Despite extensive research, the behaviour of phosphorus (P) in soils, a crucial element in plant production, is not yet fully understood. This study focussed on one of the outstanding issues, the co-adsorption of protons with phosphate in soils. Previous work on the co-adsorption of protons with P (as H2PO4-) on goethite observed an accumulation of solution acidity from a sub-stoichiometric H+:P sorption ratio. If these results also occur in soils, this could lead to accelerated acidification and present a significant challenge for sustainable agriculture. This highlights the need for congruent H+:P co-adsorption analyses to be undertaken for soils. This study investigated whether similar results occurred with the adsorption of orthophosphate on six Australian soil samples of varying phosphorus binding capacities and mineralogies. Considerable effort was invested in the development of a widely applicable laboratory method to quantify the soil H+:P sorption coefficient as part of the study. The method functioned by separately measuring the molar quantities of protons and phosphorus lost from a soil suspension when spiked with a range of initial P concentrations (as KH2PO4). Using this procedure it was found that H2PO4sorption followed an apparent 2:1 ratio (2 protons adsorbed for each unit of P) for the majority of soil samples (average deviation from 2:1 = ± 5.8%). This the first time such measurements have been completed on soils. No significant pH change was measured in the soil suspensions post P addition and equilibration. Past P adsorption data on the same soils (supplied by NSW DPI) yielded similar co-adsorption results. Trials of the developed method on goethite were able to replicate a highly linear P-dependent pH decrease (r2 = 0.996) and a H+:P co-adsorption coefficient significantly less than 2:1 (P < 0.01), consistent with previous literature. To clarify whether ion exchange contributes to the observed H+:P sorption ratio, supernatants were analysed for major cations (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and SO42-, but the results were inconclusive, predominantly due to a small sample size. The implications of H+:P sorption ratio for long term pH stability of soils with P fertilisation are immense and an area where future research on the topic is required. Clarification is also needed on whether the sorption ratio of commercial P fertilisers will mimic laboratory KH2PO4 behaviour, and if the same proton ratio holds true under field conditions.


The development of new and bigger databases on law production fostered the study of legislative behaviour. This happened not only in the traditional stage of congressional politics, but also, in the European Union and country levels. As a developing reality, still several countries do not have accessible legislative data, and Portugal counts as one of these examples, this database was constructed with this in mind. The time covered here comprises the period of 1982 to 2009 and covers all the legislative initiatives and approved laws that were proposed and enacted by the Portuguese Parliament and the Council of Ministers. Because of the institutional information, the detailed features of each one of the observations (legislation), the extended time-period and of the incorporation of variables potentially strategic, this database can be useful for a wide range of Academics.


One of the most robust findings emerging from studies of industrial agglomeration is the rise in productivity that tends to accompany it. What most studies have not addressed, however, is the potential role played by human capital externalities in driving this relationship. This paper seeks to do so using data from the 1980, 1990, and 2000 US Census covering a collection of 77 (primarily) 3-digit manufacturing industries across a sample of more than 200 metropolitan areas. The analysis generates two primary results. First, a variety of education- and experience-based measures of average human capital rise significantly as an industry's employment in a metropolitan area increases. Hence, clusters of industry do tend to be characterized by larger stocks of human capital. However, second, even after accounting for the level of human capital in a worker's own industry, the overall size of the industry remains strongly associated with wages. Such results suggest that localization economies are largely not the product of knowledge spillovers.


BACKGROUND
Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of self-limited fever and serosal tissues inflammation.

METHODS
To evaluate clinical symptoms and common genetic mutations in southwestern Iranian patients with FMF, 20 unrelated patients were enrolled in this study based on clinical criteria. A panel of 12 common MEFV gene mutations was tested.

RESULTS
The most frequent clinical presentations of the patients were fever, colicky abdominal pain and arthritis. Eighteen patients responded completely to colchicine therapy. MEFV gene mutations were detected in only 40% of the patients. The most common mutation was E148Q, detected in five patients (25%). The V726A, M694V and P369S mutations were each observed in one patient.

CONCLUSIONS
Although none of the 12 mutations we included in our test panel was detected in 60% of our patients, all of them had FMF symptoms and responded well to colchicine. MEFV full gene sequencing analysis in these patients may lead to finding new mutations in southwestern Iranian FMF patients which would be helpful in designing a local diagnostic kit.


The Ilan Plain is located at the southwestern tip of the back arc basin of the Okinawa Trough, which propagates westward into the Taiwan orogen. A long discussed issue concerns whether the opening normal-fault system of the Okinawa Trough propagates and transforms into the thrust-fault system of the Taiwan orogen. We have reprocessed and inverted resistivity measurements from a series of surveys conducted in the 1970s around the Chingshui-Sanshing-Hanchi area of southwestern Ilan County. The 2D and 3D inverted resistivity images reveal the regional structures. A major conductive structure dipping toward the northwest at an angle of 30° 40° is located at the expected site of the Niudou Fault separating the Early Miocene Szeleng and Kangkou Formations from the Lushan Formation in the Sanshing area, which dip direction of two conductive structures with a dipping angle of 50° 70° were coinciding with the dip direction of normal faults identified from the field surveys. In addition three high-angle discontinuity structures, dipping toward the north with an angle of 60° 80° can be identified in the resistivity profile along Hanchi. We tend to suggest these structures as the extended portions of the normal faults that have been identified under the unconsolidated sediments in the Ilan Plain. Resistivity profiles from the Chingshuichi area reveal the existence of the vertical Chingshuichi, the Dachi, and the Xiaonanauo Fault. Hot springs were found in the junction area of the Chingshuichi and the Xiaonanauo Fault. The junction region of these two fault systems is the potential Chingshui geothermal field that provides fluid geothermals from the deep.


A comprehensive program of water institutional reforms has been implemented in South Africa since 1994. These reforms followed some major reform on the political and economic fronts. The institutional changes that occurred in the water sector covered the policy legal, and organizational dimensions of water allocation and management and affected all water sub-sectors including environmental allocations. The reform process has culminated in a new national water policy, a national water act and a national water resources strategy. Substantial organizational changes have also occurred with a focus on management decentralization, user participation and license-based allocation of water. This paper aims to provide an overview of these and other changes, especially from the perspective of irrigation and agriculture. It also attempts to explain the emergence and implementation of the water institutional reforms process in the light of the results reported in recent literature on water institutional reforms. The paper provides evidence for the role of transaction cost and political economy considerations as well as the use of reform design and implementation principles such as institutional sequencing and reform timing.


This paper analyzes the transactions that led to the partial privatization of China's three largest banks in 2005–06. It suggests that these transactions were structured to allow for inter-organizational learning under conditions of uncertainty. For the involved foreign investors, participation in large financial intermediaries of central importance to the Chinese economy gave them the opportunity to learn about financial governance in China. For the Chinese banks partnering with more than one foreign investor, their participation allowed them to benefit from the input by different players in the global financial market place and to learn from the range of technical and governance expertise offered. This model of bank reform contrasts with the privatization strategies pursued in Latin America and Central and Eastern Europe throughout the 1990s. These different experiences stand for alternative strategies of bank reform—One that relies on top down changes of the rules of the game; another that focuses on inter-organizational learning via observation. It suggests that the latter model may be superior under conditions of uncertainty. The paper discusses the costs and benefits of these alternative models in the context of the global financial crisis.


This chapter reviews research linking the intergenerational transmission of parent psychiatric disorder and physical illness to psychological outcomes for children. A conceptual model is presented to guide an understanding of the mechanisms of transmission. A review of the main psychiatric and physical disorders and the associations with different child outcomes is provided. Relevant mediating and moderating variables are presented within this section. Key lessons for clinical practice are discussed including guidance for assessment and the use of relevant interventions. The need for health care professionals to be aware of the risks of parental psychiatric and physical disorders for children is emphasised while noting that the effects are not inevitable. The relative lack of appropriate treatment trials in many areas is noted. The need for additional research in low and middle income countries is urgently needed. © 2015 by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.


Economics is characterized by an epistemological break: a discontinuity, between everyday and scientific understandings. An extensive empirical literature proves the so-called economic ignorance of the public. This has created a disdain for the public among economists and provided an argument for more influence of experts. We demonstrate that this empirical literature privileges scientific economic knowledge over other types of economics knowledge, and thus merely proves the existence of the epistemological break. In its place we argue for the simultaneous existence of different types of economic knowledge, held by economic actors (the public) and economists (the experts). Economics should seek convergence between these bodies of knowledge, through translation efforts. We demonstrate that Wicksteed and Ostrom have tried this and suggest further constructive steps following Boltanski's work in sociology. We argue that economics without an epistemological break has the potential to improve economics education, and mutual understanding between economists and the public.


ABSTRACT This review focuses on the contributions of Neal et al.'s book Lived Experiences of Multiculture. I examine their focus on the implications of place in encounter, and their reference to the importance of competencies and reflexivity. While much has been written on these fields, their granular ethnography reveals points of conviviality in the grounded socio-spatial relations of diversity in sites that blur the boundaries between public and private: parks, chain cafes, leisure groups, and schools. However, while spaces of hopeful encounter clearly exist, the complexity and pain of these processes and the power relations that underpin them, particularly under conditions of urban transformation, require further exploration. Therefore, I would argue for an extension of this work to incorporate an account of belonging that allows for the impacts of urban transformation, the power relations inherent in these processes, the need for more interdisciplinary engagement in the field of intercultural competence, and the need to ensure our analysis of diversity and encounter does not stray too far from a focus on conflict.


This paper outlines a new award scheme currently being trialled in nine schools in England and Wales with AS and A2 design and technology students and discusses some early feedback. The scheme's fundamental aim is to integrate thinking about sustainability into advanced level work. Students who show they have thought through sustainability issues at each stage of their coursework option will be given an award. The scheme is designed to provide students with ideas for devising design briefs and specifications from genuine, real life contexts from around the world. It is backed by a number of different organisations which will give back-up information and feedback to students throughout their AS and A2 coursework. Teachers in the pilot schools have access to a sustainability pack that helps both them and their students to tackle fundamental issues of sustainability such as reducing, recycling and reusing. The scheme is currently funded by the Department for International Development (DFID), the Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) with in-kind support from other organisations, including DATA. Over 70 schools have expressed an interest in becoming involved in the Sustainable Design Award (SDA) scheme in 2003/4.


Impairment of the fibrinolytic system, caused primarily by increases in the plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) type 1, are frequently found in diabetes and the insulin-resistance syndrome. Among the factors responsible for the increases of PAI-1, insulin has recently attracted attention. In this study, we analyzed the effects of insulin on PAI-1 biosynthesis in HepG2 cells, paying particular attention to the signaling network evoked by this hormone. Experiments performed in CHO cells overexpressing the insulin receptor indicate that insulin increases PAI-1 gene transcription through interaction with its receptor. By using inhibitors of the different signaling pathways evoked by insulin-receptor binding, it has been shown that the biosynthesis of PAI-1 is due to phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase activation, followed by protein kinase C and ultimately by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 phosphorylation. We also showed that this pathway is Ras-independent. Transfection of HepG2 cells with several truncations of the PAI-1 promoter coupled to a CAT gene allowed us to recognize two major response elements located in the regions between -804 and -708 and between -211 and -54. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay identified three binding sites for insulin-induced factors, all colocalized with putative Sp1 binding sites. Using supershifting antibodies, the binding of Sp1 could only be confirmed at the binding site located just upstream from the transcription start site of the PAI-1 promoter. A construct comprising four tandem repeat copies of the -93/-62 region of the PAI-1 promoter linked to CAT was transcriptionally activated in HepG2 cells by insulin. These results outline the central role of MAP kinase activation in the regulation of PAI-1 induced by insulin.


Several different architectures for adaptive automation systems have now been demonstrated. Yet users remain ambivalent them—as our own work on the U.S. Air Force's Rotorcraft Pilot's Associate (RPA) reveals. Thus, we argue, research should be shifting away from how adaptive interfaces and automation can be made to work, and onto how they should behave in conjunction with human users. We find it useful to think about behavioral details and roles and responsibilities in terms of various 'etiquettes' for human-machine interactions. Results from RPA suggest that one aspect of establishing acceptable etiquette may be more and better inclusion of 'meta-communication' on the part of the system—the ability to report and accept feedback on the system's perceptions and intentions. We discuss these results in the broader context of etiquette recommendations for adaptive automation systems.


There are many studies on the business cycle indicators in the past decades, but mostly focusing on the asymmetric and non-linear features of business cycles incorporated into the conditional mean equation rather than the conditional variance formulation. Recently, the hypothesis of volatility asymmetry in business cycle indicators has been re-examined by, for instance, Ho and Tsui (2003 and 2004) using univariate asymmetric power ARCH (APARCH) and EGARCH models. However, the main drawback of univariate GARCH analysis is that it fails to capture the co-movement of macroeconomic variables. These co-movement relationships are important issues emphasised by the business cycle researchers, yet not much work has been done on formally modelling co-movements of asymmetric conditional volatilities in the context of multivariate GARCH setting. Our study extends the constant conditional correlation framework proposed by Bollerslev (1990) and the time-varying conditional correlation approach by Tse and Tsui (2002). We propose three new bivariate asymmetric GARCH models to accommodate the individual conditional heteroskedastic effects and the possibly varying conditional correlation relationships of asymmetric volatilities of the business cycles indicators in the selected OECD countries including Canada, Italy, the UK and the US. Using indices of industrial production as proxies for business cycles indicators, we detect statistically significant evidence of asymmetric conditional volatility in the UK and US. Additionally, we find that the conditional correlations are significantly time-varying, and that the strength of varying correlations may be linked to the degree of economic integration between the countries. These findings have the following implications: • if business cycles are conditionally heteroskedastic and exhibit volatility asymmetry, then any theory without such properties is inadequate. • the GARCH structure is consistent with the hypothesis of rational expectations in macroeconomics as rational economic agents make decisions based on all available information (see Hong and Lee, 2001 for details). • since movements in the financial markets are inextricably linked to the overall health of the economy, adequate accommodation of macroeconomic uncertainty such as conditional volatilities of business cycles would help researchers understand more about the causes of changes in financial market volatilities, and • it is vital to understand the domestic macroeconomic policy implications of asymmetric volatility and the corresponding policy co-ordinations among major international trading partners.


The SGD-QN algorithm described in Bordes et al. (2009) contains a subtle flaw that prevents it from reaching its design goals. Yet the flawed SGD-QN algorithm has worked well enough to be a winner of the first Pascal Large Scale Learning Challenge (Sonnenburg et al., 2008). This document clarifies the situation, proposes a corrected algorithm, and evaluates its performance.


Pesticide exposure may cause genotoxic effects by inducing the formation of micronucleus (Mn). Mn are fragments of chromosomes that remains after cells division. The increase in Mn may increase the risk of cancer formation. Our study aimed to determine the effects of lifestyle and pesticide exposure on the formation of Mn in epithelial cells buccal swabs among paddy farmers in Malaysia. About 40 farmers who were exposed to pesticides were chosen as subjects and 30 personnels were possibly not directly exposed to pesticides, were chosen as the control group. Demographic and anthropometric data were obtained from questionnaires developed. Analysis of Mn formation was done using Giemsa staining (10% v/v) and the frequency of Mn formation was scored from 1000 cells per sample. Kruskal-Wallis test done between Mn frequency with age class showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Mn frequency as compared to the control in the age group of 30-39 , 40-49 years, and 50-59 years. Significant increased (p < 0.05) were observed between Mn frequency groups of normal BMI, preobese, and grade 1 obese as compared to control. Significant increase of Mn frequency (p < 0.01) was also seen among smokers and farmer's group (15:39 ± 3.34) as compared to controls (4.76 ± 1.26). The maximum numbers of Mn found in farmers are 7 Mn per cell whereas for control group is only 3 Mn. However, most farmers had only 1 Mn (81.75 ± 6.42%) and 2 Mn (15:28 ± 5.14%). Mn frequency with the duration of exposure to pesticides in a month and the use of PPE revealed no significant difference (p = 0.27). In conclusion, the increased frequency of Mn was influenced by age, gender and BMI of farmers besides commonly repeated duration of exposures and the use of PPE are needed to be studied to analyze the causes of an increased in Mn among farmers. DOI :  http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2018-02


The Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research (4STAR) combines airborne sun tracking and sky scanning with diffraction spectroscopy to improve knowledge of atmospheric constituents and their links to air-pollution/climate. Direct beam hyper-spectral measurement of optical depth improves retrievals of gas constituents and determination of aerosol properties. Sky scanning enhances retrievals of aerosol type and size distribution. 4STAR measurements will tighten the closure between satellite and ground-based measurements. 4STAR incorporates a modular sun-tracking/ sky-scanning optical head with fiber optic signal transmission to rack mounted spectrometers, permitting miniaturization of the external optical head, and future detector evolution. Technical challenges include compact optical collector design, radiometric dynamic range and stability, and broad spectral coverage. Test results establishing the performance of the instrument against


Undergraduate Courses BIOL 100 Principles of Biology I GER 2/E PD/C or D The chemical basis of life; basic structure and function of proand eukaryotic cells; bioenergetics; Mendelian and molecular genetics; development and mechanisms of control of gene expression at all levels; population genetics and evolution. $5 materials fee required. PD credit awarded only upon completion of BIOL 100 and 102. Prereq: MATH 125 and CHEM 102 or equivalent 7 hrs (3 lec, 3 lab, 1 disc), 4.5 cr. spring only BIOL 102 Principles of Biology II GER 2/E PD/C or D Taxonomy; homeostasis; internal transport and gas exchange in plants and animals; plant hormones; osmoregulation; mechanisms of action in the muscular, nervous and neuroendocrine systems; the senses, behavior; ecology. $5 materials fee required. PD credit awarded only upon completion of BIOL 100 and 102. Prereqs: BIOL 100 or equivalent 7 hrs (3 lec, 3 lab, 1 disc), 4.5 cr. fall only BIOL 105 Introduction to Genome Biology Life and Physical Sciences (LPS) A genome is the total genetic content of an organism. Driven by breakthroughs such as the decoding of the first human genome and rapid DNA-sequencing technologies, biomedical sciences are undergoing a rapid and profound transformation into a highly data-intensive field, which requires familiarity with concepts in both biology and computer science. Genome information is revolutionizing virtually all aspects of biology and medicine and will lead to major advances such as more efficient production of renewable energy, better cures for cancers, and longer and healthier life expectancy. This course will introduce genome-sequencing technologies, explore hundreds of genome projects online, and discuss both the benefits and challenges (e.g., ethical and legal) of the genomic revolution to society. 3hrs 3 cr. BlOL 120 Anatomy and Physiology I Cell structure and function; histology; nervous, muscular and skeletal systems; integument. Required for admission to the nursing program. Not accepted for credit toward the biology major. Prereqs: CHEM 100, 101 coreqs: CHEM 120, 121 7 hrs (3 lec, 4 lab), 4.5 cr. fall only BlOL 122 Anatomy and Physiology II Structure and function of circulatory, digestive, excretory, endocrine and reproductive systems. Basic concepts of metabolism, embryology. Required for admission to the nursing program. Not accepted for credit toward the biology major. Prereq: BIOL 120 or equiv. 7 hrs (3 lec, 4 lab), 4.5 cr. spring only Biol 125 Human Biology GER 2E Human Biology BIOL 125 is an introductory laboratory course for non-biology majors. This course explores the biology that underlies current health and disease topics (including diabetes, cancer, sexually transmitted diseases, nutrition). Using a topics approach, the course provides a survey of human anatomy and physiological function, along with the biological principles of genetics and cellular interactions that comprise our current understanding of the human organism. Laboratory exercises will introduce students to a scientific approach in studying human disease and physiology. The credits from this course will not count towards the Biology Major. Fulfills GER 2E requirement. No Prerequisites 6 hours 4.5 credits


This paper presents the evaluation of Morpho Challenge Competition 1 (linguistic gold standard). The Competition 2 (information retrieval) is described in a companion paper. In Morpho Challenge 2007, the objective was to design statistical machine learning algorithms that discover which morphemes (smallest individually meaningful units of language) words consist of. Ideally, these are basic vocabulary units suitable for dierent tasks, such as text understanding, machine translation, information retrieval, and statistical language modeling The choice of a meaningful evaluation for the submitted morpheme analysis was not straight-forward, because in unsupervised morpheme analysis the morphemes can have arbitrary names. Two complementary ways were developed for the evaluation: Competition 1: The proposed morpheme analyses were compared to a linguistic morpheme analysis gold standard by matching the morpheme-sharing word pairs. Competition 2: Information retrieval (IR) experiments were performed, where the words in the documents and queries were replaced by their proposed morpheme representations and the search was based on morphemes instead of words. Data sets for Competition 1 were provided for four languages: Finnish, German, English, and Turkish and the participants were encouraged to apply their algorithm to all of them. The results show significant variance between the methods and languages, but the best methods seem to be useful in all tested languages and match quite well with the linguistic gold standard. The Morpho Challenge was part of the EU Network of Excellence PASCAL Challenge Program and organized in collaboration with CLEF.


Towards the end of 2013, Edwin Samson, the Chief Coordinator of Adult Basic Education Society Teacher Empowerment Centre (ABES-TEC), a non-profit, non-sectarian NGO promoting quality education in the private and the public schools of Pakistan, began to reflect in earnest over ways to make the organization self-sustainable. ABES-TEC was responsible for implementing different projects initiated by local as well as international donors. Due to a reliance on donor funding, Samson had recently downsized the NGO workforce yet again. This was a course of action that he had been unwilling to undertake as he felt that abrupt downsizing would demotivate all the NGO employees and adversely affect their work performance. In order to retain employees, ABES-TEC had to strive for self-sustainability rather than depending solely on arbitrary project funding.


Much scholarship in Australia and elsewhere, across a range of disciplines analyses how 'white' hegemony has informed and continues to inform the academy among other cultural institutions, and how the invisibility of 'white' privilege has discriminated against minorities such as Indigenous people. Attempting to redress this, many universities have implemented a raft of policies such as the Aboriginalisation of staffing, race-based appointments and promotions, privileging of particular forms of Aboriginal knowledge over disciplinary knowledge, and Aboriginal control over research involving Aboriginal matters. While well-intentioned, we argue that these policies are contributing to the emergence of another problematic monolithic category which is undermining its own and the university's putative objectives such as equity. Whereas Whiteness Studies and Critical Race Theory point to ideological teaching, research biases, and other barriers to equity for Indigenous people, there is little scrutiny of how one outcome of the above-mentioned policies is the same: ideological teaching and research biases with deleterious consequences beyond their oppositional strategic value. Moreover, succour is given to the promotion of aggressive race-based division which in turn feeds and informs the policies of ostensible redress. This is counterproductive to the progression of the equity agenda in respect of Aborigines that these policies are presumed to support. Nevertheless, the supporting discourse remains powerful and enjoys the status of orthodoxy. Not only do these policies receive little scholarly scrutiny, any attempt to do so attracts scathing critique. Following Elizabeth Rata's analyses of a similar policy agenda in New Zealand universities, we provide an example from one Australian university (hereinafter 'the university') by way of illustrating how these policies are proving counterproductive to the universities' aims, and in turn their wider objectives.


Lichen species richness and species composition were compared between Estonian and Fennoscandian old coniferous forests, with a special emphasis on woodland key habitat indicator species. Altogether 42 Picea abies and 40 Pinus sylvestris sample plots were studied in Estonia, Finland, Sweden and Norway. In every plot lichens were recorded on five randomly selected trees; in addition, tree age and canopy openness by the sampled trees were measured. The results revealed clear differences in lichen species composition; the occurrence of many species differed between Estonia and Fennoscandia. Several indicator species were recorded only in one or two sample plots; the relatively frequent indicators differed between the two studied areas. The number of lichen species per sample plot was significantly higher in Fennoscandia compared to Estonia. Maximum tree age was positively correlated with species richness in Estonian spruce sample plots, and mean canopy openness with species richness in Estonian pine sample plots.


BACKGROUND
Fish sauce and soy sauce have been suggested as food vehicles for iron fortification in Asia. NaFeEDTA is a potentially useful fortificant because it can be added to these condiments without causing precipitation during storage.

OBJECTIVES
The objectives were to evaluate iron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce against a reference fortificant (FeSO(4)), to compare iron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce, and to evaluate the influence of fish sauce and soy sauce per se on iron absorption.

DESIGN
Five separate iron-absorption studies were made in adult women (10 women per study). Iron absorption was measured on the basis of erythrocyte incorporation of (57)Fe or (58)Fe 14 d after the intake of labeled meals of rice or rice and vegetables. Fish sauce or soy sauce (10 g) fortified with 5 mg Fe as NaFeEDTA or FeSO(4) was fed with selected meals. The results are presented as geometric means.

RESULTS
Iron absorption from NaFeEDTA- and FeSO(4)-fortified fish sauce (3.3% and 3.1%, respectively) and soy sauce (6.1% and 5.6%, respectively) was not significantly different. No significant difference was observed when NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce were compared directly (6.7% and 7.9%, respectively). Soy sauce inhibited iron absorption from rice-based meals (8.5% without and 6.0% with soy sauce; P < 0.02), whereas fish sauce did not affect iron absorption significantly.

CONCLUSION
The relatively high iron absorption from NaFeEDTA-fortified fish sauce and soy sauce and the acceptable organoleptic properties of NaFeEDTA indicate the potential usefulness of this iron fortificant in fish sauce and soy sauce fortification programs.


Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) is one of the most serious types of cyber attacks, which is a new and more complex version of multistep attack. Within the APT life cycle, continuous communication between infected hosts and Command and Control (C&C) servers is maintained to instruct and guide the compromised machines. These communications are usually protected by Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption, making it difficult to identify if the traffic directed to sites is malicious. This paper presents a Malicious SSL certificate Detection (MSSLD) module, which aims at detecting the APT C&C communications based on a blacklist of malicious SSL certificates. This blacklist consists of two forms of SSL certificates, the SHA1 fingerprints and the serial & subject, that are associated with malware and malicious activities. In this detection module, the network traffic is processed and all secure connections are filtered. The SSL certificate of each secure connection is then matched with the SSL certificate blacklist. This module was experimentally evaluated and the results show successful detection of malicious SSL certificates.


A decade of systematic research on climate change and armed conflict has revealed a number of interesting patterns but few results that are robust across studies. This essay takes stock of the quantitative empirical literature, identifies central limitations, and presents five priorities for future research in the field. While these priorities refer to technical and operational aspects of statistical analysis, their underlying motivation, and objective, is to develop a better and more refined theoretical understanding of possible indirect and conditional connections between climatic changes and violent conflict. WIREs Clim Change 2015, 6:269–275. doi: 10.1002/wcc.336


Bringing to life the subterfuge and double-dealing of Roman nobility, Robert Graves's I, Claudius brings the ancient world to life with startling clarity and meticulous realism. This Penguin Modern Classics edition is a includes an introduction by Barry Unsworth. Despised for his weakness and regarded by his family as little more than a stammering fool, the nobleman Claudius quietly survives the intrigues, bloody purges and mounting cruelty of the imperial Roman dynasties. In I, Claudius he watches from the sidelines to record the reigns of its emperors: from the wise Augustus and his villainous wife Livia to the sadistic Tiberius and the insane excesses of Caligula. Written in the form of Claudius' autobiography, this is the first part of Robert Graves's brilliant account of the madness and debauchery of ancient Rome, and stands as one of the most celebrated, gripping historical novels ever written. If you enjoyed I, Claudius, you might like Graves's sequel Claudius the God, also available in Penguin Modern Classics. "An imaginative and hugely readable account of the early decades of the Roman Empire...racy, inventive, often comic." (Daily Telegraph). "Still an acknowledged masterpiece and a model for historical fiction...sympathetic and intensely involving: a great feat of imagination." (Hilary Mantel, author of Wolf Hall).


The Tutte polynomial is a classical invariant, important in combinatorics and statistical mechanics. An essential feature of the Tutte polynomial is the duality for planar graphs G, $T_G(X,Y)\; =\; {T}_{G^*}(Y,X)$ where $G^*$ denotes the dual graph. We examine this property from the perspective of manifold topology, formulating polynomial invariants for higher-dimensional simplicial complexes. Polynomial duality for triangulations of a sphere follows as a consequence of Alexander duality.
The main goal of this paper is to introduce and begin the study of a more general 4-variable polynomial for triangulations and handle decompositions of orientable manifolds. Polynomial duality in this case is a consequence of Poincare duality on manifolds. In dimension 2 these invariants specialize to the well-known polynomial invariants of ribbon graphs defined by B. Bollobas and O. Riordan. Examples and specific evaluations of the polynomials are discussed.


Despite acceptance of LGBTQ individuals growing, limited research has been performed on this population. Therefore, we have little understanding of specific problems that may affect LGBTQ people. This study aims to help fill this gap by looking at the relationship between sexual orientation and sleep in heterosexual and LGBTQ American college students. We predicted that LGBTQ students would have poorer sleep quality and quantity, as well as greater stress, than heterosexual students. We also predicted that stress would partially explain the difference in sleep between the two populations. We collected sleep data using the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale (PSQI), a self-report questionnaire, and a wrist-worn accelerometer that tracks sleep and assessed stress using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Using t-tests and an ANCOVA, we found that LGBTQ students reported poorer sleep quality on self-report measures but found no differences in the sleep watch or diary data. We also found that LGBTQ students reported higher perceived stress than heterosexual students. The statistical main effect of sexual orientation for sleep quality was not significant when stress was used as a covariant, indicating that the difference in sleep by sexual orientation is likely a result of differences in stress or the perception of stress.


Pooled-testing methods can greatly reduce the number of tests needed to identify failures in a collection of samples. Existing methodology has focused primarily on binary tests, but there is a clear need for improved efficiency when using expensive quantitative tests, such as tests for HIV viral load in resourcelimited settings. We propose a matrix-pooling method which, based on pooled-test results, uses the EM algorithm to identify individual samples most likely to be failures. Two hundred datasets for each of a wide range of failure prevalence were simulated to test the method. When the measurement of interest was normally distributed, at a failure prevalence level of 15.6% the EM method yielded a 47.3% reduction in the number of tests needed to identify failures (as compared to testing each specimen individually). These results are somewhat better than the reduction gained by using the Simple Search method (44.9%) previously published by May et al. (2010). However, the EM procedure was able to identify failures in just 2.6 testing rounds, on average, as compared to an average of 19.2 testing rounds required by Simple Search. In settings where the turn-around time for testing services is significant, the reduction in testing rounds provided by the EM method is substantial. Unfortunately the EM method does not perform as well when the measurements of interest are highly skewed, as is often the case with viral load concentrations. 1 Hosted by The Berkeley Electronic Press


Cad. Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 24(1):4-5, jan, 2008 Health promotion ideas and proposals in Brazil were first launched in the mid-1980s, fueled by the debate on the National Health Reform. Discussion of such ideas was featured at the 8th National Health Conference in 1986, whose proposed concepts and objectives for Brazilian society were quite similar to those put forward previously during the 1st International Conference on Health Promotion, in Ottawa, Canada, that same year. The final reports from both meetings defined health not merely as the absence of disease, but conceiving human well-being in broader terms, taking other basic needs into consideration, including a favorable environment for growth and development and aiming at full achievement of human potential. Another landmark during the same period was the 1st Latin American Conference on Health Promotion, sponsored by the Pan-American Health Organization, in Bogota, Colombia. At this meeting, more than 500 representatives from member countries discussed collective strategies to raise regional health standards and achieve equity in health. Various perspectives and strategies have been discussed at different forums over the last 20 years, leading to the approval and implementation of a national policy that sets the guidelines for health promotion within the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). Health promotion should be understood as an integrated and multidisciplinary agenda that ultimately aims to foster changes at three levels: healthcare delivery, local management of public policies, and social protection and social development for all. The health promotion strategy is comprehensive insofar as it strives to promote and strengthen links between various sectors and programs, not only within the so-called "health sector" per se, but encompassing other government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the social movement. Thus, all sectors of society should share the responsibility in the effort to protect and care for human life, promoting health and quality of life for all. In order to achieve these goals, a number of specific health promotion priorities have been set in Brazil: the promotion of healthy eating habits and physical activity, smoking cessation and prevention, reduction of morbidity and mortality due to substance abuse (alcohol and other drugs), prevention of traffic accidents, and the promotion of sustainable development and a "culture of peace". Despite the innovative approach and potential for social change, the principles of health promotion are still far from being fully understood and implemented by health professionals and decision-makers. To date, epidemiological studies in Brazil provide the only source of convincing evidence for the association between behavioral exposure to risk factors and disease. The challenge remains to develop and carry out a holistic framework to fulfill the National Health Promotion policy, taking into consideration the full scope of the concepts and principles put forward at the Ottawa Conference and adopted by the SUS: equity, comprehensiveness, shared responsibility, social participation, access to education and information, and sustainable development. Principles and practice of health promotion in Brazil EDITORIAL


Applying a sociophonetic research paradigm, this volume presents an investigation of variation and change in the Scottish Standard English accent. Based on original audio recordings made in Edinburgh, it provides detailed acoustic and auditory analyses of selected accent features. In contrast to other studies of English in Scotland, the focus is on the extent to which certain characteristics of middle-class speech are susceptible (or immune) to the influence of Southern Standard British English, or vary in ways unrelated to that influence. Beyond the fine-grained patterns of variation that are revealed, the study highlights innovative methodological approaches to sociophonetic variation and contributes to a better general understanding of the status and function of Scottish Standard English. The book will be of general interest to sociolinguists and sociophoneticians, and of particular interest to researchers or students concerned with phonetic or phonological aspects of Scottish English.


Abstract Acetaminophen, phenylephrine, dextromethorphan, and chlorpheniramine are frequently associated in pharmaceutical formulations against the common cold. A new high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of these active pharmaceutical ingredients in pharmaceutical formulations. The separation and quantitation were achieved on a 25 cm underivatized silica column using a mobile phase of methanol: water (containing 6.0 g of ammonium acetate and 10 ml of triethylamine per liter, pH adjusted to 5.0 with orthophosphoric acid), 95:5%(v/v). Detection was carried out using a variable wavelength UV-vis detector at 254 nm for acetaminophen, at 220 nm for phenylephrine, and at 227 nm for dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine. The method showed linearity for the acetaminophen, phenylephrine, dextromethorphan, and chlorpheniramine in the 162.5–650, 2.5–10, 7.5–30, and 1–4 µg/ml ranges, respectively. The intraday and interday RSDs ranged from 0.92 to 1.52%, 1.00 to 1.76%, 1.21 to 1.74% and 1.26 to 1.80% for the acetaminophen, phenylephrine, dextromethorphan, and chlorpheniramine, respectively. Compounds were eluted in a run time of less than 12 min.


Clusters have several advantages. These include a high degree of networking which stimulates productivity, ability to diversify and to acquire the capacity to new products when the demand for existing products falls. The policy makers are searching ways to create new clusters. With an even more globalized world and increased competition the appeal of clusters has become stronger and more urgent. Yet, the formation and the sustenance of the clusters has somehow remained a mystery. There has been a limited research carried out in this direction. No doubt it is a complex area and no figurative results can be highlighted to show as to how the development of industrial clusters has taken place. The authors go about seeking answers to these questions by examining the experience of some of the prominent and successful clusters, their formation and sustenance in the three countries. The study further investigates various initiatives, the role and the results thereof in development of clusters.


In virtual reality, it is important that the user feels immersed, and that both the visual and listening experiences are pleasant and plausible. Whilst it is now possible to accurately model room acoustics using available scene geometry in real time, the perceptual attributes may not always be optimal. Previous research has examined high level control methods over attributes, yet have only been applied to algorithmic reverberators and not geometric types, which can model the acoustics of a virtual scene more accurately. The present thesis investigates methods of perceptual control over apparent source width and tonal colouration in virtual room acoustics, and is an important step towards and intelligent optimisation method for dynamically improving the listening experience.

A review of the psychoacoustic mechanisms of spatial impression and tonal colouration was performed. Consideration was given to the effects early of reflections on these two attributes so that they can be exploited. Existing artificial reverb methods, mainly algorithmic, wave-based and geometric types, were reviewed. It was found that a geometric type was the most suitable, and so a virtual acoustics program that gave access to each reflection and their meta-data was developed. The program would allow for perceptual control methods to exploit the reflection meta-data.

Experiments were performed to find novel, directional regions to sort and group reflections by how they contribute to an attribute. The first was a region of in the horizontal plane, where any reflection arriving within it will produce maximum perceived apparent source width (ASW). Another discovered two regions of and unacceptable colouration in front of and behind the listener. Any reflection arriving within these will produce unacceptable colouration. Level adjustment of reflections within either region should manipulate the corresponding attributes, forming the basis of the control methods.

An investigation was performed where the methods were applied to binaural room impulse responses generated by the custom program in two different virtual rooms at three source-receiver distances. An elicitation test was performed to find out what perceptual differences the control methods caused using speech, guitar and orchestral sources. It was found that the largest differences were in ASW, loudness, distance and phasiness. Further investigation into the effectiveness of the control methods found that level adjustment of lateral reflections was fairly effective for controlling the degree of ASW without affecting tonal colouration. They also found that level adjustment of front-back reflections can affect ASW, yet had little effect on colouration. The final experiment compared both methods, and also investigated their effect on source loudness and distance. Again it was found that level adjustment in both regions had a significant effect on ASW yet little effect on phasiness. It was also found that they significantly affected loudness and distance. Analysis found that the changes in ASW may be linked to changes in loudness and distance.


This contribution presents the experimental tests results about the influence of the tyre contact patch on the stopping distance of automotive vehicles. The objective of the performed tests is the evaluation of the effect of tyre inflation pressure, hence the resulting tyre contact patch on the braking system and the brake distance. The conditions of the experiment are a dry and level road surface without steering inputs. To record scientific results, a brake robot system is used. The benefit of a robotic system is the elimination of the interfering variable driver, who is not able to apply the brake system at the same time with the same force. State-of-the-art data acquisition tools are used to log the data.


Some studies have linked land titling to economic growth and poverty alleviation through access to credit facilities, housing improvement and security against eviction. However, many other studies have equally argued otherwise. It remains an ongoing debate. This paper, contributes to the ongoing debate on the nexus between land titles and poverty alleviation in informal settlements. It demonstrates that land titling, on its own, will not necessarily leads to poverty alleviation, as the intended beneficiaries are largely not interested in the programme. In addition, empirical evidence from Lagos and some other developing regions of the world suggests that land tiling has not and may not achieve many of the benefits appropriated to it by its proponents. Where it seems to have achieved some of its benefits, it has largely not been to the advantage of the poor. This paper, therefore, concludes that the policymaker must exercise caution on the issue of land titling as a solution to the endemic poverty in informal settlements. They should also explore the option of land tenure continuum. It recommends that an effective poverty alleviation strategy must incorporate the range of assets required to build a sustainable livelihood. It must also take into considerations the complexity of vulnerabilities the urban poor encounter as they pursue their livelihoods objectives.


We present a new high‐performance framework for dense triangular Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines (BLAS) kernels, ie, triangular matrix‐matrix multiplication (TRMM) and triangular solve (TRSM), on various manycore architectures. This is an extension of a previous work on a single GPU by the same authors, presented at the EuroPar'16 conference, in which we demonstrated the effectiveness of recursive formulations in enhancing the performance of these kernels. In this paper, the performance of triangular BLAS kernels on a single GPU is further enhanced by implementing customized in‐place CUDA kernels for TRMM and TRSM, which are called at the bottom of the recursion. In addition, a multi‐GPU implementation of TRMM and TRSM is proposed and we show an almost linear performance scaling, as the number of GPUs increases. Finally, the algorithmic recursive formulation of these triangular BLAS kernels is in fact oblivious to the targeted hardware architecture. We, therefore, port these recursive kernels to homogeneous x86 hardware architectures by relying on the vendor optimized BLAS implementations. Results reported on various hardware architectures highlight a significant performance improvement against state‐of‐the‐art implementations. These new kernels are freely available in the KAUST BLAS (KBLAS) open‐source library at https://github.com/ecrc/kblas.


This study evaluated the effects the first pregnancy and childbirth on the pelvic floor. Pregnancy and vaginal delivery can negatively affect pelvic floor function. Micturition symptoms, defecation symptoms and sexual dysfunction are all signs of an impaired pelvic floor function. These symptoms are known to have a high prevalence during and after pregnancy. In a non-pregnant population these symptoms are often experienced as bothersome. Efforts should be made to identify risk factors for different pelvic floor symptoms and the consequences of these symptoms on the quality of life. The studies in this thesis were all performed on a large cohort of healthy nulliparous women with a singleton pregnancy. The aims of this thesis was: 1. to report on the prevalence of pelvic floor symptoms during and after first pregnancy 2. to investigate the effect of pregnancy and childbirth on pelvic floor symptoms 3. to study the consequence of pelvic floor symptoms on the quality of life during and after first pregnancy 4. to determine what factors can be of influence on the sexual function after first childbirth Urogenital symptoms occurred in almost all women during pregnancy. Whereas the prevalence of frequency and urgency symptoms was high from 12 weeks gestation onwards and remained stable during pregnancy, the prevalence of urinary incontinence symptoms increased with gestational age. Despite the high prevalence of symptoms the majority of women reported not to be bothered by it. The prevalence of bothersome symptoms is the highest at 36 weeks gestation, and they are probably part of a normal pregnancy. After childbirth SUI was significantly more prevalent in women who delivered vaginally. Besides the mode of delivery, we did found another risk factor for SUI postpartum. The presence of SUI in early pregnancy gave an increased risk for experiencing SUI one year postpartum both in women after a vaginal delivery and in women who underwent a caesarean delivery. Overactive bladder symptoms are common during pregnancy. Dry OAB had no negative effect on the quality of life whereas wet OAB negatively affected the quality of life both during and after pregnancy, mainly on the mobility and embarrassment domain. The urge urinary incontinence symptom in wet OAB seems to have a profound negative effect on the quality of life. Apparently, in young mothers with wet OAB limitations in mobility are especially stressful and these symptoms can be embarrassing. Defecation symptoms that are already present in early pregnancy are highly predictive for reporting symptoms at 12 months postpartum. The only exception is fecal incontinence, which is mainly related to anal sphincter lesion. An important prognostic factor for a dissatisfied sexual relationship one year postpartum is not being sexual active in early pregnancy. Satisfaction with the sexual relationship seemed not to depend on pregnancy and parturition associated factors.


Ultrasonic structural health monitoring (SHM), employing embedded piezoelectric elements to actuate and sense ultrasonic waves, has greatly advanced in recent years. This paper presents a novel approach to address the prevailing challenges in the inspection of laminated structures for delamination using shear-mode (d15) piezoelectric transducers, composed of lead zirconate titanate (PZT). To experimentally evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a beam-like laminated specimen consisting of internally embedded d15 square PZTs was fabricated with simulated delamination at the interface of an adhesive joint. The evaluation of the results showed that the location of shear-mode actuators is a critical factor to detect delamination and to predict the propagation path of delamination. Delamination initiated close to actuators is more likely to be detected owing to their remarkable sensitivity of structural stiffness surrounding their region. The antisymmetric A0 wave mode generated by these actuators exhibits high interaction with damage, suggesting internally embedded d15 PZTs are a viable approach that can potentially advance the inspection tools of ultrasonic SHM.


Here is a short book on writing papers that is based on experience. The authors are experienced researchers who have published many papers on public health in Asia. The book is based on the practical experiences of the authors in running workshops for the Asia Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health and their own universities. The workshop participants came from a variety of health professions in different countries and their needs and the questions they asked are reflected in this book. Often the text is in point form and contains checklists for authors. The English style is basic and is suited for those who have English as a second language.

The book gives practical advice on all of the major types of papers in public health and the health sciences. A template to assist in writing and an article for the Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health or a similar journal is included. Following this example will ensure that a beginning author will meet all of the editorial style requirements for publication. There are examples of tables and graphs and letters of submission to the editor. References to further sources of information on writing papers are included.

Here is a concise, yet comprehensive guide to publication in public health. While aimed at beginning academics and health professionals, the book will also be a useful resource to improve the publication rates of those further along the career path. Follow the templates and guidelines and you will be heading to success in publication. This book is a must for all who have a good news story tell about the achievements of public health.


This paper briefly distills the lessons learned from almost 100 reviews of industry embedded software projects. What I found was that even developers without formal training tend to get the basics right if they have spent time working their way through intro to embedded books and a few hands-on learning projects. There are a number of more advanced technical problems that tend to surface in embedded projects (for example, concurrency management). But, more of the risks stem from having a poor engineering process, cutting corners on quality assurance, or believing all you need is source code to succeed. As design engineers we might like to dwell on nitty-gritty technical aspects. But there is more to success than that. Embedded developers need to deal with the higher level risk areas I identify, and can benefit from the concrete best practices described.


This book is based on the understanding that fostering a sense of wonder and appreciation for the natural world is important to the development of young children and the preservation of planet Earth. It is also based on the belief that experiences children have early in life impact the attitudes and behaviors they carry with them throughout their lifetime. This book is divided into four major sections. The first section outlines some ideas on what an early childhood environmental education program encompasses, addressing both what a quality environmental education program for preschoolers is and what it is not. The second part of the book is devoted to infusing environmental education into all aspects of the early childhood curriculum. Part three addresses special considerations in developing and implementing an early childhood environmental education program. The last section addresses program evaluation and offers a self-rating scale that can be used as a tool for evaluating and enriching one's own early childhood environmental program. An appendix offers several annotated bibliographies of related resources, one of which outlines resource materials for teachers, whereas a second bibliography presents books for children. (Contains 27 references.) (ASK)


Policing tactics that are proactive, focused on small places or groups of people in small places, and tailor specific solutions to problems using careful analysis of local conditions seem to be effective at reducing violent crime. But which tactics are most effective when applied at hot spots remains unknown. This article documents the design and implementation of a randomized controlled field experiment to test three policing tactics applied to small, high-crime places: 1) foot patrol, 2) problem-oriented policing, and 3) offender-focused policing. A total of 81 experimental places were identified from the highest violent crime areas in Philadelphia (27 areas were judged amenable to each policing tactic). Within each group of 27 areas, 20 places were randomly assigned to receive treatment and 7 places acted as controls. Offender-focused sites experienced a 42 percent reduction in all violent crime and a 50 percent reduction in violent felonies compared with their control places. Problem-oriented policing and foot patrol did not significantly reduce violent crime or violent felonies. Potential explanations of these findings are discussed in the contexts of dosage, implementation, and hot spot stability over time.


The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is a 4-meter aperture, off-axis, Gregorian configuration, solar telescope currently under construction on the top of Haleakela on the island of Maui, Hawaii1. When completed, DKIST will be the world's largest solar telescope. The optical performance of the telescope will depend on the accurate alignment of its mirrors. During Integration Testing and Commissioning (IT&C), mirrors will be installed and aligned sequentially. The alignment will be verified by measuring the wavefront progressively at different focus locations using starlight at night with a custom-designed wavefront measurement system (WMS) that consists of a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. In this paper, we will present the optical design of the WMS. We will discuss the testing and calibration process of the as-built WMS in the lab and demonstrate the final in-lab performance.


This article looks at the strong links between Deleuze's molecular ontology and the fields of complexity and emergence, and argues that Deleuze's work implies a 'philosophy of technology' that is both open and dynamic. Following Simondon and von Uexküll, Deleuze suggests that technical objects are ontologically unstable, and are produced by processes of individuation and self-organization in complex relations with their environment. For Deleuze design is not imposed from without, but emerges from within matter. The fundamental departure for Deleuze, on the basis of such an ontology, is to conceive of modes of relating to the evolution of technology. In this way Deleuze, along with Guattari, provides the basis for an ethics and a politics of becoming and emergent control that constitutes an alternative to the hubris of contemporary reductionist accounts of new areas such as nanotechnology.


Spinophilin is a cytoskeletal protein that is enriched in the spines of neuronal dendrites, and its association with actin and protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1) suggests an important regulatory function. By knocking out the spinophilin gene in mice, Feng et al. show that, in the absence of this protein, dendrite morphology and function are altered. The abundance of spines increased during early development in the knockout mice, suggesting that spinophilin regulates their initial outgrowth from dendrites. In addition, glutamatergic synaptic transmission was altered such that long-term depression was reduced. The authors propose that in the absence of spinophilin, PP-1 may not be brought into the vicinity of important targets including actin and glutamate receptors. Feng, J., Yan, Z., Ferreira, A., Tomizawa, K., Liauw, J.A., Zhuo, M., Allen, P.B., Ouimet, C.C., and Greengard, P. (2000) Spinophilin regulates the formation and function of dendritic spines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 9287-9292. [Abstract] [Full Text]


A new case of unilateral dichromatism is described. She is a young woman with normal color vision in one eye and dichromatic vision of a primarily deuteranopic type in the other.Critical fusion frequency functions for a centrally fixated 28-min field were determined in ten spectral regions, ranging from one having a spectral centroid at 452 mμ to one with a spectral centroid at 682 mμ, on both eyes of this unilaterally dichromatic subject. Determinations were also made with white light. Measurements extended over a range of approximately 3.5 log millilamberts. For all colors except red, the curve of critical fusion frequency vs log luminance for the color-blind eye is displaced downward on the critical fusion frequency axis with respect to the curve for the normal eye. For any given spectral region, the displacement is approximately constant over the luminance range tested and the two curves do not reach the same maximum fusion frequency. The magnitude of the shift varies with wavelength. It is greatest in the green, next in the blue-green, yellow-green, blue, and yellow; there is a slight loss in the orange and no detectable loss in the red. The data for white light data also show reduced critical fusion frequencies for the color-blind eye.These findings are taken to reflect a reduction in the dichromatic eye of the number of receptors (of a type especially sensitive to green) available for excitation by the spectral range from about 450 mμ to 625 mμ.Some measurements of critical fusion frequency with a 1° green and a 2° white field are also reported. They display the same general trends as the data for small fields, but the extent of the downward shift of the color-blind function is in each case less than that for the corresponding pair of curves with the 28-min area. The reduction in the amount of downward displacement with larger test fields comes about through a proportionately greater increase in critical fusion frequency with area for the color-blind than for the normal eye. The results are formulated in terms of a nonuniform distribution of color receptors across the fovea.


Eradicating poverty is one of the most urgent concerns of development policies. Organisations aiming at reducing poverty need simple and stable tools to detect poor households. Using data from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, this study aims to test first whether two indicators sets for poverty assessment found in 2005 are still capable in predicting absolute poverty and second, if the indicator composition remains robust over time. Data from two household surveys were used: In 2005 we surveyed 264 households in the vicinity of the Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi to obtain indicators of poverty and to derive the daily per capita consumption expenditures. In total 280 indicators were sampled. Two different multivariate regression models were fit to this data-set. One model (Model 1) included all sampled indicators and the other one (Model 2) contained only easily verifiable indicators as ranked by local staff. Each of the models yielded a different set of 15 indicators that predicted poverty best. In 2007, we conducted an additional survey with the identical questionnaires in the same households. We used the data from 2007 to estimate the poverty status of the households with the indicators derived in 2005. Furthermore, we applied the same regression models again to detect changes in the indicator composition. In Central Sulawesi, almost 20% of the rural population was identified as being very poor in the years 2005 and 2007. Regarding the prediction power of the 2005 indicators we found that the prediction power for 2007 mainly was influenced by the error of over-predicting the poor. When re-estimating the models, the accuracy levels remained similar, but the indicator composition changed.


Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results on many graph analysis tasks such as node classification and link prediction. However, important unsupervised problems on graphs, such as graph clustering, have proved more resistant to advances in GNNs. In this paper, we study unsupervised training of GNN pooling in terms of their clustering capabilities.
We start by drawing a connection between graph clustering and graph pooling: intuitively, a good graph clustering is what one would expect from a GNN pooling layer. Counterintuitively, we show that this is not true for state-of-the-art pooling methods, such as MinCut pooling. To address these deficiencies, we introduce Deep Modularity Networks (DMoN), an unsupervised pooling method inspired by the modularity measure of clustering quality, and show how it tackles recovery of the challenging clustering structure of real-world graphs. In order to clarify the regimes where existing methods fail, we carefully design a set of experiments on synthetic data which show that DMoN is able to jointly leverage the signal from the graph structure and node attributes. Similarly, on real-world data, we show that DMoN produces high quality clusters which correlate strongly with ground truth labels, achieving state-of-the-art results.


Use of common parts for different products (commonality) is important methods for managing product variety and preserving competitiveness in the age of mass customization and supply chain competition. In literature, the advantages of inclusion of common components in a product family are well established. Unfortunately, most of the works have been conducted via simulation or conceptual thinking. The mathematical models in the premises are not adequate for production, planning and control in multistage production. This paper focuses on the advancement of venerable manufacturing resources planning models by incorporating the part commonality concept in a multiproduct, multi-period and multistage manufacturing system under a deterministic situation. The models are validated with established MRPII models. The material requirement schedule for the basic MRP II and proposed models are compared. It is really a good matching shown between the two schedules. The later bearing additional information of the location where to be available the parts in a time frame. The effects of commonality on cost, capacity and requirement schedule are discussed based on the outcomes of the mathematical models executed with the available live data.


Objective: to determine the usability of a recently developed set of 30 structure and process birth centre quality indicators. Design: an explorative study using mixed-methods including literature, a survey, interviews and observations. The study is part of the Dutch Birth Centre Study. We first determined the measurability of birth centre quality indicators by describing them in detail. Next, we assessed the birth centres in the Netherlands according to these indicators using data derived from the Dutch Birth Centre General Questionnaire, the Dutch Birth Centre Integration Questionnaire, interviews, and policy documents. Setting and participants: representatives of 23 birth centres in the Netherlands. Measurements and findings: 28 of the 30 quality indicators could be used to assess birth centres in the Netherlands, one had no optimal value defined, another could not be scored because the information was not available. Each quality indicator could be scored 0 or 1. Differences between birth centres were shown: the scores ranged from 7 to 22. Some of the quality indicators can be combined or made more specific so that they are easier to assess. Some quality indicators need adaptation because they are only applicable for some birth centres (e.g. only for freestanding or alongside birth centres). Key conclusions and implications for practice: 28 of the 30 quality indicators are usable to assess structure and process quality of birth centres. With the findings of this study the set of structure and process quality indicators for birth centres in the Netherlands can be reduced to 22 indicators. This set of quality indicators can contribute to the development of a quality system for birth centres. Further research is necessary to formulate standards or minimum quality requirements for birth centres and to improve the set of birth centre quality indicators.


Background:The first case of Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were diagnosed in Wuhan, China in 2019. In the first half of 2020 this disease has already converted into a global pandemic. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of Ivermectin in mild cases of COVID-19 patients on the basis of predefined assessment criteria. Study Settings: Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore Study Design: Open label randomized control trial. Duration of Study: From 1st May, 2020 to 30th June, 2020.Patients & Methods: Sample size and technique: Sample size was 50 patients; 25 patients were kept in control group and 25 patients were kept in experimental group. Results: There were total 50 patients, divided into two groups case and control group.The mean age of the participants was 40.60 ± 17 and out of those 31 (62%) were male and 19 (38%) were females. Cough was observed more in case group (p= 0.049). Fever, myalgias and dyspnea were the commonest symptoms in both the groups (p= 1.000). Diarrhea and vomiting were more common in control group (p=0.0001, p= 0.042 respectively). On follow up at day 7, patients were stratified as asymptomatic and symptomatic. Amongst the case group, out of 25 patients, 16(64%) patients were asymptomatic and rest of the 9(36%) patients was asymptomatic. In control group, out of 25 patients, 15(60%) patients were asymptomatic and rest of the 10(40%) patients was asymptomatic. p-value (0.500). Statistically there was no significant difference between case group who were given ivermectin along with symptomatic treatment and control group who were only given symptomatic treatment without ivermectin, being asymptomatic on day 7 at follow up. p-value (0.500)


Failure process of continuous fiber reinforced composite laminates in tension usually starts with appearance of intralaminar cracks. In composite laminates with complex lay-ups and/or under combined loading, intralaminar cracks may develop in plies with different reinforcement directions. A necessary part of mixed mode cracking models is the criterion of failure. For propagation-controlled fracture it is usually formulated in terms of energy release rates and their critical values of the particular composite material. Intralaminar fracture toughness of unidirectionally reinforced glass/epoxy composite was experimentally determined at several mode I and mode II ratios. It is found that the crack propagation criterion, linear in terms of the energy release rates, reasonably well approximates the test results. The determined mixed mode cracking criterion was applied to predict intralaminar crack onset in cross-ply glass/epoxy composite under tensile loading. The predicted crack onset strain values agree with test results at small off-axes angles of the cracking ply (on-axis and 15° off-axis loading), but underestimate crack onset at larger reinforcement angles with respect to the loading direction. The discrepancy is likely to be caused by the deviation of linearity in laminate response before cracking onset in these laminates, related to non-linear shear characteristics of unidirectional plies. The applicability of strength-based fracture criterion for initiation-controlled cracking is discussed.


Over the past 65 years, scholars have reframed the original model of gatekeeping to reflect the changing dynamics of news creation, distribution, and curation. In recent years, communication technologies have opened digital news gates to a proliferation of images captured by professionals and amateurs alike. Anyone with a camera or cell phone can shoot and distribute photographs and videos on the internet. Social media facilitates audience-to-audience sharing through tools such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Vine, and Snapchat. This stream of visuals, along with the ease with which citizen journalists, bloggers, and tweeters can create and publish content, has changed the gatekeeping process. Few scholars, however, have addressed the impact that visuals have on the gatekeeping model, which was developed using text and broadcast stories. To address the changing role of the visual journalist and the audience, the authors conducted two studies. First, qualitative elite interviews with key visual decision-makers in Europe and the US provided questions for further exploration in the second study—an online cross-sectional survey of visual journalists who belong to three leading US organizations. The questions in this quantitative survey were also influenced by Shoemaker and Reese's hierarchy of influences and Bennett's multigated model. Findings indicate changes in the way visual journalists conceptualize their role and that of the audience. Based on these changes, this article proposes a new model of visual gatekeeping—the twenty-first-century visual news stream where "gatecheckers" select, verify, and curate visuals but no longer solely control their distribution the way traditional gatekeepers did.


BACKGROUND
Informal care currently lies at the heart of the debate on welfare policies since demands for such care are increasing and the future availability of informal caregivers is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE
To analyze the distribution of the burden of informal care between men and women and its consequences on health and quality of life.

METHODS
Data from Spain and other neighboring countries obtained from several bibliographic databases, publications, and official reports were gathered. In addition, the results of a home survey conducted by the authors on 1.000 male and female informal caregivers in Andalusia (Spain) were used.

RESULTS
The studies reviewed demonstrate that women are the main providers of informal care in Spain. Most informal carers are women with a low educational level, without employment and from a low social class. The negative impact of caregiving was noted by a large proportion of carers, especially financial consequences and loss of employment and time. Informal caregiving also has a considerable impact on health, especially on psychological health, and is associated with high levels of burden.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrates the need to reorganize health and social policies and to provide sufficient resources to meet the increasing need for informal care and to mitigate the impact and costs of caregiving on diverse aspects of women's lives.


Even though many missions have explored the Venus atmospheric circulation, its instantaneous state is poorly characterized. In situ measurements vertically sampling the atmosphere exist for limited locations and dates, while remote sensing observations provide only global averages of winds at altitudes of the clouds: 47, 60, and 70 km. We present a three‐dimensional global view of Venus's atmospheric circulation from data obtained in June 2007 by the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and Venus Express spacecrafts, together with ground‐based observations. Winds and temperatures were measured for heights 47–110 km from multiwavelength images and spectra covering 40°N–80°S and local times 12 h–21 h. Dayside westward winds exhibit day‐to‐day changes, with maximum speeds ranging 97–143 m/s and peaking at variable altitudes within 75–90 km, while on the nightside these peak below cloud tops at ∼60 km. Our results support past reports of strong variability of the westward zonal superrotation in the transition region, and good agreement is found above the clouds with results from the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Venus general circulation model.


African American women enslaved by the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek Nations led lives ranging from utter subjection to recognized kinship. Regardless of status, during Removal, they followed the Trail of Tears in the footsteps of their slaveholders, suffering the same life-threatening hardships and poverty. As if Removal to Indian Territory weren t cataclysmic enough, the Civil War shattered the worlds of these slave women even more, scattering families, destroying property, and disrupting social and family relationships. Suddenly they were freed, but had nowhere to turn. Freedwomen found themselves negotiating new lives within a labyrinth of federal and tribaloversight, Indian resentment, and intruding entrepreneurs and settlers. Remarkably, they reconstructed their families and marshaled the skills to fashion livelihoods in a burgeoning capitalist environment. They sought education and forged new relationships with immigrant black women and men, managing to establish a foundation for survival. Linda Williams Reese is the first to trace the harsh and often bitter journey of these women from arrival in Indian Territory to free-citizen status in 1890. In doing so, she establishes them as no lesser pioneers of the American West than their Indian or other Plains sisters."


This chapter gives a short review on dopant diffusion in germanium and specifies the underlying mechanisms of diffusion that involve the point defects. Box-shaped diffusion profiles are discussed that may be described as the phosphorus diffusion controlled by doubly ionized vacancies. In this mechanism, the diffusion coefficient depends on the electron concentration. The particulars of P and Ga diffusion profiles in the Ga-doped substrate of In0.01Ga0.99As/In0.56Ga0.44P/Ge heterostructures for multilayer solar cells are discussed. To calculate the diffusion coefficient, two methods were used: the BoltzmannMatano (version of Sauer-Freise) and the coordinate-dependent diffusion analysis. It is established that coordinate-dependent diffusion analysis, which involves drift components together with diffusion components for diffusion profile description, is more suitable for description of the experimental profiles in such structures near p-n junction. A strong influence of intrinsic electric field on the dopant diffusivity was detected.


This study aimed to propose institutional actions based on nursing diagnoses for the prevention of falls in the elderly. Qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research, with 30 institutionalized senior citizens from Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. During data collection five instruments were applied from March to July 2009. One presents the elderly's profile; aspects that favored the falls; nursing diagnoses; proposals for institutional actions to prevent falls. The nursing diagnoses were identified: impaired physical mobility, decreased ability to transfer, shower self-care deficit, dressing self-care deficit, impaired environmental interpretation syndrome, chronic confusion, impaired memory; syndrome of stress due to changes; risk of falls, risk of trauma. Through the identification of nursing diagnoses it was possible to make a proposal for institutional actions aimed at preventing falls in the elderly who reside in long-stay institutions.


A print copy of this title is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: SCA Archiv Storage Dugan 2005


Testing negative for human papillomavirus (HPV) predicts long‐term reassurance against invasive cervical cancer (ICC). To provide realistic estimates of effectiveness for new screening programs, we studied ICC risk after a 7‐year repeated multimethod screening effort. In 1993–1994, 10,049 women aged 18–97 years were enrolled into a population‐based cohort study of cervical HPV in Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Women were screened at different intervals according to enrollment results. Each visit (mean 3.2, 90% attendance) included split‐sample conventional, automated, and liquid‐based cytology, visual inspection, cervicography, and PCR‐based HPV testing. Abnormal screening led to colposcopy and excisional treatment as appropriate during the study. Referral to colposcopy for HPV in the absence of other findings was introduced only at the last visit. Population‐based Costa Rica Cancer Registry linkage identified cohort women diagnosed with ICC in the 18 years following cohort enrollment. The ICC cumulative risk was 0.4% (n = 38); 18 were diagnosed with ICC after study participation. Of these, 9 were missed at the screening step (negative screening or below the referral threshold, refused screening or colposcopy), 5 attended colposcopy but were not diagnosed as CIN2+, and 4 were treated for CIN2/3 but progressed to ICC nonetheless. Decreasing age‐standardized ICC rates for the 1993–2011 period were observed in Guanacaste; cohort women showed additional 31% ICC incidence reduction with apparent downstaging of cancers that occurred. ICC risk following negative HPV testing in the optimal age range 30–50 years was extremely low. Real‐life screening effectiveness following introduction is lower than the potential near‐complete efficacy predicted by HPV natural history.


One of the greatest challenges when addressing issues in complex social-ecological systems (SES), is the need for an efficient interdisciplinary framework when large-magnitude social and ecological disturbances occur. Teams comprising of scientists from different backgrounds and disciplines are frequently called upon to propose research methods and results that can be useful for policy and decision makers. However, most of the outcomes from these pluri-disciplinary teams appear extremely difficult to implement within a bigger picture because concepts, hypotheses, methods, and results are specific to each discipline. Here, we propose a reverse-engineering (RE) method to define the scientific needs that could help policy makers and citizens to assess the impacts of socioeconomic "disruptors" on social-ecological systems. We present this method using the example of an ongoing wood biomass energy plant (Gardanne) in the French Mediterranean region. In the Mediterranean region, species diversity is high, the forest cover is ample, but difficult access and low forest productivity make any biomass policy an ecological and social disruption. Our method is based on three complementary approaches to (1) describe the social-ecosystems, (2) draw up a map of interactions between actors and the impacts on the ecosystem, and (3) identify relevant questions needed for a global analysis of the impacts and potentialities of adaptation of actors and the ecosystems to the perturbation and the connections needed between the different disciplines. Our analysis showed that knowledge gaps have to be filled to assess forest resource vulnerability and better estimate how the different resource used (solid wood, biomass, landscape) competed together. Finally, we discuss how this method could be integrated into a broader transdisciplinary work allowing a coproduction of knowledge and solutions on a SES.


Background and Purpose To assess the feasibility of intravascular ultrasound imaging during carotid endarterectomy. Methods Intravascular ultrasound imaging was performed during carotid endarterectomy in eight patients using an over-the-wire catheter system with a 30-MHz ultrasound probe. In vitro studies were carried out before the intraoperative application, paying special attention to visualization of the wall layers of normal carotid arteries, structures of more or less diseased vessels, and surgically placed materials such as patch, suture material, and fibrin glue. Although intravascular ultrasound failed to distinguish between intima and media in areas of normal intima, fibrotic and calcified plaques were detected clearly. Dacron patch as well as sutures were identified as highly reflective structures. Results In seven of the eight patients studied, intravascular ultrasound yielded cross-sectional images of good quality allowing identification of the vessel layers and the structures at the endarterectomy site. In all patients the three layers of the vessel wall were clearly differentiated and the transition zone between the site of endarterectomy and the genuine vessel appeared smooth without intimal flaps or residual arteriosclerotic plaques. In one patient severe eccentric thickening of the media was detected in the distal internal carotid artery. Neither damage of the vessel layers by the shunt nor thrombus formation in the operating area and the internal carotid artery were detected. Conclusions Intravascular ultrasound lends itself as a potentially valuable method of quality control during carotid endarterectomy. The method seems to enable an accurate evaluation of the endarterectomy site and the search for residual plaques.


Stacking Faults (SFs) are the main defect of 3C-SiC material and in this work a detailed study of this typology of defect is presented. We studied the behavior of SFs with High Resolution XRD and STEM analysis. The homo-epitaxial growth was proposed as a solution for the reduction of SFs density in 3C-SiC material and the influence of the growth condition on the SFs density was studied. The knowledge of the mechanism of SFs reduction is crucial for the development of a high quality material for devices fabrication.


This study explored the significance of risk and safety and the need for proper operating procedures in identifying the link between the types and categories of event safety related risks from the perception of event planners and venue managers within the event management industry in Malaysia. Event management is an emerging profession in need of methodical tools to ensure the success and safety of all stakeholders within this field. Despite a plethora of literature confirming that risk and safety is fundamental in event planning and management, a thorough literature review has exposed the insuffiency of research within general risk and safety management areas and, more specifically, the lack of research relating to event risk management and safety. This empirical investigation started by exploring the concept of risk and risk perception and adapts this approach in the field of event management. This has been taken in order to investigate the perceptions of event/venue managers in Malaysia towards risks and safety issues in planning and managing events. Due to the lack of empirical studies in this area, a qualitative exploratory case study approach using semi-structured interviews has been conducted aiming at exploring the importance of this topic, and identifying (and justifying) several important themes within the research context. The sample participants were recruited based on purposive and snowballing sampling technique comprising 33 event/venue managers from various event related organisations in Malaysia. The data were analysed using both inductive and deductive approaches by adopting a typology outlined in the literature. A pragmatic approach of thematic analysis focusing on identifiable themes and patterns of living and/or behaviour has been adopted. A post positivist paradigm with the use of a reflexive approach in analysing data in that the researcher became an important instrument of analysis for the research. The findings identify seven major themes focusing on important types of risks associated with the safety of event employees and event attendees from a Malaysian perspective. These safety risk categories known as: crowd safety and crowd control; technical and logistics hazards; alcohol-related risks; security risks and issues; environmental health and safety; financial risks and insurances and; emergency services. Thus, this research attempts to enhance the current understanding of Malaysian event risk management practice by proposing a generic typology focusing on important risk factors based on a Malaysian perspective. The empirical outcome in the form of an event safety risk typology answered the need for an analytical tool in order to improve the management of risk and safety within the event management domain, and also provided an avenue for further research within this emerging field.


Autonomous driving requires the inference of actionable information such as detecting and classifying objects, and determining the drivable space. To this end, we present Multi-View LidarNet (MVLidarNet), a two-stage deep neural network for multi-class object detection and drivable space segmentation using multiple views of a single LiDAR point cloud. The first stage processes the point cloud projected onto a perspective view in order to semantically segment the scene. The second stage then processes the point cloud (along with semantic labels from the first stage) projected onto a bird's eye view, to detect and classify objects. Both stages use an encoder-decoder architecture. We show that our multi-view, multi-stage, multi-class approach is able to detect and classify objects while simultaneously determining the drivable space using a single LiDAR scan as input, in challenging scenes with more than one hundred vehicles and pedestrians at a time. The system operates efficiently at 150 fps on an embedded GPU designed for a self-driving car, including a postprocessing step to maintain identities over time. We show results on both KITTI and a much larger internal dataset, thus demonstrating the method's ability to scale by an order of magnitude.1


Shelterbelts of Pinus radiata and Cupressus macrocarpa are common landscape features on arable farmland in New Zealand. This study aimed to determine whether such shelterbelts could influence the relative abundance and diversity of beneficial and pest invertebrates commonly found in arable crops. Window intercept, yellow sticky and pitfall traps were placed next to shelterbelts or post and wire fences and also 50 m from these borders into adjacent crops on two arable farms in Canterbury and one in Wairarapa over 1-2 weeks in summer 2012 and autumn 2013. The abundance of given species/taxa varied considerably depending on farm location, season and field border type. However, the mean number of beneficial insect species/taxa per trap did not vary markedly between field border types or adjacent crops, while traps at shelterbelts or their adjacent crops caught more of some pest species/taxa than traps beside fences. The pine/macrocarpa shelterbelts did not markedly increase relative abundance or diversity of beneficial insects.


No known rocks have survived from the first 500 m.y. of Earth history, but studies of single zircons suggest that some continental crust formed as early as 4.4 Ga, 160 m.y. after accretion of the Earth, and that surface temperatures were low enough for liquid water. Surface temperatures are inferred from high d 18 O values of zircons. The range of d 18 O values is constant throughout the Archean (4.4‐2.6 Ga), suggesting uniformity of processes and conditions. The hypothesis of a cool early Earth suggests long intervals of relatively temperate surface conditions from 4.4 to 4.0 Ga that were conducive to liquidwater oceans and possibly life. Meteorite impacts during this period may have been less frequent than previously thought.


Science communication is today a well-established —although young—area of research. However, there are only a few books and papers analyzing how science communication has developed historically. Aiming to, in some way, contribute to filling this gap, JCOM organized this special issue on the History of Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST), joining 15 contributions, from different parts of the globe. The
papers published in this issue are organized in three groups, though with
diffuse boundaries: geography, media, and discipline. The first group contains works that deal descriptively and critically with the development of PCST actions and either general or specific public policies for this area in specific countries. A second set of papers examines aspects of building science communication on TV or in print media. The third group of papers presents and discusses important PCST cases in specific areas of science or technology at various historical moments.


This article uses two case studies of family-owned firms to assess the organizational capabilities necessary for survival under conditions of environmental volatility. Both organizations belong to the edible oil industry and are among Argentina's leading oilseed processors and exporters. The most-adaptable firm undertook transformations involving continuous change, while the less-adaptable firm displayed a more revolutionary attempt at transformation. The outcome of the transformation process in the most-adaptable firm does not conform to patterns portrayed in the literature on adaptation and change, which involve long periods of stability or convergence and short periods of revolutionary change. We find that the life-cycle of family firms, the role of the founder, control systems and the professionalization of the management team, and ownership issues most strongly influence the capabilities of these firms.