DNA is replicated during S phase of the S. pombe cell cycle so that each chromosome is composed
of two identical sister chromatids. During M phase condensed chromosomes align at the cells
equator and sister chromatids are attached to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles.
At anaphase, sister chromatids are triggered to separate rapidly and completely and move to
opposite ends of the dividing cell in the equational pattern of nuclear division forming two identical
daughters. During sexual development pre-meiotic replication is followed by homologous
recombination and two successive rounds of nuclear division, MI and MIT. During MI sister
chromatids remain joined and homologues migrate to opposite spindle poles (reductional division).
During MIl, sister chromatids separate as in mitosis, forming four haploid spores enclosed in an
ascus.
Cohesin is a multi-subunit complex that controls chromosome segregation by providing a physical
linkage between sister chromatids. Cohesin is loaded onto newly replicated chromosomes during
G liS phase and associates with chromatin both at the centromeres and chromosome arms. When
cohesion is dissolved at the onset of anaphase (meiotic anaphase II), sister chromatid separation is
triggered.
In S. pombe Rad21p is an essential cohesion protein first identified for its role DNA repair, while
Rec8p cohesin is essential for meiosis, having additional roles in homologous recombination and
spore formation. Both Rad21p and Rec8p occupy critical positions in the mitotic and meiotic
cohesin complexes, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the mitotic and meiotic
functions of Rad21p and Rec8p. To this end their specific patterns of expression were exchanged so
that rad21+ was expressed during meiotic development and rec8+ during the mitotic cell cycle. This
was achieved by swapping their promoter regions so that each would be ectopically expressed both
at physiological levels and at the appropriate time in the cell cycle.
Replacing Rad21p with Rec8p during the mitotic cell cycle was found to rescue the lethal effect of
a rad21+ deletion with cells having wild type morphology. No S phase delay was detected in these
cells though a ~5% increased division time was seen. This rescue was also accompanied with a
~30% loss of viability, and a proportion of cells exhibited the lethal rad21 null phenotype.
111
In the absence of Rec8p cells underwent aberrant meioses with abnormal chromosome segregation,
reduced spore viability and impaired ascospore development. When Rec8p was replaced with
Rad21p, although aberrant meiotic divisions occurred, 66% of asci contained four DNA nuclei in
comparison to 51 % for rec8 null meioses. Furthermore, ascospores developed normally and spore
viability was improved by ~30% when compared to rec8 null. No delay in S phase progression was
detected in cells lacking Rec8p, while expressing Rad21 p in place of Rec8p also did not alter S
phase timing.
These data demonstrate that the essential mitotic function of Rad21 p can be partially complemented
by the meiotic cohesin Rec8p. Conversely, the role ofRec8p in ascospore development appeared to
be fully complemented by the mitotic cohesin Rad21 p. Taken together, the findings of this study
indicate that, while S. pombe Rad21p and Rec8p cohesins have specialised mitotic and meiotic
roles, the functional overlap between them is greater than previously described. They also suggest a
novel role for Rad21 p in septation and/ or ascospore development.


Drawing on newly published macroeconomic statistics, this paper estimates the amount of household wealth owned by each country in offshore tax havens. The equivalent of 10% of world GDP is held in tax havens globally, but this average masks a great deal of heterogeneity—from a few percent of GDP in Scandinavia, to about 15% in Continental Europe, and 60% in Gulf countries and some Latin American economies. We use these estimates to construct revised series of top wealth shares in ten countries, which account for close to half of world GDP. Because offshore wealth is very concentrated at the top, accounting for it increases the top 0.01% wealth share substantially in Europe, even in countries that do not use tax havens extensively. It has considerable effects in Russia, where the vast majority of wealth at the top is held offshore. These results highlight the importance of looking beyond tax and survey data to study wealth accumulation among the very rich in a globalized world.


Individuals are increasingly in charge of their own financial security after retirement. But how well-equipped are individuals to make saving decisions; do they possess adequate financial literacy, are they informed about the most important components of saving plans, do they even plan for retirement? This paper shows that financial illiteracy is widespread among the U.S. population and particularly acute among specific demographic groups, such as those with low education, women, African-Americans, and Hispanics. Moreover, close to half of older workers do not know which type of pensions they have and the large majority of workers know little about the rules governing Social Security benefits. Notwithstanding the low levels of literacy that many individuals display, very few rely on the help of experts or financial advisors to make saving and investment decisions. Low literacy and lack of information affect the ability to save and to secure a comfortable retirement; ignorance about basic financial concepts can be linked to lack of retirement planning and lack of wealth. Financial education programs can help improve saving and financial decision-making, but much more can be done to improve the effectiveness of these programs.


The research and development efforts outlined in this paper address the aerodynamic design of micro air vehicles (MAVs) with hovering, vertical take-off, and landing capabilities (VTOL). The tilt-body configuration of the VTOL MAV is proposed based on the propulsion system consisting of two coaxial contra-rotating motors-propellers. Values of thrust, torque, power, and efficiency of this propulsion system were measured in pusher and tractor arrangements of propellers and compared against single motorpropeller propulsion. With comparable efficiency, the developed propulsion system has very little propeller torque. Hot-wire measurements have been conducted to investigate the velocity profile in slipstream. The lower average velocity and significant decrease of velocity in the core of the slipstream found in the tractor arrangement are mostly due to the parasite drag caused by the motors. It causes the decrease of the thrust force observed for the tractor arrangement in comparison with the pusher one. Wind tunnel testing was conducted for a motor, a wing, and an arrangement of a wing with a motor. The drag force on the wing is produced by two mixing airflows: free stream and propeller-induced pulsating slipstream. The zero-lift drag coefficient increases by about three times with propeller-induced speed increase from 0 to 15 m/s indicating the change of transition mechanism in the boundary layer from a laminar to turbulent state. The results of this study were realized in the design of a VTOL MAV prototype that was successfully flight tested.


A coherent processing system for obtaining complex addition of two or more patterns in real time is described. In this system, a sinusoidal diffraction grating is used in the spatial-frequency plane. The input patterns to be added are displayed symmetrically about the optical axis in the object plane. The complex amplitude addition appears in th zero-order location in the output plane. Complex amplitude subtraction may be obtained by adding a 180° phase plate behind one of the input patterns. Displacing the sinusoidal diffraction grating by half a line pitch is also shown to change the performance of the system from addition to subtraction for two input functions, without the need for a phase plate. Experimental verification of the performance is presented. Analysis of the system for two input patterns is first given, then extended to the complex addition of multiple inputs.


This study is a publication issued by the Microeconomic Analysis service of the National Bank of Belgium, in partnership with the Department of Transport and Regional Economics of the University of Antwerp (UA). It is the outcome of a first research project on the Belgian airport and air transport sector. The former relates to the economic activities within the airports of Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi, Kortrijk, Liege and Ostend, while the latter concentrates on the air transport business as a whole. In the past few years, the logistics business has come to play a significant part in income creation in our country, whose economy is to a large extent driven by services. Air transport and airports in particular are driving forces in this context, not only in terms of business generated within the air transport cluster, but also in terms of airports' attractiveness. On world scale an overall growth of cargo and passengers could be observed in the last ten years. However, the air transport sector has undergone a major crisis during the 2001-2003 period, when passenger traffic numbers first fell sharply and then stagnated. Only after 2003 this activity has picked up again and this until the third quarter of 2008. Cargo traffic on its part recovered already in 2002. In Belgium, a similar evolution can be observed. It should be stressed however that between 1997 and 2007 cargo volumes grew much faster than passenger traffic did. The rankings of European airports underline the importance of cargo traffic for Belgium: In 2006 Brussels, Liege and Ostend-Bruges respectively occupy ranks 6, 8, and 20 in the European cargo airport top 20, while for passenger airports, Brussels can only be found at the end of the top 20. In this study, a sectoral approach has been followed by focusing, for every airport, on two major economic activity components: the air transport cluster on the one hand and other airport-related sectors on the other hand. In that respect, annual accounts data from the Central Balance Sheet Office were used for the calculation of direct effects, the social balance sheet analysis and the study of financial ratios. Due to an inevitable time lag in the data provision, the analysis was limited to 2006. Like in other sectoral studies published by the Bank, indirect effects have also been estimated on the basis of data from the National Accounts Institute. In 2006, the total activities under review –direct and indirect, inside and outside airports- accounted for roughly 6.2 billion euro, i.e. 2 p.c. of Belgium's GDP and domestic employment. Considering the direct effects only, these percentages both amounted to 0.8 p.c. The three major airports, i.e. Brussels, Charleroi and Liege, alone account for 95.2 p.c. of the direct value added generated by the six airports under review. They represent 0.5 p.c. of Belgian GDP and, taking account of the indirect effects, 1.1 p.c. of the national income. Furthermore, it has to be pointed out that most Belgian airports are specialised. While the airports of Liege and Ostend focus on air cargo, Charleroi Airport deals mostly with low-cost passenger transport. Moreover, the smaller regional airports like Antwerp and Kortrijk focus on business travel.


The crustal sub-seafloor covers a large portion of the Earth's surface but is poorly understood as a habitat for life. It is unclear what metabolisms support the microscopic cells that have been observed, and how they survive under resource limitation. As the deep crustal subsurface represents a significant portion of the Earth's surface, microbially mediated reactions may therefore be significant contributors to biogeochemical cycling. In the present study, we used electrochemical techniques to investigate the possibility that crustal subsurface microbial groups can use the solid rock matrix (basalts, etc.) as a source of electrons for redox reactions via extracellular electron transfer (EET). Subsurface crustal fluids and mineral colonization experiments from the cool and oxic basaltic crustal subsurface at the North Pond site on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were used as inocula in cathodic poised potential experiments. Electrodes in oxic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were poised at −200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode to mimic the delivery of electrons in an energy range equivalent to iron oxidation. In this way, microbes that use reduced iron in solid minerals for energy were selected for from the general community onto the electrode surface for interrogation of EET activity, and potential identification by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and DNA sequencing. The results document that there are cathodic EET-capable microbial groups in the low biomass crustal subsurface at this site. The patterns of current generation in the experiments indicate that these microbial groups are active but likely not growing under the low-resource condition of the experiments, consistent with other studies of activity versus growth in the deep biosphere. Lack of growth stymied attempts to determine the phylogeny of EET-capable microbial groups from this habitat, but the results indicate that these microbial groups are a small part of the overall crustal deep biosphere community. This first demonstration of using electromicrobiology techniques to investigate microbial metabolic potential in the crustal deep biosphere reveals the challenges and opportunities for studying EET in the crustal deep biosphere.


Homo Sapiens is considered to be adapted to a Paleolithic hunter-gatherer diet, and was present in anatomically modern form more than 100,000 years before the adoption of agriculture. The causative factors for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) relate to adopting Western dietary standards based on abundant, processed agricultural foods. Ethnic minorities adopting Western diets have uniform increases in NIDDM incidence, but there are also intrinsic differences in NIDDM incidence between various ethnic groups. Insulin sensitivity correlates positively with membrane unsaturation and omega3/omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipids, and negatively with intramuscular triglyceride and central obesity. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation is recommended for NIDDM, including long-chain PUFA. Chromium (Cr) is required for normal insulin function; however, we require more Cr than is provided by the typical Western diet. Cr supplementation well above the Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI) of 50-200 mcg/day may be required to prevent and treat NIDDM. In the past, Cr dietary availability is likely to have been higher, yet requirements lower. In plant foods, many biologically active phytochemicals are bitter or astringent, so many plants have been bred to contain lower levels. Simultaneously, these food have become sweeter and less fibrous. Hence, consuming modern produce is not equivalent to consuming the wild precursors. Herbal products can provide these phytochemicals and fibers. Many botanical products have benefits for controlling diabetes beyond the inhibition of glucose absorption, including stimulating insulin secretion and/ or action, improving insulin binding, improving capillary function, and preventing PUFA peroxidation. (Alt Med Rev 1997;2(5):378-399)


The mixed-valent SeIV/VI compound tricadmium(II) bis-[selenite(IV)] selenate(VI), Cd3(SeO3)2SeO4, contains three crystallographically inequivalent CdII cations, one SeVIO4 tetrahedron and two independent SeIVO3 pyramids corresponding to the formula Cd3(SeO3)2(SeO4). The structure is composed of a three-dimensional network with channels extending parallel to the b axis. Distances and angles within the three [CdOx] polyhedra (x = 6, 8), as well as within the anionic framework, deviate only slightly from those of the isotypic mercury analogue, Hg3Se3O10.


My position is that a shortage of detailed and compelling problem statements is the primary bottleneck that prevents most computer scientists from conducting research in ICT4D. While interesting problems exist, they are usually discovered via months of fieldwork, and there is little incentive to formalize and disseminate problems for the benefit of other researchers. To address this bottleneck, I argue that we should create a prestigious venue for publishing problem descriptions, rather than problem solutions. I also propose that we establish problem-exchange websites to solicit problems from practitioners; organize structured design contests that aggregate knowledge in a problem area; and leverage the domain knowledge of funding agencies in defining technical research problems.


The cellular cascade of molecular signals that instructs cells with fatally damaged DNA to self-destruct pivots on the p53 tumor suppressor gene. If p53 is inactivated, as it is in over half of all human cancers, checks and balances on cell growth fail to operate, and body cells start to accumulate mutations, which ultimately may lead to cancer. Not surprisingly, the regulation of this vital safeguard has been studied in great detail for many years but mainly in tissue culture, or in vitro, models. A new mouse model, created by scientists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, suggests that what researchers have learned about the regulation of p53 activity from in vitro studies may not be relevant to living, breathing organisms. The Salk scientists' findings are published in a late June early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Until now, scientists had assumed, based on studies in cultured cells, that p53 had to be modified by attaching chemical groups to specific sites on the protein to function normally in the body. The new research indicates that these modifications are not necessary to activate p53 under conditions of stress or to prevent p53 from throwing a wrench into the cell cycle machinery, when nothing is wrong. "The chemical modifications of the p53 protein that we thought were essential for its normal function may just fine-tune the activity of the protein under physiological conditions in a living organism, but they are not essential," explains lead investigator professor Geoffrey M. Wahl. "This new study focuses our attention on the network of regulators of p53 and how they are regulated." "This study caused a big shift in how we think about p53," explains Salk scientist and first author Kurt Krummel. "You have to look at all interacting partners because after all, modifications of p53 itself might not be so important as modifications of negative regulators and co-activators." Many chemotherapeutical drugs used to treat cancer exert their biological effects on tumor cells through activation of the p53 pathway. Having an accurate view of how p53 is regulated will allow the development of specific drugs that unleash the killing power of p53 by interfering with its negative regulators. Our cells are vulnerable to DNA breaks caused by UV light, ionizing radiation, toxic chemicals or other environmental damages. Unless promptly and properly repaired, these DNA breaks can let cell division spiral out of control, ultimately causing cancer. Under normal conditions, the p53 protein is very unstable and found only at very low levels in the cell. But when the cell senses that its DNA has been damaged, it slows down the degradation of p53, so that p53 protein levels can rise and initiate protective measures. When higher than normal levels of p53 tumor suppressor exist, there is enough p53 to bind to many regulatory sites in the cell's genome to activate the production of other proteins that will halt cell division if the DNA damage can be repaired. Or, if the damage is too severe for the breaks to be repaired, critical backup protection, also governed by the p53 tumor suppressor protein, kicks in. It initiates the process of programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which directs the cell to commit suicide, permanently removing the damaged DNA from the organism. Since the p53 protein is able to trigger such drastic action as cellular suicide, the cells of the body must ensure that the p53 protein is only activated when damage is sensed and that the protein is quickly degraded when it is not needed. Until now, many scientists thought that specific modifications on the easily accessible tail end, or C-terminus, of the p53 protein are crucial for both, timely degradation or activation. To explore the effects of these modifications in vivo, Salk scientists genetically engineered mice to produce a p53 protein with an altered C-terminus instead of the normal version. Previous tissue culture studies by several labs around the world indicated that tinkering with the tail end prevented the protein from being flagged for degradation or activation. Instead of accumulating in mouse cells and halting cell division in the genetically engineered mice, the altered p53 protein performed flawlessly: it was unstable when no DNA damage was present and was stable and fully functional when needed to halt the cycle cell to repair DNA damage or to induce apoptosis. "It came as a complete surprise. We even used a system that would have allowed us to switch on the modified p53 protein at will because we feared that the mice might not be viable and would die during early embryonic development," says Krummel. More detailed investigations revealed that the altered p53 protein still binds to Mdm2, one of the negative regulators of p53 that facilitate its degradation. When p53 is activated by DNA damage the same sites that are modified when the protein is slated for degradation, a different kind of chemical modification, so-called acetylation, takes place. But without acetylation, p53 functions just as well in mice, found the researchers.


Abstract. In the course of two field campaigns, size-segregated particle samples were collected at nine sites in Germany, including traffic, urban, rural, marine and mountain sites. During the chemical characterisation of the samples some of them were found to contain an unknown substance that was later identified as hydroxymethanesulfonic acid (HMSA). HMSA is known to be formed during the reaction of S(IV) (HSO3− or SO32−) with formaldehyde in the aqueous phase. Due to its stability, HMSA can act as a reservoir species for S(IV) in the atmosphere and is therefore of interest for the understanding of atmospheric sulfur chemistry. However, no HMSA data are available for atmospheric particles from central Europe, and even on a worldwide scale data are scarce. Thus, the present study now provides a representative data set with detailed information on HMSA concentrations in size-segregated central European aerosol particles. HMSA mass concentrations in this data set were highly variable: HMSA was found in 224 out of 738 samples (30%), sometimes in high mass concentrations exceeding those of oxalic acid. On average over all 154 impactor runs, 31.5 ng m−3 HMSA was found in PM10, contributing 0.21% to the total mass. The results show that the particle diameter, the sampling location, the sampling season and the air mass origin impact the HMSA mass concentration. Highest concentrations were found in the particle fraction 0.42–1.2 μm, at urban sites, in winter and with eastern (continental) air masses, respectively. The results suggest that HMSA is formed during aging of pollution plumes. A positive correlation of HMSA with sulfate, oxalate and PM is found (R2 > 0.4). The results furthermore suggest that the fraction of HMSA in PM slightly decreases with increasing pH.


From the Publisher:
Special Edition Using Microsoft Exchange Server 2000 emphasizes integrating Exchange with the Internet, as well as extending its functionality into the area of collaboration. The authoring team from Software Spectrum provides both the theory and the best practices when working with Exchange. Specifically, Kent Joshi, a Managing Consultant draws upon his 13 years of corporate experience including his work at Microsoft, IBM, and his own company to cut through the hype and get down to nuts and bolts. In addition, this edition features additional coverage of undocumented features, workarounds, and practical (and unapologetic) advice for avoiding features that don't work well.


The MEDITS programme started in 1994 in the Mediterranean with the cooperation among research institutes from four countries: France, Greece, Italy and Spain. Over the years, until the advent of the European framework for the collection and management of fisheries data (the Data Collection Framework, DCF), new partners from Slovenia, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Malta and Cyprus joined MEDITS. The FAO regional projects facilitated the cooperation with non-European countries. MEDITS applies a common sampling protocol and methodology for sample collection, data storage and data quality checks (RoME routines). For many years, MEDITS represented the most important data source supporting the evaluation of demersal resources by means of population and community indicators, assessment and simulation models based on fishery-independent data. With the consolidation of the DCF, MEDITS routinely provides abundance indices of target species for tuning stock assessment models of intermediate complexity. Over the years, the survey scope has broadened from the population of demersal species to their fish community and ecosystems, and it has faced new challenges, such as the identification of essential fish habitats, providing new scientific insights linked to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (e.g. biodiversity, trophic webs, allochthonous species and marine macro-litter evaluations) and to the ecosystem approach to fishery and marine spatial planning.


The purpose of this study was to assess changes in psychophysiological fitness following reconstructive knee surgery and early phase (2.5 months) physical rehabilitation. Nine patients (7 male, 2 female; mean age, 29.9 years) electing to undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery (central third, bone-patella tendon-bone graft) were assessed on four separate assessment occasions post-surgery. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed significant condition (injured/non-injured leg) by test occasion (2 weeks pre-surgery and 6, 8 and 10 weeks post-surgery) interactions for knee ligamentous compliance (anterior tibiofemoral displacement), peak force and electromechanical delay associated with the knee flexors of the injured and noninjured legs (F3,24 = 4.7 to 6.6; p < 0.01), together with individualized emotional profile disturbance scores that were significantly less at 10 weeks post-surgery compared to pre-surgery, 6 weeks and 8 weeks post-surgery (F3,24 = 7.6; p < 0.01). Spearman rank correlation coefficients identified significant relationships between musculoskeletal fitness and emotional profile scores at pre-surgery (r = 0.69–0.72; p < 0.05) and at 8 weeks post-surgery (r = 0.70–0.73; p < 0.05). The 6 Bi-POMS subscales and the 12 ERAIQ responses found inconsistent patterns of response and relationships across the assessment occasions. Overall, the patterning of changes and associations amongst emotional performance profile discrepancy scores in conjunction with those scores from indices of musculoskeletal fitness performance capability offered important support for the efficacy of an approach which integrates self-perceptive and objective measurements of fitness capability during rehabilitation following surgery to a synovial joint.


High-resolution observations obtained with the Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile weather radar near the point of landfall of hurricane Fran (1996) revealed the existence of intense, sub-kilometer-scale, boundary layer rolls that strongly modulated the near-surface wind speed. It is proposed that these structures are one cause of geographically varying surface damage patterns that have been observed after some landfalling hurricanes and that they cause much of the observed gustiness, bringing high-velocity air from aloft to the lowest observable levels. High-resolution DOW radar observations are contrasted with lower-resolution observations obtained with an operational weather radar, which underestimated peak low-level wind speeds.


The aim of this study was to compare antisocial and family-only intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators in terms of IPV recidivism rates, type of recidivism crime, and time to recidivism. A total sample of 628 perpetrators was categorized as antisocial (n = 327) or family-only (n = 301) based on general criminality. Results demonstrated that antisocial perpetrators recidivated to a larger extent than family-only perpetrators (27.2% vs. 12.9%). Antisocial perpetrators were more prone to recidivate in both physical and nonphysical violence. Of the perpetrators who recidivated, the majority did so within the first year after their index crime. However, antisocial perpetrators recidivated more than family-only perpetrators after the first year. Key findings consisted of the subtypes' differing propensity to reoffend and their different critical time periods for recidivism. These findings suggest the need for different risk management strategies depending on perpetrator subtype to prevent future violence.


We investigate the mathematical capabilities of two iterations of ChatGPT (released 9-January-2023 and 30-January-2023) and of GPT-4 by testing them on publicly available datasets, as well as hand-crafted ones, using a novel methodology. In contrast to formal mathematics, where large databases of formal proofs are available (e.g., the Lean Mathematical Library), current datasets of natural-language mathematics, used to benchmark language models, either cover only elementary mathematics or are very small. We address this by publicly releasing two new datasets: GHOSTS and miniGHOSTS. These are the first natural-language datasets curated by working researchers in mathematics that (1) aim to cover graduate-level mathematics, (2) provide a holistic overview of the mathematical capabilities of language models, and (3) distinguish multiple dimensions of mathematical reasoning. These datasets also test whether ChatGPT and GPT-4 can be helpful assistants to professional mathematicians by emulating use cases that arise in the daily professional activities of mathematicians. We benchmark the models on a range of fine-grained performance metrics. For advanced mathematics, this is the most detailed evaluation effort to date. We find that ChatGPT can be used most successfully as a mathematical assistant for querying facts, acting as a mathematical search engine and knowledge base interface. GPT-4 can additionally be used for undergraduate-level mathematics but fails on graduate-level difficulty. Contrary to many positive reports in the media about GPT-4 and ChatGPT's exam-solving abilities (a potential case of selection bias), their overall mathematical performance is well below the level of a graduate student. Hence, if your goal is to use ChatGPT to pass a graduate-level math exam, you would be better off copying from your average peer!


The voluminous literature on the privatization of Russian industry overlooks, almost completely, the story of enterprise land rights – a story that does not jibe well with the standard narrative of post-Soviet reform. This paper explains the path that has led to significant inter-regional variation in the ownership status of lands underneath urban industrial enterprises. It then introduces unique data from a survey of 359 large industrial firms across several dozen of Russia's largest cities to explore why some firms have purchased their production plots whereas others continue to lease or hold these lands under the old Soviet system of tenure. In exploring both inter-regional and inter-firm variation in land rights, we find evidence consistent with the proposition that the decisions of regional officials and (the managers and owners of) firms are guided by securing rights over real estate rents.


Numerous studies have evaluated precipitation trends in Alaska and come to different conclusions. These studies differ in analysis period and methodology and do not address the issue of temporal homogeneity. To reconcile these conflicting results, we selected 29 stations with largely complete monthly records, screened them for homogeneity, and then evaluated trend over two analysis periods (1950–2010 and 1980–2010) using three methods: least absolute deviation regression, ordinary least squares regression (with and without transformation), and Mann‐Kendall trend testing following removal of first‐order autocorrelation. We found that differences in analytical period had a significant impact on trends and that the presence of inhomogeneities or step changes also posed a substantial challenge in detecting reliable long‐term trends in precipitation over Alaska, particularly in the southern part of the state. Although some of these inhomogeneities occur in the mid‐1970s and could be associated with well‐documented changes in the Pacific Ocean and the Aleutian Low at that time, many of the inhomogeneities co‐occur with changes in station location, instrumentation, or operation. These operationally induced changes make it difficult to accurately detect the impact of decadal to multidecadal climate variability on precipitation amounts and to assess historical precipitation trends in Alaska.


This research paper documents what learning designs, teaching methods and teaching activities were most commonly used by pre-service teachers and experienced teachers as observed by the preservice teachers when on their practicum visits in schools. The paper also outlines the benefits of documenting learning designs so that good teaching practice might be shared. Using case study methodology, the authors also report how infrequently the pre-service teachers participated in discussions about learning designs, teaching methods and teaching activities with their supervising teacher and/or other experienced teachers. The findings demonstrate that while the preservice teachers recognized the benefits of documenting and sharing learning designs, experienced teachers did not regularly engage in these types of discussions.


A study of the high frequency properties of a low temperature plasma column in a longitudinal magnetic field is described. The experimental observations give a relatively complete picture of the microwave (extraordinary mode) properties of the plasmas studied, encompassing continuous wave scattering and noise emission measurements, as well as the demonstration of the occurrence of related echo processes. Theoretical developments deal largely with a physical model consisting of a one-dimensional slab of cold (zero temperature) plasma which is nonuniform in the steady state and immersed in a uniform magnetic field. Data on the continuous wave reflection and noise emission from some afterglow rare gas discharges are given. The electron temperature in these plasmas is low, approaching room temperature. The reflection and emission are measured as a function of magnetic field in the vicinity of electron cyclotron resonance with electron density as a parameter. The electron densities are such that (ωp/ω) ≤ 1 , where ωp is the electron plasma frequency and ω is the signal frequency. Both types of experiment show the presence of collective effects which yield a normal mode spectrum strongly dependent on the electron density. A broad peak is observed in the region (ωc/ω) ≤ 1 where ωc is the electron cyclotron frequency. This peak shifts to lower values of (ωc/ω) and broadens as the electron density increases. For all values of electron density, a sharp peak is found very close to (ωc/ω) = 1, the cyclotron resonance condition. The experimental and theoretical results suggest that the phenomena observed involve resonance effects at the upper hybrid frequencies (ωh2 = ωc2 + ωp2) of the plasma. Data are also given on a new two-pulse echo process which occurs in these after-glow plasmas. The results establish the intimate relation between the echoes and the upper hybrid normal modes studied in the CW experiments, demonstrating the dominant role played by collective effects in the formation of this echo. A weakly nonlinear cold plasma theory yields upper hybrid echoes which are strongest in a narrow band of frequencies near the maximum upper hybrid frequency of the nonuniform plasma, in agreement with experiment. Furthermore, large signal computations of the dependence of the echo amplitude on excitation pulse separation and amplitude show a complex behavior in qualitative agreement with experiment. As a supplementary topic, the properties of echoes from a general collection of anharmonic oscillators are discussed. The oscillators in this discussion are a general mathematical analog of the upper hybrid normal modes of a cold nonuniform plasma. Through emphasis of effects due to the finite width of the excitation pulses, the calculations show explicitly the role of the various characteristics of the oscillators in echo processes, further delineating the general features thought requisite of classical multiple-pulse echo systems.


This article takes Strom's and Moon's discussion of minority regimes and explores it in the Tasmanian context by reviewing the Labor-Green Accord (1989-92) and the Liberal-Green Alliance (1996-98) governments. It argues that these Green-supported minority governments in Tasmania, while short-lived and contentious, have had significant positive implications for public policy and the shaping of politics, and for not entirely precluding, in fact for encouraging, reform agendas. Indeed, it is argued that they illustrate Kingdon's notion of policy windows whereby problems, policies and politics come together at critical times, in times of crisis for instance, and facilitate fundamental policy innovation and change. The article characterises Green minority government in Tasmania, examines the circumstances that led to its creation, acknowledges the ideological strain of Greens partnering government, but concludes that Green minority government offers significant reform opportunities. By considering these two very different governments, this paper adds empirical justification to Strom's and Green-Pedersen's case that minority governments are far from passive and constrained in terms of governing capacity.


This article is focused on the nature of directives. It draws on Curl and Drew's (2008) analysis of entitlement and contingency in request types and applies this to a corpus of directives that occur in UK family mealtimes involving parents and young children (three—eight-year-olds). While requests are built as contingent to varying degrees on the recipient's willingness or ability to comply, directives embody no orientation to the recipient's ability or desire to perform the relevant activity. This lack of orientation to ability or desire may be what makes them recognizable as directives. When examining directives in sequence the contingencies were successively reduced or managed during the delivery of the directive, thereby treating contingencies as a resource of the speaker rather than of the recipient. In a sense the entitlement claimed is 'to tell' rather than 'to ask'. In sequences involving multiple/repeated directives, non-compliance led to upgraded (more entitled and less contingent) directives. The difference in the entitlement claimed, the response options available and the trajectory of multiple requests/directives suggests that participants orient to requests and directives as different actions, rather than more or less forceful formulations of the same.


There is already strong evidence that mobile videos are a good vehicle for public health information dissemination, but there remain open questions around sustainability, appropriate target users, consumption patterns, content, and usage models. We analyse log and interview data of 42 community health workers (who were first time smartphone users) from a longitudinal 17-month deployment to better understand how the utility of mobile videos played out over time in rural Lesotho. During the study period, videos were viewed at an average of 170 times per month, for a total of 2898 views. Through this data we draw these primary findings: a) pausing is not contextually necessary, b) age is not a barrier to usage, c) the primary predictor of popularity of a given video is topical relevance and national campaigns, d) there is no apparent relationship between video length, popularity and completion rates, and e) new videos have only a short-lived novelty effect. Furthermore, we affirm that regular engagement with CHWs has an impact on continued usage, in addition to being important for reducing attrition due to technical issues.


In this paper, the authors propose the most suitable passive double-star network (PON) configuration for multiplexing more than two kinds of broadband service by wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical access networks. They calculate the cost and number of facilities in outside plant and central offices by using the latest cost trend and investigate their dependence on certain structural conditions such as the number of splits, network configuration, and fiber structure, and service conditions such as multiplexing service number and service penetration. Moreover, the required network configuration for multiplexing more than three services was investigated. As a result, the most suitable PON network for cost-effective service provision and fiber to the home (FTTH) deployment was determined


In fractal image compression the encoding step is computationally expensive. A large number of sequential searches through a list of domains (portions of the image) are carried out while trying to find best matches for other image portions called ranges. Our theory developed here shows that this basic procedure of fractal image compression is equivalent to multi-dimensional nearest neighbor search in a space of feature vectors. This result is useful for accelerating the encoding procedure in fractal image compression. The traditional sequential search takes linear time whereas the nearest neighbor search can be organized to require only logarithmic time. The fast search has been integrated into an existing state-of-the-art classification method thereby accelerating the searches carried out in the individual domain classes. In this case we record acceleration factors up to about 50 depending on image and domain pool size with negligible or minor degradation in both image quality and compression ratio. Furthermore, as compared to plain classification our method is demonstrated to be able to search through larger portions of the domain pool without increasing the computation time. In this way both image quality and compression ratio can be improved at reduced computation time. We also consider the application of a unitary transformation of the feature vectors which results in a reduction of the dimensionality of the search space. New results from numerical simulations are reported. Also we provide a brief overview of related work and other complexity reduction methods. This paper is an extended version of the article [34].


Sodium aluminate solutions have been investigated by infrared absorption and Raman scattering in a broad concentration range in order to detect possible changes in aluminate ion species and distribution. Concentration-dependent changes in spectra include shifts in frequency at maximum band intensity, a loss of proportionality in band intensities, and the appearance of new vibrational bands or the increased asymmetry of existing ones. Changes in infrared spectra correlate well with those observed for Raman spectra and are consistent with the presence of more than one aluminate ion species in equilibrium in concentrated aluminate solutions. Assuming that the observed effects are due to changed solution speciation, it is found that the maximum concentration of Al(OH)4 occurs in solutions of 4–5 M aluminum, and that other species become relatively more abundant as the aluminum concentration is increased. Comparison of solution spectra with spectra of crystalline aluminates indicates that new species are likely to be oligomeric and polymeric anions in which aluminum is mainly 4-coordinate, but the possibility of low concentrations of aluminate species containing 6-coordinate aluminum cannot be excluded.


This paper searches for evidence that, as a Competition Agency (CA) builds up experience in cartel enforcement, this feeds back into the business community to deter future cartel formation. We present two simple models, focussing respectively on composition and frequency deterrence, which describe how the feedback would work. The ideal outcome is that, over the long-run, the number of cartels detected by a successful CA will follow an inverted U-shaped time path: its propensity to detect increase, but the number of cartels out there to be detected decrease. Empirically, we try to simulate the long-term dimension by using an international panel of CAs. Although comparable data are only available for a relatively short time period (2006-2014) we hope that longer-run effects are captured by including in the panel CAs at very different stages in their life cycles. We find evidence of the predicted inverse U shape, and interpret this as consistent with an increasingly strong feedback from enforcement to deterrence as the CA evolves over the years.


In this study, we examined the contribution of the extinction procedure in function-based interventions implemented in the general education classrooms of three at-risk elementary-aged students. Function-based interventions included antecedent adjustments, reinforcement procedures, and function-matched extinction procedures. Using a combined ABC and reversal phase design (A-B-A-B-C-B), a functional relation between the full intervention and dramatically improved levels of on-task behavior were clearly established. On removal of the extinction procedure, on-task behavior rapidly dropped to lower levels. Reinstatement of the full intervention occurred following the partial intervention condition. In every case, on-task levels rapidly improved. Using the Intervention Rating Profile–15 and Children's Intervention Rating Profile, acceptability ratings were highest for full intervention. Limitations and implications for further research are presented.


Abstract Hamartomas are the most common benign pulmonary tumors. They most often contain either chondromatous or lipomatous tissues. Thus, they show typical radiological findings which help to make a preoperative diagnosis of this benign tumor. We present a very rare case of a pulmonary hamartoma with atypical radiologic and histologic findings. Histological examination revealed the lesion to be an adenoleiomyomatous hamartoma.


Abstract. The bioetanol development from biomass bases on lignocellulose like pulp of coffee is one of alternative energy which has potential to be applied in Indonesia. Beside of raw material sources that are so many in our country, the process is also environmentally friendly. Conversion of coffee pulp becomes ethanol using Simultaneous Sacharification and Fermentation (SSF) technology by cellulase had been done on this research. Sacharification process or hydrolysis process, cellulase enzyme will break cellulose polymer becomes glucose. Then, glucose through fermentation is changed to ethanol by using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . This study using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with factorial pattern consisting of two factors. Factor I is the optimum pH (P) consists of three standards are: P1 = 4, P2 = 4.5, P3 = 5. Factor II is the incubation time (fermentation) (T) consisting of four standard that is T1 = 24 hours, T2 = 48 hours, T3 = 72 hours, and T4 = 96 hours. Pretreatment to break the lignin is done by soaking in 2% H 2 SO 4 for 20 hours in the erlenmeyer. The analysis performed consists of the initial analysis and final analysis. Initial analysis consisted of analysis of water content, pH analysis, levels of cellulose and glucose levels, against the skin of the coffee pulp before the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), whereas the final analysis included analysis of ethanol content, the analysis of cellulose and glucose from a solution of ethanol produced. The optimum pH treatment (P), incubation time (fermentation) (T) and interaction optimum pH and incubation time (fermentation) (PT) has very significant (P ≤ 0.01), on levels of ethanol produced. The highest levels of ethanol obtained by fermentation of 96 hours and the optimum pH 4.5 and 5. Ethanol content is obtained that is equal to 6% and 6.07%.


Learning is a continuous process and effective learning relates to students' attitudes, feelings and approach towards the subject of learning. To excel in their academic curricula students must acquire, evaluate and use the available information effectively. One of the mandates of today's higher education is to develop a community of students with information literacy (IL) skills while pursuing their education and enable them to further extend it to their future workplace. This paper examines the information literacy competency of post-graduate students of pharmaceutical sciences course at Manipal University, Manipal. The present case study, conducted prior to and after an Information Literacy Instruction (ILI) program at the Health Sciences Library of Manipal University, Manipal, assesses different aspects of information competency for utilization of information resources. Data were collected through a survey prior to IL session and through feedback response at the end of the session (after the session). St uctured questionnaires were distributed to all the participants (125) before and after the instruction program. Students' awareness about the library website, availability of types of resources of the library, familiarity with the name of online database in the health sciences field, knowledge about the use of library catalogue, bibliographic databases and open access resources; confidence level related to search skills before and after the ILI and the usefulness of ILI program were assessed during the study. The results indicated that the information literacy instruction had a positive influence on effective learning of information literacy skills.


Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes to discover genes associated with brain metastasis in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We found that SIX homeobox 1, encoded by SIX1, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to normal breast tissues. SIX1 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Up-regulation of SIX1 expression may contribute to metastasis of tumor cells from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.


The aim of this thesis was to synthesise and control a nanostructured composite of copper/cobalt. Both the copper and cobalt oxalate exhibit a nanostructure. Attempts to produce nanocomposite particles in the size range of 10-70 nm were made via an oxalate co-precipitation route followed by the appropriate thermal treatment to finally obtain the metal nanocomposite. Much attention was focussed on the understanding of the copper oxalate precipitation and its further transformation into metal before the investigation of the co-precipitation system. One major challenge of this thesis work was to achieve a better understanding of the copper oxalate precipitation mechanism. This was made by following kinetic parameters in order to shed light on the various steps of the precipitation from a supersaturated solution (nucleation, growth and aggregation of nanocrystals). Following the pH as a function of time and using the thermodynamic solubility data it was possible to propose a kinetic model of copper oxalate precipitation, with the co-precipitation of slight amounts (around 0.40% wt) of malachite (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2). The copper oxalate nanostructured particle growth mechanism, from the self-assembly of nanosized buildings blocks, was confirmed for intermediate precipitation times (1-15 minutes). Evidence for such organisation of the particles was shown by a combination of XRD diffraction, SEM and AFM measurements showing the presence of steps at the particle surface with a height that corresponds to a multiple of the mean crystallite size in that particular crystallographic orientation. Further investigations were performed for the early steps of the precipitation by SAXS but either the precipitated volume fraction was too low for detection of the particles or nucleation and growth kinetics were to fast (less than one second) to be followed. The TEM cross-section analyses showed a possible core-shell assembly mechanism. The core showed a random organisation of the crystallites with a size of around 25 nm, while the crystallite in the shell with a size of around 40 nm presented certain order along the 110 axis, particularly towards the particle surface. All these details provided the opportunity to propose a new and more detailed mechanism of the copper oxalate polycrystalline particle formation. In order to master the conditions of the Cu/Cu oxalate decomposition, a good understanding of the simple copper oxalate decomposition was necessary. All along this thesis, much attention was paid to the transformation of the copper oxalate cubic particles into the metal. The objective was thus to conserve the particles cubic macrostructure morphology and their internal nanoscale spatial organisation. To this goaltwo routes were investigated: a direct transformation and another, an indirect one, that required the formation of an oxide. Both the copper oxalate and the oxide showed an anisotropic behaviour during the transformation into the metal. It is shown experimentally that the anisotropy, nanostructure and inhomogeneity of the initial nanocrystallites of both the oxalate and the oxide have an important influence on the mechanism and evolution of transformation into the metal. The particle morphology was shown to be lost for a transformation yield of α>0.80 in the case of the direct transformation from the oxalate whereas the morphology was kept up to the metallic state when passing via the oxide. A kinetic model was proposed for both systems using the method of the sudden change in temperature and pressure. The kinetics analysis did not permit a total understanding of the transformations studied, as several stages were shown to have complex and concurrently competing mechanisms. However, a geometrical model was proposed using the ex-situ analysis of the samples as a function of the reaction yield for both routes. For the initial stages of the copper oxide reduction under He/H2 atmospheres, the kinetic analysis showed hydrogen dissociation as a rate-limiting step. With a view to producing a cobalt/copper composite, preliminary experiments were carried out for the co-precipitation of the Co/Cu oxalate with different cationic ratios. Thermodynamic calculations showed the formation of the two solids was possible independent of the ratio Co/Cu. Experimentally, however a co-precipitation was obtained only for a ratio Co/Cu of 1, whereas for other ration only one single phase (either copper oxalate or cobalt oxalate) was formed. A second route was investigated using cobalt oxalate or cobalt oxide seeds. The amount of the cobalt detected by TEM in the precipitate using either the oxalate or from the oxide seeds was around 3%wt, which is lower than the value of 10%wt necessary to provide desired magnetic properties in the resulting precipitate. The exact nature and spatial distribution of the cobalt was not ascertained and further analysis of the nanostructure by TEM needs to be carried out to confirm the premise of the seed route. This thesis has shown that it is possible to get to a deeper understanding of the kinetics and the mechanism of the copper oxalate precipitation using the appropriate techniques. The cubic macrostructure can be conserved from the initial CuO nanoparticles (13 nm) to metallic Cu (42 nm) by a controlled transformation in a reducing atmosphere. Preliminary experiments made on the possible formation of a Co/Cu composite via the use of the cobalt oxide seeds as heterogeneous nuclei for the copper oxalate precipitation seems most promising.


The UK Biobank project is a proposed large-scale investigation of the combined effects of genotype and environmental exposures on the risk of common diseases. It is intended to recruit 500,000 subjects aged 40-69, to obtain medical histories and blood samples at outset, and to follow them up for at least 10 years. This will have a major impact on our knowledge of multifactorial genetic disorders, rather than the rare but severe single-gene disorders that have been studied to date. What use may insurance companies make of this knowledge, particularly if genetic tests can identify persons at different risk? We describe here a simulation study of the UK Biobank project. We specify a simple hypothetical model of genetic and environmental influences on the risk of heart attack. A single simulation of UK Biobank consists of 500,000 life histories over 10 years; we suppose that case-control studies are carried out to estimate age-specific odds ratios, and that an actuary uses these odds ratios to parameterise a model of critical illness insurance. From a large number of such simulations we obtain sampling distributions of premium rates in different strata defined by genotype and environmental exposure. We conclude that the ability of such a study reliably to discriminate between different underwriting classes is limited, and depends on large numbers of cases being analysed.


Abstract Over the past twenty years, research on political extremism and terrorism has become one of the fastest growing sub-fields within criminology. This rapid growth is reminiscent of the early years of criminologyitself, characterized by energy, imagination and creativity but at the same time a specialization struggling to collect and analyze valid data, apply appropriate research methods and develop coherent theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we take stock of these developments by considering a basket of micro- and macro-level risk factors that have been frequently linked to the decision to engage in violent extremism. Following a review of risk factors, we consider major definitional, theoretical, data and methodological challenges and also progress made. Prior criminological research on violent extremism has focused especially on micro-level characteristics and few studies to date have integrated micro and macro determinants to explain extremist outcomes. However, with the growing availability of data, including open-source databases, paired with the application of more sophisticated statistical methods, we expect to see more robust results in the years ahead.


This brilliantly crafted narrative explores the roots of violence in Chinese rural society over the past seven hundred years, based on the study of a single highland county, Macheng, Hubei province, in the Great Divide Mountains separating the Yangzi valley from the North China Plain. Between the expulsion of the Mongols in the mid-fourteenth century and the invasion of the Japanese in 1938, Macheng experienced repeated, often self-inflicted waves of mass "extermination" of segments of its population. This book argues that, beyond its strategic military centrality and ingrained social tensions, cultural factors such as popular religion, folklore, collective memory, and local historical production played key roles in the continued proclivity of the county's population for massive carnage. In the process, the history of Macheng also provides a case study in the way events and trends of national significance in the history of China have been experienced at the local level.


At the Congress on Coastal Structures and Breakwaters, a stability relation for toe structures of rubble mound breakwaters was presented, see Van der Meer et al.,1995. In that relation the relative stone density, A, was used in the stability parameter Hs/ADnS0. In the tests on which the relation was based, however, A was not varied, so some uncertainty remained on the influence of this parameter. Additional tests were therefore carried out with different stone densities, leading to the conclusion that there is no influence of the stone density, other than represented in the stability parameter H/AD^g. Computations were done, coupling the orbital velocities in the waves in front of the breakwater to the stability of the stones of the toe structure leading to encouraging results. Both computations and tests show an influence of the waterdepth in front of the breakwater which is not yet included in the stability relation.


The early experience of the airline industry under deregulation was very much as expected, with increased competition and new entrants offering highly competitive rates. However, there are approximately 130 airlines operating today, and the industry remains more heavily concentrated than it was prior to deregulation. This study reports on concentration in the US airline industry between 1970 and 2009, as measured by the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio, together with changes in industry costs. The results show a trend of industry-wide reduced costs per available seat mile that is negatively correlated with the increased level of industry output over the last 30 years and increased concentration, which demonstrate the need for more research into the question of scale economies in air transportation.


ABSTRACT Phase portraits provide control system designers strong graphical insight into nonlinear system dynamics. These plots readily display vehicle stability properties and map equilibrium point locations and movement to changing parameters and system inputs. This paper extends the usage of phase portraits in vehicle dynamics to control synthesis by illustrating the relationship between the boundaries of stable vehicle operation and the state derivative isoclines in the yaw rate–sideslip phase plane. Closed-loop phase portraits demonstrate the potential for augmenting a vehicle's open-loop dynamics through steering and braking. The paper concludes by applying phase portrait analysis to an envelope control algorithm for yaw stability and a sliding surface controller for stabilising a saddle point equilibrium in drifting.


Abstract
 This contribution on the genus Cantharellus in North America introduces three new look-alikes of already known species in the eastern United States and thereby exposes the problem of species delimitation in Cantharellus. The small, reddish pink to orange C. corallinus sp. nov. is yet another look-alike of C. cinnabarinus, while the new C. flavolateritius is proposed as a new southern relative of C. lateritius. Both new species are, however, genetically clearly divergent. Such a scenario of "cryptic species" corresponds to a concept that is widely admitted even by field mycologists and therefore easily accepted. In contrast, typical forms of the here newly described C. velutinus sp. nov. are nearly indistinguishable from C. lateritius, but the phenotypic variability of this new species (as supported by phylogenetic inference of the TEF-1 gene) is so impressive that it is hard to accept that the various observed phenotypic forms all belong to a single species as indeed suggested by their identical sequence data. The latter scenario, that of lumping easily separable phenotypic forms in the field under a single species epitheton encounters much more criticism from most field mycologists and is only reluctantly accepted.


The literature which identifies national differences in accounting and addresses the problems of harmonisation is reviewed and consideration given to how this interacts with theories of accounting change. It is suggested that harmonisation attempts will be modified by the interplay of competing interests in each jurisdiction. The nature of the true and fair view in its British context is also reviewed and found to be a flexible notion whose use may serve a number of interests. Its adoption process of the European Community Fourth Company Law Directive is considered. French accounting since 1945 is analysed and consideration given to the influences which were active in accounting during the period of adaptation of French accounting in compliance with the Fourth Directive. The changes brought about in French accounting are considered as well as the French understanding of the true and fair view. Two empirical studies address the evidence of change after adoption. A study of recognition of excess tax depreciation in a sample of 50 published annual reports shows that a majority of companies changed their measurement approach. A second study sets out to observe whether the true and fair view as operationalised in the preparation of accounting statements from artificial data would be similar as between France and Britain. The study suggests that there are differences but these are as great between accountants within each national group as between the groups. It is concluded that the revision to French accounting provided an opportunity for the accounting profession and large enterprises to move towards an approach which served their interests. This involved freeing accounting from the domination of tax-driven measurement, and was only partly successful. The outcome is a compromise which provides accounts superficially similar to British ones but with substantial measurement issues still to be addressed. The French experience suggests that the process of harmonisation is a political one where external intervention simply provides an occasion for established interests to assert themselves.


Transport properties of n-type CuGaSe2 single crystals are investigated in the temperature range from 2 to 350 K. The effective donor concentration is varied between 2×1012 and 4.4×1017 cm-3 by co-doping with Ge and Zn. The charge transport properties are analysed and interpreted in the framework of an Anderson metal-insulator transition. A critical donor concentration Nc of 1.4×1017 cm-3 is estimated, which is in good agreement with the Mott criterion (Nc1/3≈0.25/aH). However, the second characteristic concentration, above which the Fermi level merges into the conduction band, was not observed experimentally. This is in accordance with an estimate of 7×1017 cm-3 according to the Matsubara-Toyozawa criterion, which exceeds the highest donor concentrations achieved in this material so far. The effective dopant density in n-type CuGaSe2 is limited by self-compensation due to intrinsic defects (mainly Cu vacancies). Furthermore, at low temperatures a crossover from Mott- to Efros-Shklovskii-type variable range hopping is observed on the dielectric side of the transition.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate Belgian pediatric intensive care nurses' involvement in and attitudes toward medical end-of-life decisions with a possible or certain life-shortening effect.

METHODS
Questionnaires were distributed to 141 nurses working in 5 of the 7 pediatric intensive care units in Belgium. Nurses were asked to recall the last child in their care whose treatment involved an end-of-life decision and to describe anonymously their involvement in the decision. Attitudes were ascertained by means of statements and a Likert scale.

RESULTS
Questionnaires were completed by 89 nurses (63%). During the preceding 2 years, 76 (85%) had cared for at least 1 child for whom a medical end-of-life decision had been made. Nurses were involved in initiating the decision in 17% of cases, participated in decision making in 50%, and played a role in carrying out the decision in 90%. Only 6% of nurses found it always ethically wrong to hasten the death of a child by administering lethal drugs; most nurses (78%) reported they were prepared to cooperate in administering life-ending drugs in some cases. Most (89%) favored adapting the law, making life termination of children legally possible in certain cases.

CONCLUSIONS
Belgian pediatric intensive care nurses are often involved in carrying out medical end-of-life decisions, including administration of life-ending drugs, whereas their participation in decision making is more limited. Most think that the current euthanasia law should be extended to minors so that administering life-ending drugs would be possible for terminally ill children in specific circumstances.


Abstract Many boreal forests grow in regions where climate is now warming rapidly. Changes in these vast, cold forests have the potential to affect global climate because they store huge amounts of carbon and because the relative abundances of their different tree species influence how much solar radiation reflects back to space. Both the carbon cycling and albedo of boreal forests are strongly affected by wildland fires, which in turn are closely controlled by summer climate. Here we use a forest disturbance model in both a retrospective and predictive manner to explore how the forests of Interior Alaska respond to changing climate. Results suggest that a widespread shift from coniferous to deciduous vegetation began around A.D. 1990 and will continue over the next several decades. This ecological regime shift is being driven by old, highly flammable spruce stands encountering a warmer climate conducive to larger and more frequent fires. Increased burning promotes the spread of early successional, deciduous species at the expense of spruce. These striking changes in the vegetation composition and fire regime are predicted to alter the biophysics of Alaska's forests. The ground will warm, and a surge of carbon emission is likely. Our modeling results support previous inferences that Alaska's boreal forest is now shifting to a new ecological state and that positive feedbacks to global warming will accompany this change.


The complexity of the transition to more sustainable food systems has taken multiple trajectories, differently driven and oriented. In this scenario, innovation pathways promoted at the grassroots level and based on collective action driven by social purposes appear to carry a strong transformative capacity. Considered as expressions of social innovation, their study has been approached through different theoretical frameworks. By referring to some of these, and in particular to the developments of transition theories, we analyse the innovation pathways involving the wheat-bread value chain in Tuscany (Italy). The analysis sheds light on the relevance of the nature of social innovation carried out by grassroots initiatives in their pursuing radical change aimed at deeply redefining production-consumption practices through social interaction, to meet socially shared needs and achieving several social benefits. The paper also analyses the factors and mechanisms underlying the change processes this innovation has triggered in the mainstream system, focusing on the so-called "anchoring" process. Through this analysis, the work aims at improving the understanding of the transformative potential of social innovation.


How thoroughly can 1 book address 2 complex aspects of the host-agent-environment triad, especially for a topic as broad as respiratory tract infections? Every author of an infectious disease topic assumes this task, at least implicitly. For example, the clinical aspects of adenovirus infection are hard to discuss without also highlighting the host factors that lead to greater susceptibility. The value of a book dedicated to the host-pathogen interaction depends on the book's ability to focus explicitly and narrowly on this relationship as the main topic.

Common to all 13 chapters of this first edition is the subject matter expertise of the authors. In addition to their thorough treatment of each subject, extensive referencing shows clearly the authors' command of current and past literature (in some instances, more space is devoted to references than to text). Beyond these common features, different chapters address particular facets of the host-agent relationship. Several chapters treat the host itself as the key subject, for example, the chapter on genetic background. Others place greater emphasis on the features of the microbes themselves, such as their pathogenicity and mechanisms for evading the host immune system. Still other chapters dissect and analyze every aspect of the complex relationship between host and agent, successfully making this interaction the central topic. The chapter on the pathogenesis of bacterial respiratory tract infections is a particularly strong example. Finally, some chapters look at the host-microbe interface over a period longer than the time of acute infection. For example, the chapter on atypical bacteria summarizes the evidence for a causal relationship between infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and the subsequent development of asthma.

If the authors' expertise is the primary strength of the book, the lack of organization and focus is its principal weakness. Most infectious disease textbooks adopt a pyramidal structure, beginning with foundational concepts, such as clinical syndromes, followed by specifics, such as the clinical presentation and treatment of individual pathogens. No such analogous structure is apparent in this book. Although the book begins with a discussion of genetics and the hygiene hypothesis, it quickly digresses into issues less relevant to the main point of the book, such as new diagnostic tests. A clear structure would also help ensure that all major topics are included. For example, many respiratory tract infections have a bimodal age distribution with the greatest incidence in the very young and the very old. However, this book largely omits any discussion of host-microbe interactions among the elderly. Similarly absent is a description of how pandemic influenza viruses emerge and evade the host immune system. Simply put, structure would unify what could otherwise be considered a series of well-done monographs.

Most readers who want to understand the host-agent interplay in respiratory infections might find that a general infectious disease text meets their needs. However, others who need more depth in selected topics should search the table of contents before adding this book to their library.


We present in a Monte Carlo simulation framework, a novel approach for the evaluation of hybrid local volatility [Risk, 1994, 7, 18–20], [Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance, 1998, 1, 61–110] models. In particular, we consider the stochastic local volatility model—see e.g. Lipton et al. [Quant. Finance, 2014, 14, 1899–1922], Piterbarg [Risk, 2007, April, 84–89], Tataru and Fisher [Quantitative Development Group, Bloomberg Version 1, 2010], Lipton [Risk, 2002, 15, 61–66]—and the local volatility model incorporating stochastic interest rates—see e.g. Atlan [ArXiV preprint math/0604316, 2006], Piterbarg [Risk, 2006, 19, 66–71], Deelstra and Rayée [Appl. Math. Finance, 2012, 1–23], Ren et al. [Risk, 2007, 20, 138–143]. For both model classes a particular (conditional) expectation needs to be evaluated which cannot be extracted from the market and is expensive to compute. We establish accurate and 'cheap to evaluate' approximations for the expectations by means of the stochastic collocation method [SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 2007, 45, 1005–1034], [SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 2005, 27, 1118–1139], [Math. Models Methods Appl. Sci., 2012, 22, 1–33], [SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 2008, 46, 2309–2345], [J. Biomech. Eng., 2011, 133, 031001], which was recently applied in the financial context [Available at SSRN 2529691, 2014], [J. Comput. Finance, 2016, 20, 1–19], combined with standard regression techniques. Monte Carlo pricing experiments confirm that our method is highly accurate and fast.


Immigration legal services providers (ISPs) are a principal source of support for low-income immigrants seeking immigration benefits. Yet there is scant quantitative evidence on the prevalence and geographic distribution of ISPs in the United States. To fill this gap, we construct a comprehensive, nationwide database of 2,138 geocoded ISP offices that offer low- or no-cost legal services to low-income immigrants. We use spatial optimization methods to analyze the geographic network of ISPs and measure ISPs' proximity to the low-income immigrant population. Because both ISPs and immigrants are highly concentrated in major urban areas, most low-income immigrants live close to an ISP. However, we also find a sizable fraction of low-income immigrants in underserved areas, which are primarily in midsize cities in the South. This reflects both a general skew in non-governmental organization service provision and the more recent arrival of immigrants in these largely Southern destinations. Finally, our optimization analysis suggests significant gains from placing new ISPs in underserved areas to maximize the number of low-income immigrants who live near an ISP. Overall, our results provide vital information to immigrants, funders, and policymakers about the current state of the ISP network and opportunities to improve it.


Infusion therapy has developed significantly in recent years, and many infusion devices and systems are now in use in clinical practice. Errors associated with administering intravenous infusions can cause serious harm to patients, and a lack of standardization of infusion devices, among other factors, can increase the risk of these occurring. Following an audit investigating infusions in one acute NHS trust, a multidisciplinary group was formed to address the need for device replacement and standardization. This article describes this process and the implementation of the group's 5-year plan. This plan was implemented between 2004 and 2009, and significantly reduced organizational risk, harm to patients and exposure to unnecessary clinical risk. A variety of purchasing models were used including administration set/consumable deals, cash injections and capital replacement programmes. The organization successfully reduced the variety of infusion device from over 31 device types to just eight types during t...


The impacts of climate change on annual runoff were analyzed using hydrologic and meteorological data collected by 8 meteorological stations and 15 hydrological stations in the headstream of the Tarim River Watershed from 1957 to 2005. The long-term trend of climate change and hydrological variations were determined by parametric and non-parametric tests. The results show that the increasing scale of precipitation is less than the scale of rising temperature. The change and response of hydrological process have their own spatial characteristics in the tributaries of a headstream. Precipitation and temperature do not increase simultaneously in the hydro- and meteo-stations located in the headstream. The temperature and runoff displayed certain relations, and a relationship also existed between precipitation and runoff. The annual runoff of the Aksu and Kaidu rivers was consistent with an increasing trend in temperature and precipitation during the past 50 years; temperature increases have a greater effect on annual runoff. These results suggest that with the increase of temperature in the Tarim River Watershed, the glacier in the headstreams would melt gradually which results in runoff increase in several headstreams. However, glacier meltwater would be exhausted due to continual glacier shrinkage, and the increased trend of runoff in the headstreams would also slow or lessen. Thus, regional water resources shortage problems are still serious and have become a major feature in the Tarim River Watershed.


We introduce a new family of matrix norms, the "local max" norms, generalizing existing methods such as the max norm, the trace norm (nuclear norm), and the weighted or smoothed weighted trace norms, which have been extensively used in the literature as regularizers for matrix reconstruction problems. We show that this new family can be used to interpolate between the (weighted or unweighted) trace norm and the more conservative max norm. We test this interpolation on simulated data and on the large-scale Netflix and MovieLens ratings data, and find improved accuracy relative to the existing matrix norms. We also provide theoretical results showing learning guarantees for some of the new norms.


The large and rapidly growing Latino population gains heightened attention as the 2012 Elections approach. Similarly, after 17 states passed legislation to restrict virtually all stages of the voting process, voting rights and these new potential barriers have become hotly debated topics — in and outside of the courtroom. While this sudden surge indicated a collaborative effort nationwide, more aggressive measures were seen in the Southern United States region. More notably, in states where Latino populations have surged in the past decade or where Latinos have a strong presence. Because of the unique demographic and array of recent voter legislation, this commentary specifically focuses on the impact that the laws in Alabama, Florida, Texas, and South Carolina would have on eligible Latino voters in upcoming elections if these laws are allowed to be implemented. This analysis takes into account the social and demographic factors that drive Latinos to be severely underrepresented among the electorate, and looks further to the national impact that these laws could have on the existing low participation rates among Latinos. Lastly, it concludes with policy recommendations to help address these issues at both the state and federal level. Currently, less than half of the Latino population is eligible to vote. Much of that is due to the rapid influx of U.S. born Latino youth that are ineligible to vote, but that ultimately will enter by the thousands to the pool of eligible voters each year. The impact of this underrepresentation is exasperated by the fact that Latino participation rates fall far below any other voting population. Moreover, Latinos live in poverty at a higher rate than any other racial or ethnic group. This finding makes Latinos especially vulnerable to voting laws aimed at restricting practices and/or procedures more often utilized by lowincome voters. As a result, potential barriers that decrease or even maintain current participation rates — as Latino youth become eligible voters — will increase the current representation gap seen among the electorate and will compromise Latino representation in all levels of government.


We present the design and fabrication of 2 μm wavelength range type-II InP-based lasers and photodetectors integrated on a silicon photonic circuit. "W"-shaped type-II InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum wells are used as active region in the laser and photodetector structures. In order to achieve high efficient mode coupling, a taper structure in both the III-V waveguide and silicon waveguide is used. An anisotropic wet etching is used to fabricate a very narrow inverted taper tip. The integration of type-II lasers and photodetectors on a silicon photonic integrated circuit using the same III-V epitaxial stack for laser and detector enables the realization of a completely integrated spectroscopic sensor.


There has been growing concern about the way cultivating biomass for the production of agro-biofuels competes with food production. To avoid this competition biomass production for biofuels will, in the long term, have to be completely decoupled from food production. This is where microalgae have enormous potential. Here we propose a novel process based on microalgae cultivation using dilute fossil CO2 emissions and the conversion of the algal biomass through a catalytic hydrothermal process. The resulting products are methane as a clean fuel and concentrated CO2 for sequestration. The proposed gasification process mineralizes nutrient-bearing organics completely. Here we show that complete gasification of microalgae (Spirulina platensis) to a methane-rich gas is now possible in supercritical water using ruthenium catalysts. 60–70% of the heating value contained in the algal biomass would be recovered as methane. Such an efficient algae-to-methane process opens up an elegant way to tackle both climate change and dependence on fossil natural gas without competing with food production.


A comparative study has been made for the modelling of a passive release from an L-shaped building, in the presence of wind, using dispersion models of various complexities. Selected for the comparison were the one- and two-dimensional shallow layer models DISPLAY-1 and DISPLAY-2 and the full three-dimensional model ADREA-HF, all being part of the Dense Gas Dispersion Code Package, jointly developed by NCSR-DEMOKRITOS and JRC-ISPRA. For the shallow layer models, turbulence is modelled by means of the entrainment velocity concept, while for the three-dimensional model, a one-equation turbulence closure is used, according to which the turbulent kinetic energy conservation equation is solved. Length scales depend on the local and global flow characteristics of the L-shaped building. Concepts of volume porosity and area permeability are used. The pressure drop due to the building is taken into account by adding resistance terms in the shallow momentum equations. For model validation, the EMU-A1 wind tunnel experiment has been selected. The model results are compared against the experimental concentrations, using a statistical evaluation approach. The results clearly demonstrate the applicability of the model ADREA-HF for the present complex topography. For the shallow layer models acceptable results were obtained in CPU times much lower than ADREA-HF. Further improvements of the model for additional entrainment due to the presence of obstacles is necessary.


By the late 1930s, South Africa had developed a welfare state that was remarkable in terms of both the range of risks against which it provided and its coverage of the poor – although only for poor white and coloured people. The Carnegie Commission of Inquiry into the Poor White Problem in South Africa is often credited with the major role in prompting this welfare state-building. This is, at most, only partly true. Firstly, key aspects of the welfare state, most notably old-age pensions, predated the Commission. Secondly, as I show in this article, the Commission's recommendations with regard to most areas of social policy (excepting education) were hostile to programmatic state-building and sought to return discretionary power to the church through indoor (and perhaps also outdoor) poor relief. Some members of the Commission might have employed 'modern' social science research methods, and some may have favoured the expansion of professional social work, but its reports generally gave expression to a backlash against the prior, nascent growth of South Africa's welfare state. In general, the Commission's recommendations entailed a reversal to the kind of 'scientific charity' that characterised the United States in the late nineteenth century, not the more professional social work of the United States in the 1920s and certainly not the social policies of the New Deal. The Commission gave rise to a period of struggle over the appropriate roles of church, state and professional social workers. Although the church-centric ambitions of most of the Carnegie commissioners were ultimately frustrated, their efforts contributed to the making of a somewhat bifurcated welfare state in which the expansion of welfare programmes was retarded.


The present study examines the extent of variation in learning experience between two concurrent cohorts of first year students as a result of Education Reform in Hong Kong (known as the double cohort): students under the existing academic structure being admitted to the old three-year curriculum and students under the new academic structure being admitted to the new four-year curriculum. The Student Learning Experience Questionnaire (SLEQ), an instrument designed to measure students' learning experience in higher education was validated in the present study in a sample of 3102 first year students at a Hong Kong university, including 1445 students of the three-year cohort and 1657 students of the four-year cohort. Results from the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scales of students' perceptions of learning environment (active learning, feedback from teacher, motivation, clear goals and standards, and appropriate assessment) in the SLEQ measured correlated constructs in a five-factor structure. In the comparison between the two cohorts on the factorial structure, results from the multiplegroup confirmatory factor analysis imply that the two cohorts interpreted and responded to the studied scales in a similar manner. However, group difference existed between the two cohorts in their perceptions on feedback from teacher and clear goals and standards. These findings could enhance teaching and learning through a better understanding of the learning experience perceived by the double cohort. Implications of the present study to re-thinking higher education research, professional development and evaluation in globalized world (sub-theme of HERDSA 2014) will be addressed.


The article studies the significance of corporate social responsibility. The authors have chosen aspects of social-and-ethic business as an object of the research. They identify the features of the development of Russian business in the area of moral-and-ethic aspects. The authors also have justified the necessity of forming corporate social responsibility taking into account moral-and-ethic principles. The authors have made the conclusion that an entrepreneur must understand that the compliance with the standards of moral-and-ethic business is the only possible mitigation of conflict of interests of the entrepreneur and the interests of the employee. The authors have suggested forming Russian model of moral-and-ethic business requiring an active role of the state in economic and social spheres combining employees' commitment in their performance and moral-and-ethic responsibility of the entrepreneur.


This book introduces the most recent research findings on selected parasitic weeds that occur in Jordan and are also spread in Middle Eastern countries. It is a valuable source of information for researchers, students as well as farmers, giving readers a better understanding of these regional parasites and their unusual growth patterns. The book set consists of two volumes. The first volume includes information about genera which are typically known as root parasites. These genera are Orobanchaceae, Santalaceae, and Cynomoriaceae families. The second volume covers stem parasites of the Cuscutaceae, Loranthaceae and Viscaceae families. The detailed information presented in this set makes this an essential reference on weeds and parasitic plants in Jordan and Middle Eastern regions. Key Features: - Chapters cover the biology, ecology, distribution, economic significance, host ranges, and control methods of a variety of regional weeds in an organized way - It includes information on parasitic families, genera and species that are found in Jordanian flora and their hosts. - It also provides coloured photos of weeds - Presents the latest techniques for plant pest management - Provides references for further reading - Includes a glossary and appendix suitable for beginners.


Beliefs are a central construct in every discipline which deals with human behavior and learning. Teachers' beliefs influence their consciousness, teaching attitude, teaching methods and teaching policies. Teachers' beliefs also strongly influence teaching behavior and, finally, learners' development. The formation of teachers' educational beliefs in language teaching/learning process will exert an indiscernible effect on forming effective teaching methods and will bring about the improvement of learners' language learning abilities (Horwitz, 1985). The Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) was administered to a total of 248 foreign language-major university students at five universities. The participants were in the departments of English, German, French, Japanese and Arabic and they were all going to be the teachers of the language they were learning. Although most of the item alternatives drew slightly different percentages of responses, the overall pattern of responses remained strikingly consistent across language groups. The present findings indicate that students hold a range of beliefs with varying degrees of validity; in some cases, the term "myth" might be a more accurate characterization. Some results reported here may surprise language teaching educators and teacher trainers; others probably confirm their experiences and intuitions.


Background/Context For the past century, mathematics education in the United States has been effective at producing outcomes mirroring society's historical inequities. The enactment of the No Child Left Behind Act in 2001 was intended to address these differential educational outcomes. Given the scope of this legislation's impact on the way in which states, districts, and schools evaluate mathematics learning and conceptualize reforms in the teaching of mathematics, it is critical to examine the possible effects this may have on how mathematical proficiency is determined and distributed. Purpose/Focus of Study This inquiry raises questions about the manner in which the No Child Left Behind Act aims to improve mathematics education through an increased reliance on "objective" science. Specifically, the argument put forth here is that the policies of the No Child Left Behind Act leverage and intensify the "dividing practices" instituted in the early 20th century as a means of justifying the differential stratification of students in schools, thereby making equitable educational outcomes less likely than not. The questions guiding this inquiry are: How did these dividing practices first develop? What are the taken-for-granted assumptions under which they operate? How might technologies related to these practices, given renewed status due to the requirements of the NCLB Act, impact mathematics education? Research Design This inquiry takes the format of an analytic essay, drawing on both a historical perspective of efforts to improve education in the United States through a reliance on scientific methods, and an examination of recent evidence as to how the No Child Left Behind legislation's policies are bring implemented in relation to the assessment and teaching of mathematics. Conclusions/Recommendations Although the intent of the No Child Left Behind legislation is to identify schools in which students are not being educated well and to compel improvement, its approach to doing so is built on a model from which long-standing disparities were constructed in the first place. The use of high-stakes standardized testing and direct instruction (DI) methods of teaching—both likely effects of the policies of the NCLB Act—reify the idea that mathematics is something to be put into students' heads, apart from their lived experiences and daily lives. This approach to mathematics education provides a rationale for students' (continued) stratification within an "objective" system of standardized testing and instruction. When considering reforms that aim to reduce inequities in educational outcomes, particularly in mathematics, forms of assessment and instruction must be developed and promoted that get away from the divisiveness of the traditional truth games and move toward a focus on students making sense of mathematics in ways that are meaningful, flexible, and connected to their sense of self.


The aim of this short paper is to provide an update on our experiences with
using Mathematical Mark-up Language (MathML) and Scalable Vector
Graphics (SVG) within "Mathletics" – a suite of mathematics and statistics
objective question styles written within Perception's QML language/Javascript.
We refer here to question style to stress that we author according to the
pedagogic and algebraic structure of a questions' content; random
parameters are chosen at runtime and included within all elements of the
question and feedback, including the plain text source for MathML and SVG.
This results in each style having thousands, or even millions, of realisations
seen by the users. Much of what we have developed exists in template files
that contain functions called by any question style within the database; such
functions are therefore independent of any particular web-based system (we
user Perception), indeed, ordinary web pages. We reported on some of these
functions at the last CAA Conference (Baruah, Ellis, Gill and Greenhow 2005)
whilst basic concepts and terminology for MathML and SVG are introduced by
Ellis (2005). It should also be noted that the user's choice of font colours &
sizes, and background colour, are all incorporated within the MathML and
SVG content. This means that equations and diagrams will be accessible to
those requiring larger/differently-coloured versions of the content's default
options.


The tribal initiation of the shaman, the archetype of the serpent, exemplifies the death of the self and a rebirth into transcendent life. This book traces the images of spiritual initiation in religious rituals and myths of resurrection, poems and epics, cycles of nature, and art and dreaming. It dramatizes the metamorphosis from a common experience of death's inevitability into a transcendent freedom beyond individual limitations. "This is a classic work in analytical psychology that offers crucial insights on the meaning of death symbolism (and its inevitably accompanying rebirth and resurrection symbolism) as part of the great theme of initiation, of which [Henderson] is the world's foremost psychological interpreter. This material is really the next step after the hero myth that Joseph Campbell has made so popular, and provides an understanding of how not to use the hero myth in an inflated way as a psychology of mastery, but as an attainment progressively to be died beyond. [Henderson] is helped by the presence of Maud Oakes, who is a trained anthropologist with exquisite taste in her choice of mythic materials and respect for their original contexts."--John Beebe