### Learning objectives

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) is a well-established treatment for heart failure (HF). The Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure1 and Cardiac Resynchronisation Heart Failure (CARE-HF)2 trials found that CRT reduces both morbidity and mortality in HF patients. Based on current guidelines, 6%–12% of patients hospitalised with HF are eligible for CRT.3

CRT helps to restore atrioventricular (AV), interventricular (VV) and intraventricular synchrony, improve left ventricular (LV) function, reduce functional mitral regurgitation and induce LV reverse remodelling, as evidenced by increases in LV filling time and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and decreases in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, mitral regurgitation and septal dyskinesis.2 4

Up to 30% of patients receiving CRT do not attain symptomatic benefit.5 Various parameters have been used to define response to CRT, including improvement in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class, improvement in quality of life and echocardiographic parameters. There are five different possible clinical outcomes post-CRT implantation. Responders (70%) show a measurable improvement, whereas super-responders (5%) show excellent response up to normalisation of LV function. Non-progressors (10%) do not experience the progressive decline that is observed in non-responders (10%), and negative responders (5%) experience clinical deterioration and decline in LV function.6 7

Given the inherent risks and costs of device implantation and maintenance, a reduction in the rate of lack of response to CRT is an important goal. Factors associated with a lack of response include inappropriate patient selection, suboptimal LV lead placement, presence of myocardial scar, inadequate device programming and failure to deliver continuous biventricular (BiV) pacing.5 …


The present study aims at analysing the use and availability of Information Communication Technology infrastructure facilities in self-financing engineering college libraries in Tamil Nadu. The role of engineering colleges in the technical manpower development is quite significant. They need rapid Information Communication Technology infrastructure and in this context, there is a need for adequate development of electronic resources. This study traces out the nature of electronic resources, library automation level, computerized library services, electronic access points, type of digital libraries, network and topology of network, internet and intranet services, and so on with reference to the selected institutions.


Human motion is complex and difficult to synthesize realistically. Automatic style transfer to transform the mood or identity of a character's motion is a key technology for increasing the value of already synthesized or captured motion data. Typically, state-of-the-art methods require all independent actions observed in the input to be present in a given style database to perform realistic style transfer. We introduce a spectral style transfer method for human motion between independent actions, thereby greatly reducing the required effort and cost of creating such databases. We leverage a spectral domain representation of the human motion to formulate a spatial correspondence free approach. We extract spectral intensity representations of reference and source styles for an arbitrary action, and transfer their difference to a novel motion which may contain previously unseen actions. Building on this core method, we introduce a temporally sliding window filter to perform the same analysis locally in time for heterogeneous motion processing. This immediately allows our approach to serve as a style database enhancement technique to fill-in non-existent actions in order to increase previous style transfer method's performance. We evaluate our method both via quantitative experiments, and through administering controlled user studies with respect to previous work, where significant improvement is observed with our approach.


A significant number of institutional investors publicly state the belief that corporate stakeholder relations are associated with firm value in a manner that the financial market fails to understand. We investigate whether stakeholder information predicted risk-adjusted returns due to errors in investors' expectations and ultimately ceased to do so as attention for such information increased. We build a stakeholder-relations index (SI) for a wide range of U.S. firms over the period 1992-2009 and provide evidence that the SI explained errors in investors' expectations about firms' future earnings. The SI was positively associated with long-term risk-adjusted returns, earnings announcement returns, and errors in analysts' earnings forecasts over the period 1992-2004. However, as attention for stakeholder issues became more widespread, subsequently, these relationships diminished considerably. The results are consistent with the idea that increased investor attention for stakeholder issues eventually eliminates mispricing.


Parents have a significant role in children education. Children maintain their knowledge and habits in school life and in the family environment throughout their lives. These behaviors and attitudes acquired in the family environment directly affect students' school success. In this study, the tradition of parents reading, democratic attitude, training, support, comparison, incompatibility, parent- school relationship, educational status, income levels, and the number of children have been compared. Survey method among quantitative research methods and demographic information scale developed by the researcher were used in the study. The third grade comprised a sample of 307 students from 9 schools determined by random sampling from primary schools in Northern Cyprus. It concluded that parents 'level of education, income level, divorce and having three children directly affected children's school success accaording to reading tradition, democratic attitude, educational support, comparison, lack of livelihood and the state of the parents' relationship with the school variables.


The rate of DNA synthesis in the S phase of growth of synchronized diploid Chinese hamster cells shows two maximums, while in heteroploid hamster cells the DNA replication rate is constant. In diploid cells a reciprocal relationship exists between maximum DNA synthetic rates and maximum lactate dyhydrogenase and thymidine kinase enzyme levels. Enzyme activity in heteroploid cells increases continuously through the cell cycle with no evidence of oscillations. It seems possible that these differences in molecular organization may accompany or precede the transition to heteroploidy.


This article presents a case study of how library services and special collections, in particular, can be integrated into undergraduate education by engaging strategically with a high-impact area of the curriculum and concentrating on courses related thematically to collection strengths. The goals of such engagement include enhancing student academic success and increasing the visibility and use of library services and collections. During the academic year 2012-2013, the UCLA Library's Teaching and Learning Services and Library Special Collections partnered with the Division of Undergraduate Education's Freshman Cluster Program to experiment with embedding librarians into instructional teams in order to improve students' research skills. In "Los Angeles: The Cluster," a year-long, interdisciplinary course focused on the history, architecture, and culture of Los Angeles, librarians collaborated with faculty and graduate student teaching assistants to incorporate primary sources, especially rare and unique cultural heritage materials, into the undergraduate curriculum. In this article, Kelly Miller provides an overview of the library's partnership with the Freshman Cluster Program, and Robert Montoya describes his experience as an embedded librarian in the LA Cluster.


The inherent structure of the encoding in early stages of the visual system is investigated from a combined information-theoretical, psychophysical, and neurophysiological perspective. We argue that the classical modeling in terms of linear spatial filters is equivalent to the assumption of a Cartesian organization of the feature space of early vision. We show that such a linear Cartesian feature space would be suboptimal for the exploitation of the statistical redundancies of natural images since these have a radially separable probability-density function. Therefore a more efficient representation can be obtained by a nonlinear encoding that yields a feature space with polar organization. This prediction of the information-theoretical approach regarding the organization of the feature space of early vision is confirmed by our psychophysical measurements of basic discrimination capabilities for elementary Gabor patches, and the necessary nonlinear operations are shown to be closely related to cortical gain control and to the phase invariance of complex cells. Finally, we point out some striking similarities between the polar representation in visual cortex and basic image-coding strategies pursued in shape-gain vector quantization schemes.


ii This master thesis project was performed in collaboration with [Karolinska university hospital-Thorax] Supervisor at [Karolinska hospital]: Dianna Bone Abstract Single photon emission tomography (SPECT) data from myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) are normally displayed as a set of three slices orthogonal to the left ventricular (LV) long axis for both ECG-gated (GSPECT) and non-gated SPECT studies. The total number of slices presented for assessment depends on the size of the heart, but is typically in excess of 30. A requirement for data presentation is that images should be orientated about the LV axis; therefore, a set of radial slice would fulfill this need. Radial slices are parallel to the LV long axis and arranged diametrically. They could provide a suitable alternative to standard orthogonal slices, with the advantage of requiring far fewer slices to adequately represent the data. In this study a semi-automatic method was developed for displaying MPI SPECT data as a set of radial slices orientated about the LV axis, with the aim of reducing the number of slices viewed, without loss of information and independent on the size of the heart. Input volume data consisted of standard short axis slices orientated perpendicular to the LV axis chosen at the time of reconstruction. The true LV axis was determined by first determining the boundary on a central long axis slice, the axis being in the direction of the y-axis in the matrix. The skeleton of the myocardium were found and the true LV axis determined for that slice. The angle of this axis with respect to the y-axis was calculated. The process was repeated for an orthogonal long axis slice. The input volume was then rotated by the angles calculated. Radial slices generated for presentation were integrated over a sector equivalent to the imaging resolution (1.2 cm); assuming the diameter of the heart is about 8cm then non-gated data could be represented by 20 radial slices integrated over an 18 degree section. Gated information could be represented with four slices spaced at 45 intervals, integrated over a 30 degree sector.


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are distributed systems where no central authority rules the behavior of the individual peers. These systems relay on the voluntary participation of the peers to help each other and reduce congestion at the data servers. BitTorrent is a popular file-sharing P2P application originally designed for non real-time data. Given the inherent characteristics of these systems, they have been considered to alleviate part of the traffic in conventional networks, particularly for streaming stored playback Video-on-Demand services. In this work, a window-based peer selection strategy for managed P2P networks is proposed. The basic idea is to select the downloader peers according to their progress in the file download process relative to the progress of the downloading peers. The aforementioned strategy is analyzed using both a fluid model and a Continuous Time Markov Chain. Also, abundance conditions in the system are identified.


Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, with an estimated 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases in 2012. Despite the many clinical manifestations, metastatic disease is the main cause of death, and is responsible for 90% of all breast cancer-related deaths. Aggressive carcinomas of the breast preferentially spread via the lymphogenous route, and often co-opt and actively remodel the lymphatic vasculature in order to invade and metastasize to their draining lymph nodes (LNs) and, ultimately, to distant organs. Indeed, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, the principal lymphangiogenic growth factor, by the tumor or recruited ancillary cells has been shown to correlate both with LN and distant metastasis, and shorter overall survival (OS), and LN status represents an important prognostic factor for patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Although traditionally considered as passive conduits that solely mediate tumor cell escape, more recent research aimed at discerning the interactions between the developing tumor and its associated lymphatic vessels has revealed that the lymphatic vasculature actively promotes lymphogenous metastasis of invasive tumor cells. Likewise, collaborative interactions between tumor cells and a multitude of other tissue-resident and recruited ancillary cells, which together constitute the tumor microenvironment, not only coercively contribute to tumor growth, progression and metastasis, but also suggest that interactions among primed stromal cells themselves may be important in the process of metastatic dissemination as well. Notably, expansion of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels in the tumor periphery leads to increased lymphatic drainage from the tumor to the tumor-draining LN, and interstitial flow-induced mechanical changes may alter tensional homeostasis within the tumor through stimulation of local fibroblasts that remodel and stiffen the extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, VEGF-C-induced remodeling of the tumor-associated lymphatic vasculature has been shown to directly suppress the anti-tumor immune response, thereby promoting tolerance to the nascent tumor. Thus, to explore whether tumor-associated lymphatic vessels promote tumor metastasis not only via interactions with the incipient tumor, but also through cross-talk with the surrounding stromal cells, the different components of the tumor microenvironment, specifically tensional homeostasis and anti-tumor immunity, were evaluated upon modulation of lymphatic vessel growth in various experimental models of breast cancer. Accordingly, inhibition of VEGFR-3-mediated signaling upon administration of an antagonistic antibody in a genetically engineered preclinical mouse model specifically reduced the number of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) in the tumor, whereas conversely, orthotopic inoculation of a stable murine breast cancer cell line with enhanced expression of VEGF-C induced an expansion of the lymphatic endothelium. Although either experimental approach affected either regional or distant metastatic dissemination of the primary tumor to LN or the lungs, respectively, these effects did not seem to be mediated by interactions of the tumor-associated lymphatic vasculature with the tumor microenvironment in these particular experimental models.


Key arguments for privatizing public infrastructure range from providing money so cash-strapped governments can fix crumbling infrastructure and build much needed new infrastructure to shifting future financial risk from the public to a private contractor. The reality, though, is far different. Provisions commonly found in infrastructure privatization contracts make the public the guarantor of private contractors' expected revenues. Indeed, were it not for provisions that protect contractors from diminution of their expected returns, the contracts would be far shorter and much less complex. An effect of those contract provisions is to give private contractors a quasi-governmental status with power over new laws, judicial decisions, propositions voted on by the public, and other government actions that a contractor claims will affect toll roads and revenues. Giving private contractors such a role may well violate the non-delegation doctrine that bars private entities from exercising power that is inherently governmental. This Article examines the operation and effects of three provisions that are commonly found in infrastructure contracts: (1) compensation events; (2) noncompetition provisions; and (3) the contractor's right to object to and receive compensation for legislative, administrative, and judicial decisions. The operation of these provisions gives private contractors power over decisions that affect the public interest and are normally made by public officials and subject to oversight, disclosure, and accountability - none of which apply to private contractors. The existence and operation of these provisions have gone virtually unexamined and undiscussed. Rather, discussions about infrastructure privatization have been narrowly focused on tolls, reflexive pro- or anti-private or public provisions, and spending or investment decisions on up-front payments. Finally, this Article places infrastructure privatization in the larger context of funding and building infrastructure for the future. It identifies and critiques substantive and procedural issues that must be resolved if we are to have the high quality infrastructure necessary to meet this nation's needs and further its goals and if we are to achieve those goals by an open and democratic process.


Abstract. The transformation of snow into ice is a complex phenomenon that is difficult to model. Depending on surface temperature and accumulation rate, it may take several decades to millennia for air to be entrapped in ice. The air is thus always younger than the surrounding ice. The resulting gas–ice age difference is essential to documenting the phasing between CO2 and temperature changes, especially during deglaciations. The air trapping depth can be inferred in the past using a firn densification model, or using δ15N of air measured in ice cores. All firn densification models applied to deglaciations show a large disagreement with δ15N measurements at several sites in East Antarctica, predicting larger firn thickness during the Last Glacial Maximum, whereas δ15N suggests a reduced firn thickness compared to the Holocene. Here we present modifications of the LGGE firn densification model, which significantly reduce the model–data mismatch for the gas trapping depth evolution over the last deglaciation at the coldest sites in East Antarctica (Vostok, Dome C), while preserving the good agreement between measured and modelled modern firn density profiles. In particular, we introduce a dependency of the creep factor on temperature and impurities in the firn densification rate calculation. The temperature influence intends to reflect the dominance of different mechanisms for firn compaction at different temperatures. We show that both the new temperature parameterization and the influence of impurities contribute to the increased agreement between modelled and measured δ15N evolution during the last deglaciation at sites with low temperature and low accumulation rate, such as Dome C or Vostok. We find that a very low sensitivity of the densification rate to temperature has to be used in the coldest conditions. The inclusion of impurity effects improves the agreement between modelled and measured δ15N at cold East Antarctic sites during the last deglaciation, but deteriorates the agreement between modelled and measured δ15N evolution at Greenland and Antarctic sites with high accumulation unless threshold effects are taken into account. We thus do not provide a definite solution to the firnification at very cold Antarctic sites but propose potential pathways for future studies.


To investigate antioxidant capacity in seeds and skins during grape maturation and its relationship with anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin content, two Portuguese red grape varieties, Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz ( Vitis vinjfera L.) were studied. Two analytical methods were used for antioxidant capacity analysis: the DPPH and ABTS methods. Proanthocyanidins from seeds and skins were separated into monomers, oligomers and polymers, while 13 individual anthocyanins from the skins were also evaluated by HPLC. For both grape varieties studied, antioxidant capacity from the skins and seeds was characterised during grape maturation by a general decrease, mainly in the first weeks after veraison, followed by stabifisation and a slight increase in the values in the last three weeks of ripening. A similar tendency was observed for the amount of all the different proanthocyanidin fractions quantified. Our results also showed that seeds are an important source of proanthocyanidins with respect to the grape berry skins. Seeds were also the grape berry fraction with the highest antioxidant capacity when compared to the antioxidant capacity content of the skins. For the 13 individual monomeric anthocyanins quantified during grape maturation, evolution was generally characterised by a continuous increase in the values. However, for some of the individual anthocyanins, the continuous increase was followed by stabifisation or a decrease in the values in the last weeks of ripening. Finally, there was a positive relationship between the different proanthocyanidin fractions and antioxidant capacity of both grape varieties studied; while a negative relationship during grape maturation was obtained for individual anthocyanins.


To assess the effects of degraded irrelevant speech on the serial recall of visually presented digits, noise-vocoded speech was generated in Japanese and German. Effects of the participants' native language were also examined by studying 40 Japanese and 40 German listeners. The number of frequency bands used in vocoding and the language (native or not) the irrelevant sound was derived from affected performance significantly. The participants' native language had a greater disruptive effect than the non-native language, particularly in conditions in which intelligibility was moderate. Speech sounds appear to have been processed automatically although the participant was instructed to neglect them. This must have required some amount of cognitive resources, which could have been used for the recall task otherwise. This automatic interference was stronger when the native language was used, probably because it contained perceptual cues that were more difficult to degrade.


Since many web users have posted their opinions and information without revealing their personal identities (i.e. demographics, social standing, or expertise), anonymity has become a common form of exchanging information in online communities, such as social media, Internet forums, social networks, etc. In the meantime, negative social consequences due to malicious comments or identity deception, have been resulted from anonymous activities in online social community. The current literature has found largely mixed results about the impact of anonymity on group outcomes. In order to clarify mixed results about anonymity in the current literature, this study proposes a new operational definition of anonymity which consists of three dimensions: unlinkability, unobservability, and pseudonymity. The data used in this study was collected from 238 online communities' users through a web-based survey conducted in South Korea. The results show that unlinkability, unobservability and pseudonymity positively influence self-discrepancy, which in turn positively influences the quality and quantity of information sharing.


This meeting examined in a comparative international context, the formal and informal procedures for resolving the problems of the siting of liquefied energy gas facilities.

Civil servants from France, engineers and economists from the USSR, environmentalist leaders from the UK, the US, and the Netherlands, industrialists from the FRG, and local government assessors, and social risk theorists from these countries, together with IIASA staff may seem an unlikely, cumbersome, and even volatile mixture. However, it was exactly this amalgam of conflicting interest and opinion that produced a remarkably sharp and useful debate. From it the team drew new insights, found new paths to explore, perceived new, simplified models of the procedures, and formed a new cohesive "team view" of the world.


Abstract Vertical profiles of NO2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO2) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). In this paper, the quality of the ACE-FTS version 2.2 NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO version 1.2 NO2 data are assessed using other solar occultation measurements (HALOE, SAGE II, SAGEIII, POAMIII, SCIAMACHY), stellar occultation measurements (GOMOS), limb measurements (MIPAS, OSIRIS), nadir measurements (SCIAMACHY), balloon-borne measurements (SPIRALE, SAOZ) and ground-based measurements (UV-VIS, FTIR). Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, chemical box models. ACE-FTS NO2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGEII (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. In comparisons with HALOE, ACE-FTS NO VMRs typically (on average) agree to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to +10% from 93 to 105 km, with maxima of 21% and 36%, respectively. Partial column comparisons for NO2 show that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments and the FTIRs, with a mean difference of +7.3% for ACEFTS and +12.8% for MAESTRO. Abstract. Vertical profiles of NO 2 and NO have been obtained from solar occultation measurements by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE), using an infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) and (for NO 2 ) an ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectrometer, MAESTRO (Measurement of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation). are assessed Time differences between the comparison measurements were reduced using either a tight coincidence criterion, or where possible, box models. ACE-FTS 2 and NO and the MAESTRO NO 2 are generally consistent with the correlative data. The ACE-FTS and MAESTRO NO 2 volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles agree with the profiles from other satellite data sets to within about 20% between 25 and 40 km, with the exception of MIPAS ESA (for ACE-FTS) and SAGE II (for ACE-FTS (sunrise) and MAESTRO) and suggest a negative bias between 23 and 40 km of about 10%. MAESTRO reports larger VMR values than the ACE-FTS. HALOE, NO VMRs typically to ±8% from 22 to 64 km and to from 93 to 105 km, maxima of 21% and 36%, column 2 that there is quite good agreement between the ACE instruments the FTIRs, of and +12.8% for MAESTRO.


Background: Institutional delivery is the key intervention to reduce maternal mortality and morbidity. However, most of the mothers in developing country including Ethiopia are giving birth at home. This study, therefore, aimed at filling the gaps, by attempting to explore the factors which are affecting an institutional delivery service utilization in study area. The main objective of this study was to assess magnitude and factors affecting institutional delivery in women who have antenatal follow up at Hawassa referral hospital, Hawassa, south Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 257 pregnant women. Interviewed a structured questionnaire including socio demographic characteristics and factors affecting institutional delivery. Data entry was done by using EPI Info 3.5.1 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 software package for analysis. Results: Among pregnant women 83.2% (n=139) at age group of 15-24 years old mothers give birth at health facilities. While 94.4% (n=17) of the mother at age group of 25-29 years old were give birth at home. Most of the pregnant mothers 76.1% (n=150) were prefer to give birth at home, because of different factors such as, privacy 102 (39.7%). Majority of the mothers 76.7% (n=197) were give their recent birth at health facilities. Most of the time institutional delivery was decided by both husband and wife 78.7 %( n=155). Conclusion: The prevalence of institutional delivery was high. This could be achieved due to high ANC utilization and health education. Therefore efforts should be made to sustain ANC utilization in the study area.


Three main algal-dominated coastal detritic communities from the continental shelf off Mallorca and Menorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean) are described herein: maerl beds dominated by Spongites fruticulosus and forests of Laminaria rodriguezii located in the Menorca channel, and Peyssonnelia inamoena beds found along the Southern coast of Menorca. There seems to be a gradient of disturbance from the highly disturbed Peyssonnelia beds to the almost undisturbed L. rodriguezii forests. Whether this gradient is the result of current and past anthropogenic pressure (e.g. trawling intensity) or is driven by natural environmental factors needs further assessment. Finally, the location of the target communities by means of ROV dives combined with the use of a Box-Corer dredge and beam trawl proved to be a good methodology in the study of the composition and structure of these deep water detritic communities.


The presence of 'greenhouse gases' in the atmosphere has a warming effect on the biosphere, making the world habitable for life. Human activities, particularly energy use and deforestation, are increasing the concentration of these gases, and in particular carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Many climatologists believe that the global temperature is beginning to rise as a result. The intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recommended that emissions of CO 2 be cut by 60 per cent in order to stabilise the atmospheric concentration of this gas and to minimise the resulting disruption to the world's climate.

Transport is currently Britain's fastest growing source of carbon dioxide, the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas. An assessment is made of the relative contributions to CO 2 emissions of different forms of travel, and trends in energy use are surveyed. Emissions of CO 2 from 'secondary' sources, such as vehicle production, are also examined.

A computer model called SPACE is described, which was developed in order to assess CO 2 emissions under different policy scenarios up to the year 2025. A 'business as usual' scenario predicts that emissions will rise substantially, mainly as a result of an ongoing rise in road traffic. This contrasts with the Government's stated aim of stabilising emissions of CO 2 at the 1990 level by 2000.

A modification of this scenario, in which technological improvements to vehicles are vigorously applied, shows a reduced growth in emissions. A third scenario then examines the effect of a combination of technological and demand management policies, and demonstrates a significant reduction in emissions. Scenario 3 adopts what are seen as fairly modest policy measures, making use of their synergistic effect. The main justification for this 'non-radical' approach is public and political acceptability. It is, however, recognised that most of the policy measures could be applied more vigorously if required

If it is assumed that transport is allotted a less stringent target than other energy-consuming sectors, the reduction in emissions projected in Scenario 3 is consistent with the IPCC goal of atmospheric CO 2 stabilisation.

Data sets compiled as part of the SPACE model can be made available on request.


On June 12, 2017, the Supreme Court decided the highly anticipated first case involving the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (BPCIA). The Supreme Court addressed two related questions: (1) whether the statutory language instructing a biosimilar applicant to provide its application and manufacturing information to the reference biologic sponsor after FDA acceptance of the application is enforceable by injunction; and (2) whether the biosimilar applicant must give notice of intended commercial marketing to the reference biologic sponsor only after obtaining an approved license from the FDA. Upholding the decision of the Federal Circuit on the first question (albeit using different reasoning) and reversing the Federal Circuit on the second question, the Court also introduced some uncertainty for the future. This short article discusses some key points following the decision.


Circulating 14-day erythroid progenitors (BFU-E) from 28 sickle cell anemia (SS) patients with hemoglobin F (HbF) levels ranging from 2% to 16% were studied to determine their sensitivity to [3H] thymidine kill and burst-promoting activity (BPA)-like factor production. We find that the proportion of BFU-E sensitive to 3H-dT kill, and hence active in DNA synthesis, was inversely correlated with the percent of peripheral HbF when light density (LD) mononuclear cells were used for plating. Regression analysis showed that the correlation between HbF level and BFU-E kill was highly significant (r = .88; P less than .00003). We confirmed the BPA-like factor(s) production by LD mononuclear cells of SS patients, and found, in addition, that this phenomenon is restricted to the population of SS patients with HbF levels lower than 9%. Circulating BFU-E of patients with high HbF levels are not sensitive to 3H-dT, and their mononuclear cells do not release BPA-like factor. In summary, SS patients exhibit differences in the capacity of their mononuclear cells to produce BPA activity according to their peripheral HbF level, as well as to the DNA synthesis-state of their circulating BFU-E. We conclude that erythroid progenitors differ among SS patients in relation to their peripheral HbF level.


The processes accompanying endosymbiosis have led to a complex network of interorganellar protein traffic that originates from nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial and plastid proteins. A significant proportion of nucleus-encoded organellar proteins are dual targeted, and the process by which a protein acquires the capacity for both mitochondrial and plastid targeting may involve intergenic DNA exchange coupled with the incorporation of sequences residing upstream of the gene. We evaluated targeting and sequence alignment features of two organellar DNA polymerase genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Within one of these two loci, protein targeting appeared to be plastidic when the 5′ untranslated leader region (UTR) was deleted and translation could only initiate at the annotated ATG start codon but dual targeted when the 5′ UTR was included. Introduction of stop codons at various sites within the putative UTR demonstrated that this region is translated and influences protein targeting capacity. However, no ATG start codon was found within this upstream, translated region, suggesting that translation initiates at a non-ATG start. We identified a CTG codon that likely accounts for much of this initiation. Investigation of the 5′ region of other nucleus-encoded organellar genes suggests that several genes may incorporate upstream sequences to influence targeting capacity. We postulate that a combination of intergenic recombination and some relaxation of constraints on translation initiation has acted in the evolution of protein targeting specificity for those proteins capable of functioning in both plastids and mitochondria.


Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) formed in the atmospheric oxidation of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) is the principal tropospheric reservoir for nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx = NO + NO2). PAN enables the transport and release of NOx to the remote troposphere with major implications for the global distributions of ozone and OH, the main tropospheric oxidants. Simulation of PAN is a challenge for global models because of the dependence of PAN on vertical transport as well as complex and uncertain NMVOC sources and chemistry. Here we use an improved representation of NMVOCs in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and show that it can simulate PAN observations from aircraft campaigns worldwide. The immediate carbonyl precursors for PAN formation include acetaldehyde (44% of the global source), methylglyoxal (30 %), acetone (7 %), and a suite of other isoprene and terpene oxidation products (19 %). A diversity of NMVOC emissions is responsible for PAN formation globally including isoprene (37 %) and alkanes (14 %). Anthropogenic sources are dominant in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere outside the growing season. Open fires appear to play little role except at high northern latitudes in spring, although results are very sensitive to plume chemistry and plume rise. Lightning NOx is the dominant contributor to the observed PAN maximum in the free troposphere over the South Atlantic.


Peer-review is a valuable tool that helps both the reviewee, who receives feedback about his work, and the reviewer, who sees different potential solutions and improves her ability to critique work. In-flow peer-review (IFPR) is peer-review done while an assignment is in progress. Peer-review done during this time is likely to result in greater motivation for both reviewer and reviewee. This workinggroup report summarizes IFPR and discusses numerous dimensions of the process, each of which alleviates some problems while raising associated concerns.


Broad availability of molecular sequence data allows construction of phylogenetic trees with 1000s or even 10 000s of taxa. This paper reviews methodological, technological and empirical issues raised in phylogenetic inference at this scale. Numerous algorithmic and computational challenges have been identified surrounding the core problem of reconstructing large trees accurately from sequence data, but many other obstacles, both upstream and downstream of this step, are less well understood. Before phylogenetic analysis, data must be generated de novo or extracted from existing databases, compiled into blocks of homologous data with controlled properties, aligned, examined for the presence of gene duplications or other kinds of complicating factors, and finally, combined with other evidence via supermatrix or supertree approaches. After phylogenetic analysis, confidence assessments are usually reported, along with other kinds of annotations, such as clade names, or annotations requiring additional inference procedures, such as trait evolution or divergence time estimates. Prospects for partial automation of large-tree construction are also discussed, as well as risks associated with 'outsourcing' phylogenetic inference beyond the systematics community.


Over the past two years, we have undertaken several studies at the Berkman Center designed to better understand the control of the Internet in less open societies. During the years we've been engaged in this research, we have seen many incidents that have highlighted the role of the Internet as a battleground for political control, including partial or total Internet shutdowns in China, Iran, Egypt, Libya, and Syria; many hundreds of documented DDoS, hacking, and other cyber attacks against political sites; continued growth in the number of countries that filter the Internet; and dozens of well documented cases of on- and offline persecution of online dissidents. The energy dedicated to these battles for control of the Internet on both the government and dissident sides indicated, if nothing else, that both sides think that the Internet is a critical space for political action. In this paper, we offer an overview of our research in the context of these changes in the methods used to control online speech, and some thoughts on the challenges to online speech in the immediate future.


The following discussion of computational capital takes the electronic database, an infrastructure for storing information, as vantage point. Following a brief look into how database systems serve information desires, the notion of 'database as discourse' by Mark Poster is explored and further developed. Database as discourse establishes a machinic agency, directed towards the individual in a specific mode of hailing. This mode of hailing in turn leads to a scatteredform of subjectivity, that is identified with Manuela Ott and Gerald Raunig as dividual. How does dividualization emerge from database infrastructure? What is the specificquality of data, that is produced by and being harvested from in/dividuals into databases, and what are the consequences of such ashifted view?


The nanotechnology hype, engendering both fanatical optimism and apocalyptic fears, has produced calls from different commentators for "a radical change in the way we address ethical issues" and a "novel [ethical] approach to the future" that must be divorced from existing moral theories. However, a unique ethical framework devised specifically for nanotechnology is both impossible and unnecessary. The ethical issues predicted to accompany nanomedicine and nanotechnology (e.g., safety, justice, and privacy concerns) are raised by medicine, biotechnology, genetics, and other technologies, and will call for balancing familiar values: autonomy, beneficence, fairness, etc. At present, ethical attention should concentrate on safety and environmental studies and preparing for unforeseeable consequences, while the scientific community should prepare for a public dialogue.


In the traditional account, American courts transformed the law of waste, radically diverging from British courts around the time of the American Revolution. Some of the most influential theorists of American legal history have used this account as evidence that American law is driven by economics. Due to its adoption by influential scholars, this traditional account of waste law has shaped not only our understanding of property law, but also how we view the process of transforming law. That traditional account, however, came not from a history of the doctrine, but from an elaboration of the benefits of the modern rule in comparison with the drawbacks of the earlier, common law rule. A full history, reaching back to the common law doctrine has not been written until now. This article provides a legal history of the doctrine of waste, exploring the original common law doctrine prior to the nineteenth century transformation, and demonstrating the multiple flaws of the traditional account. This article demonstrates that there is little support for the traditional story of a radical and American break motivated by land development. A full account demonstrates that the change was not radical, but rather consistent with centuries of British law. The shift also was not particularly American, but rather roughly contemporaneous with and parallel to a British shift. Most importantly, courts in both countries shifted doctrines to address a change in the technology of surveying and title recordation, rather than in response to economic forces. This new history of waste law also offers a critique of theories of the transformation of law, along with current methods in legal history that privilege social factors and economic circumstances and largely abandon the traditional legal history methods of tracing the evolution of doctrine. Abandoning doctrine and privileging social factors has detracted from accurately understanding both legal transformation and the role of law — and particularly property law — in American society, suggesting that law is much more flexible and responsive to social change than it necessarily is in everyday politics


Contactless manipulation of micron-scale objects in a microfluidic environment is a key ingredient for a range of applications in the biosciences, including sorting, guiding, and analysis of cells and bacteria. Optical forces are powerful for this purpose but, typically, require bulky focusing elements to achieve the appropriate optical field gradients. To this end, realizing the focusing optics in a planar format would be very attractive and conducive to the integration of such microscale devices, either individually or as arrays. Here we report on, to the best of our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration of optical trapping using planar silicon metalenses illuminated with a collimated laser beam. The structures consist of high-contrast gratings with a locally varying period and duty cycle. They are designed to mimic parabolic reflectors with a numerical aperture of 0.56 at a vacuum wavelength of 1064 nm. We achieve both two- and three-dimensional trapping in water, with the latter realized by omitting the central Fresnel zones. This Letter highlights the versatility of such lithographically defined metastructures for exerting optical forces without the need for traditional optical elements.


Ejaculated ram sperm were demembranated with Triton X-100, separated from the detergent-soluble matrix, and reactivated [San Agustin and Witman (1993): Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 24:264-273]. The percent motility of models prepared from freshly washed sperm was comparable to that of the washed sample before demembranation, regardless of whether cAMP was included in the reactivation medium. However, demembranated models derived from aging or metabolically inhibited sperm exhibited a lower percent reactivation and required cAMP to attain the level of motility of freshly washed sperm. Cyclic AMP was approximately 100 times more effective than cGMP. The requirement for cAMP could be bypassed by addition of porcine heart cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) catalytic subunit to the reactivation medium, demonstrating that cAMP was acting via PKA. The cAMP stimulation of reactivation was not affected by inclusion of the PKA inhibitor PKI(5-24) in the reactivation medium, but was decreased when the models were preincubated with PKI(5-24) prior to reactivation. The cytosol-free models retained > 90% of the sperm PKA activity; therefore, the PKA appears to be anchored to internal sperm structures. This PKA could not be extracted by cAMP or Triton X-100 alone, but only by cAMP and Triton X-100 in combination. We conclude that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation is critical for sperm motility, but that the essential protein phosphate sites turn over slowly under our reactivation conditions, so that the cAMP requirement is apparent only in models prepared from sperm having a low internal ATP or cAMP content. Interestingly, reactivation was rapidly blocked by the peptide arg-lys-arg-ala-arg-lys-glu, which has been reported to be a selective inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase.


The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors are the major inhibitory, postsynaptic, neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system. The binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to the GABA(A) receptors induces the opening of an anion-selective channel that remains open for tens of milliseconds before it closes. To understand how the structure of the GABA(A) receptor determines the functional properties such as ion conduction, ion selectivity and gating we sought to identify the amino acid residues that line the ion conducting channel. To accomplish this we mutated 26 consecutive residues (250-275), one at a time, in and flanking the M2 membrane- spanning segment of the rat alpha1 subunit to cysteine. We expressed the mutant alpha1 subunit with wild-type beta1 and gamma2 subunits in Xenopus oocytes. We probed the accessibility of the engineered cysteine to covalent modification by charged, sulfhydryl-specific reagents added extracellularly. We assume that among residues in membrane-spanning segments, only those lining the channel would be susceptible to modification by polar reagents and that such modification would irreversibly alter conduction through the channel. We infer that nine of the residues, alpha1 Val257, alpha1 Thr26l, alpha1 Thr262, alpha1 Leu264, alpha1 Thr265, alpha1 Thr268, alpha1 Ile27l, alpha1 Ser272 and alpha1 Asn275 are exposed in the channel. On a helical wheel plot, the exposed residues, except alpha1 Thr262, lie on one side of the helix in an arc of 120 degrees. We infer that the M2 segment forms an alpha helix that is interrupted in the region of alpha1 Thr262. The modification of residues as cytoplasmic as alpha1 Val257 in the closed state of the channel suggests that the gate is at least as cytoplasmic as alpha1 Val257. The ability of the positively charged reagent methanethiosulfonate ethylammonium to reach the level of alpha1 Thr261 suggests that the charge-selectivity filter is at least as cytoplasmic as this residue.


The Language of the Past analyzes the use of history in discourses within the political, media and the public sphere. It examines how particular terms, phrases and allusions first came into usage, developed and how they are employed today. To speak of something or someone as representing the 'stone age', or characterize an institution as 'byzantine', to describe a business relationship as 'feudal' or to disparage ideals or morality as 'Victorian', refers to both a perception of the past and its relationship to the present. Whilst dictionaries and etymologies define meanings and origin points of words or phrases, this study examines how history is maintained and used within society through language.

Detailing the specific words and phrases associated with particular periods used to describe contemporary society, this thorough examination of language and history will be of great interest to those studying historiography, social history and linguistics.


This study compared the prices of garri in both rural and urban markets of Edo State, Nigeria covering the period 1990 to 2005. Specifically, the study examined the nature and trend of price movement of garri in both markets (rural and urban), determined the annual rate of increase in the price of garri in the markets and tested if the differences in the price of garri in the rural and urban markets were significant. The prices used for the study were derived from the daily prices of garri collected by staff of the Edo State Agricultural Development Programme (EADP, 1990) from the various markets in Edo State, Nigeria. The data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics (such as means, standard deviations, tables, graphs, etc) and the Student t-test. The study revealed that the price of garri for both markets were cheapest in the third quarter (months of July to September) and most expensive from the 4th to the 1st quarters (from December to around April). Generally, urban market prices for garri were higher than that of the rural markets for the period considered. The observed mean annual price increases (that is, growth rate) was 20.50 and 43.02% for rural and urban markets, respectively. When the differences in price of garri for both markets were tested on a four yearly basis, they were significantly different from each other implying a wide gap between the rural and urban markets occasioned by rising fuel prices over the years. The significant t-values obtained for the period on a four-yearly basis at the 5% level of significance were 1.342, 1.382, 2.250, and 2.321, respectively. Due to the disparity in prices between the rural and urban markets, it is recommended that government should direct her efforts towards stabilizing the price of fuel and create motorable roads in the rural areas where garri is produced in order to close up the wide price margin between the rural and urban markets.

 Key words: Garri, market prices, comparative analysis, food security.


Given that many employees use e-mail for work communication on a daily basis, this study examined within-person relationships between day-level incivility via work e-mail (cyber incivility) and employee outcomes. Using resource-based theories, we examined two resources (i.e., job control, psychological detachment from work) that may alleviate the effects of cyber incivility on distress. Daily survey data collected over 4 consecutive workdays from 96 employees were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling. Results showed that on days when employees experienced cyber incivility, they reported higher affective and physical distress at the end of the workday that, in turn, was associated with higher distress the next morning. Job control attenuated the concurrent relationships between cyber incivility and both types of distress at work, while psychological detachment from work in the evening weakened the lagged relationships between end-of-workday distress and distress the following morning. These findings shed light on cyber incivility as a daily stressor and on the importance of resources in both the work and home domains that can help reduce the incivility-related stress process. Theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed.


The article deals with the legality of the so-called "Extraordinary Rendition Program" (ERP). The ERP consists of the systematic kidnapping of people suspected of having acted or being involved in terrorist plans. According to the U.S. Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice, ERP actions "save lives" and are justified under international law. Moreover, come scholars and officers of the Bush Administration have argued so far that ERP is legal, because its actions are carried out with the assistance and consent of the States concerned. Such a kidnapping is called "abduction" under international law, and entails violations of sovereignty, human rights and international criminal law. Moreover, since the ERP results in a transfer of the kidnapped person to a country in which he is tortured, a violation of the international law norms concerning torture occurs. I breafly face the legal framework and justifications for the expansions of CIA powers, that is a preliminary issue with regard to the ERP itself. In this article, I argue that the ERP is patently illegal. I take two points of view. In the first part of the article (especially par. 3), I deepen the issues concerning the ban on torture, progressively criticizing the ERP supporters' claims that ERP could entail room for legality, even when, in the prospect of a quick expulsion of dangerous individuals, the expelling State is facing conflicting obligations under international law. In the second part, I take the point that the European reactions to the ERP – namely: the judicial ascertainments of CIA agents' criminal responsibilities; the national parliamentary commissions of inquiry; the European Parliament Committee report and the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly efforts to declare that ERP violates international law, human rights and jus cogens – could undermine the relations between European countries who participate in the ERP and the United States. Is actually the price paid for kidnapping innocent people worthy for fighting efficiently and effectively against terrorism? In dealing with this question, I basically argue that the ERP negatively affects overseas relations. WHEN 'EXTRAORDINARY' MEANS ILLEGAL: INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE EUROPEAN REACTIONS TO THE UNITED STATES RENDITION PROGRAM


A generative model for shape recognition of biological cells in images is developed. The model is designed for analysing high throughput screens, and is tested on a genome wide morphology screen. The genome wide morphology screen contains order of 104 images of fluorescently stained cells with order of 102 cells per image. It was generated using automated techniques through knockdown of almost all putative genes in Drosphila melanogaster. A
major step in the analysis of such a dataset is to classify cells into distinct classes: both phenotypic classes and cell cycle classes. However, the quantity of data produced presents a major time bottleneck for human analysis. Human analysis is also known to be subjective
and variable. The development of a generalisable computational analysis tool is an important challenge for the field. Previously cell morphology has been characterized by automated measurement of user-defined biological features, often specific to one dataset. These methods are surveyed and discussed. Here a more ambitious approach is pursued. A novel generalisable classification method, applicable to our images, is developed and implemented. The algorithm decomposes training images into constituent patches to build Bayesian models of
cell classes. The model contains probability distributions which are learnt via the Expectation Maximization algorithm. This provides a mechanism for comparing the similarity of the appearance of cell phenotypes. The method is evaluated by comparison with results of
Support Vector Machines at the task of performing binary classification. This work provides
the basis for clustering large sets of cell images into biologically meaningful classes.


Background and aim: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) have been widely applied to different home and offices' appliances as flame retardant additives to inhibit ignition and enhance the fire safety. Their toxicity, health effects, and resistance to environmental degradation are matters of great interested among scientists. Airborne concentrations of PBDE in residential homes were determined in this study. Method: In a cross sectional study, 33 residential homes were selected and airborne concentrations of PBDEs were investigated using PUF disk passive air samplers. Also in two building the concentraction of PBDEs were monitored in two rooms of a department in each building for 12 months. Results: Average airborne concentration of SPBDE (sum of congeners 17, 28, 47, 49, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, and 154) for all locations monitored was 52 (4-245) pgm. While in one of the buildings the contaminant level of bedroom was significantly higher than the living room, PBDE concentrations remained relatively constant for whole monitoring period. Conclusion: The range of concentrations results to a wide variation between inhalation intakes of dwellers of the lowest and the highest contaminated homes (~50 folds).


The increasing demand for renewable and clean energy has focused international attention on geothermal power generation. New Zealand, with a long and successful experience developing geothermal projects, is now enjoying an exciting resurgence of its industry. Geothermal development is a very complex process requiring a broad range of skills, specialized services and parties such as technical consultants, drilling companies, equipment suppliers and EPC contractors. Therefore, management of the supply relationships plays a strategic role in the delivery of geothermal projects. In contrast, supply relationships have been traditionally adversarial in construction causing detrimental effects on project performance. The current thinking suggests that the best practice in construction relationship management should always seek to develop highly collaborative relationships based on high levels of trust and transparency against opportunistic and adversarial approaches. This paper aims to shed some light on the factors influencing the procurement and relational strategies in the geothermal power generation projects. To achieve this, the researchers examined the relationship between key firms involved in the recent development of two successful geothermal projects in New Zealand. Through public reports and semistructured interviews to key professionals involved in these projects, the underlying reasons for selection of certain supply relationship strategies were identified, and their impact on performance at project and organizational levels were analyzed. The three critical factors for a collaborative environment that lead to the successful delivery of the projects (i.e., ahead of time and under budget) were: procurement strategy, contracts, and teamwork and cooperation.


This book aims to draw attention to the potential of concepts of scale and scale change in explaining and comparing socio-spatial processes in early medieval societies.
Kings, aristocrats, peasants, and the Church are among the shared features of most early medieval societies. However, these also varied dramatically in time and space. Can petty regional kings, for instance, be compared to those in charge of a whole empire? Scale is a crucial factor in modelling, explaining, and conceptualizing the past. Furthermore, many issues that historians and archaeologists treat independently can be theorized together as processes of scale decrease or increase: the appearance of complex societies, the rise and collapse of empires, changing world-systems, and globalization. While a subject of much discussion in fields such as ecology, geography, and sociology, scale is rarely theorized by archaeologists and historians. This book highlights the potential of the concepts of scale and scale change for comparing and explaining medieval socio-spatial processes. It integrates regional and temporal variations in the fragmentation of the Roman world and the emergence of medieval polities, which are often handled separately by late antique and early medieval specialists. The result of a three-year research project, the nine case studies in this volume offer fresh insights into early medieval rural society while combining their individual subjects to generate a wider explanatory framework.


The objective of this book is to provide policy recommendations to reduce the economic vulnerability of the poor to adverse shocks and help them cope with income downturns. The authors suggest that, social equity arguments aside, insuring the poor is desirable in terms of economic efficiency. Both theory and evidence suggests that risk-averse individuals who are unable to insure will select low-risk and low-return survival strategies. In terms of human capital and employment decisions, these strategies may provide them with minimum levels of income. This book is the result of a series of initiatives in 1998 and 1999 by the Poverty and Inequality Advisory Unit of the Inter-American Development Bank.


Progress in Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms goes hand-in-hand with the development of challenging environments that test the limits of current methods. While existing RL environments are either sufficiently complex or based on fast simulation, they are rarely both. Here, we present the NetHack Learning Environment (NLE), a scalable, procedurally generated, stochastic, rich, and challenging environment for RL research based on the popular single-player terminal-based roguelike game, NetHack. We argue that NetHack is sufficiently complex to drive long-term research on problems such as exploration, planning, skill acquisition, and language-conditioned RL, while dramatically reducing the computational resources required to gather a large amount of experience. We compare NLE and its task suite to existing alternatives, and discuss why it is an ideal medium for testing the robustness and systematic generalization of RL agents. We demonstrate empirical success for early stages of the game using a distributed Deep RL baseline and Random Network Distillation exploration, alongside qualitative analysis of various agents trained in the environment. NLE is open source at this https URL.


Universities can offer eLearning 2.0 tools and services to learners while obtaining clear benefits from releasing the control over some learning content. This means a shift from the institution centred and monolithic model of traditional virtual learning environments (VLEs) to a more heterogeneous and open model. This article tries to plot an architecture to be put in practice by universities to give learners the control of their learning processes by using eLearning 2.0. We propose an institutionally powered personal learning environment (iPLE) that constitutes our vision of how Web 2.0 tools (blogs, wikis, starting pages), services (del.icio.us, Flickr, YouTube) and people arrangement and data sharing (social networking, learn-streaming) could be applied in an integrated manner to learning processes. First, this article justifies the suitability for a PLE in the context of eLearning 2.0 and European Higher Education Area. Second, an overview of the evolution from VLEs to PLEs is given, and different PLE approaches are reviewed. Third, the concept of an iPLE is presented, and a conceptual architecture for it is detailed. Finally, this article also describes the technological aspects of a prototype of iPLE Network designed for the University of the Basque Country, which will be used as a test-bed for a case study in the Faculty of Medicine.


Background material on measure-theoretic probability theory and stochastic calculus is provided in order to clarify notation and inform the reader unfamiliar with these concepts. These fields are then employed in exploring two distinct but related approaches to fair option pricing: developing a partial differential equation whose solution, given specified boundary conditions, is the desired fair option price and evaluating a riskneutral conditional expectation whose value is the fair option price. Both approaches are illustrated by example before being applied to the Asian call option. Two results are obtained by applying the latter option pricing approach to the Asian call option. The price of an Asian call option is shown to be equal to an integral of an unknown joint distribution function. This exact formula is then made approximate by allowing one of the random variables to become a parameter of the system. This modified Asian call option is then priced explicitly, leading to a formula that is strikingly similar to the BlackScholes-Merton formula, which prices the European call option. Finally, possible methods of generalizing the procedure to price the Asian call option both exactly and explicitly are speculated.


Aims: The public health coordinator (PHC) is a municipal-government position in Norway whose role is to organise and oversee municipal policies and functions to support national public health goals. This cross-sectional study investigates conditions associated with use of PHCs by Norwegian municipalities in the period immediately before the new Public Health Act came into effect in 2012, decentralising responsibility for citizen health to the municipal level. This study provides descriptive baseline data regarding Norwegian municipalities' use of PHCs in this time – a marker for municipal engagement with inter-sectorial collaboration – before this policy was nationally mandated, and explores whether municipal characteristics such as structure, socio-economic status and extent of Health in All Policies (HiAP) implementation were associated factors. Methods: All Norway's municipalities (N=428) were included. We combined Norwegian register data with survey data. Descriptive analyses and bi- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 76% of Norwegian municipalities employed a PHC in the period just before 2012. Of the PHCs employed, 22% were employed full time and 28% were located within the staff of the chief executive office. Our study indicates that partnership for health promotion with county councils (OR=7.78), development of a health overview (OR=3.53), collaboration with non-government sectors (OR=2.85) and low socio-economic status (OR=0.46) are significantly associated with Norwegian municipalities having a PHC. Conclusions: This study suggests that the municipality's implementation of HiAP, as well as lower socio-economic indicators, is associated with the use of PHCs in Norway, but not factors related to municipal structure.


Abstract:Black feminist epistemology and phenomenological inquiry frame a recently published research study (McLane-Davison, 2016) that offers an intimate snapshot of the lives of ten pioneering community health leaders fighting for health justice. The leadership characteristics of these women embodies a similar commitment to community and human rights as the nineteenth century, Black Women's Club movement (Gilkes, 2001), as well as, the nineteen sixties Civil Rights (Abdullah, 2007), and Black Power (Hill-Collins, 2006) movements. When HIV/AIDS emerged, it was yet another reason to advocate for the survival of their communities. As an organic space of safety, the family kitchen is where intergenerational knowledge and collective identity(Beoku-Betts, 1995) provide valuable key ingredients for developing an "advocacy spirit" of Black feminist leadership (Abdullah, 2007; Hill-Collins, 2007; McLane-Davison, 2016) . Being "at the table," where decisions were made, was both necessary and obligatory for addressing the inequities of resources and health outcomes. The findings of this phenomenological study revealed the characteristics of Black feminist leadership in HIV/AIDS community work (McLane-Davison, 2013; 2016). This article answers one of the key research questions: "What value, if any, do Black women bring to the fight against HIV/AIDS?" Black feminist leadership posits that liberation is always a topic when Black women gather. Their intergenerational strategy of "stirring the pot of justice" offers innovative and liberating approaches for sustaining healthier communities.


The debate over non-trade concerns (NTC) and trade liberalisation for the past decade is reviewed and convergences and remaining conflicts are identified. It is found that, while the legitimacy of multifunctionality is no longer controversial and there is a convergence of the views on the best policy instrument for addressing NTC, divergent positions regarding the treatment of NTC in market access commitments still remain. It is concluded that the difference in views on the pace and sequence to arrive at targeted payment solution for non-trade objectives is a root cause. The article presents three justifications for gradual trade reform as a way to resolve the conflicts: the lack of information on the implications of trade liberalisation and the irreversible nature of non-commodity outputs, high initial transaction costs for designing targeted payments for non-commodity outputs, and the costs and time for shifting public funds to financing targeted green box payments.


In this paper, we present a framework for digital forensics that includes an investigation process model  based on physical crime scene procedures. In this model, each digital device is considered a digital crime scene, which is included in the physical crime scene where it is located. The investigation includes the preservation of the system, the search for digital evidence, and the reconstruction of digital events. The focus of the investigation is on the reconstruction of events using evidence so that hypotheses can be developed and tested. This paper also includes definitions and descriptions of the basic and core concepts that the framework uses.


Neurofeedback training combines the principles of complementary medicine with the power of electronics. It is a comprehensive system that promotes growth change at the cellular level of the brain and empowers the client to use his or her mind as a tool for personal healing.Until now, there has not been a single comprehensive yet easy-to-understand guide for clinicians interested in adding neurotherapy to their practice. Getting Started with Neurofeedback is a step-by-step guide for professional health care providers who wish to begin with neurotherapy, as well as experienced clinicians who are looking for a concise treatment guide.This book answers essential questions such as: How does neurotherapy work?, What is the rationale for treatment? When is neurotherapy the treatment of choice? Why should I add it to my already existing healthcare practice? The author also answers questions important to establishing a successful practice such as: What kind of training should clinicians get? What kind of equipment should clinicians buy? How can clinicians add neurofeedback to their existing practice?The first part of the book introduces the reader to the world of neurofeedback, its history and scientific basis. Case studies help clinicians apply what they are learning to their existing practice. Demos takes the mystery out of the assessment process and charts and examples of topographical brain maps (in full color) serve as teaching aids. Later in the book, advanced techniques are explained and demonstrated by additional case studies. The reader is shown how to use biofeedback for the body to augment neurofeedback training as well as being taught to work with the body and acquire a basic knowledge of complementary medicine.The book concludes by offering clinicians practical suggestions on marketing their expanded practice, purchasing equipment, finding appropriate training and supervision, and keeping up with the ever-growing profession of neurofeedback. Research and theory unite to demonstrate the clinical underpinnings for this exciting new modality.


Details are given for an electrodeless hydrogen discharge tube excited in a microwave cavity. The tube is extremely simple in construction. The hydrogen is stored as UH3. The excitation is efficient, and the spectrum is obtained with great strength and purity. Discharge conditions can be held constant much better than in the conventional tubes.


A variety of antitrust market definition questions arise in the newspaper industry. One crucial factor affecting this industry with respect to market definition is that it involves two-sided platforms, with the two key groups being advertisers and readers. For the most part antitrust cases in the newspaper industry have focused on the impact of practices or transactions on advertisers. Despite the growth of so-called new media and its likely role in the continued decline in newspaper circulation rates both the DOJ and the courts continue to view the product market for newspapers fairly narrowly and to argue that various media operate in separate product markets. Geographic markets also tend to be viewed locally, such as a single city or MSA. A key factor leading to such findings is that price discrimination can be exercised with respect to those advertisers that are less able to substitute across media or geographic areas.


Technology, perhaps the most salient feature of our time, affects everything from jobs to international law yet ranks among the most unpredictable facets of human life. Here, Robert McC. Adams, renowned anthropologist and Secretary Emeritus of the Smithsonian Institution, builds a new approach to understanding the circumstances that drive technological change, stressing its episodic, irregular nature. The result is nothing less than a sweeping history of technological transformation from ancient times until now. Rare in antiquity, the bursts of innovations that mark the advance of technology have gradually accelerated and now have become an almost continuous feature of our culture. Repeatedly shifting in direction, this path has been shaped by a host of interacting social, cultural, and scientific forces rather than any deterministic logic. Thus future technological developments, Adams maintains, are predictable only over the very short term. Adams' account highlights Britain and the United States from early modern times onward. Locating the roots of the Industrial Revolution in British economic and social institutions, he goes on to consider the new forms of enterprise in which it was embodied and its loss of momentum in the later nineteenth century. He then turns to the early United States, whose path toward industrialization initially involved considerable "technology transfer" from Britain. Propelled by the advent of mass production, world industrial leadership passed to the United States around the end of the nineteenth century. Government-supported research and development, guided partly by military interests, helped secure this leadership. Today, as Adams shows, we find ourselves in a profoundly changed era. The United States has led the way to a strikingly new multinational pattern of opportunity and risk, where technological primacy can no longer be credited to any single nation. This recent trend places even more responsibility on the state to establish policies that will keep markets open for its companies and make its industries more competitive. Adams concludes with an argument for active government support of science and technology research that should be read by anyone interested in America's ability to compete globally.


Direct access to the Bible was the exception rather than the rule in medieval Europe. Limitations imposed by cost, sacrality and degrees of literacy determined people's ability to own or consult the Bible. The multitude of events and objects, which offered mediated access to the Bible, stand at the core of the dissertation. From liturgy and sermons to church murals and ornate Gospel Books, a mediated biblical world-view was presented to medieval audiences. A close analysis of these media reveals that, although relying on the Bible as a source of authority, its language and narrative were altered in an attempt to make it palatable and effective to medieval audiences. Analyses of specific test cases, such as Palm Sunday processions and Advent sermons, reveal a constant clerical effort of displaying the Bible and its narratives in visual, vernacular and performative ways. The Bible can never be divorced from its physical form and shape. Through an extensive survey of biblical manuscripts, their layout and additions, an inner-biblical hierarchy unfolds, in which the book of Psalms took precedence. This reflects not only the reception of the Psalms, but also the place of these manuscripts at the junction between preaching and liturgy. Attitudes towards biblical manuscripts, and especially gospel books, supply additional evidence for use and provenance of Bibles. An examination of veneration of the Bible in civic and ecclesiastical rituals, from the Ordinary of the Mass to oaths in courts of law, leads to a reevaluation of Bibles and gospel books. The dissertation leads to a new understanding of the Bible within the late medieval sacred economy. It shows how ritual behaviour, content and appearance were intertwined to present a complex notion of the Bible, which has endured until modernity.


Background Using in vivo mouse models, the mechanisms of CD4+ T cell help have been intensively investigated. However, a mechanistic analysis of human CD4+ T cell help is largely lacking. Our goal was to elucidate the mechanisms of human CD4+ T cell help of CD8+ T cell proliferation using a novel in vitro model. Methods/Principal Findings We developed a genetically engineered novel human cell-based artificial APC, aAPC/mOKT3, which expresses a membranous form of the anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody OKT3 as well as other immune accessory molecules. Without requiring the addition of allogeneic feeder cells, aAPC/mOKT3 enabled the expansion of both peripheral and tumor-infiltrating T cells, regardless of HLA-restriction. Stimulation with aAPC/mOKT3 did not expand Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, and expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes predominantly secreted Th1-type cytokines, interferon-γ and IL-2. In this aAPC-based system, the presence of autologous CD4+ T cells was associated with significantly improved CD8+ T cell expansion in vitro. The CD4+ T cell derived cytokines IL-2 and IL-21 were necessary but not sufficient for this effect. However, CD4+ T cell help of CD8+ T cell proliferation was partially recapitulated by both adding IL-2/IL-21 and by upregulation of IL-21 receptor on CD8+ T cells. Conclusions We have developed an in vitro model that advances our understanding of the immunobiology of human CD4+ T cell help of CD8+ T cells. Our data suggests that human CD4+ T cell help can be leveraged to expand CD8+ T cells in vitro.


Most planetary events discovered up to date by the planetary caustic of close-separation planets have low-mass ratios. In next-generation microlensing experiments with a wider field of view and a higher cadence, it is possible to obtain densely covered planetary signals induced by the planetary caustic of close-separation planets without missing events. Therefore, the planetary caustic perturbation of close-separation planets would be the more important channel to detect low-mass exoplanets in the next generation of microlensing surveys. In this paper, we investigate the theoretical properties and detection conditions for the planetary caustic perturbation of close-separation planets. To find the properties of the planetary caustic perturbation, we construct deviation maps by subtracting the single-lensing magnification of the lens star from the planetary lensing magnification for various lensing parameters. We find that each deviation area of the positive and negative perturbations disappears at the same normalized source radius according to a given deviation threshold regardless of mass ratio but disappears at a different normalized source radius according to the separation. We also estimate the upper limit of the normalized source radius to detect the planetary caustic perturbation. We find simple relations between the upper limit of the normalized source radius and the lensing parameters. From the relations, we obtain an analytic condition for the theoretical detection limit of the planet, which shows that we can sufficiently discover a planet with a sub-Earth-mass for typical microlensing events. Therefore, we conclude that our planet-detection condition of can be used as an important criteria for maximal planet detections, considering the source type and the photometric accuracy and expect that a number of low-mass planets will be added from the next-generation microlensing experiments.


This article addresses the nature of validation in assessment, that is, the question of what we know, and the processes by which we come to know, in assessing student work. Interest in this question started with a panel discussion at the Kenton Education Conference between the three authors of this article. This article is a continuation of that discussion. It begins by drawing on the basic distinction between the hermeneutics of faith and the hermeneutics of suspicion, first set out by Paul Ricoeur. These are two ontological moments in social science theory, in every day life, in teaching and in assessment. They cannot be separated. Nevertheless, and quite problematically, much of the assessment literature, and much assessment activity, ignores the first and emphasizes the second. In addition, there is significant assessment activity in teaching which incorporates implicitly and silently, non-cognitive and situational factors, based on the hermeneutics of faith. Our question is: How is one, then, to validate judgements made in this post-positivist mode? How is one to assess the assessor? We conclude the paper with tentative suggestions of how criteria drawn from qualitative research and from psychotherapy can be helpful in this regard.


PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
This review identifies specific cardiotoxicity related to anthracycline chemotherapy, specific risk factors related to increased anthracycline chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and underlying mechanisms of action of anthracycline chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.

LITERATURE SEARCH
PubMed®, CINAHL®, Embase®, and Web of Science were searched in May 2018 using keywords related to heart diseases, anthracycline chemotherapy, and breast cancer.

DATA EVALUATION
Data were extracted, and study quality was assessed according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

SYNTHESIS
1,117 articles were identified through the literature search. After a review of the abstracts and articles, 15 clinical studies were identified for the final analysis by using exclusion and inclusion criteria.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Nurses should recognize the critical elements for prevention and early detection of anthracycline chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity.


Background: Radiation dose which important organs under lead block received from split field irradiation using Cobalt-60 machine can be indirectly estimated by manual calculation taking longer time, or by computer planning, costing very high. Moreover, the data of radiation physics of each Cobalt-60 machine and the ability to protect radiation of each lead block probably differ. Objective: To study the radiation dose under lead block which has thickness of 5 cm and wideness of about 4.6 cm at a distance of 80 cm from the radiation source in split field irradiation with source-axis distance technique using Cobalt-60 machine (Theratron 780C). Materials & Methods: By studying the % primary transmission of the lead block then the % transmitted dose under lead block. The study was performed in water phantom using ionization chamber NE 0.60 cc Robust Farmer 2581 (polystyrene cap) when the lead block the located on central axis and off-axis 1 to 4 cm. The field size and measurement depth studied were 10x10 to 25x25 cm2 and 0.811 to 11.811 cm respectively. Results: The % primary transmission of the lead block was about 4%. The minimum % transmitted dose for all field size and measurement depth studied was 5.2113% at measurement depth of 0.811 cm with field size of 10x10 cm2 and on off-axis 4 cm whereas the maximum was 21.7330% at measurement depth of 11.811 cm with field size of 25 cm2 on central axis. Conclusion: The lead block can reduce radiation dose down to about 96% Radiation dose under lead block depends on field size, location of the shield and measurement depth.


This study investigates teachers' and pupils' roles in the teaching and learning of
elementary history in relation to the social studies curriculum in Turkish schools. The
methodological design of the study embraces both quantitative and qualitative research
methods. Questionnaires were completed by 219 elementary teachers in Istanbul and
Samsun in Turkey. Seven class teachers and three head teachers took part in the interview
process based in the study's three case schools in the Bafra district of Samsun.
Observations took place in three fourth and three fifth grade elementary classrooms of the
same schools and lasted three weeks.
The study argues that children must be given a sense of the discipline of history by
introducing historical enquiry as the basis of the school history teaching in order that pupils
will develop the skills which make significant contributions to their cognitive development
(see Chapter three).
From the analysis of the data the study found that:
- There were gaps between teachers' espoused child-centred curriculum theories and their
classroom practices. Teachers preferred whole class teaching techniques (i. e. lecturing and
questioning) as the means of delivering the curriculum. The curriculum itself was too
broad and too knowledge-based.
- History was seen as a vehicle in citizenship education based on the political events of
national history. The subject's classroom activities were dominated by textbooks and the
practice of 'pupil's recitation' which was limited to the memorisation of factual
information.
- Teachers mostly used a style of questioning which checked pupils' historical knowledge
rather than their historical understanding.
- From the analysis of interview data and Turkish curriculum documents, the study argued
that the teachers could be classified as 'national utopians' and 'utilitarian/instrumentalists'
in their perceptions of elementary education. This affected their teaching styles.
- The analysis of video-tape data showed that teachers used three main teaching styles. On
the basis of a further classification teachers were grouped as 'lecturers', 'controllers of
proxy teaching' and 'questioners'. The relationship between teaching styles and teachers'
perceptions of elementary education is discussed in chapters five and six.
- The teachers thought that they were experts in the teaching of literacy and numeracy and
argued that subject specialism was only to be considered in other areas of the curriculum.
- This study also confirmed that the social studies textbooks used in the classrooms
involved in the study were not appropriate to pupils' understanding and reading levels (see
chapters five and six). During the observations, it was recorded that below average pupils
used their textbooks less than the above average and average pupils. The textbooks were
less likely to promote the task related behaviour category 'working' than other materials.
The study has implications for the process of educational change beyond the teaching of
history. It focuses on issues of curriculum and practice in Turkish elementary schools by
analysing the factors affecting teachers' perceptions of curriculum policy and their own
practices. It investigates each of these areas and presents the implications for policy,
theory, practice and research in Chapter seven by concluding that the starting point for a
rational educational policy should be partnership with teachers. Therefore, the study argues
that teachers must be included in research projects and that such projects need to use a
variety of techniques based on classroom practice, (e. g. interview analysis, observation
techniques, questionnaires, document analysis, case studies and action research) explored
and evaluated throughout this study.


In November 2007, the online bookseller Amazon released the Kindle, an electronic-book (e-book) reader, and sparked publicity for this new device capable of holding the contents of hundreds of books. A few e-book reader devices had preceded the Kindle, but Amazon's device had access to a far larger number of digital books with 88,000 on its launch. Moreover, "The Kindle's real breakthrough," explained Steven Levy in a cover article for Newsweek on Amazon's e-book reader, "springs from a feature that its predecessors never offered: wireless connectivity, via a system called Whispernet." In an assessment of The Kindle in The New York Times, David Pogue predicted that although most readers would prefer "the cost and the simplicity of a paper book, the Kindle is by far the most successful stab yet at taking reading material into the digital age." And in a post on the blog for Oxford University Press, Evan Schnittman noted that along with Amazon's tremendous selling power, the release of the Kindle "represents perhaps the most significant moment in the history of eBooks." In addition to providing publicity for Amazon's e-book reader, however, the media coverage about the launch of the Kindle prompted and intensified conversations about what some generally referred to as the future of reading. For some, the emergence of new digitized books signaled the emergence of new kinds of readers. The vast bodies of information available on the web and the developments of digital literacy shaped by new media have contributed significantly to innovations to practices of reading. Also, the technologically-influenced changes to practices of reading have certainly had important effects on how students and scholars experience American literature. And while scholars have become more and more active in discussions concerning the interactions between new media, literary art, and evolving reading practices, there has been relatively little scholarship that considers what such technological changes might mean for studying and teaching African American literature. How might web-based bibliographical work on historically-significant African American authors enhance our approaches to reading and appreciating those writers? What factors account for the lack of innovative digital archives featuring black literary artists? In what ways are online approaches to teaching being used to expose students to African American literature? For those of us interested in Richard Wright, addressing such questions could be imperative. Prevalent technological trends over the last years suggest that we should consider more thoroughly and publicly the future of reading Wright in this increasingly digital world. WRIGHT AND THE CHALLENGE OF THE WEB; OR, WHAT WOULD KENETH KINNAMON DO? Wright scholars, no doubt, owe a debt of gratitude to the late Keneth Kinnamon, a tireless researcher who produced extensive bibliographies annotating an incredible number of materials pertaining to scholarship and general information on Wright. Kinnamon's leading role in compiling entries for A Richard Wright Bibliography: Fifty Years of Criticism and Commentary, 1933-1982 (1988) and Richard Wright: An Annotated Bibliography of Criticism and Commentary, 1983-2003 (2005), for instance, are monumental bibliographic undertakings. Taken together, those two works alone contain more than 20,000 annotated Wright-related items, which were gathered from more than fifty countries, including Cuba, Denmark, Indonesia, Japan, Germany, Venezuela, and Zaire to name a few. Amazingly, at least from a modern-day perspective, those expansive bibliographies were largely compiled without the luxuries of internet search engines and databases that now place so much information at our fingertips and on our computer screens. Kinnamon's bibliographies confirm the diverse and long-term interest that citizens the world over have shown in Wright's creative output. Kinnamon's work also reveals the existence of active networks of writers, publishers, teachers, and scholars who concentrated on a major African American author. …


ABSTRACT This paper presents some of the efforts by the authors towards numerical prediction of springing of ships. A time-domain Higher Order Boundary Element Method (HOBEM) based on cubic shape function is first presented to solve a complete second-order problem in terms of wave steepness and ship motions in a consistent manner. In order to avoid high order derivatives on the body surfaces, e.g. mj-terms, a new formulation of the Boundary Value Problem in a body-fixed coordinate system has been proposed instead of traditional formulation in inertial coordinate system. The local steady flow effects on the unsteady waves are taken into account. Double-body flow is used as the basis flow which is an appropriate approximation for ships with moderate forward speed. This numerical model was used to estimate the complete second order wave excitation of springing of a displacement ship at constant forward speeds.


The Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of cancer is a relatively new area of cancer research. It involves the use of tumour specific drugs that are non-toxic in the absence of light but, when irradiated, react either with oxygen to give the cytotoxic singlet oxygen or directly with biomolecules and so cause cell death. Clinical PDT currently relies on porphyrin based drugs that have deleterious side effects.
A range of novel triarylmethane dyes based on Victoria Blue, a class of cationic photosensitisers which show promise for PDT, have been synthesised via their leuco bases from novel and known derivatives of benzhydrol and of 1-naphthylamine. A new synthesis of derivatives of the latter has been successfully developed and the synthesis of other intermediates has been improved. In addition, two series of new analogues of Victoria Blue in which vinyl or ethynyl units are inserted between the central carbon atom and the naphthalene moiety have been prepared by a variety of new and established routes. The work also includes a novel 3-step synthesis of some 3,6-bis(dialkylamino)fluoren-9-ones and a study of their subsequent conversion into the corresponding dyes and related compounds. The synthesis of some previously unknown benzopyranyl derivatives of Malachite Green has also been achieved and that of known and new 2,3-dimethyl analogues of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet has been improved.
The UV-visible absorption spectra of these dyes have been recorded in acetic acid-water mixtures and their interpretation has provided a much better understanding of pen hindrance in tertiary 1-naphthylamines, the importance of which has been confirmed by 'H NMR spectroscopy. The steric and electronic effects of the naphthalene ring in the Victoria Blue series have been clarified. Compounds containing extended chromophores showed red shifts of 80 to 100 nm of their absorption band but no significant increase in their absorption coefficients when compared to the parent triarylmethane dyes. It is suggested that these red shifts have different origins.
Increased planarity in the fluorenyl analogues of Victoria Blue produced a significant red shift of the absorption, but led to the deconjugation of the unbridged naphthyl ring and thus to the reduced stability of the dye cation. The absorption spectra of the heterocycic derivatives are broadly in line with the theoretically derived parameters.


This paper focuses on carbon-intensive export industries in Latin America and the Caribbean in order to analyze how climate change mitigation policies in the developed countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) influence trade patterns in developing countries. In particular, it examines Latin American's exposure to potential embodied carbon tariffs and the region's response and actions to avoid said tariffs. The carbon-intensive industries in Latin America were chosen as examples based on the list of industrial sectors identified as "exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage" in the European Commission Decision at the end of 2009