the tired heiress of Colonial Jewry arose resplendent in fresh vigor and heralded a heroic resurgence of her ancient people. (113) Lazarus is increasingly celebrated as the first Jewish American poet to produce poems of significant imagination and lyrical force. Nevertheless, until recently her achievements were largely forgotten; among late-twentieth-century scholars, Lazarus's role in Jewish American history still remains uncertain. Though she is often ignored in major studies of Zionism, I would contend that to fully understand the unusual literary and polemical pedigree of American Zionism, one must begin with Lazarus's assimilationist strategies. (1) By far the most influential Jewish American literary figure of the nineteenth century, Lazarus's reflections on the status of the Jew in Gentile society and on the question of the Jews' return to Palestine offer rich literary and historical contexts for examining later imaginative responses to the perpetually conflicted nature of Zionism in America. Feminist critics such as Wendy Zierler, Diane Lichtenstein, and Carole S. Kessner have persuasively claimed Lazarus as a founding Mother of Jewish American literature, unfairly neglected by shapers of the American literary canon because of gender and religion. (2) This essay investigates a dimension of the poet's work that is still neglected, namely her timely appropriations of Protestant conventions relating to the Hebrews and the Holy Land. Anticipating Horace Kallen in a later generation, Lazarus saw ethnicity, not religion, as the key to Jewish survival. Perhaps this was the way to translate the unchanging Jew into terms that would be the most palatable in the American milieu. For Lazarus, Jewish ethnicity, if it was to have any tangible substance, would necessarily be linked to a concrete discourse of origins and homelands. …


In this paper we present a model for the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. The model takes into consideration several parameters such as the total number of sensors, network size, percentage of sink nodes, location of sensors, the mobility of sensors, and power consumption. A definition of the life time of the network based on three different criteria is introduced; percentage of available power to total power, percentage of alive sensors to total sensors, and percentage of alive sink sensors to total sink sensors. A Matlab based simulator is developed for the introduced model. A number of wireless sensor networks scenarios are presented and discussed.


Abstract Long-term streamflow series in the western United States were examined for evidence of secular changes related to climate. Streamflow series contained appreciable low-frequency variation related to the combined influence of temperature and precipitation. Evidence of nonstationarity was found in selected records for the Pacific Northwest and the Upper Colorado Basins: mean annual streamflow increased significantly (0.05 level) from the first to last half of the 1914–80 period in the Pacific Northwest, and decreased significantly over the same period in the Upper Colorado region. Correlation analyses and examination of drought years revealed a strong tendency for anomalies of opposite sign in the Pacific Northwest and the Southwest. Drought in the Upper Colorado Basin was statistically independent of drought in the Pacific Northwest. Under exceptional meteorological conditions (e.g., water-year 1976–77), however, low flows occurred over a vast area from the Northwest coast to the mountains of centr...


Humanitarian intervention was supposed to have gone the way of the 1990s. The use of military force across borders to stop mass killing was seen as a luxury of an era in which national security concerns among the major powers were less pressing and problems of human security could come to the fore. Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor, and Sierra Leone: these interventions, justified to varying degrees in humanitarian terms, were dismissed as products of an unusual interlude between the tensions of the Cold War and the new threat of terrorism. The events of September 11, 2001, supposedly changed all that by inducing a return to more immediate security challenges. Yet surprisingly, even with the campaign against terrorism in full swing, the past year has seen four military interventions that their instigators describe, in whole or in part, as humanitarian. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] In principle, one can only welcome this renewed concern for the fate of faraway victims. What could be more virtuous than to risk life and limb to save distant people from slaughter? But the common use of the humanitarian label masks significant differences among these interventions. The French intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 2003, later backed by a reinforced UN peacekeeping presence, was most clearly motivated by a desire to stop ongoing slaughter. In Liberia and the Ivory Coast, West African and French forces intervened to enforce a peace plan but also played important humanitarian roles. A handful of US troops briefly joined the Liberian intervention, but with little effect. All of these African interventions were initially or ultimately approved by the UN Security Council. Indeed, in each case the relevant government consented, though under varying degrees of pressure. By contrast, of the various grounds used by the US-led coalition forces to justify the invasion of Iraq, only one--and a comparatively minor one at that--was humanitarian. The UN Security Council did not approve the intervention, and the Iraqi government, its existence on the line, violently opposed it. Moreover, unlike the relatively modest African interventions, the Iraqi invasion involved an extensive bombing campaign and some 150,000 ground troops. The sheer size of the Iraqi invasion, the central involvement of the world's superpower, and the enormous controversy surrounding the war meant that it overshadowed the other aforementioned military actions. For better or worse, that prominence gave it greater power to shape public perceptions. As a result, at a time of renewed interest in humanitarian intervention, the effort to justify the Iraq war even in part in humanitarian terms risks giving humanitarian intervention a bad name. If that breeds cynicism about the use of military force for humanitarian purposes, it could be devastating for people in need of future rescue. Since the Iraq war was not mainly about saving the Iraqi people from mass slaughter, there was little serious pre-war debate about whether it could be justified in purely humanitarian terms. Indeed, if Iraqi President Saddam Hussein had been overthrown and the issue of weapons of mass destruction reliably dealt with, there clearly would have been no war, even if the success or government were just as repressive. Over time, however, the original justifications for war lost much of their force. More than seven months after the declared end of major hostilities, weapons of mass destruction still have not been found. No significant prewar link with international terrorism has been discovered. The difficulty of establishing stable institutions in Iraq is making the country an increasingly unlikely staging ground for promoting democracy in the Middle East. More and more, the Bush administration's remaining justification for the war is that Hussein was a tyrant who deserved to be overthrown--an argument for humanitarian intervention. …


Accepted for publication 6 August 1993 Summary of main recommendations (1) Glutaraldehyde, used in most endoscopy units in the United Kingdom for the disinfection of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes, is a toxic substance being an irritant and a sensitiser; symptoms associated with glutaraldehyde exposure are common among staff working in endoscopy units. (2) The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988 (COSHH) obliges the employer to make a systematic assessment of risk to staff of exposure to glutaraldehyde and institute measures to deal effectively with exposure. (3) At present glutaraldehyde remains the first line agent for the disinfection offlexible gastrointestinal endoscopes. Other agents are being developed; a standard means ofassessment for flexible endoscope disinfectants should be devised. (4) Equipment and accessories that are heat stable should be sterilised by autoclaving; disposable accessories should be used wherever possible. (5) Flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes should be disinfected within automated washer/disinfectors; trays, bowls or buckets for this purpose are unacceptable. (6) Local exhaust ventilation must be used to control glutaraldehyde vapour. Extracted air may be discharged direct to the atmosphere or passed over special absorbent filters and recirculated. Such control measures must be regularly tested and records retained. (7) Endoscope cleaning and disinfection should be carried out in a room dedicated to the purpose, equipped with control measures to maintain the concentration of glutaraldehyde vapour at a level certainly below the current occupational exposure standard of 0-2 ppm and preferably below the commonly used working limit of 0.1 ppm. Sites other than the endoscopy unit where endoscopy is regularly performed, such as the radiology department, should have their own fully equipped cleaning and disinfection room. (8) COSHH limits the use of personal protective equipment to those situations where other measures cannot adequately control exposure. Such equipment includes nitrile rubber gloves, apron, chemical grade eye protection, and respiratory protective equipment for organic vapours. (9) Monitoring of atmospheric levels of glutaraldehyde should be performed by a competent person such as an occupational hygienist; the currently preferred method ofsampling uses a filtration technique, the commercially available meters being less reliable. (10) Health surveillance of staff is mandatory; occupational health records must be retained for 30 years. (11) Endoscopy staff must be informed of the risks ofexposure to glutaraldehyde and trained in safe methods of its control. Only staff who have completed such an education and training programme should be allowed to disinfect endoscopes. (12) The unsafe use of glutaraldehyde has significant health and legal consequences; the safe use of glutaraldehyde may have revenue consequences that contribute significantly to the cost of gastrointestinal endoscopy.


The effect of solar radiation on the dissolved absorption coefficient (λCDOM[λ]), which reflects the concentration of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), was investigated in several lakes near Bariloche, Argentina and in northeastern Pennsylvania, USA. Samples of 0.2 µm filtered lake water were exposed in quartz tubes to different portions of the solar spectrum using optical cutoff filters to remove parts of the ultraviolet (UV) region of the solar spectrum. Changes in the spectral absorption in these samples and the absorbed incident energy were used to calculate spectral weighting functions (SWFs) for the photobleaching (PB) of CDOM. PB was measured as the loss of αCDOM[λ] (the αCDOM[λ] was averaged from 280 to 500 nm) per unit absorbed energy. CDOM from humic and clear lakes, as well as from a Sphagnum bog and an algal culture, was used in the experiments covering a wide range of carbon sources. We used an iterative, nonlinear optimization method to fit the measured results to a simple exponential function in order to generate each SWF. Comparing individual SWFs calculated for various CDOM sources, we computed a summary SWF from the experiments using epilimnial CDOM from our study lakes. Our summary SWF was able to explain 80‐90% of the observed variance in our exposure experiments, and we were able to predict PB results obtained for other Argentine lakes (mean error 14.5%). Finally, we calculated that the effect of UV‐B radiation on PB was small (<20% of total decrease in the absorption coefficient) compared to UVA and blue light radiation. This suggested that increased UV‐B radiation due to stratospheric ozone depletion would not greatly increase the photobleaching of whole water column CDOM in Patagonian lakes (<10%).


A familiar dialogue is taking place in the professional literature of records and information management. Since the early 1990s, the theoretical foundation of a records management theory has been constructed on convergence (Pemberton & Nugent, 1995; Walters, 1995; Zawiyah M Yusof & Robert W Chell, 2002). While certain concepts are shared across disciplines, arguably the most foundational definition is the most divergent: a record. Each discipline (Archival Science, Library Science, Computer Science) defines the term record in its own way. Records managers at all levels have difficulty espousing a universal definition of the term, while claiming sole responsibility for the authority, organization, authenticity, and sustainability of records.


In this study, we explore the connections between business model adaptation and the success of new ventures. We do so by analysing in depth the business model evolution of three new Italian ventures throughout their first years of life. We try to understand if and how the evolution of these firms' business models is connected to their success. Our analysis reveals that adapting their business models was crucial to enabling these firms to survive in extremely dynamic environments. However, it did not fully act as a catalyst for their processes of growth and did not increase their profitability.


This qualitative research study sought to uncover the attractants and deterrents of educational administrative positions in Upstate Central New York (CNY) public schools by exploring the perspectives of both practicing principals and those that are certified but not currently employed in an administrative position. The study posed three research questions. First, how do educators who are certified as administrators in Upstate Central New York describe experiences that have influenced them to pursue or not pursue the principalship? Second, what do certified administrators perceive as the attractants and deterrents to the principalship in Upstate Central New York and which of these are factors in their decision to apply for and accept principalships? Finally, how have the attractants and deterrents to the principalship changed in the recent years covered by this study? Participants in the study included certified educational administrators that are both practicing principals as well as those that have not yet assumed an administrative position. Purposeful and snowball sampling techniques were utilized to include participants from rural, urban, and suburban settings in CNY. Two separate cohorts, interviewed five years apart, provided insight into the changing landscape of the principalship. Findings addressing the research questions are based on five themes that emerged during the study: Accountability, Nature of the Job, Terms and Conditions of Employment, Climate, and Personal Factors. The longitudinal nature of this study revealed the emergence of the Annual Professional Performance Review (APPR) requirements as a recent major factor impacting the decision of certified administrators to seek, accept, and remain in the principalship in New York State. The conclusions of this study have potential significance to assist decision makers of CNY public schools to better understand and attract high quality candidates from the available candidate pool. Recommendations and implications are enumerated and proposed for educational constituent groups in New York State including Superintendents and Boards of Education, the New York State Education Department and State Government, Public and Private Universities with preparation programs in Educational Leadership, Professional Associations (SAANYS, NYSSBA, NYSCSS), and the Central New York School Study Council. School districts need to provide a rich professional fulfilling work environment to both attract and retain principals. As the principal is the key to promoting academic excellence, a supportive work environment that accentuates the attractants and minimizes the deterrents will facilitate the provision of a high quality, equitable education to all children throughout the diverse communities of CNY. The Decision to Pursue the Principalship: Perspectives of Certified Administrators in Upstate Central New York by Frederick P. Kirsch B.S. in Education SUNY Fredonia, 1979 M.S. in Education SUNY Oneonta, 1982 C.A.S. Educational Administration, Syracuse University, 1985


Organic ferroelectric materials have unique characters comparing to their inorganic coun- terparts in electronics because they show the advantages such as low cost, lightweight, small thermal budget, flexible and nontoxic characteristics. The ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is mostly desired for memory devices due to its polar phase. To obtain the ferroelectric memory devices for data storage, ultrathin PVDF films are required to allow for low operation voltages with both small roughness and free of pin-holes. Micron-meter thick films of ferroelectric phase PVDF can be easily achieved by many preparation methods. But the nanofilms could be mainly fabricated by coating method and Langmuir– Blodgett deposition technique. Meanwhile, according to the structure of devices, four types of organic memory cells using ferroelectric phase PVDF films were introduced, such as memory based on metal/organic semiconductor/metal ferroelectric tunnel junctions, organic capacitors, field effect transistor and organic diodes. The research has been mainly done in Zhang's laboratory from September 2016 to explore the preparation and poten - tial applications of ferroelectric PVDF films. In this chapter, we summarize several device investigations and show the PVDF films have the promising memory applications.


Systems-thinking, a holistic approach that puts the study of wholes before that of parts, is an efficient way of dealing with real-world situations. By emphasizing the interrelationships between the system's components rather than the components themselves, systems thinking allows us to increase our personal and professional effectiveness, and transform our organizations. Specifically, systems thinkers can conceptually analyze the system without knowing all the details, recognizing the forest through the trees. They can see beyond the surface to the deeper patterns that are responsible for creating behavior [23]. The current study deals with the development of systems thinking among students and graduates of technology management. The goals of the study are to identify the factors that influence the development of systems thinking and to find ways to encourage this development [17]. We used a variety of research tools: A questionnaire for assessing the capacity for systems thinking, The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality type test and supervisor evaluations. In conclusion, the current study findings show that graduates with certain personality traits can gradually acquire or improve their capacity for systems thinking by receiving appropriate training and through a wide range of work experience, and by holding different job positions over time. Having a broad range of professional experience and holding different job positions can help graduates gain knowledge and become familiar with diverse systems and technologies.


This article provides a comprehensive examination of the time-series behavior of relationship banks around and during borrower distress. Relationship and outside loans have similar interest rates during distress and even 2 years prior to distress. Relative to outside loans in distress, relationship loans in distress have lower maturity. The fraction of bank lending given by relationship banks reduces during borrower distress. Overall, borrowers in distress do not derive benefits from relationship banks. These findings are inconsistent with models that suggest banks have an implicit commitment to help their borrowers in distress due to reputation concerns.


Farrowing site choice was examined in 40 sows. In group 1, the preference of 16 sows was tested for pre-formed lying areas which incorporated the characteristics of previously observed farrowing nests: a hollow (H), a mattress (M), a nest box (B) and a flat control (C). None of the sows farrowed on C which indicated that choice was based on some evaluation of the lying surface. However, there was no significant preference for the three nest features: H6, M6, B 4. In group 2, C was replaced by a straw area (S). Four different amounts of straw were offered: 18, 9, 4·5 and 2·25 kg with four, four, eight, eight sows on trial at each amount respectively. All the sows farrowed on S at the 18, 9 and 4·5 levels; at 2·25 kg, three farrowed on S and five moved the straw to other lying areas on which they farrowed. The results indicated that the location of nest material has an important influence on farrowing site choice because it allows the performance of nesting behaviour. Although performance of the behaviour was not affected by the amount of straw available, 2·25 kg appeared to be inadequate for a satisfactory nest.