Thanks to greater career opportunities, savvy investments and longer lives, women are sitting on a pile of money that has the potential to change the world.The combined net worth of the 1.6 million female top wealth holders is $2.2 trillion. The average net worth of those women is $1.38 million, slightly higher than for the same group of men. A Boston College study found that among married women executives at Fortune 500 companies, 75% actually out-earned their husbands.With much of this wealth potentially available to higher education, it's important to engage women ad donors and advocates for your program, said Debra Engle, VP for development and Karlene Jennings, director of development for the university library, both at Iowa State University. They spoke it at the University of Nebraska conference on Women, in Educational Leadership in September.


Abstract A clear understanding of habitat associations of martens (Martes americana) is necessary to effectively manage and monitor populations. However, this information was lacking for martens in most of their southern range, particularly during the summer season. We studied the distribution and habitat correlates of martens from 2004 to 2006 in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) across 3 spatial scales: site-specific, home-range, and landscape. We used remote-sensored cameras from early August through late October to inventory occurrence of martens and modeled occurrence as a function of habitat and landscape variables using binary response (BR) and binomial count (BC) logistic regression, and occupancy modeling (OM). We also assessed which was the most appropriate modeling technique for martens in RMNP. Of the 3 modeling techniques, OM appeared to be most appropriate given the explanatory power of derived models and its incorporation of detection probabilities, although the results from BR and BC provided corroborating evidence of important habitat correlates. Location of sites in the western portion of the park, riparian mixed-conifer stands, and mixed-conifer with aspen patches were most frequently positively correlated with occurrence of martens, whereas more xeric and open sites were avoided. Additionally, OM yielded unbiased occupancy values ranging from 91% to 100% and 20% to 30% for the western and eastern portions of RMNP, respectively.


Rate constants for the reaction between a secondary alkyl radical and two different sulfonyl azides were determined using bimolecular competing radical reactions. The rates of azidation were determined by competition with hydrogen atom transfer from tris(trimethylsilyl)silane ((TMS)3SiH) of the 4-phenylcyclohexyl radical. 3-Pyridinesulfonyl azide and trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide were found to have rate constants for azidation of 2 × 105 M–1 s–1 and 7 × 105 M–1 s–1 at 80°C, respectively.


This purpose of this thesis is to examine the way in which Herman Melville utilizes the minstrel stereotype not as tool subjugation, but as a means of empowerment and marker of identity in the "Stubb's Supper" chapter of Moby-Dick. By first contextualizing the cultural and political environment of 1850-51, the year of Moby-Dick's composition, an analysis is constructed in order to take into account the effects of personal, familial, political, philosophical, and cultural factors on Melville's construction of race. An examination of Melville's familial and personal ties to the recently enforced Fugitive Slave Law in Boston is considered in order to suggest a series of powerful influences were effecting Melville during Moby-Dick's composition. In addition, philosophical and historical studies are conducted in order to further contextualize and strengthen a close reading of "Stubb's Supper."


The term Enlightened Absolutism reflects a
certain tension between its two components. This
tension is in a way a continuation of the dichotomy
between power on one hand and law on the other.
The present paper shall provide an analysis of these
two concepts from the perspective of Carl Gottlieb
Svarez, who, in his position as a high-ranking
Prussian civil servant and legal reformist, had
unparalleled influence on the legislative history
of the Prussian states towards the end of the 18th
century. Working side-by-side with Johann Heinrich
Casimir von Carmer, who held the post of
Prussian minister of justice from 1779 to 1798,
Svarez was able to make use of his talent for
reforming and legislating. From 1780 to 1794 he
was primarily responsible for the elaboration of
the codification of the Prussian private law – the
»Allgemeines Landrecht fur die Preusischen Staaten« in 1794. In the present paper, Svarez' approach
to the relation between law and power shall be
analysed on two different levels. Firstly, on a
theoretical level, the reformist's thoughts and reflections
as laid down in his numerous works,
papers and memorandums, shall be discussed.
Secondly, on a practical level, the question of the
extent to which he implemented his ideas in
Prussian legal reality shall be explored.


In this essay, Duane argues that reading two disparate texts together-the largely unknown school records chronicling the work of antebellum black children and a text by the most prominent African American author in the canon-allows a powerful model to emerge for reading the mediated voices of children, slaves, and other marginalized people. Duane recovers and analyzes the records of the New York African Free School in the 1810s and 1820s, an archive that features the work of the first generation of black children to inherit freedom in New York City. She argues that the scripted performances of the NYAFS students offer insight into a set of overlapping cultural metaphors that structured black-white relations throughout the nineteenth century and beyond. The interaction between black students and white teachers anticipates the treatment that many early black abolitionists received from white abolitionists-of which the famous clash between Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison is the most prominent example. By untangling the assumptions that underlie these performances, Duane suggests that we can better understand and analyze other interactions scripted by the overarching and intertwined beliefs that African Americans were children, and that children's subjectivities could be shaped according to the will of their educators.


This thesis presents three papers in the field of international finance and provides a study of the international capital flows from a macro-finance perspective.

The first paper is an empirical investigation of the relative importance of hot money in bank credit and portfolio flows from the U.S. to 18 emerging markets over the period 1988-2012. We deploy state-space models a la Kalman filter to identify the unobserved hot money as the temporary component of each type of flow. The analysis reveals that the importance of hot money relative to the permanent component in bank credit flows has significantly increased during the 2000s relative to the 1990s. This finding is robust to controlling for the influence of push and pull factors in the two unobserved components. The evidence supports indirectly the view that global banks have played an important role in the transmission of the global financial crisis to emerging markets, and endorses the use of regulations to manage international capital flows.

The second paper examines the role played by cross-border equity, bond and bank credit flows versus international trade in the transmission of the U.S. subprime crisis to equity markets worldwide. We estimate vector autoregressive models with exogenous global factors using monthly data on 36 emerging and developed countries. The results from an eclectic methodology that includes causality tests, generalized impulse responses and forecast error variance decompositions indicate that the subprime crisis is mostly transmitted through bank credit rather than portfolio flows and international trade. The results are robust to altering the exogenous versus endogenous vectors of variables, to measuring equity prices in U.S. dollars or local currency, to averaging the data across countries versus averaging the parameters from individual country estimation, and to redefining the start date of the crisis. The findings endorse the use of banking regulation and capital controls as part of the policy toolkit to limit financial vulnerability.

Finally, the third paper examine the two steps and the prediction of Uncovered Equity Parity (UEP). Within a portfolio-rebalancing framework, UEP predicts that countries with strong equity markets should experience a currency depreciation, as higher total returns in domestic equity market will cause foreign investors to repatriate some of their investments to decrease their exchange rate exposure, leading to exchange rate depreciation. Using daily equity flow data including all the recorded trades of foreign investors for six Asian EMs from the 1990s to 2013, we find a positive rather than a negative relationship between currency and equity returns. We document that it is because the foreigners in aggregate chase returns rather than rebalance their portfolios in emerging markets, while foreign equity flows do cause exchange rate movements in the same direction. Thus, we unveil another side of UEP. Additionally, we find little evidence that foreign equity flows respond to past currency returns, suggesting that foreign equity investors only use local currency as a vehicle investing in emerging markets.


Cracking of massive concrete structures like offshore and nuclear power plants structures is an important issue in designing and maintaining such structures. The low tensile strength of concrete can destroy the structural aesthetics and expose steel reinforcements to severe environmental conditions, leading to corrosion of reinforcement and other deterioration. -- The present research investigation ultimately aims to investigate the general behavior of steel-reinforced normal- and high-strength concrete panels subjected to uniaxial and biaxial direct tension loading taking into consideration the effect of the set of parameters that have the most significant effect on the cracking response. This investigation includes experimental, theoretical, and numerical modeling phases for the cracking response. -- The experimental study incorporates the effect of some important parameters such as the concrete strength, bar diameter, bar spacing, concrete cover, and reinforcement ratio on the cracking response of concrete panels. To conduct the current experimental investigation, a special test setup was designed and fabricated. The loading system was equipped to make it possible to simultaneously apply loads in both directions. Results of the experimental work will be presented in terms of cracking behavior (cracking load, crack spacing, crack width, and crack pattern and the mode of failure), stresses and strains in concrete and steel reinforcement before and after cracking. -- Compared with NSC panels, HSC panels showed lower strains and greater tension stiffening response at a given load level thanks to the corresponding improvement of the bond between the reinforcing steel bars and the high strength concrete matrix. The panels tested under biaxial loading conditions showed lower concrete tensile strength and tension stiffening response, compared with the panels subjected to uniaxial loading conditions. This reduction in the tensile strength of concrete panels subjected to biaxial loading was found to be equal to 5% - 15%. The reduction of the tension stiffening contribution of concrete between cracks due to applying the axial into biaxial direction became more significant as the reinforcing bar diameter was increased. -- An analytical study was conducted to study the bond characteristics between concrete and steel reinforcing bars. Also, a practical and new analytical model, which is capable of predicting the crack spacing of orthogonally reinforced concrete plate panels, was developed. Afterwards, this study developed a model for evaluating crack widths for thick reinforced concrete plates subjected to in-plane axial loading. The calculation procedure was supported by an evaluation of existing test data. -- Finally, the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete plates using the damage plasticity model was performed. The tension stiffening model developed in this study was implemented to simulate the cracking response of the concrete. The numerical results show reasonable accuracy in predicting the behavior of steel-reinforced concrete panels.


Recent progress on pancreatic stem/progenitor cell research has revealed that the putative multipotent pancreatic stem/progenitor cells and/or more committed beta cell precursors may persist in the pancreatic gland in adult life. The presence of immature pancreatic cells with stem cell-like properties offers the possibility of stimulating their in vivo expansion and differentiation or to use their ex vivo expanded progenies for beta cell replacement-based therapies for type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. In addition, the transplantation of either insulin-producing beta cells derived from embryonic, fetal and other tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells or genetically modified adult stem/progenitor cells may also constitute alternative promising therapies for treating diabetic patients. The genetic and/or epigenetic alterations in putative pancreatic adult stem/progenitor cells and/or their early progenies may, however, contribute to their acquisition of a dysfunctional behaviour as well as their malignant transformation into pancreatic cancer stem/progenitor cells. More particularly, the activation of distinct tumorigenic signalling cascades, including the hedgehog, epidermal growth factor–epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF–EGFR) system, wingless ligand (Wnt)/β-catenin and/or stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)–CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) pathways may play a major role in the sustained growth, survival, metastasis and/or drug resistance of pancreatic cancer stem/progenitor cells and their further differentiated progenies. The combination of drugs that target the oncogenic elements in pancreatic cancer stem/progenitor cells and their microenvironment, with the conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, could represent promising therapeutic strategies. These novel targeted therapies should lead to the development of more effective treatments of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancers, which remain incurable with current therapies.


We designed and modeled a nonvolatile memory device that utilizes the Rashba spin-orbit coupling (SOC) to write data onto a free ferromagnetic (FM) layer and uses the tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) effect for data read-back. The magnetic RAM (MRAM) device consists of a free (switchable) FM multilayer stack, in which a large internal electric field is induced at the interfaces between the oxide and the FM layer. In the FM layer, data writing by magnetization switching occurs via the Rashba-induced spin torque, while the data reading process in the system could be fulfilled via the current-perpendicular-to-plane TMR response. A general equation of motion for the local moments has been obtained by formally deriving the SU(2) spin-orbit gauge field arising due to SOC and the critical current density is estimated to be 1.2 ×108 A/cm2. Micromagnetic simulations were performed to demonstrate the Rashba-induced switching mechanism. By choosing or fabricating alloys with a lower magnetocrystalline anisotropy and enhancing the Rashba coupling strength via surface or interfacial engineering, the critical current may be further reduced to well below 107 A/cm2, a level that may enable the practical realization of a single-layer Rashba-induced magnetization switching memory.


Many AI-related reasoning problems are based on the problem of satisfiability (SAT). While SAT itself becomes easy when restricting the structure of the formulas in a certain way, this is not guaranteed for more involved reasoning problems. In this work, we focus on reasoning tasks in the areas of belief revision and logic-based abduction and show that in some cases the restriction to Krom formulas (i.e., formulas in CNF where clauses have at most two literals) decreases the complexity, while in others it does not. We thus also consider additional restrictions to Krom formulas towards a better identification of the tractability frontier of such problems.


Deep venous thrombosis and thromboembolism are significant health risks, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Chronically ill and hospitalized patients, particularly those with cancer, have a high risk for developing these conditions. Mechanical inferior vena cava (IVC) filtration has been standard care for patients with these conditions in whom anticoagulation therapy is contraindicated or has failed. This article reviews caval filters and the current indications for using mechanical IVC filters, including retrievable versus permanent filters, focusing on their use in treating venous thromboembolism in cancer patients.


Prevailing models place spectrin downstream of ankyrin in a pathway of assembly and function in polarized cells. We used a transgene rescue strategy in Drosophila melanogaster to test contributions of four specific functional sites in β spectrin to its assembly and function. (1) Removal of the pleckstrin homology domain blocked polarized spectrin assembly in midgut epithelial cells and was usually lethal. (2) A point mutation in the tetramer formation site, modeled after a hereditary elliptocytosis mutation in human erythrocyte spectrin, had no detectable effect on function. (3) Replacement of repetitive segments 4–11 of β spectrin with repeats 2–9 of α spectrin abolished function but did not prevent polarized assembly. (4) Removal of the putative ankyrin-binding site had an unexpectedly mild phenotype with no detectable effect on spectrin targeting to the plasma membrane. The results suggest an alternate pathway in which spectrin directs ankyrin assembly and in which some important functions of spectrin are independent of ankyrin.


The choice of system boundaries and allocation methods can have decisive effects on the results and conclusions of a life cycle assessment (LCA). System expansion makes it possible to model the indirect effects of a decision; however, this modelling is often based on inaccurate assumptions. Subdivision and/or allocation based on physical, causal relationships model the consequences of a decision that affects the internally used functions but not the exported functions of a multi-function process. Allocation based on gross sales value model the causes of environmental burdens. System expansion and marginal data can be used in most LCA applications. It can be expected to contribute to individual decisions and actions that result in a lower level of environmental burdens per functional unit than would have been the case without the LCA; however, the modelling of indirect and marginal effects may be restricted by other methodological requirements, such as acceptability, feasibility, and, in some applications, the need for a detailed methodological standard. This thesis includes a new approach to the allocation problem in open-loop recycling. This approach models the indirect effects of a change in the supply of, or demand for, the recycled material. It can be used for system expansion as well as for allocation. It takes important mechanisms into account, but the precision in the model can be poor. The 50/50 allocation method presented in an earlier paper can be regarded as an approximation of the new approach. Important methodological issues in the environmental comparison between recycling and waste incineration of wastepaper, old corrugated board, etc. include the modelling of indirect effects and the choice of data for electricity production. The indirect effects depend on which energy source competes with energy from wastepaper incineration, on which material is replaced by the recycled paper, and on the alternative use of forest resources that are not required for pulpwood production. All of these, as well as the marginal electricity production, depend on the time-perspective and on other waste management, forestry, and energy policies.


Dense event captioning aims to detect and describe all events of interest contained in a video. Despite the advanced development in this area, existing methods tackle this task by making use of dense temporal annotations, which is dramatically source-consuming. This paper formulates a new problem: weakly supervised dense event captioning, which does not require temporal segment annotations for model training. Our solution is based on the one-to-one correspondence assumption, each caption describes one temporal segment, and each temporal segment has one caption, which holds in current benchmark datasets and most real world cases. We decompose the problem into a pair of dual problems: event captioning and sentence localization and present a cycle system to train our model. Extensive experimental results are provided to demonstrate the ability of our model on both dense event captioning and sentence localization in videos.


Inelastic scatterings turn out to occupy an essential place in sensing applications, since they simply require a plain optical fibre as sensing element, with no special preparation. They give rise to energy and momentum transfers with the fibre material and make thus possible to access to material properties other than the simple optical linear response. In addition, inelastic scatterings can exist in a stimulated flavour that gives rise to dynamic couplings between all the waves involved in the interaction. This way efficient energy transfers between optical waves can be realized via the intercession of material vibrations to eventually generate optical amplification.


The focus of the EU regulations on the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-Sharing leaves the control of access to genetic resources up to each member state. France has chosen to control access and is going to put in place regulations for it. All the materials received should have specific documentation regarding the accession of genetic resources, where there is a National Authority to issue them. The European commission will maintain a list of biological collections with registered status proposed by each country. The member states are responsible for considering inclusion and verification of these collections. In recent years, the Collection of Institut Pasteur (CIP) staff has expressed concern over how to interact with the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol in the collection but also at the national level with the aim that the CIP will be a registered collection. The advantage of accessing resources from a registered collection is that users of genetic resources will be considered as having exercised 'due diligence' if they source their genetic resources from these collections. This could facilitate the process for scientists when applying for research funding. The CIP organized the accession of new deposits and the distribution of micro-organisms in connection with it.


About the book:
This book - one in the four-volume set, Global Governance and the Quest for Justice - focuses on the role of corporations in an increasingly globalised world.

Against the backcloth of perceived abuse of corporate power - alleged violations of human rights, degradation of the environment, abuse of labour, Enron-style financial scandals, and the like - the chapters in this collection examine the nature and function of the corporation as well as the way in which we should understand corporate governance and the power of transnational corporations. Central to the question is the issue of accountability, as well as the questions of social and environmental responsibility - here the authors ask whether corporations should be more accountable relative to the broader public interest, and suggest that public law approaches to accountability may offer a way forward. Consideration is also given to the most appropriate regulatory locus (local, regional, or international) and the most effective form of response to the deficit in corporate responsibility and the abuse of corporate power. For example, are transnational corporations most effectively regulated internationally (e.g., by the United Nations), regionally (e.g., by the EU or NAFTA) or locally (e.g., through stringent reporting requirements and implementation of triple bottom line standards)?


It seing often in capital markets the prices floating of real estate companies with low correlation with what the companies are really doing in their decisions. For that reason, the discussion on how to identify by disclosure information the fair value of those companies intensified both among its managers and capital market analysts. Traditional valuation models proved inadequate and require adaptations for use in those companies, as well as the identification and characterization of value drivers. This article aims to propose a framework of value drivers (taxonomy), tangible or intangible, identifying which are the assets that have greater influence on the value generation and why this influence, enabling investors and analysts to better assess the value of companies in the sector. After a literature review as well as the analysis of the IPO Prospectus and the financial statements available to the public, taxonomy was proposed to measure the value of the real estate companies in four dimensions: property capital, human capital, market capital and relational capital. In each dimension were identified tangible and intangible assets and these related to value generation through indicators and benchmarks.


Abstract This paper investigates the effects of social assistance on subjective well-being looking at the case of Kyrgyzstan. For this purpose, we exploit recent changes in the design of social assistance and apply a difference in difference (DiD) method combined with an inverse probability weighting (IPW) technique. In contrast to the existing literature, we find that in the short-term, the receipt of social assistance benefits is associated with lower levels of subjective well-being. Our findings also reveal that participation in social assistance leads to some reduction in satisfaction regarding recipients' own economic conditions. Moreover, we find that the negative effects on subjective well-being disappear for the oldest generations, which experienced the dissolution of the Soviet Union. By contrast, the effect is negative for the youth, who grew up in a new society where needing help is ultimately the responsibility of the individual citizen. For individuals with high trust in political institutions, the negative effect of state intervention does not hold, while it persists in case of low trust in political institutions.


Abstract Ore deposits form by a variety of natural processes that concentrate elements into a small volume that can be economically mined. Their type, character and abundance reflect the environment in which they formed and thus they preserve key evidence for the evolution of magmatic and tectonic processes, the state of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the evolution of life over geological time. This volume presents 13 papers on topical subjects in ore deposit research viewed in the context of Earth evolution. These diverse, yet interlinked, papers cover topics including: controls on the temporal and spatial distribution of ore deposits; the sources of fluid, gold and other components in orogenic gold deposits; the degree of oxygenation in the Neoproterozoic ocean; bacterial immobilization of gold in the semi-arid near-surface environment; and mineral resources for the future, including issues of resource estimation, sustainability of supply and the criticality of certain elements to society.


Does price have anything to do with Wine? The consumer price-perceived quality has always been used by consumers when they gauge the quality of a product or service. In this article, we develop three propositions which show how the consumer uses the price-perceived quality in the wine industry. For all types of wines, there will be attributes like ratings, brand name and word of mouth that will affect the purchase. The goal in this paper is to offer propositions that can motivate empirical research pertaining to the factors that influence how consumers use the price-perceived quality heuristic to determine which wine is worth the money that they are paying for. The findings will point to several ways that wine sellers can realign programs and reallocate resources to raise profitability levels and reduce costs. Primary among them are the development and articulation of whether to upgrade to meet the rating criteria, whether to invest in the brand name or to address public perception through viral marketing.


Summary
1.
The effects of Atabrine and Plasmochin were observed in a highly malarious area of Calhoun County, Georgia, where a thick blood smear index of school children in six districts showed 80.1 per cent positive for malaria in October, 1932.
2.
Because of the high incidence of subtertian malaria, 0.01 gram Plasmochin was given three times a week throughout the malaria seasons of 1933 and 1934, and Atabrine 0.1 gram three times a day (three tablets) for five days, whenever monthly blood smears showed positive, or clinical symptoms developed.
3.
Throughout both seasons there was a satisfactory control of gametocyte productions, which it is believed, was due to Plasmochin.
4.
Most striking results were obtained in the reduction of malaria infection in the treated area as compared with an untreated district immediately adjoining the treated area. This was due to the effect of Atabrine. At the end of the 1933 malaria season the rate in the treated area was 10.9 per cent, as compared with a rate of 60.3 in the untreated area. In October, 1933, those in the untreated area received full course treatments of Atabrine. there was little variation in the rate during the early part of 1934, but as the season advanced there was an increase to 28.8 in the area originally untreated, whereas in the regularly treated area the incidence was only 8.8 at the close of the season in October.
5.
Atabrine has been found particularly effective in the sterilization of carriers. Of 186 positive cases before treatment in May and June, 1933, only 15 were positive in October. Of the 15 cases, only one was positive in July, 1934 and 5 in October. There was, therefore, a reduction of 96.8 per cent at the height of the malaria season in October, 1934.
6.
The beneficial effects of both drugs are probably accountable for the lower infection rates among those individuals originally negative in the treated area, as compared with a similar group in the untreated area. Likewise, the percentage of those who were orginally negative and remained negative throughout a two year period was very considerably greater in the treated area as compared with a similar group in the untreated area (table 3). These observations are believed to be of considerable importance in malaria prevention, for they demonstrate the value of carrier control programs in the cure and prevention of malaria.
7.
With winter intervening in the temperate zone to aid in malaria prevention, it is believed that the effectiveness of Atabrine and Plasmochin marks an important advance in the control of malaria in this latitude.
8.
The short course of treatment necessary, the effectiveness of Atabrine as a schizonticide, and the efficacy of Plasmochin as a gametocide have been proved.
9.
The course of treatment with these preparations is short, and this emphasizes the value of these drugs in malaria control.
10.
These drugs should prove of great value in lowering malaria infection in connection with drainage projects, or in areas where drainage is not feasible because of costs.
11.
Taking into consideration the epidemiology of malaria and cost of drainage, drug control is particularly applicable and advisable in rural areas.
The figures in table 1 have been tested by the usual methods to show that the reduction of malarial infection in the drug treatment area is statistically significant.


In 1895 the critic Edouard Dujardin reviewed a production of an Offenbach opera in a brief article titled "De la Perichole et de l'Absolu dans la musique." That Dujardin invoked the term "absolute" in a discussion of a stage work suggests that, for him, "the absolute in music" was defined by something other than the presence or absence of texts. Moreover, that Dujardin uses the phrase "absolute in music" rather than "absolute music" suggests the terrain of the absolute was not exclusively musical. This article reveals that the word "absolute" had a rich and varied history in French intellectual discourse of the nineteenth century. By placing the writings of music critics alongside those of philosophers such as Victor Cousin, Auguste Comte, Hippolyte Taine, and Etienne Vacherot, I show that the word "absolute" evoked decades of ideological tensions—between Catholicism and secularism, between faith and positivism, and between monarchy and constitution—stemming from the culture wars of post-revolutionary France. Dujardin and his colleagues effectively made music criticism another arena where these battles were fought.


ABSTRACT Recent studies have reported a high prevalence of autistic spectrum conditions (ASCs) in adults with gender dysphoria (GD) versus the general population (Jones et al., 2012; Pasterski, Gilligan, & Curtis, 2014). This study utilized snowball sampling to collect data on gender identities, self-reported diagnoses of ASCs, and AQ-10 scores of individuals with GD. Of 446 respondents, 14% reported an ASC diagnosis. Higher AQ-10 scores were observed in those defining as male (M = 5.66, 95% CI [5.10, 6.22]) versus those defining as female (M = 4.25, 95% CI [3.55, 4.35]) and in those assigned female-at-birth (M = 5.67, 99.9% CI [4.91, 6.43]) versus those assigned as male-at-birth (M = 4.11, 99.9% CI [3.53, 4.69]). The genderqueer group (M = 5.73, 95% CI = [5.20, 6.26]) had the highest observed mean AQ-10 score. This study has implications for the management of those with GD and for researchers owing to both the large number of nonbinary individuals identified and to the complexities identified surrounding language when researching this group.


Highly structured for efficient communication, natural languages are complex systems. Unlike in their computational cousins, functions and meanings in natural languages are relative, frequently prescribed to symbols through unexpected social processes. Despite grammar and definition, the presence of metaphor can leave unwitting language users "in the dark," so to speak. This is not problematic, but rather an important operational feature of languages, since the lifting of meaning onto higher-order structures allows individuals to compress descriptions of regularly-conveyed information. This compressed terminology, often only appropriate when taken locally (in context), is beneficial in an enormous world of novel experience. However, what is natural for a human to process can be tremendously difficult for a computer. When a sequence of words (a phrase) is to be taken as a unit, suppose the choice of words in the phrase is subordinate to the choice of the phrase, i.e., there exists an inter-word dependence owed to membership within a common phrase. This word selection process is not one of independent selection, and so is capable of generating word-frequency distributions that are not accessible via independent selection processes. We have shown in Ch. 2 through analysis of thousands of English texts that empirical word-frequency distributions possess these word-dependence anomalies, while phrase-frequency distributions do not. In doing so, this study has also led to the development of a novel, general, and mathematical framework for the generation of frequency data for phrases, opening up the field of mass-preserving mesoscopic lexical analyses. A common oversight in many studies of the generation and interpretation of language is the assumption that separate discourses are independent. However, even when separate texts are each produced by means of independent word selection, it is possible for their composite distribution of words to exhibit dependence. Succinctly, different texts may use a common word or phrase for different meanings, and so exhibit disproportionate usages when juxtaposed. To support this theory, we have shown in Ch. 3 that the act of combining distinct texts to form large 'corpora' results in word-dependence irregularities. This not only settles a 15-year discussion, challenging the current major theory, but also highlights an important practice necessary for successful computational analysis—the retention of meaningful separations in language. We must also consider how language speakers and listeners navigate such a combinatorially vast space for meaning. Dictionaries (or, the collective editorial communities behind them) are smart. They know all about the lexical objects they define, but we ask about the latent information they hold, or should hold, about related, undefined objects. Based solely on the text as data, in Ch. 4 we build on our result in Ch. 2 and develop a model of context defined by the structural similarities of phrases. We then apply this model to define measures of meaning in a corpus-guided experiment, computationally detecting entries missing from a massive, collaborative online dictionary known as the Wiktionary. Citations Material from this dissertation has been accepted for publication in Physical Review E on 03/17/2015 in the following form: Williams, J. R. and and Bagrow, J. P. and Danforth, C. M. and Dodds, P. S.. (2015). Text mixing shapes the anatomy of rank-frequency distributions: A modern Zipfian mechanics for natural language. Physical Review E. AND Material from this dissertation has been submitted for publication in Nature Scientific Reports on 12/29/2014 in the following form: Williams, J. R. and Lessard, P. R. and Desu, S. and Clark, E. M. and Bagrow, J. P. and Danforth, C. M. and Dodds, P.S.. (2014). Zipf's law holds for phrases, not words. Nature Scientific Reports. AND Material from this dissertation has been submitted for publication in Physical Review E on 03/05/2015 in the following form: Williams, J. R. and Clark, E. M. and Bagrow, J. P. and Danforth, C. M. and Dodds, P.S.. (2015). Frequency-conserving context models detect missing dictionary entries. Physical Review E.


ABSTRACT Antigens in a 4-week-old culture filtrate (CF) ofMycobacterium avium subsp. avium were separated in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by Western blotting. The culture had minimal lysis of bacilli, giving a CF preparation consisting mainly of secreted proteins. Comparison with a similar CF of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with almost no contamination with intracellular proteins showed the presence of cross-reactive antigens homologous to the four components of the antigen 85 complex, as well as MPT32. These were major constituents of the M. avium subsp.avium CF. In addition, there were several low-molecular-mass bands (<15 kDa) in both species that did not cross-react with polyclonal and polyvalent rabbit antibodies in Western blotting. Furthermore, these bands were not detected in corresponding sonicate preparations, indicating high localization indexes, which is typical of soluble secreted proteins. A 14-kDa protein was selected for purification and more detailed characterization. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined, and a matching gene was found within the genomic sequence of M. avium subsp. avium which was highly homologous to Rv0455c of M. tuberculosis. The gene encoded a signal peptide typical of secreted mycobacterial proteins. A rabbit antiserum was raised against the purified protein, and the antigen was demonstrated by Western blotting in CFs of M. avium subsp. avium, Mycobacterium aviumsubsp. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium scrofulaceum but was not detected in M. tuberculosis. This is a new example of a highly homologous gene being differentially expressed by different mycobacterial species.


By applying a texture to the front surface of solar cells, less light may be reflected and the incoming light may be given a longer path length inside the solar cell causing a better light absorbance for the solar cell. The textured layer is today made by etching with an acidic etch with a large part hydrogen fluoride. In the future a more environmental approach for creating textured solar cells may be favoured. There are many ways of creating textured surfaces, one of them are by imprinting the surface by a template, and remove the template when the process is completed. In this project the diatom species Coscinodiscus walesii and an undefined Coscinodiscus species were cleaned and processed for investigation. The work done can be divided into four tasks. The first was characterisation and investigation of the pore structure. The second were manufacturing and characterisation of gold for use as templates. The third were deposition and characterisation of thin films of silicon and silicon nitride on diatom frustules. The last part were to make structures are very similar to solar cells with diatom frustules incorporated into them. The diatom frustules were characterised by SEM and the pore structure were cut through with FIB to characterise the structure. There were structural differences between the two species. The Coscinodiscus walesii was grown in a cultivation chamber, and lacked the circular inner pore structure which the undefined Coscinodiscus species had. This was the only real difference between the two species. On the cultivated species were deposited a gold film, which a small rectangle were lifted off by a tungsten needle in FIB. The small rectangle were characterised with the SEM-column in a dual beam FIB. Pore structures down to 40 nm were replicated by the gold film lifted off the frustule. By depositing a relatively thick film of gold on a glass substrate covered with diatom frustules and dissolving the glass substrate and diatom frustules with hydrogen fluoride, a template were made with a replication of the diatom frustule pore structure. Silicon and silicon nitride were deposited on diatom frustules and characterised with FIB to investigate how those materials followed the frustule topography. A good conformity of films made of those materials was confirmed, and 4 different samples which were similar to solar cells were manufactured and characterised by light microscopy, SEM and FIB. Two samples were made to be similar to crystalline silicon solar cells. One had dried frustules on top of a silicon surface and the entire surface of the sample were coated with silicon nitride, a blue colour were observed in the entire surface and the silicon nitride had also been deposited on the diatom frustules. For the other sample similar to crystalline silicon solar cells another layer were deposited between the frustule and the silicon substrate. The double silicon layer made the sample surface yellow, the diatom frustules did not get darker due to a layer above and a layer beneath them. Only in some places where the frustules had loosened from the sample the sample were blue as the silicon nitride layer were the same as a single layer of silicon nitride. For the last two samples, thin film solar cell structures based on amorphous silicon deposited with PECVD were made. A sample there a aluminum coating were deposited on a glass substrate and diatom frustules were dried on top of the aluminum coating, afterwards a 5 µm thick film of amorphous silicon were deposited. SEM images showed that the film were distributed even across a diatom frustule and a light microscopy investigation showed that light were spread when it hit the diatom frustules, hence creating a longer mean path through the solar cell.


(1) The paper by CAMERON AND KORNHAUSER [2005] is the second in a line that attempts to explain the function of tiers of judicial decisionmakers. The goal is to relate the rules that courts use to the litigants' decisions whether to appeal adverse verdicts or not. This is a challenging problem if the modeler makes the realistic assumptions that the litigants sometimes lack information about their adversary's type, and that the courts also often will lack this information. (2) This is an important and original topic that is approached in a serious and systematic way. The current paper is, I think, an advance on the authors' earlier work because its information assumptions are more plausible. And as the end of the paper reveals, there is more interesting work to do. (3) This Comment is in the spirit of helping the project along, so it may relate as much to future work as to the current paper. My remarks largely involve a request for further explanation. Given the novelty of the topic and my innocence of the law of Civil Procedure, there is a lot here that is not clear to me, and that may not be clear to other readers.


Abstract. Stemflow transports nutrient-enriched precipitation to the rhizosphere and functions as an efficient terrestrial flux in water-stressed ecosystems. However, its ecological significance has generally been underestimated because it is relatively limited in amount, and the biotic mechanisms that affect it have not been thoroughly studied at the leaf scale. This study was conducted during the 2014 and 2015 rainy seasons at the northern Loess Plateau of China. We measured the branch stemflow volume (SFb), shrub stemflow equivalent water depth (SFd), stemflow percentage of incident precipitation (SF %), stemflow productivity (SFP), funnelling ratio (FR), the meteorological characteristics and the plant traits of branches and leaves of C. korshinskii and S. psammophila. This study evaluated stemflow efficiency for the first time with the combined results of SFP and FR, and sought to determine the inter- and intra-specific differences of stemflow yield and efficiency between the two species, as well as the specific bio-/abiotic mechanisms that affected stemflow. The results indicated that C. korshinskii had a greater stemflow yield and efficiency at all precipitation levels than that of S. psammophila. The largest inter-specific difference generally occurred at the 5–10 mm branches during rains of  ≤  2 mm. Precipitation amount was the most influential meteorological characteristic that affected stemflow yield and efficiency in these two endemic shrub species. Branch angle was the most influential plant trait on FR. For SFb, stem biomass and leaf biomass were the most influential plant traits for C. korshinskii and S. psammophila, respectively. For SFP of these two shrub species, leaf traits (the individual leaf area) and branch traits (branch size and biomass allocation pattern) had a great influence during lighter rains  ≤  10 mm and heavier rains  >  15 mm, respectively. The lower precipitation threshold to start stemflow allowed C. korshinskii (0.9 mm vs. 2.1 mm for S. psammophila) to employ more rains to harvest water via stemflow. The beneficial leaf traits (e.g., leaf shape, arrangement, area, amount) might partly explain the greater stemflow production of C. korshinskii. Comparison of SFb between the foliated and manually defoliated shrubs during the 2015 rainy season indicated that the newly exposed branch surface at the defoliated period and the resulting rainfall intercepting effects might be an important mechanism affecting stemflow in the dormant season.


Abstract. The ambient aerosol particle extinction coefficient is measured with the Spectral Aerosol Extinction Monitoring System (SAEMS) along a 2.84 km horizontal path at 30–50 m height above ground in the urban environment of Leipzig (51.3° N, 12.4° E), Germany, since 2009. The dependence of the particle extinction coefficient (wavelength range from 300 to 1000 nm) on relative humidity up to almost 100 % was investigated. The main results are presented. For the wavelength of 550 nm, the mean extinction enhancement factor was found to be 1.75 ± 0.4 for an increase of relative humidity from 40 to 80 %. The respective 4-year mean extinction enhancement factor is 2.8 ± 0.6 for a relative-humidity increase from 40 to 95 %. A parameterization of the dependency of the urban particle extinction coefficient on relative humidity is presented. A mean hygroscopic exponent of 0.46 for the 2009–2012 period was determined. Based on a backward trajectory cluster analysis, the dependence of several aerosol optical properties for eight air flow regimes was investigated. Large differences were not found, indicating that local pollution sources widely control the aerosol conditions over the urban site. The comparison of the SAEMS extinction coefficient statistics with respective statistics from ambient AERONET sun photometer observations yields good agreement. Also, time series of the particle extinction coefficient computed from in situ-measured dry particle size distributions and humidity-corrected SAEMS extinction values (for 40 % relative humidity) were found in good overall consistency, which verifies the applicability of the developed humidity parameterization scheme. The analysis of the spectral dependence of particle extinction (Angstrom exponent) revealed an increase of the 390–881 nm Angstrom exponent from, on average, 0.3 (at 30 % relative humidity) to 1.3 (at 95 % relative humidity) for the 4-year period.


This dissertation explores psychoanalytic and psychodynamic perspectives regarding immigration and how the experience influences a person"s psychological processes and identity. Additionally, this research considers how such theoretical understandings could inform cross-cultural therapeutic practice. The research method consists of a modified systematic literature review (SLR) and critical evaluation of articles, many of which incorporate clinical case studies. Relevant theoretical concepts drawn on by authors are explained, and themes within the literature are organised by utilising an adapted data analysis process. Both personal and social variables influencing immigration outcome are summarised, while common psychological defence mechanisms are examined alongside cultural transference dynamics, issues of culture shock, grief and loss, and narcissistic injury. Considerations for assessment and diagnosis, and suggested treatment adaptations are also summarised. Psychodynamic literature suggests that although immigration experiences vary, common themes include object loss, separation-individuation processes, mourning work, identity reformation, and narcissistic wounding alongside social variables such as language difficulties, prejudice and isolation. Positive factors and opportunities for personal growth as part of the immigration process are also noted. By understanding these complex psychosocial processes, acknowledging the multiplicity of human experience, and reflecting on their own culturally constructed theoretical frameworks therapists may be better able to work with immigrant clients. It is however suggested that a shift from a primarily intrapsychic treatment focus to one emphasising interpersonal connectedness and contextual cultural factors may be essential for addressing immigrant identity issues within Aotearoa New Zealand. In doing so therapists may be able to assist clients in the process of mourning for losses and developing a stable sense of self in order to embrace their new community and live fully, while also maintaining links to their "motherland" and retaining their own special ethnicity, culture, and language.


Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are variants of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) for which immunosuppressive therapy is often required. Immunosuppressed patients are at increased risk for infections, including vaccine-preventable diseases such as influenza. Although several guidelines recommend routine influenza immunization for such patients, recent literature suggests that this patient population may be inadequately immunized. Current research suggests that inactivated influenza vaccines are effective, well tolerated and can be administered safely in most IBD patients. Studies in other immunosuppressed populations have also demonstrated the safety of inactivated vaccines. The present article reviews the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in IBD patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy.


The critically refracted longitudinal (LCR) waves are used in various domains of nondestructive evaluation, especially for residual stress measurements. However, few works have characterized the associated ultrasonic beam. In this article, the characterization of the LCR ultrasonic beam, both numerically and experimentally, is first clarified in order to provide some answers to questions that arise about its behavior in elastic solids. The aim of the second part of this work is to investigate the use of the LCR waves for the detection of surface defects of different sizes in aluminum. For that, the effect of defects at fixed depth (5 mm) with various diameters (2, 4, 6, and 8 mm) and fixed diameter (8 mm) with various depths (5, 7, and 10 mm) in an aluminum sample have been investigated at frequencies around 1 MHz. It has been experimentally found that the amplitude of the (LCR) wave decreases and its frequency spectrum changes with a given defect. The rate of the decrease of the amplitude and the change in the spectrum is related to the increase of the defect depth. The study shows that the effect on the propagating of the LCR waves is larger as the defect depth increases.


Federal agencies are key players in our federalist system: they make front-line decisions about the scope of federal policy and whether such policy should preempt state law. How agencies perform these functions, and how they might fulfill them better, are questions at the heart of "administrative federalism." Some academic proposals for administrative federalism work to enhance states' ability to participate in federal agency decisionmaking. Other proposals work to protect state autonomy through adjustments to the Supreme Court's administrative preemption doctrine. As jurists and scholars debate what these proposals entail for federalism, this Article doubles-down with a twist: it examines what these same proposals can do for separation of powers. As uncovered here, adjustments to the administrative system — although made in federalism's name — will derivatively affect how national law is made and checked along the separation-of-powers dimension. Moreover, as shown here, federalism-inspired proposals for the administrative system may require a tradeoff in constitutional values. Pushed to decide, we might choose federalism over separation of powers, or vice versa. This Article informs that choice by comparing and contrasting what administrative federalism's major proposals entail for federalism and separation of powers, simultaneously.


In many experiments, neuroscientists tightly control behavior, record many trials, and obtain trial-averaged firing rates from hundreds of neurons in circuits containing billions of behaviorally relevant neurons. Di-mensionality reduction methods reveal a striking simplicity underlying such multi-neuronal data: they can be reduced to a low-dimensional space, and the resulting neural trajectories in this space yield a remarkably insightful dynamical portrait of circuit computation. This simplicity raises profound and timely conceptual questions. What are its origins and its implications for the complexity of neural dynamics? How would the situation change if we recorded more neurons? When, if at all, can we trust dynamical portraits obtained from measuring an infinitesimal fraction of task relevant neurons? We present a theory that answers these questions, and test it using physiological recordings from reaching monkeys. This theory reveals conceptual insights into how task complexity governs both neural dimensionality and accurate recovery of dynamic portraits, thereby providing quantitative guidelines for future large-scale experimental design.


We attempt to propose a method for automatically detecting the solar filament chirality and barb bearing. We first introduce the concept of an unweighted undirected graph and adopt the Dijkstra shortest path algorithm to recognize the filament spine. Then, we use the polarity inversion line (PIL) shift method for measuring the polarities on both sides of the filament, and employ the connected components labeling method to identify the barbs and calculate the angle between each barb and the spine to determine the bearing of the barbs, i.e., left or right. We test the automatic detection method with Hα filtergrams from the Big Bear Solar Observatory (BBSO) Hα archive and magnetograms observed with the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Four filaments are automatically detected and illustrated to show the results. The barbs in different parts of a filament may have opposite bearings. The filaments in the southern hemisphere (northern hemisphere) mainly have left-bearing (right-bearing) barbs and positive (negative) magnetic helicity, respectively. The tested results demonstrate that our method is efficient and effective in detecting the bearing of filament barbs. It is demonstrated that the conventionally believed one-to-one correspondence between filament chirality and barb bearing is not valid. The correct detection of the filament axis chirality should be done by combining both imaging morphology and magnetic field observations.


Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) affects the climate in various ways and has a negative impact on human health. In populated mountain valleys in Alpine regions , emissions from road traffic contribute to carbonaceous aerosols, but residential wood burning can be another source of PM during winter. We determine the contribution of fossil and non-fossil carbon sources by measuring radiocarbon in aerosols using the recently installed AixMICADAS facility. The accelerator mass spectrometer is coupled to an elemental analyzer (EA) by means of a gas interface system directly connected to the gas ion source. This system provides rapid and accurate radiocarbon measurements for small samples (10–100 µgC) with minimal preparation from the aerosol filters. We show how the contamination induced by the EA protocol can be quantified and corrected for. Several standards and synthetic samples are then used to demonstrate the precision and accuracy of aerosol measurements over the full range of expected 14 C / 12 C ratios, ranging from modern carbon to fossil carbon depleted in 14 C. Aerosols sampled in Chamonix and Passy (Arve River valley , French Alps) from November 2013 to August 2014 are analyzed for both radiocarbon (124 analyses in total) and lev-oglucosan, which is commonly used as a specific tracer for biomass burning. NO x concentration, which is expected to be associated with traffic emissions, is also monitored. Based on 14 C measurements, we can show that the relative fraction of non-fossil carbon is significantly higher in winter than in summer. In winter, non-fossil carbon represents about 85 % of total carbon, while in summer this proportion is still 75 % considering all samples. The largest total carbon and levoglucosan concentrations are observed for winter aerosols with values up to 50 and 8 µg m −3 , respectively. These levels are higher than those observed in many European cities, but are close to those for other polluted Alpine valleys. The non-fossil carbon concentrations are strongly correlated with the levoglucosan concentrations in winter samples, suggesting that almost all of the non-fossil carbon originates from wood combustion used for heating during winter. For summer samples, the joint use of 14 C and levoglucosan measurements leads to a new model to separately quantify the contributions of biomass burning and biogenic emissions in the non-fossil fraction. The comparison of the biogenic fraction with polyols (a proxy for primary soil biogenic emissions) and with the temperature suggests a major influence of the secondary biogenic aerosols. Significant correlations are found between the NO x concentration and the fossil carbon concentration for all seasons and sites, confirming the relation between road traffic emissions and fossil carbon. Overall, this dual approach combining radiocarbon and levoglucosan analyses strengthens the conclusion concerning Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 13754 L. Bonvalot et al.: PM sources in the valley of Chamonix the impact of biomass burning. Combining these geochemi-cal data serves both to detect and quantify additional carbon sources. The Arve River valley provides the first illustration of aerosols of this model.


We present a shot noise based model for a large family of ultrawide bandwidth (UWB) signals. These include time-hopping and direct-sequence signaling with pulse position, interval, and amplitude modulations. Each specific signal is constructed by adding features to a basic model in a modular, simple, and tractable way. Our work unifies the contributions scattered in the literature and provides a general approach that allows various extensions of previous works as well as new results. The exact power spectrum is then evaluated using shot noise spectral theory, which provides a simpler, systematic, and rigorous approach to the spectra evaluation of complicated UWB signals. The strength of our methodology is that different features of the signal model contribute clearly and separately to the resulting spectral expressions.


Hristozkova, M., I. Stancheva, M. Geneva and M. Boychinova, 2017. Comparison of several arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) symbiotic associations in heavy metal polluted soil. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 23 (3): 436–442 Mycorrhizal fungi participated in plant nutrient assimilation, root development and metal absorption from the soil depending on the resistance and stress tolerance of the involved strain. The overview of several mycorrhizal and marjoram symbiotic associations represented the effect of the studied stress over different strains and their interactions with the plants. We tested four mycorrhizal isolates, derived from various rhizospheres: Claroideoglomus claroideum (Cc1), Rhizophagus clarum, Claroideoglomus claroideum (Cc2), Funneliformis mosseae. In order to get insight into the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in protecting Origanum majorana L. against the excess of metals (Cd and Pb), we investigated growth, uptake and distribution of heavy metals in the plant parts, mycorrhizal colonization status, glomalinrelated soil proteins and acid phosphatase activity (in root and soil). Pb and Cd partitioning in non-mycorrhizal plants were soil>shoots>root while in symbiotic associations variants changed to soil>root>shoots. Bio concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (TF) values confi rmed by the less heavy metals shoot uptake in inoculated than control plants. The root dry weight increased in plants inoculated with C. claroideum strain (Cc1), which is isolated from industrially metal-contaminated sites. The highest shoot biomass correlated with the percentage of mycorrhization, relative mycorrhizal dependency, glomalin production and acid phosphatase activity was determined by C. claroideum (Cc2) and Funneliformis mosseae. Both strains derived from natural metalliferous sites. The fi ndings in this study are essential to get the most benefi ts of mycorrhizal association in unfavorable conditions connected with plant development and herbal products free of harmful ingredients.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the experience of management of pregnant women complicated with rubella and to evaluate the perinatal outcome.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 67 pregnant women with positive IgM test for rubella were studied in the period from January 1st, 1990 to October 31st, 1997. Sixty-six of these women were followed until the end of gestation, in 4 patients an elective abortion was performed and 1 patient had a molar pregnancy. The effects of rubella on gestation and on the product were evaluated in sixty-one of the patients. Anti-rubella IgM was determined at birth and positive infants were subjected to evaluation by echocardiogram, brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and ophthalmological study.

RESULTS
Mean age of the patients was 24.7 +/- 5.5 years; 28 patients were primigravidae. Pregnancies were normal showing no complications due to the rubella episode. In 35 cases (52.2%), the viral infection occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy, in 23 cases (34.5%) during the second and in 9 (13.3%) during the third. Seventy-one percent of infants born to mothers infected during the first trimester of pregnancy were also infected, and 51.6% developed congenital rubella syndrome. The most frequent manifestations of CRS were: prematurity, low birth weight and alterations of the BAEP.

CONCLUSIONS
In Mexico, rubella is still a cause of fetal damage, which shows the need for preventive strategies, such as universal vaccination, to avoid rubella infection during pregnancy.


Early China is best known for the dazzling artifacts it has left behind. These terracotta figures, gilt-bronze lamps, and other material remnants of the Chinese past unearthed during archaeological excavations are often viewed without regard to the social context of their creation, yet they were made by real individuals who contributed greatly to the foundations of early Chinese culture. With "Artisans in Early Imperial China", Anthony Barbieri-Low combines historical, epigraphic, and archaeological analysis to refocus our gaze from the glittering objects and monuments of China to the men and women who made them. This book represents the first in-depth social history of artisans in early China. How did they live? How were they trained? How did they market their products? How free were they? In this engaging and illuminating analysis, Barbieri-Low explores these artisans' lives and careers from a variety of aspects. First, he examines their position within early Chinese society, analyzing their social status, social mobility, and role in the early Chinese economy. Delving deeper, he steps into their workshops to learn how they were trained, what tools they used, and what workplace hazards they faced. Following their wares to the marketplace, he investigates some of the marketing techniques used by artisans and merchants, including such startlingly modern practices as family trademarks, rhyming jingles, and knockoffs of royal products. From the dirt and din of the marketplace, Barbieri-Low enters the rarefied air of the court, with its own visual and material culture and its own professional artisans. This court was constructed upon the backs of yet another class of artisans, the most abject, those found in labor camps and slave markets. These were the men and women who built and decorated many of the great palaces, temples, and tombs of early China. Barbieri-Low compellingly argues that the state used a cold-blooded mathematical formula to optimally exploit these coerced laborers without upsetting the balance of the economy or fostering revolt. "Artisans in Early Imperial China" humanizes the material remains of the past, revealing the men and women who made the beautiful artifacts we know today. This book will appeal to anyone interested in Chinese history, as well as to scholars of comparative social history, labor history, and Asian art history.


This paper presents a novel digital feedforward carrier recovery algorithm for arbitrary M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) constellations in an intradyne coherent optical receiver. The approach does not contain any feedback loop and is therefore highly tolerant against laser phase noise. This is crucial, especially for higher order QAM constellations, which inherently have a smaller phase noise tolerance due to the lower spacing between adjacent constellation points. In addition to the mathematical description of the proposed carrier recovery algorithm also a possible hardware-efficient implementation in a parallelized system is presented and the performance of the algorithm is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulations for square 4-QAM (QPSK), 16-QAM, 64-QAM, and 256-QAM. For the simulations ASE noise and laser phase noise are considered as well as analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and internal resolution effects. For a 1 dB penalty at BER = 10-3, linewidth times symbol duration products of 4.1 x 10-4 (4-QAM), 1.4 x 10-4 (16-QAM), 4.0 x 10-5 (64-QAM) and 8.0 x 10-6 (256-QAM) are tolerable.


At a glance ...
Productivity can play a role in collective bargaining both as an input and as an output; as an input it is a benchmark for wage agreements, as an output it is affected by the collective agreements.
Our study of four sectors shows some fundamental differences concerning the role of productivity in collective bargaining agreements in different areas of the economy.
Whereas productivity is still important to define and legitimize wage demands in the metalworking sector, it is no relevant benchmark in the service sectors we analysed.
The recognition of productivity as an input factor seems to be important for regarding it as an output factor as well. It is only in the metalworking sector where productivity as an output has some significance.
There are three collective bargaining issues focusing on productivity: performance based pay, profit sharing and, most explicitly, derogations from collective bargaining agreements.


The structure of Sierras Bayas Group in the north area of the homonymous hills, northwets of Sierras Septentrionales of Buenos Aires, Argentine. The Sierras Bayas Group of Late Precambrian age is formed by sedimentary Villa Monica, Cerro Largo and Loma Negra formations. It is located in the northwest area of Sierras Septentrionales of Buenos Aires Province. The outcrops of this group are located around Olavarria city, mainly in the low isolated hills of Sierras Bayas and also though in a limited way, in the Barker city area. The morphstructure of these sedimentary rocks in the Northern sector of Sierras Bayas is defined by an asymmetric basin subtly tilted to south - southwest. Two interfering fold systems, F1(NE) and F2(NW) which define a type 1 domes and basins pattern , were recognized based on systematic structural mapping of de Sierras Bayas Group formations. Both F1 and F2 foldings with interference angles between 70o to 90o have subvertical axial planes and subhorizontal B axis. In adopted mapping scales, folding systems were observed in three fold orders which exert a direct control over natural an artificial outcrops of the Sierras Bayas Group. The less important local faulting exerts a poor control over the attitude of Late Precambrian folded Sierras Bayas Group and field relationships supports that it's initial activity postdates folding deformation. Ductile deformation of Sierras Bayas Group sedimentary cover, as was locally observed, is thought to be associated with a tectonic reactivation of the basement, Buenos Aires Complex, furnished by pre-existing planar anisotropies of the mylonitized granitic rock mass. The resemblance F1 and F2 patterns of foldings, the overall basin morphostructure and absence of a clear interference sequence between the foldings could be related with a sole episode of constrictional deformation. But also, a type 1 folding interference pattern could have been formed by two regional, orthogonal contractional deformations, in rehologic conditions of low ductility contrast. Folding interference of SBG is considered a result of tectonic activity occurred during Late Precambrian to Lower Early Paleozoic, and predates Cambro - Ordovicic Balcarce Formation of the Sierras Septentrionales. The ductile deformation of Sierras Bayas Group with basement involvement by reactivation of main penetrative anisotropies is correlated with comparable structural patterns owing to Pan African Tectonics, in coetaneous Damara Sequence and Nama Group of Southwest Africa.


Is there a presidential rhetoric of hard times? We are interested in presidents' rhetorical reactions during economic contractions. Do they rhetorically react at all? If they choose to speak, what do they seek to convey to the public about the economy? We analyze the major discretionary speeches presidents give during recessions. Some presidents are reluctant to address major economic remarks to the public; in five of the 11 recessions since World War II, presidents have not offered a major economic speech. They do, however, deliver major discretionary speeches on other topics during recessions. While most presidents tend to deliver more major remarks about non-economic subjects during recessions, Reagan is a notable exception. When presidents do choose to direct major remarks on the economy, we search for common characteristics in their rhetoric to examine if this subset of speeches classifies as a genre of rhetoric. We examine three dimensions in the speeches: orientation toward time, the tone of the remarks, and whether or not there is action specified. We found that there is no discernable overall pattern for how presidents orient their rhetoric in time, the speeches are more negative in tone than expected, and while there are a good number of action oriented sentences, the speeches are not uniformly action oriented. Thus, there is not sufficient evidence to suggest there is a uniform presidential rhetoric of hard times.


This article is about the wealth and material culture of the Jamaican elite during the age of abolition. The planter class had a huge material investment in plantation slavery, and wealth derived from this allowed it to live ostentatiously and to consume conspicuously. Those who did not migrate away from Jamaica were drawn towards colonial towns, many of them taking up residence in, or at the edges of, urban centres. Lists of personal property found in probate inventories show how planters cultivated separate spheres of activity on the plantations and at their peri-urban homes, putting physical and cultural distance between themselves and the sources of their wealth.


Every year thousands of hopeful entrepreneurs decide to take the plunge. Many fail, but many go on to achieve great success and huge profits.

 In How I Made It 40 successful entrepreneurs explain how they managed to defy the odds and turn their dreams into reality. Find out how they decided what to do, how they got started and how they found the money they needed. But they also reveal how they had doubts, made stupid mistakes, and encountered overwhelming frustrations along the way. This second edition updates their stories to reveal what happened next and how, in most cases, they finally sold their businesses and made millions.

 Gutsy, inspiring, and life affirming - if you have ever dreamt of starting up your own business How I Made It is for you.


The major telescopes in this program are the one flown on the Einstein or HEAO-B satellite in 1978 and the one planned for the AXAF which should be launched in late 1995. The x-ray performance of the Einstein mirror is reviewed briefly, and its surface properties are inferred from a combination of its x-ray properties and the information available from the limited fabrication metrology of that era. The improvements necessary for satisfying the AXAF specification are summarized. Much of this technology already has been demonstrated in the TMA program, and this progress is reviewed.


Linear propagation of light was investigated by using a white-light Michelson interferometer. This method gives the full information on the deformation of broadband optical pulses by the passage through samples in the linear regime. We observed the delay of pulse propagation for cobalt chloride in pyridine, free-induction decay signal for oxazine 1 in methanol, and the increase of peak velocity for nigrosine in water. By Fourier analysis of the interferograms, complex optical constants of the samples were also obtained.


Some robot systems need to interactively auto-type on touch screens using a digital camera as the input source. To do so, it is important to have an algorithm that reliably detects the keyboard region and locates and recognizes its characters from an image. However, today most research efforts in the optical character recognition (OCR) area is focused on scene text detection and recognition. Though these algorithms work well on images with strong noise impacts, they perform poorly on keyboard texts that have isolated characters. In this paper, we present a framework to solve this problem. The algorithm consists of three steps: (i) a Single Short Detector (SSD) to search the keyboard regions from an input image, (ii) a deep neural network model that locates and recognizes the individual characters~(case sensitive) in one pass for a keyboard region, and (iii) a semi-supervised corrector that fixes the errors in step 2 using hand-crafted features. We will show that this algorithm is able to process different types of keyboards, and is robust to varying noise levels and text occlusions.


Genetically modified food, art in the form of a phosphorescent rabbit implanted with jellyfish DNA, and robots that simulate human emotion would seem to be evidence for the blurring boundary between the natural and the artificial. Yet because the deeply rooted concept of nature functions as a cultural value, a social norm, and a moral authority, we cannot simply dismiss the distinction between art and nature as a nostalgic relic. Disentangling the cultural roots of many current debates about new technologies, the essays in this volume examine notions of nature and art as they have been defined and redefined in Western culture, from the Hippocratic writers' ideas of physis and techne [note: bar over e] and Aristotle's designation of mimetic arts to nineteenth-century chemistry and twenty-first century biomimetics. These essays--by specialists of different periods and various disciplines--reveal that the division between nature and art has been continually challenged and reassessed in Western thought. In antiquity, for example, mechanical devices were seen as working "against nature"; centuries later, Descartes not only claimed the opposite but argued that nature itself was mechanical. Nature and art, the essays show, are mutually constructed, defining and redefining themselves, partners in a continuous dance over the centuries.ContributorsBernadette Bensaude-Vincent, Horst Bredekamp, John Hedley Brooke, Dennis Des Chene, Alan Gabbey, Anthony Grafton, Roald Hoffmann, Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, William R. Newman, Jessica Riskin, Heinrich Von Staden, Francis Wolff, Mark J. Schiefsky Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent is Professor of History at the University of Paris X. She is the author of A History of Chemistry and other books. William R. Newman is Ruth Halls Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University, Bloomington. He is the coeditor of Secrets of Nature (MIT Press, 1999) and author or editor of several other books.


Opening the X-Files... Meet Mulder and Scully, FBI. The agency maverick and the female agent assigned to keep him in line. Their job: investigate the eeriest unsolved mysteries in modern America, from pyro-psychics to death row demonics, from rampaging Sasquatches to alien invasions. The cases the Bureau wants handled quietly, but quickly, before the public finds out what's "really" out there. And panics. The cases filed under "X."


Chemical Potential Perturbation: A Method to Predict Chemical Potential Using Molecular Simulations Stan G. Moore Department of Chemical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy A new method, called chemical potential perturbation (CPP), has been developed to predict the chemical potential as a function of composition in molecular simulations. The CPP method applies a spatially varying external potential to the simulation, causing the composition to depend upon position in the simulation cell. Following equilibration, the homogeneous chemical potential as a function of composition can be determined relative to some reference state after correcting for the effects of the inhomogeneity of the system. The CPP method allows one to predict chemical potential for a wide range of composition points using a single simulation and works for dense fluids where other prediction methods become inefficient. For pure-component systems, three different methods of approximating the inhomogeneous correction are compared. The first method uses the van der Waals density gradient theory, the second method uses the local pressure tensor, and the third method uses the TriezenbergZwanzig definition of surface tension. If desired, the binodal and spinodal densities of a two-phase fluid region can also be predicted by the new method. The CPP method is tested for pure-component systems using a Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid at supercritical and subcritical conditions. The CPP method is also compared to Widom's method. In particular, the new method works well for dense fluids where Widom's method starts to fail. The CPP method is also extended to an Ewald lattice sum treatment of intermolecular potentials. When computing the inhomogeneous correction term, one can use the IrvingKirkwood (IK) or Harasima (H) contours of distributing the pressure. We show that the chemical potential can be approximated with the CPP method using either contour, though with the lattice sum method the H contour has much greater computational efficiency. Results are shown for the LJ fluid and extended simple point-charge (SPC/E) water. We also show preliminary results for solid systems and for a new LJ lattice sum method, which is more efficient than a full lattice sum when the average density varies only in one direction. The CPP method is also extended to activity coefficient prediction of multi-component fluids. For multi-component systems, a separate external potential is applied to each species, and constant normal component pressure is maintained by adjusting the external field of one of the species. Preliminary results are presented for five different binary LJ mixtures. Results from the CPP method show the correct trend but some CPP results show a systematic bias, and we discuss a few possible ways to improve the method.


This article deals with the relationships between Mariu saga and other medieval vitae mariae, which were composed at the same time in order to discuss the statements made by Wilhelm Heizmann in his article entitled "Mariu saga" published in Medieval Scandinavia: an encyclopedia (P. Pulsiano, K. Wolf eds., 1993). Mariu saga is the biography of the Virgin Mary in Old Norse, which begins with her own Conception, as in the apocryphal Infancy Gospels, the Protevangelium Jacobi and its Latin renditions, and concludes with her death and her Assumption, as in the Transitus Mariae. The saga moves well beyond the narrative of events witnessed in these earlier sources as it offers extended exegeti-cal and theological reflections on the significance of its material, and historical background. In the first part, I will focus on Late Antiquity, namely on the New Testament apocrypha and on the Byzantine Lives of the Virgin which are the earliest biographies of the Virgin. In the second and the third parts, Mariu saga will be contrasted with the most popular and representative continental biographies of Mary in Medieval West; namely the Vita Ryth-mica, the Conception Nostre Dame by Wace and the Romanz de Dieu et de sa Mere by Herman of Valenciennes - a Sacred History of the Virgin -, in order to demonstrate that the saga takes its main features from both the Lives of the Virgin and the biblical paraphrases, whether it be from a literary or a doctrinal perspective.


We compare the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban environments. Attention restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in directed-attention abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit by a car), making them less restorative. We present two experiments that show that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as measured with a backwards digit-span task and the Attention Network Task, thus validating attention restoration theory.


In this short article we discuss quantization of the Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter in supergravity theories. We argue that, in supergravity, the Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter determines a lift of the group action to a line bundle, and such lifts are quantized. Just as D-terms in rigid $\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetry are interpreted in terms of moment maps and symplectic reductions, we argue that in supergravity the quantization of the Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter has a natural understanding in terms of linearizations in geometric invariant theory quotients, the algebro-geometric version of symplectic quotients.


A study concerning the image quality in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging in two‐dimensional spatial experiments is presented. The aim of the measurements was to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of the projections and the reconstructed image by applying modulation amplitude higher than the radical electron paramagnetic resonance linewidth. Data were gathered by applying four constant modulation amplitudes, where one was below 1/3 (Amod = 0.04 mT) of the radical linewidth (ΔBpp = 0.14 mT). Three other modulation amplitude values were used in this experiment, leading to undermodulated (Amod < 1/3 ΔBpp), partially overmodulated (Amod ~ 1/3 ΔBpp) and fully overmodulated (Amod > > 1/3 ΔBpp) projections. The advantages of an applied overmodulation condition were demonstrated in the study performed on a phantom containing four shapes of 1.25 mM water solution of 2, 2, 6, 6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxyl. It was shown that even when the overmodulated reference spectrum was used in the deconvolution procedure, as well as the projection itself, the phantom shapes reconstructed as images directly correspond to those obtained in undermodulation conditions. It was shown that the best SNR of the reconstructed images is expected for the modulation amplitude close to 1/3 of the projection linewidth, which is defined as the distance from the first maximum to the last minimum of the gradient‐broadened spectrum. For higher modulation amplitude, the SNR of the reconstructed image is decreased, even if the SNR of the measured projection is increased. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Computational modeling was presented as a tool to make decisions for solving the daily complex problems in poultry production and research. Theoretical aspects related to construction and implementation of the different types of models used in poultry production and research were elementarily described. We tried to make this paper accessible to people that do not necessarily have a strong background in experimental statistic. Special emphasis was given to discuss the advantages of modeling to solve the complex problem of nutrient requirement estimation for poultry under different conditions. A chronological review of publications related to software which was developed to help the establishment of poultry nutritional strategies showed that they are based on growth modeling associated with models of nutritional requirement and minimum cost diets. The evolution and sophistication of those programs are coming with the advance of information technology. However, the efficiency of a simulation depends on the real situation knowledge that is provided by the traditional research. In many cases, it is fundamentally important to connect information of different disciplines that are direct or indirectly related with poultry production.


Today's Web users are faced with a large number of available online communities for every domain. While there are rules-of-thumb for the choice of a specific community, the validity of these heuristics has hardly been tested empirically. Furthermore, there is a lack of well-founded measures that allow for a systematic comparison of different online forum communities. In this contribution, we propose the concept of discourse quality as a means to this end. This measure is conceptualized from a user perspective and combines quantitative as well as qualitative parts, including a codebook for content analysis. To show the applicability and the usefulness of this measure, we systematically compare 34 online forums with varying degrees of membership size. We are able to show that the forums with the most members online consistently show high discourse quality. Finally, we discuss the potential of benchmark measures for future online community research.


Household borrowing has grown considerably in many countries over the past two decades, both in absolute terms and relative to household incomes. Much of the increase can be viewed as a rational response by households to the effects of easing liquidity constraints on households, and lower inflation and borrowing rates. Regardless of whether the increase in debt is sustainable, it has important macroeconomic implications. The household sector will be more sensitive to shocks to interest rates and household incomes, and consumption spending will be more sensitive to changes in expectations of future income. The increased sensitivity will depend crucially on the distribution of debt across the household sector.


Myosin heavy chain kinase (MHCK) A phosphorylates mapped sites at the C-terminal tail of Dictyostelium myosin II heavy chain, driving disassembly of myosin filaments both in vitro and in vivo. MHCK A is organized into three functional domains that include an N-terminal coiled-coil region, a central kinase catalytic domain unrelated to conventional protein kinases, and a WD repeat domain at the C terminus. MHCK B is a homologue of MHCK A that possesses structurally related catalytic and WD repeat domains. In the current study, we explored the role of the WD repeat domains in defining the activities of both MHCK A and MHCK B using recombinant bacterially expressed truncations of these kinases either with or without their WD repeat domains. We demonstrate that substrate targeting is a conserved function of the WD repeat domains of both MHCK A and MHCK B and that this targeting is specific forDictyostelium myosin II filaments. We also show that the mechanism of targeting involves direct binding of the WD repeat domains to the myosin substrate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of WD repeat domains physically targeting attached kinase domains to their substrates. The examples presented here may serve as a paradigm for enzyme targeting in other systems.


Human populations living in Eurasia during the Holocene experienced significant evolutionary change. It has been predicted that the transition of Holocene populations into agrarianism and urbanization brought about culture-gene co-evolution that favoured via directional selection genetic variants associated with higher general cognitive ability (GCA). Population expansion and replacement has also been proposed as an important source of GCA gene-frequency change during this time period. To examine whether GCA might have risen during the Holocene, we compare a sample of 99 ancient Eurasian genomes (ranging from 4,557 to 1,208 years of age) with a sample of 503 modern European genomes, using three different cognitive polygenic scores. Significant differences favouring the modern genomes were found for all three polygenic scores (Odds Ratio=0.92, p=0.037; 0.81, p=0.001 and 0.81, p=0.02). Furthermore, a significant increase in positive allele count over 3,249 years was found using a sample of 66 ancient genomes (r=0.217, pone-tailed=0.04). These observations are consistent with the expectation that GCA rose during the Holocene.


In the last two decades the IT service support worker has emerged to be a worker-type of considerable socio-economic importance. Such workers are symbolic of the trends towards the importance of information/knowledge and information technology within modern economic/political systems. Such systems, heavily influenced by governmental bodies and business organisations, have aggrandised the use of rationalising customer-centric management techniques. And yet such symbolic workers are largely hidden and unacknowledged as a specific type of worker in the business literature.
This thesis represents an attempt to conceptualise the IT service support worker as a worker-type, inducing a conceptual model that identifies three aspects to the worker: information systems worker; knowledge worker and service worker and considers them from each of these perspectives. This qualitative research draws on a rich mix of observational and interview data collected across five UK organisations to produce a narrative that suggests that, for different IT service support workers, those different aspects tend to be variably emphasised within their team roles. The study additionally offers a theoretical conclusion that IT service support workers might reasonably be divided into different classes depending upon not only the design of their team role but also their individual career orientations and the nature of the knowledge they actually use in their work. Four such classes are identified as being of particular significance and these are evocatively named: Resigned Robots ; Constrained Careerists ; Establishment Experts and Aspiring Artisans . Whilst being outside of the scope of this study, it is suggested that this novel typology might also be useful for classifying other worker groupings.
The study is intended to be useful for the enhancement of IT service management practice and makes several contributions in this regard. These include the need for managers to recognise the importance of experientially-acquired knowledge for efficiency in IT service support work and a suggestion that managers might tailor HRM practices for different classes of worker.


Property concerns conflicts — both conflicts between individuals and conflicts of interest. Conflicts between individuals have long been the paradigmatic property focus. According to this view, property debates circle around issues of autonomy and productive competition. But this is an impoverished view. In this Article, we shift attention to conflicts of interest. By helping people manage conflicts of interest, a well-governed property system balances interdependence with autonomy and productive cooperation with productive competition. We identify three mechanisms woven throughout property law that help manage conflicts of interest: (1) internalization of externalities; (2) democratization of management; and (3) de-escalation of transactions. We show that property law predictably selects among these mechanisms depending on the ratio of economic to social benefits that people seek from a group resource. When economic concerns predominate, property law typically uses contribution-based allocations of rights and responsibilities mediated by formal, foreground procedures, while at the social end of the spectrum we tend to see more egalitarian substantive rules operating as an informal, background safety net.


The real inversion formula for Hankel convolutions which is due to D. T. Haimo, is extended to certain generalized functions. That is accomplished by transferring the real inversion formula of D. T. Haimo onto the testing function space for the generalized function under consideration and then showing that the limiting process in the resulting formula converges with respect to the topology of the testing function space.


Calais became a space of renewed media interest in the summer of 2015, with an increased visuality into the state of refugees' living conditions and their lives. We examine the images of the camps dubbed 'the Jungle' over time, when media started reporting on the camp which was demolished in 2009 and the more recent resurrections termed as 'Jungle II' or the 'new Jungle', thereafter. Earlier media coverage of the Jungle accompanied less visual depictions of their living conditions or daily existence beyond the threat they posed to their immediate environment. However, compared to 2009 there has been a surge in the number of images of the refugees, particularly a steep rise in 2014 and 2015. The refugee as an object of suffering and trauma is the subject of an abject gaze where the corporeal body is both a non-entity and invisible. Both death and the accident are ascribed to it, as inhabitants in this 'state of exception'. We examine these aesthetics of trauma and violence in the liminal space of Calais. The increased visuality and curiosity in the camps since 2015 reinscribed the refugee as a political by-product of border politics, accentuating the refugee camp as a violent and dissonant space in civilised Europe. Despite the intimacy of the imagery, the increased visuality showcased the madness and futility produced through a border politics of legitimacy and 'bare life'.