"Walking with Soldiers" examines an auto-ethnographic moment of marching across the city of Helsinki with first-year cadets of the Finnish National Defence University. In a reparative reading, the walk dismantles boundaries of bodies, critiques, and affects. Through a walking methodology and autoethnography, the present exposition demonstrates how the author began orienteering within military structures through an affective investment. The exposition is a researcher's journey across subjectivities and difference in a female civilian body. Epistemologically, it brings theory closer to the skin; and empirically, it offers insight into the affective world of belonging. "Walking with Soldiers" is multimodal and polyphonic: it consists of a text for reading, three audio tracks for listening and co-walking, as well as illustrations created by Julia Järvelä based on photographs taken by the author. The provided materials can be selectively attended to. The artistic technique used in the exposition is seduction: the reader/listener is invited into an experience. The exposition is a conversation between critical military studies and artistic research: it gives artistic attention to a military march, and places importance on the acoustic and vibrating qualities of academic research. The writing itself subverts the practice of authoritative scholarly writing by presenting descriptive work as theoretical work, and by using citations as companions from the outside.


Abstract: I consider a class of conditionally heteroskedastic models that comprises most linear "ARCH"-type models found in the literature. This class is especially motivated by the fact that two basic kinds of ARCH processes have been suggested in autocorrelated circumstances: Engle (1982) explains conditional variance by lagged errors, Weiss (1984) also by lagged observations. The general framework permits an evaluation of whether the restrictions evolving from the Engle or the Weiss models are valid in practice. My empirical example is a time series of 7000 observations of the Standard & Poor index including the "lunes negro" crash. Evidence is collected from parametric estimation of the outlined models and from an evaluation of descriptive fourth-moments estimates, for which significance bounds are established by means of algebra and simulation.;


The implementation of liberal peace in the context of both transition economies and post-conflict situations often involves policy advice from international financial institutions for rapid opening of the economic and political systems. Experience, however, shows that the immediate outcome is increased poverty and inequality, leading to high social and human costs. Efficiency-based inquiries on externally supported state building and peacebuilding projects often use a problem solving approach which seeks ways to improve performance without questioning the validity of the liberal peace model. Inquiries based on critical theory, however, question the underlying assumptions and the legitimacy of the project itself. Using evidence from Central Asia and Afghanistan, the article argues that legitimacy depends on both how much, in the eyes of local populations, liberal peace actually improves everyday life, and how much it is valued as a goal and adheres to internal norms and values. The main proposition is that values determine how the liberal peace model is understood, while outcomes impact on how the project is accepted. High expectations of protection and welfare during crises also mean that the state can play a key role as legitimizer.


Wireless Mesh Networks provide an organisation or a community with the means to extend or create a network independent of infrastructure. However, the network's dynamic topology along with the fact that devices in the network might be mobile and move randomly, brings to light various kind of problems on the network, with the most common being the routing. In this report, the problem of routing is examined in terms of throughput, routing overhead, end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio on two chosen algorithms, namely the Dynamic MANET On-demand (DYMO) [1] and the Better Approach To Mobile Adhoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.) [2]. Furthermore, this thesis examines also a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection and compares it against several TCP congestion control mechanisms, two of which, were implemented, namely TCP-Illinois and TCP-FIT, to address the effects that different TCP congestion mechanisms have on an ad-hoc network, when reliable connections are needed. The results show that DYMO is more stable, performs good overall and has the lowest routing overhead, however in a situation with limited mobility or no mobility (as in high mobility they perform poorly) proactive protocols like B.A.T.M.A.N. are worthy protocols, should the extra penalty of routing overhead in the network traffic is not causing any problems. Furthermore, regarding the TCP results, it was observed that TCP congestion algorithms designed specifically for Wireless networks, do offer better performance and should be considered, when designing an ad-hoc network.


TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. ERIE'S JURISPRUDENCE: THE POSITIVE SIDE A. General Common Law: Some Background 1. General Common Law: Position 2. General Common Law: Provenance 3. Untethered Norms, Popular Participation, and Legitimacy II. ERIE'S JURISPRUDENCE: THE CRITICAL SIDE A. Unavoidable Reliance on Untethered Norms B. Customary International Law 1. Customary International Law: What It Is 2. Customary International Law and Erie's Nonexistence Claim 3. Possible Distinctions III. CHOICE OF LAW AND UNTETHERED NORMS: AN EXPERIMENT A. Why Choice of Law? B. Choice of Law: Basic Problem, Urgent Needs CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Positivism, in the American legal system, is the jurisprudence of choice. Law is not some metaphysical creation arising by spontaneous generation out of logical or philosophical first principles, which human judges then decipher. (1) Positivism tethers a legal norm securely to the entity that created it, with that same official entity calling the shots when the time comes to apply, interpret, alter, or overrule it. Untethered norms are dismissed as mere "brooding omnipresences." (2) The case most associated with the Supreme Court's endorsement of positivism is Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins. (3) In an opinion by Justice Brandeis that dabbled in American history, (4) policy, (5) and jurisprudence (6)--in addition to the usual constitutional law (7) and statutory construction (8)--the positivists on the Court held that federal judges should cease their independent determination of "general common law" and follow in the footsteps of their state court colleagues sitting a block away. (9) But the case for the positivist perspective is not as clear-cut as it first appears. (10) The rejection of "untethered norms" is selective, with positivists relying on them whenever they are needed to prove the positivists' point. (11) Moreover, it is unclear why general common law has been singled out for pariah status when other areas of law, similarly untethered, have not been written off as well. One of these other areas of law is customary international law, which, although nearly as vulnerable to the positivist critique as general common law, is rarely challenged. (12) Perhaps other subject areas, such as conflict of laws--a subject with historical roots deep in general common law--should enjoy comparable indulgence. (13) As this Article will show, there are good arguments in favor of this proposal. (14) Erie's jurisprudence leaves many questions unanswered. And the fact that Erie got the answer to the basic legal issue right--on constitutional and statutory grounds--is not a reason to ignore these questions. Erie began the problem, and that is where we have to begin the search for a solution. I. ERIE'S JURISPRUDENCE: THE POSITIVE SIDE Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins is not a case that needs much introduction; however, it has many different strands and a word or two is needed to identify which ones are relevant. Our story focuses on Erie's jurisprudential features, not its statutory or constitutional ones, and in particular on Erie's claim that general common law does not exist. (15) A. General Common Law: Some Background Erie, as we all know, was based in large part on a reinterpretation of section 34 of the Judiciary Act of 1789, commonly known as the Rules of Decision Act. (16) That Act stated that "[t]he laws of the several states, except where the constitution, treaties or statutes of the United States shall otherwise require or provide, shall be regarded as rules of decision in trials at common law in the courts of the United States in cases where they apply." (17) The central question in Erie was whether the scope of the phrase "the laws of the several states" included only statutes, or if it also encompassed state decisional law. …


Broadcasting is a vital operation in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and it is crucial to enhance its efficiency to ensure successful deployment. Although flooding is ideal for broadcast operations due to its simplicity and high reachability it suffers from high packet collision which can degrade network performance severely. Counter-based broadcast schemes have been introduced to alleviate the limitations of flooding. This study introduces an enhancement to counter-based broadcast by adjusting the threshold value and the random assessment delay (RAD) using minimal neighbourhood information.


Reinforcement learning (RL) allows agents to learn how to optimally interact with complex environments. Fueled by recent advances in approximation-based algorithms, RL has obtained impressive successes in robotics, artificial intelligence, control, operations research, etc. However, the scarcity of survey papers about approximate RL makes it difficult for newcomers to grasp this intricate field. With the present overview, we take a step toward alleviating this situation. We review methods for approximate RL, starting from their dynamic programming roots and organizing them into three major classes: approximate value iteration, policy iteration, and policy search. Each class is subdivided into representative categories, highlighting among others offline and online algorithms, policy gradient methods, and simulation-based techniques. We also compare the different categories of methods, and outline possible ways to enhance the reviewed algorithms.


Photocatalysts are widely used in environmental and energy fields because of their sustainable characteristics. Recently, a plasmonic photocatalyst which can absorb more photons has been invented in order to enhance the photocatalytic activity of conventional photocatalysts (such as TiO2). However, the reported activities are not as high as expected. One of the reasons for this is that the mechanism of photocatalysis is not very well understood yet. Thus, here, redox reaction sites on a Au nanoparticle-deposited TiO2 (Au/TiO2) plasmonic photocatalyst are visualized using a chemical microanalytical technique for investigating charge behaviors in Au/TiO2. Ag and Mn oxide are deposited on the surface of Au/TiO2 by reduction and oxidation reactions, respectively. The amounts of Ag and Mn oxide deposited on different sites of Au/TiO2 are measured to clarify the percentage of the consumption of generated charges at each site. A probable charge behavior is proposed based on literature reports and the results obtained in this work.


Occupational licensing is now one of the most widespread and fastest growing forms of labor market regulation. Occupational licensing requirement generally are defended on the ground that they offset the information disparity between service providers and consumers by guaranteeing a minimal level of qualifications. Over time, however, a large number of federal government officials, scholars, and commentators have criticized the widespread use of occupational licensing requirements. They have argued that licensing requirements benefit licensees, not consumers, by helping to create a cartel that can avoid competition and raise prices. Public Choice Theory is a useful tool for analyzing licensing requirements because it applies microeconomic and game theory to the political process. Doing so gives rise to the remarkable irony that the justification for regulation has come full circle. Originally, the rationale was that government intervention would remedy economic market failures in furtherance of the public interest. Today, we see that government intervention causes political market failures in furtherance of private interests. Government has become the problem, not the solution.That conclusion justifies a re-examination of the constitutionality of many occupational licensing schemes. Then Supreme Court has been unwilling to re-examine the constitutionality of these programs since the new Deal, but there are two grounds that might prove useful. One is the Equal Protection Clause. It requires a rational basis for treating similarly situated people differently. Here, the argument would be that the basis for requiring licenses is due to the operation of political bribery and extortion, which is not a legitimate state interest. The second argument would be that many license schemes vest lawmaking authority in private parties, which the Private Delegation Doctrine forbids.


An electronically integrated strain-gauge load cell has been developed for monitoring pressures between orthotic braces and the human body for adolescents who have spinal deformities. This load cell has a built in amplifier and low-pass filter. High signal-to-noise ratio, temperature compensation, low power consumption and cost effectiveness are the major advantages of this design. The maximum load for this cell is 110 cm of water (approximately 20 N). Laboratory tests have established that the nonlinearity and hysteresis are less than /spl plusmn/2.5%, and the signal to noise ratio is greater than 70 dB. This paper describes both the structure and the operational principles of the load cell, and presents the calibration results.


This thesis focuses on UK Government policy-making as it pertains to the UK farming and food industry. This sector faces many serious economic problems. In response, the UK Government has developed policies and strategies to create profitable, sustainable and internationally-competitive farming and food chains. One policy has been to promote 'partnerships'. Considerable time and money has been spent on implementing this policy. However, the many initiatives launched have only been partially successful. A key reason for this is that many of those trying to implement 'partnering' have not recognised that, whilst there are many tangible and intangible advantages to be derived from 'partnerships', they are not always appropriate or possible. A key factor in determining when a 'partnership' is either appropriate or possible and whether an attempted 'partnership' was successful is buyer-supplier power. Unfortunately, the concept of power never featured in UK Government policy documents. The thesis also aims to improve our understanding of buyer-supplier power. While the cases showed that power was an important factor in affecting relationship success, they also showed that current power-related methodologies (Cox et al., 1999; Cox et al., 2000; Cox et al., 2003) may be too crude and require further development.


Physical inactivity gives rise to numerous diseases and organismal dysfunctions, particularly those related to aging. Musculoskeletal disorders including muscle atrophy, which can result from a sedentary lifestyle, aggravate locomotive malfunction and evoke a vicious circle leading to severe functional disruptions of vital organs such as the brain and cardiovascular system. Although the significance of physical activity is evident, molecular mechanisms behind its beneficial effects are poorly understood. Here, we show that massage-like mechanical interventions modulate immobilization-induced pro-inflammatory responses of macrophages in situ and alleviate muscle atrophy. Local cyclical compression (LCC) on mouse calves, which generates intramuscular pressure waves with amplitude of 50 mmHg, partially restores the myofiber thickness and contracting forces of calf muscles that are decreased by hindlimb immobilization. LCC tempers the increase in the number of cells expressing pro-inflammatory proteins, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), including macrophages in situ The reversing effect of LCC on immobilization-induced thinning of myofibers is almost completely nullified when macrophages recruited from circulating blood are depleted by administration of clodronate liposomes. Furthermore, application of pulsatile fluid shear stress, but not hydrostatic pressure, reduces the expression of MCP-1 in macrophages in vitro Together with the LCC-induced movement of intramuscular interstitial fluid detected by µCT analysis, these results suggest that mechanical modulation of macrophage function is involved in physical inactivity-induced muscle atrophy and inflammation. Our findings uncover the implication of mechanosensory function of macrophages in disuse muscle atrophy, thereby opening a new path to develop a novel therapeutic strategy utilizing mechanical interventions.


This research aims to find out how motherhood is represented in the text and images of women's magazines in contemporary Britain. It explores discourses of motherhood in this popular cultural form at this particular historical time, using quantitative, semiotic and discourse analyses of selected monthly magazines. Psychoanalytic theories and discourse analysis are employed to explore the construction of figures of motherhood in the text. I have identified the period of the late 1980s and early 1990s as a time of social and economic change and I seek to find out what correlation there might be between images of motherhood
in the magazines and these changes, as illustrated by political rhetoric and empirical evidence of social trends.
There are two main findings. The first points to the relative absence of motherhood as denoted in the magazines of the late 1980s. Motherhood is subsumed into discourses of femininity, but rarely picked out, suggesting that
motherhood is an absent presence within the magazines at this time. Motherhood is rarely mentioned but where it is identified, it is either in relation to the 'caring' or the 'working' mother. The second, major finding relates to the emergence of a new figure of motherhood in the 1990s, which builds on the earlier figures of motherhood but presents a significant move away from earlier articulations, especially those which locate motherhood within the domestic arena and within the traditional family. This new figure of the Independent Mother suggests a paradigm shift which challenges the conservative assumptions of traditionalist political rhetoric.


Relationships between N transport and hydraulic function of onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) in clay‐textured soils are largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to quantify N concentrations in a clay soil and estimate denitrification in the vadose zone beneath a conventional OWTS. An OWTS installed in the Piedmont region of Georgia was dosed with residential strength wastewater three times per day for 2 yr. Soil near trench bottoms cycled between saturated and unsaturated conditions under the dosing schedule we used. Mean NH4–N concentrations decreased to <1 mg L−1 within 90 cm of trench bottoms due to adsorption, immobilization, and nitrification. Mean NO3–N concentrations increased as the drainfield matured and ranged from 10 to 25 mg L−1 near the end of the two year study period. Mean pressure heads and Cl− concentrations measured at 3.3 m and 6.6 m from trench inlets indicated that significantly more water infiltrated the drainfield at the 3.3 m position. Wet conditions at the 3.3 m position may have restricted nitrification, while dry conditions at the 6.6 m caused rapid nitrification. Nitrogen:chloride ratios suggested that 61% of N entering the drainfield was lost, potentially as volatile N‐species. The 30‐cm zone directly beneath the trenches had high biomass N and C contents (15 mg kg−1 N and 60 mg kg−1 C) and was presumably the most biologically active zone. The fate and transport of N was dynamic in this system due to variable moisture conditions near the trench‐soil interface which may have intermittently stimulated denitrification.


ABSTRACT Rework is a pervasive problem that stymies practice in construction. A considerable amount of research has been undertaken to address rework, but there has been limited progress made in reducing its occurrence and adverse consequences. Many such studies have identified singular causal factors and have not acknowledged the interdependency and complex relationships that contribute to rework. To understand the nature of rework causation therefore requires the adoption of systems thinking as it bolsters the ability to understand the structural dynamics of a project's systems and thus enable managers and decision-makers to identify and avoid its unintended consequences. When an improved understanding of rework causation emerges, then the benefit of digital technologies will be able to be realised in practice. This paper reviews the extant literature and unpacks the ambiguity that surrounds the problem of rework. The paper suggests that by taking a systemic view where patterns of behaviour are observed and the underlying structures that drive rework are identified and understood, the academic community and practitioners will be better positioned to develop robust rework containiment and reduction strategies.


Excessive amounts of abdominal visceral fat, sometimes referred to as "bad fat," significantly increase an individual's risk of developing insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders. These adverse health effects may be mediated in part by fat-derived cytokines that circulate in the blood. Fukuhara et al. (see the Perspective by Hug and Lodish) characterized "visfatin," a cytokine that is highly expressed in visceral fat and whose blood levels correlate with obesity. Surprisingly, functional analyses in mice revealed that visfatin has beneficial, insulin-like activity, causing a lowering of blood glucose levels. Even more surprisingly, visfatin was shown to bind to the insulin receptor and activate the insulin signal transduction pathway. While the precise physiological role of visfatin remains to be established, the discovery of this natural insulin mimetic could open exciting new avenues in diabetes research and therapy. A. Fukuhara, M. Matsuda, M. Nishizawa, K. Segawa, M. Tanaka, K. Kishimoto, Y. Matsuki, M. Murakami, T. Ichisaka, H. Murakami, E. Watanabe, T. Takagi, M. Akiyoshi, T. Ohtsubo, S. Kihara, S. Yamashita, M. Makishima, T. Funahashi, S. Yamanaka, R. Hiramatsu, Y. Matsuzawa, I. Shimomura, Visfatin: A protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science 307, 426-430 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text] C. Hug, H. F. Lodish, Visfatin: A new adipokine. Science 307, 366-367 (2005). [Summary] [Full Text]


Surgical interventions for spinal metastasis are commonly performed for mechanical stabilization, pain relief, preservation of neurological function, and local tumor reduction. Although multiple surgical approaches can be used for the treatment of metastatic spinal lesions, posterior approaches are commonly performed. In this study, the role of posterior surgical procedures in the treatment of spinal metastases was reviewed, including posterior laminectomy with and without instrumentation for stabilization, transpedicular corpectomy, and costotransversectomy. A review of the literature from 1980 to 2015 was performed using Medline, as was a review of the bibliographies of articles meeting preset inclusion criteria, to identify studies on the role of these posterior approaches among adults with spinal metastasis. Thirty-four articles were ultimately analyzed, including 1 randomized controlled trial, 6 prospective cohort studies, and 27 retrospective case reports and/or series. Some of the reviewed articles had Level II evidence indicating that laminectomy with stabilization can be recommended for improvement in neurological outcome and reduction of pain in selected patients. However, the use of laminectomy alone should be carefully considered. Additionally, transpedicular corpectomy and costotransversectomy can be recommended with the expectation of improving neurological outcomes and reducing pain in properly selected patients with spinal metastases. With improvements in the treatment paradigms for patients with spinal metastasis, as well as survival, surgical therapy will continue to play an important role in the management of spinal metastasis. While this review presents a window into determining the utility of posterior approaches, future prospective studies will provide essential data to better define the roles of the various options now available to surgeons in treating spinal metastases.


Climate change and its effect on weather in the United States is a well-documented phenomenon. In particular, extreme heat waves have become more intense, more frequent, and longer lasting, especially in the southern United States. As with much of America's transportation infrastructure, prestressed concrete bridge girders experience the effects of these heat waves. Uneven heating of optimized bridge girder sections results in large non-linear temperature gradients. In this study, temperature was monitored in three different AASHTO Igirders to determine the vertical and transverse temperature gradients in a pre-deck placement condition. It was determined that the current design standard, which uses a non-linear vertical thermal gradient, was inaccurate in both shape and magnitude for girders Type IV and smaller in this condition. Transverse gradients were also recommended as none are included in design standards. Using three dimensional modeling, this study also sought to understand the response of the girders to non-linear temperature gradients and if they should be accounted for in girder design.


POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SOUTH AFRICAN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MOZAMBIQUE: A case study of MOZAL and its implications for development in Mozambique and Southern Africa L.G. Pretorius PhD thesis, School of Government, University of the Western Cape (UWC). The MOZAL aluminium smelter in Maputo is the largest-ever foreign direct investment in Mozambique. South Africa's state-owned Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) owns 24% shares in MOZAL and the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) and Eskom provided road and power supply infrastructure to ensure the success of the smelter. BHP Billiton is the majority shareholder, the other being Mitsubishi. MOZAL is the flagship of South Africa's foreign policy for regional integration in southern Africa and economic reconstruction in Mozambique: a practical manifestation of the African Renaissance. This thesis is a case study of MOZAL as an example of cross-border industrial development and its implications for development in Mozambique. Using an eclectic multidisciplinary Critical Global Political Economy (critical GPE) theoretical framework, a survey of relevant literature and a series of selected open interviews, it examines how development based on the assumptions of industrialisation and neo-modernisation espoused by the governments and private sector champions of MOZAL impact on class, gender, environmental and social justice in Mozambique. The research identifies the socio-economic development dimensions of MOZAL for Mozambique and how the cost and benefits are distributed among the various social groups and actors directly and/or indirectly involved with the MOZAL aluminium smelter. The main findings are that MOZAL as a private sector FDI project is a qualified success. On the positive side, it contributes to economic growth. However, the benefits to Mozambique are exaggerated and are not broadly distributed. On the negative side, it contributes to increasing the economic dependence of Mozambique on the South African economy. Instead of narrowing the development gap, the smelter has contributed to increased differentiation between companies in South Africa and Mozambique and, within Mozambique, between the Northern and Southern regions, as well as among MOZAL employees and the majority of the population in Maputo. The implications are that the development benefits from foreign direct investment cross-border industrial development projects may, at least in the short-term, lead to uneven regional integration and development enjoyed by a few.


Historically, worker co-operative sectors in most countries have remained very small in comparison to capitalist forms of business and the formation of worker co-operatives has varied cyclically. This has been most apparent in the UK(Thornley, 1981; Cornforth etal., 1988) and the USA (Shirom, 1972; Aldrich and Stern, 1983). However, even in countries with more established sectors, such as France and Italy there is also a strong cyclical element in formation rates and a concentration of co-operatives in particular sectors (Thornley, 1981).

In previous papers we have argued that this limited development of worker co-operatives historically can be explained in terms of various barriers to development that they face, which tend to limit the formation rate of co-operatives and their potential for growth (Comforth et al., 1988; Cornforth, 1989, Cornforth and Thomas, 1990). In this paper we focus on recent changes in the worker cooperative sector in the UK between 1988 and 1993, and whether these can be explained in terms of our previous ideas about barriers to development.


This paper first documents trends in employment rates and then reviews what is known about the various factors that have been proposed to explain the decline in the overall employment-to-population ratio between 1999 and 2018. Population aging has had a large effect on the overall employment rate over this period, but within-age-group declines in employment among young and prime age adults also have played a central role. Among the factors whose effects the evidence allows us to quantify, labor demand factors, in particular increased import competition from China and the penetration of robots into the labor market, are the most important drivers of observed within-group declines in employment. Labor supply factors, most notably increased participation in disability insurance programs, have played a less important but not inconsequential role. Increases in the real value of state minimum wages and in the share of individuals with prison records also have contributed modestly to the decline in the aggregate employment rate. In addition to the factors whose effects we roughly quantify, we identify a set of potentially important factors about which the evidence does not yet allow us to draw clear conclusions. These include the challenges associated with arranging child care, improvements in leisure technology, changing social norms, increased use of opioids, the growth in occupational licensing, and declining labor market fluidity. Our evidence-driven ranking of factors should be useful for guiding future discussions about the sources of decline in the aggregate employment-to-population ratio and consequently the likely efficacy of alternative policy approaches to increasing employment rates.


We use numerical solutions of macroscopic Maxwell's equations to study spontaneous emission rates of model spherical quantum dot (QD) emitters in the vicinity of a highly polarizable dielectric substrate. It is demonstrated that extra polarization of the QD body taking place in the interfacial region may lead to appreciable deviations from the rates that would be expected under the assumption of a fixed magnitude of the effective QD transition dipole moment. Illustrations are given for both radiative and nonradiative decay processes, and potential experimental implications are discussed.


A majority of United States public libraries now offer eBooks to their patrons. While much focus in library literature has been given to how public libraries license digital content and the various disputes with publishers that this has entailed, much less attention has been paid to users. This article addresses this gap in library literature by providing a case study of Chatham Community Library's adoption of eBooks from a user services perspective. Chatham Community Library is a dual-use public and community college library in central North Carolina. The authors describe the development and evolution of eBook instruction sessions that are now regularly offered at the library and how the staff serves patrons, especially older adults, who use eBooks. The authors also discuss the implications of eBooks for public libraries, how eBooks complement the library's existing print collections, and how eBooks promote transliteracy. Particular attention is given to decision-making and to details that might benefit other librarians developing similar instruction programs.


This article discusses the quest for women's rights in South Africa and how the transition from apartheid to democracy led to a commitment to gender equality as incorporated in South Africa's transitional and final Constitutions. This paper refers to the organizational attempts by women prior to and during the constitutional drafting process to ensure that the new Constitution embodied the aspirations and reflected the struggles for women's rights by women activists in South Africa. This article is divided into six sections. Section Two describes the legacy of apartheid for all women in South Africa. This section shows how the laws and policies of apartheid were comprehensive, not only in enforcing rigid racial segregation, but also in racializing gender. Section Three focuses on the Constitution and outlines the myriad of ways this document details comprehensive rights for women both in the public and the private spheres. This section demonstrates how the South African Constitution, in particular its section on equality, has been described as one of the most impressive human rights documents of the twentieth century. Specifically, the Constitution details rights expansively and comprehensively, while its inclusion of sweeping rights for women satisfies South Africa's international legal obligations. Section Four of this article focuses on two cases regarding women's rights decided by the Constitutional Court, arguing that South Africa's evolving constitutional jurisprudence demonstrates a deep commitment by the highest courts to eradicate odious discrimination against women. Section Five analyzes the lobbying efforts of women's organizations during the transitional period to ensure that women's rights were incorporated into the new Constitution. In addition, this section analyzes how these lobbying efforts resulted in significant formal gains as reflected in the Constitution. This article concludes by assessing some of the remaining obstacles to attaining women's equality despite the significant advancements made thus far.


The electrical field drop over a deposit during electrophoretic deposition (EPD) determines the deposition rate and the uniformity of the deposit when a non-uniform electrical field is present. Due to the large practical consequences of a potential drop over the deposit, a procedure was developed to calculate the electrical field strength at the deposition front from currentconductivity measurements during EPD. The evolution of the electrical field strength during EPD was calculated for MEK and ethanol based suspensions. It was found that the suspension composition determines whether a potential drop over the deposit is present or not. EPD experiments on a membrane revealed that the extra potential drop is over the deposit and not caused by electrode polarization for the ethanol-acid based suspensions.


Understanding and estimating human attention in different interactive scenarios is an important part of human computer interaction. With the advent of wearable eye-tracking glasses and Google glasses, monitoring of human visual attention will soon become ubiquitous. The presented work describes the precise estimation of human gaze fixations with respect to its environment, without the need of artificial landmarks in the field of view, and being capable of providing attention mapping onto 3D information. It enables full 3D recovery of the human view frustum and the gaze pointer in a previously acquired 3D model of the environment in real time. The key contribution is that our methodology enables mapping of fixations directly into an automatically computed 3d model. This innovative methodology will open new opportunities for human attention studies during interaction with its environment, bringing new potential into automated processing for human factors technologies.


ABSTRACT Using game-level data, this study examines what impact the mid-season winter break in football fixtures has on technical performance across European football leagues. Thirty-eight technical measures pertaining to the actions of passing and shooting are assessed for 3494 team match observations from the German Bundesliga, Spanish La Liga, French Ligue 1 and English Premier League across 5 seasons from 2013/14 to 2017/18. Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to investigate the differences between three groups: PREPRE (4–6 fixtures prior to the break); PRE (1–3 fixtures prior to the break); and POST (1–3 fixtures after the break). Shooting performance declined significantly post winter break in the German Bundesliga (13/21 metrics) which had an average break of 32 days. Passing performance deteriorated significantly in the French Ligue 1 (4/17 metrics) which had an average break of 19 days. The Spanish La Liga had a 13-day break on average and remained unaffected as did the English Premier League which had no mid-season break. Evidence suggests that a mid-season winter break of less than 13 days will not affect technical performance levels but breaks that last longer can act as a catalyst that halt momentum and cause performances to deteriorate.


Using a sample of Harvard undergraduates, we analyze trust and social capital in two experiments. Trusting behavior and trustworthiness rise with social connection; differences in race and nationality reduce the level of trustworthiness. Certain individuals appear to be persistently more trusting, but these people do not say they are more trusting in surveys. Survey questions about trust predict trustworthiness not trust. Only children are less trustworthy. People behave in a more trustworthy manner towards higher status individuals, and therefore status increases earnings in the experiment. As such, high status persons can be said to have more social capital.


In industry, forecasting future needs is a crucial step in planning processes. Good forecast will
allow the company to be in a better position when negotiating prices with suppliers, avoid stockruptures,
detect trends, analyse the demand, avoid not having enough staff to run the business,
etc.
Different forecasting techniques have found many different applications in a wide spectrum of
fields:
‐ Mistake detection and error correction
‐ Cluster products/countries/months based on similar behaviours
‐ Clean‐up databases
Statistics provide companies a big set of tools which allow constructing such models. Moreover, it
is very important for a company to have all these techniques explained in a rigorous but clear way
in order to use the correct method in the appropriate situation.
The aim of this project is to create a statistic toolbox for companies wanting to use rigorous
statistics in their business when analysing data and not getting lost in theory. The methods which
are going to be discussed will be the following:
‐ Multiple regression models: ANOVA regression models and the particular case of missing
information and components of variance.
‐ Time series: Non‐seasonal and seasonal regression models, ARMA and ARIMA models
‐ Neural networks
This Project has been done as a part of a six‐month internship in Procter & Gamble, (Geneva,
Switzerland), supervised by Lieven Tijtgat. Besides, it has also been presented as a Master Thesis
for the Master in Mathematical Engineering at EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne),
supervised by Stephan Morgenthaler.


" The Spanish incursion into the New World, with its brutal destruction of indigenous peoples and their cultures and its material exploitation of much of two continents, reverberates in our history down to the present century. So contends prize-winning writer Barry Lopez in this beautifully written book. "The quest for personal possessions," he observes, "was to be, from the outset, a series of raids, irresponsible and criminal, a spree, in which an end to it was never visible ...in which an end to it had no meaning." In this luminous essay, written five hundred years after the Spanish conquest, Lopez reexamines the attitudes that informed that event and that have underlain the entire European settlement of America. "The assumption of an imperial right conferred by God, sanctioned by the state, and enforced by the militia, the assumption that one is due wealth in North America," he writes, is apparent in the journals of people on the Oregon Trail, in the pronouncements of nineteenth-century industrialists, and in the political rhetoric of our own day. But, for Lopez, coming to grips with this terrible legacy opens new possibilities. "This violent corruption needn't define us. We can take the measure of the horror and assert that we will not be bound by it." We can "rediscover" our continent-not as a source of income but as a home, a place in which we are to find our strength and character, and in which certain moral courtesies and obligations obtain. We can develop a philosophy of place will enable us, finally, to take up a true residence in our homeland. Here is a voice for our time.


In the summer of 2000, a long-simmering conflict within the Russian Ministry of Defense (MOD) burst into the open in a series of leaks to the media that culminated in a stormy meeting of the Collegium of the Ministry of Defense (an assembly of the top brass) on July 12. The center of contention was a proposal by the General Staff, under the leadership of its chief, Anatoly Kvashnin, for a dramatic shift of emphasis away from nuclear weapons toward conventional forces. Reports about this conflict generated anticipation of a fundamental "denuclearization" of Russian defense policy. The debate was transferred to a higher level, to the Security Council, and at the moment of this writing is not over. One meeting of that body after another was postponed: the July 27 meeting was conducted August 11 and the September 27 one was rescheduled for November. In the meantime, the emphasis has gradually shifted from the future of the nuclear arsenal toward broader issues of military reform.


In this discussion paper, we explore the policy environment related to rural-urban linkages and migration in Ethiopia, and analyze how the policies are impacting rural transformation. Section 2 describes conceptual issues and the theoretical framework that establishes the connection between RULs, rural-urban migration, and rural transformation. Section 3 outlines the policy landscape pertaining specifically to land and labor in Ethiopia, and analyzes the impact these policies have on migration behavior and rural transformation. Section 4 presents an analytic description of the macro development policy scene in Ethiopia, and critiques its role in fostering rural transformation. It also presents some key recommendations that address the shortcomings of current policies, and stimulate discussion of future policy reforms. Section 5 concludes the discussion.


Invited by the artist Alistair MacLennan to produce an essay for this exhibition catalogue, the essay aimed to provide a clear and balanced contextualising overview focusing on the artist's work. MacLennan has been a leading practioner of performance and installation art since the 1970s and became familiar with Watson's writing mainly through the articles he contributed to 'Performance Magazine', of which Watson was the Editor from 1989 to 1992. Watson's knowledge of the artist's work was developed through his extensive lecturing on performance and related forms of art and his participation in a festival of British performance art in Israel in 1990, where his role was to provide the audience with a contextualising overview of British performance art in general.

The catalogue for which this essay was written accompanied a major retrospective of MacLennan's work at the Ormeau Baths Gallery, Belfast. Watson's research process involved travelling to Belfast, several months prior to the opening of the exhibition, to talk through with MacLennan the crucial issues which his art raised. Set against the backdrop of the sectarian conflict which afflicts Northern Ireland, his work addresses, in an intensely humane yet rigorous way, the relationship between divisions and fractures within the individual psyche and divisions and fractures within and between communities. It is an excellent instance of the type of art with which much of Watson's current research is primarily concerned, namely that which explores, poetically and provocatively, connections between psychological and socio-political factors in such a way as to provide a catalyst for developing new and unexpected ways of looking at problematic and seemingly intractable issues of fundamental human concern.


Since 2011, Structure-from-Motion Multi-View Stereo Photogrammetry (SfM or SfM-MVS) has gone from an overlooked computer vision technique to an emerging methodology for collecting low-cost, high spatial resolution three-dimensional data for topographic or surface modeling in many academic fields. This dissertation examines the applications of SfM to the field of fluvial geomorphology. My research objectives for this dissertation were to determine the error and uncertainty that are inherent in SfM datasets, the use of SfM to map and monitor geomorphic change in a small river restoration project, and the use of SfM to map and extract data to examine multi-scale geomorphic patterns for 32 kilometers of the Middle Fork John Day River. SfM provides extremely consistent results, although there are systematic errors that result from certain survey patterns that need to be accounted for in future applications. Monitoring change on small restoration stream channels with SfM gave a more complete spatial perspective than traditional cross sections on small-scale geomorphic change. Helicopter-based SfM was an excellent platform for low-cost, large scale fluvial remote sensing and the data extracted from the imagery provided multi-scalar perspectives of downstream patterns of channel morphology. This dissertation makes many recommendations for better and more efficient SfM surveys at all of the spatial scales surveyed. By implementing the improvements laid out here and by other authors, SfM will be a powerful tool that will make 3D data collection more accessible to the wider geomorphic community.


In this paper, I put the ongoing G20 process of improving the regulation of international finance into a historically informed perspective. To understand the driving forces behind and obstacles to international cooperation in governing finance I combine concepts from international political economy and comparative political economy (IPE and CPE) that have previously been only loosely connected. Building on the IPE literature that highlights the historical and political embeddedness of financial regulation I depart from the IPE focus on the globalization of US-UK financial market capitalism. CPE studies show that, since the 1970s, different variations of capitalism have reacted in distinct ways to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, lower growth rates and saturated domestic markets. Most notably, there has been a divergence between the approaches of financializing countries (US, UK) and export-oriented countries (Germany, East Asian nations). The interdependence between financialized and export-oriented variations of capitalism has contributed to the dynamics and crises of international finance for the past four decades. This 'imbalance of capitalisms' also became an obstacle to international cooperation in regulating finance. Faced with the 'trilemma of economic policies,' the financialized and export-oriented variants of capitalism have chosen different combinations of macroeconomic policies, currency policies, and the regulation of financial flows and financial firms. This divergence has led to conflicting preferences with regard to international cooperation to regulate finance.


In many scientific settings there is a need for adaptive experimental design to guide the process of identifying regions of the search space that contain as many true positives as possible subject to a low rate of false discoveries (i.e. false alarms). Such regions of the search space could differ drastically from a predicted set that minimizes 0/1 error and accurate identification could require very different sampling strategies. Like active learning for binary classification, this experimental design cannot be optimally chosen a priori, but rather the data must be taken sequentially and adaptively in a closed loop. However, unlike classification with 0/1 error, collecting data adaptively to find a set with high true positive rate and low false discovery rate (FDR) is not as well understood. In this paper, we provide the first provably sample efficient adaptive algorithm for this problem. Along the way, we highlight connections between classification, combinatorial bandits, and FDR control making contributions to each.


BACKGROUND
Providing patients with an audiotape of their medical consultation has been a relatively common practice in oncology clinics for some years. However, broader generalisability of the technique has yet to be examined.

AIMS
To investigate the efficacy of providing patients with an audiotape of their consultation in a general practice setting.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Randomised controlled trial: 95 experimental participants, 85 controls.

SETTING
Routine surgeries run by two general practitioners (GPs) in two different health centres.

METHOD
All patients attending GP appointments were eligible for inclusion. Patients were followed up by telephone 7-10 days later.

RESULTS
More than half (61%) of the patients who received a tape listened to it. Among listeners, 64% rated the tape useful or very useful; 24% noticed information not heard in the consultation. Half of listeners (46%) said that their understanding of the consultation improved after listening to the tape. Half of the listeners (48%) shared the tape with others, of whom 71% found sharing helpful or very helpful. However, 21% of those who shared the information with others found this unhelpful or very unhelpful, suggesting that patients may need to be briefed on the potential risks of sharing. At follow-up a week later, it emerged that being given a tape had no effect on adherence with GPs' advice, nor on anxiety about conditions.

CONCLUSION
Providing patients with an audiotape of their GP consultation was positively rated by many patients. Although there were no detectable clinical effects at follow-up, the technique merits further evaluation in general practice.


ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to determine the extent of immunologic responses, particularly immunopathologic responses, within the upper and lower respiratory tracts after intranasal immunization using the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). BALB/c mice were nasally immunized with influenza virus vaccine combined with CT. The inclusion of the mucosal adjuvant CT clearly enhanced generation of antibody responses in both the nasal passages and lungs. After nasal immunization, antigen-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-forming cells dominated antibody responses throughout the respiratory tract. However, IgG responses were significant in lungs but not in nasal passages. Furthermore, parenteral immunization did not enhance humoral immunity in the upper respiratory tract even after a nasal challenge, whereas extrapulmonary lymphoid responses enhanced responses in the lung. After nasal immunization, inflammatory reactions, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, developed within the lungs of mice but not in nasal passages. Lowering dosages of CT reduced, but did not eliminate, these adverse reactions without compromising adjuvancy. Serum IgE responses were also enhanced in a dose-dependent manner by inclusion of CT. In summary, there are differences in the generation of humoral immunity between the upper respiratory tract and the lung. As the upper respiratory tract is in a separate compartment of the immune system from that stimulated by parenteral immunization, nasal immunization is an optimal approach to generate immunity throughout the respiratory tract. Despite the promise of nasal immunization, there is also the potential to develop adverse immunopathologic reactions characterized by pulmonary airway inflammation and IgE production.


Garbarino and Johnson (1999) find that there is no correlation between overall satisfaction and loyalty in the field of customer relationship. Their finding indicates that satisfaction is no longer an important issue in managing service organizations. This research investigates the existence of satisfaction in service organizations, which have relationships with customers. Contrary to Garbarino and Johnson's (1999) finding, this research finds that overall satisfaction, through commitment, has a relationship with loyalty. Hence, customer satisfaction is still a main issue with respect to managing service organizations, especially service organizations that have customer-relationship strategy. Survey method was conducted to test 12 hypotheses, and the sample of this research is customers of credit cardholders and supermarket cardholders. Sample size is 382 consisting of 196 (51.3%) credit cardholders and 186 (48.7%) supermarket cardholders. Data were analyzed using two-step structural equation modelling technique. In addition, this research also shows that investigators and managers should pay attention to affects, because affects have a unique role in relationship customer behavior.


Teamwork pedagogy has received considerable attention across a wide range of academic literature. Yet employers continue to argue that universities need to do more to better prepare graduates to work in team-based environments. Grounded in the social constructivist paradigm, this article uses a two-phase systematic literature review methodology to explore the conditions and influences affording or constraining teamwork pedagogy. A complementary thematic analysis of the articles revealed two broad themes: pedagogy and transaction costs. In almost all 57 articles, a range of factors influencing teamwork pedagogy were elaborated. Temporal, fiscal, and human resource transaction costs were identified as constraints in the application of teamwork pedagogy. An overlap of educator, student, and institutional factors are discussed as contributing to the transaction costs of implementing process-oriented teamwork pedagogy. However, the interdependent interactions among educators and students, within and across institutions, remained largely underexplored and are presented as part of a future research agenda.


This study was carried out to determine the effect of the teaching of different problem-solving strategies on students' proportional reasoning skills in the solution of problems involving the ratio state in the 6th-grade math class of secondary school. A quasi-experimental research design with the pretest-posttest control group was used in the research. While the teaching of ratio problems was provided to the students in the experimental group (n = 16) by using problem-solving strategies for the duration of eight course hours, no strategy teaching was performed in the solution of ratio problems outside the program which had already being applied in the control group (n = 16). In the study, as a data collection tool, the "Proportional Reasoning Test" which was developed by the researchers was applied to the experimental and control groups as pretest and posttest. Furthermore, homework consisting of ratio problems was used to observe the students' development within the process. The quantitative data obtained were analyzed by calculating with the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Mann-Whitney U Test. As a result of the research, it was determined that the teaching of problem-solving strategy in the solution of problems involving ratio state positively affected the proportional reasoning skills of the students in the experimental group.


Objectives To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the implementation of the Identification and Referral to Improve Safety (IRIS) programme using up-to-date real-world information on costs and effectiveness from routine clinical practice. A Markov model was constructed to estimate mean costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) of IRIS versus usual care per woman registered at a general practice from a societal and health service perspective with a 10-year time horizon. Design and setting Cost–utility analysis in UK general practices, including data from six sites which have been running IRIS for at least 2 years across England. Participants Based on the Markov model, which uses health states to represent possible outcomes of the intervention, we stipulated a hypothetical cohort of 10 000 women aged 16 years or older. Interventions The IRIS trial was a randomised controlled trial that tested the effectiveness of a primary care training and support intervention to improve the response to women experiencing domestic violence and abuse, and found it to be cost-effective. As a result, the IRIS programme has been implemented across the UK, generating data on costs and effectiveness outside a trial context. Results The IRIS programme saved £14 per woman aged 16 years or older registered in general practice (95% uncertainty interval −£151 to £37) and produced QALY gains of 0.001 per woman (95% uncertainty interval −0.005 to 0.006). The incremental net monetary benefit was positive both from a societal and National Health Service perspective (£42 and £22, respectively) and the IRIS programme was cost-effective in 61% of simulations using real-life data when the cost-effectiveness threshold was £20 000 per QALY gained as advised by National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Conclusion The IRIS programme is likely to be cost-effective and cost-saving from a societal perspective in the UK and cost-effective from a health service perspective, although there is considerable uncertainty surrounding these results, reflected in the large uncertainty intervals.


Homicides increased dramatically in Chicago in 2016. In 2015, 480 Chicago residents were killed. The next year, 754 were killed–274 more homicide victims, tragically producing an extraordinary 58% increase in a single year. This article attempts to unravel what happened.

This article provides empirical evidence that the reduction in stop and frisks by the Chicago Police Department beginning around December 2015 was responsible for the homicide spike that started immediately thereafter. The sharp decline in the number of stop and frisks is a strong candidate for the causal factor, particularly since the timing of the homicide spike so perfectly coincides with the spike. Regression analysis of the homicide spike and related shooting crimes identifies the stop and frisk variable as the likely cause. The results are highly statistically significant and robust over a large number of alternative specifications. And a qualitative review for possible "omitted variables" in the regression equations fails to identify any other plausible candidates that fit the data as well as the decline in stop and frisks.

Our regression equations permit quantification of the costs of the decline in stop and frisks. Because of fewer stop and frisks in 2016, it appears that (conservatively calculating) approximately 239 additional victims were killed and 1129 additional shootings occurred in that year alone. And these tremendous costs are not evenly distributed, but rather are concentrated among Chicago's African-American and Hispanic communities.

The most likely explanation for the fall in stop and frisks that appears to have triggered the homicide spike is a consent decree entered into by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with the Chicago Police Department (CPD). Accordingly, modifications to that consent decree may be appropriate.

More broadly, these findings shed important light on the on-going national debate about stop and frisk policies. The fact that America's "Second City" suffered so badly from a decline in stop and frisks suggests that the arguably contrary experience in New York City may be an anomaly. The costs of crime — and particularly gun crimes — are too significant to avoid considering every possible measure for reducing the toll. The evidence gathered here suggests that stop and frisk policies may be truly lifesaving measures that have to be considered as part of any effective law enforcement response to gun violence.


This paper stems from a project on European Union Administrative Law undertaken by the American Bar Association's Section on Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice. It explores the generation of normative texts by the Commission of the European Union, its executive body, from the perspective of Americans familiar with notice and comment rulemaking. Legislative drafting (an exclusive responsibility of the Commission), subordinate measures corresponding to American rules and regulations, and soft law generated by the Commission are all considered. In creating legislative proposals, the Commission uses techniques quite like American rulemaking, but with consultative practices (including electronic consultations) that seem more conducive to dialogue, and less open to simple grass-roots lobbying efforts. Soft law processes are also often highly consultative. But subsidiary legislation (rules and regulations, in American parlance) are generated following procedures considerably less transparent and open to public input, such as comitology, than one finds here.


This study was conducted with the objectives of documenting the husbandry and breeding practices of Mursi and Bodi communities who keep Mursi cattle breed in the pastoral production system of southwest Ethiopia. The pastoral communities raise more number of cattle (54.27 heads) compared to goat (6.47) and sheep (1.24). Sale of cattle is the main income source, while sale of honey and goat ranked second and third. The main purpose of keeping cattle is for milk production and blood as source of food, sources of income and social functions. The number of milking cows was higher (P<0.001) in Mursi (10.22) than Bodi (6.02 heads) community herds. The proportion of milking cows on average was 45.02% of the total breeding females. The ratio of breeding male to female was 1:9.8. This ratio was bigger (P<0.05) in the Mursi (1:11.28) than Bodi (1:7.73) community. The pastoralists select breeding animals based on their trait preferences. The traits preferred were milk yield, adaptive ability, coat color and ability to survive and produce on low quantity and quality feeds. Breeding males were selected based on coat color, body size and fertility by both pastoral communities; whereas, female animals were selected on the bases of milk yield, coat color, fertility and udder size. Male cattle are castrated at the age of 4.17 years, which is different (P<0.01) between Bodi (3.58) and Mursi (4.59) communities. Indigenous husbandry and breeding practices would be used as a basis for designing and implementation of appropriate breed improvement programs.


Information about deformation in an area has become vital not only for safety assessment but also for maintenance of geodetic infrastructures. The latter is necessary to support accurate surveying and mapping applications. This research exploits the complementary features of Global Positioning System (GPS) and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) techniques to assess the long-term deformation in Johor, Malaysia, which can be induced by natural and/or anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, modelling and mitigation of tropospheric effects in GPS and InSAR are addressed to achieve the best possible precision from the two techniques. Indeed, their modelling and mitigation improve the quality of the estimation as well as provide valuable resources for atmospheric studies. The assessment of long-term deformation in Johor is firstly made by analysing the five years (2007 - 2011) point-specific profile at eight Malaysia Real-Time Kinematic GNSS Network (MyRTKnet) stations. Two processing strategies, namely Precise Point Positioning (PPP) and Double-Difference (DD), are employed to assess their capability for deformation monitoring. The latter also make used of the GPS data from 27 IGb08 stations and 7 International GNSS Service (IGS) stations. Analysis of the results revealed deformation that can be explained by plate tectonic movement and earthquakes in the surrounding region. While results from the PPP processing showed a higher correlation with the recorded earthquakes, the results from DD have improved correlation coefficients at about 4% in the East-West and 5% in the Up-Down components. These improvements are valuable when the rate of deformation is the primary interest. In addition to the point-specific profile, the surrounding deformation of Johor has been assessed with the line-of-sight (LOS) velocity maps from the InSAR time-series. Two sets of ERS-1/2 data, consisting a total of 67 images acquired at two descending tracks (i.e. track 75 and 347), are utilised for the generation of the maps. Moreover, the feasibility of Sentinel-1 satellites is also tested, which revealed improved coherence owing to their short revisit cycle. Some part of Johor showed subsidence and uplift trends, which also agreed with the literature. This information cannot be perceived by the GPS alone due to its limited coverage; hence, further attests to the benefit of their joint analysis. Numerous developments have been implemented in the in-house software (i.e. Punnet) such as the implementation of tropospheric correction, outlier's rejection scheme, statistical analysis to identify the control point for phase unwrapping, and a new method to retrieve temporal evolution of deformation for a rapidly deforming area.


Autonomous mobile robots are ever increasing their number of different applications, even in ludic application or in sports. In the last few years, several competitions of football have been organised with lots of teams participating. This paper describes an Autonomous Mobile Robot which plays football and it was developed at the Industrial Electronics Engineering department of the University of Minho in Guimares, Portugal. Each team is free to solve on his own way all the different electronics, sensory systems, playing algorithms, etc. as far as they cope with the rules imposed by the organisation. Instead of using several different sensors increasing electronics complexity, it was decided to use only one major sensor namely a vision system with the use of a colour camera. All the image processing algorithms were developed from scratch and are hereby described. This vision system uses an innovative approach. In order to see the whole field, a convex mirror was placed on the top of the robot looking downwards with the video camera looking upwards towards the mirror. This way, the robot can see both goals, the ball and other robots, almost all the time, as well as having a top view.


This conference paper is about dynamism of routines seen as a source of stability and change for innovation and creativity. More specifically, the paper discusses the potential for change of a meeting routine by employing a content analysis for studying routine via a set of series of recurring investor meeting events. The study takes also into account a role of artifacts and their potential for facilitating novelty and change. The theme that is especially of interest in the study, a situation that received much attention in the years around financial crisis of 2008, is a possible turn in organizational attention seen as a choice between a long-term and a short-term perspective in running business. This is crucial subject to address in this research as it reconciles a dilemma between, on one hand the need to think about long time perspective as sustainability, and on the other hand to respond to the requirements for short time perspective in doing business, as for instance improving margins and profitability or maintaining more efficient capital structure. To be able to investigate this dilemma we study one of the biggest Swedish companies and by that also a serious player on a global arena, Volvo.


Every year on 29 June members of an immigrant Goan fishing community living in the port of Catembe (Mozambique) gather for a religious ceremony at a designated spot on the shore overlooking the Indian Ocean with Maputo's skyline as a backdrop. They pray to São Pedro (Catholic St Peter) to bless their boats for the coming fishing season. Afterwards, they take out their highly decorated vessels, very often dedicated to Catholic patron saints, into Maputo Bay for a maritime procession. This essay takes as its entry port this ritualized annual event to look more closely at religious connectivities between India and East Africa, via Portuguese colonizing and conversion processes, and across the Indian Ocean. That this rite of passage has endured over four generations for this 'littoral' Catholic Goan community, one that largely relies on commercial prawn fishing as a way of life, suggests the power of religious practices, including the Catholic pantheon of saints, to migrate alongside persons. That this feast day celebration takes place at the oceanfront, the place they originally arrived as migrants from Portuguese India by ship at the turn of the twentieth century, suggests the ways in which Catholic religiosity is used to commemorate Goan migration and culture simultaneously. Lastly, that this maritime parade is dedicated exclusively to St Peter, the Catholic patron saint of fishermen the world over, suggests the importance of fishing – not only as a means of economic livelihood, but also as a source for community solidarity and social reproduction – in the daily lives of this dynamic diasporic group that presently numbers approximately one hundred families. Ethnography, literature and photography are used as forms of postcolonial intervention in carving out old and new (Indian) oceanic geographies.


Today, there exists a huge variety of business document models for electronic data exchange among business partners used in business-to-business, business-to-government, as well as government-to-government business transactions. Thus, it becomes inevitable to process differing document models in daily business, unless a commonly agreed standard is developed. However, even if a commonly agreed standard exists, a multitude of different document definitions will still be existent in the short-term. Incompatibilities between old document formats and the newly introduced document models are the consequence.To cope with various document models and formats we propose a heuristic approach that leverages interoperability by mapping common document models to the conceptual Core Components model introduced by UN/CEFACT. To successfully complete this mapping task we define a set of rules that may be applied to XML Schema based document models.


Organisational efforts to bring about social change are riddled with choices. What is the appropriate course of action? Who best to collaborate with? How should finite resources, economic or otherwise, be spent? In this respect, the existence of Social Movement Organisations (SMO) — those entities with goals aimed at changing the state of society or protecting the status quo — is one characterised by great uncertainty. Thus a question of critical import to understanding SMOs' capacity to bring about change is how do they go about bridging information gaps when faced with strategic decisions?
In this thesis I argue that network structure affords SMOs a route to accessing information that may be used to manage uncertainty. My argument is built upon two simple observations: (a) populations of SMOs are constitutive of Social Movement Fields wherein these diverse organisations cooperate, compete and learn from one another through surveillance, comparison and mimicry; and (b) SMOs are embedded in rich webs of relations with peers, both online and offline, that enable and constrain their behaviour by governing access to informational resources that may be used for goal attainment.
The core novelty of this thesis arises from my recasting of SMOs' strategic actions as types of relationship formation in inter-organisational network scenarios that are comparatively overlooked — namely, multiplex and bipartite networks. This approach has the appealing property of making clear the effect of SMOs on each other — a key aspect of the institutional perspective on which this work is built — whilst also allowing me to more squarely address how network structure might guide action. Analytically, this leads me to focus on those micro-level network locales, i.e., the "local neighbourhoods", within which SMOs are embedded (e.g., triads) as they relate to tie formation vis-a-vis uncertainty reduction.
Methodologically, this thesis is also designed to demonstrates the sociological power of statistical models of networks in investigating the dynamics of social movement fields. The core strength of these models is their realistic handling of the constraints/benefits of social actors' structural positions with respect to their behaviour. This is in stark contrast to the variable-centred (i.e. atomistic) statistical frameworks typical of sociological studies of SMOs (e.g., OLS or logistic regression) which fail to account for these organisations' interdependence and thus provide poor representations of their agency as strategic actors.
Empirically, this work consists of three contained case studies of strategic action: (a) a longitudinal study of tactical implementation in the Palestinian National Movement; (b) a longitudinal study of financial patronage in the US Climate Change Countermovement; and (c) a cross-sectional study of online alliance formation amongst organisational members of the Hardest Hit Coalition, a UKbased anti-austerity issue campaign. Results overwhelmingly support my assertions that information useful in managing uncertainty with respect to strategic action is encoded into oft overlooked network structure. Extant sociological work has simply missed a number of interesting, sometimes counterintuitive, dynamics of Social Movement Fields.


The Microbiota Makes for Good Therapy The gut microbiota has been implicated in the development of some cancers, such as colorectal cancer, but—given the important role our intestinal habitants play in metabolism—they may also modulate the efficacy of certain cancer therapeutics. Iida et al. (p. 967) evaluated the impact of the microbiota on the efficacy of an immunotherapy [CpG (the cytosine, guanosine, phosphodiester link) oligonucleotides] and oxaliplatin, a platinum compound used as a chemotherapeutic. Both therapies were reduced in efficacy in tumor-bearing mice that lacked microbiota, with the microbiota important for activating the innate immune response against the tumors. Viaud et al. (p. 971) found a similar effect of the microbiota on tumor-bearing mice treated with cyclophosphamide, but in this case it appeared that the microbiota promoted an adaptive immune response against the tumors. The gut microbiota promote the efficacy of several antineoplastic agents in mice. The gut microbiota influences both local and systemic inflammation. Inflammation contributes to development, progression, and treatment of cancer, but it remains unclear whether commensal bacteria affect inflammation in the sterile tumor microenvironment. Here, we show that disruption of the microbiota impairs the response of subcutaneous tumors to CpG-oligonucleotide immunotherapy and platinum chemotherapy. In antibiotics-treated or germ-free mice, tumor-infiltrating myeloid-derived cells responded poorly to therapy, resulting in lower cytokine production and tumor necrosis after CpG-oligonucleotide treatment and deficient production of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity after chemotherapy. Thus, optimal responses to cancer therapy require an intact commensal microbiota that mediates its effects by modulating myeloid-derived cell functions in the tumor microenvironment. These findings underscore the importance of the microbiota in the outcome of disease treatment.


Abstract Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a high mortality coagulopathy that leads to simultaneous thrombotic and bleeding problems. It occurs as a complication in different disease as malignancies, obstetrical catastrophes, bacterial sepsis and traumas. We report on an extremely rare case of acute DIC in a patient with misdiagnosed adenomyosis and massive methrorragia which led to acute kidney failure. The patient was successfully treated with hysterectomy and blood product transfusions; however, a slight reduction of renal function persisted. We were able to confirm the cause-consequence link between adenomyosis and consumptive DIC since we saw the thrombi in the adenomyotic uterus from early hysterectomy specimen. Moreover, this is the first case, for the best of our knowledge, in which systemic consequences persist in an adenomyosis patient who developed a DIC. Early diagnose and treatment of acute DIC is essential for patient's survival and to prevent severe complications: adenomyosis should be kept in mind as a possible cause of DIC when a patient shows up with massive bleeding.


Background. In contract farming, planned production is desirable. The planned artificial production of huitlacoche can be achieved by successive sowing dates to guarantee the continuous supply of the product throughout the year. Objective. To analyze the yield of huitlacoche and its harvest distribution through cutting in nine maize commercial hybrids. Methodology.  An experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with four replications in Chapingo State of México, México. Measurements of yield and quality (gall size) of the fungus were made in four cuts per hybrid during harvest. Results. In the nine hybrids studied, most of the harvest was concentrated in the second cutting. The Cronos and Dk-2042 hybrids (3,608 kg·ha-1 and 3,301 kg·ha-1, respectively) were the best in yield and quality of fungal galls and with contrasting distribution of their harvest. Implications. Hybrids Cronos and Dk-2042 can be used in an intensive and continuous production unit of huitlacoche. Cronos can be used to attend a daily demand of 1.5 t of fresh huitlacoche; while the Dk-2042 can be used to satisfy a weekly demand of 6 t, due to the respective overlaps of harvest among successive sowing dates. A surface of 14 ha is required, sowing 1 ha.week-1 of corn with a yield of 6 t.ha-1 to offer to the market 1.5 t.día-1 (Cronos hybrid) or 6 t.week-1 (Dk-2042 hybrid), depending on theirs contrasting distribution of the harvest among cutting. Conclusions. There are clear differences among the distribution of the harvested huitlacoche among commercial maize hybrids. The analysis of the yield per cutting allows to establish the varietal pattern of fungus harvest. Sequential plantings of complementary harvesting dynamics hybrids can be scheduled to serve continuous supply contracts.


New venture creation plays a significant role in the today's economy because it accounts for a considerable portion of new product innovations. Despite many success stories, many new ventures fail before they have fulfilled their greatest potential. Overriding the myth of the "lonely hero entrepreneur" and shifting attention to the "entrepreneurial team", this research attempts to explore several factors that influence team dynamics and affect the new venture creation process. Digital entrepreneurial team dynamics are examined in the early stages of the new venture creation process, called nascent entrepreneurship, starting from developing a minimum viable product until having the first revenues or quitting their effort. Given such direction, comparative case studies are undertaken that cover 12 different digital entrepreneurial teams which, in an incubator environment that can be regarded as an under-researched context of digital entrepreneurial teams. All these teams operate in the domain of Information and communications technology. An in-depth analysis of these digital entrepreneurial teams suggest various factors (differences in the motives and expectations, improper leadership, inefficient communication, commitment, team structure) to have a serious effect on team dynamics and their willingness to continue or quit. As a result, this paper assists nascent entrepreneurs in evaluating their potential, identifying their team dynamics and supporting their decision on moving to a sustainable new venture creation.


Abstract The Fe-bearing wadsleyite-ringwoodite phase transition loop under dry conditions in a temperature range of 1473 and 1873 K was determined by in situ X-ray diffraction experiments at the synchrotron facility SPring-8. Pressure at high temperature was precisely determined within a 0.23 GPa error using in situ X-ray diffraction of MgO as a pressure standard. Under dry conditions, assuming an equilibrium chemical composition of wadsleyite and ringwoodite coexisting with garnet in a pyrolite model and an adiabatic temperature gradient with a potential temperature of 1550–1650 K, the phase transition depth and effective width of the seismic discontinuity were found to be 500–514 and 20–22 km, respectively. This effective width, which is three times greater than that of the olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary, can reflect a seismic wave of approximately 0.25 Hz. The wider transition loop between wadsleyite and ringwoodite could create a broad seismic discontinuity. Considering wet and oxidized conditions, the depth of the wadsleyite-ringwoodite phase boundary could be greater than 520 km assuming the small temperature dependency on water and oxygen fugacity effects. Variation in the depth of seismic anomaly may be attributed to water content or oxygen fugacity of the transition zone.


Banks, particularly in New England, have experienced major losses of capital as a result of their exposure to risky real estate loans. These losses, accompanied by strict enforcement of capital regulations, have caused banks to shrink their assets in an attempt to improve their capital/asset ratios. Poorly capitalized banks have contracted their real estate loans much more than their better-capitalized peers. In New England, which experienced widespread shocks to bank capital, credit availability for real estate is being constrained by capital-impaired lenders.


Many biological learning systems such as the mushroom body, hippocampus, and cerebellum are built from sparsely connected networks of neurons. For a new understanding of such networks, we study the function spaces induced by sparse random features and characterize what functions may and may not be learned. A network with $d$ inputs per neuron is found to be equivalent to an additive model of order $d$, whereas with a degree distribution the network combines additive terms of different orders. We identify three specific advantages of sparsity: additive function approximation is a powerful inductive bias that limits the curse of dimensionality, sparse networks are stable to outlier noise in the inputs, and sparse random features are scalable. Thus, even simple brain architectures can be powerful function approximators. Finally, we hope that this work helps popularize kernel theories of networks among computational neuroscientists.


"...a wonderful addition to any mathematics teacher's professional bookshelf." -The Mathematics Teacher "The individual biographies themselves make for enthralling, often inspiring, reading...this volume should be compelling reading for women mathematics students and professionals. A fine addition to the literature on women in science...Highly recommended." -Choice "...it makes an important contribution to scholarship on the interrelations of gender, mathematics, and culture in the U.S. in the second half of the twentieth century." -Notices of the AMS "Who is the audience for this book? Certainly women who are interested in studying mathematics and women already in mathematics who have become discouraged will find much to interest and help them. Faculty who teach such women would put it to good use. But it would be a loss to relegate the book to a shelf for occasional reference to an interested student or beginning mathematician. Everyone in the mathematics community in which each of Henrion's subjects struggled so hard to find a place could benefit by a thoughtful reading." -Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) News Mathematics is often described as the purest of the sciences, the least tainted by subjective or cultural influences. Theoretically, the only requirement for a life of mathematics is mathematical ability. And yet we see very few women mathematicians. Why? Based upon a series of ten intensive interviews with prominent women mathematicians throughout the United States, this book investigates the role of gender in the complex relationship between mathematician, the mathematical community, and mathematics itself.


Metal Injection Molding (MIM) is a cost-effective technique for producing small, complex, precision parts in high volumes. MIM consists of four main processing steps: mixing, injection molding, debinding and sintering. In the mixing step, the powder titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) medical grade is mixed with a binder system based on palm stearin to form a homogeneous feedstock. The rheological studies of the feedstock have been determined properly in order to success during injection into injection molding machine. After molding, the binder holds the particles in place. The binder systems then have to be removed completely through debinding step. Any contamination of the binder systems will affect the final properties of the parts. During debinding step, solvent extraction debinding has been used to remove partly of the binder systems. The debound part is then sintered at high temperature under control atmosphere furnace. The properties of the sintered craniofacial implants then was measured and compared. The sintered craniofacial implants also then were determined in term of in-vitro cytotoxicity study using mouse fibroblast lines L-929. The results show that the sintered craniofacial implants of titanium alloy produced by MIM fullfill the in-vitro cytotoxicity test.


In analogy to the PCA setting, the sparse PCA problem is often solved by iteratively alternating between two subtasks: cardinality-constrained rank-one variance maximization and matrix deflation. While the former has received a great deal of attention in the literature, the latter is seldom analyzed and is typically borrowed without justification from the PCA context. In this work, we demonstrate that the standard PCA deflation procedure is seldom appropriate for the sparse PCA setting. To rectify the situation, we first develop several deflation alternatives better suited to the cardinality-constrained context. We then reformulate the sparse PCA optimization problem to explicitly reflect the maximum additional variance objective on each round. The result is a generalized deflation procedure that typically outperforms more standard techniques on real-world datasets.


The state of local government finances is of particular importance, given that this is the tier of government responsible for service delivery on the ground. Since 2002, Statistics South Africa has been undertaking an annual financial census of municipalities covering all municipalities. Its purpose is to provide information to researchers, policy-makers, economists and other users for further analysis and assessment of the state of local government finances. The information collected was published at national and provincial level up to 2004 and local (municipal) level was introduced in 2005 till to date due to many requests by the stakeholders and users.


Ten chemical constituents were isolated from the investigations on the leaves of Clausena excavata (Rutaceae) collected from Jasin, Melaka. The structures of these chemical constituents were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques, such as NMR, MS, GC, FTIR and UV, and also by comparison with the previous reports.

The fresh fruits and leaves were also hydrodistillated to obtain the essential oils. The chemical constituents and the composition of the essential oils were identified by GC-MS analysis. Compounds isolated from the leaves of Clausena excavata afforded one new coumarin from Clausena excavata, denoted as clauslactone-R (121), two known coumarins, clauslactone-B (96) and scopoletin (8), five known triterpenes, friedelin (115), stigmasterol (116), β-sitosterol (117), 5(6)-gluten-3-one (118) and glutinol (5), together with one carbazole alkaloid suggested as, 2, 6-dihydroxy-4-(1'hydroxy-1'-methoxy-ethyl)-5-prenylcarbazole (120) and one triterpene proposed as, 23-ethyl-24-methyl-art-5,24-diene-3-one (119).

The crude extracts and essential oils obtained from these plant materials were evaluated for their larvicidal, antimicrobial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. The main components found in essential oils obtained from the fruits were β-caryophyllene (22.89%) and germacrene-D (15.49%); whereas leaf's oil gave elemicin (65.02%) and methyl eugenol (12.95%) as its major components. Others minor components found in these essential oils were various terpenes.

The insecticidal test for the crude extracts and essential oils yielded was conducted on the mosquito larvae Aedes aegypti revealed that the leave's oil showed significant activity against the larvae, with LC50 value of 24.26µg/ml. The fruit's oil and crude chloroform extract were highly active, with LC50 values of 51.03 and 55.10µg/ml, respectively; followed by crude hexane extract and crude ethyl acetate extract, with LC50 values of 82.46 and 77.92 µg/ml, respectively, which categorized as active against the larvae of Aedes aegypti.

Both L-oil and F-oil were tested against four pathogenic bacteria, Bacillus subtillis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; together with three fungi, Candida albican, Aspergillus ochraceaus and Sacchoromyces serevisiae. The antimicrobial and antifungal screening results showed that the fruit's oil was moderately active, while leave's oil was not active against all the microbes and fungi tested.

The cytotoxicity screening shown that glutinol (5), 5(6)-glutin-3-one (118), clauslactone-B (96), clauslactone-R (121) and 23-ethyl-24-methyl-art-5, 24-diena-3-on (119) isolated were found to be inactive against HL-60 cell-line. Both Leave's oil and Fruit's oil were bioassay against various cell-lines, i.e. T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Cells (CEM-SS), Human Ovarian Cancer Cells (CaOV3), Human Colon Adenocarcenoma Cells (HT 29), Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7) and Liver Cancer Cells (Hep-G2). However both essential oils were inactive against all these cell-lines used.


The theoretical context. The scientific importance of sea management. From the coastal area to the ocean. The evolution of the natural environment. Margins and ocean areas. Evolving continental margins. The evolution of society. The evolution of society: historical stages. The spatial dimension: diffusion processes. Legal frameworks and the physical environment. The claiming of jurisdictional zones. Internal waters and territorial seas. The sea use structure. Starting points. The sea structure as a whole: the sea use framework. Managing the sea use structure. The role of the external environment. The organizational levels of the sea use structure. The coastal use structure. Introductory remarks. The coastal area: a teleology-based view. Managing the coastal area. The management system. The role of the external environment. The ocean use structure. The nature of the issue. The extent of the ocean area: the natural environment. Managing the ocean area. The ocean management system. The external environment. Conclusions. References. Appendices. A - sea use framework. B - sea management patterns. C - regional seas programme: status of regional agreements. D - the coastal use framework. E - the ocean use framework. Index.


On February 14, 2019, hundreds of thousands of text messages were ensnared in a defective communications server—only to be released months later. By the time these messages reached their recipients, their worlds had changed: heartfelt valentines arrived from loves now lost; other late-arriving messages seemed to come from ghosts of the recently passed. It could have been worse. Text messages help to enable a wide variety of critical applications, from public safety missives to corporate security protocols. If these sorts of messages had been trapped and later released, the results might have been far more concerning: evacuation orders might have been lost, or late-arriving public safety warnings might have sparked misplaced panic. And yet there has been surprisingly little regulatory attention to this—among other—failures in the text messaging system.

These failures highlight the fragility of our communications infrastructure—both technical and regulatory. Technically, the text messaging system is surprisingly consolidated, creating an effective bottleneck (and an isolated point-of-failure) in our communications network. Regulatorily, the Federal Communications Commission recently reclassified text messaging services, placing them beyond the agency's regulatory ambit. Together, this network consolidation and weak regulatory oversight give rise to important safety, security, and competition concerns. And so this Valentine's Day Server Failure should alert policymakers to the need to ensure that our regulatory infrastructure keeps pace with technological change.


The International Bathymetric Chart of the Southern Ocean (IBCSO) is an expert group of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) since the XXVIII SCAR Conference held on 30th July 2004 in Bremen Germany and a regional Mapping project of the General Bathymetric Chart of the Ocean (GEBCO) operated under the joint auspices of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) (of UNESCO) and the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO). The objective of IBCSO was to produce a first seamless bathymetric grid for the area south of latitude 60° S covering the area of the Antarctic Treaty. The IBCSO is going to be a benefit for scientific purposes. These include (a) interpretation of seabed geology, (b) the building of habitat models and maps, and (c) mapping and tracing of deep ocean current pathways. In addition the IBCSO is going to serve as database for the development of new Electronic Nautical Charts (ENC) in the Southern Ocean to improve the safety of navigation in Antarctic waters.

As the first version of the IBCSO grid is close to be released, so is the corresponding map. It is proposed to present the latest draft version, or even the final version, of the new IBCSO map. Besides the map itself, the process to achieve the first version of the IBCSO grid and map is going to be presented. This includes a description of the datasets used to create the map and a rough explanation of the working steps to generate the first grid version of the IBCSO.


We identified 66 chromite grains from 42 of ~5000 micrometeorites collected from Indian Ocean deep‐sea sediments and the South Pole water well. To determine the chromite grains precursors and their contribution to the micrometeorite flux, we combined quantitative electron microprobe analyses and oxygen isotopic analyses by high‐resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry. Micrometeorite chromite grains show variable O isotopic compositions with δ18O values ranging from −0.8 to 6.0‰, δ17O values from 0.3 to 3.6‰, and Δ17O values from −0.9 to 1.6‰, most of them being similar to those of chromites from ordinary chondrites. The oxygen isotopic compositions of olivine, considered as a proxy of chromite in chromite‐bearing micrometeorites where chromite is too small to be measured in ion microprobe have Δ17O values suggesting a principal relationship to ordinary chondrites with some having carbonaceous chondrite precursors. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of chromites in micrometeorites are close to those reported for ordinary chondrite chromites, but some contribution from carbonaceous chondrites cannot be ruled out. Consequently, carbonaceous chondrites cannot be a major contributor of chromite‐bearing micrometeorites. Based on their oxygen isotopic and elemental compositions, we thus conclude with no ambiguity that chromite‐bearing micrometeorites are largely related to fragments of ordinary chondrites with a small fraction from carbonaceous chondrites, unlike other micrometeorites deriving largely from carbonaceous chondrites.