Predictions of the environmental loading and induced motional and structural responses are among the most important aspects in the overall design process of offshore structures and ships. In this thesis, attention is focused on the wave loads and excited bodily motion responses of large offshore structures and special vessels. With the aim of improving the existing theoretical methods to provide techniques of theoretical effectiveness, computational efficiency, and engineering practicality in marine and offshore applications, the thesis concentrates upon describing fundamental and essential aspects in the physical phenomenon associated with wave-structure interactions and deriving new methods and techniques to analyse offshore structures and unconventional ships of practical interest. The total wave force arising from such a wave-structural interaction is assumed to be a simpie superposition of the potential and the viscous flow force components. The linear potential forces are solved by the Green function intend equation whilst the viscous forces are estimated based on the Morison's damping formula. Forms of the Green function integral equation and the associated Green function are given systematically for various practical cases. The relevant two-dimensional versions are then derived by a transformation procedure. Techniques are developed to solve the integral equation numerically including the interior integral formulation and, in particular, to tackle the mathematical difficulties at irregular frequencies. In applying the integral equations to solve problems with various offshore structures and special vessels, some modified, improved or simplified methods are proposed. At first, simplified method is derived for predictions of the surge, sway and yaw motions of elongated bodies of full sectional geometry or structures with shallow draft. Then, a new shallow draft theory is described for both threeand two-dimensional cases with inclusion of the finite draft effect. Furthermore, a three-dimensional strip method is formulated where the end effects of the body are fully taken into account. Finally, an approximation to the horizontal mean drift forces of multi-column offshore structures are presented. Some new findings are also discussed including the multiple resonances occurring in the motions of multi-hulled marine structures due to the wave-body interaction, the mutual cancellation effect of the diffraction and the radiation forces arising from a full shaped slender body, and so on. Further to those verification studies for individual methods developed, more comprehensive example investigations are given related to two industrial applications. One is a derrick barge semi-submersible with zero forward speed; and the other, a SWATH ship with considerable speed. By correlation of all the proposed approaches with available analytical, numerical and experimental data, the thesis tries to demonstrate a principle that as long as principal physical aspects in the wave-structure interaction problem are properly treated, an appropriately modified or simplified method works, performs well and, sometimes, even better.


Abstract Although the link between insolation and climate is commonly thought to be in the high northern latitudes in summer, our results show that the start of the last glaciation in marine isotope stage (MIS) 5d was associated with a change of insolation during the transitional seasons in the low latitudes. A simplified coupled ocean-atmosphere model shows that changes in the seasonal cycle of insolation could have altered El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability so that there were almost twice as many warm ENSO events in the early glacial than in the last interglacial. This indicates that ice buildup in the cooled high latitudes could have been accelerated by a warmed tropical Pacific.


A growing feature of the Society's activities during the past two years has been the number of thematic meetings. Themes have included, 'State of the Art Seminar: Rates of Deformation', 'The State of the Art of Palaeomagnetism', 'The Mechanics and Effects of Faulting', 'The Role of Gravity in Geological Models', 'Use of Stable Isotopes in Geology', 'The Crust-Mantle Boundary', 'State of the Art: Sandstone Diagenesis' and 'Metallogenesis in Mesozoic-Cenozoic Orogenic Belts'. Papers arising from some of these meetings have already appeared in the Journal and the remaining meetings have all generated papers which will appear in future issues. To avoid undue delay in the publication of papers derived from other sources, Council has agreed to publish three extra parts of the Journal for 1977, the extra parts comprising Volume 134. These will be distributed free of charge to Fellows. It is anticipated that the two volumes (133 and 134) for 1977 will together comprise between 900 and 1000 pages in the present format. Volume 135 (1978) will, in six parts, contain material approximately equivalent to the total published in 1977, but will be of different format. To take advantage of economies accruing from improved technology, Volume 135 will be produced by offset lithography, double column and with somewhat smaller print. This will substantially reduce paper costs and will consequently reduce binding and postage costs. Further savings will result from distribution in plastic wrapping. The Editorial Board has reviewed the content of the Journal since 1972 and is pleased to note


Introduction Like everyone else I used Wikipedia a lot, but this time I could experience the project from the other side by writing an own article. I edited a Wikipedia article about my father who is also a known artist in the south of Germany. On the one hand it met the course's requirements as a social-scientific topic and on the other hand I had access to a lot of material, which I could use for the article. Moreover, the artist could improve his public relations and increase his value at ...


Into the breach primed by the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Employment Division Department of Human Resources v. Smith in 1990, Congress plunged headlong, dragging along with it a judiciary charged with enforcement of a mandate only defined ambiguously. Thus, in 2004 the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) was passed and heralded as a legislative sum certain — a "clear" articulation of Congress' balancing of local zoning prerogative with idiosyncratic religious use. It has proved anything but; for, since its passage, the results of litigation have remained resolutely immune to coherent explanation, as the Federal Circuit courts have become mired in a deep split, with resulting uncertainties engendering risks for both land user and regulator, alike, as well as crippling the very notion of federalism. This Article probes the present divisions of — principally — the Third, Seventh, and Eleventh Circuits, and concludes that Judge Richard Posner's analytical approach to resolving this dilemma in applying RLUIPA is the strongest objective template for determining when the Fair Terms of RLUIPA have been violated by zoning authorities.In order to introduce a needed quantum of certainty in judicial decision making, this Article concludes that one of two options should be pursued: resolving cases under the rubric of conformity with objective criteria — thereby vindicating the prerogative of local zoning authorities while protecting sectarian land users from the limitless discretion of a provincial bureaucracy; or, alternatively, rationalizing the procedures of a RLUIPA action in such a manner that recognizes a land user's statutory claim under this legislation establishes a prima facie case. Under this second option, such a case could be rebutted upon the showing by a locality that its actions were reasonable under the common law doctrine of nuisance. A surrebuttal to this assertion could be made by a showing by the plaintiff that there was a discriminatory intent exhibited by the governmental authority in its actions to restrict the religious use of land. Each of these two evidentiary approaches represent a fair reading of RLUIPA — and, each would serve to lift the veil of ambiguity covering the capacious issue of religious land use under present law.


Many libraries have traditionally failed to consider unorthodox sources of funding, especially for collection building. Because of resource limitations, librarians are now beginning to work on acquisition projects with non-library entities. This paper examines a number of innovative collaborations on a university campus that yielded substantial collection development monies for a Library Media Department at the University of Maryland.


The late Paleocene–early Eocene interval was characterized by a long period of global warming that culminated with the highest temperatures of the Tertiary. This interval was also associated with plant extinctions and a subsequent increase in plant diversity in temperate latitudes. However, tropical regions remain largely unknown. We compare the microfloral diversity of the late Paleocene with the late early to middle Eocene in flood plain, coastal plain, and estuarine facies of a section in the Colombian eastern Andes. Several techniques such as range-through method, rarefaction, bootstrap, detrended correspondence analysis, and Simpson index were used to assess the significance of the diversity pattern observed throughout the section. The microfloral record indicates a distinct, diverse Paleocene flora declining toward the end of the Paleocene, being replaced by a different and much more diverse Eocene flora. It is uncertain, however, how these floral changes correlate with the latest Paleocene thermal maximum and Eocene thermal maximum events.


Mobile service systems offer users useful information ubiquitously via mobile devices. Based on changeable user movement behavior patterns (UMBPs), mobile service systems have the capability of effectively mining a special request from abundant data. In this paper, UMBPs are studied in terms of the problem of mining matching mobile access patterns based on joining the following four kinds of characteristics, U, L, T, and S, where U is the mobile user, L is the movement location, T is the dwell time in the timestamp, and S is the service request. By introducing standard graph-matching algorithms along with the primitives of a database management system, which comprises grouping, sorting, and joining, these joint operations are defined. Moreover, by mining the associated structure via maximum weight bipartite graph matching, a prediction mechanism, based on the model of UMBPs, is utilized to find strong relationships among U , L, T , and S. In addition, a PC-based experimental evaluation under various simulation conditions, using synthetically generated data, is introduced. Finally, performance studies are conducted to show that, in terms of execution efficiency and scalability, the proposed procedures produced excellent performance results.


The study focuses on a preschool teacher's perception and views about the usage and the
integration of music in her daily teaching and learning process in her classroom at
Prasekolah Seri Mawar, Institut Pendidikan Guru, Karapus Ipoh, Hulu Kinta, Perak.
This qualitative research uses the case study method as the main aspect of the research.
Three major questions were derived and the data were gained through interviews,
observations, field notes and other related academic research. The questions were; (1)
When is music used to help the preschool teacher in her daily teaching and learning
process?; (2) How does the preschool teacher integrate and use music in her teaching
and learning process? and; (3) What are the problems faced by preschool teacher when
using and integrating music into classroom? An interview protocol with semi structured
questions was constructed as the research instrument. Observations were recorded and
written as field notes for analysis. Data results were coded and analyzed. The literature
review provided historical and foundational information related to the case study. Based
on the research, findings show that; (a) musical intelligence can be used to aid preschool
children in the learning process; (b) music is used as a background music to accentuate
the students' mood and wellbeing; (c) music integration that occurs in childhood level is
as an important tool in the thematic approach to achieve good results in their learning
process; (d) educator's perception of usage and music integration proves to be
beneficial to preschool students academically, behaviourally and emotionally thus
enhancing the mind development as well as the aesthetic awareness; (e) Music
integration may help students achieve where other curricular methods' have failed them;
(f) educators need to be more creative and find ways to enhance teaching using and
integrating music into classroom; (g) There were some issues pertaining to the
importance of training and long or short term programs for educators to use and
integrate music into classroom and; (h) the misconceptions of others in these matters.
From this research, it is hoped that it will bring light for those who are interested in both
childhood and music education. Usage and integration of music into classroom indeed
proves to be a useful tool towards developing a sound and well rounded person. A
balanced and well rounded person is one of the key aspects in the National Education
Philosophy's goal. The researcher hopes that this research will provide useful
information about understanding and the implementation of this method for all who are
interested and involved in this profession.


The relationship between statistical dependency and causality lies at the heart of all statistical approaches to causal inference. Recent results in the ChaLearn cause-effect pair challenge have shown that causal directionality can be inferred with good accuracy also in Markov indistinguishable configurations thanks to data driven approaches. This paper proposes a supervised machine learning approach to infer the existence of a directed causal link between two variables in multivariate settings with $n>2$ variables. The approach relies on the asymmetry of some conditional (in)dependence relations between the members of the Markov blankets of two variables causally connected. Our results show that supervised learning methods may be successfully used to extract causal information on the basis of asymmetric statistical descriptors also for $n>2$ variate distributions.


The Arctic plays a key role in Earths climate system as global warming is predicted to be most pronounced at high latitudes and because one third of the global carbon pool is stored in ecosystems of the northern latitudes. In order to improve our understanding of the present and future carbon dynamics in climate sensitive permafrost ecosystems, the present study concentrates on investigations of microbial controls of methane fluxes, on the activity and structure of the involved microbial communities, and on their response to changing environmental conditions. For this purpose an integrated research strategy was applied, which connects trace gas flux measurements to soil ecological characterisation of permafrost habitats and molecular ecological analyses of microbial populations. Furthermore, methanogenic archaea isolated from Siberian permafrost have been used as potential keystone organisms for studying and assessing life under extreme living conditions.From 1998 to 2005, eight expeditions to the Lena Delta were carried out. Field work and sampling of different permafrost soils and sediments were mainly accomplished on Samoylov Island, central Lena Delta. In particular, the objectives of the study were: (1) to measure and balance methane fluxes from tundra environments, (2) to determine the soil ecological properties, (3) to gain more insights into the control functions of microorganisms, (4) to improve the knowledge of the abundance and biodiversity of microbial communities, and (5) to determine tolerance limits of methanogens under extreme living conditions.Long-term studies on methane fluxes were carried out since 1998. These studies revealed considerable seasonal and spatial variations of methane emissions for the different landscape units ranging from 0 to 362 mg m-2 d-1. For the overall balance of methane emissions from the entire delta, the first land cover classification based on Landsat images was performed and applied for an upscaling of the methane flux data sets. The regionally weighted mean daily methane emissions of the Lena Delta (10 mg m-2 d-1) are only one fifth of the values calculated for other Arctic tundra environments. The calculated annual methane emission of the Lena Delta amounts to about 0.03 Tg. The low methane emission rates obtained in this study are the result of the used remotely sensed high-resolution data basis, which provides a more realistic estimation of the real methane emissions on a regional scale. Soil temperature and near soil surface atmospheric turbulence were identified as the driving parameters of methane emissions. A flux model based on these variables explained variations of the methane budget corresponding to continuous processes of microbial methane production and oxidation, and gas diffusion through soil and plants reasonably well. The results show that the Lena Delta contributes significantly to the global methane balance because of its extensive wetland areas.The microbiological investigations showed that permafrost soils are colonized by high numbers of microorganisms. The total biomass is comparable to temperate soil ecosystems. Activities of methanogens and methanotrophs differed significantly in their rates and distribution patterns along both the vertical profiles and the different investigated soils. The methane production rates varied between 0.3 and 38.9 nmol h-1 g-1, while the methane oxidation ranged from 0.2 to 7.0 nmol h-1 g-1. Phylogenetic analyses of methanogenic communities revealed a distinct diversity of methanogens affiliated to Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae, which partly form four specific permafrost clusters.The results demonstrate the close relationship between methane fluxes and the fundamental microbiological processes in permafrost soils. The microorganisms do not only survive in their extreme habitat but also can be metabolic active under in situ conditions. It was shown that a slight increase of the temperature can lead to a substantial increase in methanogenic activity within perennially frozen deposits. In case of degradation, this would lead to an extensive expansion of the methane deposits with their subsequent impacts on total methane budget. Further studies on the stress response of methanogenic archaea, especially Methanosarcina SMA-21, isolated from Siberian permafrost, revealed an unexpected resistance of the microorganisms against unfavourable living conditions. A better adaptation to environmental stress was observed at 4 °C compared to 28 °C. For the first time it could be demonstrated that methanogenic archaea from terrestrial permafrost even survived simulated Martian conditions. The results show that permafrost methanogens are more resistant than methanogens from non-permafrost environments under Mars-like climate conditions. Microorganisms comparable to methanogens from terrestrial permafrost can be seen as one of the most likely candidates for life on Mars due to their physiological potential and metabolic specificity.


The understanding of physical parameters of machining processes of aerospace grade aluminium alloy is always of prime importance. The main concern is always to understand the chip formation process and the resultant cutting force experienced by the tool due to different parameters like cutting speeds, feed rate, friction coefficient and tool rake angle etc. The finite element analysis has replaced many expensive and time consuming physical machining processes. In the present work, an extensive study of different parameters affecting the turning process of aluminium alloy (A2024-T351) is performed using finite element analysis. The Johnson-Cook ductile material model based on coupled plasticity and damage evolution is employed to simulate the cutting process. The authenticity of the performed simulation work is verified by comparing the simulation results with available experimental data on machining of aluminium alloy (A2024-T351). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.22.2.12825


To make Power Plants (PPs) economical, the maintenance functions should be optimized by carefully selecting and planning the Maintenance Management System (MMS) that will address the maintenance needs of the plant at the least cost. This research was carried out to obtain a clear understanding of the Traditional method and to assess their suitability to selection the management system of maintenance in power plants in Iraq. The objective of the study was to select the most suitable MMS for Maintenance of Electric Power Plants (MEPP) to make the plants operate economically. The traditional method called Weighting Property Index (WPI) used for selecting MMS for MEPP. This method, which is based on weighting property method (WPM) uses a digital logic (DL) due to, makes the result more accurate because it eliminates the problem of the criteria have least important. The research showed, when applied the method (WPI), the results was indicate that the preventive maintenance, is one of the types of planned maintenance, and is the best strategy for MMS in implementation the works (MEPP) in Iraq, where was arranging the alternatives generally according to results which was obtained from the method (WPI) as follows; preventive maintenance is (6.67), predictive maintenance is (6.07), proactive maintenance is (5.89), run to failure is (5.5), and unplanned failure is (5.33). For further research can be used operational KPIs with maintenance KPIs and use of another alternative is design out maintenance with other alternatives.


A receptor that mediates engulfment of damaged neurons is inhibited by an alternatively spliced isoform. Glia respond to damaged neurons by extending membrane processes to phagocytose (or engulf) and clear cellular debris. In Drosophila, glial engulfment requires the engulfment receptor Draper and its downstream effectors, which includes the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Shark. Logan et al. investigated the role of the three Draper isoforms in regulating engulfment. The intracellular ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine–based activation motif) of Draper I was required for the glial engulfment of debris from severed axons of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in Drosophila. In contrast, Draper II inhibited the ability of glia to clear debris, an effect that required the ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine–based inhibitory motif) in the intracellular domain. In transfected cells, the tyrosine phosphatase Corkscrew (Csw) interacted with and dephosphorylated Draper II; in addition, Csw also dephosphorylated Shark, which would be expected to inhibit its activity. Overexpression of Draper II in glial cells prevented the clearance of axonal debris in vivo, an effect that was reduced by RNA interference (RNAi) directed against Csw in glial cells. After ORN injury, the mRNA abundance of Draper II increased more slowly than did that of Draper I, consistent with a role for Draper II in terminating engulfment responses mediated by Draper I. Flies expressing Csw-specific RNAi in glia showed higher abundance of Ced-6 (a protein involved in engulfing apoptotic cells) and of Draper I than did wild-type flies after antennal nerve axotomy (severing of the axon), suggesting that glial responses to the axotomy were not terminated in the absence of Csw. In a model of serial maxillary nerve axotomy, axonal debris was cleared in wild-type flies but not in flies expressing Csw-specific RNAi. The authors suggested that glial responses to repeated injury were inhibited in the absence of Csw and that Draper II and Csw serve to reset glia after an injury. These results show that Draper II and Csw act to terminate glial responses to neuronal damage by inhibiting the activity of Draper I. Draper III does not have a complete ITAM in its intracellular domain, and its absence did not affect glial engulfment. M. A. Logan, R. Hackett, J. Doherty, A. Sheehan, S. D. Speese, M. R. Freeman, Negative regulation of glial engulfment activity by Draper terminates glial responses to axon injury. Nat. Neurosci. 15, 722–730 (2012). [PubMed]


Abstract: Research studies on post-partum PTSD have highlighted that the experience of childbirth can be traumatic in itself because it often involves fear, pain, impotence and non-expressed negative emotions. This study hypothesized that mental processing post-partum emotions, through Pennekaber's expressive writing (EW) method, can reduce short- and long-term posttraumatic symptoms. The sample was of 242 women (mean age=31.5; SD=4) of whom 120 performed the EW-task and 122 were not asked to write. The Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire (PPQ) was administered 48 hours and two months after childbirth (the total sample) and 12 months after childbirth (65 women). The data show a positive effect of expressive writing, which allows them to process and mentalize negative emotions, worries and fears, deactivating both avoidance mechanisms and physiological symptoms linked to hyperarousal. Key Words: childbirth, expressive writing, negative emotion elaboration, PTSD, post partum symptoms Post-partum stress symptoms have long been underestimated. However, the massive presence of post-partum anxiety symptoms (Abramowitz, Schwartz, Moore, & Luenzmann, 2003; Matthey, Barnett, Howie, & Kavanagh, 2003; McMahon, Barnett, Kowalenko, & Tennant, 2001; Shear & Mammen, 1995; Wenzel, Haugen, Jackson, & Brendle, 2005) has persuaded researchers to introduce systematically the diagnostic category of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Ballard, Stanley, & Brockington, 1995; Fones, 1996) to consider the significance of this disorder and to reveal its prevalence by studying also explicative factors (Ayers, 2004; Ayers & Pickering, 2001; Greedy, Shochet, & Horsfall, 2000; Czarnocka & Slade, 2000; Soet, Brack, & Dilorio, 2003; van Son, Verkerk, van der Hart, Komproe, & Pop, 2005; Wijma, Wijma, & Soderquist, 1997). Various studies have produced data that are reliable, differences of methods used, and in the time period considered for the persistence of the symptoms. Researchers speak of a percentage of women, varying between 2% and 7%, who present with this disorder 6 weeks after childbirth. In particular, Wijma et al. (1997) find percentages of 1.7%, Czarnocka and Slade (2000) of 3% and Soet et al. (2003) of 1.9%, while Greedy et al. (2000) and Ayers and Pickering (2001) report higher values, of 5.6% and 6.9% respectively. However, the number of women affected by post-partum stress increases by about 10.5% when the symptoms are considered in a partial form and not according to the criteria indicated by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV; 2000) for the diagnosis of PTSD (Greedy et al., 2000; Czarnocka & Slade, 2000). Negative experiences connected to childbirth are common to a higher number of women when the limits of the diagnostic categories are widened. As far as stability across time of these symptoms is concerned, some studies show that a percentage of 6.9% of women with PTSD 6 weeks after childbirth moves to 3.5% 6 months after childbirth (Ayers & Pickering, 2001); others indicate a substantial stability (White, Matthey, Boyd, & Barnett, 2006) with percentages of 2.6% of women with PTSD 6 months after childbirth and 2.4% 12 months after childbirth, or an increase in symptoms. The few studies on the co-morbidity between post-partum PTSD and depression (Czarnocka & Slade, 2000; Wenzel et al., 2005; White et al., 2006) indicate both the co-presence of stress symptoms and depressive disorders, and the wider recurrence and extension of PTSD than of depression. The overlap between neonatal depressive disturbance and PTSD leads to an underestimation of stress symptoms, due both to the fact that attention has only recently been dedicated to this diagnostic category and to the fact that knowledge and diagnostic instruments facilitating the identification of postnatal depression are more diffused among professionals. Post-traumatic stress disorder is, in fact, typically an anxiety condition, which implies a perception of self as vulnerable, a perception of the world as unreliable and a fear of the future as unpredictable. …


The observational analysis of astrophysical plasmas relies on accurate calculations of the atomic processes involved. The recombination spectra of singly ionised oxygen (O il) and carbon (C il) present excellent tools for investigating regions such as planetary nebulae and H II regions. In this thesis, detailed treatments of the recombination processes of both O II and C II are presented. Using the R-matrix solution to the close coupling equations, I present the results of accurate photoionisation calculations. Bound state energy levels are determined and oscillator strengths calculated for both species. Recombination coefficients were evalu ated for low n and 1, for C II in LS-coupling, and 0 II in intermediate coupling, taking particular care to treat resonances effectively. Sample photoionisation cross-sections are presented for both species, and compared to previous work. A complete radiative-cascade model is treated for both species, in order to determine line emissivities under nebular conditions at a wide range of temperatures and densities. Collisional effects are treated for C II, along with, for the first time, the effects of high temperature dielectronic recombination, allowing the modelling of regions of much higher electron temperature than previous work. The O II calculations were performed under intermediate coupling for the first time, allowing the effects of non-statistical popula tions of the parent ion fine-structure levels and dielectronic recombination onto bound states within this fine-structure to be taken into account in line emissivities. Detailed comparison with previous theoretical work was made for both species. The application of the C II and 0 n recombination spectra to determining tempera ture and densities from the observed spectra of a number of ionised nebulae is considered. The potential for using the new recombination spectra as diagnostic tools to solve some of the key problems in the study of ionised nebulae is demonstrated.


An econometric model of the United States dairy industry is used to simulate the economic impact of alternative strategies in the generic advertising of dairy products. Advertising programs for fluid milk, cheese, and butter are considered. The historic quarterly advertising expenditure levels experienced during the period October 1984 through December 1990 are used as a basis of comparison. A national model enables the analyst to simultaneously estimate the impact of changes in advertising expenditures on price and volume of sales at retail, wholesale, and farm levels of trade. The impact on government purchases can also be estimated. The simulations indicate that the largest impact of decreases or increases in advertising expenditures is on price. A 50 percent decrease in advertising expenditures (using the same allocation proportions among product categories constant) will result in a 6 percent decline in retail fluid milk price, a 2.4 percent decrease in retail cheese prices and a 1 percent decrease in retail butter price. On the other hand, a doubling of expenditures will result in retail price increases of 7.7 percent for fluid milk, 3.6 percent for cheese, and 1.3 percent for butter. At the farm level, overall increases in advertising expenditures will result in increases in the all farm milk price and increases in total production, cow numbers, and production per cow. As expenditure levels increase, the increased demand more than offsets the negative impact of increases in production volume so that producer returns overall continue to increase, but at a decreasing rate. Accounting for all impacts, the rate of return is 4.6 percent at historic levels of advertising, 9.8 percent at 50 percent of historic levels, and 3.5 percent at advertising expenditure levels of 200 percent of historic levels. The simulations indicate that a reallocation of advertising dollars toward fluid milk and away from cheese or butter will result in increases in producer returns, while a reallocation toward cheese or butter will result in decreases. This simulation process using the industry model can be used to estimate the economic impact of a large number of different expenditure strategies.


Self-compassion describes a supportive attitude towards oneself. Research outside the sport context suggests that self-compassion might be beneficial in terms of psychological processes that are helpful for athletic performance. At the same time, there are reasons to assume that athletes may fear a negative influence of SC on their self-improvement motivation. Therefore, it seemed worthwhile to clarify the role of self-compassion in the competitive sport setting by reviewing the current research. A literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PSYNDEX, and SPORTDiscus. Eligibility criteria were peer-reviewed publication, publication in English, original research and research investigating self-compassion in competitive athletes. From 17 publications that met the inclusion criteria, we identified 19 studies, most of which were quantitative, employing a cross-sectional design. Additionally, we found only one intervention study, one experimental study and four qualitative studies using interviews. We provided an integrative narrative description of the study aims, hypotheses, methodological characteristics and study results. Based on the reviewed findings we concluded that future research should relate their research question more often to existing theoretical models and that more intervention and longitudinal studies are needed. Thus far, qualitative studies highlight the potential ambivalence of athletes towards SC. Quantitative research indicates that SC is beneficial for athletes' well-being and their ability to deal with adversities in sports, whereas the role of self-compassion for self-improvement motivation remains unclear.


Volume Title: The Economic Analysis of Substance Use and Abuse: An Integration of Econometrics and Behavioral Economic Research Volume Author/Editor: Frank J. Chaloupka, Michael Grossman, Warren K. Bickel and Henry Saffer, editors Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-262-10047-2 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/chal99-1 Conference Date: March 27-28, 1997 Publication Date: January 1999


Antioxidants are believed to play a very important role in the body defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the harmful byproducts generated during normal cell aerobic respiration. Increasing intake of dietary antioxidants may help to maintain an adequate antioxidant status and, therefore, the normal physiological function of a living system, to protect the cells and organ systems of the body against reactive oxygen species. Humans have evolved a highly sophisticated and complex antioxidant protection system. It involves a variety of components, both endogenous and exogenous in origin, that function interactively and synergistically to neutralize free radicals. The benefits of antioxidants have not been studied long enough to draw definitive conclusions about how much longer antioxidants may help a person live. However, when you consider that antioxidants can help you ward off cancer, heart disease and other ailments, and they can make you feel generally healthier, there's a good case to justify adding them to your diet. It seems quite likely that a significant intake of antioxidants will not only help you live longer, but will also help you live a healthier, fuller life.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
In South Korea, the flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) has been increasingly performed by gastroenterologists. The principal concern was the safety of the FEES performed by gastroenterologists without any involvement of speech-language pathologists. We aimed to characterize the safety and tolerance of gastroenterologist-directed FEES examinations (GDFEES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We evaluated the GDFEES failures, safety profile (laryngospasm, epistaxis, vasovagal syncope, airway compromise, heart rate, blood pressure, and significant change in cardiovascular function), and discomfort level in patients undergoing GDFEES. These outcomes were also analyzed based on gender, age, and calendar period.

RESULTS
A total 303 examinations in 268 adult patients with dysphagia were performed during the study period. The GDFEES failures occurred in 5 patients (1.7%). The causes of failures were poor co-operation and insertion difficulty. There were no instances of laryngospasm or vasovagal syncope or significant cardiovascular changes in any of the examinations. Self-limiting epistaxis occurred in 22 examinations (7.3%). The discomfort ratings were as follows: 128 examinations (43.0%) rated the overall discomfort of the test as none, 150 (50.3%) as mild, 18 (6.0%) as moderate, and 2 (0.7%) as severe discomfort. The discomfort level was significantly different only between the first and second half periods (p <0.001), but it was related to neither gender nor age.

CONCLUSION
The GDFEES can be endorsed as an appropriate paradigm for clinical practice based on our study investigating its safety and tolerance.


The nature and extent of genetic variability and correlation coefficient for productivity traits like seed yield and longevity of 225 soybean genotypes were evaluated. Significant variability (5%) was recorded among genotypes for agronomic and seed quality parameters. Number of pods per plant (23.76%), test weight (21.61%), seed yield per plant (28.07%), final germination (36.7%), seed coat permeability (30.09%), electrical conductivity (40.09%) and germination reduction (40.03%) showed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance. The association studies revealed that, number of branches and pods per plant and test weight (g) showed positive and significant correlation with seed yield (g). Phenotypic and genotypic correlation for seed longevity was negatively correlated and significant with test weight (g), seed coat permeability (%) and electrical conductivity (dSm-1). Superior genotypes like PK 7379, PI 284815, PI 204336, CO-1 and JS 79-307 were identified with high seed yield (3041.67-3708.33 kg/ ha) and good longevity.


Human society is increasingly facing a variety of complex, intertwined environmental conservation and rural development issues. For example, national park objectives have expanded from the conservation of biological diversity to also include contributing to the livelihood and development needs of local people. Human settlements in fragile uplands create conflicts between upstream agricultural livelihoods and the downstream effects of watershed degradation. Distant and remote populations are brought into both collaborative and conflictual relationships over their interests in shared natural resources, requiring new scales of analysis and integration of the biophysical and social sciences. These conservation and sustainable development (CSD) issues cut across many of the traditional boundaries in natural resource management. As a result, the boundaries of the traditional disciplines of ecology, agricultural sciences, and the social sciences must be spanned, and science must increasingly be integrated with political and local collaborative processes of governance and decision making. These matters and other related issues are considered in this chapter. " m n t Affiliation: Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, George washiniton C ~ v e r Agricultural Experiment Station, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL Communicating Sustainability


Little is known about routine interconnectedness and its temporal dimension, and yet, in fast changing environments, the dynamics of routine interaction may matter. In order to investigate this issue, this paper focuses upon routine transformation and their impact upon meta-routine outcome. This paper draws upon 3 longitudinal cases in a complex dynamic setting – post acquisition integration to explore routine combinations. Conceptualizing post acquisition integration as amalgamation of routines of two participating firms, we find that temporal nature of routines inhibit routines combinations and new routines in the form of connectors are required to restore the interconnectedness of the combined routine networks. This empirical study, in addition to advancing routines theory, opens up the black box of post acquisition integration by providing details of what actually happens during integrations.


A microfluidic device that enables on-chip matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) detection for liquid chromatography (LC) separations is described. The device comprises an array of functional elements to carry out LC separations, integrates a novel microchip-MS interface to facilitate the orthogonal transposition of the microfluidic LC channel into an array of reservoirs, and enables sensitive MALDI-MS detection directly from the chip. Essentially, the device provides a snapshot MALDI-MS map of the content of the separation channel present on the chip. The detection of proteins with biomarker potential from MCF10A breast epithelial cell extracts, and detection limits in the low fmol range, are demonstrated. In addition, the design of the novel LC-MALDI-MS chip entices the promotion of a new concept for performing sample separations within the limited time-frame that accompanies the dead-volume of a separation channel.


ABSTRACT A framework for understanding Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS)'s apocalyptic theology as an internal strategy to "coercively radicalize" its captive subjects is presented, by comparison to the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), which shares key stages of captive indoctrination with ISIS. A violent experience of "entry," religious rules learned in an "assimilation" process, and millenarian "grand narratives" framing violence as purification, are examined. These stages construct an image of group leaders as divinely endowed with spiritual knowledge and access (i.e., charismatic authority). This can create a sense of dependency on the leaders and their instructions, potentially motivating violent and altruistic behavior from initially unwilling subjects.


This research was motivated by debate surrounding the causes of population fluctuations of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. The patterns of Acanthaster population spread have led to the widespread belief that the propagation of populations is by means of larval dispersal, and that population fluctuations are strongly influenced by larval recruitment. The spatial and temporal scales over which larvae disperse, and of the Acanthaster phenomenon itself, pointed to the need for a more complete picture of the large-scale dynamics of water motion and larval dispersal. The research aimed to investigate the relationship between reefs (reef connectivity) which results from pelagic larval dispersal. Modelling has provided the only feasible approach to this problem.

An understanding of the observed patterns of Acanthaster population spread throughout the GBR has necessitated the development of numerical models which are capable of simulating the hydrodynamics associated with large assemblages of reefs over the time scale of larval dispersal. The model is modular in design and has incorporated the principal processes forcing water circulation within the GBR. Its development has required a new modelling approach which pays attention to the geometric representation of reef structure and the large-scale dynamics of water motion, while incorporating the fine-scale features of water circulation over and around individual reefs. The particle tracking component of the model uses a Lagrangian 'marker and cell' technique which runs under time-dependent tidal flow and a randomly varying wind field based upon an historical record. The entrainment of larvae from the mainstream water circulation into the near-field circulation of reefs is incorporated into the dispersal model through a parameterization scheme based on schematized reefs. Attention has been paid to the accurate representation of the dynamics of water motion.

This study identifies hydrodynamic processes which result in distinctive patterns of larval dispersal and recruitment at three spatial scales: (1) regional scale (100s kilometres); (2) shelf scale (10s kilometres); and (3) inter-reef scale (kilometres). Regional scale variation may result in differences in the level and pattern of recruitment and, therefore, in population density and age-structure. Shelf scale variation can result in passive mechanisms which both concentrate and separate larval pools, which in turn can account for some of the cross-shelf variation in species abundance and community structure that has been documented. Inter-reef scale variation results in differences in potential recruitment of larvae to coral reefs as a consequence of a combination of both stochastic and deterministic factors, including reef size and shape, the location of trajectory intercept with respect to the reef edge, and the state of the tide.

Model simulations of the large-scale patterns of larval dispersal and reef connectivity are compared with the distribution of adults and the observed pattern of Acanthaster population spread throughout the central GBR. Results provide a physical explanation for many of the observed features of Acanthaster population spread throughout the region. These include: (1) identification of a source region from which Acanthaster populations are proposed to have spread; (2) the apparent southward spread of populations from this region; (3) the high incidence of outbreaks on mid-shelf reefs south from Green Island; (4) the susceptibility of particular reefs to repeated recruitment, notably Green Island and many others which border the main lagoon; and (5) the cessation of outbreaks causing high coral mortality throughout the mid-shelf reefs within the Central Section of the Marine Park. The high incidence of outbreaks on inner matrix reefs south from Green Island can be explained as a purely physical phenomenon, without the need to invoke human interference in the ecology of these more accessible reefs.

Model results are also applied to other issues, including cross-shelf and regional variation in community structure, life-history theory and the management of tropical marine resources. Variation in larval transport and reef connectivity is believed to be reflected in regional and cross-shelf differences in community structure and population abundance of many species of invertebrate and fish within the central GBR. Larval dispersal and recruitment to coral reefs is shown to be a highly unpredictable and variable process. Inappropriate scales of dispersal and predation by reef-associated species are identified as potentially significant sources of larval mortality during the dispersal phase of many tropical marine species. There appears to be a decided disadvantage to extending the pre-competent period of larval development beyond a relatively short period of 4 days if predation within the pelagic environment or from reef-associated species is intense. Consideration of how physical oceanographic processes might interact with life-history characteristics, and thereby influence species distributions and dynamics, is identified as a potentially rewarding area for future research.

Larval dispersal models are well suited to management issues and applications. Most coral reef invertebrates and fish have a pelagic larval phase to their life-cycle, during which they have the potential to disperse quite widely. Recruitment from this larval pool is likely to structure communities and influence the population abundance of many species. On this basis, models which are capable of predicting reef connectivity can provide a stronger, and more rational, biological basis for the management of tropical marine resources.


Automated Multidisciplinary Optimizations of Conceptual Rocket Fairings Ronald Scott Smart Department of Mechanical Engineering Master of Science The purpose of this research is to develop and architect a preliminary multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) tool that creates multiple types of generalized rocket fairing models. These models are sized relative to input geometric models and are analyzed and optimized, taking into account the primary objectives, namely the structural, thermal, and aerodynamic aspects of standard rocket flights. A variety of standard nose cone shapes is used as optimization proof of concept examples, being sized and compared to determine optimal choices based on the input specifications, such as the rocket body geometry and the specified trajectory paths. Any input models can be optimized to their respective best nose cone style or optimized to each of the cone styles individually, depending on the desired constraints. Two proof of concept example rocket model studies are included with varying sizes and speeds. Both have been optimized using the processes described to provide delineative instances into how results are improved and time saved. This is done by optimizing shape and thickness of the fairings while ascertaining if the remaining length downstream on the designated rocket model remains within specified stress and temperature ranges. The first optimized example exhibits a region of high stress downstream on the rocket body model that champions how these tools can be used to catch weaknesses and improve the overall integrity of a rocket design. The second example demonstrates how more established rocket designs can decrease their weight and drag through optimization of the fairing design.


Punitive damages present a significant issue in American law. Phillip Morris v. Williams - the United States Supreme Court's most recent foray into punitive damages litigation - has once again raised procedural and substantive due process matters regarding fairness to defendants and reawakened debate in this area. Proponents of punitive damages argue that the awarding of punitive damages protects the community from wanton or predatory acts - or other behavior that violates social norms - by sanctioning the defendant and sending a general message that the actions are reprehensible and will not be tolerated. Opponents argue that the punitive damage awards by juries have gotten out of hand, and that in addition to being unfair to defendants, they have the potential to put a company out of business or substantially hinder a company's viability. With so much at stake on both sides, and with the Supreme Court's frequent intervention in this arena, punitive damage doctrine is primed for clarity and guidance. The purpose of this Article is to provide this clarity and guidance by proposing model jury instructions on punitive damages in light of Phillip Morris and its immediate predecessors. The Article proceeds in four parts. Part I introduces the Supreme Court's debate in Phillip Morris v. Williams, borrowing liberally from the Court's opinion to establish the current doctrine on punitive damage awards. Part II then analyzes the problem that drafters face in the wake of Phillip Morris in revising model jury instructions. Part III offers some criteria to solve this dilemma, including offering juries written instructions, detailing the Court's requirements, and defining fairness. Part IV presents a first take on what model jury instructions that meet these criteria might look like. In conclusion, we articulate the next steps in providing jurors with the guidance necessary to make informed and fair decisionmaking vis-a-vis punitive damage awards.


This is the pre-print version of a paper accepted in Open Repository Conference in Brisbane, Australia, June 2017.AbstractIdentifying the connections between datasets and publications has been a known challenge for scholarly communications and research repositories. In the last three years, there has been a significant development in promoting these connections among data centres and publishers. The major force behind identifying the data-literature connections is emerging new funders' policies that encourage (in some cases enforce) reproducibility of science.  In this talk, we will present the Scholix (Scholarly Link exchange) framework as a high-level interoperability approach toward exchanging information about the links between scholarly literature and data. This work was initiated by the Research Data Alliance working on Publishing Data Services. Over the past decade, publishers and data centres, have agreed on and implemented numerous bilateral agreements to establish bidirectional links between research data and the scholarly literature. However, because of the considerable differences inherent to these many agreements, there is very limited interoperability between the various solutions. This talk will present the vision of a universal interlinking service and proposes the technical guidelines of a multi-hub interoperability framework.


The paper contribute to the assessment of PDO/PGI schemes by building an approach to measuring the actual performance of the PDO/PGI products in relation to the objectives of the European Regulation 510/2006. This is done through a multi-criteria ex-post analysis that compares the performance of different PDO/PGI products with respect to multiple criteria. The research presented, based on a small sample of Pdo cheese products in Italy, can be considered a pilot study that develops a comparative evaluation of the performance of PDO cheeses: i) relative to the different objectives of the schemes, ii) by using a set of suitable and informative indicators that can help to evaluate the effectiveness of a wide number of PDOs/PGIs with respect to the regulation's objectives, and iii) by considering that different actors involved in PDO/PGI schemes may have different priorities with regard to the importance of different objectives in evaluating the performance of schemes.


In this revision of the genus Sinularia 93 valid species are recorded. The type specimens of 13 species could not be examined, since the depository of the specimens is unknown; nevertheless it is possible to make notes on seven of them in this paper; three were discussed in former papers (S. gyrosa, S. marenzelleri and S. rigida), while the remaining three (S. mayi, S. microspiculata and S. verrucosa) could not be described in this paper. The holotypes of 24 species were described earlier by the present author and the reader is referred to the literature given. The results of the examination of two other species (S. densa and S. larsonae) will appear elsewhere (Records Aust. Mus. Sydney). Altogether 64 species are more or less fully described now; among them are three new species: S. grandilobata, S. manaarensis, and S. portieri. A list of invalid synonyms and species is added.


This Dictionary provides an impartial and valuable background to the Latin American region, vital for anyone interested in the current affairs, recent history and economy of this vast area. Entries provide definitions of terms, concepts, names and organizations key to discussions of Central and South America. Covering some 48 countries and territories, this volume offers a unique insight to the political and economic dimensions of this diverse region.


Regarding the packet-switching problem, we prove that the weighed max-min fair service rates comprise the unique Nash equilibrium point of a strategic game, specifically a throughput auction based on a ldquoleast-demanding first-servedrdquo principle. We prove that a buffered crossbar switch can converge to this equilibrium with no pre-computation or internal acceleration, with either randomized or deterministic schedulers, (the latter with a minimum buffering of a single-packet per crosspoint). Finally, we present various simulation results that corroborate and extend our analysis.


Background: Cohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) remain two different chronic digestive disease that coming below the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) group. Abdominal cramps, vomiting, and ulceration of the digestive tract are all signs of IBD. Follic acid and ironanaemia have occurred due to improper absorption of vitamins B,& D. Bothmalnutrition and anaemia cannister source severe oral health problems, along with erythema, oedema, and angular cheilitis, burning mouth syndrome i.e. sensation in the mouth, candidiasis, lichen planus and gingivitis. Aim: The main aim of the study was to record the different oral events in patients with IBD in a tertiary carehospital in south eastern part of India. Methods: The study included 100 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. All patients had an oral examination and data was collected in prescribed format. Results:Out of 100 patients in 54 patients IBD were studied i.e. 42 CD patients and 12 UC patients.CD was most frequently seen in female (66.66%) than male (33.33%) patients and age group ranged from 31 years to 60 years. More possibilities of IBD seen in patients having poor nutritional status habits, bruxism seen in 53 IBD patients i.e. 42 patients having CD and 11 patients having UC, temporomandibular disorder also seen and most frequent of hyper mobility in 35 patients and clicking in 18 patients.Decayed teeth mostly seen i.e. 46.3% , filled teeth was 42.6% and missing teeth was 11.1%. The most frequent findings were those of periodontitis (85.18%) and gingivitis (85.18%) followed by oral ulcer (81.48%), lip swelling (77.77%) and other lesions like gingival erosion (66.66%), lip crust (79.62%), mucosal tags (55.55%) and mucosal erosions (5.55%) were found in patients and these were highly seen in CD patients (77.77%) than UC patients (22.22%). Conclusion: Systematic oral manifestations may be considered as the initial diagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected CD. Early diagnosis will result in better treatment and pronostics for the patient.


BACKGROUND
Compulsory treatment in mental health care has continuously increased for years. Registration of court ordered compulsory psychiatric care is based upon counts of legal authorisations. These counts do not refer to number of individual persons involved. AIM: To report the number age-specific prevalence of coercion in psychiatric care, number of persons involved, age distribution and regional differences. METHOD: Analysis of the number of requests for compulsory care and population size according to the age groups for the years 2013-2017. We used direct age standardisation at the level of jurisdiction regions. RESULTS: The annual number of unique persons for whom compulsory care was requested was 28% less than the number of requested court orders. The annual increase in compulsory care was 3%. Per specific treatment order the increase during 2013-2017 was 12% for emergency compulsory admissions, 8% for hospital admissions, 10% for extended hospital admissions and 43% for community treatment order. CONCLUSION: The number of persons for whom compulsory mental care is requested increased on average by 3% each year. Greatest increase was observed for age groups 25-44 years and 80 years and older. After age-standardisation substantial differences remain between jurisdiction regions.


This article defines and deploys the concept of transformative occupation to argue for its value in understanding the history of state formation (and prevention) in the Middle East across the twentieth century, during and after imperial and colonial occupation. It argues that socio-political histories of these occupations can in turn refine and extend the heuristic yield of the concept of transformative occupation, for use in other cases globally. The essay also identifies a set of sub-themes that inform our use of the concept: developmental ideologies, political spaces, political temporalities, and patterns of violence and resistance—especially as they generated humanitarian practices. It concludes with a discussion of the specific case studies in play.


We study the effect of bank loan announcements on the borrowing firms' bond and equity prices. Our sample consists of 896 loan deals signed between 1997 to 2003 involving 364 different US firms. Wereport the first comprehensive evidence that also firm bond prices react to bank loan announcements. Using a two-day event window, we find significant abnormal bond credit spreads reduction of 11 basispoint spread (BPS) on average. The corresponding average stock price reaction is 26 BPS. While stock returns are unaffected by firm risk, bondholders of riskier firms are more sensitive to the loss given default which increases with bank borrowing. Such firms experience bond credit spread increases. Our analysis also provides an estimate of the net impact on firm value of bank loan announcements, between -5 BPS for riskier and smaller firms and 18 BPS for safer and larger companies. Collectively, the results indicate that the overall positive effect on equity value comes from two sources. First, bank certification reduces information asymmetry. Second, there is a transfer of bondholder's wealth to the shareholders as a resultof claim dilution.


In one corner, a godless young warrior, Voltaire's heralded 'philosopher-king', the It Boy of the Enlightenment. In the other, a devout if bad-tempered old composer of 'outdated' music, a scorned genius in his last years. The sparks from their brief conflict illuminate a turbulent age. Behind the pomp and flash, Prussia's Frederick the Great was a tormented man, son of an abusive king who forced him to watch as his best friend (probably his lover) was beheaded. In what may have been one of history's crueler practical jokes, Frederick challenged 'old Bach' to a musical duel, asking him to improvise a six-part fugue based on an impossibly intricate theme (possibly devised for him by Bach's own son). Bach left the court fuming, but in a fever of composition, he used the coded, alchemical language of counterpoint to write 'A Musical Offering' in response. A stirring declaration of faith, it represented 'as stark a rebuke of his beliefs and world view as an absolute monarch has ever received,' Gaines writes. It is also one of the great works of art in the history of music. Set at the tipping point between the ancient and the modern world, the triumphant story of Bach's victory expands to take in the tumult of the eighteenth century: the legacy of the Reformation, wars and conquest, the birth of the Enlightenment. Brimming with originality and wit, 'Evening in the Palace of Reason' is history of the best kind - intimate in scale and broad in its vision.


The sensitivity of maize yields to the regional climate in the Southwestern U.S. (SWUS) has been investigated by using the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) model in conjunction with meteorological forcings [daily maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin), precipitation, and radiation] from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) dataset. Sensitivity experiments showed that potential crop production responded nonlinearly to variations in Tmax, Tmin, and downwelling solar radiation at the surface. Mean annual yield potential (Yp) was changed by -3.0 and 1.79 Mg ha-1 for the +1 and -1 standard deviations (σ) of Tmax variation for entire the SWUS. The impact of Tmin changes were opposite to that of Tmax, with 2.84 and -5.11 Mg ha-1, respectively. Radiation changes only affected Yp decreases by 3.02 Mg ha-1 in the -1 σ case. Yield sensitivity varied geographically according to regional mean climate states. For warmer areas of the SWUS, including southern California and Arizona, maize productivity responded positively to a lower Tmax and higher Tmin. For cooler regions, such as northern California and high-elevation Nevada, a higher Tmax and higher Tmin were favorable for higher yields. The Tmin effect (e.g., cold surges) was larger during the planting period, and the Tmax effect (e.g., heat waves) was larger in the growing season. Downwelling solar radiation at the surface also played an important role in coastal regions and the Central Valley of California.


High-protein intermediate moisture food (HPIMF) containing sodium caseinate (NaCN) often gave a harder texture compared with that made from whey proteins or soy proteins, due to the aggregation of protein particles. The objectives of this study were to explore whether the addition of hydrocolloids could soften the texture and illustrate the possible mechanism. Three kinds of hydrocolloids, xanthan gum, κ-carrageenan, and gum arabic were chosen, and samples including of these three kinds of hydrocolloids were studied through texture analysis using a TPA test and microstructure observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The texture analysis results showed that xanthan gum was more effective at softening the HPIMF containing NaCN compared to κ-carrageenan and gum arabic. In addition, with the increase of xanthan gum concentration from 0.2 to 2%, the HPIMF matrix became softer, and fractures were observed during the compression for samples with xanthan gum added at low concentrations but not 2%. Microstructure observation suggested that the matrix originally dominated by the network formed through the aggregation of swollen protein particles was inhibited by the addition of xanthan gum, resulting in the softening of the texture and also contributing to the fracture during compression. With the increase of xanthan gum concentration up to 2%, the protein dominating network would be gradually replaced with a matrix dominated by the newly formed network of xanthan gum with protein particles as fillers. Furthermore, this formation of a xanthan gum dominating network structure also resulted in changes in small molecule distribution, as observed using low-field NMR.


Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to sporulate in the presence of 1 % (w/v) glucose have been isolated. A single mutation, srgl, is responsible for this phenotype. One of the srgl mutants, A-20, was characterized biochemically. The mutants had generation times similar to that of the parental strain when growing with glucose or ethanol as carbon source, and on sporulation medium in the absence of glucose they behaved like the wild-type. In contrast, in the presence of glucose, mutant A-20 raised the pH of the medium and degraded glycogen after an initial period of accumulation. This behaviour was not observed in the wild-type. CAMP concentration increased in the mutant after addition of glucose, although to a lesser extent than in the parent. A marked difference between the mutant and the wild-type was the slow utilization of glucose by the mutant when placed in sporulation medium. In addition, in sporulation medium, the glucose uptake system was inactivated with different kinetics in the mutant compared with the wildtype. The srgl mutation seems therefore to affect the glucose uptake system.


Drawing from the research project, "eDCINEMA: Hacia el espacio digital europeo. El papel de las cinematografias pequenas en version original", which was financed by the Plan Nacional de I+D+i of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Ref. CSO2012-35784) and developed by the Grupo de Estudos Audiovisuais of the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, we set out to identify the principle barriers facing European identitarian cinema in the uncertain European digital arena, and make recommendations that will assist its promotion and circulation. Thus, in line with the quandary expressed in the title of this study, we will look at small cinemas' role in both the recognition and the obliteration of the array of cultural singularities that make up the European identity. Concerning the Methodological Plan and its instrumental implementation, we decided on a four-party, multiphase format, that includes an extensive review of the academic, technical and institutional literature, a definition of the population under analysis, the design and execution of indepth interviews, the application of a Delphi questionnaire on a Panel of Experts, and the analysis and interpretation of data. As a conclusion to the research, we have drawn up a list of recommendations to be submitted to the pertinent institutions across Europe, which we hope will improve the circulation of European identitarian cinema and thereby consolidate it as a "smallcinema_OV" action proposal within the framework of Creative Europe 2014-2020.


Macroeconomists have traditionally ignored the behavior of temporary price markdowns ("sales") by retailers. Although sales are common in the micro price data, they are assumed to be unrelated to macroeconomic phenomena and generally filtered out. We challenge this view. First, using the 1996–2012 data set of the U.K. CPI monthly price quotes, we document a roughly twofold increase in the frequency of sales during the Great Recession. We also present evidence of countercyclical sales in the United States. Second, we build a New Keynesian macroeconomic model in which temporary sales arise as a pricing mechanism that allows retailers to price discriminate across consumers with different opportunity costs of time. In line with our empirical evidence, the model predicts that firms react to macroeconomic shocks by varying the frequency of sales. In response to a monetary contraction, firms facing costs of decreasing regular prices post more sales, and households spend more time looking for sales. The resulting fall in the aggregate price level can be significantly larger than if sales were ignored. When the model is calibrated to match the behavior of sales in the data, it implies that the sales margin leads to a much smaller response of real consumption to monetary shocks.


gprMax is a freely-available set of electromagnetic wave simulation tools based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical method. gprMax was originally written in the mid-1990s and has primarily been used to simulate Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Current computing resources offer the opportunity to build detailed and complex FDTD models of GPR to an extent that was not previously possible. To enable these types of simulations to be more easily realised, and also to facilitate the addition of more advanced features, significant modernisations have been made to gprMax. The original C-based code has been completely rewritten using a combination of Python and Cython programming languages. Standard and robust file formats have been chosen for geometry and field output files. New advanced modelling features have been added including: an unsplit implementation of higher order perfectly matched layers (PMLs) using a recursive integration approach; uniaxially anisotropic materials; dispersive media using multiple Debye, Drude or Lorenz expressions; improved soil modelling using a semi-empirical formulation for dielectric properties and fractals for geometric characteristics; rough surface generation; and the ability to embed complex transducers and targets.


With hundreds of thousands of mobile applications available today, your app has to capture users immediately. This book provides practical techniques to help you catchand keeptheir attention. Youll learn core principles for designing effective user interfaces, along with a set of common patterns for interaction design on all types of mobile devices.Mobile design specialists Steven Hoober and Eric Berkman have collected and researched 76 best practices for everything from composing pages and displaying information to the use of screens, lights, and sensors. Each pattern includes a discussion of the design problem and solution, along with variations, interaction and presentation details, and antipatterns.Compose pages so that information is easy to locate and manipulate Provide labels and visual cues appropriate for your apps users Use information control widgets to help users quickly access details Take advantage of gestures and other sensors Apply specialized methods to prevent errors and the loss of user-entered data Enable users to easily make selections, enter text, and manipulate controls Use screens, lights, haptics, and sounds to communicate your message and increase user satisfaction "Designing Mobile Interfaces is another stellar addition to OReillys essential interface books. Every mobile designer will want to have this thorough book on their shelf for reference." Dan Saffer, Author of Designing Gestural Interfaces


This guide provides supplemental information for faculty as they integrate information literacy into their disciplines. Check back frequently - this guide is constantly being updated.


It has become reasonably common in applied linguistics and teacher training research, to investigate language teachers' and learners' understandings of teaching and/or learning through metaphor analysis, based on the idea that identifying and discussing metaphors can bring implicit assumptions to the surface, encourage personal reflection, and as a result provide some insight into individuals' perspectives on given topics; however, very few studies to date have begun to examine participants' specific language skills, such as academic writing. In the light of this, the present study adopted an exploratory stance, exploring seven Chinese MA students' conceptualisations of academic writing, particularly the required writing assignments/essays that they had to complete in an academic year, by means of analysing metaphors they created in the 'X is Y' format (e.g., "writing is…because…"). By examining individual students' metaphorical conceptualisations of writing over three academic terms during a year-long MA programme, the hope was that the results could not only shed light on how students developed their writing, focussing primarily on changes in their conceptualisations of writing, but also look to see whether such changes would lead to adjustments in their writing practices. In addition, given the fact that few metaphor researchers have argued for the investigation of metaphor-based interaction in class, the study was thus to explore the impact on sharing individual personal metaphors of writing on participants' conceptualisations of their writing practices. Methodologically, the study also examined the validity of the 'X is Y' metaphor elicitation task, by investigating the linguistic contexts where various kinds of task difficulty/failure occurred and offering possible solutions.
 The present study adopted a phenomenological and qualitative approach and involved two phases: a methodological preliminary study and a main study. The purpose of the preliminary study was to investigate how participants responded to a range of writing-related prompts requesting explanations for task difficulty/failure, so that the task format which led to the most successful answers could be adopted in the main study. The main study was conducted in a context of nine academic writing workshops over three academic terms, where seven Chinese MA students were asked to (1) provide metaphors of their writing via a prompt in "academic writing is…because…" format and (2) share with their classmates metaphors in relation to personal writing experiences. To reduce the incidence of unsuccessful answers to the metaphor elicitation tasks, all participants in Term 1 were also asked to attend a 'Learning to Use Metaphor' training programme in the form of four ready-made graduate lectures.
 Six conclusions were drawn on the basis of the findings from both preliminary study and the main study: (1) metaphors were used to convey multiple aspects of students' conceptualisations of writing; (2) sharing and discussing personal metaphors helped participants improve their writing; (3) participants demonstrated varying degrees of change in their conceptualisations of academic writing; (4) participants became more sensitised to metaphor, and to thinking critically about it; (5) the use of a metaphor elicitation technique to examine informants' conceptualisations was not methodologically transparent and (6) training both about metaphor and in using it were important.


This is my reply to Karin Meyers, "False Friends: Dependent Origination and the Perils of Analogy in Cross-Cultural Philosophy," in this Symposium. Meyers generally focuses on exegesis of what Early Buddhists said, which reasonably constrains what we may think about them if we are Buddhists. I agree with and find much value in most of her astute analyses, here and elsewhere, so I restrict my reply here to where we disagree, or otherwise seem to be speaking past, or misunderstanding, each other. In this regard, I focus on three of her claims. Meyers argues that (1) Buddhist dependent origination is not determinism; (2) attempts at naturalizing Buddhism threaten to run afoul of her hermeneutics; and (3) I seem to err on both fronts. However, I have emphasized that I am not a determinist, and I am not as concerned with what Buddhists did say about causation and agency. As a philosopher, I am mainly concerned with what philosophers can say about them. 1 Philosophy Department, Kingsborough Community College, City University of New York. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. 858 Repetti, It Wasn't Me Thus, Meyers's criticisms of my work seem predicated on interpretations of ideas I do not exactly espouse. Thus, the "Repetti" that Meyers primarily critiqued, as the title to this Reply (hopefully humorously) makes clear, wasn't me! Whether I have failed to make my ideas clear, she has failed to accurately interpret them, or some combination of both, I am uncertain. Thus, I focus on trying to clarify those ideas of mine that Meyers seems to interpret in a way that I do not intend.


1 Gheorghe Zane Institute of Economic and Social Research of the Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch (Romania) Abstract: Self-image synthesizes the external and internal cumulative factors where memory, affective context, awareness and the reinterpretation of facts / phenomena play a fundamental role. Within daily activities following the cognitive processing of information, there is a distance between immediate events and realities, their awareness and selfimage. Depending on the context this may be less or higher, each situation generating adaptive effects that can gradually turn into psychic issues that require a psychologist or psychiatrist intervention. In this paper we will describe the way in which the self-image is built up from the phenomenological and the new theories of the imaginary perspective and we will make a critical analysis of the inappropriate use of the correlated language of the phenomenon. Later we will explain how conscientious cleavages may occur, highlight the levels of proceedings of psycho-social intervention.


As contemporary scientific advancements offer the opportunity to manipulate processes of the human body at a higher degree of invasiveness than ever before, a number of bioethical concerns are raised. One significant concern is how to discern the acceptable integration of advancements in neurologically-based interventions into the criminal justice system. Past literature supports the idea that there are several variables that interact to form a global conversation on the ethics of compromising a criminal's freedom of mind for the purposes of sentencing or rehabilitation. Attitudes toward the current criminal justice system and the current uses of neurointerventions are significantly influential, and the public attitudes of such topics have been well-recorded through the literature. An experienced physician was interviewed in order to gain the perspective of a professional who regularly implements neurologically-based treatments. The results of the interview suggested that professionals have a moderate level of confidence that the current relationship between the criminal justice system and neurointerventional methods has generally remained within ethical boundaries. The results also suggested that medical practitioners are tasked with balancing the dignity and the safety patients, which can cause frequent ethical dilemmas. The varying responsibilities of medical professionals keep them equipped to implement expert-level care while simultaneously considering the ethical ramifications of their decisions.


In an increasingly globalised world, economic and cultural imperatives can be seen as two of the most powerful forces shaping human behaviour. This book considers the relationship between economics and culture both as areas of intellectual discourse, and as systems of societal organisation. Adopting a broad definition of culture, it explores the economic dimensions of culture, and the cultural context of economics. The book is built on a foundation of value theory, developing the twin notions of economic and cultural value as underlying principles for integrating the two fields. Ideas of cultural capital and sustainability are discussed, especially as means of analysing the particular problems of cultural heritage, drawing parallels with the treatment of natural capital in ecological economics. The book goes on to discuss the economics of creativity in the production of cultural goods and services; culture in economic development; the cultural industries; and cultural policy.


Finding driving directions applications are becoming popular by a variety of users all over the world. Examples of such application can be given: Yahoo maps, MapQuest, and Google Earth as examples of widely used online applications, mobile phone driving direction applications offered by mobile companies, vehicles GPS (global positioning system) and many others. Finding a good driving path between two addresses is subject to many factors where some of them could variables. Examples of these factors are distances, road situation, road traffic, and others. This paper presents the solution of finding a path between two points (addresses) having traffic changing dynamically. It presents spatial databases that are the main databases used in driving direction applications and all GIS applications, discusses currently used solutions and finally proposes a dynamic efficient solution that using the propose dynamic A*Traffic algorithm (an extension of the known artificial intelligent algorithm called A*).


Principal components analysis~(PCA) is the optimal linear encoder of data. Sparse linear encoders (e.g., sparse PCA) produce more interpretable features that can promote better generalization. (\rn{1}) Given a level of sparsity, what is the best approximation to PCA? (\rn{2}) Are there efficient algorithms which can achieve this optimal combinatorial tradeoff? We answer both questions by providing the first polynomial-time algorithms to construct \emph{optimal} sparse linear auto-encoders; additionally, we demonstrate the performance of our algorithms on real data.


The next generation of computer system designers will be less concerned about details of processors and memories, and more concerned about the elements of a system tailored to particular applications. These designers will have a fundamental knowledge of processors and other elements in the system, but the success of their design will depend on the skills in making system-level tradeoffs that optimize the cost, performance and other attributes to meet application requirements. This book provides a new treatment of computer system design, particularly for System-on-Chip (SOC), which addresses the issues mentioned above. It begins with a global introduction, from the high-level view to the lowest common denominator (the chip itself), then moves on to the three main building blocks of an SOC (processor, memory, and interconnect). Next is an overview of what makes SOC unique (its customization ability and the applications that drive it). The final chapter presents future challenges for system design and SOC possibilities.


Changes in carbon and nitrogen cycles in tropical soils affect soil functioning and ecosystem activity.Termites play important roles in carbon and nitrogen cycles, thus determination of levels of suchcompounds is essential. This study was aimed at determining the levels of various forms of nitrogen,carbon and pH in the guts, soil and nest materials associated with Odontotermes and Macrotermestermite species. Macro- and micro-elements such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc,manganese, iron and copper were also evaluated. The standard soil analyses and concentrations ofvarious forms of nitrogen, carbon and pH in the samples were performed using calometric and Bremmer'smethods. Results showed the texture grade of the soils ranged between sandy clay loamy to loamy sandacross the samples. The clay content for most mounds was comparably higher than in the surroundingsoil. Most of the concentrations of ammonia, nitrate and total organic carbon between the termites andwithin the gut sections were significantly different (p < 0.05). This was observed between and within thetermite mounds. Levels of ammonia (3.00 – 6.00 ppm) and nitrate (6.00 - 11.50 ppm) were highest in thehindguts of all termites analyzed than the respective foreguts and midguts sections. Notably, levels ofammonia (6.00 – 14.50 ppm), nitrate (16.00 – 83.00 ppm) and organic carbon (31.00 – 37.00 %) werehighest in the fungus comb samples. Likewise, levels of all macro- and micro-elements investigated werehighest in the fungus combs. Manganese had the highest concentration (20.28 ppms) while copper hadthe least concentration (0.11ppms).


Business Intelligence and Analytics (BI&A) is the process of extracting and predicting business-critical insights from data. Traditional BI focused on data collection, extraction, and organization to enable efficient query processing for deriving insights from historical data. With the rise of big data and cloud computing, there are many challenges and opportunities for the BI. Especially with the growing number of data sources, traditional BI\&A are evolving to provide intelligence at different scales and perspectives - operational BI, situational BI, self-service BI. In this survey, we review the evolution of business intelligence systems in full scale from back-end architecture to and front-end applications. We focus on the changes in the back-end architecture that deals with the collection and organization of the data. We also review the changes in the front-end applications, where analytic services and visualization are the core components. Using a uses case from BI in Healthcare, which is one of the most complex enterprises, we show how BI\&A will play an important role beyond the traditional usage. The survey provides a holistic view of Business Intelligence and Analytics for anyone interested in getting a complete picture of the different pieces in the emerging next generation BI\&A solutions.


Serum bilirubin is an important antioxidant that is found at increased levels in hereditary hemochromatosis patients. We hypothesized that increased levels of serum bilirubin may play a protective role against oxidative stress induced by iron overload in carriers of mutations in the hereditary hemochromatosis gene (HFE). We studied the relation between serum total bilirubin, serum iron levels, the HFE C282Y and H63D mutations, and mortality. The study was conducted in 2,332 randomly selected subjects from the Rotterdam Study, a population‐based follow‐up study of people aged 55 years or over. Serum bilirubin levels were significantly correlated with serum iron (Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) = 0.4, P < 0.001), transferrin saturation (r = 0.4, P < 0.001), and serum ferritin (r = 0.2, P < 0.05). Carriers of the HFE mutations had higher levels of bilirubin compared to wild‐type homozygotes. The relation was the strongest in H63D heterozygotes or homozygotes and C282Y heterozygotes. High levels of serum bilirubin were associated with a 2.8 (95% CI 0.9–8.8) fold reduction in mortality in H63D homozygotes and a 2.2 (1.0–4.7) fold reduction in mortality in C282Y heterozygotes. Taken together, our data suggest that the high levels of the antioxidant bilirubin may counteract the adverse effect of oxidative stress induced by iron overload. This may explain in part the reduced penetrance of the HFE mutations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This Article develops an analytical framework for evaluating unauthorized governmental uses of copyrighted property. The analytical framework categorizes governmental uses of copyrighted property into three major groups: the free bargaining paradigm, the compensated use paradigm, and the uncompensated use paradign. The free bargainng paradigm includes all voluntary transfers of any of the rights of copyright ownership from the copyright owner to a governmental entity. By contrast, both the compensated use and uncompensated use paradigms consist of involuntary transfers, with a government entity making compensation voluntarily in the former and refusing to compensate in the latter. This Article focuses on the compensated use and uncompensated use paradigms. In the compensated use paradigm, the nature of the transaction is that of a forced sale. In essense, this paradigm represents the exercise of the eminent domain power over copyrighted property. In contrast, the uncompensated use paradigm covers involuntary transfers in which the government body uses the copyrighted porperty without providing any compensation, thus forcing the copyright owner to litigate her claim for compensation. This paradigm parallels the law of inverse condemnation. Generally, the primary issue in uncompensated use cases is whether the government's actions constituted a taking. If there has been a taking, the court will effect what amounts to a forced purchase of the property and award the copyright proprietor compensation reflecting the purchase price of the copyrighted property. Part II of this Article demonstrates the propriety of exercising eminent domain over copyrighted property, and lays the groudwork for the difficult issues that arise under the uncompensated use paradigm. Part III explores these issues and argues that federal and state governments have the power to exercise eminent domain over copyrighted property and a transcendent right to use such property. It formulates a framework for distinguishing between governmental uses of copyrighted property that constitute takings mandating compensation and those that constitute fair use - unauthorized but sanctioned, uncompensated uses of copyrighted property. Part III also addresses the nature of a government's liability once a plaintiff establishes a taking of copyrighted property. Finally, it argues that precluding a copyright owner from recovering just compensation for unauthorized use of copyrighted property by a state government results in a due process violation, and thus calls for a modification of the eleventh amendment's traditional application in this context.


We report mechanistic aspects of the trapping of thermally (HDDA) generated benzyne derivatives by pendant silyl ether groups, which results in net insertion of the pair of benzyne Csp-hydribized carbon atoms into the silicon-oxygen sigma bond. Cross-over experiments using symmetrical, doubly labeled bis-silyl ether substrates established that the reaction is unimolecular in nature. Competition experiments involving either intramolecular or intermolecular dihydrogen transfer clock reactions (from within a TIPS isopropyl group or cyclooctane, respectively) vs. the silyl ether cyclization were used to gain additional insights. We evaluated effects of the steric bulk of the silyl ether trapping group and of the ring-size of the cyclic ether being formed (furan vs. pyran). These types of competition experiments allow the relative rates of various product-determining steps to be determined. This previously has only rarely been possible because aryne formation is typically rate-limiting, making it challenging to probe the kinetics of subsequent trapping reactions. Solvent effects (polarity of the medium) and computational studies were used to probe the question of stepwise vs. concerted pathways for the Si-O insertion.


As a result of undocumented observations that the prevalence of dental fluorosis in both fluoridated and nonfluoridated communities may be higher than would be predicted on the basis of Dean's data from the 1940s, dental fluorosis assessments using a modification of Dean's Index were made in 1981 as part of routine examinations in a series of clinical trials. A total of 1,663 children in fluoridated or nonfluoridated communities, ranging in age from seven to 17 years, were examined during 1981-82. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in nonfluoridated communities ranged from 1.7 percent in 16-year-olds to 13.9 percent in 10-year-olds and, in fluoridated communities, ranged from 17.1 percent in 13-year-olds to 33.0 percent in 14-year-olds. At all age levels common to the two types of communities, the difference in prevalence of dental fluorosis was statistically significant. Compared with findings in Dean's studies in 1942, for children of comparable age in communities with essentially the same water-fluoride levels, the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the present study was 3 1/2 times higher in nonfluoridated communities and two times higher in fluoridated communities. Mean fluorosis scores, however, were similar. If additional studies substantiate that the prevalence and intensity of dental fluorosis are increasing, the accepted norms for fluoride dosage need to be reassessed--especially in supplements, dentifrices, and water.


Although gender plays a key role in mediating social relations and livelihood dynamics in fisheries, women's roles have received little attention in many fisheries. Mama karanga are women on the Kenyan coast who buy and process fish for local markets from small-scale fishermen. Mama karanga provide a link between the fishery and poor fish consumers, but are also vulnerable to changes in the fishery due to a lack of education, alternative livelihoods, and capital. Despite their dependence on the fishery and potential importance for food security, mama karanga have been little studied, and this article presents a description of their livelihood and a contribution to the growing literature on gender, fisheries and natural resource management. The livelihoods framework is used to organize information on mama karanga's bargaining power and participation in fisheries management. Bargaining power and access to fish is determined mostly by financial capital, the level of fish catches, and social capital, including complex relations with each other, and fishermen. While mama karanga are aware of fisheries management issues, their active participation is limited due to lack of assets and highly imbalanced gender power relations. In order to integrate important actors such as mama karanga, fisheries governance needs to expand in scope and address gender-based barriers to participation.


The landmark Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and its follow-up study, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC), have changed the way that type 1 diabetes is treated, and have led to improvements in the health and quality of life of people with the disease. In this Perspective, we look back at the 30 years since the start of DCCT to celebrate the scientific achievements of the DCCT/EDIC study group and patient volunteers—achievements that have had far-reaching benefits for type 1 diabetes and beyond. The insights that continue to emerge from DCCT/EDIC underscore the importance of supporting long-term research on chronic diseases such as type 1 diabetes. We also describe factors that contributed to the success of DCCT/EDIC, its public health implications, and how results continue to inform current-day research directions supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). A complementary Perspective from the DCCT/EDIC investigators summarizes the methods, and results, and clinical implications of these seminal studies (1).

In the late 1970s to the early 1980s, there was considerable debate about whether the potential benefits of intensive glycemic control in reducing the development of diabetes complications outweighed the risks of hypoglycemia (2–4). The studies done before the DCCT were small and short in duration and had enrolled subjects with preexisting retinopathy, thus failing to resolve the controversy about the risks and benefits of intensive treatment or to address primary prevention. Moreover, some studies in individuals with established eye disease showed an early worsening of retinopathy with intensive blood glucose control (5–7). Delineation of the natural history of the preproliferative phases of diabetic retinopathy in conventionally treated type 1 diabetes and validation of retinal photography as an outcome measure provided the …


This study utilizes texts which sit between the literary and non-literary to explore the outcomes and mechanisms
 of literariness. Literariness can be activated by (a) linguistic foregrounding and (b) paratextual specification. In a 2 × 2
 design, manipulated versions of two soldier narratives were produced (poetry/fiction; poetry/fact; prose/fiction; prose/poetry).
 215 participants were randomly assigned to read one of the textual versions and respond to rating scales dealing with perception
 of textual features, empathy, sympathy, and cognitive perspective-taking. The results show that poetic form elicits significantly
 higher ratings for empathy and sympathy and that paratextual information specifying that a text is factual elicits significantly
 higher ratings for empathy and cognitive perspective-taking. Two structural equation models were defined: (a) a literariness model
 and (b) a factual accuracy model. The results suggest an additive dual model of processing in which both poetic form and factual
 definition contribute to outcomes characteristic of literariness. These results offer some support for the hypotheses of the
 Neuro-Cognitive Poetics Model proposed by (Jacobs, 2011).