Abstract. We compare future changes in global mean temperature in response to different future scenarios which, for the first time, arise from emission-driven rather than concentration-driven perturbed parameter ensemble of a global climate model (GCM). These new GCM simulations sample uncertainties in atmospheric feedbacks, land carbon cycle, ocean physics and aerosol sulphur cycle processes. We find broader ranges of projected temperature responses arising when considering emission rather than concentration-driven simulations (with 10–90th percentile ranges of 1.7 K for the aggressive mitigation scenario, up to 3.9 K for the high-end, business as usual scenario). A small minority of simulations resulting from combinations of strong atmospheric feedbacks and carbon cycle responses show temperature increases in excess of 9 K (RCP8.5) and even under aggressive mitigation (RCP2.6) temperatures in excess of 4 K. While the simulations point to much larger temperature ranges for emission-driven experiments, they do not change existing expectations (based on previous concentration-driven experiments) on the timescales over which different sources of uncertainty are important. The new simulations sample a range of future atmospheric concentrations for each emission scenario. Both in the case of SRES A1B and the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the concentration scenarios used to drive GCM ensembles, lies towards the lower end of our simulated distribution. This design decision (a legacy of previous assessments) is likely to lead concentration-driven experiments to under-sample strong feedback responses in future projections. Our ensemble of emission-driven simulations span the global temperature response of the CMIP5 emission-driven simulations, except at the low end. Combinations of low climate sensitivity and low carbon cycle feedbacks lead to a number of CMIP5 responses to lie below our ensemble range. The ensemble simulates a number of high-end responses which lie above the CMIP5 carbon cycle range. These high-end simulations can be linked to sampling a number of stronger carbon cycle feedbacks and to sampling climate sensitivities above 4.5 K. This latter aspect highlights the priority in identifying real-world climate-sensitivity constraints which, if achieved, would lead to reductions on the upper bound of projected global mean temperature change. The ensembles of simulations presented here provides a framework to explore relationships between present-day observables and future changes, while the large spread of future-projected changes highlights the ongoing need for such work.


ABSTRACT Targeting dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis represents a challenge to antituberculosis drug discovery programs. We previously reported and validated the use of the streptomycin (STR)-dependent M. tuberculosis 18b strain as a tool for assessing drug potency against nonreplicating bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we generated a luminescent 18b strain, named 18b-Lux, by transforming the bacteria with a vector expressing the luxCDABE operon from Photorhabdus luminescens. Luciferase expression was demonstrated under replicating conditions, and, more importantly, luminescence levels significantly above background were detected following STR removal. The sensitivity of STR-starved 18b-Lux to approved and candidate antituberculosis therapeutic agents was evaluated by means of a luciferase assay in a 96-well format. Results mirrored the data obtained with the standard resazurin reduction microplate assay, and the luminescence readout allowed time course assessments of drug efficacy in vitro. Specifically, we proved that bedaquiline, the rifamycins, and sutezolid displayed time-dependent activity against dormant bacteria, while pyrazinamide and SQ109 showed bactericidal effects at the highest concentrations tested. Overall, we established the optimal conditions for an inexpensive, simple, and very sensitive assay with great potential for future applications.


Summary The frequency of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTO) in the dog after repair of a humeral condylar fracture (HCF) and the relationship of fracture reduction to outcome is unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of PTO in dogs after HCF repair and to determine the relationship between fracture reduction, limb function and follow-up osteoarthrosis (OA) score. All dogs were evaluated by physical and radiographic examinations and dogs with unilateral fracture repair were also examined by force platform gait analysis. Initial and follow-up radiographs were scored for reduction and evidence of osteoarthrosis using previously published grading scales. This study evaluated 15 fractures in 13 dogs with a mean follow-up time of 43 months. Osteoarthrosis developed or progressed radiographically in all elbows. Peak vertical force (PVF) was significantly reduced (p <0.01) in the affected limb, however vertical impulse (VI) did not differ (p = 0.12) when compared to the opposite normal limb. Pain-free range of motion was reduced in flexion (p <0.01), but not in extension (p = 0.98) when compared to the normal limb. Fracture reduction score did not correlate with follow-up OA score (p = 0.07), PVF (p = 0.40), VI (p = 0.72), flexion (p =0.50), or extension (p = 0.62). Due to the high incidence of PTO, owners should be warned of the possibility of declining limb function over time despite near anatomic reduction.


In its opening lines, Jamaica Kincaid's essay "In History" announces that its project will be to interrogate not only the definition, but also the personal stakes of history. Kincaid's vantage as an Antiguan-American, dislocated from ancestors who had been "emptied" from their homeland by disruptive European imperialism, is essential to establishing her perspective in this endeavor (7). But at the first level of analysis, it seems that Kincaid's postcolonial critique has merely mimicked the same process of deracination performed by her two white male poster children of the globalist West, Christopher Columbus and Carl Linnaeus. Thus, the reader is presented with a trio of thematically related "emptyings": in Linnaeus's case, it is the separating of plants from their folk names that informs Kincaid's gardening interest, and in Columbus's, it is the severing of indigenous peoples from their lands and cultures that informs Kincaid's past, and finally in the case of Kincaid's own essay, it is that detachment of narrative from traditional history that she intends to inform her present.
Yet the essay's presumed structure, evoking a Venn diagram that tightly sandwiches Kincaid between Linnaeus and Columbus, is complicated by the presence of one distinct passage that seems to upend it. This particular passage gestures both explicitly and implicitly towards a very divergent reading of Kincaid's true intent in "In History." Primarily, it affirms that Kincaid is not merely performing the same task as Columbus and Linnaeus, but it is also actually challenging her reader to develop the same skeptical approach that generates her anti-historical reasoning.
The outlying passage that informs this new understanding of "In History" both blatantly acknowledges the initial inconclusiveness of Kincaid's writing and motivates the reader to wade in and perform new analytical work:

And even as a relationship exists between George Clifford's activity in the world, the world as it starts out on ships leaving the sea ports of the Netherlands, traversing the earth's seas, touching on the world's peoples and the places they are in, the things that have meant something to them being renamed and a whole new set of narratives imposed on them, narratives that place them at a disadvantage in relationship to George Clifford and his fellow Dutch, even as I can say all this in one breath or in one large volume, so too then does an invisible thread, a thread that no deep breath or large volume can contain, hang between Carolus Linnaeus, his father's desire to give himself a distinguished name, the name then coming from a tree, the Linden tree, a tree whose existence was regarded as not ordinary, and his invention of a system of naming that even I am forced to use? (7).

What immediately jumps out is Kincaid's use of the metaphor of the "invisible thread," which functions as a wink to her reader, an artful gesture that there is a tacit key to correctly reading her essay. With this move, Kincaid is both drawing her readers in, encouraging them to engage in a kind of detective work to unspool the thread, and pushing them away, denying that the twisty, serpentine nature of this thread could ever be contained in an oral or written tradition—"even as I can say all this in one breath or in one large volume." Already, Kincaid has established an inherent restriction within the field of history—this unaccounted-for thread.
Beyond introducing the thread, this passage also serves as a rhetorical critique of conventional notions of authority and credibility, formatted in such a way that it erodes a reader's prior assumptions. History is often painted in broad strokes as a cascading series of cause and effect. This framing device for historical inquiry is useful because it moves beyond a rote recitation of commonly understood truths and begins to shape the discipline as loam that can be fertilized by critical thinking. But Kincaid's first hint that she aims to break down this understanding and assess its uses and limits is the run-on quality of this passage, which is after all only one sentence. This construction is meant to subtly disrupt the governing logic of English syntax. This mirrors the key problem Kincaid identifies in conceptualizing history as chains of causality, namely that they, like grammar, are not free of a privileging system; they have narratives attached to them, narratives which through the very nature of the events they hope to describe were and continue to be inequitable. Her example in this passage then directly articulates this by comparing the prejudiced state of the native peoples with the partiality shown by history books to the Dutch and other European colonial conquerors. While this passage serves as a workable encapsulation of Kincaid's own emptying, it is not her only mission.
Kincaid has performed this separation of the narrative from history not only to serve her own sense of reparative justice but also to raise further questions about her topic. She indicates this by suspending the invisible thread between the poles of Linnaeus, as a social entity, and the linden tree, a natural feature, an ambiguous connection that in no way echoes the relative simplicity of the Venn diagram-like structure that defines her essay as a whole. Kincaid is not just interested in showing the gross inequalities that can manifest within the telling of history, she is interested in demonstrating how its appearance is an abstraction—making it unreliable as a medium for articulating identity.
The conclusion to this passage references "a system of naming that even I am forced to use," another meta-flourish that extends the essay beyond the limits of its author's own emptying. Its effect is to slyly induce the audience to re-read with an eye for moments in which Kincaid has subtly pushed her reader to think skeptically about how unseen systems frame one's means of self-expression. "In History" is not going to be thrilling reading for everybody, precisely because of the degree of difficulty of the task that Kincaid has set for herself. To the reader who is less than willing to extend the same respect for Kincaid's personal experience that she herself allows Columbus and Linnaeus, the essay will register as frustratingly opaque. This is partly due to the linguistic limitation imposed on Kincaid by her project; she often uses fairly simple adjectives or scrambles the meaning of common words, in order to avoid the familiar connotations that accompany words like "discover," "green," and "New World" when used in relation to the historical events that are being examined. But more importantly, Kincaid is making a purposeful effort to keep the reader at arm's length by not being overly straightforward about her goal. Otherwise, she would be guilty of the same "simplicity of…beliefs" that she affixes to Columbus (4). She seeks to make her argument more complicated to provoke her reader to consider the matter as skeptically as she does.
With this in mind, it becomes crucial to note where Kincaid has planted the seeds of anti-historical reasoning within her essay, because they serve a didactic function for her reader.  In hyper-specific asides that break the rhythm of the essay, Kincaid brings up minutiae that serve as her most concrete examples of anti-history. She chooses to interrupt her lengthy biography of Linnaeus suddenly, confronting the reader with the stark observation, "Linnaeus' father had a garden. I do not know what his mother had" (5). The use of the word "had" is fascinating because it urges the reader to consider not just patriarchal systems of property ownership, but the kind of inner life that would have animated a woman who, in the standard historical account, is voiceless. With this approach, Kincaid is becoming a retributive analogue for the Dutch ships setting out or Linnaeus in the greenhouse, flipping on its head the notion "the things that have meant something to them being renamed." It is clear that her anti-history is not a new order, it is a purposeful disorder, akin to an uprooting. Her reader is intended to grapple not with the literal consequences of gardening, but its metaphoric significance: that history is not the well-tended garden that it appears, but a disarrayed wilderness strewn with fallen and triumphal growths locked in a Darwinian struggle for survival.
Another example of this kind of anti-historical reasoning is when Kincaid references what must be a trivial moment in Linnaeus' story, a photograph of him wearing the "costume" of the indigenous Laplander peoples (or cultural appropriation in modern parlance). Kincaid uses it to meditate on the possibility of other histories that she herself cannot understand: "Suddenly, I am made a little uneasy, for just when is it that other people's clothes become your costume? But I am not too uneasy, I haven't really entered this narrative yet, I shall soon, in any case I do not know the Laplanders, they live far away, I don't believe they look like me" (6). In making clear her own limitations in reconstructing the personal experience of the Laplanders who are rendered as easily caricatured props in Linnaeus's narrative, she is anticipating the difficulties that her readers will have in interpreting her own effort. Yet, as this seemingly innocuous detail testifies: one's particular history should be their own wound to bear. Others may be able to see it, even empathize, but they are incapable of truly feeling its pain. If Kincaid can demonstrate this complexity to her readers, perhaps they can then perform their own uprooting.

WORK CITED
Kincaid, Jamaica. "In History." Callaloo 20.1 (2003): 1-7. Print.


This article analyzes the directive/locative argument alternation, both in Baltic and Slavic languages and cross-linguistically. The alternation in question appears to be connected to a number of parameters (focus, deixis, presence or absence of extra force, informational structure, voice, etc.), which tend to trigger either locative or directive coding of NPs/PPs. Another factor contributing to the choice of directive or locative NPs/PPs is the semantic group of the verb. Thus, in Lithuanian and neighbouring languages (Latvian, Russian, Belarusian, Polish) the alternating verbs form a hierarchy, where directed motion verbs tend to be coded most directionally, and verbs of sinking and burying more locationally, with other groups occupying intermediate positions. The possibility of the directive/locative argument alternation also depends on what the location is, with in and on allowing alternation in most languages of the area under consideration, while in front of, over and between allow the alternation only in Czech and Polish. Finally, some minor differences concerning several alternating semantic groups ('get together', 'get stuck in', 'lock up') in Baltic and Slavic languages are analyzed.


Localizing type errors is challenging in languages with global type inference, as the type checker must make assumptions about what the programmer intended to do. We introduce Nate, a data-driven approach to error localization based on supervised learning. Nate analyzes a large corpus of training data -- pairs of ill-typed programs and their "fixed" versions -- to automatically learn a model of where the error is most likely to be found. Given a new ill-typed program, Nate executes the model to generate a list of potential blame assignments ranked by likelihood. We evaluate Nate by comparing its precision to the state of the art on a set of over 5,000 ill-typed OCaml programs drawn from two instances of an introductory programming course. We show that when the top-ranked blame assignment is considered, Nate's data-driven model is able to correctly predict the exact sub-expression that should be changed 72% of the time, 28 points higher than OCaml and 16 points higher than the state-of-the-art SHErrLoc tool. Furthermore, Nate's accuracy surpasses 85% when we consider the top two locations and reaches 91% if we consider the top three.


Dentistry is most importantly and foremost a healing profession. In today's world, it is very necessary to understand the importance of being eco-friendly in every facet of our lives, including dental practice which has a huge impact on the environment due to the large amount of metallic waste generated by various dental procedures along with excessive use of water and electricity, which specifically emphasis the thrust to move towards 'Green dentistry'. Green dentistry is an innovative way of dental practice which is environment friendly and at the same time conserves money and time by reducing waste, conserving energy and decreasing pollution with the use of latest techniques and procedures. Green dentistry therefore, protects the environment and mankind from the hazards of rapid urbanisation in developing countries. The authors wish to emphasize the practice of eco-friendly, green dentistry in a developing country like India which needs to conserve resources and curb environmental pollution.


The efficacy of doramectin (Dectomax, Pfizer) and moxidectin (Cydectin, Abfar) against gastrointestinal nematode infection was evaluated in cows which were naturally infected with these nematodes. For that purpose over 100 cows' faeces were tested for gastrointestinal nematodes with the saturated salt solution method. Infected cows were selected according to the McMaster criteria. To establish whether the cows were infected with gastrointestinal nematodes, their coprocultures were screened for the presence of Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Nematodirus and Trichostrongylus species. Thirty cows which had acquired nematodes naturally were allocated to three groups of 10. The cows in the first and second group were administered subcutaneous 1% doramectin and moxidectin in injectable form at 0.2 mg/kg, respectively. The third group was separated as a control. Faecal samples from animals were examined one week before the start of treatment and on days 0, 7 and 14 of treatment. One and two weeks after the treatment, the examination of faecal samples from both treated groups showed that doramectin and moxidectin were 100% effective against gastrointestinal nematode infection. In contrast, the egg numbers in the control group were variable but not lower.


Coastal aquifers have played a major role in modern human occupation and economic development in Iberoamerica. Most of Iberoamerica population inhabits coastal areas, and water needs are frequently fulfilled with groundwater. Possible climate changes and consequent sea level rise will deeply affect coastal aquifers, putting considerable pressure in those water bodies. For the prediction of how these aquifers will behave in face of such challenges, and also to establish preventive measures against undesired effects, adequate knowledge is essential. This paper presents the state of knowledge of a number of Latin American coastal aquifers reasonably representative of the overall situation through a literature review, with compilation and synthesis of data. A synthetic comparative analysis conducted on 33 coastal aquifers in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula is showed, as well as detailed information about three out of those aquifers with relatively more abundant data and of particular interest: Mar del Plata, in Argentina; Recife, in Brazil; and Low Llobregat, in Spain. Some of the conclusions of the comparative analysis are: very frequently, intensive groundwater abstraction has produced marine intrusion; management actions with different technical complexity have been undertaken in some areas, although the most common situation is a lack of management at all. However, legal and regulatory frameworks to protect groundwater are slowly improving or uprising. Major challenges are unawareness on aquifer problems and underfunding for management and investigation.


The UNIQUAC activity coefficient model is extended to predict solid-liquid equilibrium of isotactic crystalline poly (1-butene), iPBu-1, in different organic solvents. The UNIQUAC activity coefficient model used in this work is based on the concept of group contribution and consists of combinatorial, residual and free volume terms. To account for branching of atom groups in the monomer structure of the polymer, a correction factor has been applied to the surface parameter of combinatorial and residual terms. Use of this correction factor has significantly improved the accuracy of the model and shows that the proposed activity coefficient model is a proper model for solid-liquid equilibrium calculation in polymer solutions.


Abiotic stress due to environmental changes causing water deficit, extreme temperatures and low atmospheric humidity decreases plant productivity. One of the elements of overcoming the stress is to develop new varieties. However, drought tolerance has a complex nature which makes this problem difficult to solve and involves different approaches and methods. The process of creating new varieties could be facilitated by screening of genotypes with higher resistance. In this respect laboratory tests in in vitro and ex vitro conditions could complement in vivo experiments. To make stress models availability of a factor causing or imitating the stress is required. In addition, choosing appropriate criteria of correspondence between responses in field and in laboratory conditions is crucial. The high molecular weight substance polyethylene glycol (PEG) causes osmotic shock which is one of the components of the drought. Different concentrations (2-10 %) of PEG were used in our experiments. PEG was added into the media for germination of seeds and its effect on water absorption and seed development was followed. Soybean lines obtained previously and varieties (used as standard) were studied. Positive correlation between the level of drought tolerance of the genotypes in the field and in laboratory experiments was identified. The results are interesting for establishment of quick screening tests for identification of lines appropriate for breeding programs of soybean, commonly used grain legume with multiple product application.


U.S. antitrust policy and EC competition policy began at different times and in very different contexts. U.S. antitrust at first pursued multiple economic and political goals. Against a persistent, if cyclical, campaign that it was at best unnecessary and at worst absolutely harmful, antitrust developed first a reliance on competition in the sense of rivalry to promote good market performance and has lately moved to explicit welfare evaluation, in an economic sense, as a policy standard. How one ought to measure market performance (consumer welfare or net social welfare) remains a subject of discussion. Use of the economic welfare standard is, at this writing, characterized by judicial application that is inconsistent with mainstream economics. EC competition policy long relied on competition in the sense of rivalry to promote market integration and good market performance, the two goals being thought to be largely compatible. It is now in a time of transition, with the Directorate General for Competition and the European Courts moving toward explicit welfare evaluation as a basis for treating business conduct. There are some signs that enforcement agencies regard the market integration task as sufficiently far along to give it less weight, relative to promotion of good market performance, than in the past. Whether this approach will prevail, and whether European Courts will follow, remains to be seen.


In this work, we consider the dense reconstruction of specular objects. We propose the use of a specularity constraint, based on surface normal/depth consistency, to define a matching cost function that can drive standard stereo reconstruction methods. We discuss the types of ambiguity that can arise, and suggest an aggregation method based on anisotropic diffusion that is particularly suitable for this matching cost function. We also present a controlled illumination setup that includes a pair of cameras and one LCD monitor, which is used as a calibrated, variable-position light source. We use this setup to evaluate the proposed method on real data, and demonstrate its capacity to recover high-quality depth and orientation from specular objects.


Abstract:The modern view of addiction as a progressive brain disease originated in the second half of the 19th and early decades of the 20th centuries. Historians attribute the shift from a moral to a medical concept to the efforts of a small but well-organized band of physicians forming what is known as the Inebriety Movement in the United States and Great Britain. Members aimed to distribute the disease theory to a disinterested and biased medical community, establish protocols for evidence-based treatments, and transfer the management of drinkers and drug users away from religious organizations and penal institutions to the care of trained practitioners. Members' efforts to rhetorically achieve these goals on the pages of medical journals has received scant attention in the scholarly community. Based on an analysis of 92 medical articles on addiction published between 1870 and 1930, I will reveal a complex, inclusive, and multimodal rhetoric employed to refigure "drunkards" and "underworld" drug "fiends" as patients and their confounding addictive behaviors as symptoms rather than signs of degeneracy. Before advanced understanding of brain's pleasure circuits and dopamine receptors, these early medical authors dramatically rendered the havoc that substances can play on those systems. Recovering the narratives and patient tropes I find in these texts may be instructive as we try to find ways to erase persistent stigma surrounding addiction. My findings will hopefully encourage dialogue and new research pathways for scholars interested in the rhetorical history of addiction.


Basal hydrology of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) influences its dynamics and mass balance through basal lubrication and ice–bed decoupling or efficient water removal and ice–bed coupling. Variations in subglacial water pressure through the seasonal evolution of the subglacial hydrological system help control ice velocity. Near the ice sheet margin, large basal conduits are melted by the viscous heat dissipation (VHD) from surface runoff routed to the bed. These conduits may lead to efficient drainage systems that lower subglacial water pressure, increase basal effective stress, and reduce ice velocity. In this study we quantify the energy available for VHD historically at present and under future climate scenarios. At present, 345 km3 of annual runoff delivers 66 GW to the base of the ice sheet per year. These values are already ∼ 50 % more than the historical 1960–1999 value of 46 GW. By 2100 under IPCC AR5 RCP8.5 (RCP4.5) scenarios, 1278 (524) km3 of runoff may deliver 310 (110) GW to the ice sheet base. Hence, the ice sheet may experience a 5-to-7-fold increase in VHD in the near future which will enhance opening of subglacial conduits near the margin and will warm basal ice in the interior. The other significant basal heat source is geothermal heat flux (GHF), which has an estimated value of 36 GW within the present-day VHD area. With increasing surface meltwater penetration to the bed the basal heat budget in the active basal hydrology zone of the GIS will be increasingly dominated by VHD and relatively less sensitive to GHF, which may result in spatial changes in the ice flow field and in its seasonal variability.


Abstract. Raster geodatasets are an important data source for map-related web applications. However, existing differences in how those datasets are georeferenced, formatted and made available complicate their integration for analysis and visualisation purposes. Furthermore, the inconsistent cell resolutions make it difficult to perform efficient and reliable display of the datasets over a range of scales. In particular, it is challenging to achieve satisfactory user experience in visual exploration of interactive analysis operations carried out on these datasets.Dataset harmonisation carried out as a pre-processing procedure seems to be necessary for resolving the raster geodata inconsistency challenge. After the pre-processing step, the harmonized datasets have to be stored into an easily accessible data storage, preferably in close connection with the computing platform where the analysis operations are to be performed.Multidimensional datacube has emerged as a conceptual framework for organising a repository of harmonised raster geodatasets. Satellite images have so far been the most popular geospatial application area for datacubes. The set of dimensions of such geodatacube typically consist of two or three coordinate axes, time, and the content theme. While being ingested into the datacube, the involved datasets are brought into a common georeferencing frame, series of cell resolutions, and storage format. The selected harmonised resolution levels can actually be seen as a set of individual geodatacubes.An initiative has launched in Finland to build a harmonised multi-resolution geodatacube, called GeoCubes Finland, containing some of the most important national geodatasets. The datasets currently incorporated into the geodatacube include digital elevation models together with land cover, superficial deposit, forest inventory and administrative unit datasets. GeoCubes Finland is being built as part of the Finnish Open Geospatial Information Infrastructure for Research (oGIIR) programme, aimed at developing the geospatial research infrastructure of the country. The data storage and the related computing facilities have been implemented on a cloud service platform provided by CSC - IT Center for Science that serves Finnish universities and research institutes.


Across sub-Saharan Africa, formal institutional rules are coming to matter much more than they used to, and have displaced violence as the primary source of constraints on executive behavior. From decolonization in the early 1960s through the 1980s, most African rulers left office through a coup, assassination, or some other form of violent overthrow. Since 1990, however, the majority have left through institutionalized means—chiefly through voluntary resignation at the end of a constitutionally defined term or by losing an election. While institutional rules may not yet always determine outcomes in Africa today, such rules are consistently and dependably affecting the strategies through which those outcomes are reached.


[The French]... talk about talking about food. Gertrude Stein There is a topology of time in regard to food activities which I shall briefly develop here as a context for a philosophical discussion of the history of food. This should help clarify the levels of meaning that are implicit in the phenomena of food. The broadest distinction that can be drawn is between immediate and mediate time. Immediate time, on one hand, is the present and recent past, and within this temporal category we can distinguish between the consumption and preparation of food. Preparation can be further divided into regional (popular) cuisine and erudite (professional) cuisine, as Jean-Francois Revel has done in his book, Culture and Cuisine.1 These different types of cuisine can be further developed along the lines of Slow Food and Fast Food where Revel's interplay between the regional and the erudite disappears and becomes an opposition; see Carlo Petrini's Slow Food: The case for Taste.2 Mediate time, on the other hand, is the connection of food with the remote past. (I shall mainly be preoccupied with this idea.) Several examples come to mind. First is Roland Barthes's "Sugar and Other Systems" in which he suggests that food has a commemorative function, i.e., "food permits a person (and I am here speaking of French themes) to partake each day of the national past."3 In detail, he says, In this case, the historical quality is obviously linked to food techniques (preparation and cooking). These have long roots, reaching back to the depth of the French past. They are, we are told, the repository of a whole experience, of the accumulated wisdom of our ancestors. ... No doubt the myth of French cooking abroad (or as expressed to foreigners) strengthens this "nostalgic" value of food considerably; but since the French themselves actively participate in this myth (especially when traveling), it is fair to say that through his food the Frenchman experiences a certain national continuity. By way of a thousand detours, food permits him to insert himself daily into his own past and to believe in a certain culinary "being" of France (87). A good fictional illustration of this point is in Willa Gather's novel, Death Comes for the Archbishop, in which a conversation about a dark onion soup ensues: "Think of it, Blanchet; in all this vast country between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean, there is probably not another human being who could make a soup like this." "Not unless he is a Frenchman," said Father Joseph. He had tucked a napkin over the front of his cassock and was losing no time in reflection. "I am not depreciating your individual talent. Joseph," the Bishop [Latour] continued, "but, when one thinks of it, a soup like this is not the work of one man. It is the result of a constantly refined tradition. There are nearly a thousand years of history in this soup."4 Furthermore, this continuity of culinary "being" is a widely-shared belief among the native North American tribes and communities; for instance, Jim Enote of the Zuni Pueblo remarks: "In essence partaking of food is more than a matter of physical sustenance, it is also a personal ritual to honor the long history of our people, which is a story intimate and dense with meaning."3 Food ritualizing a national or tribal history and providing a culinary continuity with the past is a premise shared by several cultures. This particular function of food distinguishes the history of food in terms of how it accesses the past, and therefore, this makes the discipline very interesting and at the same time problematic. So the history of food raises some intriguing philosophical questions. For instance, philosophers of history are interested in what sort of judgments are included in a historical narrative and why. I shall took at two of these here: culinary judgments and comparative judgments. Duplication Problem The major historiographical problem of the history of food, as Revel sees it, is this: "the difficulty when one explores the past (and even the present) lies in appreciating the difference between silent cuisine and cuisine that talks too much, between the cuisine that exists on the plate and the one that exists only in gastronomical chronicles. …


Rural areas in developing countries span vast areas with a variety of climatic zones, vegetation and terrain features, which are hostile to the installation and maintenance of telecommunication infrastructures. Provision of telecommunications services to these areas using traditional wired and existing wiring telephone system with centralized network architecture becomes prohibitively expensive and not viable in many cases, because there is no infrastructure and the area is sparsely populated. Applications of wireless systems seem to provide a cost-effective solution for such a scenario. However, deployment of ATM in rural areas as a backbone technology wide area network (WAN) has not been thoroughly investigated so far. The dissertation investigates the feasibility of deployment of ATM backbone network (WAN) to be implemented in the rural. A TM is a digital transmission service for wide area networks providing speeds from 2 Megabits per second up to 155 Megabits per second. Businesses and institutions that transmit extremely high volumes of virtually error-free information at high speeds over wide area network with high quality and reliable connections currently use this service. For the purpose of saving the utilization of more bandwidth, the network should support or have a high forward bit rate, i.e. it must convey high traffic from base station to the user (i.e. upstream) than from the user to the base station (down stream). This work also investigates the features from the rural areas that degrade the performance of the networks and have a negative impact in the deployment of the telecommunications networks services. Identification of these features will lead to the suggestion of the least cost -effecti ve telecommunication service. For the purpose of evaluating the performance and feasibility of the network, modeling of the ATM network is accomplished using Project Estimation (ProjEstim) Simulation Tool


Bloodstream forms of African trypanosomes, which endocytose macromolecules exclusively through their flagellar pockets, contain an acid phosphatase (AcP) activity in this organelle. In the present thesis, AcP activity was demonstrated cytochemically in some intracellular vesicles and on the surface of Trypanosoma congolense as well as in the flagellar pocket. Unlike other trypanosomatids such as Leishmania spp. and Trichomonas spp., these trypanosomes, while viable, did not release this enzyme into the surrounding medium. In contrast to mammalian cells, the AcP in T. congolense was shown by cell fractionation to be a non-lysosomal enzyme. The enzyme was mostly recovered in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions which had 52.7% and 44.4% of the total activity, respectively. Further separation of the microsomal fraction showed an association of AcP activity with vesicles derived from the plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. After ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on a succession of columns containing Sephacryl S-300, DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-75, two acid phosphatases (AcPi and ACP2) were produced from the cytosolic fraction. A membrane-bound acid phosphatase (ACP3) was isolated from the microsomal pellets extracted with Triton X-l 14 and subjected to the above chromatographic procedures. The molecular mass of AcP 1 was higher than 700 kDa. It had an isoelectric point of 4.7. AcP2 (pi 5.3) and AcP3 (pi 6.5) had molecular masses of 33 and 320 kDa, respectively. AcPi and ACP3 were strongly inhibited by vanadate while ACP2 was strongly inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoate. None of the enzymes was inhibited by tartrate but all were inhibited by NaF. The Km values for each of the various substrates differed widely between the three AcPs indicating that the binding site of each enzyme was distinct. The best of all the substrates tested was para-nitrophenyl phosphate. On non-denaturing gels the enzymes exhibited very high molecular masses but on denaturing SDS-PAGE, two similar bands of activity, localised at 62 and 65 kDa, were observed in all three AcP preparations. Thus the three isolated enzymes may be derived from the same base 62 and 65 kDa units. Differences between enzymes may be derived from differential processing of the isoenzymes for different functions at different locations.


The use of fibres as main reinforcement for concrete pipes is recognized as an attractive alternative to the steel bars especially for smaller diameters. Nevertheless, the use of fibre reinforcement has not been consolidated yet. The lack of more reliable procedures for systematic quality control of the steel fibre reinforced concrete pipes is one of the reasons for that condition. In addition, there is no reliable technical data to support durability evaluation. A numerical simulation of the pipe crushing test can be used aiming to reduce this lack of knowledge. This work present a new solution based on numerical simulation of steel fibre reinforced concrete pipes using constitutive equation derived from Barcelona tests. An experimental campaign was carried out to confirm the suitability of both the model and the constitutive equation to simulate the pipe response subjected to crushing test. The numerical models also present good reliability to predict the cracking level of the components. This is an important tool to support evaluations of the ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state of FRC precast elements. This is of particular relevance when the new conceptions of the fib Model Code are taking into account.


Understanding the connectivity architecture of entire vertebrate brains is a fundamental but difficult task. MRI based methods offer whole brain coverage, but remain indirect in the approach to connectivity mapping. Recent progress has been made in directly mapping whole-brain connectivity architecture in the mouse at the mesoscopic scale. The basic approach uses tracer injections systematically placed on a grid of locations spanning the brain and computational analysis of the resulting whole brain data sets. Scaling this approach to bigger primate brains poses nontrivial technical challenges. Here we present an integrated neurohistological pipeline as well as a grid-based tracer injection strategy for systematic mesoscale connectivity mapping in the common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Individual brains are sectioned into ∼1700 20µm sections using the tape transfer technique, permitting high quality 3D reconstruction of a series of histochemical stains (Nissl, myelin) interleaved with tracer labelled sections. Combining the resulting 3D volumes, containing informative cytoarchitectonic markers, with in-vivo and ex-vivo MRI, and using an integrated computational pipeline, we are able to overcome the significant individual variation exhibited by Marmosets to obtain routine and high quality maps to a common atlas framework. This will facilitate the systematic assembly of a mesoscale connectivity matrix together with unprecedented 3D reconstructions of brain-wide projection patterns in a primate brain. While component instruments or protocols may be available from previous work, we believe that this is the first detailed systems-level presentation of the methodology required for high-throughput neuroanatomy in a model primate.


Finite-length Volterra filters are known to be able to model a wide range of real world nonlinear systems. In this paper, we present an algorithm that allows for different memory lengths of the linear and quadratic Volterra kernel while preserving the advantages of fast convolution techniques in the frequency domain for a second-order Volterra filter. This is achieved by extending partitioned block methods to second-order Volterra filters. To ob- tain corresponding adaptive realizations of the proposed approach, we present generalizations of known frequency-domain algorithms for Volterra filters and partitioned block frequency-domain adap- tive filters for linear systems, respectively. To exploit the advan- tages of adaptive frequency-domain algorithms with respect to con- vergence speed, we provide a frequency bin-wise normalization of the step-size parameters. To evaluate the performance of the pro- posed approach, simulation results are given for the application to nonlinear acoustic echo cancellation. The results confirm the im- proved convergence of a second-order partitioned block frequency- domain adaptive Volterra filter (PBFDAVF) compared with time- domain adaptation of the kernel coefficients.


In order to achieve higher yields, better technological methods offered in the current market, which aims to help the producers in the realization. To guarantee good yield because more and more people try with a variety of products, but you have to make the expected impact falls short.In this experiment, the following results were obtained: the soil suspension closely related to the inoculum of seed or seed treatment,which affects the soybean nodule formation, core saturation, and yield and protein-oil indicators. The soil suspension composition may exert positive and negative effects, which depend on how bacterial strains inoculum combined on the soybean seed surface. It is shown in our experiment very well, that between inoculum and inoculum as well as inoculum and seed treatment materials may be antagonism which setback to the soybean nodules formation and the yield, but not worsen the protein-oil indicators.


Applications often use IP addresses as end host identifiers based on the assumption that IP addresses do not change frequently, even when dynamically assigned. The validity of this assumption depends upon the duration of time that an IP address continues to be assigned to the same end host, and this duration in turn, depends upon the various causes that can induce the currently assigned IP address to change. In this work, we identify different causes that can lead to an address change and analyze their effect in ISPs around the world using data gathered from 3,038 RIPE Atlas probes hosted across 929 ASes and 156 countries across all 12 months of 2015. Our observations reveal information about ISP practices, outages, and dynamic address prefixes. For example, we found 20 ISPs around the world that periodically reassign addresses after a fixed period, typically a multiple of 24 hours. We also found that address changes are correlated with network and power outages occurring at customer premises equipment (CPE) devices. Furthermore, almost half of the address changes we observed on the same CPE were to an entirely different BGP-routed prefix.


Abstract Recent technological developments have made it possible for digital technology to offer interaction modes that can engage the whole body. These systems can track the users' movements to support rehabilitation, to play games or to create music, among other activities. One important implication of interacting with the whole body is the increased relevance of the user's experience. A number of approaches and frameworks have been proposed to design these movement-based systems and some of them pay special attention to the user's experience. This paper maps the space of design frameworks for movement-based interaction that focus on user experience. It classifies existing frameworks by their type and by characteristics that could help practitioners intending to design applications of that sort to make informed decisions about what framework to employ. Additionally, and to illustrate the use of the classification, we include a case study related with selecting and deploying some of these frameworks for a design exercise.


Abstract. We introduce a methodology to visualise rapid vertical and zonal tropical transport pathways. Using prescribed sea-surface temperatures in four monthly model integrations for 2005, we characterise preferred transport routes from the troposphere to the stratosphere in a high resolution climate model. Most efficient transport is modelled over the Maritime Continent (MC) in November and February, i.e., boreal winter. In these months, the ascending branch of the Walker Circulation over the MC is formed in conjunction with strong deep convection, allowing fast transport into the stratosphere. In the model the upper tropospheric zonal winds associated with the Walker Circulation are also greatest in these months in agreement with ERA-Interim reanalysis data. We conclude that the Walker circulation plays an important role in the seasonality of fast tropical transport from the lower and middle troposphere to the upper troposphere and so impacts at the same time the potential supply of surface emissions to the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and subsequently to the stratosphere.


Background and Purpose: Decreasing door to drug times for ischemic stroke patients has been proven to optimize preservation of brain tissue, resulting in better functional outcomes. In prior years, the stroke team focus was to meet or exceed the 50% goal for the Joint Commission measure; patients arriving within 2 hours of last known well receive alteplase within 180 minutes. In the fall of 2011, the Neuroscience Medical Director challenged the team to meet target stroke goals and achieve the gold standard of excellence. Methods: Guided by the Plan Do Study Act model and principles of shared governance, the team refocused efforts to enhance stakeholder collaboration, educate, and provide monthly evaluation of door to door times. Code Stroke pathways were revised to improve efficiency, and inclusion / exclusion criteria were revised. The team is presented with state and national benchmark best practice data on an ongoing basis. Individual alteplase case feedback sheets are sent to all involved providers and departments, who are encouraged to provide input into the process. All alteplase cases are reviewed during team meetings, and outcomes are shared. Role modeling, physician engagement, positive feedback to team members and celebration of successes instill team motivation and confidence. In June, the program hosted an inaugural Stroke Symposium, where national speakers shared the 'state of the science', validating the rationale for improving processes for acute stroke care. Results: In the first 6 months of 2012, the median door to drug time was reduced by 48% to 55 minutes from 104 minutes in 2011. In the same time period, 10 of 15 patients had alteplase administered in Conclusions: Significant improvements in stroke care can be gained by establishing a cohesive team with a shared goal of excellence. Strong leadership, the ability of staff on all levels to be partners in decision making, information sharing, education and recognition are keys to success. Future challenges include ensuring the processes are sustainable, and maintaining team motivation to continue to find opportunities to reduce door to drug times.


This paper reports on a research study that focused on equity in learning as reflected in the final grades of online and on-site students from the same post-secondary mathematics course taught repeatedly over 10 semesters from Fall 2005 through Spring 2011. On-site students attended regular class sessions, while online students only attended an orientation session and a final exam. Mean final course grades for all online and on-site students were compared statistically to see if there was a significant difference in learning. The findings revealed significant differences in online and on-site students' final grades, in favor of on-site student achievement. Statistical tests were also conducted on a number of subsets drawn from all students' final grades in order to search for any underlying nuances that might exist. When the first three semesters of data were removed from the dataset, no significant difference was found between the mean scores for on-site and online students for the seven most recent semesters. It is reasonable to conclude that it is possible for students in both on-site and online sections of a course to achieve equity in mathematics learning as measured by final course grades.


We present the first integrated study of carbonate, hydroxyl, fluoride, and chloride ion partitioning in the apatite-melt system. We determined volatile partitioning behavior between apatite and silicate melt for both haplobasaltic andesite and trachyte bulk compositions at 0.5–1 GPa and 1250 ° C using the piston-cylinder apparatus. All volatile species were analyzed directly in both apatite and glass using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and electron probe microanalysis. Distribution coefficients for OH-halogen exchange are similar to those from previous studies, and together with literature data, reveal a significant log-linear relationship with temperature, while the effects of pressure and melt composition are minimal. Meanwhile, halogen-free experiments generate very high C contents (up to 5000 ppm) in apatite. Stoichiometry calculations and infrared spectra indicate that this C is mainly incorporated onto the channel volatile site together with hydroxyl. In halogen-bearing experiments, apatite crystals contain significantly lower C (≤500 ppm), which may be partly incorporated onto the phosphate site while the channel volatile site is filled by OH+F+Cl+C. Our experiments give the first constraints on H 2 O-CO 2 exchange between apatite and silicate melt, with a K D of 0.355 ± 0.05 for the trachyte and 0.629 ± 0.08 for the haplobasaltic andesite. The new constraints on the temperature-dependence of partitioning will enable quantitative modeling of apatite-volatile exchange in igneous systems, while this new partitioning data and method for direct, in situ analysis of C in apatite mark a significant advance that will permit future studies of magmatic C and other volatiles. This has a broad range of potential applications including magmatic differentiation, fractionation, and degassing; quantification of volatile budgets in extraterrestrial and deep earth environments; and mineralization processes.


This paper attempts to clarify and justify the attribution of mental states to animals by focusing on two different conceptions of intentionality: instrumentalist and realist. I use each of these general views to interpret and discuss the behavior and cognitive states of piping plovers in order to provide a substantive way to frame the question of animal minds. I argue that attributing mental states to plovers is warranted for instrumentalists insofar as it is warranted for similar human behavior. For realists about intentionality, the complexity, adaptability and flexibility of the plovers' behavior, along with its ability to utilize the content of its representations and to satisfy the conditions of concept attribution, justifies attributing intentionality to plovers. Getting clearer on what is meant by animal minds, provides a better idea of what to look for in animal behavior. In many respects, investigating such phenomena is similar to investigations in other sciences.


The book Executing Windows Command Line Investigations targets the needs of cyber security practitioners who focus on digital forensics and incident response. These are the individuals who are ultimately responsible for executing critical tasks such as incident response; forensic analysis and triage; damage assessments; espionage or other criminal investigations; malware analysis; and responding to human resource violations. The authors lead readers through the importance of Windows CLI, as well as optimal configuration and usage. Readers will then learn the importance of maintaining evidentiary integrity, evidence volatility, and gain appropriate insight into methodologies that limit the potential of inadvertently destroying or otherwise altering evidence. Next, readers will be given an overview on how to use the proprietary software that accompanies the book as a download from the companion website. This software, called Proactive Incident Response Command Shell (PIRCS), developed by Harris Corporation provides an interface similar to that of a Windows CLI that automates evidentiary chain of custody and reduces human error and documentation gaps during incident response. Includes a free download of the Proactive Incident Response Command Shell (PIRCS) softwareLearn about the technical details of Windows CLI so you can directly manage every aspect of incident response evidence acquisition and triage, while maintaining evidentiary integrity


We address dimensionality estimation and nonlinear manifold inference starting from point inputs in high dimensional spaces using tensor voting. The proposed method operates locally in neighborhoods and does not involve any global computations. It is based on information propagation among neighboring points implemented as a voting process. Unlike other local approaches for manifold learning, the quantity propagated from one point to another is not a scalar, but is in the form of a tensor that provides considerably richer information. The accumulation of votes at each point provides a reliable estimate of local dimensionality, as well as of the orientation of a potential manifold going through the point. Reliable dimensionality estimation at the point level is a major advantage over competing methods. Moreover, the absence of global operations allows us to process significantly larger datasets. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a variety of challenging datasets.


On January 12, 2010 a massive earthquake laid waste to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, killing hundreds of thousands of people. Within three days, Dr. Paul Farmer arrived in the Haitian capital, along with a team of volunteers, to lend his services to the injured. In this vivid narrative, Farmer describes the incredible sufferingand resiliencethat he encountered in Haiti. Having worked in the country for nearly thirty years, he skillfully explores the social issues that made Haiti so vulnerable to the earthquakethe very issues that make it an unnatural disaster. Complementing his account are stories from other doctors, volunteers, and earthquake survivors. Haiti After the Earthquake will both inform and inspire readers to stand with the Haitian people against the profound economic and social injustices that formed the fault line for this disaster.


Last month, the battle against four major diseases received some good news. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and 10 of the world's largest pharmaceutical companies decided that instead of working ineffectively in silos, they would work together to discover therapies for Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus. This initiative—the Accelerating Medicines Partnership (AMP)—recognizes that progress toward new therapies for common chronic diseases increasingly requires large-scale collaborative efforts that range from the need to grapple with heterogeneous polygenic disease phenotypes to the validation of biomarkers in large populations. What is disappointing is that, at least for the time being, the consortium dropped schizophrenia from its list, despite vast unmet medical need and substantial, albeit still recent, scientific advances. Was schizophrenia deemed too risky to pursue? If innovative partnerships such as the AMP are not willing to take on common and serious but otherwise neglected disorders such as schizophrenia, then the scientific community will have to find new ways of pooling intellectual and financial resources to address them.


Seismic data show that the western margin of the British Isles in the region of the Hatton Bank comprises a thin wedge of sediments, an extrusive volcanic sequence, stretched continental crust, and a thick high-velocity lower-crustal body. The sediments represent a load on the surface of the stretched crust, which should subside under their weight. The extrusive volcanic rocks defined by a seaward-dipping reflector sequence, were emplaced in the crust during the later stages of rifting. The lower-crustal body has been interpreted as underplated material which re-thickens the crust and causes uplift. Backstripping techniques have been used to evaluate the contribution of sediment loading and underplating to the observed crust and mantle structure and isolate the initial rift configuration of the margin. The contribution of these processes depends, however, on the elastic thickness, Te of stretched lithosphere. We have constrained Te by computing the combined gravity anomaly of rifting, sedimentation and underplating and comparing it to the observed free-air gravity anomaly. Underplating gives rise to a distinct pattern of gravity anomaly 'highs' and flanking 'lows': the highs reflect the relatively dense uplifted crust and the lows less dense underplated material. The best fit between observed and calculated anomalies is for a model in which the Te of stretched lithosphere is low (<5 km) and the width of the initial rift is narrow (<75 km). Since Te is low, isostatic anomalies at the margin would be expected to be of small-amplitude and this is indeed the case at the Hatton Bank margin. Sensitivity studies show that large-amplitude isostatic anomalies would be expected, however, if Te is high—with negative anomalies of up to 30 mGal over the underplated region and positive anomalies of up to 10 mGal in flanking regions. Such anomaly patterns are seen west of Ireland and Scotland suggesting that underplating may be a widespread feature of the British Isles margin.


OBJECTIVES: Overweight in children is most commonly described by using BMI. Because BMI does not adequately describe regional (central) adiposity, other indices of body fatness are being explored. Neck circumference (NC) is positively associated with obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes, and hypertension in adults. NC also has positive correlation with BMI in adults. The possible role of NC in screening for high BMI in children is not well characterized. The aims of this investigation were to examine the correlation between BMI and NC in children and to determine the best NC cutoff that identifies children with high BMI. METHODS: Children who were aged 6 to 18 years and undergoing elective noncardiac surgeries were the subjects of this study. Trained research assistants collected clinical and anthropometric data from all patients. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between NC and other indices of obesity. We then determined by receiver operating characteristic analyses the optimal NC cutoff for identifying children with high BMI. RESULTS: Among 1102 children, 52% were male. NC was significantly correlated with age, BMI, and waist circumference in both boys and girls, although the correlation was stronger in older children. Optimal NC cutoff indicative of high BMI in boys ranged from 28.5 to 39.0 cm. Corresponding values in girls ranged from 27.0 to 34.6 cm. CONCLUSIONS: NC is significantly correlated with indices of adiposity and can reliably identify children with high BMI. NC is a simple technique that has good interrater reliability and could be used to screen for overweight and obesity in children.


Abstract. Energy savings and greenhouse gas emission reductions are increasingly becoming important design targets in many industrial systems where fossil fuel based electrical energy is heavily utilised. In water distribution systems (WDSs) a significant portion of operational cost is related to pumping. Recent studies have considered variable speed pumps (VSPs) which aim to vary the operating point of the pump to match demand to pumping rate. Depending on the system characteristics, this approach can lead to considerable savings in operational costs. In particular, cost reductions can take advantage of the demand variability and can decrease energy consumption significantly. One of the issues in using variable speed pumping systems, however, is the total efficiency of the electric motor/pump arrangement under a given operating condition. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive discussion about the components of WDS that incorporate variable speed pumps (including electric motors, variable frequency drives and the pumps themselves) to provide an insight of ways of increasing the system efficiency and hence to reduce energy consumption. In addition, specific attention is given to selection of motor types, sizing, duty cycle of pump (ratio of on-time and time period), losses due to installation and motor faults. All these factors affect the efficiency of motor drive/pump system.


The administrative presidency, congressional oversight and judicial review, are efforts to control bureaucratic discretion from outside of the agencies. Administrative law focuses almost exclusively on such "outside-in" accountability. Meanwhile, public administration scholars discuss the potential of "inside-out" approaches: managerial controls and professionalism. We propose a model of bureaucratic behavior that identifies the ideal conditions for inside-out accountability. By postulating that self-interested and other-regarding motives of bureaucrats can both be present to varying degrees in different agency environments (something that the competing public choice model does not do), our approach allows government redesign to respond to empirical learning in public administration scholarship. This learning suggests overall accountability can be enhanced if the tools of the administrative presidency (political appointments and centralized control) are reduced in favor of enhanced inside-out approaches in appropriate contexts.


The paper looks at entrepreneurship in terms of its importance to South Africa. In this regard it discusses the importance of initiatives like the Regent Business Schools proposed new Entrepreneurial Centre which will be opened in the latter part of 2016. A brief historical perspective is undertaken in this regard, in order to firstly situate the thrust, importance and necessity of the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial dynamic, as it relates to a democratic South Africa. This is undertaken within the context of development and leadership in South Africa. The importance of entrepreneurship cannot be under estimated, in terms of development and economic growth in South Africa for purposes of stimulating much needed small business development and, the empowerment of the masses of people neglected by the administrative government systems by both, the apartheid and democratic government, post 1994. In undertaking the discussion in this paper, the issues towards transforming South Africa"s past and transforming the present assumes significance, in terms of the transformation agenda of the state. In addition the paper very briefly discusses development theories, and calls for a reformulation of these theories in order, to engineer sustained and coordinated development within developing countries. The paper outlines the strategic plan for the Regent Business Schools Centre for Entrepreneurship and its modalities for engagement for purposes of consolidating this important and necessary initiative. By the same token, the paper discusses very briefly the problems that higher education confronts in respect to access into higher education in South Africa and, therefore, posits that entrepreneurial training and development can assist in solving some problems that the country confronts, in terms of access to higher education and entrepreneurial development.


ABSTRACT We studied social decision-making in the rule-based improvisational dance There Might Be Others, where dancers make in-the-moment compositional choices. Rehearsals provided a natural test-bed with communication restricted to non-verbal cues. We observed a key artistic explore–exploit tension in which the dancers switched between exploitation of existing artistic opportunities and riskier exploration of new ones. We investigated how the rules influenced the dynamics using rehearsals together with a model generalized from evolutionary dynamics. We tuned the rules to heighten the tension and modelled nonlinear fitness and feedback dynamics for mutation rate to capture the observed temporal phasing of the dancers' exploration-versus-exploitation. Using bifurcation analysis, we identified key controls of the tension and showed how they could shape the decision-making dynamics of the model much like turning a 'dial' in the instructions to the dancers could shape the dance. The investigation became an integral part of the development of the dance.


We show methods that control cooperative Newtonian particles to generate patterns on smooth curves. The spacing between neighboring particles is measured by the relative arc-length and the distance between a particle and the desired curve is measured using an orbit function. The orbit value and the relative arc-length are then used as feedback to control the motion of each particle to a pattern on the desired curve asymptotically. Possible applications of the methods to underwater mobile sensor networks are discussed


Pioneering conceptual artist Vito Acconci began his career as a poet. In the 1960s, before beginning his work in performance and video art, Acconci studied at the Iowa Writers Workshop and published poems in journals and chapbooks. Almost all of this work remains unknown; much of it appeared in the self-produced magazines of the Lower East Side's mimeo revolution, and many other pieces were never published. Language to Cover a Page collects these writings for the first time and not only shows Acconci to be an important experimental writer of the period, but demonstrates the continuity of his early writing with his later work in film, video, and performance.Language to Cover a Page documents a key moment in the unprecedented intersection of artists and poets in the late 1960s--as seen in the Dwan Gallery's series of "Language" shows (1967-1970) and in Acconci's own journal 0 to 9. Indeed, as Acconci moved from the poetry scene to the art world, his poetry became increasingly performative while his artwork was often structured and motivated by linguistic play.Acconci's early writing recalls the work of Samuel Beckett, the deadpan voice of the nouveau roman, and the jump cuts and fraught permutations of the nouvelle vague. Poems in Language to Cover a Page explore the materiality of language ("language as matter and not ideas," as Robert Smithson put it), the physical space of the page, and the physicality of source texts (phonebooks, thesauruses, dictionaries). Other poems take the space of the page as an analogue to performance space or implicate the poem in a network of activity (as in his "Dial-a-Poem" pieces). Readers will find Acconci's inventive and accomplished poetry as edgy and provocative as anything published today.


Neural organization: Structure, function, and dynamics shows how theory and experiment can supplement each other in an integrated, evolving account of the brain's structure, function, and dynamics. (1) Structure: Studies of brain function and dynamics build on and contribute to an understanding of many brain regions, the neural circuits that constitute them, and their spatial relations. We emphasize Szentágothai's modular architectonics principle, but also stress the importance of the microcomplexes of cerebellar circuitry and the lamellae of hippocampus. (2) Function: Control of eye movements, reaching and grasping, cognitive maps, and the roles of vision receive a functional decomposition in terms of schemas. Hypotheses as to how each schema is implemented through the interaction of specific brain regions provide the basis for modeling the overall function by neural networks constrained by neural data. Synthetic PET integrates modeling of primate circuitry with data from human brain imaging. (3) Dynamics: Dynamic system theory analyzes spatiotemporal neural phenomena, such as oscillatory and chaotic activity in both single neurons and (often synchronized) neural networks, the self-organizing development and plasticity of ordered neural structures, and learning and memory phenomena associated with synaptic modification. Rhythm generation involves multiple levels of analysis, from intrinsic cellular processes to loops involving multiple brain regions. A variety of rhythms are related to memory functions. The Précis presents a multifaceted case study of the hippocampus. We conclude with the claim that language and other cognitive processes can be fruitfully studied within the framework of neural organization that the authors have charted with John Szentágothai.


State-level performance-based funding (PBF) policies are an increasingly common way to allocate funds to public colleges and universities. While a growing body of research has examined whether these policies are effective in improving student outcomes, little is known about how colleges respond to PBF policies. In this paper, we examine whether two-year and four-year colleges subject to PBF change their patterns and allocations of revenues, expenditures, and financial aid. We find limited evidence that colleges facing PBF receive different levels of revenue or reallocate some funds to different expenditure categories. Notably, colleges subject to PBF receive less Pell Grant revenue than colleges not subject to PBF, suggesting potential strategic behaviors targeting students from higher-income families.


Abstract The Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) Zubair Formation in North Kuwait represents a major clastic pulse above the Ratawi Formation. Depositional environments and the sequence stratigraphic framework play a key part in the reservoir development and production strategy with distinct depositional barriers giving rise to multiple fluid contacts. Reservoir structure and fault pattern control fluid redistribution. The Zubair Formation was deposited within a (weakly) tidally influenced deltaic system with episodes of marine influence. The sedimentary sequence consists of highly mature clastic deposits with variable and heterogeneously distributed argillaceous matter, containing negligible amounts of expandable clay minerals. The dominant sandstones range from very fine to medium-grained and are weakly to moderately overprinted by authigenic mineral precipitates. Reservoir quality is mainly controlled by the primary depositional detrital clay content, with additional control by grain size and minor quartz cementation within the cleanest deposits. A sequence stratigraphic framework adopting field-wide correctable surfaces forms the basis for the division of the Zubair layers. Lower Zubair deposition (Z10 gross reservoir unit) occurred within a tidally influenced deltaic system locally with a stronger marine influence and diminished clastic influx at the very base. Above a widespread mud-prone marine barrier, the heterogeneous middle Zubair interval (Z20–30) comprises a mixture of sand and mud-prone delta-top-or-front deposits and tidally influenced channel-fills. The main reservoir unit of the upper Zubair (Z40) comprises at least four episodes of incision and fills by sand-prone, tidally influenced channel deposits. The overlying upper Zubair (Z50–60) is largely mud-prone with only minor channel development, including channel-fill sandbodies incised into more marine-influenced deposits in the uppermost part of the Zubair. Reservoir development to a large extent depends on genetic aspects of the Zubair reservoirs. The tidally influenced upper Zubair channel-fills represent the best reservoir facies in the Raudhatain field and have been the main targets of initial development. The amalgamation of individual channels forms a number of complex, heterogeneous, and variably interconnected reservoirs. There is good aquifer support for the upper Zubair sand in such a depositional setting. The middle Zubair channel sandbodies show lesser support from the aquifer and represent a second priority for development. Shoreface and mouthbar sandstones potentially form more aerially extensive intervals of poorer quality reservoir that are locally interconnected with the channels. Such thin but laterally extensive sands are the target of current and future development of the reservoir with maximum reservoir contact wells. Complex structural aspects, filling, and up-structure oil migration have resulted in a leaking trap in the Zubair reservoir in the Sabiriyah field. Only stratigraphic traps and extensive sealing by deltaic and marine mudrocks have trapped oil in the Lower Zubair sand (Z10). Other prolific oil reservoirs in the Raudhatain field are water wet with residual oil saturation in the Sabiriyah field. The mechanism for the formation of tar plugs in the Raudhatain field has illustrated the importance of leaking faults. The Raudhatain field has been produced for the last six decades. The initial phase of depletion continued until 2000. Subsequently, peripheral water injection began into different zones of the reservoir. The injection plan is based on the reservoir geometry and sandbody continuity, pressure depletion, and the production plan. Well design and type have evolved over time with higher well diameters drilled after effective control of the lost circulation zone in the overlying Shuaiba limestones. The current development plan includes drilling horizontal wells for effective depletion of the reservoir. Production in the Sabiriyah field started in 2008, mainly from thin shoreface, mouthbar, and channel sandbodies at the Zubair base in the southern part of the field.


In 1999, as a result of reforms of the education system, a new type of lower secondary school, called gymnasium, was introduced in Poland. The main objectives of introducing the gymnasium were to equalize the educational opportunities of rural youth, improve the level of education and extend general education by one year. The reformers envisioned gymnasiums as an autonomous school, located in new, well-equipped buildings, or as schools functioning alongside existing secondary schools. After 16 years of operation, four structural models of gymnasiums evolved: autonomous gymnasium, aggregate gymnasium in a complex with a primary school, gymnasium in a complex with a primary school having the same catchment area, and gymnasium with upper secondary school. The article investigates the differences in the organisational characteristics for each model of gymnasium, educational outcomes from different types of school, and their geographic distribution. Results show that even though gymnasiums in a complex with an upper secondary school attain on average the best results on the gymnasium completion exam, the highest scores in teaching effectiveness are achieved by gymnasiums in complexes with a primary school having the same catchment area.


Successful development of cloud computing paradigm necessitates accurate performance evaluation of cloud data centers. As exact modeling of cloud centers is not feasible due to the nature of cloud centers and diversity of user requests, we describe a novel approximate analytical model for performance evaluation of cloud server farms and solve it to obtain accurate estimation of the complete probability distribution of the request response time and other important performance indicators. The model allows cloud operators to determine the relationship between the number of servers and input buffer size, on one side, and the performance indicators such as mean number of tasks in the system, blocking probability, and probability that a task will obtain immediate service, on the other.


Variational Bayesian approaches have been successfully applied to image segmentation. They usually rely on a Potts model for the hidden label variables and a Gaussian assumption on pixel intensities within a given class. Such models may however be limited, especially in the case of multicomponent images. We overcome this limitation with HOGMep, a Bayesian formulation based on a higher-order graphical model (HOGM) on labels and a Multivariate Exponential Power (MEP) prior for intensities in a class. Then, we develop an efficient statistical estimation method to solve the associated problem. Its flexibility accommodates to a broad range of applications, demonstrated on multicomponent image segmentation and restoration.


Thermal properties of a photonic resonator are determined not only by intrinsic properties of materials, such as thermo-optic coefficient, but also by the geometry and structure of the resonator. Techniques for characterization and measurement of thermal properties of individual photonic resonator will benefit numerous applications. In this work, we demonstrate a method to optically measure the thermal relaxation time and effective thermal conductance of a whispering gallery mode microcavity using optothermal effect. Two nearby optical modes within the cavity are optically probed, which allows us to quantify the thermal relaxation process of the cavity by analyzing changes in the transmission spectra induced by optothermal effect. We show that the effective thermal conductance can be experimentally deduced from the thermal relaxation measurement, and it can be tailored by changing the geometric parameters of the cavity. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the proposed analytical model...


This essay presents an unusual and potentially valuable way of thinking about patent law. It is worth considering the ways in which the structure of private law may affect our susceptibility to undesirable forms of societal organization. This essay considers how a well structured patent system could potentially reduce our susceptibility to fascism by: (1) promoting an ethos of independent creative thought, and (2) facilitating market entry by startups, thereby reducing market concentration and possibly reducing authoritarian hierarchy. One legitimate utilitarian aim of the patent system might be to thus promote horizontal individualism, which could tend to work against fascism's extremely nationalistic vertical collectivism. Promotion of individual autonomy might be an under-recognized benefit of the patent system, suggesting a valuable lens through which to view not only patent law, but also other areas of private law.


Using molecular dynamics simulations, we thoroughly investigated the wetting behaviors of a chemically heterogeneous striped substrate patterned with two different wetting materials, face-centered cubic gold and face-centered cubic silver. We analyzed the density distributions, normal stress distributions, surface tensions, and contact angles of a water droplet placed on the substrates at different heterogeneities. We found that the density and stress profile of the water droplet near the substrate-water interface were noticeably affected by altering the gold and silver contents in the substrate. Specifically, a greater portion of gold (more wetting) or smaller portion of silver (less wetting) in the substrate composition induced higher densities and higher normal stresses in the vicinity of the substrate surface. Also, it was observed that the surface tensions at liquid-vapor interface and solid-vapor interface were not largely impacted by the change of the substrate composition while the solid-liquid surface tension decreased exponentially with increasing fraction of gold. Most importantly, we found that contact angle of a nanometer-sized water droplet resting on the chemically heterogeneous striped substrate does not show linear dependence on corresponding surface fractions like that predicted by Cassie-Baxter model at the macro-scale. Consequently, we proposed a method for successfully predicting the contact angle by including the critical effects of the substrate heterogeneity on both surface tensions and line tension at the three-phase contact line of the water droplet and the chemically striped substrate.


Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are extremely efficient, since they exploit the inherent translation-invariance of natural images. However, translation is just one of a myriad of useful spatial transformations. Can the same efficiency be attained when considering other spatial invariances? Such generalized convolutions have been considered in the past, but at a high computational cost. We present a construction that is simple and exact, yet has the same computational complexity that standard convolutions enjoy. It consists of a constant image warp followed by a simple convolution, which are standard blocks in deep learning toolboxes. With a carefully crafted warp, the resulting architecture can be made equivariant to a wide range of two-parameter spatial transformations. We show encouraging results in realistic scenarios, including the estimation of vehicle poses in the Google Earth dataset (rotation and scale), and face poses in Annotated Facial Landmarks in the Wild (3D rotations under perspective).


Epistemic paternalism is the thesis that a paternalistic interference with an individual's inquiry is justified when it is likely to bring about an epistemic improvement in her. In this article I claim that in order to motivate epistemic paternalism we must first account for the value of epistemic improvements. I propose that the epistemic paternalist has two options: either epistemic improvements are valuable because they contribute to wellbeing, or they are epistemically valuable. I will argue that these options constitute the foundations of a dilemma: either epistemic paternalism collapses into general paternalism, or a distinctive project of justified epistemic paternalism is implausible.


Basho, one of the greatest of Japanese poets and the master of haiku, was also a Buddhist monk and a life-long traveller. His poems combine 'karumi', or lightness of touch, with the Zen ideal of oneness with creation. Each poem evokes the natural world - the cherry blossom, the leaping frog, the summer moon or the winter snow - suggesting the smallness of human life in comparison to the vastness and drama of nature. Basho himself enjoyed solitude and a life free from possessions, and his haiku are the work of an observant eye and a meditative mind, uncluttered by materialism and alive to the beauty of the world around him.


Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is the last gaseous transmitter identified in mammals, and previous studies have reported disparate conclusions regarding the implication of H2S in cancer progression. In the present study, we hypothesized that sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a fast H2S-releasing donor, might interfere with the mitochondrial respiratory chain of tumor cells, increase tumor oxygenation, and potentiate the response to irradiation. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oximetry, we found a rapid increase in tumor pO2 after NaHS administration (0.1 mmol/kg) in two human tumor models (breast MDA-MB-231 and cervix SiHa), an effect that was due to a decreased oxygen consumption and an increased tumor perfusion. Tumors irradiated 15 minutes after a single NaHS administration were more sensitive to irradiation compared with those that received irradiation alone (increase in growth delay by 50%). This radiosensitization was due to the oxygen effect, as the increased growth delay was abolished when temporarily clamped tumors were irradiated. In contrast, daily NaHS injection (0.1 mmol/kg/day for 14 days) did not provide any effect on tumor growth in vivo. To understand these paradoxical data, we analyzed the impact of external factors on the cellular response to NaHS. We found that extracellular pH had a dramatic effect on the cell response to NaHS, as the proliferation rate (measured in vitro by BrdU incorporation) was increased at pH = 7.4, but decreased at pH = 6.5. Overall, our study highlights the complex role of environmental components in the response of cancer cells to H2S and suggests a new approach for the use of H2S donors in combination with radiotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(1); 154–61. ©2015 AACR.


Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify mentoring practices of new faculty members in Commission on Accreditation for Respiratory Care (CoARC) accredited respiratory care programs in the U.S. and to identify the perceptions of program directors regarding the observed impact of program mentoring practices. Methods: The method for the study was quantitative non-experimental survey research. The survey instrument was an electronic questionnaire titled Respiratory Care Faculty (RCF) Mentoring Survey. The 25-item survey was divided into three dimensions: mentoring practices, mentor/mentee relationship, and perceptions of the impact of new faculty mentoring. Of the 410 possible program director participants, 126 (30%) responded to the survey. Data from the survey were used to analyze three primary research questions on four independent variables (12 total research questions). Results: Testing of the null hypotheses associated with the 12 research questions resulted in three significant findings and 9 findings that were not significant. Significant findings included female program directors reported greater opportunities for mentoring within their programs and greater levels of expectation concerning mentoring as compared to male program directors. Program directors from associate degree programs also reported a higher level of expectation concerning mentoring than program directors in bachelor's degree programs. There was overwhelming agreement regarding the potential impact and benefit of mentoring new faculty to improve job performance, reduce turnover, improve job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Conclusion: The results of this study may benefit administrators and educators in respiratory care in efforts to support new faculty who possibly feel underprepared or overwhelmed in the new role. Because other allied health fields of study are similar in nature to respiratory care, the findings of the study could have potential implications across a range of health-related professions.


The Java messaging service (JMS) is a means to organize communication among distributed applications according to the publish/subscribe principle. If the subscribers install filter rules on the JMS server, JMS can be used as a message routing platform, but it is not clear whether its message throughput is sufficiently high to support large-scale systems. We perform measurements for the FioranoMQ JMS server and derive a simple model for its message processing time that takes message filters and the message replication grade into account. Then, we analyze the JMS server capacity and the message waiting time for various application scenarios. We show that the message waiting time is not an issue as long as the server throughput is sufficiently high. Finally, we assess the capacity of two different distributed JMS architectures whose objective is to increase the capacity of the JMS beyond the limit of a single server.


Abstract. We report and discuss the design of a rocket instrument to collect mesospheric dust particles that are composed of ice and include smaller refractory meteoric smoke particles (MSP). We expect that the ice components melt and that MSP are collected. The instrument consists of a collection device with an opening and closure mechanism and an attached conic funnel. Attaching the funnel increases the sampling area in comparison to the collection area which is kept small since this determines the size of the closure device which is a critical component to be designed for sea recovery. The instrument will collect primary particles that directly hit the collection area and secondary particles that form from mesospheric dust hitting the funnel. We simulate the entry and impact of dust onto the detector considering their trajectories in the airflow and the fragmentation at the funnel. We estimate the collection efficiency of the instrument and the impact energy of particles at the collecting area. The design considered has a sampling area of 5 cm diameter and a collection area of 1.8 cm diameter. To estimate the expected amount of collected dust we assume collection during rocket flight through a 0.5 to 4 km dust layer with dust number densities and dust sizes at 85 km as derived from lidar observations (Kiliani et al., 2015). Assuming the collected particles contain 3 % volume fraction of MSP, we find that the instrument would collect of the order of 1014 to 1015 amu of refractory MSP particles. The estimate basis on the assumption that the ice components are melting and the flow conditions in the instruments are for typical atmospheric pressures at 85 km.


In order to speed up record and replay of full virtual machines systems like SimuBoost employ hardware-assisted virtualization to limit the impact of the recording process on the virtual system's performance. Like all record and replay systems this requires accurate logging of non-deterministic events that occur during the recording and injection of these events during the replay. The deterministic instructions between these events are being replayed directly. However, current record and replay systems do not account for non-deterministic events that can be introduced by the x86 memory management unit (MMU). The unpredictable behavior of the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) and its potential incoherency with the page tables in RAM can cause the MMU to either set accessed and dirty bits in the page tables or skip this step depending on the TLB's contents. When the recorded system reads the state of these bits, the replay can diverge from the recorded execution if the TLB's contents or its behavior differ between the two, which is almost unavoidable. We propose a way to record the changes the MMU makes to the status bits in the guest's page tables and implement it as part of the SimuBoost system. We achieve this by protecting the page tables in using the extended page table (EPT) mechanism on modern Intel CPUs and emulating these instructions using the emulation facilities for x86 code within the KVM Linux module. We implement support for replaying these events in the QEMU fork QSIMU that SimuBoost utilizes for heterogeneous replay. Our results show that this approach can be a feasible solution. While we observe a 350% slowdown during recording for worst-case micro-benchmarks, the impact on some real-world applications is only 50% and CPU intensive workloads as well as the replay of any of the workload are not affected at all. This system is also able to successfully replay workloads the existing system consistently failed to replay before.


Everyone worries about privacy these days. As corporations and governments devise increasingly sophisticated data gathering tools and joining Facebook verges on obligatory, concerns over the use and abuse of personal information are undeniable. But the way privacy functions on the virtual frontier of the Internet is only a subset of the fascinating ways we work to achieve it throughout our everyday lives. In "Islands of Privacy", Christena Nippert-Eng pries open the blinds, giving us an intimate view into the full range of ordinary people's sometimes extraordinary efforts to preserve the border between themselves and the rest of the world. Packed with stories that are funny and sad, familiar and strange, "Islands of Privacy" tours the myriad arenas where privacy battles are fought, lost, and won. Nippert-Eng explores how we manage our secrets, our phone calls and e-mail, the perimeters of our homes, and our interactions with neighbors. She discovers that everybody practices the art of selectively concealing and disclosing information on a daily basis. This important balancing act governs a wide range of behaviors, from deciding whether to give our bosses our cell phone numbers to choosing what we carry in our wallets or purses. Violations of privacy and anxiety about how we grant it to each other also come under Nippert-Eng's microscope as she crafts a compelling argument that successfully managing privacy is critical for successfully maintaining our relationships with each other and our selves. Roaming from the beach to the bank and from the bathroom to the bus, Nippert-Eng's keenly observed and vividly told book gives us the skinny on how we defend our shrinking islands of privacy in the vast ocean of accessibility that surrounds us.


AMD management needs to make a critical decision on the launch sequence of its next-generation technology called Fusion. The Fusion processor concept merges the central and graphics processing units (CPU and GPU) onto one chip -- yielding advantages in performance (particularly graphics related), power consumption, and suitability for new computer form factors (tablets, all-in-one machines, etc.). AMD planned to launch Fusion at the beginning of 2011 with a high-end processor, code-named Llano, to impress the industry and consumers with the best the technology could offer (suited for high-end desktops and notebooks), and subsequently to launch low-powered versions, code-named Brazos (suited for small notebooks and netbooks). However, the development of Llano suffered delays while that of Brazos was ahead of schedule. AMD's executive committee raised the possibility of reversing the launch sequence and going with a "Brazos First" strategy. The case describes the microprocessor industry, its main competitors (AMD and Intel), and the evolving world of PC selling and buying. The case further provides a host of market research that AMD conducted to better understand the market. Students need to address the advisability of a reverse launch vs. waiting to launch all versions together and whether AMD can advance its competitive position relative to Intel with Fusion. Students need to outline their marketing approach (sales effort, pricing, consumer marketing, etc.) in the event that a reverse launch strategy is pursued.As part of the analysis, students need to take into account AMD's recent shift in branding approach: from giving a separate brand name to each new microprocessor to a tiered branding approach that would stay constant even in the face of new launches. The case allows for a deep examination of how a follower that faces a dominant industry player can use technology and marketing to compete effectively. It further poses the question of how firms should modify their branding strategy in light of perceived shifts in consumer behavior.Learning Objective: To examine the connection between product decisions and marketing/brand strategy decisions in a competitive context.