Accidental penetrating injury to neck is uncommon. Because of location of important vital structures, any injury in this area should be timely diagnosed and managed. Over the years a remarkable number of changes have occurred in the treatment paradigm of such injuries. An evolution from no treatment, to routine exploration and now to selective exploration has occurred because of better diagnostic and surgical skills. We report an interesting unusual case of removal of 10cm metallic screw from the mandibular area and neck area. Close proximity of such a rigid and sharp metallic body to neurovascular structures, airway and esophagus, posed a unique management challenge.


Abstract. Number concentrations, size distributions, and mixing states of aerosols are essential parameters for accurate estimations of aerosol direct and indirect effects. In this study, we develop an aerosol module, designated the Aerosol Two-dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation (ATRAS), that can explicitly represent these parameters by considering new particle formation (NPF), black carbon (BC) aging, and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) processes. A two-dimensional bin representation is used for particles with dry diameters from 40 nm to 10 μm to resolve both aerosol sizes (12 bins) and BC mixing states (10 bins) for a total of 120 bins. The particles with diameters between 1 and 40 nm are resolved using additional eight size bins to calculate NPF. The ATRAS module is implemented in the WRF-Chem model and applied to examine the sensitivity of simulated mass, number, size distributions, and optical and radiative parameters of aerosols to NPF, BC aging, and SOA processes over East Asia during the spring of 2009. The BC absorption enhancement by coating materials is about 50% over East Asia during the spring, and the contribution of SOA processes to the absorption enhancement is estimated to be 10–20% over northern East Asia and 20–35% over southern East Asia. A clear north–south contrast is also found between the impacts of NPF and SOA processes on cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations: NPF increases CCN concentrations at higher supersaturations (smaller particles) over northern East Asia, whereas SOA increases CCN concentrations at lower supersaturations (larger particles) over southern East Asia. The application of ATRAS in East Asia also shows that the impact of each process on each optical and radiative parameter depends strongly on the process and the parameter in question. The module can be used in the future as a benchmark model to evaluate the accuracy of simpler aerosol models and examine interactions between NPF, BC aging, and SOA processes under different meteorological conditions and emissions.


About 700,000 mangroves, chiefly Avicennia marina, were grown in the tree-less mud flats of Eritrea by a newly developed technology that provides required nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. A method of fertilization was devised that eliminates the possibility of fertilizer runoff. Novel methods have been developed for planting seeds at the final site and protecting seedlings from uprooting by wave action and encircling wrasse. Methods were developed for preserving mangrove seeds by sun-drying, which results in a stable grain-like product. However, dried mangrove seeds and foliage are insufficient for supporting good growth of sheep, which was a desired outcome. Supplementation of mangrove material with small quantities of a stress food for sheep, consisting of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals renders the mangroves an adequate food. Together, these findings are capable of forming a profitable sea water agriculture and relieving hunger and poverty in many regions of the world.


One hundred years after the founding of the Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale by Xavier Leon and Elie Halevy, an important question arises for the current directors ofthe journal, that of knowing whether-and in what sense they today carry on the concerns conveyed in its title. I shall undertake to respond to this question more in my own way, as editor of the journal, than as the successor to Jean Wahl, the author of his own Traite de Metaphysique. This is why I ask my readers' permission to outline the basic components of my answer by way of a second degree reflection applied to my own most recent work which involves assuming, implicitly or explicitly, a position concerning the use of the terms "metaphysics" and "moral philosophy," and their eventual interdependence. It is necessary first of all to note that no positive commitment stems from the way the term "metaphysics" was used by the founders of the journal. A single preoccupation brought them together, that of replying to the condemnation of the metaphysical age by means of which Auguste Comte, and the positivists who followed him, announced the replacing of the gods and supernatural powers of the theological age by abstract entities. 1893, we may say, was a time when psychology and sociology, in the process of freeing themselves from the conceptual and institutional tutelage of philosophy, undertook to align the knowledge of human phenomena such as thinking, consciousness, mind, and freedom with the natural sciences. It was the irreducibility of these phenomena to positive knowledge that constituted in the eyes of our young philosophers the major premise of a moral philosophy worthy of the name. In this sense, "metaphysics" was simply equivalent to antipositivism. As for any positive connotation of the term, a wide range of possibilities lay open under the impulse of Cartesian, Leibnizian, Kantian, and post-Kantian rationalism; the two extremes of this spectrum being represented, on the one side, by the defense and illustration of.what might have been called "spiritual" experience, and on the other by the epistemology of a Couturat or a Poincare, who were associated with the journal from its very beginning. It is true that it was the former variant that served as the target of the direct contemporaries of the young journal, grouped around Theodule Ribot and the Revue philosophique, which was seventeen years older. But we must not lose sight of the other front on which our young philosophers did battle, that of the struggle against what they called "mysticism." In this regard, a rereading of the article in the first volume of the journal by Ravaisson, entitled precisely "Metaphysics and Moral Philosophy," is quite illuminating. Recalling the analyses of his noteworthy book devoted to The Metaphysics of Aristotle, he begins his discussion with an evocation of the polysemy of the verb "to be," as proposed by Aristotle in Metaphysics E2. It is not indifferent for the passage from metaphysics to moral philosophy that from among the multiple senses of being Ravaisson chose the pair "potentiality" and "actuality." In this, he distinguished himself from Bolzano, who, when confronted by the same problematic which he too gave a central significance, privileged the categorical line opened by ousia, just as he distinguished himself-by way of anticipation-from Heidegger who was to give primacy to being as true and false. "What therefore is being, properly speaking?" asks Ravaisson. "It is, answers Aristotle, to act [agir]. Quod enim nihil agit, nihil esse videtur, another thinker will subsequently say. Action is the good because it is the end of everything. Hence it is what precedes everything. And action is the soul. Hence the soul is the one, true substance. The body is what is potential, the soul is the act within it that is its end, and the end is also its principle" (p. 443). On this basis, the transition from metaphysics to moral philosophy is easy: "These two states of the soul that explain everything, action and potentiality, how are they known? …


Law in Politics, Politics in Law-David Feldman 2014-07-18 A great deal has been written on the relationship between politics and law. Legislation, as a source of law, is often highly political, and is the product of a process or the creation of officials often closely bound into party politics. Legislation is also one of the exclusive powers of the state. As such, legislation is plainly both practical and inevitably political; at the same time most understandings of the relationship between law and politics have been overwhelmingly theoretical. In this light, public law is often seen as part of the political order or as inescapably partisan. We know relatively little about the real impact of law on politicians through their legal advisers and civil servants. How do lawyers in government see their roles and what use do they make of law? How does politics actually affect the drafting of legislation or the making of policy? This volume will begin to answer these and other questions about the practical, day-to-day relationship between law and politics in a number of settings. It includes chapters by former departmental legal advisers, drafters of legislation, law reformers, judges and academics, who focus on what actually happens when law meets politics in government.


Immigration law and scholarship are pervasively organized around the principle that rules for selecting immigrants are (and should be) fundamentally different from rules that regulate the lives of immigrants outside the selection context. Both courts and commentators generally conclude that the government should have considerably more leeway to adopt whatever selection rules it sees fit. Consequently, the selection/regulation dichotomy shapes the central debates in immigration law - including debates about the legality and legitimacy of guest worker programs, America's criminal deportation system, and restrictions on immigrant access to public benefits. This Article argues that this central organizing principle is misguided: legal rules cannot be classified as concerning either selection or regulation because every rule concerns both. Every rule that imposes duties on noncitizens imposes both selection pressure, potentially influencing noncitizens' decisions about whether to enter or depart the United States, and regulatory pressure, potentially influencing the way in which noncitizens who choose to stay live their lives. Moreover, even if it were possible to overcome a century of radical disagreement about which rules are "really" about selection rather than regulation, there would still be little reason to ascribe constitutional or moral significance to the distinction between the two. As the Article shows, selection and regulation are simply two alternative mechanisms that a state may use to achieve a particular end. There is no a priori reason to prefer one mechanism over the other. These central conclusions have a number of important implications for immigration law and institutional design.


Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the causes, the clinical presentation, and treatment modalities in patients with valsalva premacular hemorrhage. Methods: This case series study included 21 eyes of 21 patients referred to retina clinic of Farabi eye hospital and two private eye clinics during 2001-2006 with sudden loss of vision and clinical diagnosis of premacular hemorrhage due to valsalva retinopathy. Nd:YAG laser Hyaloidotomy was performed in 16 eyes with larger than 3 disc diameter (DD) hemorrhage in size and enough depth of hemorrhage pocket (dome-shaped) and conservative approach in 5 eyes with smaller than 3 DD in size. Main outcome measures including cause of valsalva premacular hemorrhage based on the history, success rate in performing hyaloidotomy, release of the entrapped blood into the vitreous cavity and the duration of its resorption, spontaneous resorption in observed cases, postoperative improvement in visual acuity (VA), additional intervention such as vitrectomy, and postoperative complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: Premacular hemorrhage was a result of vigorous sexual activity in 10 patients (47.6%), heavy lifting in 2 (9.5%), end stage labor in 2 (9.5%), compressive trauma in 1 (4.7%), straining on toilet in 2 (9.5%), roller coaster riding in 1 (4.7%), sneezing in 1 (4.7%), and occurred during sleep or unknown in 1 (4.7%). Nd:YAG laser Hyaloidotomy was successful in (87.5%) of patients with large size hemorrhage and trapped blood was released in to vitreous cavity and absorbed within 623 (mean 14.5±5.1) days. In observed patients, spontaneous resorbtion of trapped blood was occurred within 21-83 (mean 47.2±22.8) days. No predisposing factor was seen in patients. During the follow-up of 38.47±19.2 months, an epiretinal membrane formation was seen in 1 eye. 85.7% of patients in laser group gained full vision. Conclusion: In our study, vigorous sexual activity was the most common cause of valsalva premacular hemorrhage. Nd:YAG laser Hyaloidotomy was a safe and simple procedure in patients with hemorrhage occupied more than 3 DD in size and enough depth of hemorrhage pocket (dome-shaped) and caused visual recovery in majority of patients.


Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. Patients with OLP have an increased risk of developing Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCCS), with a reported malignant transformation rate between 0% and 5.3%. Current case report is a patient with a primary feature of erythematouse lichen planus but the last feature of OSCC. The nature of OLP favors an active-quiescent-active course. The active course may happen after direct irritation, pchycological stress, medication use, and systemic disease. In our case, presumably, emotional stress was a trigger for exacerbating the disease. Worsening ulceration and induration are clues of malignant transformation and carefull follow up sessions are mandatory for these patients.


Using the method of Beams and others, the time intervals between the appearance in spark discharge spectra of about fifty lines of sodium, lithium, calcium, barium, strontium, magnesium, cadmium, zinc, and nitrogen were measured for the purpose of determining if there was any relation between these times and the nature of the lines or the positions of the elements emitting them in the periodic table. The time intervals for different lines varried from zero to about 2×10−8 second. Most of the lines seemed to be emitted at the very beginning of the discharge, before the potential across the spark gap had dropped appreciably, There did not appear to be any definite relation between the time intervals and the nature or origin of the lines. With one exception, the members of multiplets which could be resolved appeared simultaneously.A variation of the time intervals with the amount of inductance in the spark gap circuit was observed and an explanation of this is given; the times were independent of the other electrical characteristics of the circuits. In a qualitative theory of the beginning of spark discharge spectra, it is suggested that the time of appearance of any line depends not only on the "life" of the excited atoms, during which there is no emission, but also on the minimum current in the discharge required to excite the line with a visible intensity.


Occupational exposure to grain dusts can cause bronchitis, particularly to grain sorghum dust. Bronchitis is associated with the presence of increased numbers of neutrophils. To determine how grain dusts could cause neutrophil recruitment to the airways, extract of whole-grain sorghum, corn, and soybean dusts and of pulverized components of these plants were made with Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS) and used in direct neutrophil chemotaxis experiments. The glume of the grain sorghum plant, the structure holding the seeds in place, caused the migration of the greatest number of neutrophils compared to HBSS [132 +/- 7 vs. 60 cells/high-power field (hpf) +/- 2 SEM, p < .001], followed by whole-grain sorghum dust (121 +/- 5 cells/hpf). Next, bovine bronchial epithelial cells (BBECs) were obtained from fresh lungs and grown to near confluence before challenge with a 10% solution of grain dust and grain plant extracts. The grain sorghum glume and whole-grain sorghum dusts caused release of the greatest amount of neutrophil chemotactic activity (NCA) from BBECs compared to the medium M199 negative control (141 +/- 6 and 153 +/- 7, respectively, vs. 64 cells/hpf +/- 3 SEM, p < .001). The ability to cause neutrophils to migrate by direct and indirect means did not correlate with levels in the grain dusts of endotoxin, which is known to cause release of NCA from bronchial epithelial cells. Therefore, this article describes additional mechanisms by which grain dusts can cause pulmonary inflammation and that are independent of endotoxin levels.


Aims: To assess the effectiveness of a digital-story intervention (short videos made by young people) seeking to reduce the prevalence of young people's binge drinking in Caerphilly. Method: A quasi-experimental design was adopted with three intervention sites and one control site providing the sample (mainly aged 14–15 years). Three rounds of self-completion questionnaires, completed prior (T1), immediately after (T2) and 6 months after the intervention (T3). Findings: A total of 1031 questionnaires completed across the three time-points. Two-factor ANOVAs revealed a positive effect on knowledge for the intervention sample. The intervention group results showed stable attitudes towards drinking at the three time-points whilst the control group showed increasing positive attitudes towards drunkenness over the same time period. Intentions towards drunkenness were higher in the control group than the intervention group at T2 (Control–T1 Mean = 3.37, T2 Mean = 3.90; intervention–T1 Mean = 3.26, T2 Mean = 3.29). Intervention participants got drunk on fewer occasions in the last week (mean occasions last week = 1.57) compared to control participants (mean occasions last week = 2.00), with the difference approaching statistical significance (F = 1.90, p = 0.07). Conclusions: Promoting negative attitudes towards drunkenness, alongside a greater sense of control and potential regret about drunkenness are likely to be important factors when considering how to change people's intentions to drink. The study shows the potential to reduce the frequency of drinking behaviour when intentions are changed, and provides recommendations for future interventions of this nature.


As interest in IPv6 deployment in cellular networks increases, several migration issues have been being raised; IPv6 prefix management is the issue addressed in this document. Based on the idea that DHCPv6 servers can manage prefixes, we use DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation to address such prefix management issues as an access router offloading delegation of prefixes and release tasks to a DHCPv6 server. The access router first requests a prefix for an incoming mobile node from the DHCPv6 server. The access router may next do stateless or stateful address allocation to the mobile node, e.g., with a Router Advertisement or using DHCP. We also describe prefix management using Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) servers.


We developed a deep learning framework that helps to automatically identify and segment lung cancer areas in patients' tissue specimens. The study was based on a cohort of lung cancer patients operated at the Uppsala University Hospital. The tissues were reviewed by lung pathologists and then the cores were compiled to tissue micro-arrays (TMAs). For experiments, hematoxylin-eosin stained slides from 712 patients were scanned and then manually annotated. Then these scans and annotations were used to train segmentation models of the developed framework. The performance of the developed deep learning framework was evaluated on fully annotated TMA cores from 178 patients reaching pixel-wise precision of 0.80 and recall of 0.86. Finally, publicly available Stanford TMA cores were used to demonstrate high performance of the framework qualitatively.


The authors' objective was to determine the effects of bar diameter on the stiffness and cost of a knee-spanning external fixator. The authors studied 2 versions of an external fixator with a difference in bar diameter (small bars, 8-mm diameter; large bars, 11-mm diameter). Fixators were tested using frame dimensions and a synthetic fracture model appropriate for a tibial plateau fracture. Five configurations of each fixator were tested: standard, cross-link, oblique pin, double stack, and super construct. The construct stiffness of each configuration (n=60) was measured in anterior-posterior bending, medial-lateral bending, axial torsion, and axial compression. Cost analysis allowed for calculation of the stiffness per unit cost. In the large bar group, an increase in construct stiffness was noted for all constructs and testing modes. Magnitude of stiffness increase ranged from 24% to 224% (P<.05 in all cases), depending on the configuration and loading mode. Increase in stiffness was so large that double-stack small bars performed similarly to standard construct large bars. Considering that the frame components have similar costs, the double-stack small bar fixator results in a 66% increase in cost for the same stiffness provided by the standard large bar. Bar diameter seems to have a large effect on knee-spanning external fixators. The authors observed an increase in stiffness of up to 191% under anterior-posterior bending despite an increase in bar size of only 37.5%. This finding might allow clinicians to use less expensive frames constructed of larger bars without sacrificing construct stiffness.


Non-Saccharomyces yeasts play a substantial role in the early stages of wine fermentation. With the increase in alcohol concentration, indigenous or commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae take over and complete the transformation of the grape must sugars into ethanol, CO2, and other secondary metabolites. The presence of nonSaccharomyces during the fermentation has an impact on the wine composition, and consequently, their contribution during the fermentation process cannot be ignored. The new challenges to enhance the appeal and value of wine elaborated by traditional technology are being achieved by selecting and using autochthonous non-Saccharomyces and Saccharomyces strains that may enhance regional identity of wines. Greater understanding of yeast biochemistry and physiology is enabling the selection and development of yeast strains that have defined specific influences on process efficiency and wine quality. The aim of this chapter was to show the different aspects of nonSaccharomyces species that may play a positive incidence in the biotechnological process to conduct to wine elaboration.


Thermal management describes measures that result in the improved engine or vehicle operation in terms of energetics and thermo mechanics. In this context the involvement of the entire power train becomes more important as the interaction between engine, transmission and temperature sensitive battery package (of hybrid vehicles or electric vehicles with range extender) or the utilization of exhaust gas thermal energy play a major role for future power train concepts. The aim of thermal management strategies is to reduce fuel consumption while simultaneously increasing the comfort under consideration of all temperature limits. In this case it is essential to actively control the heat flow, in order to attain the optimal temperature distribution in the power train components.


The versatility and widespread usage of a geographic information system (GIS) as a hydrological modeling tool is only now showing up in the literature. In this regard, a research team has recently completed development of a model that uses a GIS integrated with a dynamic surface water/groundwater model for phosphate mine reclamation in Florida. The emphasis of this paper is on the detail and benefit of the GIS and groundwater components and their interaction. The GIS provides important pre- and post-simulation spatial analyses. Preliminary results of a calibration of a phosphate mine reclamation site are provided. This example supports the assertion that significant time/cost savings and additional analytical capability are provided by a GIS interface.


Electrocardiogram (ECG) anomaly detection is an important technique for detecting dissimilar heartbeats which helps identify abnormal ECGs before the diagnosis process. Currently available ECG anomaly detection methods, ranging from academic research to commercial ECG machines, still suffer from a high false alarm rate because these methods are not able to differentiate ECG artifacts from real ECG signal, especially, in ECG artifacts that are similar to ECG signals in terms of shape and/or frequency. The problem leads to high vigilance for physicians and misinterpretation risk for nonspecialists. Therefore, this work proposes a novel anomaly detection technique that is highly robust and accurate in the presence of ECG artifacts which can effectively reduce the false alarm rate. Expert knowledge from cardiologists and motif discovery technique is utilized in our design. In addition, every step of the algorithm conforms to the interpretation of cardiologists. Our method can be utilized to both single-lead ECGs and multilead ECGs. Our experiment results on real ECG datasets are interpreted and evaluated by cardiologists. Our proposed algorithm can mostly achieve 100% of accuracy on detection (AoD), sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value with 0% false alarm rate. The results demonstrate that our proposed method is highly accurate and robust to artifacts, compared with competitive anomaly detection methods.


Recent advances in information, communications, data mining, and security technologies have gave rise to a new era of research, known as privacy preserving data mining (PPDM). Several data mining algorithms, incorporating privacy preserving mechanisms, have been developed that allow one to extract relevant knowledge from large amount of data, while hide sensitive data or information from disclosure or inference. PPDM is a new attempt; thus, several research questions have often being asked. For instance: (1) how to measure the performance of these algorithms? (2) how effective of these algorithms in terms of privacy preserving? (3) will they impact the accuracy of data mining results? And (4) which one can better protect sensitive information? To help answer these questions, we conduct an extensive review on literature. We present a classification scheme, adopted from early studies, to guide the review process. Finally, we share directions for future research.


This article analyzes the artistic visions of Teofil Ociepka, an overground mine worker known as one of the Polish Naive Art painters. The artist, who was strongly influenced by aspects of Western Esotericism, was the initiator and most prominent member of a Silesian occultist circle of painters called the Janowska Group. He believed that his artistic talent was given to him as an esoteric gift to use as a practice for self-development. Very colorful and uncommon visions of this and other worlds brought his artistic works popularity. His insight into the miners' subterranean work, which can be understood as a kind of alchemical process, in combination with his extraterrestrial and celestial images produced a unique and inspiring collection of paintings. The article traces the esoteric inspirations in Ociepka's painting in various periods of his career.


Professionals (physicians) who work in Public Hospital and hold a structural position would have dual role both as a physician and a manager. As a physician, they should orientate on their professional values. As a manager, they have to work based on efficiency and achievement of organizational goal in running any activity. This research aims to analyze the effect of professional orientation toward role conflict and the effect of budget participation and orientation of system goal as moderating variables toward the relationship between professional orientation and role conflict. This research is performed by census method. The respondents are the physicians who hold a position as a Chief of Satuan Medik Fungsional (SMF) in public hospital of class A and B in Bekasi. The data analysis of hypothesis testing uses the Simple Regression Analysis and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). The results indicate that professional orientation influence role conflict positively. Budget participation and orientation of system goal are moderating variables which have negative effects toward the relationship between professional orientation and role conflict. Key words: Professional orientation, budget participation, orientation of system goal and role conflict.


This paper presents a workload characterization study for Internet Web servers. Six different data sets are used in the study: three from academic environments, two from scientific research organizations, and one from a commercial Internet provider. These data sets represent three different orders of magnitude in server activity, and two different orders of magnitude in time duration, ranging from one week of activity to one year. The workload characterization focuses on the document type distribution, the document size distribution, the document referencing behavior, and the geographic distribution of server requests. Throughout the study, emphasis is placed on finding workload characteristics that are common to all the data sets studied. Ten such characteristics are identified. The paper concludes with a discussion of caching and performance issues, using the observed workload characteristics to suggest performance enhancements that seem promising for Internet Web servers.


With the increasing capabilities of measurement devices and computing machines, the amount of recorded data grows rapidly.
It is so high that manual processing is no longer feasible.

The Visual Analytics approach is powerful because it combines the strengths of human recognition and vision system with today's computing power.
Different, but strongly linked visualizations and views provide unique perspectives on the same data elements.
The views are linked using position on the screen as well as color, which also plays a secondary role in indicating the degree of similarity.
This enables the human recognition system to identify trends and anomalies in a network of measurement readings.
As a result, the data analyst has the ability to approach more complex questions such as: are there anomalies in the measurement records? What does the network usually look like?

In this work we propose a collection of Visual Analytics approaches to support the user in exploratory search and related tasks in graph data sets.
One aspect is graph navigation, where we use the information of existing labels to support the user in analyzing with this data set.
Another consideration is the preservation of the user's mental map, which is supported by smooth transitions between individual keyframes.
The later chapters focus on sensor networks, a type of graph data that additionally contains time series data on a per-node basis; this adds an extra dimension of complexity to the problem space.
This thesis contributes several techniques to the scientific community in different domains and we summarize them as follows.

We begin with an approach for network exploration.
This forms the basis for subsequent contributions, as it to supports user in the orientation and the navigation in any kind of network structure.
This is achieved by providing a showing only a small subset of the data~(in other words: a local graph view).
The user expresses interest in a certain area by selecting one of more focus nodes that define the visible subgraph.
Visual cues in the form of pointing arrows indicate other areas of the graph that could be relevant for the user.
Based on this network exploration paradigm, we present a combination of different techniques that stabilize the layout of such local graph views by reducing acting forces.
As a result, the movement of nodes in the node-link diagram is reduced, which reduces the mental effort to track changes on the screen.
However, up to this point the approach suffers from one of the most prominent shortcomings of force-directed graph layouts.
Little changes in the initial setup, force parameters, or graph topology changes have a strong impact on the visual representation of the drawing.
When the user explores the network, the set of visible nodes continuously changes and therefore the layout will look different when an area of the graph is visited a second time.
This makes it difficult to identify differences or recognize different drawing as equal in terms of topology.
We contribute an approach for the deterministic generation of layouts based on pre-computed layout patches that are stitched at runtime.
This ensures that even force-directed layouts are deterministic, allowing the analyst to recognize previously explored areas of the graph.
In the next step, we apply these rather general purpose concepts from theory in practical applications.

One of the most important network category is that of sensor networks, a type of graph data structure where every node is annotated with a time series.
Such networks exist in the form of electric grids and other supply networks.
In the wake of distributed and localized energy generation, the analysis of these networks becomes more and more important.
We present and discuss a multi-view and multi-perspective environment for network analysis of sensor networks that integrates different data sources.
It is then extended into a visualization environment that enables the analyst to track the automated analysis of the processing pipeline of an expert system.
As a result, the user can verify the correctness of the system and intervene where necessary.
One key issue with expert systems, which typically operate on manually written rules, is that they can deal with explicit statements.
They cannot grasp terms such as "uncommon" or "anomalous".
Unfortunately, this is often what the domain experts are looking for.
We therefore modify and extend the system into an integrated analysis system for the detection of similar patterns in space and in different granularities of time.
Its purpose is to obtain an overview of a large system and to identify hot spots and other anomalies.
The idea here is to use similar colors to indicate similar patterns in the network.
For that, it is vital to be able to rely on the mapping of time series patterns to color.
The Colormap-Explorer supports the analysis and comparison of different implementations of 2D color maps to find the best fit for the task.

As soon as the domain expert has identified problems in the networks, he or she might want to take countermeasures to improve the network stability.
We present an approach that integrates simulation in the process to perform "What-If" analysis based on an underlying simulation framework.
Subsequent runs can be compared to quickly identify differences and discover the effect of changes in the network.

The approaches that are presented can be utilized in a large variety of applications and application domains.
This enables the domain expert to navigate and explore networks, find key elements such as bridges, and detect spurious trends early.


• The Malaysian National Higher Education Fund Corporation (PTPTN) was set up in 1997. Since then, it has accumulated a massive debt amounting to RM40 billion in principal plus RM13 billion in interest. All these are guaranteed by the Malaysian government. • It is now the biggest provider of student loans in the country and continues to play a very important role in catalysing socio-economic mobility, especially among the ethnic Malays which is the majority community in the country. • However, the business model employed by PTPTN is irrational and unsustainable. It borrows from the financial market at, on average, 4 to 5 per cent, and lends to students at 1 per cent. No serious effort has been made to revamp this model, and all public discussions around it have been driven by political populism. • The biggest challenge is the low repayment rate. This problem has been ignored because Malaysian politicians of all colours have wanted to maintain popularity. Collecting debt is certainly not popular. • PTPTN, under a new leadership since mid-2018, gathered and developed ideas on how to reform their organization. These ideas have been presented to various levels of government, including to the Cabinet in early 2020. • PTPTN must be reformed to avoid its debt from inflating further. Whether the Malaysian government has the much-needed political will to push through the reforms is a question yet to be answered.


The so-called "paradox of voting" is a major anomaly for rational choice theories of elections. If voting is costly and citizens are rational, then in large electrorates the expected turnout would be small, for if many people voted the chance of anyone being pivotal would be too small to make the act worthwhile. Yet many people do vote, even in large national elections. To address this puzzle we construct a model of adaptive rationality: Citizens learn by simple trial and error, repeating satisfactory actions and avoiding unsatisfactory ones. (Their aspiration levels, which code current payoffs as satisfactory or unsatisfactory, are also endogenous, themselves adjusting to experience.) Our main result is that agents who adapt in this manner turn out in substantial numbers even in large electorates and even if voting is costly for everyone.Standard conceptions of rational behavior do not explain why anyone bothers to vote in a mass election…. [Turnout is] the paradox that ate rational choice theory. Fiorina (1990, 334)We would like to thank Stephen Ansolabehere, Sorin Antohi, Glenn Ellison, Dedre Gentner, Sunil Kumar, David Laitin, Tze Lai, Arthur Lupia, Elijah Millgram, Lincoln Moses, Scott Page, Tom Palfrey, John Patty, Paul Pfleiderer, Adam Simon, Joel Sobel, Carole Uhlaner, three anonymous referees, and the participants in the Political Economics seminar at the GSB, the Stanford–CalTech workshop, the UNC American Politics Research Group, the UCLA conference on Cognition, Emotion, and Rational Choice, panels at the Annual Meetings of the MPSA and the APSA, the Agent 2000 Workshop, the Seventh Annual Wallis Conference, the CMU–Pitt Colloquium Series, and the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences seminar series for their helpful comments. This paper was written while Ting was at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and he thanks UNC's Department of Political Science for its support. It was revised while Bendor was a Fellow at the CASBS, and he is grateful for the Center's financial and intellectual support.


The application of ultrasound to the oxidative dimerisation of pivalic acid to tetramethyladipic acid (TMAA; 2,2,4,4-tetramethylhexa-l,6dioic acid) using Fenton's reagent is described. Various parameters of the reaction were investigated (gas, equivalents of reagents, temperature, and sonication) and their effect on the yield of T M A A is discussed. Separation of the reaction mixture into T M A A (dimer) and the trimers and tetramers was achieved. The reaction conditions were optimised using experimental design, and statistical analysis illustrates the significant factors that affect the yield. Optimal reaction conditions for the production of T M A A were found to be 0.17 equivalents of Fenton's reagent, high dilution no ultrasound, under nitrogen. Alternative sources of hydroxyl radicals in organic solvents were also investigated The production of 3-bromothiophene (3BT) from the rearrangement of 2 ,5 -dibromothiophene and reduction of 2,3,5-tribromothiophene was investigated. Ultrasound, reaction time and temperature all have an effect on the yield and selectivity in the synthesis of 3BT. Ultrasound was found to have a modest effect on the yield of 2methoxythiophene from 2-bromthiophene using sodium methoxide with several catalyst systems (Cu, CuO, CuO/KI, CuO/KI/Copper acetyl acetonate). 2-Bromothiophene was used as a substrate in attempted Wurtz-type coupling reaction conditions. These reactions produced complex mixtures of bromothiophenes via halogen rearrangements. The silylation of bromothiophenes was successfully achieved using several bromothiophene substrates under quiet and sonicated conditions with various reaction times and equivalents of reagents. A calorimetry study on the acoustic output of the ultrasonic probe provided data at different temperatures, depths, solvents, and power settings. The resultant data was in strong agreement with previously published work.


Background and Objectives In advanced β-cell dysfunction, proinsulin is increasingly replacing insulin as major component of the secretion product. It has been speculated that proinsulin has at least the same adipogenic potency than insulin, leading to an increased tendency of lipid tissue formation in patients with late stage β-cell dysfunction. Methods and Results Mesenchymal stem cells obtained from liposuction material were grown in differentiation media containing insulin (0.01 μmol), proinsulin (0.01 μmol) or insulin+proinsulin (each 0.005 μmol). Cell culture supernatants were taken from these experiments and an untreated control at weeks 1, 2, and 3, and were stored at −80°C until analysis. Cell differentiation was microscopically supervised and adiponectin concentrations were measured as marker for differentiation into mature lipid cells. This experiment was repeated three times. No growth of lipid cells and no change in adiponectin values was observed in the negative control group (after 7/14/12 days: 3.2±0.5/3.3±0.1/4.4±0.5 ng/ml/12 h). A continuous differentiation into mature adipocytes (also confirmed by Red-Oil-staining) and a corresponding increase in adiponectin values was observed in the experiments with insulin (3.6±1.9/5.1±1.4/13.3±1.5 ng/ml/12 h; p<0.05 week 1 vs. week 3) and proinsulin (3.3±1.2/3.5±0.3/12.2±1.2 ng/ml/12 h; p<0.05). Comparable effects were seen with the insulin/proinsulin combination. Conclusions Proinsulin has the same adipogenic potential than insulin in vitro. Proinsulin has only 10~20% of the glucose-lowering effect of insulin. It can be speculated that the adipogenic potential of proinsulin may be a large contributor to the increased body weight problems in patients with type 2 diabetes and advanced β-cell dysfunction.


Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked toincreased risk of overweight/obesity among children and adults. Studies have alsoimplicated obesity as a risk factor for ADHD. However, no studies have evaluatedbidirectional, longitudinal associations between childhood fat mass and ADHDsymptom severity.

Objectives: We investigate bidirectional associations between ADHD symptomsand measures of body composition between ages 1.5 and 9. We further examineeffects of specific eating patterns linked to ADHD on associations betweensymptom severity and body composition.

Methods: The study utilized data from children (N= 3903) participating in theGeneration R cohort (Netherlands). Children were enrolled at birth and retainedregardless of ADHD symptoms over time. Cross-lagged and change models exam-ined bidirectional associations between body composition (body mass index/dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and ADHD symptoms at four time points in childhood.

Results: A child with a clinically concerning ADHD symptom z-score twostandard deviations above the mean at age 6 would be expected to experienceabout 0.22 kg greater fat mass gain measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiom-etry between ages 6 and 9, even if they displayed healthy eating patterns (95%CI: 0.11 - 0.28,p<0.001). Conversely, fat mass at any age did not predictworse ADHD symptoms later.

Conclusions: Beginning in early childhood, more ADHD symptoms predicthigher fat mass at later ages. We did notfind evidence of a reverse association.Based on these and priorfindings, lifestyle counselling during treatment for childrenwith a diagnosis of ADHD should be considered, even if they are diagnosed in earlychildhood and do not yet have a body mass index of clinical concern.


Manual alert detection on modern high performance clusters (HPC) is cumbersome given their increasing complexity and size of their logs. The ability to automatically detect such alerts quickly and accurately with little or no human intervention is therefore desirable. The entropy-based approach of the Nodeinfo framework, which is in production use at Sandia National Laboratories, is one approach to automatic alert detection in HPC logs. In this work, we perform a comparative evaluation of three entropy based techniques, which are modifications to Nodeinfo. We evaluate these systems using three performance metrics, namely (i) Computational cost, (ii) detection accuracy, and (iii) false positive rate. Our results show that there is still room for improvement in entropy based approaches to the task of alert detection. We also show experimentally that it is possible to detect 100% of all alerts while maintaining an effective false positive rate of 0% using an entropy based approach. Our work suggests that entropy based approaches are viable for automatic alert detection in HPC and can improve the dependability of such systems if applied.


Objectives
β-Cryptoxanthin (BCX), a provitamin A carotenoid, is cleaved by carotenoid cleavage enzymes including β-carotene-15, 15'-oxygenase (BCO1) to generate vitamin A, and β-carotene-9', 10'-oxygenase (BCO2) which yields bioactive apo-carotenoids. Dietary supplementation of BCX can prevent non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. This study aimed to investigate whether BCX-mediated protection against NAFLD proceeds through the liver-mesenteric adipose tissue axis depending on the presence or absence of BCO1/BCO2.

Methods
Six-week-old male wild type (WT) mice (n = 30) and congenic BCO1-/-/BCO2-/- double KO (DKO) mice (n = 30) were randomly fed either a high-refined carbohydrate diet (HRCD, 66.5% CHO) or HRCD with BCX (10 mg/kg diet) for 24 weeks.

Results
Hepatic levels of BCX, but not retinol and retinyl palmitate, were significantly (P < 0.001) higher (33-fold) in the DKO mice than in the WT mice. BCX significantly reduced hepatic steatosis and total cholesterol levels in both WT and DKO mice in comparison with their HRCD counterparts (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively), albeit through different mechanisms. In the liver, BCX significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated mRNA for cholesterol synthesis genes Hmgcr and Hmgs1 and nuclear bile acid receptor Fxr, and up-regulated cholesterol catabolism gene Cyp7a1 in DKO mice in comparison with their HRCD counterparts. Furthermore, BCX significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated antioxidant enzymes Sod1 and Cat in DKO mice in comparison with HRCD littermates. In WT mice, BCX significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated hepatic mRNA for cholesterol efflux gene Abcg5 and nuclear receptor Shp in comparison with their HRCD counterparts. In mesenteric adipose tissue, BCX significantly down-regulated (P < 0.05) the inflammatory cytokine Il6 and up-regulated fatty acid β-oxidation marker Acox1 and Sirt1 in DKO mice but significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed lipogenesis marker Acc1 in WT mice.

Conclusions
The protective effects of dietary BCX against HRCD-induced NAFLD are achieved through different molecular mechanisms in the liver-mesenteric adipose tissue axis and depend on the carotenoid cleavage enzymes.

Funding Sources
NIFA/AFRI (2017-67017-26363) and USDA/ARS (58-1950-0074).


In the present study, a new series of Schiff's bases derived from (4-Benzoxazol-2-yl-phenyl)- isopropylidine-amine (2a-j) have been synthesized by reacting the amino group of the 4- Benzoxazol-2-yl-phenylamine (1) with different aromatic/ hetero aromatic aldehydes in presence of glacial acetic acid. The starting material 4-Benzoxazol-2-yl-phenylamine was synthesized by condensation of o-aminophenol and p-amino benzoic acid, catalyzed by polyphosphoric acid. The structural assessment of the compounds (2a-j) was made on the basis of spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro growth inhibiting activity against different strains of bacteria and fungi viz., Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus oryzae, Candida albicans and Penicillium chrysogenum were compared with standard agents such as Ciprofloxacin (10μg/ml) and Fluconazole (10μg/ml) using agar diffusion technique. Compounds 2b, 2c, and 2d exhibit highest antibacterial activity and compounds 2b, 2c, 2d and 2h showed good antifungal activity.


An overview of guidelines and requirements for seismic design of new bridges and retrofit of existing ones in New Jersey is presented. The results of an ongoing study on seismic assessment of existing bridges in New Jersey are also presented. It is shown that for many older bridges the seismic capacity in the transverse direction is minimal and the bearings can be damaged. However, because of the redundancy of multi-girder bridges, failure of the bearings may not cause collapse of the bridge as long as the columns and piers possess adequate ductility and strength. Circular columns do have adequate lateral reinforcement, but square columns lack the needed ductility demand. In the longitudinal direction, again, failure of the bearings because of shear failure of the bolts is a strong possibility. Unlike in the transverse direction, because of impact and separation of adjacent spans and inadequacy of seat width at the abutments and the tops of piers, loss of span and total failure of the bridge can occur. Therefore, it is important that essential bridges be retrofitted in the longitudinal direction, as proposed. Future research and development needs are also discussed


The Green Climate Fund (GCF), established in 2010 at the 16th Conference of Parties (COP16) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is now the world's largest climate financing institution. It has a current investment portfolio of 43 approved projects totaling around US$2 billion, and has 48 Accredited Entities (AEs) to support implementation, including UN agencies, banks, NGOs, and private companies. Through its investments, the GCF aims to achieve a paradigm shift in developing countries, toward low-emissions development and climate resilience. GCF investments must indicate whether and how they could impact Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and women who are most at risk from the adverse effects of climate change (e.g. via environmental and social management plans). These goals, however, are currently being challenged by inadequacies in the Fund's policies and frameworks. GCF safeguards fail to recognize the critical contributions of rural peoples to the maintenance of ecosystem services that are essential to international climate and development objectives, and to offer adequate protection for their land and resource rights. Drawing on international standards and GCF policy documents, this report traces the adequacy and implementation effectiveness of the Fund's current institutional frameworks across a representative sample of approved projects. Noting critical gaps in nearly every aspect of the Fund's operational modalities and project approval processes, the report calls on the GCF to take progressive steps to make Indigenous Peoples' and local communities' rights a key part of its climate actions going forward.


The third-order susceptibility of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grown on Si substrate were measured using reflective Z-scan (RZ-scan) technique with femto-second laser pulses at 790 nm. The nonlinear absorption coefficient 'beta' and nonlinear refraction index 'gamma' were measured to be about 9*10^(2) cm/GW and 9.6*10^(-3) cm2/GW, respectively. This is about one order of magnitude larger than the measurement of MWCNTs on transparent quartz substrate. The enhanced optical nonlinearities are contributed by the enhanced local field and the photoinduced off-resonant absorption of the 'pi'-plamon of MWCNTs on Si.


Inappropriate training assessment might have either high social costs and economic impacts, especially in high risks categories, such as Pilots, Air Traffic Controllers, or Surgeons. One of the current limitations of the standard training assessment procedures is the lack of information about the amount of cognitive resources requested by the user for the correct execution of the proposed task. In fact, even if the task is accomplished achieving the maximum performance, by the standard training assessment methods, it would not be possible to gather and evaluate information about cognitive resources available for dealing with unexpected events or emergency conditions. Therefore, a metric based on the brain activity (neurometric) able to provide the Instructor such a kind of information should be very important. As a first step in this direction, the Electroencephalogram (EEG) and the performance of 10 participants were collected along a training period of 3 weeks, while learning the execution of a new task. Specific indexes have been estimated from the behavioral and EEG signal to objectively assess the users' training progress. Furthermore, we proposed a neurometric based on a machine learning algorithm to quantify the user's training level within each session by considering the level of task execution, and both the behavioral and cognitive stabilities between consecutive sessions. The results demonstrated that the proposed methodology and neurometric could quantify and track the users' progresses, and provide the Instructor information for a more objective evaluation and better tailoring of training programs.


This Article seeks to contribute to the heated debate on the disclosure of political spending by public companies. A rulemaking petition urging SEC rules requiring such disclosure has attracted over 1.2 million comments since its submission seven years ago, but the SEC has not yet made a decision on the petition. The petition has sparked a debate among academics, members of the investor and issuer communities, current and former SEC commissioners, and members of Congress. In the course of this debate, opponents of mandatory disclosure have put forward a wide range of objections to such SEC mandates. This Article provides a comprehensive and detailed analysis of these objections, and it shows that they fail to support an opposition to transparency in this area.

Among other things, we examine claims that disclosure of political spending would be counterproductive or at least unnecessary; that any beneficial provision of information would best be provided through voluntary disclosures of companies; and that the adoption of a disclosure rule by the SEC would violate the First Amendment or at least be institutionally inappropriate. We demonstrate that all of these objections do not provide, either individually or collectively, a good basis for opposing a disclosure rule. The case for keeping political spending below the radar screen of investors, we conclude, is untenable.


Previous investigators have reported finding a high molecular weight (HMW) renin in various species which is activated by acidification. Two laboratories have reported that a decrease in molecular weight of the renin accompanies the acidification step. This report describes the partial purification of an HMW renin from hog kidney extracts which had previously been acidified to pH 2.5. The HMW renin, with a molecular weight of 57,000–59,000, constitutes only a small, relatively constant fraction of the total renin isolated. Omission of the acidification step or initial acidification to pH 1.6 does not change the amount of HMW renin significantly. The HMW renin attacks the protein substrate to produce angiotensin at about one-fourth the rate expected, based upon the rate at which it cleaves the tetradecapeptide substrate or a model nonapeptide substrate. It is inactivated by antiserum to hog kidney renin prepared in dogs. It is less stable than hog renin when stored at 0°C. The HMW renin has a pH optimum between 6.5 and 7.0. It is not activated by acidification to pH 3, nor by tryptic or peptic digestion. We have been unable to activate HMW renin or to change its molecular weight by procedures reported by other investigators and therefore conclude that the HMW renin differs from material previously reported and may be an isoenzyme of renin.


Batch adsorption studies were undertaken with the abundantly available waste biosorbent Tectona grandis L.f. leaf powder for removal of cadmium(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption experiments were performed under various conditions such as time, temperature, different initial Cd(II) concentrations, pH, adsorbent dosage, and adsorbent particle size. The data showed that in 30 minutes, 1 g of Tectona grandis L.f. could remove 86.73% of cadmium(II) from 50 mL aqueous solution containing 100 mg L-1 of Cd. The isothermal data fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich models for Cd(II) adsorption on Tectona grandis L.f. Using the Langmuir model equation, the monolayer sorption capacity of Tectona grandis L.f. was evaluated to be 29.94 mg g-1. The optimum pH value was found to be 5.5. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The dynamic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Cd(II) adsorption was only marginally affected in the temperature range of 30 to 50oC. An SEM of Cd(II) loaded powder showed formation of agglomerates. The FTIR of Cd(II) loaded powder showed negative shift in the wave numbers.


A longitudinal study, that assessed the effects of changes in education on changes in decision-making and satisfaction in ongoing intimate relationship ~ was conducted with 78 women re-entry students who, as matriculants in an undergraduate degree granting program in the College of Continuing Education at URI in Providence in 1988, participated in this study at Time 1 and again three and one half years later at Time 2. Three measures each of decisionmaking, satisfaction, and perceived partner support for their education, and two measures of education were obtained. Women reported on demographic information i.e., age, sex, income, employment status, and children in household, for themselves and their partners, as well as educational barriers , recent life experiences, and type (cohabiting, married), duration, and stability of their relationships . Within subjects repeated measures were analyzed using SPSSX MANOV A. Pearson and partial correlations and ANOV As were also conducted. As predicted, with the effect of change in income controlled , women who increased their education level, reported both increased decision-making and increased relationship satisfaction, and changes in decision-making were positively correlated with changes in satisfaction. As predicted, changes in relationship satisfaction and changes in perception of partner's support for their education were positively correlated. Whereas change in partner's income was correlated with change in relationship satisfaction, only for women who had not yet completed their undergraduate degree, change in the relative income between the participant and her partner was correlated with changes in relationship satisfaction for all women . Furthermore, as predicted, women with higher incomes at Time 2 than at Time 1 did have more global decisionmaking power in their relationships provided that their partners did not have increases in income during that time period; contrary findings were obtained with moresay decision-making in this group. There was no support for the hypothesis that women with lower incomes at Time 2 than at Time 1 would have decreased in their decision-making power; however, if the income level of their partners increased from Time 1 to Time 2 while their own income did not , the participant's own decision-making did decrease during that period in support of the hypothesis.


This paper presents a detailed exegesis of Russell's "Gray's Elegy Argument" (GEA). It holds that the GEA mounts a successful attack on Frege—a thesis that has been widely controverted in the literature. The point of departure for my interpretation is Russell's charge that it is impossible to speak about Sinne , or "meanings" as Russell calls them. I argue that the charge concerns the construction of an "ideal language." For Russell, an ideal language is an artificial schema designed to represent the truth-makers for sentences occurring in natural language. Its signs stand for the entities that are constituents of those truth-makers. Russell's charge can thus be expressed more clearly and completely as follows: an ideal language designed to express Frege's ontology requires signs for meanings ( Sinne ); however, the signs introduced for that purpose cannot be correlated with the entities they are supposed to represent. Thus, the requirement cannot be met.


Networked computing has become a popular method for using parallelism to solve a variety of computationally intense problems. However, high communication costs and processor heterogeneity may limit performance unless the problem space is carefully partitioned. We propose a decomposition advisory system that is designed to help choose the best data partitioning strategy. The goal of this research is to determine the partitioning scheme(s) expected to yield the best performance for a particular data-parallel problem with known regular communication patterns on a collection of heterogeneous processors. Given information about the problem space and the network, the system provides a ranking of standard partitioning methods.<<ETX>>


This chapter describes a perspective on emotion, according to which emotions are: 1. Designed to function in a social context: an emotion is often an act of relationship reconfiguration brought about by delivering a social signal; 2. Forms of skillful engagement with the world which need not be mediated by conceptual thought; 3. Scaffolded by the environment, both synchronically in the unfolding of a particular emotional performance and diachronically, in the acquisition of an emotional repertoire; 4. Dynamically coupled to an environment which both influences and is influenced by the unfolding of the emotion We draw heavily on 'transactional' accounts of emotion proposed by some contemporary psychologists. Although these authors do not, to our knowledge, conceive their work as a contribution to the 'situationist' literature that is the focus of this volume, we contend that their proposals constitute a fairly exact, affective parallel to situationist ideas about cognition. The primary aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that a situated approach to emotion already exists and is backed by a substantial experimental literature.


Imitation of actions is widespread in the animal kingdom, but the mental capacities thereby implied vary greatly according to the adaptive function of copying. Behavioral synchrony in social species has many possible benefits, including minimizing predation risk and using food resources optimally, but can be understood by the simple cognitive mechanism of response facilitation by priming. Imitation can send a social message, either one of short-term meshing or group identity. Where the imitative match is opaque, as in neonatal imitation, the correspondence problem may imply an innate system of behavior matching; but in other cases, no more than priming may be involved, although there are persistent suggestions that great ape imitation implies empathic abilities. Imitation in the service of learning new skills by following another's example can be divided into contextual imitation (when to employ a familiar action, and to what problem) and production imitation (learning of new skills by imitation). Cognitively, the former requires little more than response facilitation, whereas production imitation needs at least the ability to extract the statistical regularities of repeated action and to incorporate the result into hierarchical program construction. Among our close relatives, only the great apes show much evidence of production imitation of actions, along with the ability to selectively imitate the most rational components of what they observe. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.


— Cognitive radio is an emergent technology in wireless networks that aims to improve spectrum's use by allowing opportunist access. Recent research activities related to cognitive radio consider static terminals, neglecting the impact of user's mobility. In this paper, we are interested in the concept of mobility in cognitive radio networks. Thus, we propose an algorithm of spectrum handoff for mobile cognitive radio users. Our algorithm presents a decentralized approach using multi-agent systems. Each terminal is managed by an agent that enables it to negotiate and cooperate with neighboring users. During the handoff, agents recover sensing information then choose appropriate band to switch if spectrum handoff is necessary. Finally, agents use negotiation and cooperation methods to insure a more efficient spectrum sharing.


BACKGROUND: This 3 rd systematic review update includes evidence from further Chinese trials that were identified during reference re-check and regression analysis of the possible influence of split-mouth study design on overall results. REVIEW OBJECTIVE: This systematic review seeks to answer the question as to whether, in patients with carious cavities of any class in primary and permanent teeth, ART restorations with high-viscosity GIC have a higher failure rate than amalgam restorations placed with conventional rotary instruments after one or more years. SEARCH STRATEGY: The following databases were searched for relevant trials up to January 2012: MEDLINE accessed via PubMed; CENTRAL accessed via Cochrane Library; Open access sources: Biomed Central, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), OpenJ-Gate; Regional databases: Bibliografia Brasileira de Odontologia (BBO), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciencias da Saude (LILACS), IndMed, Sabinet, Scielo; Grey-Literature sources: Scirus (Medicine), OpenSIGLE, Google Scholar. Hand searching was performed for journals not indexed in the databases. References of included trials were checked. SELECTION CRITERIA: Prospective, clinical controlled trials, with focus relevant to review objective and reporting on computable data with a follow-up period of at least one year were selected without language restrictions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened and extracted data from, and assessed the risk of bias in, the selected trial reports. Individual datasets were extracted from the trial results and analyzed regarding in-between-dataset heterogeneity and effect size estimates. The investigated outcome was restoration failure. Meta-analysis was conducted on condition of between-dataset homogeneity. Internal trial validity was assessed in terms of selection-, performance-, detection-, attrition-, publication- and reporting bias. Research gaps in the precision and consistency of the results were evaluated. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty trials were accepted for review. Of these 52 individual dichotomous datasets could be extracted and analyzed. The majority of the results show no differences between both types of intervention. High risk of selection-, performance-, detection- and attrition bias was established. Existing research gaps are mainly due to lack of trials and small sample size. Any influence of split-mouth design did not change the overall review conclusions. CONCLUSION: The current evidence indicates that the failure rate of high-viscosity GIC/ART restorations is not higher than, but similar to that of conventional amalgam fillings after periods longer than one year. These results are in line with the conclusions drawn during the original systematic review. There is a high risk that these results are affected by bias, and thus confirmation by further trials with suitably high number of participants is needed.


This dissertation analyses the process of the disintegration of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), which is central to the Soviet collapse. The disintegration process also provides a good opportunity to test existing theories of political regime change. In terms of source use, this dissertation makes extensive use of the party archives that became available after the Soviet collapse. This makes possible a very detailed analysis of work of the party apparat.

The importance of the subject and a review of existing theories that offers some hypotheses are discussed in the first chapter. In the second chapter, the reason why the party reform was necessary is considered through analysing the situation within the party before the perestroika period. The analysis makes clear that the CPSU faced a dilemma between monolithic unity and monopolistic control before the perestroika period, which made party reforms necessary. The third chapter deals with party-state relations under Gorbachev's reform in detail. This chapter discusses the fact that, as a result of the reorganisation of the party apparat that was intended to stop the party's interfering in the state body, the party lost its traditional administrative functions. This, however, led to a 'power vacuum' because no other alternative power centre was established quickly, and complicated further reform attempts. Moreover, the party failed to find a new function as a 'political party', as considered in detail in the fourth chapter. Despite attempts at competitive party elections and the emergence of party platforms, Gorbachev failed to transform the CPSU into a 'parliamentary' rather than a 'vanguard party'. Therefore, the CPSU lost its raison d'etre, which accelerated a mass exodus of members. The rapid decline in party membership caused a financial crisis which is considered in the fifth chapter. The financial crisis and the soviets' demands for the nationalisation of party property forced the CPSU to engage in commercial activity. Nonetheless, commercial activity unintentionally caused the fragmentation or dispersal of party property. On the other hand, the 'power vacuum' expanded so much that some emergency measures seemed necessary to some top state leaders. The August attempted coup is discussed in the sixth chapter in the context of party-military relations. When Russian president Yeltsin suspended its activity, the CPSU had lost its raison d'etre and its property had been fragmented or dispersed. Thus, the CPSU had no choice but to accept the reality that it was 'dead' de facto. The final chapter gives an overview of this pattern of developments, and compares it with the experiences of other communist parties' reforms in East Europe. The theoretical implications are also considered in the final chapter, which argues that existing theories of political regime change are not sufficient and that a further effort of conceptualisation based on the realities considered in the thesis is necessary.


In this window onto the roots and evolution of international neo-Nazism, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke reveals the powerful impact of one of fascism's most creative minds. Savitri Devi's influence on neo-Nazism and other hybrid strains of mystical fascism has been continuos since the mid-1960s. A Frenchwoman of Greek-English birth, Devi became an admirer of German National Socialism in the late 1920s. Deeply impressed by its racial heritage and caste-system, she emigrated to India, where she developed her racial ideology, in the early 1930s. Her works have been reissued and distributed through various neo-Nazi networks and she has been lionized as a foremother of Nazi ideology. Her appeal to neo-Nazi sects lies in the very eccentricity of her thought - combining Aryan supremacism and anti-Semitism with Hinduism, social Darwinisn, animal rights, and a fundamentally biocentric view of life - and has resulted in curious, yet potent alliances in radical ideology. As one of the earliest Holocaust deniers and the first to suggest that Adolf Hitler was an avatar-- a god come to earth in human form to restore the world to a golden age - Devi became a fixture in the shadowy neo-Nazi world. In Hitler's Priestess, Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke examines how someone with so little tangible connection to Nazi Germany became such a powerful advocate of Hitler's misanthropy. Hitler's Priestess illuminates the life of a woman who achieved the status of a prophetess for her penchant for redirecting authentic religious energies in the service of regenerate fascism.


This thesis is a study of the life and literary career of W. Stanley Houghton. Its overall aim is to bring together for the first time, as complete a history as possible of all his work: plays, dramatic criticisms, essays, sketches and short stories, and at the same time plot his short life and thereby provide a detailed biography of the kind not previously available. It begins by tracing the family history, his birth and early life. Then follows his occupation along with his early works and the
experiences he gained from the Manchester Athenaeum Dramatic Society. His method of composition is also discussed. Consideration is then given to Manchester's heritage in order to highlight its appeal for Miss Horniman and Iden Payne whose influential repertory theatre led
directly to Houghton writing his first professional plays . Harold Brighouse is discussed in some detail because he was Houghton's close friend and because no standard biography exists of him. The put
played by The Manchester Guardian is then assessed because of its influence in the development of literary criticism and because Houghton contributed many such literary articles to it. There he met some of the paper's highly respected critics who later featured in his life, particularly A.N. Monkhouse, and these too are appraised. A detailed study of each of the plays is then made with some grouped together for particular reasons; others have chapters to themselves whilst his most famous play, Hindle Wakes, has the longest chapter of all. A study of his life in London and Paris as a result of his fame is made, and his prose works, both for their intrinsic merit and the insight they offer into his drama, are considered. The conclusion puts his era into perspective and establishes his place in the development of British drama by outlining his particular skills and the contributions he made.


The Paleoproterozoic Flin Flon mining district is one of the world's most prolific volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) camps and includes a single stratigraphic interval that hosts the 85.5 million tonne (Mt) Flin Flon, 777, and Callinan Zn-Cu-(Au) deposits. Rapid seafloor burial of the VMS hydrothermal system by a thick succession of pillowed basalt resulted in the hanging-wall strata being affected to varying degrees by the still upward migrating fluids. This hanging-wall alteration hydrothermal fingerprint allows delineation of the regionally metamorphosed paleohydrothermal system, and its characterization has the potential to lead to discovery of buried, stacked, or structurally displaced mineralization.

Evidence for the presence of continued seafloor hydrothermal activity above the Flin Flon-Callinan VMS horizon is observed in the pillowed flows, interlayered hyaloclastite-rich flow tops, and also within finely bedded interflow volcaniclastic sediment. A 30% to 60% metalliferous exhalative component was detected through geochemical and mineral analysis in interpillow volcaniclastic rocks, chert, and epidosite in the hanging-wall sequence. The regional distribution of Fe- and Mg-rich chlorite, epidote-clinozoisite, biotite-annite, actinolite-hornblende-ferrotschermakite, and stilpnomelane and albite-oligoclase modifies metamorphic isograds and defines discrete vertical fluid pathways controlled by synvolcanic growth faults and associated sill-dike swarms. Silica-enriched hanging-wall alteration zones are proximal to Fe-Ti basalt sills and occur as discrete hanging-wall zones parallel to the plunge of the 62 Mt Flin Flon deposit. Anomalous concentrations of Hg, Sb, Ag, Pb, Te, As, Au, and Bi form within these hanging-wall halo alteration zones, indicating migration of the more volatile metals present in the underlying VMS deposits. Synvolcanic depressions, dike swarms, and hydrothermal-metamorphic fluid corridors are detectable through trace element anomalies, trace mineral chemistry, and 18O isotope geochemistry. Oxygen isotope analysis of the Flin Flon-777-Callinan VMS hanging-wall strata defines a number of high δ O18 anomalies extending 1,200 m above that indicate that <300°C subseafloor hydrothermal activity continued after burial of the massive sulfide deposits. Coupled with the geochemical and mineral chemical anomalies, this is indicative of the presence of continued, relatively low temperature hydrothermal fluid "leakage" from a robust seafloor hydrothermal event that generated the VMS deposits.

A combination of techniques, including mineral chemistry, isotope, and trace element data, is demonstrated to be successful in identifying and delineating zones of hanging-wall hydrothermal alteration in greenschist- to amphibolite-grade metamorphic rocks of the Flin Flon mining camp. Use of these, coupled with mapping to define periods of quiescence as marked by horizons of sedimentary rocks in the hanging-wall basalts of the Hidden Formation, has the potential to lead to discovery of deeply buried deposits on the Flin Flon horizon or deposits at higher stratigraphic levels.

Our findings indicate that the basaltic hanging wall on the Flin Flon-777-Callinan hydrothermal system was an efficient cap on the system, with vestiges of continued hydrothermal fluid flow detected in the interpillow and interflow components. These volumetrically minor components are critical sampling media and are pertinent to global exploration for detection of VMS mineralization buried beneath thick mafic volcanic sequences.


Iris is a pigmented, round, contractile membrane of the eye, suspended between the cornea and lens and perforated by the pupil (Fig. 1). It regulates the amount of light entering the eye (Online Dictionary). According to (David J. Pesek, 2010), the eyes are connected and continuous with the brain's Dura mater through the fibrous sheath of the optic nerves, and they are connected directly with the sympathetic nervous system and spinal cord. The optic tract extends to the thalamus area of the brain. This creates a close association with the hypothalamus, pituitary and pineal glands. These endocrine glands, within the brain, are major control and processing centers for the entire body. Because of this anatomy and physiology, the eyes are in direct contact with the biochemical, hormonal, structural and metabolic processes of the body. This information is recorded in the various structures of the eye, i.e. iris, retina, sclera, cornea, pupil and conjunctiva. Thus, it can be said that the eyes are a reflex or window into the bioenergetics of the physical body and a person's feelings and thoughts (David J. Pesek., 2010). There are a lot of arguments between iridologists (iridology's practitioner) and the medical's practitioner. Due to this argument, numerous studies done by the medical's practitioner found that the diagnosis done by the iridologist upon the patient is not accurate (Allie Simon et al, 1979). However the study on relationship diseases to iris changes, still continuing for example the studied done on Ocular complication of adult rheumatoid arthritis don by S.CReddy and U.R.K.Rao in 1996 found that the mean duration of the arthritis and the mean duration of seropositivity were found to be significantly higher in patients with ocular (pigmented organ in eye) complication (S.CReddy et al, 1996). Another study done on bilateral retinal detachment in acute myeloid Leukemia by (K Pavithran et al., 2003), found that ocular manifestations are common in patient with acute Leukemia. This can result from direction infiltration by neoplastic cells of ocular tissues, including optic nerve, choroid, retina, iris and ciliary body, or secondary to hematology abnormalities such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, or hyperviscosity states or retinal destruction by opportunistic infection (K Pavithran et al., 2003). The history of Iridology study on iris was done by the physician Philippus Meyens in 1670 in a book explaining that the features of the irid called Chromatica Medica. In that book he wrote that the eye (iris) contains valuable information about the body. In 1881 a Hungrarian physician, Dr. Ignatz Peczley who is claimed as the founder of modern Iridology wrote a book "Discoveries in the Field of Natural Science and Medicine, a guide to the study and


We examined adsorption of target molecules through a multiple-contact interaction in a thermo-sensitive heteropolymer gel which can undergo a volume transition at 34°C in water. Multi-valent anionic target molecules were adsorbed electrostatically by monovalent cationic adsorbing sites in the gel. The overall affinity (SK) between the gel and the target molecule was calculated from the initial slope of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm: [Tads] = KS[Tsol]/(1 + K[Tsol]), where S, K, [Tsol] and [Tads] represent the number of adsorption sites per unit volume of the gel, the effective binding constant, the equilibrium target concentration in the external solution, and the target concentration adsorbed in the gel, respectively. The affinity for the collapsed gel at 60°C was studied in terms of the concentrations of three factors: the adsorber ([Ad]), the coexistent salt (replacement ion, [Re]), and the cross-linker ([Xl]). We found that the relationship between the affinity and these factors can be summarized by the following formula first suggested by T. Tanaka:

Here c is a constant and p is the number of the contact points between the adsorber units and the target molecule.


This paper explores the linguistic encoding of placement and removal events in Jahai (Austroasiatic, Malay Peninsula) on the basis of descriptions from a video elicitation task. It outlines the structural characteristics of the descriptions and isolates semantically a set of situation types that find expression in lexical opposites: (1) putting/taking, (2) inserting/extracting, (3) dressing/undressing, and (4) placing/removing one's body parts. All involve deliberate and controlled placing/removing of a solid Figure object in relation to a Ground which is not a human recipient. However, they differ as to the identity of and physical relationship between Figure and Ground. The data also provide evidence of variation in how semantic roles are mapped onto syntactic constituents: in most situation types, Agent, Figure and Ground associate with particular constituent NPs, but some placement events are described with semantically specialised verbs encoding the Figure and even the Ground. (Less)


Probability elicitation protocols are used to assess and incorporate subjective probabilities in risk and decision analysis. While most of these protocols use methods that have focused on the precision of the elicited probabilities, the speed of the elicitation process has often been neglected. However, speed is also important, particularly when experts need to examine a large number of events on a recurrent basis. Furthermore, most existing elicitation methods are numerical in nature, but there are various reasons why an expert would refuse to give such precise ratio‐scale estimates, even if highly numerate. This may occur, for instance, when there is lack of sufficient hard evidence, when assessing very uncertain events (such as emergent threats), or when dealing with politicized topics (such as terrorism or disease outbreaks). In this article, we adopt an ordinal ranking approach from multicriteria decision analysis to provide a fast and nonnumerical probability elicitation process. Probabilities are subsequently approximated from the ranking by an algorithm based on the principle of maximum entropy, a rule compatible with the ordinal information provided by the expert. The method can elicit probabilities for a wide range of different event types, including new ways of eliciting probabilities for stochastically independent events and low‐probability events. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to test the accuracy of the approximated probabilities and try the method in practice, applying it to a real‐world risk analysis recently conducted for DEFRA (the U.K. Department for the Environment, Farming and Rural Affairs): the prioritization of animal health threats.


Chorioamnionitis is an important complication of pregnancy, being associated with maternal, perinatal, and long-term consequences. Maternal outcomes include postpartum infections, sepsis, while perinatal and neonatal outcomes include premature birth, neonatal sepsis, cardiorespiratory, neurological and renal disorders. Preterm birth is one of the main problems in obstetrics, especially in the perinatology aspect related to the morbidity and mortality of neonates. Chorioamnionitis is a cause of premature birth. The incidence of subclinical histologic chorioamnionitis is much more higher in preterm gestation: 50% at 24 to 28 weeks, 30% at 28 to 32 weeks, 20% at 33 to 36 weeks, and 10% at more than 37 weeks. Intra-amniotic infection (clinical chorioamnionitis) is more likely in pregnancies complicated by premature rupture of membranes at less than 37 weeks: 40% likely at less than 28 weeks, 20% likely at 28 to 34 weeks, and 5% likely at more than 37 weeks.


Hydrogen evolution is not a spontaneous reaction, so current electrochemical H2 systems either require an external power supply or use complex photocathodes. We present in this study that by using electrical decoupling, H2 can be produced spontaneously from wastewater. A power management system (PMS) circuit was deployed to decouple bioanode organic oxidation from abiotic cathode proton reduction in the same electrolyte. The special PMS consisted of a boost converter and an electromagnetic transformer, which harvested energy from the anode followed by voltage magnification from 0.35 V to 2.2–2.5 V, enabling in situ H2 evolution for over 96 h without consuming any external energy. This proof-of-concept demonstrated a cathode faradaic efficiency of 91.3% and a maximum overall H2 conversion efficiency of 28.9%. This approach allows true self-sustaining wastewater to H2 evolution, and the system performance can be improved via the PMS and reactor optimization.


The condition for a diffuser to produce the maximum speckle contrast reduction with the minimum number of distinct phase patterns is derived. A binary realization of this optimum diffuser is obtained by mapping the rows or columns of a Hadamard matrix to the phase patterns. The method is experimentally verified in the Grating Light Valve laser projection display.


Introduction: Neuronavigation has become a standard of care in contemporary neurosurgery since more than two decades and is gradually being embraced in our local practice. It is, therefore, important to share our local experience, including practical challenges encountered with this technology. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to review and present our early experience with stealth neuronavigation and to discuss the practical challenges encountered with the application of this technology in this environment. Methodology: Retrospective review of all consecutive cases over a 3-year period (January 2016–December 2018). Admitting diagnosis, operations, histological diagnosis, adjuvant treatments and 6 months outcome were the major study parameters. Procedural challenges were also highlighted. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics, and results were presented in tables and figures. Results: A total of 30 procedures were conducted. Nineteen males and 11 females (male: female = 1.7:1). Youngest was 8 months, oldest was 71 years, mean = 39 and standard deviation (SD) = 19.3. Operations performed were resection of mass lesion 18/30 (60%) and biopsy of mass lesion in 12/30 (40%) cases. Histological diagnostic yield was 100%. Mean duration of hospital stay was 2 days (SD = 0.25) for the biopsy group and 8 days (SD = 1.7) for the resection group. At 6 months review, 10/30 (33.3%) have died following progression and/or complications of their primary pathology. Conclusions: Wide spectrum of brain lesions were approached confidently with precision and minimal morbidity. No procedure-related mortality was recorded. Adjuvant treatments were easily deployed in line with a precise histological diagnosis. Practical challenges did not compromise the navigation process.


The in vitro interactions of isavuconazole in combination with colistin were evaluated against 55 clinical Aspergillus species isolates belonging to the five most important species (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terreus) responsible for human aspergillosis by a microdilution checkerboard technique based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) reference method for antifungal susceptibility testing. Selected isolates (A. nidulans, n = 10; A. niger, n = 15) were additionally evaluated by an agar diffusion assay using isavuconazole gradient concentration strips with or without colistin incorporated Roswell Parc Memorial Institute (RPMI) agar. Interpretation of the checkerboard results was done by the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Using the checkerboard method, combination isavuconazole–colistin was synergistic for 100% of the 15 A. nidulans isolates and for 60% of the 20 A. niger isolates. No interactions were found for any of the other isolates. By agar diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in combination decreased compared to isavuconazole alone for 92% of the isolates. No interactions were found for any A. nidulans isolates, but synergy was observed for 40% of the A. niger isolates. A poor essential agreement of EUCAST and gradient concentration strip MICs at ± 2 log2 dilutions with 0% was obtained. Antagonistic interactions were never observed regardless of the technique used.


CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE
It is currently asserted that, in industrialized countries, nodular sclerosis is the most frequent type of Hodgkin's lymphoma, in contrast to developing countries, where mixed cellularity and lymphocyte depletion are more frequently seen. The objective was to review histological data from cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma from São Paulo and Campinas cities.

DESIGN AND SETTING
Cross-sectional histopathological analysis, in four university hospitals and one cancer care center.

METHODS
1,025 cases diagnosed as Hodgkin's lymphoma between 1990 and 2000 were collected from five institutions; 631 of them (61.5%) had been immunophenotyped using antibodies to CD20, CD3, CD15 and CD30. The relative frequencies of histological types (as informed by the contributing authors, who are hematopathologists in their institutions) were determined according to age and gender.

RESULTS
The Hodgkin's lymphoma types were distributed as follows: lymphocyte predominance 4.8%, nodular sclerosis 69.2%, mixed cellularity 21.1% and lymphocyte depletion 4.6%.

CONCLUSIONS
The controversy regarding the frequencies of Hodgkin's lymphoma types within the Brazilian setting seems to be due to the small number of cases in previous studies. The present data show a picture close to the situation in the industrialized countries.


The socio-technological transformation of digital games means that they are no longer single-player, co-located game experiences but instead are multiplayer socially-oriented ones (e.g. World of Warcraft). This change underpins the central concern of this thesis, to understand game appropriation and the intrinsically motivating nature of gaming. Game appropriation is defined as the broad incorporation of Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs) into gamers' daily practices, including the nature of their gameplay. Gaming is not viewed as a set of defined moments of participation but as a dynamic activity, directly interrelated with a gamers' everyday life. Therefore, a broad perspective on motivation and gaming is adopted, incorporating not only reinforcing aspects of game design but also acknowledging the role of the social context and the gamer as an individual during gameplay.

The findings of three studies showed that game design, social interaction and gamers' psychological characteristics uniquely interplay to support game appropriation. The key findings are: (i) Flexible game design is a prerequisite for game appropriation; multiple game structures enable the creation of collaborative and competitive relationships and contribute to innovative forms of play; (ii) Diverse forms of social interaction, within and around gameplay, define the nature of game appropriation; (iii) The role of the gamer in game appropriation is critical. The gamer as an individual is the agent defining the distinct social forms of play when shaping the game experience, underpinned by certain psychological characteristics. While gamers with higher trait emotional intelligence (trait EI) play for social interaction per se, those with lower trait EI make purposive use of sociality in order to progress and succeed in the game. Similarly, on a needs scale (Basic Psychological Needs Scale) lower scorers on autonomy are more prone to competitive and instrumental social gaming practices; (iv) The process of game appropriation is progressively developed, influenced by the type of in-game activities and novel game features, trait EI scores and the presence of other gamers in the game.

In summary, game appropriation, being game-specific, begins with the interaction between the gamer and a flexible game design and becomes socially negotiated within a community of gamers. The final social configuration -instrumental or social per se- is influenced by certain psychological characteristics of gamers as individuals.


Abstract What is the role of structural estimation in behavioral economics? I discuss advantages, and limitations, of the work in Structural Behavioral Economics. I also cover common modeling choices and how to get started. Among the advantages, I argue that structural estimation builds on, and expands, a classical behavioral tool, simple calibrations, and that it benefits from the presence of a few parsimonious behavioral models which can be taken to the data. Estimation is also well suited for experimental work, common in behavioral economics, as it can lead to improvements in the experimental design. In addition, at a time where policy implications of behavioral work are increasingly discussed, it is important to ground these policy implications in (estimated) models. Structural work, however, has important limitations, which are relevant to its behavioral applications. Estimation takes much longer and the extra degree of complexity can make it difficult to know which of a series of assumptions is driving the results. For related reasons, it is also easy to over-reach with the welfare implications. Taking this into account, I provide a partial how-to guide to structural behavioral economics, covering: (i) the choice of estimation method; (ii) the modeling of heterogeneity; (iii) identification and sensitivity. Finally, I discuss common issues for the estimation of leading behavioral models. I illustrate this discussion with selected coverage of existing work in the literature.


The project "Individual Itineraries and the Circulation of Scientific and Technical Knowledge in China (16th–20th Centuries)" has shed light on the impact of individuals' geographic mobility on the spatial dynamics of knowledge in
late imperial China, where the bureaucratic system dictated a specific pattern of mobility for the elites. The question was also studied for other socioprofessional groups—craftsmen and medical doctors—and for the actors of the globalization of knowledge—Christian missionaries, colonial doctors, and the Chinese students. The studies conducted shed light on a variety of places, social milieus, fields of knowledge, and on the conditions of travel of technical knowledge—including sericulture, water conservancy, medicine, natural history, and statistics—against the background of the expertise such as classical scholarship—the dominant body of knowledge, sanctioned by imperial examination—circulated among the elite.


High-resolution analyses of the Mg concentration in authigenic calcite in five cores from Lake Edward provide a water balance history of central equatorial Africa spanning the past 1400 yr. A high ratio of Mg to Ca (%Mg) indicates strong droughts in central Africa during the Little Ice Age (A.D. 1400–1750), in contrast to records from Lake Naivasha, Kenya, which suggest a wet Little Ice Age. This spatial pattern in Africa likely arose due to coupled changes in the high latitudes, the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system. Our results further suggest that the patterns and variability of twentieth-century rainfall in central Africa have been unusually conducive to human welfare in the context of the past 1400 yr.


Construction operations inevitably require work forces to occupy the roadway. There is need to provide sufficient space to perform construction and maintenance operations, while reducing the impact of these operations on the travelling public. Many road projects are delayed on account of such factors. In urban areas there is a restriction of the available width and to spread the road horizontally, hence in such areas the better option is to go for elevated grade separators, so that both surface level as well as elevated road can be fully utilised for traffic movement. This eliminates cost of land acquisition or displacement of local habitants which results in overall reduction in the cost of the project and also helps in segregating the local and fast moving highway traffic. Construction of such elevated structures poses many challenges due to restricted work space. Keeping in mind "Every Day Counts", an aim to shorten the overall project delivery time, enhance safety, and protect the environment both on and around construction projects is the pivot of this case study. Using innovative planning, design, and construction methods, construction techniques were improvised in Dasna Hapur Road Project of NH 9 in Pilakua Township of district Hapur, India, thereby reducing the construction time and in situ construction hindrances in town area.