Background: Stress, mental health and depression at the workplace have emerged as common and significant problems. The effectiveness of a stress-management program at the workplace was investigated. Methods: The effectiveness of a stress-management program was examined in workers at a highly stressful workplace using a randomized controlled trial. The 58 workers in the office were randomly assigned into a stress-management group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 30). The stress-management program included lectures on the perception of stress, measures to cope with it, stress-management recording sheets, and e-mail counseling. This program was based on the cognitive behavioral approach. The stress-management program was carried out for 3 months, and perceived work-related stress and psychological symptoms were evaluated using: General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-30, Center for Epidemiologic Study for Depression (CES-D), the Questionnaire of Work-Related Stress and the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire. Twenty-one out of the 28 in the stress-management group and all in the control group were successfully followed up. Results: In the stress-management group, a significant improvement in the depressive symptoms was observed, compared with the control group in CES-D (p = 0.003 by two-tailed paired t-test, and p = 0.042 by repeated measure analysis of variance). In the multiple regression analysis, the effect of stress management on depressive symptoms at follow-up was significant (p = 0.041), controlling for potential confounding factors. However, the alleviation of perceived occupational stress was limited. Conclusions: A stress-management program based on the cognitive behavioral approach at the workplace may have potential for the prevention of depression.


With increasing demand for high-speed and quality voice, data, and video traffic, a high-performance and robust physical medium is needed to connect end users with optical access networks, which simultaneously allows easy and low-cost installation at customer premises. A new generation of multimode fiber (MMF) has been designed to address these requirements. By restricting the number of modes at both fiber input and output using off-the-shelf single-mode transceivers, single-wavelength 40 Gbits/s data transmission over a 3.4 km broad wavelength window multimode fiber has been demonstrated. A bandwidth distance product of 136 Gbits/skm is achieved. Receiver sensitivity can be readily improved (by 5 dB) by optical pre-emphasis of transmitted pulses. Along with coarse wavelength division multiplexing, we demonstrate that the proposed broad wavelength window MMF is a viable candidate as the physical medium of choice toward 100 Gbits/s Ethernet infrastructure.


Aim. This cadaveric study aims to report various arrangements of jugular veins in the head and neck region, keeping in view the wider applications of jugular veins for different diagnostic and therapeutic indications.
Methods. Both sides of the head and neck region in 16 adult
embalmed human cadavers of both sexes were dissected and
examined for arrangement of jugular veins in the department
of Anatomy.
Results. Besides the common arrangement, two typical variations in different cadavers both on the right side were observed. Along with several other venous variations in the region, the posterior division of the retromandibular vein continued as external jugular vein obliquely, at first superficial and then deep to
sternocleidomastoid to open into internal jugular vein along its midpoint in the neck.
Conclusion. These variations of jugular veins should be considered before recording venous pressure, and for establishing intravenous catheterization and transjugular procedures, such as port implantations and the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt or selective venous blood samplings. In lower animals, where the veins from face drain into the external jugular vein, the internal jugular vein is usually absent or present as small vessel accompanying the carotid artery. Hence, the pattern of venous arrangement in aforementioned two cases
reflects the future trend of evolution regarding the arrangement of jugulars veins in man of modern era.


Background During the last years, neutrophils have emerged as important players in atherogenesis. They are highly activated in peripheral blood of patients with unstable angina. Moreover, a primed state of circulating neutrophils has been proposed in patients with stable angina. Our aim was to investigate the neutrophil activation status in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) at conventional drug treatment. Methodology and Principal Findings Thirty patients with stable CAD and 30 healthy controls were included using a paired design. The neutrophil expression of CD18 and high-affinity state of CD11b was analysed by flow cytometry before and after stimulation with chemoattractants. Also, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by chemiluminescence. During basal conditions, the neutrophil expression of CD18 or high-affinity state of CD11b did not differ between patients and controls. Chemoattractants (Interleukin-8 and Leukotriene B4) did not increase either the expression or the amount of high-affinity CD11b/CD18-integrins in CAD patients compared to controls, and had no effect on the production of ROS. On the other hand, the ROS production in response to C3bi-opsonised yeast particles and the neutrophils' inherent capacity to produce ROS were both significantly decreased in patients. Conclusion/Significance We could not find any evidence that neutrophils in patients with stable CAD were primed, i.e. more prone to activation, compared to cells from healthy controls. According to our data, the circulating neutrophils in CAD patients rather showed an impaired activation status. It remains to be elucidated whether the neutrophil dysfunction in CAD is mainly a marker of chronic disease, an atherogenic factor or a consequence of the drug treatment.


While social justice education has a rich and ancient history within the Catholic Church, academic disciplines have only recently begun to make the idea of social justice relevant within courses for undergraduates. In the communication discipline, debate about social justice has been lively and varied over the last two decades, and has provided rich entry points for philosophical interpretation. This paper considers interpersonal communication from the vantage point of social justice in the Catholic intellectual tradition. While the importance of friendship for society is nothing new (Aristotle addressed this issue in the Nicomachean Ethics ), contemporary cultural hindrances to a just or spiritual friendship are many in the United States. The essay discusses philosophies surrounding social justice, communication, and friendship–ultimately asking what a university course centered on "soul friendship" might look like.


Abstract Occupational credentials provide an additional—and, at times, alternative—path other than traditional academic degrees for individuals to increase productivity and demonstrate their abilities and qualifications to employers. In the United States, these credentials typically take the form of licenses and certifications. Although a critical part of the workforce landscape, the literature on the returns to credentials is inadequate, with prior research typically relying on Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regressions which do not sufficiently control for selection. Using questions that identify credential receipt from the 2015 and 2016 United States' Current Population Surveys, we construct an instrumental variable of local peer influence using the within-labor market credential rate of individuals sharing the same sociodemographic characteristics, while controlling for the same group's average wages and a suite of demographic and geographic controls. We use this instrument in a marginal treatment effects estimator, which allows for estimation of the average treatment effect and determines the direction of selection, and we estimate the effects of credentials on labor market outcomes. We find large, meaningful returns in the form of increased probability of individual employment, an effect which is concentrated primarily among women. The effect of having a credential on log wages is higher for those in the sub-baccalaureate labor market, suggesting the potential role of occupational credentials as an alternative path to marketable human capital and a signal of skills in the absence of a bachelor's degree.


REDUCING CURVATURE IN COMPLEX TOOL PATHS BY DEVIATING FROM CAM-PRODUCED TOOL PATHS WITHIN A TOLERANCE BAND G. Benjamin Naseath Department of Mechanical Engineering Master of Science This thesis develops an algorithm to decrease high-curvature sections in tool paths for complex parts to achieve shorter machining times resulting in higher production rates. In the research sample cases, the algorithm decreased machining times by 1% to 9% for design-induced sections of high curvature and by 16% to 75% for CAM induced ripples using high path tolerances. High-curvature sections in tool paths are caused by complex part geometry, noise, and discontinuities in the model. The curvature is decreased by deviating the tool path within an allowable path tolerance. The feedrate along the tool path is directly related to the curvature of the tool path. High-curvature sections cause the NC machine to reduce the feedrate along the tool path due to acceleration and jerk limits. These lower feedrates increase machining time and slow production rates. This new algorithm decreases curvature, which increases feedrates and decreases machining times, thereby increasing production rates for manufacturing companies. The tool paths are represented by cubic B-splines. The algorithm is based on the basic principle that the curvature of a B-spline directly relates to the geometry of its control polygon. If the control polygon's geometry has many tight corners then the Bspline will have high curvature. If the control polygon's geometry is a straight line then the B-spline will be a straight line with zero curvature. The algorithm deviates the control polygon's points so that they move towards forming a straight line. The control polygon will rarely form a straight line because the spline is limited by the path tolerance. However, as the control polygon moves towards forming a straight line, the curvature decreases, which allows the feedrate to increase. Six sample cases are explored in which the machining time is decreased. Three of the cases are tool paths that contain curvature sections with a range of unnecessary curvature from low to high. One sample is the tool path for the complex geometry in a snow tire mold. Another sample tool path contains ripples caused by noise in the CAD model. The last tool path contains ripples caused by tangency discontinuities in the CAD model. The percent of time saved directly relates to the severity of the curvature in the part. This thesis provides a quick and efficient means to reduce curvature in complex parts, resulting in decreased machining times and increased production rates.


OBJECTIVE--To find out if breast carcinomas diagnosed in the 1980s differ from those diagnosed a few decades ago. DESIGN--Retrospective comparative cohort study. SETTING--City of Turku, south western Finland. PATIENTS--439 patients with breast carcinoma diagnosed in 1945-65 with a median follow up of 27 years (95% of all those histologically diagnosed in Turku); and 370 patients with breast carcinoma diagnosed in 1980-4 with a median follow up of 6 years (94% of all those histologically diagnosed in Turku). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Breast cancer incidence, mortality from breast cancer, age at diagnosis, stage of cancer, seven histological factors, DNA ploidy. RESULTS--Age adjusted incidence of breast cancer increased from 30.8/100,000 person years in 1953-7 to 62.2/100,000 in 1983-7; mortality in breast cancer increased from 16.7 to 17.2/100,000 person years. Survival of patients with stages II to IV (but not with stage I) improved. The mean age at diagnosis increased from 55.5 years in 1945-55 to 62.5 years in 1980-4 (p less than 0.0001); the proportion of patients with T0-1 carcinomas increased from 13% to 41% (p less than 0.0001) and with pN0 carcinomas from 43% to 55% (p = 0.003) from 1945-65 to 1980-4. There was no change in histological type or DNA ploidy of breast cancer, but in the 1980-4 cohort carcinomas were more often well differentiated, had lower mitotic counts and less nuclear pleomorphism, more often had a well defined tumour margin, and had less tumour necrosis. There was, however, no difference between the two cohorts in these histological characteristics except for tumour necrosis when they were compared in a multivariate log linear model at a given size of primary tumour. CONCLUSION--Improved survival with breast cancer can at least partially be explained by detection of increased numbers of small carcinomas with favourable histological characteristics.


ABSTRACT Many symbiotic gut bacteria possess the ability to degrade multiple polysaccharides, thereby providing nutritional advantages to their hosts. Like microorganisms adapted to other complex nutrient environments, gut symbionts give different metabolic priorities to substrates present in mixtures. We investigated the responses of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a common human intestinal bacterium that metabolizes more than a dozen different polysaccharides, including the O-linked glycans that are abundant in secreted mucin. Experiments in which mucin glycans were presented simultaneously with other carbohydrates show that degradation of these host carbohydrates is consistently repressed in the presence of alternative substrates, even by B. thetaiotaomicron previously acclimated to growth in pure mucin glycans. Experiments with media containing systematically varied carbohydrate cues and genetic mutants reveal that transcriptional repression of genes involved in mucin glycan metabolism is imposed by simple sugars and, in one example that was tested, is mediated through a small intergenic region in a transcript-autonomous fashion. Repression of mucin glycan-responsive gene clusters in two other human gut bacteria, Bacteroides massiliensis and Bacteroides fragilis, exhibited variable and sometimes reciprocal responses compared to those of B. thetaiotaomicron, revealing that these symbionts vary in their preference for mucin glycans and that these differences occur at the level of controlling individual gene clusters. Our results reveal that sensing and metabolic triaging of glycans are complex processes that vary among species, underscoring the idea that these phenomena are likely to be hidden drivers of microbiota community dynamics and may dictate which microorganisms preferentially commit to various niches in a constantly changing nutritional environment. IMPORTANCE Human intestinal microorganisms impact many aspects of health and disease, including digestion and the propensity to develop disorders such as inflammation and colon cancer. Complex carbohydrates are a major component of the intestinal habitat, and numerous species have evolved and refined strategies to compete for these coveted nutrients. Our findings reveal that individual bacteria exhibit different preferences for carbohydrates emanating from host diet and mucosal secretions and that some of these prioritization strategies are opposite to one another. Thus, we reveal new aspects of how individual bacteria, some with otherwise similar metabolic potential, partition to "preferred niches" in the complex gut ecosystem, which has important and immediate implications for understanding and predicting the behavioral dynamics of this community. Human intestinal microorganisms impact many aspects of health and disease, including digestion and the propensity to develop disorders such as inflammation and colon cancer. Complex carbohydrates are a major component of the intestinal habitat, and numerous species have evolved and refined strategies to compete for these coveted nutrients. Our findings reveal that individual bacteria exhibit different preferences for carbohydrates emanating from host diet and mucosal secretions and that some of these prioritization strategies are opposite to one another. Thus, we reveal new aspects of how individual bacteria, some with otherwise similar metabolic potential, partition to "preferred niches" in the complex gut ecosystem, which has important and immediate implications for understanding and predicting the behavioral dynamics of this community.


In this work, an efficient synthesis for the preparation of N-phthaloyl-(S)-alanine (3) and N- phthaloyl-(S)-alanyl chloride (4) has been presented using economical experimental conditions and the N-Phthaloyl-(S)-alanine (3) has been prepared in excellent enantiomeric excess and with quantitative yield. The acyl chlorination has also been modifide and the reaction time has been reduced by adding an excess of DMF. The compound (4) has been obtained in good optically form.


Lumbosacral plexus lesions are rare as it is protected by the deep muscle layers in the retroperitoneal area and the wall of the pelvis. The lesions appear due to iatrogenic reasons after operations on the neighboring kidneys and internal genital organs. The lower extremities of cases that have undergone gynecological and/or retroperitoneal area operations should be neurologically evaluated in the postoperative period. However, since electrophysiological studies in the early period do not easily distinguish peripheral nerve lesions from plexus lesions, the cases should also be evaluated using the clinical findings.


Excerpt] The move to cheap labor and unregulated enterprise abroad puts an individual firm in an advantageous competitive position. But in the aggregate, this movement creates conditions for global economic stagnation. An enterprise cannot have constantly cheaper foreign sources of supply and constantly lower wages and benefits at home, on one hand, and constantly expanding domestic and foreign markets to sell its goods, on the other hand. As each firm sheds workers, cuts the wages of those who remain, and invests in cheap labor sources for manufactured goods, it will find that mass purchasing power to buy its products has dissipated. Proponents of NAFTA sought to mask this contradiction with rhetoric about "dynamizing" the North American economy. New U.S. investment in Mexico made secure by the terms of NAFTA would expand the Mexican middle class and create demand for products and services from the United States. U.S. workers in low wage, labor intensive sectors, who would have lost their jobs anyway to Thailand or to Poland, would now find productive work in sectors serving a growing North American market. There is no evidence that this is anything more than rhetoric. Where large investments in Mexico have been made by Ford, Volkswagen and other auto manufacturers, workers' wages have been cut and their unions enfeebled, even where productivity rivals that of the home factories. Where substantial investments have been made in the maquiladora, wages are held to a pittance. Massive layoffs and plant closings have been announced by U.S. companies with investments in Mexico—GE, GTE, AT&T, IBM, Xerox and others. Meanwhile, the Chiapas uprising exposed Mexico as desperately in need of far-reaching social and political reforms, not elite deal-making with the United States.


The purpose of this work is to evaluate, by means of a case study, our formal testing method for object-oriented software. For this purpose we propose the development of an object-oriented application of realistic size, addressing all the phases of the software life-cycle: requirements, analysis, design, formal description, implementation and testing. Analysis and design are performed with the Fusion method, formal description with the CO-OPN language, implementation with Ada 95 and test selection with our testing method. This report presents the description of the production cell case study and Fusion models. The formal description and testing phase are presented in technical report EPFL-DI 98/299.


There have been all too many recent cases where children are taking their lives because of cyberbullying. One hearbreaking case involved Tyler Clementi, a Rutgers University freshman, who leaped to his death after his roommate secretly taped him having a "sexual encounter" with another young man and posted it on the Internet. Schools, courts, and legislatures are struggling with how to deal with such tragedies. Imagine two public school students, Joe and Jane. Joe punches Jane during class. The school is certainly within its legal rights to discipline Joe. Assume, instead, Joe punches Jane while both are walking home from school. The school cannot discipline Joe because the act took place off-campus. Now, assume instead, that Joe, while at home and using his own laptop, creates a website about Jane stating that he wished she were dead and inviting other students to join in with him to punch Jane. Over one hundred students log on to and blog about Joe's website. Jane finds out about it and is too scared to attend school. If no assault of Jane takes place at school, can the school do anything? Can the school discipline Joe for his off-campus behavior? If the school does take action, would that violate Joe's First Amendment right to free speech? Can the school search Joe's personal laptop when he brings it to school, or would that violate Joe's Fourth Amendment right not to be subjected to unreasonable searches and seizures? Indeed, should the school do anything at all?These are the questions facing legislatures, courts and public schools, and there are no laws or cases that give succinct answers. This article analyzes current precedent and provides guidance on how these issues can be approached. It tackles three of the biggest constitutional challenges: how to create a public school cyberbullying policy that ensures schools are safe without trampling on students' First Amendment, due process, and Fourth Amendment rights. This article proposes a novel analysis concerning the First Amendment issue. In order to protect students' right to free speech, courts and school officials should first consider the reach of a public school's jurisdiction to regulate speech that occurs off-campus. Even if jurisdiction is proper, the school must also analyze whether it can regulate the substance of the speech. Next the article tackles the due process issues and problems with vague and overbroad constitutional challenges. Finally, the article addresses when school officials can search a student's personal electronic device when there is suspicion of cyberbullying. No other article has fully addressed this set of constitutional issues.As part of this analysis, I have drafted a proposed cyberbullying policy that would likely survive constitutional scrutiny.


From the Publisher:
Now in its Fourth Edition, Weiss has a reputation for being thorough and precise, and for using real data extensively throughout. Case studies are introduced at the beginning of the chapters and discussed at the end, showing students the links between the subject matter and how the material can be used in real life.


Broomrape represents one of the most intractable parasitic weed problems for faba bean in Mediterranean region. It causes enormous yield losses, and few control measures are effective. Recently, a novel strategy based on parasite-induced expression of a selective sarcotoxin IA polypeptide in transgenic tobacco was used to control broomrape. Generation of transgenic plants with broomrape resistance requires an efficient genetic transformation system. The present study explored the possibility of faba bean plant regeneration via direct organogenesis from cotyledonary node explants to improve transgenic efficiency. We studied the effect of some factors (genotype, Agrobacterium strains, Acetosyringone and thiols products). Cotyledonary nodes of two cultivars' Lobab' and 'Aquadulce' were inoculated and co-cultivated with two A. tumefaciens strains, EHA101 and AGL1, both carrying the pBIBhyg vector containing sarcotoxin IA and hptII genes. The results revealed a significant effect of genotype, genotype x acetosyringone interaction and addition of thiol compounds in co-cultivation medium on frequency of hygromycin resistant shoots of faba bean. Thus, the highest frequency of hygromycin resistant shoots was 38.3% with 'Aguadulce' inoculated by AGL1 and co-cultivated in medium with cysteine and without acetosyringone. The integration of sarcotoxin IA gene construct in transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR analysis.


In quasi-brittle polycrystalline materials, damage by cracking or cleavage dominates plastic and viscous deformation. This paper proposes a micromechanical model for rock-like materials, incorporating the elastic-damage accommodation of the material matrix, and presents an original method to solve the system of implicit equations involved in the formulation. A self-consistent micromechanical approach is used to predict the anisotropic behavior of a polycrystal in which grain inclusions undergo intragranular damage. Crack propagation along planes of weakness with various orientation distributions at the mineral scale is modeled by a softening damage law and results in mechanical anisotropy at the macroscopic scale. One original aspect of the formulated inclusion–matrix model is the use of an explicit expression of Hill's tensor to account for matrix ellipsoidal anisotropy. To illustrate the model capabilities, a uniaxial compression test was simulated for a variety of polycrystals made of two types of mineral inclusions with each containing only one plane of weakness. Damage always occurred in only one mineral type: the damaging mineral was that with a smaller shear modulus (respectively higher bulk modulus) when bulk modulus (respectively shear modulus) was the same. For two minerals with the same shear moduli but different bulk moduli, the maximum damage in the polycrystal under a given load was obtained at equal mineral fractions. However, for two minerals with different shear moduli, the macroscopic damage was not always maximum when the volume fraction of two minerals was the same. When the weakness planes' orientations in the damaging mineral laid within a narrow interval close to the loading direction, the macroscopic damage behavior was more brittle than when the orientations were distributed over a wider interval. Parametric studies show that upon proper calibration, the proposed model can be extended to understand and predict the micro–macro behavior of different types of quasi-brittle materials.


Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive intracranial tumor and diffusely infiltrates the surrounding brain tissue. Despite their malignant nature, they do not typically invade blood vessels and rarely spreads outside the central nervous system (CNS). Median survival of GBM patients after completing standard treatments is about 14 months and few have long term survival. Extra neural metastases usually occur after surgery in which the tumor cells may find an access to extra-cranial vessels, the most common sites being pleura and the lungs. Although the exact mechanism of extra-neural metastasis has been poorly understood, the lymphatic drainage, the venous system and the adjacent dura and bone invasion have been suggested as the three possible routes of extra-neural spread. Interestingly, we treated a rare case of extra-neural metastases of the GBM having left neck nodal mass and osseous metastases first time at our center. She was 21 year old female who had biopsy proven cervical lymph node metastases and radiologic evidence of skeletal metastases from Glioblastoma Multiforme and reviewed the literature.


The functionalization of coordinated dinitrogen to form nitrogen-element bonds en route to nitrogen-containing molecules is a long-standing challenge in chemical synthesis. The strong triple bond and the nonpolarity of the N2 molecule pose thermodynamic and kinetic challenges for promoting reactivity. While heterogeneous, homogeneous, and biological catalysts are all known for catalytic nitrogen fixation to ammonia, the catalytic synthesis of more complicated nitrogen-containing organic molecules has far less precedent. The example of silyl radical additions to coordinated nitrogen to form silylamines stands as the lone example of a catalytic reaction involving N2 to form a product other than ammonia. This Review surveys the field of molecular transition metal complexes as well as recent boron examples for the formation of nitrogen-element bonds. Emphasis is placed on the coordination and activation modes of N2 in the various metal compounds from across the transition series and how these structures can rationally inform reactivity studies. Over the past few decades, the field has evolved from the addition of carbon electrophiles in a manner similar to that of protonation reactions to more organometallic-inspired reactivity, including insertions, 1,2-additions, and cycloadditions. Various N-C, N-Si, and N-B bond-forming reactions have been discovered, highlighting that the challenge for catalytic chemistry is not in the reactivity of coordinated dinitrogen but rather removal of the functionalized ligand from the coordination sphere of the metal.


There are two fundamental challenges in effectively performing security risk assessment in today's IT projects.The first is the project manager's need to know what IT security risks face the project before the project begins. At this stage IT security staff are unable to answer this question without first knowing the system requirements for the project which are yet to be defined. Second organisations that deal with a large project throughput each year find the current IT security risk assessment process to be tedious and expensive, especially when the same process has to be repeated for each individual project. This also makes it difficult for an organisation to prioritise which projects require more investment in IT security in order to fit within budget constraints. This paper presents a conceptual model that is based on an agile approach to alleviate these challenges. We do this by first analysing two online database resources of vulnerabilities by comparing them to each other, and then compare them to the agile criteria of the conceptual model which we define. The conceptual model is then presented and an example is given of how it can be applied to an actual project. We then briefly discuss what further work needs to be done to implement the conceptual model and validate it against an existing IT project.


Cable news, the internet, twenty-four hour news cycles, social media websites including Facebook and Twitter, newspapers, expert and not-so-expert television commentators, interviews of and media releases by participants and observers -- some of whom may have agendas which extend beyond the case at hand -- have significantly increased the amount of information, speculation, and theories made available to the public, and thus potential jurors, about pending cases. This is all the more true with high profile cases. Consultants and lawyers have long intuitively known what psychological research shows -- pretrial publicity can have significant impact on jury verdicts. The law makes an incorrect assumption that potential jurors can compartmentalize the influence of outside information and set it aside. On this assumption, the law has, through statute and/or judicial opinions, constructed a standard for acceptance/dismissal for cause of a juror based on a juror's self-assessment of whether he/she can set aside facts, views, and opinions and decide the case solely on the basis of the evidenced admitted at trial. This article explores the issue of pretrial publicity (PTP) and juror bias, briefly discusses the psychological literature on the realities of bias and decision-making, and offers a multi-part suggestion for addressing PTP prior to trial, during voir dire and during the trial.


During the 1820s Harriet Martineau undertook the writing of tracts and "little books"
for the Shropshire publisher Houlston and Son, a firm specializing in religious and didactic
literature. This apprenticeship allowed Martineau to master the generic features
and literary style of the didactic tract and turn those techniques to new uses in her industrial
tales, The Rioters (1827) and The Turn-Out (1829). Later, Martineau transformed
the politics of the "little book" in her Illustrations of Political Economy (1832-
1834), a series exemplifying the economic theories of Adam Smith, James Mill, David
Ricardo, and Thomas Malthus but intending to further the political goals of the Unitarian
radicals. This essay argues that Martineau9s "little books" were meant as the radical
counterpart to Hannah More9s Cheap Repository Tracts (1795-1798), a series of
moral tales and didactic poems written during the 1790s in order to stifle the revolutionary
impulses of the working classes and divert them into religious channels. By using
the format and rhetorical features of the "little book," Martineau signals her desire
to attract a popular audience and her intention, in the era of the First Reform Bill, to
redirect knowledge from a conservative social and religious framework to a progressive,
theory-based economics, politics, and literature.


The stratified tree, also called van Emde Boas tree, is a data structure implementing the full repertoire of instructions manipulating a single subset A of a finite ordered Universe U = [0...u − 1]. Instructions include member, insert, delete, min, max, predecessor and successor, as well as composite ones like extract −min. The processing time per instruction is O(loglog(u)). Hence it improves upon the traditional comparison based tree structures for dense subsets A; if A is sparse, meaning that the size n = #A = O(log(u)) the improvement vanishes. Examples exist where this improvement helps to speed-up algorithmic solutions of real problems; such applications can be found for example in graph algorithms, computational geometry and forwarding of packets on the internet. The structure was invented during a short postdoc residence at Cornell University in the fall of 1974. In the sequel of this paper I will use the original name Stratified Trees which was used in my own papers on this data structure. There are two strategies for understanding how this O(loglog(u)) improvement can be obtained. Today a direct recursive approach is used where the universe is divided into a cluster of √ u galaxies each of size √ u; the set manipulation instructions decompose accordingly in a instruction at the cluster and galaxy level, but one of these two instructions is always of a special trivial type. The processing complexity thus satisfies a recurrence T (u) = T ( √ u) +O(1). Consequently T (u) = O(loglog(u)). However, this recursive approach requires address calculations on the arguments which use multiplicative arithmetical instructions. These instructions are not allowed in the Random Access Machine model (RAM) which was the standard model in the developing research area of design and analysis of algorithms in 1974. Therefore the early implementations of the stratified trees are based on a different approach which best is described as a binary-search-on-levels strategy. In this approach the address calculations are not required, and the structure can be implemented using pointers. The downside of this approach is that it leads to rather complex algorithms, which are still hard to present correctly even today. Another bad consequence was the super linear space consumption of the data structure, which was only eliminated three years later. In this paper I want to describe the historical backgrounds against which the stratified trees were discovered and implemented. I do not give complete code fragments implementing the data structure and the operations; they can be found in the various textbooks and papers mentioned, including a Wikipedia To appear in Proc. ISCIM 2013, Sep 26–28, Tirana, Albania. Work supported by grant CR 62-50 Netehrlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O., currently called N.W.O). page. Code fragments appearing in this paper are copied verbatim from the original sources; the same holds for the figures.


This paper investigates the differences in innovation behaviour, i.e. differences in innovation sources and innovation effects, among manufacturing firms in three NMS: the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. It is based on a survey of firms operating in four manufacturing industries: food and beverages, automotive, pharmaceuticals and electronics. The paper takes into account: innovation inputs in enterprises, cooperation among firms in R&D activities, the benefits of cooperation with business partners and innovation effects (innovation outputs and international competitiveness of firms' products and technology) in the three countries. After employing cluster analysis, five types of innovation patterns were detected. The paper characterises and compares these innovation patterns, highlighting differences and similarities. The paper shows that external knowledge plays an important role in innovation activities in NMS firms. The ability to explore cooperation with business partners and the benefits of using external knowledge are determined by in-house innovation activities, notably R&D intensity.


The classical Newton polygon is a device for computing the fractional power series expansions of algebraic functions. Newton gave a number of examples of this process in his "Method of Fluxions" which amount to a general method. However, it was not till much later that Puiseux proved that every branch of a plane algebraic curve defined by a polynomial equation f(x, y) = 0 has an expansion in a neighbourhood of a point (x0, y0) on the curve. In practice, the integers a, b and q can be read off from the Newton polygon and the coefficients cj can be determined successively with ever-increasing labour.


Spectral and temporal measures of vocalizations have been found to correlate with physical parameters that affect the fighting ability in various species of frogs, mammals, and birds. This correlation could play a role in communication for intersexual mate attraction, as well as intrasexual competition. In this study, we investigated whether the frequency and length of territorial songs reflects the body size (tarsus length, weight) of males in a small passerine species, the chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita. We found a tendency for a negative correlation between song frequency and tarsus length, but no significant links with song length. Furthermore, we carried out playback experiments to see whether the variation in song frequency and length is meaningful to receiving males and found that both parameters affected the males' responses. We found that the response strength was related to the frequency difference between the songs of the tested male and the playback stimulus, rather than only to the stimulus frequency manipulation (increased/decreased frequency). Males showed a mixed strategy of moderate attack response, combined with a low approach response, when relatively low-frequency song stimuli were played back. In contrast, manipulation of the stimulus song length (shortened/elongated) was a better predictor of response strength than the relative differences in song length. Males attacked more and approached closer in response to elongated stimuli. Our data show how multiple messages can be encoded in different signal components; song frequency most likely conveys information about some aspect of fighting ability, whereas song length probably signals motivation to escalate into a fight among male chiffchaffs.


Abstract. Interactive motion planing and collaborative positioning will play a key role in future autonomous driving applications. For this purpose, the precise reconstruction and pose estimation of other traffic participants, especially of other vehicles, is a fundamental task and will be tackled in this paper based on street level stereo images obtained from a moving vehicle. We learn a shape prior, consisting of vehicle geometry and appearance features, and we fit a vehicle model to initially detected vehicles. This is achieved by minimising an energy function, jointly incorporating 3D and 2D information to infer the model's optimal and precise pose parameters. For evaluation we use the object detection and orientation benchmark of the KITTI dataset (Geiger et al., 2012). We can show a significant benefit of each of the individual energy terms of the overall objective function. We achieve good results with up to 94.8% correct and precise pose estimations with an average absolute error smaller than 3° for the orientation and 33 cm for position.


ABSTRACT A new species of Iraella Nieves-Aldrey, 1994 (Cynipidae Latreille, 1802: Aylacini Ashmead, 1903) is described from South East Romania (Dobrudja province), Iraella ionescui n. sp., which induces galls in the base of stems of Papaver rhoeas L. The most important diagnostic characteristics for the adults and galls of the new species are discussed and illustrated. In addition, Aylax papaveris (Perris, 1840), Barbotinia oraniensis (Barbotin, 1964) and Aylax minor Hartig, 1840 are also reported from Romania for the frst times. The lectotypes of Barbotinia oraniensis (Barbotin, 1964) and Parnips nigripes (Barbotin, 1964) are designated. A key to all Aylacini species inducing galls on poppies is given. In addition, a list of parasitoids reared from cynipid galls on Papaver spp. is provided.


The solution to the BFKL equation grows like a power of center of mass energy, s, violating unitarity conditions at high energies. The growth of the cross section can be tamed by taking into account multiple pomeron exchanges. This is known as saturation and it is expressed in the Balitsky-Kovchegov equation, [6]. Conservation of energy should also slow down the growth of the cross section, and our aim in this work is to study the effects of enforcing energy conservation in DIS-events. Using the dipole picture, onium-onium collisions can be viewed, in the large Nc and the leading logarithmic limits, as the scattering of a collection of color dipoles. We construct a Monte Carlo program, based on Mueller's model, [2, 3, 4, 5], and using energy conservation, to study onium-onium and onium-nucleus collisions. Dipole fusion processes will be important at high gluon densities and should also slow down the growth of the cross section. We propose an expression for the fusion factor and use it in our Monte Carlo to study its effects.


Abstract Background and aims : Hospital personnel are exposed to various occupational hazards because of their job circumstances. The aim of this study was to investigate the ergonomic problems of hospital from the perspective of human-system interface technology and to recommend the strategies for improvement. Methods : In this qualitative study, the conceptual framework of hospital ergonomic problems was extracted through the literature review from the perspective of human-system interface technology. Eighteen staffs and experts were participated in the semi-structured interview and focus group discussion according to the conceptual framework. Theme analysis was used to extract the ergonomic problems and their corresponding solutions. Results : In total, 14 ergonomic problems were categorized based on a human-system interface framework. Their corresponding solutions were extracted based on the hierarchy of controls, including elimination and substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and PPE. Conclusion : Some of the ergonomic problems related to working posture, shift work, workload, job satisfaction and personal relationships are more important problems. The control framework extracted from this study can be used to reduce the ergonomic problems and to recommend the strategies for improvement.


The topic of multi-objective water distribution systems (WDS) design optimisation using metaheuristics is investigated, comparing numerous modern metaheuristics, including several multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, an estimation of distribution algorithm and a recent hyperheuristic named AMALGAM (an evolutionary framework for the simultaneous incorporation of multiple metaheuristics), in order to determine which approach is most capable with respect to WDS design optimisation. Novel metaheuristics and variants of existing algorithms are developed, for a total of twenty-three algorithms examined. Testing with respect to eight small-to-large-sized WDS benchmarks from the literature reveal that the four top-performing algorithms are mutually non-dominated with respect to the various performance metrics used. These algorithms are NSGA-II, TAMALGAMJndu, TAMALGAMndu and AMALGAMSndp (the last three being novel variants of AMALGAM). However, when these four algorithms are applied to the design of a very large real-world benchmark, the AMALGAM paradigm outperforms NSGA-II convincingly, with AMALGAMSndp exhibiting the best performance overall.


Non-invasive measures for assessing long-term stress in free ranging mammals are an increasingly important approach for understanding physiological responses to landscape conditions. Using a spatially and temporally expansive dataset of hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) generated from a threatened grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos ) population in Alberta, Canada, we quantified how variables representing habitat conditions and anthropogenic disturbance impact long-term stress in grizzly bears. We characterized spatial variability in male and female HCC point data using kernel density estimation and quantified variable influence on spatial patterns of male and female HCC stress surfaces using random forests. Separate models were developed for regions inside and outside of parks and protected areas to account for substantial differences in anthropogenic activity and disturbance within the study area. Variance explained in the random forest models ranged from 55.34% to 74.96% for males and 58.15% to 68.46% for females. Predicted HCC levels were higher for females compared to males. Generally, high spatially continuous female HCC levels were associated with parks and protected areas while low-to-moderate levels were associated with increased anthropogenic disturbance. In contrast, male HCC levels were low in parks and protected areas and low-to-moderate in areas with increased anthropogenic disturbance. Spatial variability in gender-specific HCC levels reveal that the type and intensity of external stressors are not uniform across the landscape and that male and female grizzly bears may be exposed to, or perceive, potential stressors differently. We suggest observed spatial patterns of long-term stress may be the result of the availability and distribution of foods related to disturbance features, potential sexual segregation in available habitat selection, and may not be influenced by sources of mortality which represent acute traumas. In this wildlife system and others, conservation and management efforts can benefit by understanding spatial- and gender-based stress responses to landscape conditions.


This paper presents an immersive geo-spatial social media system for virtual and augmented reality environments. With the rapid growth of photo-sharing social media sites such as Flickr, Pinterest, and Instagram, geo-tagged photographs are now ubiquitous. However, the current systems for their navigation are unsatisfyingly one- or two-dimensional. In this paper, we present our prototype system, Social Street View, which renders the geo-tagged social media in its natural geo-spatial context provided by immersive maps, such as Google Street View. This paper presents new algorithms for fusing and laying out the social media in an aesthetically pleasing manner with geospatial renderings, validates them with respect to visual saliency metrics, suggests spatio-temporal filters, and presents a system architecture that is able to stream geo-tagged social media and render it across a range of display platforms spanning tablets, desktops, head-mounted displays, and large-area room-sized curved tiled displays. The paper concludes by exploring several potential use cases including immersive social storytelling, learning about culture and crowd-sourced tourism.


A tool for generating a self-excited oscillations for an inertia wheel pendulum by means of a variable structure controller is proposed. The original system is transformed into the normal form for exact linearization. The design procedure, based on Describing Function (DF) method, allows for finding the explicit expressions of the two-relays controller gain parameters in terms of the desired frequency and amplitude. Necessary condition for orbital asymptotic stability of the output of the exactly linearized system is derived. Performance issues of the system with self-excited oscillations are validated with experiments.


For more than thirty years, the prospect of unlimited fusion energy has attracted scientists and the public. Joan Lisa Bromberg's book documents the history of the American magnetic fusion reactor program. It is also a lively account that will inform interested citizens of limited technical background who are concerned with the nation's energy strategy. The book carries the story from the program's inception under the auspices of the Atomic Energy Commission in 1951 to its operations under the then-new Department of Energy in 1978."Fusion "concentrates on the four federally funded laboratories where most of the money has been spent (about $2 billion so far): Oak Ridge, Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore, and Princeton. It recounts the crucial experiments along the way - the ones that succeeded, the ones that failed, the ones that showed "promise." And it explains and diagrams the various magnetic configurations and devices that were developed and tested: the "stellarator," the "pinch," the "mirror," the "tokamak."With the government and the public constantly looking over the scientists' shoulders, it is no surprise that research directions were heavily influenced by extrascientific pressures: "the major decisions in fusion research have always emerged from a medley of technical, institutional, and political considerations." The intermingling of science and politics is demonstrated in specific detail.The magnetic fusion reactor project is, of course, ongoing. Latest target date for producing commercial power: 2050. Estimated total cost: $15 billion.Dr. Bromberg has written extensively on topics in the history of modern science.


In Gaveling Down the Rabble, author/activist Jane Anne Morris explores a century and a half of efforts by corporations and the courts to undermine local democracy in the United States by using a "free trade" model. It was that very nineteenth-century model that was later adopted globally by corporations to subvert local attempts at protecting the environment and citizen and worker health. Gaveling Down the Rabble is essential reading for understanding the background of the current struggle for U.S. democracy - local, state and national - against growing corporate power and how we can challenge it. Since the late 1800s the U.S. Supreme Court has been cutting our local, state and national democracy off at the knees - in the name of "free trade" - by usurping the power to make public policy from our elected representatives in the Congress and the state legislatures and by giving power to corporations over citizens. By erecting a "free trade" zone in the U.S., corporations and their champions on the Supreme Court have seen to it that "we do not have a chance of building a democracy." Morris looks at what substantive democracy should look like, and how far from that ideal the Supreme Court - without consent of Congress - has moved us. As presidential candidates are deploring the loss of American jobs from the global trade agreements that were supposed to bring us new prosperity, a public debate is finally opening about the consequences of the last decade of global corporatization. In contrast, we do not debate the internal "free trade" at home that is hidden from view. This urgent new book reveals one hidden source of the corporate power that has been steadily crushing our self governance: namely, the U.S. Commerce Clause in the U.S. Constitution, implemented by nine unelected Presidential appointees. Most significant: Morris shows how environmental, labor and civil-rights cases using Commerce Clause arguments, rather than Constitutional Rights arguments, have distorted citizens' rights by defining them in terms of their value to commerce. But just as alarming is how tenuous the major legislation protecting our democratic rights becomes when based on the Commerce Clause and not grounded in legal rights. Morris also shows how the courts have ruled time and again against local attempts to control large corporations. From efforts to protect public health in the face of slaughter house abuses in the nineteenth century to attempts at regulating wages and hours of migrant workers in the present, the Commerce Clause has been used in favor of corporate interests. Gaveling Down the Rabble describes the development of this national "free trade" zone through Supreme Court decisions over many decades The idea that we live in a "free trade" zone is a commonplace among legal historians. "Supreme Court Justices have been intoning it like a mantra for over a century," Morris writes. She makes the case that the U.S. Supreme Court has subverted our representative government through narrow rulings based on the U.S. Constitution's Commerce Clause - creating a hidden domestic "free trade" zone as undemocratic as the global "free trade" zone. Using this clause, the Court has incrementally built a large - and growing - body of law favoring large corporate interests over the rights of states, municipalities, labor, minorities and the environment. She finds it astonishing that "a fact so present in legal discourse" is so absent from public debate. This book is her attempt to stimulate that debate.


Objectives: To measure the spatial distribution of crystallographic strain in tooth enamel induced by the photo-polymerisation of a dimethacrylate resin based composite cavity restoration. Methods: Six sound first premolar teeth, allocated into two groups (n=3), were prepared with mesio-occlusal distal cavities. The enamel was machined at the point of maximum convexity on the outer tooth to create a vertical fin of thickness 100 µm and 0.5 mm depth to allow for synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. 2D diffraction patterns were used to determine crystallite orientation and quantify changes in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice parameters, before and after photopolymerisation of a composite material placed in the cavity, to calculate strain in the respective axis. The composite was photo-polymerised with either relatively high (1200 mWcm -2 , group 1) or low (480 mWcm -2 , group 2) irradiances using LED or quartz halogen light sources, respectively. A paired t-test was used to determine significant differences in strain between irradiance protocols at ɑ=0.001. Results: Photo-polymerisation of the composite in the adjacent cavity induced significant changes in both the crystallographic c and a axes of the enamel measurement area. However the magnitude of strain was low with ~0.1% difference before and after composite photo-polymerisation. Strain in enamel was not uniformly distributed and varied spatially as a function of crystallite orientation. Increased alignment of crystallites perpendicular to the cavity wall was associated with higher c axis strain. Additionally, strain was significantly greater in the c (p<0.001) and a axis (p<0.001) when using a high irradiance photo-polymerisation protocol. Significance: Although cuspal deflection is routinely measured to indirectly assess the 'global' effect of composite shrinkage on the tooth-restoration complex, here we show that absolute strains generated in enamel are low, indicating strain relief mechanisms may be operative. The use of low irradiance protocols for photo-polymerisation resulted in reduced strain.


Theoretical understandings about the nature and function of ecosystems and agroecosystems become institutionalised at particular historical moments. This process of reifying understandings in institutions leads to particular practices and policies which may outlast commitments to the understandings on which they were built. For example, two philosophical approaches to sustainability have now emerged (Thompson 1997): 'Resource sufficiency' stresses the measurement of the rates at which resources are used in production, distribution and consumption of food. In livestock production the issue is one of increasing efficiencies, reducing pollution and finding substitutes for scarce inputs. Understandings based on 'resource sufficiency' create policies that construe the ethical importance of agriculture in terms of its impacts on the welfare and rights of existing and future generations. 'Functional integrity' stresses the vulnerability that may arise from a lack of understanding of the systemic interactions of production practices and innovations with processes of ecological and social renewal. This understanding positions agriculture as a system, which embodies complex and poorly understood value commitments and ecosystem relationships. It gives rise to policy strategies that emphasize the preservation of capacity for resilience, the avoidance of irreversible effects and systemic understandings designed to mitigate unintended consequences. Thus the issue is one of forestalling irreversible changes in an agroecosystem while pursuing better understanding of critical trajectory-changing points.


Amongst the possible double patterning strategies for sub 32nm processes, self-aligned double patterning (SADP) has moved from Flash-only processes to more general purpose devices. The reason is that while litho-etch- litho-etc (LELE) process was originally preferred due to its simplicity and relative low cost, its sensitivity to overlay error has prompted the search for other methods. Although the basic SADP process is fairly robust against the overlay error, the robustness of 2D SADP method strongly depends on layout and decomposition styles and decomposability compliance. In this paper, we first discuss different printability challenges for SADP method. Afterward, we propose a SADP-aware detailed routing method, by applying a correct-by-construction approach, to provide SADP-friendly layouts. This method performs detailed routing and layout decomposition concurrently to prevent litho-limited layout configurations. Experimental results show that, compared with a SADP-blind detailed router, the proposed method achieves considerable robustness against lithography imperfection in expense of tolerable wire length overhead.


Cloud computing has emerged as a new type of commercial paradigm. As a typical cloud service, each file stored in the cloud is described with several keywords. By querying the cloud with certain keywords, a user can retrieve files whose keywords match his query. An organization that has thousands of users querying the cloud can set multiple proxy servers inside itself to reduce the querying cost. All users can be classified into different groups, and the users in a group will send their queries to the same proxy server, which will query the cloud with a combined query, i.e., the union of keywords in a group of queries. In such an environment, an important problem is cost efficiency, i.e., how to classify users into different groups so that the total number of returned files is minimized. Observing that this is mainly affected by the number of keywords in the combined queries, our problem is translated to classifying n users into k groups in the case of k proxy servers, so that the number of keywords in k combined queries is minimized. Since more common keywords in a group of queries will generate less keywords in the combined queries, we should group users with the most common keywords together. Two additional aspects needed to be addressed are load balancing and robustness, i.e., the workloads among proxy servers are balanced and each user obtains search results even if some proxy servers fail. To solve above problems simultaneously, we propose mathematic grouping and heuristic grouping strategies, where mathematic grouping solves the relaxed problem by using a local optimization method, and heuristic grouping is based on the classical heuristic clustering algorithm, K-means. Extensive evaluations have been conducted on the analytical model to verify the effectiveness of our strategies.


The degree of English present in the available lexicon of adolescent first and second generation Hispanics in Chicago is analyzed. Available lexicon is defined as (1) the sum of words that speakers have in their mental systems and (2) whose use is conditioned by a particular topic. Given the English environment in which these youth live and are educated, we hypothesize that their Spanish would show a notable number of English lexical loans. The author elicited available lexicon by asking the teens to list words by association within 22 different semantic fields. These include, the human body, clothing, parts of the house, food and drink, school, transportation, means of heating and cooling interior spaces, etc. In turn, the frequency of the words was calculated to arrive at a statistical index of availability. Of the 20 words most commonly listed in each of the semantic fields, only 26 (6.5%) were Anglicisms, indicating that the Spanish lexicon of these young U.S. Latinos is sufficiently solid to permit communication about general topics. A greater number of English words were present in more esoteric fields such as "means of heating and cooling interior spaces," which is to be expected given that this field is not part of the everyday experience of most teenagers. There were no significant differences related to gender or even to generation; it was the participants' level of Spanish, defined by the level of Spanish course in which they were enrolled, that showed the greatest correlation with the presence of English lexical items.


With the rapid migration of physical layer design of radio towards software, it becomes necessary to select or develop the platform and tools that help in achieving rapid design and development along with flexibility and reconfigurability. The availability of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) has promoted the concept of reconfigurable hardware for software defined radio (SDR). It enables the designer to create high speed radios with flexibility, low latency and high throughput. Generally, the traditional method of designing FPGA based radios limits productivity. Productivity can be improved using Model based design (MBD) tools. These tools encourage a modular way of developing waveforms for radios. The tools based on MBD have been the focus of recent research exploring the concept of the platform independent model (PIM) and portability across platforms by the platform specific model (PSM). The thesis presented here explores the tools based on MBD to achieve prototyping for wireless standards like IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.16e on reconfigurable hardware. It also describes the interfacing of the universal software radio peripheral (USRP2), acting as a radio frequency (RF) front end, with an additional FPGA board for baseband processing.


Significant work has been devoted to methods based on predictive coding for onboard compression of hyperspectral images. This is supported by the new CCSDS 123.0-B-2 recommendation for lossless and near-lossless compression. While lossless compression can achieve high throughput, it can only achieve limited compression ratios. The introduction of a quantizer and local decoder in the prediction loop allows to implement lossy compression with good rate-performance. However, the need to have a locally decoded version of a causal neighborhood of the current pixel under coding is a significant limiting factor in the throughput such encoder can achieve. In this work, we study the rate-distortion performance of a significantly simpler and faster onboard compressor based on prequantizing the pixels of the hyperspectral image and applying a lossless compressor (such as the lossless CCSDS 123.0-B-2) to the quantized pixels. While this is suboptimal in terms of rate-distortion performance compared to having an in-loop quantizer, we compensate the lower quality with an on-ground post-processor based on modeling the distortion residual with a convolutional neural network. The task of the neural network is to learn the statistics of the quantization error and apply a dequantization model to restore the image.


The final outcomes of the 1996 Northern Territory mud crab (Scylla serrata) fishery assessment recommended the development of alternate methods for monitoring the abundance and habitat of this species; citing difficulties with analyses of simple CPUE data. In particular the assessment team recommended the testing of a model where:

Abundance = area of critical habitat x density of animals per unit of habitat

Determination of the suitability of this model required the estimation of two parameters: the area of each critical habitat type and the abundance of crabs per unit of critical habitat type.
Consultation with fishery stakeholders, review of historical fishery information and a survey of the literature provided information on the key habitat associations of the mud crab. The two habitats of primary interest, mangroves and mud flats, are generally remote and difficult to access in northern Australia. An existing regional wetland dataset collected using remote-sensing techniques (Landsat ETM+ imagery) was identified and additional analyses were completed providing estimates of area of mangrove, mangrove lined waterways, and mud flat foreshore for each fishing grid.
Methods to estimate mud crab abundance within habitat type were reviewed for fitness against species behaviour and environmental conditions. Due to the dynamic nature of this fishery my initial work focused on gaining an understanding of the potential uncertainties in meeting the analysis assumptions. Preliminary studies were undertaken to test various assumptions and uncertainties, such as environmental and biological effects on catchability. An examination of crab movement patterns during short term study periods demonstrated little evidence of large scale movement and a general acceptance of the assumption of a closed population.
Mark recapture techniques previously utilised in terrestrial animal abundance estimation were applied for the first time in a marine environment. A new study approach incorporating depletion and mark recapture methods was utilised for mangrove-lined streams and a novel trapping web design for the foreshore mudflat areas. The biomass estimates obtained from these studies were then assessed against four commonly used fishery assessment metrics, commercial catch, commercial effort, commercial CPUE, fishery independent CPUE. Commercial CPUE performed poorly and fishery independent CPUE data partially supported observed trends in the catch. These results provide support that CPUE data performs poorly in assessment of this fishery. Biomass estimates obtained from the mark recapture studies demonstrated very similar temporal trends at both study sites providing good support for the fishery independent methods tested in this project.


Abstract Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the South African Continuing Professional Development (CPD) system (previous and current) for dietitians, by determining their perceptions of the system's implementation and participation in CPD activities. Design: An observational descriptive study in the quantitative and qualitative research domains. Methods: A national survey of 1 589 dietitians was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire, followed by 3 focus group discussions (FGD) with 19 Pretoria-based dietitians. In-depth interviews were also conducted with 6 CPD/Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) administrative personnel. Results: Twenty per cent of dietitians responded to the survey. The CPD administration fee was unreasonable to 54.5% (N = 156) of dietitians and most FGD participants. CPD activities were expensive to 55% (N=164) of respondents while 29% (N = 88) of respondents, in agreement with the FGD participants, acknowledged the availability of variably priced activities. Statistically significant cost differences were determined across practice areas, qualifications and provinces. Lectures and seminars were activities most commonly participated in, followed by conferences and articles with multiple choice questions (MCQs) from peer reviewed literature. However, conferences ranked highest as the most preferred activity. Barriers to CPD activities included costs, geographical access, obtaining leave from work, family obligations and internet access. More dietitians were satisfied with the service quality at the CPD office and the Association for Dietetics in South Africa (ADSA) than with that provided by the HPCSA, but requested simpler correspondence from all these offices. In the current system, dietitians need to keep their own CPD records, but 51.7% (N = 161) preferred not to do so. Conclusions: Addressing factors affecting CPD participation will contribute to the acceptability of the system by dietitians.


Over a century has passed since the first reported cases of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) appeared in the literature. While it is generally accepted that LCPD results from disruption of blood supply to the capital epiphysis, the underlying etiology has remained elusive. The overriding goal in treating LCPD is to maintain a concentrically reduced hip with a spherical femoral head to prevent the development of degenerative changes in the young adult hip. Treatment options are based on the age of presentation, deformity present during active disease, or residual deformity at skeletal maturity. The majority of research has focused on diagnosis and management of LCPD during the early active phases. As our understanding of femoral acetabular impingement has evolved so too has our ability to safely treat the residual deformity characteristic of LCPD. This review focuses on the newest available literature concerning the diagnosis and treatment of LCPD in children and young adults.


Delicious demons. Deciphering allegories in the complex, fantastical works of Hieronymous Bosch. In the midst of the realist-leaning artistic climate of the Late Gothic and Early Renaissance, Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450-1516) was more than an anomaly. Bosch's paintings are populated with grotesque scenes of fantastical creatues succumbing to all manner of human desire, fantasy, and angst. One of his greatest inventions was to take the figural and scenic representations known as drolleries, which use the monstrous and the grotesque to illustrate sin and evil, and to transfer them from the marginalia of illuminated manuscripts into large-format panel paintings. Alongside traditional hybrids of man and beast, such as centaurs, and mythological creatures such as unicorns, devils, dragons, and griffins, we also encounter countless mixed creatures freely invented by the artist. Many subsidiary scenes illustrate proverbs and figures of speech in common use in Bosch's day. In his Temptation of St Anthony triptych, for example, the artist shows a messenger devil wearing ice skates, evoking the popular expression that the world was "skating on ice"-meaning it had gone astray. In his pictorial translation of proverbs, in particular, Bosch was very much an innovator. Bosch - whose real name was Jheronimus van Aken - was widely copied and imitated: the number of surviving works by Bosch's followers exceeds the master's own production by more than tenfold. Today only 20 paintings and eight drawings are confidently assigned to Bosch's oeuvre. He continues to be seen as a visionary, a portrayer of dreams and nightmares, and the painter par excellence of hell and its demons. In this exhaustive book, published in view of the upcoming 500th anniversary of Bosch's death and covering his complete works in huge, splendid reproductions with copious details, art historian and acknowledged Bosch expert Stefan Fischer examines just what it was about Bosch and his painting that proved so immensely influential.


The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is deeply paradoxical: the basic outline of a deal is reasonably clear and yet this violent conflict persists with over 4,000 causalities since the collapse of the last significant effort to bring peace in 2000. The paper suggests that this paradox stems from internal conflicts on each side. It focuses on the internal conflict among Israeli Jews over the future of the Jewish settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. The paper describes the settlements today and argues that beneath the debate about their future, this tension implicates the core identity of some, but not all, the protagonists. The paper further reviews the history of the settlement movement, and shows how, in the face of opposition, a determined minority (the national religious settlers) promoted and vastly expanded the settlements. The paper then offers an explanation for why the national religious settlers have wielded such disproportionate influence in the Israeli political system. The paper ties the discussion to Prime Minister Sharon's proposed limited withdrawal from Gaza and the northern West Bank by the summer of 2005, and shows how the settlers, drawing on their sources of influence, are attempting to block any evacuation of settlements. In the concluding section, the paper focuses on the current conflict over Prime Minister Sharon's proposal and offers suggestions about how the internal conflict might best be managed.


Ultrasound excitation of structural steel members leads to localised energy dissipation at existent fatigue cracks and thus allows for thermographic flaw detection. Essential effects on the defect-selective heating, such as flaw size, plate thickness, crack mouth opening or static preload, are systematically investigated. Laser vibrometry measurements of the crack edges, theoretical modelling of frictional heating and numerical simulations contribute to the understanding of the involved physics.


In ∀∃-rules, the conclusion may contain existentially quantified variables, which makes reasoning tasks (as deduction) non-decidable. These rules have the same logical form as TGD (tuple-generating dependencies) in databases and as conceptual graph rules. We extend known decidable cases by combining backward and forward chaining schemes, in association with a graph that captures exactly the notion of dependency between rules. Finally, we draw a map of known decidable cases, including an extension obtained by combining our approach with very recent results on TGD.


This paper devises a new indicator (ArCo) of technological capabilities that aims at accounting for developed and developing countries. Building on similar attempts as those devised by UN Agencies, including the UNDP Human Development Report's Technology Achievement Index (TAI) and UNIDO's Industrial Performance Scoreboard, this index takes into account a number of other variables associated with technological change. Three main components are considered: the creation of technology, the technological infrastructures and the development of human skills. Eight sub-categories have also been included. ArCo also allows for comparisons between countries over time.. A preliminary attempt to correlate ArCo to GDP is also presented.


Temperature, intensity, spread, and dimensions of fires burning in tropical savanna and slashed tropical forest in central Brazil were measured for the first time by remote sensing with an infrared imaging spectrometer that was designed to accommodate the high radiances of wildland fires. Furthermore, the first in situ airborne measurements of sensible heat and carbon fluxes in fire plumes were combined with remote measurements of flame properties to provide consistent remote-sensing-based estimators of these fluxes. These estimators provide a means to determine rates of fuel consumption and carbon emission to the atmosphere by wildland fires as required for assessments of fire impacts on regional air pollution or global emissions of greenhouse gases. Observed fires developed complex fire-line geometry and thermal structure, even as average whole-fire temperatures varied little. Flame temperatures sometimes exceeded 1600 K along the leading edge of actively spreading fire lines, yet >90% of the radiant energy from observed fires was associated with temperatures of 830–1440 K. Fire in a partially slashed forest encompassed a high-intensity flaming front and a trailing reach of residual combustion extending 400 m. Fire fronts in tropical savanna typically formed with little depth and a high proportion of their radiant flux density associated with high temperatures due to low levels of residual combustion. Measured fires had such low and variable radiance compared with that of a blackbody of comparable temperature as to preclude the use of fire radiance at a single wavelength as a measure of fire intensity or temperature. One-half of the radiant flux density from a measured savanna fire was associated with values of a combined emissivity–fractional-area parameter <0.091 m2/m2; for a slash fire this fraction was associated with values <0.37 m2/m2. Observations reported here show wildland fires to be so complex and dynamic as to require frequent high-resolution measurements over their course and duration in order to specify their effects in the environment; an understanding of global fire impacts may require such measurements over a large sample of individual fires.


Over the last decade, the amount of commercial interest in Open Source has been growing rapidly. This has led to commercially driven Open Source projects. Those projects have problems keeping their newcomers and needs ways to ease the joining process. Therefore we ask these research questions: RQ1: Which obstacles are encountered by Newcomers to Apache Derby when Joining? RQ2: What can be done to ease the Joining process? There has been very little research on what the OSS projects can do in this area. As a consequence it is hard to find good reliable theory to cross-reference this research. If the research is successful, it can contribute to the literature on joining in OSS projects. This literature will then contain all obstacles encountered by newcomers to OSS projects and ways to mitigate these. In this master's thesis Canonical Action Research was used to study the Open Source project Apache Derby. Canonical Action Research is a qualitative research method where the researchers enters the environment they are researching to extract the data needed. We have three contributions in this thesis. The first contribution is a list of obstacles in the joining process of Apache Derby. The second contribution is suggestions on how a project can mitigate the contribution barriers we found. The third contribution is a refined version of CAR to use when studying Open Source Software Development. The list of obstacles is a contribution specific to the Apache Derby project, and it is very unlikely that other non Apache projects will benefit from it. Our suggestions on how a project can mitigate contribution barriers are potentially generalizable. Different projects have different structures, and some of the contribution barriers might therefore not apply to them all. The refined CAR model is general for all research on OSS projects. This is the result we think can have the biggest impact on the research community if proven successful.


Brazil has expressed an intention to compete with India in offshoring. This paper examines the outsourcing industry in Brazil. First, we analyze how Brazil's well-developed domestic IT market, its manufacturing prowess and export orientation have generated interorganizational as well as intraorganizational externalities or spillovers for the offshoring sector. Such externalities take various forms such as knowledge spillovers, learning curves, brand loyalty, availability of tools and resources, knowledge about quality and value perceptions of consumers as well as production externalities. The entry of foreign IT firms in Brazil has also generated externalities in the forms of indirect economic impacts on local organizations. Second, we investigate how factors related to offshoring skills, cultural compatibility and physical proximity to major markets are related to closeness to the needs of clients in terms of experience, expertise, culture and geographic reach. Finally, as making a contract complete represents a high degree of complexity and costs for parties involved in an offshoring agreement; we explore the importance of regulation and regulatory institutions.


This paper contributes to the literature by proposing an analysis of digital inequalities in Russia that focuses on two aspects hitherto under explored: the interregionality (by comparing and contrasting eight federal districts) and the multidimensionality of digital inequalities (by taking into account the three levels of digital divide). Therefore, the aim is to address the phenomenon of digital divide in Russia by discussing the three levels of the digital divide (access / skills / benefits) in a comparative and interregional perspective.,This paper uses secondary data for its analysis, including both national (e.g. the total number of daily Internet users in Russia) and more regionalized data (related to particular federal districts of Russia). The choice of data sources was determined by an attempt to provide a detailed and multifaceted coverage of all three levels of the digital divide in Russia, which is not limited to the access problem only. For this purpose, we are using and re-elaborating various reports about the development of the Internet and ICTs in Russia prepared by national and international organizations to cover the first level of the digital divide. To shed light upon the second and third levels of the digital divide, we discuss digital literacy report (2018), the report on Internet openness index of Russian regions (2017) and the report on the digital life index of the Russian regions (2016). Finally, in the attempt to map out the key directions of the state policy aimed at decreasing digital inequality in Russia, on both federal and regional levels, we analyze the most important regional and national policy measures to foster digitalization such as the digital Russia program, the digital government program and the program of eliminating digital inequality in Russia.,We consider this study to be both a first exploration and a baseline of the three level digital divides in Russia. The paper shows how the level of socioeconomic development of the federal districts, as well as a number of objective factors (distance/isolation, urbanization level, availability of infrastructure and costs for building new infrastructure, etc.) have impact upon digitalization of the regions. As a result, several federal districts of Russia (Central, Northwestern, and, in a number of cases, Ural and Volga federal districts) more often than others take leading positions in rankings, in terms of degree of Internet penetration, audience numbers, use of e-services, etc. This correlation, however, is not universal as we will show, and some regions lacking behind in terms of access can be booming in terms of digital literacy or other factors, like it happened with the Far Eastern Federal district for example. All in all, our research showed that digital inequality in Russia is still on place and will require more time for complete elimination, even though current state and public initiatives are being actively developed.,This paper will bring to light meaningful insights into the three levels of digital divides in Russia. Based on a multilevel (three levels of digital divide) and multi-sectional approach (the interplay of different types of inequalities), this paper contributed to overall better understanding of the digital inequalities phenomenon in Russia. It also allowed for a comparative interregional perspective, which has been missing in most papers on digital inequalities in Russia so far.


Excerpt] Income inequality has been increasing in the United States over the past 25 years. Several factors have been identified as possibly contributing to increasing income inequality. Some researchers have suggested the decline in unionization and a falling real minimum wage as the primary causes. Others have argued that rising returns to education and skill-biased technological change are the important factors explaining rising inequality. Most analysts agree that the likely explanation for rising income inequality is due to skill-biased technological changes combined with a change in institutions and norms, of which a falling minimum wage and declining unionization are a part. Since most people are concerned with upward mobility, and given the central importance of income mobility to the debate over income inequality, this report examines the relation between income mobility and inequality. Income mobility studies are an important complement to income inequality studies — income inequality does not address the issue of whether or not the poor are getting poorer, whereas income mobility does. While there appears to be considerable relative income mobility (about 60% of individuals change income quintiles over 10 years), it is not far — about 60% of those individuals who changed income quintile in the 1980s or 1990s only moved to the next quintile. But most individuals in the poorest quintile in 1980 experienced an increase in their real income between 1980 and 1989 — half saw their real income increase by more than 36%. Of those in the richest quintile, almost half saw their real income fall by 10% or more during the 1980s. But there are differences in income changes between the 1980s and the 1990s: those in the poorest income quintile may have done slightly better in the 1990s than in the 1980s, while individuals higher up in the income distribution (quintiles 2-5) appear to have done better in the 1980s than in the 1990s. In both the 1980s and 1990s, income growth was progressive and had an equalizing effect on the income distribution, but the equalizing effect had a larger absolute value in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Mobility, however, had a disequalizing effect and, in fact, outweighed the progressivity effect, thus increasing the annual inequality. In both decades, the long-term income inequality is lower than the income inequality in the first year of the decade. The results suggest that mobility had a greater equalizing effect on long-term inequality in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Three broad types of government economic policy affect income growth and mobility, and hence income inequality: (1) regulation, (2) the tax system, and (3) government transfers. Economic policies to reduce the growth of income inequality may work, in part, through their effects on income mobility. Reducing income mobility (that is, stabilizing incomes) may reduce the rising trend in income inequality, but it could also increase inequality of longer-term income.


In this paper we try to assess the nature, size and consistency of recent economic growth in Mozambique. We attempt to verify whether and to what extent this growth is unprecedented as has been claimed. We look at the available data to assess whether this growth is even across sectors and GDP components. Finally we try to assess whether by any indication we can say if observed growth is balanced and, if not, to what extent economic policy is actually responsible. We argue that economic growth in Mozambique still appears to be out of balance, weak, uneven, and unsustainable, calling for a re-orientation of economic policy able to guarantee a more balanced and even growth across the economy. We also argue that, as a stable and steady economic growth is not arranted, Government action should be inspired to broaden its sets of instruments and goals, and that international agencies and donors should help it adopt the consequent policies. The spiral of debt, aid and conditionality certainly cripples Mozambique's Government autonomy, but it is only by broadening its sets of instruments and goal that Mozambique's economy will embark on a sustainable growth path.


A Traineeship is an education and training programme with work experience that is focused on giving young people the skills and experience that employers are looking for. At its core are work preparation training, English and maths for those who need it, and a high quality work experience placement.


The Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) operates since 1985 ski equipped aircraft (Dornier 228/101) for scientific and logistic purposes in the Arctic and the Antarctic. The aircraft can be equipped with many different instruments for geophysical measurements as well as for investigations of the Earths atmosphere. In austral summer 2005/06 the long and fruitful cooperation with the National Intstitute for Polar Research (NIPR) Tokyo has been continued by conducting the first season for the joined interdisciplinary research programme ANTSYO in east Dronning Maud Land, near the Japanese wintering base Syowa. This first season was dedicated to geophsysics, mapping ice thicknesses, magnetics and gravity covering Shirasebeen and its dainage baisin as well as the adjacent sea for the subprogrammes WEGAS and DISTINCT. The next survey is dedicated to atmospheric sciencesThe mass balance of Antarctica varies a lot across the whole continent. While some areas show evidence of a clear deficit in mass balance, for instance the Antarctic Peninsula, the difference between accumulation and ablation in other areas seems to be small and even the sign is not evident. While ice thickness and surface velocities can be determined by means of remote sensing, radio-echo sounding and satellite picture interferometry, accumulation and ablation have to be measured in-situ using snow pits, firn/ice cores, and depth sounders under ice shelves or in ice sheets. Remote sensing techniques can be easily applied for large areas while in-situ measurements will always be restricted to isolated point measurements and therefore are of limited areal density.In our contibution we will focus on the mass flux of Shirasebreen determined from recent data analysis of our radio-echo sounding flight and satellite picture interferometry. A detailed ice thickness map, covering more than 160000 km2 of the drainage baisin of Shirasebreen accomplish the presentation.


This thesis is concerned with the user experience of crowds, incorporating issues of comfort, satisfaction, safety and performance within a given crowd situation. Factors that influence the organisation and monitoring of crowd events will be considered.

A comprehensive review of the literature revealed that crowd safety, pedestrian flow modeling, public order policing and hooliganism prevention, has received the greatest attention with previous research on crowds. Whereas crowd performance, comfort and satisfaction has received less attention, particularly within spectator events (sporting and music for example).

Original research undertaken for this doctoral thesis involved a series of studies: user focus groups, stakeholder interviews, and observational research within event security and organisation. Following on from these investigations, the findings have been integrated with a tool to assist crowd organisers and deliverers during the planning of crowd events, and accompanying user feedback interviews following use of the tool. The overarching aim of the research within this thesis was to explore the complex issues that contribute to the user experience of being in a crowd, and how this might be improved.

The crowd user focus groups revealed differences in factors affecting crowd satisfaction, varying according to age and user expectations. Greater differences existed between crowd users, than across crowd situations, highlighting the importance of identifying expected crowd members when planning individual events. Additionally, venue design, organisation, safety and security concerns were found to highly affect crowd satisfaction, irrespective of group differences or crowd situations, showing the importance of these issues when considering crowd satisfaction for all crowd events, for any crowd members.

Stakeholder interviews examining crowds from another perspective suggested that overall safety was a high priority due to legal obligations, in order to protect venue reputation. Whereas, comfort and satisfaction received less attention within the organisation of crowd events due to budget considerations, and a lack of concern as to the importance of such issues. Moreover, communication and management systems were sometimes inadequate to ensure compliance with internal procedures. In addition a lack of usable guidance was seen to be available to those responsible for organising crowd situations.
Eleven themes were summarised from the data, placed in order of frequency of references to the issues: health and safety, public order, communication, physical environment, public relations, crowd movement, event capacity, facilities, satisfaction, comfort, and crowd characteristics. Results were in line with the weighting of the issues within the literature, with health and safety receiving the most attention, and comfort and satisfaction less attention. These results were used to form the basis of observational checklists for event observations across various crowd situations. Event observations took two forms: observing the role of public and private security, and observing crowd events from the user perspective.

Observations within public and private security identified seven general themes: communication, anticipating crowd reaction, information, storage, training, role confusion, financial considerations and professionalism. Findings questioned the clarity of the differing roles of public and private security, and understanding of these differences. Also the increasing use of private over public security within crowd event security, and the differing levels of training and experience within public and private security were identified.
Event observations identified fifteen common themes drawn from the data analysis: communication, public order, comfort, facilities, queuing systems, transportation, crowd movement, design, satisfaction, health and safety, public relations, event capacity, time constraints, encumbrances, and cultural differences. Key issues included the layout of the event venue together with the movement and monitoring of crowd users, as well as the availability of facilities in order to reduce competition between crowd users, together with possible links to maintaining public order and reducing anti-social behaviour during crowd events.

Findings from the focus groups, interviews, and observations were then combined (to enhance the robustness of the findings), and developed into the Crowd Satisfaction Assessment Tool (CSAT) prototype, a practical tool for event organisers to use during the planning of crowd events. In order to assess proof of concept of the CSAT, potential users (event organisers) were recruited to use the CSAT during the planning of an event they were involved in organising. Semi-structured feedback interviews were then undertaken, to gain insight into the content, usefulness, and usability of the CSAT. Separately human factors researchers were recruited to review the CSAT, providing feedback on the layout and usability of the tool.
Feedback interviews suggested the CSAT was a useful concept, aiding communication, and providing organisers with a systematic and methodical structure for planning ahead, prioritising ideas, and highlighting areas of concern. The CSAT was described as being clear and easy to follow, with clear aims, and clear instructions for completion, and was felt to aid communication between the various stakeholders involved in the organisation and management of an event, allowing information to be recorded, stored and shared between stakeholders, with the aim of preventing the loss of crucial information.

The thesis concludes with a summary model of the factors that influence crowd satisfaction within crowd events of various descriptions. Key elements of this are the anticipation, facilities, and planning considered before an event, influences and monitoring during an event and reflection after an event.

The relevance and impact of this research is to assist the planning of crowd events, with the overall aim of improving participant satisfaction during crowd events. From a business perspective the issue is important with competition between events, the desire to encourage return to events, and to increase profit for organisers. From an ergonomics perspective, there is the imperative of improving the performance of crowd organisers and the experience of crowd users.


We have developed a method for statistical anomaly detection which has been deployed in a tool for condition monitoring of train fleets. The tool is currently used by several railway operators over the world to inspect and visualize the occurrence of "event messages" generated on the trains. The anomaly detection component helps the operators to quickly find significant deviations from normal behavior and to detect early indications for possible problems. The savings in maintenance costs comes mainly from avoiding costly breakdowns, and have been estimated to several million Euros per year for the tool. In the long run, it is expected that maintenance costs can be reduced with between 5 and 10% by using the tool.