This study investigates the impact of land-atmosphere coupling (LAC) over tropical islands using a Vector-Vorticity equation cloud-resolving Model (VVM). Two sets of idealized simulations are performed with three land surface conditions (Urban, Pasture, and Grass). The first set considers direct LAC in which VVM is fully coupled with LSM. The second set of experiments eliminates direct LAC by prescribing surface fluxes in VVM, in which the high spatiotemporal variabilities are preserved from the fully coupled VVM/LSM. We can interpret the difference in convective systems' temporal and spatial evolution between the two sets of experiments as the LAC's impact. The results show that direct LAC enhances the diurnal amplitude and extreme precipitation under all land surface conditions. The impact of direct LAC is profound on the diurnal amplitude in the Urban experiment in which the sensible heat fluxes dominate. It produces 71% more precipitation with direct LAC than without. The result is due to the strong cold pool intensity by convective systems with large updraft core clouds in the Urban experiment. The mismatch be-tween surface cooling and the convection in the experiments without direct LAC, on the other hand, prohibits further development of convection. In the Grass experiment, in which the latent heat fluxes dominate, the cold pool effects become less critical and have weaker impacts on convection development. Sensitivity experiments on free atmosphere moisture show that the dependency still holds except that the precipitation intensity is higher in a moister environment.


This volume of essays offers critical readings on how WTO accession negotiations have expanded the reach of the multilateral trading system not only geographically but also conceptually, clarifying disciplines and pointing the way to their further strengthening in future negotiations. Members who have acceded since the WTO was established now account for 20 percent of total WTO membership. In the age of globalization there is an increased need for a universal system of trade rules. Accession negotiations have been used by governments as an instrument for domestic reforms, and one lesson from the accession process is that there are contexts that lead multilateral trade negotiations to successful outcomes even in the complex and multipolar twenty-first-century economic environment.


Species diversity in the Black Sea ecosystem has been declining rapidly over the last 2 decades. To assess the occurrence and distribution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) in various wild fish species, a wild marine fish survey was carried out in 2009, 2010, and 2011. The pooled or individual samples of kidney, liver, and spleen of 5025 specimens, belonging to 17 fish species, were examined virologically using cell culture. The cells showing cytopathic effects (CPE) were subjected to ELISA and multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-mPCR), for VHSV and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), after blind passaging to determine the virus species causing CPE. The virus species and possibility of co-infection with IPNV were verified by the RT-mPCR developed in this study. Twelve species of fish (pontic shad Alosa immaculata, red mullet Mullus barbatus, three-bearded rockling Gaidropsarus vulgaris, black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus, Mediterranean horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus, whiting Merlangius merlangus euxinus, stargazer Uranoscopus scaber, pilchard Sardina pilchardus, garfish Belone belone, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, thornback ray Raja clavata, and anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus) tested positive for VHSV Genotype Ie (VHSV-Ie). Except whiting, pilchard, and round goby, the rest are new host records for VHSV. The extent and spread of VHSV-Ie was significantly higher among bottom fish than among pelagic fish. Sensitivity and specificity of the RT-mPCR developed was sufficiently high, suggesting that this assay may be used for both diagnostic and surveillance testing. According to the RT-mPCR results, IPNV was not present in wild fish. These results support the hypothesis that the VHSV-Ie genotype, highly prevalent among fish species in the Black Sea, may have a serious impact on the population dynamics of wild fish stocks.


Nonstate armed groups are often involved in electoral violence, but we know little about the origins or fates of these groups. This article develops an interactive theory of relations between governments and electoral armed groups. Governments assign different political roles to armed groups that reflect their ideological position and electoral value. State strategies flow from these political roles, but groups' organizational capacity can allow them to resist government efforts to control, destroy, or incorporate them. The interaction of regime political interests and armed group autonomy leads to five distinct government-armed group trajectories, ranging from incorporation to violent conflict. I use comparative evidence from militarized elections in Karachi to illustrate the validity of the concepts and assess the power of the theory, while also exploring its limits and the need for future research. My argument and findings matter for our understanding of the linkages between democracy, civil conflict, and state power.


Before the 1890s, the states and the federal government shared the responsibility for regulating immigration to the United States. With the opening of Ellis Island in 1892, the federal government assumed the exclusive power to control immigration by applying two contradictory laws which excluded immigrants either who seemed incapable of working or who seemed as if they had already secured work before migrating. In practice, immigration inspectors interpreted these laws by deploying an elaborate inspection apparatus that rewarded immigrants who seemed defenseless and duty-minded and thwarted immigrants who asserted themselves or who hired assertive lawyers to assist them. When Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1901, he aimed to reform Ellis Island and appointed officials who emphasized that the process of racial assimilation could be begun there. The practice of immigration inspection on Ellis Island was well-suited to the Rooseveltian project of producing an ideal American citizenry, in part because legal practice identified the figure of the assertive immigrant as well as the immigrants attorney as a disruptive presence in the machinery of assimilation. Relying on cultural practice theory, the article thus critically examines the history of American citizenship by situating immigrants in an emerging ideological opposition between adversarial legal representation and administrative authority at the turn of the twentieth century.


We consider market rules for the transfer of IP addresses, numeric identifiers required by all computers connected to the Internet. Excessive fragmentation of IP address blocks causes growth in the Internet's routing table, which is socially costly, so an IP address market should discourage subdividing IP address blocks more than necessary. Yet IP address transfer rules also need to facilitate purchase by the networks that need the addresses most, from the networks who value them least. We propose a market rule that avoids excessive fragmentation while almost achieving social efficiency, and we argue that implementation of this rule is feasible despite the limited powers of central authorities. We also offer a framework for the price trajectory of IPv4 addresses. In a world without uncertainty, the unit price of IPv4 is constant before the first time when all blocks of IPv4 addresses are in use and decreasing after that time. With uncertainty, the price before that time is a martingale, and the price trajectory afterwards is a supermartingale.


Imagine you are a company with a failing business that is drowning in debt. On the bright side, you also possess a very valuable asset. This asset is unique because, unlike most assets, if you liquidate the business through a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, it will be extinguished and its value will not be realized by any shareholders or creditors. On the other hand, even if you substantially liquidate the business using Chapter 11, you can, thanks to an extraordinary ambiguity in the law, preserve this valuable asset. Even better, you can direct the value of this asset to your preferred stakeholders — whether they are shareholders or creditors — rather than have the asset's value allocated among stakeholders according to bankruptcy's absolute priority rule. You can do this because you have the most information about this valuable asset and because bankruptcy law and courts effectively ignore its existence, leaving you to allocate its value as you see fit. What is this unique asset? Valuable tax attributes, including net operating losses and credit carryovers. This scenario is not purely hypothetical; Solyndra and Washington Mutual, among others, have effectively used Chapter 11 to divert the value of tax losses and credits to a select group of shareholders and creditors in contravention of bankruptcy's distributional norms. This Article recommends statutory revisions to the tax and bankruptcy laws to remove the unintended tax advantage and thus neutralize the tax consequences of corporate restructuring decisions.


Summary

1
 One option in managing introductions of non-native pest species is to eradicate the introduced species by trapping or otherwise removing individuals. A central issue in undertaking such a programme is deciding when it is reasonable to terminate the programme because all individuals have been removed. This decision requires knowledge of the probability that complete eradication has been achieved.

2
 An objective Bayesian method is presented to determine the probability that all individuals of an introduced species have been removed. The method is based on the excess trapping times of individuals beyond a specified threshold, assuming a generalized Pareto distribution for excess trapping time.

3
 The method is applied to data from an unsuccessful trapping programme of the Asian musk shrew Suncus murinus on the Mauritian island of Ile aux Aigrettes. The results suggest that, had the method been used, managers would have realized that the probability of complete eradication was not high and premature termination could have been avoided.

4
Synthesis and applications. A central issue facing the manager of an eradication programme for an introduced or pest species is deciding when it is reasonable to terminate the programme because all individuals have been removed. If termination is premature, the programme will fail; if termination is delayed beyond the point of eradication, unnecessary costs will be incurred. The statistical method described here for calculating the probability of complete eradication based on the record of removals provides information that is useful either in an informal assessment of progress or in more formal decision making regarding termination.


This study investigates L2 acquisition of English present perfect by Greek Cypriot Greek speakers. One hundred Greek Cypriot university students took part in the study, the first part of which examined the sensitivity to grammatical norms (a passage correction task, based on Odlin et al. 2006), and the other part was focused on the production of English present perfect (elicitation of natural discourse, essays about personal experience). The results showed that L2 learners used more non-target tense forms (present simple and past simple) than the target present perfect in typical contexts, which is due to transfer from L1 Cypriot Greek (CG). The data only partially supports the Inherent Lexical Aspect Hypothesis (Andersen and Shirai 1996; Bardovi-Harlig 1999), as L2 learners used perfective and past tense morphology with both punctual-telic predicates (achievements or accomplishments) and atelic or durative predicates (state or activity), though their production of target present perfect improves with more years of exposure to L2 English and there is a decrease in the use of stative and activity verbs with perfective and past tense marking.


Book synopsis: Criminology is a booming discipline, yet one which can appear divided and fractious. In this rich and diverse collection of 34 essays, some of the worlds leading criminologists respond to a series of questions designed to investigate the state, impact and future challenges of the discipline: What is criminology for? What is the impact of criminology? How should criminology be done? What are the key issues and debates in criminology today? What challenges does the discipline of criminology face? How has criminology as a discipline changed over the last few decades?

The resulting essays identify a series of intellectual, methodological and ideological borders. Borders, in criminology as elsewhere, are policed, yet they are also frequently transgressed; criminologists can and do move across them to plunder, admire, or learn from other regions. While some boundaries may be more difficult or dangerous to cross than others it is rare to find an entirely secluded locale or community.

In traversing ideological, political, geographical and disciplinary borders, criminologists bring training, tools and concepts, as well as key texts to share with foreigners. From such exchanges, over time, borders may break down, shift, or spring up, enriching those who take the journey and those who are visited. It is, in other words, in criminologys capacity for and commitment to reflexivity, on which the strength of the field depends.


The pedagogical relation, the idea of a special relationship between educator and educand, has long been a central theme in interpretive and philosophical studies of education. Broader concern with "student-teacher relations" and "pedagogies of relation" is also common across educational discourses. German educationist Herman Nohl was the first to define the phrase "pedagogical relation" in 1926. Others have followed in his wake, with Max van Manen introducing the concept into English some 65 years later, and Gert Biesta drawing attention to it more recently. Despite ongoing interest, Nohl's original characterizations have yet to be translated and their subsequent development reviewed. This paper inaugurates this task, while also taking time to hesitate—to point out its problematic moments and challenges.


Decision research has only recently started to take seriously the role of emotions in choices and decisions. Regret is the emotion that has received the most attention. In this article, we sample a number of the initial regret studies from psychology and economics, and trace some of the complexities and contradictions to which they led. We then sketch a new theory, decision justification theory (DJT), which synthesizes several apparently conflicting findings. DJT postulates two core components of decision–related regret, one associated with the (comparative) evaluation of the outcome, the other with the feeling of self–blame for having made a poor choice. We reinterpret several existing studies in DJT terms. We then report some new studies that directly tested (and support) DJT, and propose a number of research issues that follow from this new approach to regret.


The usefulness of FCIC multiple peril crop insurance on diversified, irrigated, high yielding farms in the Imperial Valley is examined. Production data and expected price and yield distributions were collected from thirty-two farm managers in 1982. Individual whole-farm net income distributions then were used to elicit their risk preferences. Participation in FCIC crop insurance for cotton, wheat, and sugar beets under the existing program and under several alternatives was predicted. Predicted participation never exceeds 25% of eligible growers. Low maximum yield guarantees and premiums inconsistent with individual yield experience are identified as factors limiting participation.


This is a major new translation of one of the most popular classics of all time, now in a gorgeous deluxe edition. Emma Bovary is beautiful and bored, trapped in her marriage to a mediocre doctor and stifled by the banality of provincial life. An ardent reader of sentimental novels, she longs for passion and seeks escape in fantasies of high romance, in voracious spending and, eventually, in adultery. But even her affairs bring her disappointment and the consequences are devastating. Flaubert's erotically charged and psychologically acute portrayal of Emma Bovary caused a moral outcry on its publication in 1857. It was deemed so lifelike that many women claimed they were the model for his heroine; but Flaubert insisted: '"Madame Bovary", c'est moi'.


Obesity has become a major health issue. Research in economics has provided important insights as to how technological progress reduced the relative price of food and contributed to the increase in obesity. However, the increased availability of food might well have overstrained will power and led to suboptimal consumption decisions relative to people's own standards. We propose the economics of happiness as an approach to study the phenomenon. Based on proxy measures for experienced utility, it is possible to directly address whether certain observed behavior is suboptimal and therefore reduces a person's well-being. It is found that obesity decreases the well-being of individuals who report limited self-control, but not otherwise.


The object of this thesis is to examine the contribution of
Spanish railways to accelerated economic growth in the period. 1855-1913.
Although it has not been estimated, there is reason to believe that there
was some growth in the period before the 20th century but, from all
accounts, it was constrained by an inefficient, highly seasonal and
costly road transportation system.
The contribution of railways will be assessed in three ways,
First, by estimating the cost of the non-construction of the railway
network through an estimate of the social savings. This estimate
suggested that the contribution cf railways accounted for 12 per cent of
Spain's national income in 1878 and 23 per cent in 1912. I/hen the full
employment assumption embodied in these calculations is released, social
savings diminished to the 'plausible' level of 7.5 per cent in 1878.
Second, as consumers of iron and steel, railways had little linkage
effects on the iron industry because they imported the bulk of the iron
required to lay down the network. The implications of an alternative
policy which protected the local iron industry from the begiiining of
railway expansion are treated at length. Railways had, on the other hand,
important feedback effects upon the domestic coal production and one fifth
of the coal mined in Spain was consumed by railways.
Thirdly, connections between railways and the spread of the market
reveal that they were a fundamental factor in the integration of the home
market. Railways carried increasing volumes of grain, flour, wine and coal consumed in Spain.


New curriculum reforms and changes post 1994 has created a need for teachers to
reprofessionalise and reskill themselves so that they can implement reforms in their
schools and classrooms. This has added pressure on teachers, novice teachers, as well
as experienced teachers who have been teaching for over fifteen years, to learn an
enormous amount of knowledge in order for them to teach effectively in the classroom.
Knowledge on professional development of teachers is expanding to new and useful
ways of teacher learning to embrace these changes. Recent literature suggest that
teacher learning in communities of practice (Wenger, 1991) or learning communities
(Lieberman and Pointer Mace, 2008) actually translates into enduring and sustained
learning that leads to transformation in teaching and improving the quality of education.
In addition to this clustering has been introduced as a useful way of teacher learning.
The purpose of this study is to explore teacher learning in learning area clusters. These
clusters are considered to be learning communities, because teachers are provided with
opportunities to engage in professional dialogue and collaborative problem solving in
issues related to teaching and learning.
The conceptual framework used in data analysis is the knowledge – practice theory
proposed by Cochran Smith and Lytle (1999) as well as Day and Sachs (2004). The
four domains of knowledge are knowledge for practice, knowledge in practice,
knowledge of practice and knowledge of self. This framework together with Shulman's
(1987) identification of content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge
(PCK) was used in data analysis.
The study was located within the qualitative mode of inquiry specifically in the
interpretivist paradigm as it is concerned with interpretation and understanding of
teacher learning experiences in clusters. In order to answer the research questions I
used the method of Narrative Inquiry as this allowed me to understand how teacher
knowledge is narratively composed, embodied in a person and expressed in practice.
6
I selected five participants who belong to learning area clusters who were purposively
identified. Data was collected through semi structured interviews. The findings
revealed that clustering is built on qualities of commitment, leads to teachers'
reflections of practices, increases confidence of teachers, promotes self-initiated
learning and leads to organic learning in clusters. Clustering is one useful way of
understanding teacher learning. This study contributes towards our understanding of
how clusters can be used effectively to enhance teacher learning.


Ethnic Identity and School Belonging Among Pacific Islander High School Students in Utah Mari N. K. Oto Department of Teacher Education, BYU Master of Arts Pacific Islander high school students in the state of Utah specifically, but across the United States generally, face significant challenges such as high levels of high school dropout and low levels of academic attainment. The purpose of this study was to examine if components of an achieved ethnic identity (exploration and commitment) are positively related to high levels of school belonging among Pacific Islander high school students in Utah. I further investigated whether self-esteem was a mediating factor in any observed relationship between ethnic identity and school belonging. Participants in this study were Pacific Islander youth between the ages of 13-19 years old and attending high school in the state of Utah. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure— Revised, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Simple School Belonging Scale, and demographic questions were combined in a survey and taken by 111 participants. Results indicate a significantly positive relationship between school belonging and self-esteem (r = .39, p < .001). However, no relationship was observed between ethnic identity and school belonging. Results also suggests that self-esteem is not a mediating factor, nor is it related to ethnic identity individually for these students. Another purpose of this study was to better understand Pacific Islander students in our public education system, and especially in the state of Utah. Results revealed that ethnic identity may not operate in the same way for students in this study as has been suggested in the literature for other ethnic minorities. Specifically, ethnic identity, as measured by the MEIM-R may not represent the same construct, which leads to questions about how this sample was different than other national samples. The context of Utah may have been a determining factor and may play a role in the formation of ethnic identity for Pacific Islander students who live in Utah, especially for those who are also Latter-day Saint. Future research should look closely at the relationship between religiosity and ethnic identity for Pacific Islander students in Utah schools. The findings from this study also highlight the role of self-esteem in school belonging. They suggest a need to move beyond generalizations of this group of students as "minorities" to understanding how to increase their self-esteem in hopes of boosting their sense of belonging in our schools, thus leading to greater high school retention and academic achievement for this population.


A primary difficulty in terrain rendering is displaying realistic terrains to the user at real-time frame rates. The brute force approach is usually too complex for real-time frame rates to be achieved. Several terrain-rendering techniques have been proposed that use Level of Detail (LOD) to generate a simplified representation of a terrain. The geometry clipmap is a recently proposed approach that utilises the potential of modern graphics hardware. It stores vertex data on the graphics card, that is updated incrementally as the viewpoint moves. LOD is achieved using regular nested grids of increasing size and decreasing detail, centred around the viewpoint. We implemented the geometry clipmaps algorithm, and present aspects of our implementation, such as the maximum number of clipmap levels that are possible, and constraints on the extent of each level. We also performed a comparative analysis with other terrainrendering techniques. Geomipmapping outperformed geometry clipmaps on a midrange graphics card, but geometry clipmaps had the greatest rendering throughput on high-end graphics hardware.


Regional cerebral blood flow changes were evaluated in different subcortical brain targets following deep brain stimulation (DBS) for chronic pain. Three patients with intractable neuropathic pain were assessed; one had stimulating electrodes in the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL), one in the periventricular grey (PVG) area, and one had electrodes in both targets. Pain relief was achieved in all patients. Cerebral perfusion was measured by single-photon emission computed tomography to determine the effects of DBS. Comparison was made between individual scans using subtraction analysis. DBS consistently increased perfusion in the posterior subcortical region between VPL and PVG, regardless of the site of stimulation. Furthermore, thalamic and dual target DBS increased thalamic perfusion, yet PVG DBS decreased perfusion in the PVG-containing midbrain region and thalamus. Dual target stimulation decreased anterior cingulate and insular cortex perfusion. The study demonstrates regional differences in cerebral perfusion between three accepted and efficacious targets for analgesic DBS.


Pain is an uncomfortable feeling condition caused by a certain stimulus. Stimulus pain can be a stimulus that is physical, as well as mental. One of the biggest fears of cesarean section clients is pain. The surgical pain of the surgical client increases with the decrease of the anesthetic effect. Pain management methods include pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches. Non-pharmacological approaches one of them is by distraction that is by diverting attention, one of them is by murottal therapy, (listening to recitation of holy verses of Al-Qur'an) listening murottal can give very effective result in effort to reduce pain post operation of client. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of murottal therapy on client pain after post-surgery cesarean section. This study used quasi experimental design with pre and post with control group, each group consisted of 20 respondents. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate, the sampling method was by quota sampling technique and the number of respondents were 40 respondents. The results of the analysis showed prior to murottal therapy most of the respondents on the pain scale 6 as many as 16 people (40%). After doing murottal therapy most of the respondents on the pain scale 4 as many as 14 people (28.6%) which means there is a significant influence murottal therapy on postoperative pain client seksiosesaria in RSI Sunan Kudus. (Α = 0.000). The results of this study can be an input for nurses to make distraction as one of the independent nursing interventions and include in the postoperative patient management protap.


Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a common and major complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients on dialysis and in patients with CKD stage G3 to G5. SHPT in CKD is caused by disturbances in metabolic parameters. Paricalcitol (PCT), other active vitamin D analogous (doxercalciferol and alfacalcidol), and active vitamin D (calcitriol) have been commonly used to treat SHPT in non-dialysis CKD (ND-CKD) for several years. However, recent studies indicate that these therapies adversely increase serum calcium, phosphate, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) levels. Extended release calcifediol (ERC) has been developed as an alternative treatment for SHPT in ND-CKD. The present meta-analysis compares the effect of ERC against PCT in the control of PTH and calcium levels. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify studies for inclusion in the Network Meta-Analysis (NMA). Results: 18 publications were eligible for inclusion in the network meta-analysis and 9 articles were included in the final NMA. The estimated PTH reduction from PCT (-59.5 pg/ml) was larger than the PTH reduction from ERC (-45.3 pg/ml), but the difference in treatment effects did not show statistical significance. Treatment with PCT caused statistically significant increases in calcium vs. placebo (increase: 0.31 mg/dl), while the marginal increase in calcium from treatment with ERC (increase: 0.10 mg/dl) did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: The evidence suggests that both PCT and ERC are effective in reducing levels of PTH, whereas calcium levels tended to increase from treatment with PCT. Therefore, ERC may be an equally effective, but more tolerable treatment alternative to PCT.


The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of anal incontinence in an unselected pregnant population at second trimester. A survey of pregnant women attending a routine ultrasound examination was conducted in a university hospital in Oslo, Norway. A questionnaire consisting of 105 items concerning anal incontinence (including St. Mark's score), urinary incontinence, medication use, and comorbidity was posted to women when invited to the ultrasound examination. Results. Prevalence of self-reported anal incontinence (St. Mark's score ≥ 3) was the lowest in the group of women with a previous cesarean section only (6.4%) and the highest among women with a previous delivery complicated by obstetric anal sphincter injury (24.4%). Among nulliparous women the prevalence of anal incontinence was 7.7% and was associated to low educational level and comorbidity. Prevalence of anal incontinence increased with increasing parity. Urinary incontinence was associated with anal incontinence in all parity groups. Conclusions. Anal incontinence was most frequent among women with a history of obstetric anal sphincter injury. Other obstetrical events had a minor effect on prevalence of anal incontinence among parous women. Prevention of obstetrical sphincter injury is likely the most important factor for reducing bothersome anal incontinence among fertile women.


The use of analytics in higher education is a relatively new area of practice and research. As with any new area of practice, a variety of terms are adopted to describe concepts and processes. Each of these terms is being integrated into the literature, but a preliminary review of the analytics in education and practitioner literature revealed similar terms with different conceptual or functional definitions, as well as different terms with similar conceptual or functional definitions. The intent of this paper is to present the different descriptions of the various types of analytics being discussed in the academic and practitioner literature. Second, we propose a conceptual framework that depicts the types of analytics and their relationship to each other. Finally, we propose a synthesized set of definitions for analytics-related terms commonly found in academia.


We use a unique, nationally representative cross-national dataset to document the reduction in individuals' usage of routine non-emergency medical care in the midst of the economic crisis. A substantially larger fraction of Americans have reduced medical care than have individuals in Great Britain, Canada, France, and Germany, all countries with universal health care systems. At the national level, reductions in medical care are related to the degree to which individuals must pay for it, and within countries are strongly associated with exogenous shocks to wealth and employment.


The human placenta has both protective and nurturing functions for the fetal organism. Uptake and elimination of xenobiotics and endogenous substances are facilitated by various transport proteins from the solute carrier (SLC) and ABC families, respectively. A functional interaction of uptake and elimination, which is a prerequisite for vectorial transport across cellular barriers, has not been described for placenta. In this study, we examined expression of organic anion transporter (OAT) 4 (SLC22A11), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 (SLCO2B1, OATP-B), and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) (ABCG2) in human placenta (n = 71) because all three proteins are involved in transmembranal transfer of estrone 3 sulfate (E3S; metabolic product) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS; precursor molecule). On the mRNA level, we found a significant correlation of OATP2B1 and BCRP (R2 = 0.534; p < 0.01) but not between OAT4 and BCRP (R2 = –0.104; p > 0.05). Localization studies confirmed basal expression of OATP2B1 and apical expression of BCRP. To study functional interactions between OATP2B1 and BCRP, we developed a Madin-Darby canine kidney cell model expressing both transport proteins simultaneously (OATP2B1 and BCRP in the basal and apical membrane, respectively). Using this cell model in a transwell system resulted in a significantly increased basal to apical transport of both E3S and DHEAS, when both transporters were expressed with no change of transfer in the apical to basal direction. Taken together, these data show the potential for a functional interaction of OATP2B1 and BCRP in transepithelial transport of steroid sulfates in human placenta.


Adapting game content to a particular player's needs and expertise constitutes an important aspect in game design. Most research in this direction has focused on adapting game difficultyto keep the player engaged in the game. Dynamic difficulty adjustment, however, focuses on one aspect of the gameplay experience by adjusting the content to increase ordecrease perceived challenge. In this paper, we introduce a method for automatic level generation for the platform game Super Mario Bros using grammatical evolution. The grammatical evolution-based level generator is used to generate player-adapted content by employing an adaptation mechanism as a fitness function in grammatical evolution to optimizethe player experience of three emotional states: engagement, frustration and challenge. The fitness functions used are models of player experience constructed in our previous work from crowd-sourced gameplay data collected from over 1500 game sessions.


The success of microcredit lending programs depends in part on the regulatory framework that policymakers create to support them. A fact that many microcredit analyses often ignore or overlook is that this framework is shaped by both ideological and partisan political considerations of policymakers. In Argentina, the Peronist governments of Néstor and Cristina Kirchner launched and supported a state-centered microcredit program characterized by strict loan conditions and direct state grants for capital and operational costs to existing non-profit organizations that were largely supportive of Peronism. Provinces and municipalities governed by anti-Peronists refused to participate. As a result, the National Microcredit Program has come to mimic past patronage based policies to a significant extent, engendering dependency on government resources, and thereby threatening its long-term viability. This article explores the impact of the left's ideological and political project on microcredit policy, implementation, and outcomes in Argentina.


Populations are faced with selective pressures that act on certain traits resulting in phenotypic divergence. The evolution of adaptive morphological traits is often associated with changes in pre-Existing structures. In semiaquatic insects, a dramatic growth of thoracic appendages is associated with their adaptation and efficient locomotion on the water surface. This particular leg allometry facilitated the exploitation of aquatic habitats, a restricted niche for their terrestrial relatives; and hence opens a new array of ecological opportunities. Additionally, the derived group of water striders has undergone further appendage modification, such that T2-Legs are longer than T3-Legs, a ground plan associated with the specialization to open water. Water striders have evolved a derived mode of locomotion through rowing on water. They move their mid-Legs in simultaneous sweeping strokes for propulsion, and move their hind-Legs in fine movements for orientation. Leg specification and elongation in semiaquatic insects happens during early embryogenesis as the newly hatching nymphs emerge with functional legs. The Hox transcription factor Ubx was found to be implicated in the reversal in leg ground plan. Nonetheless, the genetic mechanisms underlying these leg adaptive changes are still poorly understood. The presented thesis investigates these questions through two main goals: first, to uncover the genes and pathways implicated in the development and dramatic elongation of the legs; second, to examine the dynamics of Hox control responsible for the reversal in leg ground plan characteristic of water striders


Many studies have been conducted to examine the effects of displayed violence in digital games on outcomes like aggressive behavior and physiological arousal. However, they often lack a proper manipulation of the relevant factors and control of confounding variables.

In this study, the displayed violence and game speed of a recent first-person shooter game were varied systematically using the technique of modding, so that effects could be explained properly by the respective manipulations. Aggressive behavior was measured with the standardized version of the Competitive Reaction Time Task or CRTT (Ferguson et al., 2008}. Physiological arousal was operationalized with four measurements: galvanic skin response (GSR), heart rate (HR), body movement, force on mouse and keyboard.

A total of N = 87 participants played in one of four game conditions (low- vs. high-violence, normal- vs. high speed) while physiological measurements were taken with finger clips, force sensors on input devices (mouse and keyboard), and a Nintendo Wii balance board on the chair they sat on. After play, their aggressive behavior was measured with the CRTT.

The results of the study do not support the hypothesis that playing digital games increases aggressive behavior. There were no significant differences in GSR and HR, but with a higher game speed, participants showed less overall body movement, most likely to meet the game's higher demands on cognitive and motor capacities. Also, higher game speed and displayed violence caused an increase in applied force on mouse and keyboard. Previous experience with digital games did not moderate any of these findings. Moreover, it provides further evidence that the CRTT should only be used in a standardized way as a measurement for aggression, if at all. Using all 7 different published (though not validated) ways to calculate levels of aggression from the raw data, "evidence" was found that playing a violent digital game increases, decreases, or does not change aggression at all.

Thus, the present study does extend previous research. Firstly, it shows the methodological advantages of modding in digital game research to accomplish the principles of psychological (laboratory) experiments by manipulating relevant variables and controlling all others. It also demonstrates the test-theoretical problems of the highly diverse use of the CRTT. It provides evidence that for a meaningful interpretation of effects of displayed violence in digital games, there are other game characteristics that should be controlled for since they might have an effect on relevant outcome variables. Further research needs to identify more of those game features, and it should also improve the understanding of the different measures for physiological arousal and their interrelatedness.


Adequate fruit and vegetable intake is strongly associated with a reduced risk for various chronic diseases. US national surveys show that 18- to-24-year-olds are not consuming enough of these foods. Theory-based nutrition interventions, e.g. stage-tailored education programs, are needed for promoting fruit and vegetable consumption in this age group. Accurate stage assignment is the basis for developing effective stage-tailored interventions. In the current study, three different methods were compared for assigning stages of change in fruit and vegetable intakes by young adults. Significant differences in food intake, decisional balance and self-efficacy were found between respondents with concordant responses to the traditional stage algorithm and the food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and those with discordant responses. The stage assignment method that combined the staging algorithm and FFQ identified a distinct stage, labeled 'non-reflective action', in addition to the traditional five stages of change. This stage lay between the preparation and action stages with regard to food intake and psychosocial variables. Implications of the findings were discussed for future intervention programs that attempt to promote fruit and vegetable intake.


Modern mobile phones can store a large amount of data, such as contacts, applications and music. However, it is difficult to access specific data items via existing mobile user interfaces. In this paper, we present Gesture Search, a tool that allows a user to quickly access various data items on a mobile phone by drawing gestures on its touch screen. Gesture Search contributes a unique way of combining gesture-based interaction and search for fast mobile data access. It also demonstrates a novel approach for coupling gestures with standard GUI interaction. A real world deployment with mobile phone users showed that Gesture Search enabled fast, easy access to mobile data in their day-to-day lives. Gesture Search has been released to public and is currently in use by hundreds of thousands of mobile users. It was rated positively by users, with a mean of 4.5 out of 5 for over 5000 ratings.


In its recently implemented settlement procedure for cartels, the European Commission pledges not to negotiate the appropriate sanction. The Commission offers a take-it-or-leave-it 10% reduction of the ultimate fine only in exchange for acknowledgment of the facts. Yet there are at least three dimensions open for bargaining in cartel cases. One is the determination of the fine base to which the 10% reduction is applied. A second is the additional percentages of fine reductions that are awarded to subsequent leniency applicants. A third is the phrasing that the Commission uses in its public communications about the case – including the eventually published formal decision. The Commission's consistent negation of any negotiation space may well be part of its bargaining strategy. The door on fine discount discussions shut, talks are channeled to the other bargaining points, where the Commission has more leeway to find an agreement. By disabling the only hard bargaining point, however, the Commission may unintentionally have put itself in a weak bargaining position. To avoid detrimental effects on the overall deterrence of cartels in Europe, the European Commission should credibly commit itself to being a tough negotiator, if not by enabling individual percentage fine reductions after all, then by embedding a binding and full independent review of all settlement proposals in the procedure.


INTRODUCTION The notion of public values has been increasingly important in public sector reform and public management in Denmark.1 The reasons vary. Political-administrative scandals promoted an interest in codes of ethics for civil servants and a revival of judicial values since the beginning of 1990ies. New management techniques such as valuebased management have caused a focus on values, and years of Neo-liberalism and New Public Management oriented reforms have created a need in many Western countries for considering values other than efficiency and more generally a need for re-thinking the normative basis of the public sector (Rhodes, 1987; Smith, 1991; Stewart & Walsh, 1992; Olsen, 1993; Butler, 1994; Greenaway, 1995; Frederickson, 1997; Lundquist, 2001). This is important since high levels of corruption seem to be associated with political instability, poverty and social and economic inequalities (Rothstein, 2003). However, we know little about values actually held in the public sector. This goes for Denmark and probably for other European countries as well. For that reason, The Danish Power and Democracy Study financed by the Danish parliament decided to carry out a number of empirical projects in Denmark with the purpose of identifying public sector values. This paper not only presents the landscape of public values but also discusses their nature, how public values can be classified in different ethoses, and how these can be related. Finally, a number of hypotheses on value dynamics are discussed. DEFINITION OF VALUES AND METHODOLOGICAL QUESTIONS The concept of value is understood in a variety of ways. In ordinary language something may have a value for somebody, e.g. an argument has value if it is a good argument. In the same way modern administrative reformists usually wish more value for money. This usage is for example found in the title of a textbook: Creating Public Value (Moore, 1995). Moore's book is not on which values may be labelled public but on how to create more value in the public sector. This is not our usage. Broadly speaking, a value associates to a principle that must be followed or a standard that must be met by public organisations while they regulate or produce service. Unfortunately most writers do not define value clearly. Some writers (e.g. Posner & Schmidt, 1994; Keating, 1995; Goodsell, 1989; Van Wart, 1998) define value mainly by listing concrete examples. In part of the literature we may get an understanding from the implicit synonyms used for value. Lawton & Rose (1994) talk about ideas, Richard & Smith (1998) about an ethos, The Nolan Committee (1995) and Maguire (1998) about standards and principles and Beck Jorgensen (1996) and Beck Jorgensen et.al (1998) about the normative basis. Sometimes values are understood as identical with interests (Van Dyke, 1962; Gundelach, 2002) or as identical with organisational principles (Richards & Smith, 1998; Egeberg, 1994), which adds some confusion to the discussion. Van Deth & Scarbrough (1995) takes us in the right direction when defining value as expressing "the desirable". But we have to turn to the American antropologist Clyde Kluckhohn in order to find an elaborate definition: "A value is a conception, explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic of a group, of the desirable which influences the selection from available modes, means, and ends of action." (Kluckhohn, 1962:395) The definition has four important elements. First, values are a conception, i.e. a mental construction, not an artifact. Moreover, as a conception there is a cognitive element to it, a value is not just a spontaneous unreflective feeling. Second, values are not necessarily explicit. Values bear on deeper layers of human experience and identity and it is perfectly possible to act in accordance with values without being fully conscious about these values. …


Abstract This is a report of a maxillary brown tumour caused by primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) secondary to parathyroid carcinoma. A 62-year-old man presented with a large swelling in the right maxilla, which caused right-sided nasal obstruction, intermittent bleeding and diplopia. A computed tomography scan demonstrated an expansible, destructive soft tissue mass centred on the right ethmoid sinus, extending from the maxilla to the orbital floor. Histology showed a central giant cell granuloma of bone, thought to be a brown tumour of HPT and this was supported by serum calcium of 3.0 mmol/l and serum parathyroid hormone of 880 ng/l (normal 7 to 40 ng/l). Parathyroid imaging was consistent with a left lower parathyroid adenoma. The patient underwent removal of the parathyroid gland, left hemithyroidectomy and central node dissection. Histology confirmed parathyroid carcinoma. Surgical removal of the brown tumour was offered but declined. The symptoms improved and the maxillary swelling gradually reduced in size. The management of brown tumours is controversial, but a pragmatic approach is essential to a successful outcome. The general consensus seems to be adequate treatment of the HPT and surgical excision of the brown tumour only if the mass effect of the lesion is troublesome.


Industrial reactions can either be catalysed by acidic, basic or neutral supported catalysts. The work within this thesis includes two different projects of industrial interest, both of which are catalysed by basic and acidic supported catalysts.
(1) Acrylonitrile is one of the top twenty large-volume commodity chemicals in the world. Nearly every person in the modern world owns something that is made of acrylonitrile. Currently acrylonitrile is synthesised industrially by the ammoxidation of propylene. During this process acetonitrile is produced as by product and is used commercially as a solvent. However, the production of acetonitrile is far greater than demand therefore considerable interest lies in the conversion of acetonitrile to acrylonitrile. In our studies the synthesis of acrylonitrile from methanol and acetonitrile was attempted using magnesium oxide and chromium-doped magnesium oxide catalysts. The catalysts were initially prepared by impregnation methods and then subsequently characterised. It was found that an impregnation of the magnesium hydroxide by chromium salt decreased the phase transformation temperature from magnesium hydroxide to magnesium oxide and yielded larger crystallite sizes. Using the chromium-doped magnesium oxide catalyst the reaction between acetonitrile and methanol gave 100% selectivity towards acrylonitrile. It is suggested that CrVI/V species play an important role in this reaction and act as a stabiliser for the acetonitrile carbanion. Further study showed that the main deactivation route was the reduction of the chromium from CrVI/V to lower oxidation states and the deposition of coke. It was found that over the course of a year the Cr/MgO catalyst significantly aged. Because the extent of ageing was so significant, it was decided to cease work on this project as it was of concern that the relationship between structure and activity would be difficult to rely on.
(2) Hydrogen is one of the clean sources of energy which is currently obtained by the steam reforming of non-renewable fossil-fuel resources. However the rapid depletion of fossil-fuel resources has spurred further research into alternative and renewable H2 sources. Among the many different renewable sources available for H2 production, the steam reforming of bioethanol has attracted significant interest in recent years. However, crude bioethanol contains organic impurities which may deactivate the catalyst more rapidly than the pure ethanol. Therefore in the current project we have examined the tolerance of pure Al2O3 and Al2O3 supported noble metal (Rh, Ru and Pt) catalysts to the different impurities present in crude bioethanol. The direct use of crude bioethanol in the steam reforming reaction could result in a huge saving in capital expenditure for an industrial plant, as huge capital costs are associated with the distillation of the crude bioethanol.
In the initial stage of the project, the Al2O3 and the noble metal impregnated Al2O3 catalysts were tested over a range of temperatures, under 20 barg pressures and a 5:1 steam to ethanol ratio. This was to determine the optimum temperature of reaction. A temperature of 500oC was found to be the optimum reaction temperature due to "hard" coke formation at higher temperatures over the Ru and Rh catalyst.
The effect of the different impurities was examined by systematically adding 1mol.% of each impurity separately with respect to ethanol content in the water/ethanol mixture. The different noble metal catalysts showed similar tolerances towards the impurities. The addition of C3 alcohols significantly decreased the conversion of ethanol and increased the rate of catalyst deactivation. This deactivation of the catalyst in the presence of C3 alcohols was attributed to high olefin formation and incomplete decomposition of the C3 alcohols which deposited over the catalysts as coke. Separate propanal, propylamine and acetone addition to the water/ethanol mixture significantly increased the ethanol conversion and the activity of all the noble metal catalysts tested. It was found that the presence of these impurities in the ethanol significantly decreased the C2H4 in effluent mixture as these impurities blocked the acidic sites of the catalysts. The compound C2H4 was found to be the main route towards coke formation.


In an effort to improve the toughness of PLA, multiphase blends of PLA, ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMAGMA) terpolymer and a partially biobased thermoplastic copolyester elastomer, Hytrel (HYT) were fabricated through reactive melt blending. High impact strength with non break behavior was achieved at an optimized blending ratio of 70 wt% PLA, 20 wt% EMAGMA and 10 wt% HYT. A unique morphological structure with partial encapsulation of GMA and HYT minor phases was observed for the PLA/GMA/HYT (70/20/10) blend revealing the importance of particular blend morphology and composition in enhancing the toughness. In order to achieve concurrent improvements in impact strength and heat deflection temperature (HDT) of PLA, the super-toughened blend was combined with natural fibers and nucleating agents to fabricate PLA biocomposites. Mechanical and thermal properties assessment revealed a 4 fold increase in impact strength compared to neat PLA and the HDT of PLA biocomposites increased to 88°C from 55°C noted for neat PLA and PLA blends. With the addition of 1 wt% Lak-301 as nucleating agent at mold temperature of 110°C PLA biocomposites exhibited dramatic reduction in crystallization half time to 1.3 min with crystallinity content of 42%.


A polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) is investigated as the precursor to produce nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The IL is functionalized with H2PO4− anions, providing P heteroatoms in the final carbon. Simultaneously, the cations of the IL feature nitrogen in their structures, which dopes the carbon frameworks with nitrogen heteroatoms. Therefore, the N, P co-doped carbon material can be easily prepared with the PIL as the precursor via a one-pot process. The composition of the carbon makes it a potential metal-free electrocatalyst for ORR. As expected, the N, P co-doped carbon (C1) exhibits an improved catalytic activity towards ORR compared with its N doped carbon (C2) counterpart in alkaline solutions. The catalytic performance of C1 toward ORR is also higher than that of the N, P co-doped carbon derived from a non-polymerizable ionic liquid. The results from scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurement, etc. confirmed that the defective graphite carbon with limited porosity and doped with N, P can be obtained via the present process. Given its highest catalytic performance toward ORR, the CVNP derived from the polymerizable ionic liquid possesses the best intrinsic catalytic activity due to the co-doping effects among the investigated samples, consistent with the density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The present work provides new opportunities for the application of polymerizable ionic liquids and the preparation of metal-free N, P co-doped carbon as an ORR catalyst. The prepared C1 sample also shows some catalytic performance toward the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction.


Survey instrument for self-administered usage. The item questionnaire was administered in 2004 for students. Inventory results were published in:Brown, G. T. L., & Hirschfeld, G. H. F. (2008).
Students' conceptions of assessment: Links to outcomes. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 15(1),
3-17. doi:10.1080/09695940701876003

Hirschfeld, G. H. F., & Brown, G. T. L. (2009).
Students' conceptions of assessment: Factorial and structural invariance of the
SCoA across sex, age, and ethnicity. European
Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25(1), 30-38. doi:10.1027/1015-57188.8.131.52Walton, K. F. (2009). Secondary students'
conceptions of assessment mediated by self-motivational attitudes: Effects on
academic performance. (Unpublished M.Ed. thesis), University of Auckland,
Auckland, NZ.


This Article examines Rule 801(d)'s oxymoronic treatment of admissions and prior statements as "not hearsay." This "not hearsay" label is inaccurate – the evidence is hearsay, as defined in Rule 801(c) – and is inconsistent with the analytically important and well-established use of the term not hearsay to describe evidence that is actually not hearsay. The Article tells the story of how the drafters of the Federal Rules of Evidence ended up with such a confused and confusing label and proposes an amendment that would classify admissions and prior statements as hearsay exceptions and place each in a new, separate, appropriately labeled category. The oxymoronic treatment has its roots in a longstanding debate between Wigmore and Morgan over the proper classification of admissions. The three codes that preceded the Federal Rules of Evidence -- the Model Code, the Uniform Rules and the California Evidence Code – resolved that debate in favor of the Morgan view that admissions should be treated as a hearsay exception. However, Reporter Edward Cleary rejected Morgan's view and came up with his own idiosyncratic and unfortunately oxymoronic formulation, which was uncritically accepted by the Advisory Committee and then adopted by Congress and 37 of the 44 states that have adopted the Federal Rules of Evidence. Because admissions and prior statements are hearsay evidence, they should be classified as hearsay exceptions. However, because they are distinctively different than the other hearsay exceptions, they should not be placed in either the Rule 803 or Rule 804 categories but in their own distinct categories. Drawing on the examples of several state evidence codes that rejected the FRE Rule 801(d) classification, the Article develops a more appropriate alternative treatment for admissions and prior statements and presents the case for amending Rule 801(d).


Based in an analysis of elderly care and primary school, the article discusses and explores marketization and especially user choice as a type of democratic participation in Swedish and Norwegian local government. Empirical data include surveys among Swedish and Norwegian citizens and case studies in four municipalities. The analysis shows that having a choice regarding service delivery is considered a significant means of influencing policies among the citizens in the two countries. Comparing the two policy sectors leads to a conclusion that user choice is developing as a means of influence in both sectors, but most important in primary school, and more developed in Sweden compared to Norway. The case studies aim to explore and illustrate the reasoning about choice and democracy among local leaders. This analysis clearly illustrates how the conceptual relation between marketization and democracy varies to an almost extreme extent among local government leaders in Sweden and Norway.


This paper by implicit reference to hypothesis about the characteristics of internal constructive discourse of Israel, based on identical elements and how to create identical others at this society, by using constructivism theory and looking in to relations between these elements and promised land, has been considered the role of geopolitical security environment of Israel due to special historical and geographical situation of this political unit to intensification other building in Israel and its ruling identical discourse and in this regard has overview to Israeli others in region and its security politics, and also has been considered its influence on foreign policy of this regime. According to being special and close society of Israel which is under domination of separated and disjunctive ideological radical Judaism, the main question of this paper is: how the security environment has been influenced on its disjunctive and isolating identity? And how has this effect been? The hypothesis of this paper is although the special security environment of Israel has not been play the main role in decisions and behaviors of other-making of Israel, but it has influenced on reinforcement of these kind of behaviors and has resulted in appearance of special behavior of Israel in foreign sphere and special foreign policy decisions making. Although the theoretical framework of this paper is constructivism theory but it also uses realistic guidelines. The method is used in this paper is analytical-historical.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to unpack an Asian-born celebrity culture in which celebrities become everyday necessities for global consumers' identity struggle, prototypes for global branding strategy, contents for the media industry, and agents for sociocultural transformation.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to better elucidate such a significant phenomenon, the authors also introduce two mostly palpable and more relevant domains of celebrity culture to global consumer culture literature − politics of aesthetics and memetics − as analytical tools. Observations and publicly available narratives are also incorporated to enhance the review and critique of the global celebrification process. Psy's Gangnam Style (GS) is chosen as an archetype, due to its exceptionally vulgar but highly replicable nature.

Findings

The specific case of GS exposes three unique qualities of kitsch − exaggeration, disconcertment, and subversive sensibility − that are substantially commensurate with prototypical characteristics of globalized online memes − ordinariness, flawed masculinity, theatricality, and ludic agency. Polysemy and optimism also facilitate the celebrification process in global participatory culture.

Research limitations/implications

The "radical intertextuality" of online memes sustains the participatory culture in which kitsch becomes a global icon through a reproductive process. Korean popular culture cultivates reverse cosmopolitanism through a nationalistic self-orientalization strategy that paradoxically indigenizes western pop-culture and transforms power relations in global pop culture.

Originality/value

This paper presents further elaboration of current discourses on global-celebrity culture by incorporating popular concepts and practices, such as kitsch, meme, parody, and sharing, which synergistically advance aesthetic liberation on a global scale.


United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and 1820 and the more recent 1888, 1889, 1960, 2106, 2122 and 2242 reflect a rights-based approach to human security with a focus on the prevention of violence against women and girls and fostering their active and meaningful participation in public life in conflict and post conflict contexts. This is a particularly important framework in the African context where, over the past 5 years alone, conflict has plagued over 18 countries and has had devastating socio-economic impacts on women and led to the weakening of justice systems and social norms, which at the best of times secure minimum protection for women. In 2011 the North of the continent boiled over with political unrest which culminated with civil war in some countries. A notable phenomenon is that even in countries that escaped the predicament of armed conflict, women were subject to many of the same threats. As such, while UNSCR 1325 addresses the protection of women in times of armed conflict and peace building, provisions are still relevant in cases of political transition such as that of Egypt where there have been serious challenges to security, justice and accountability. The institutional framework in place for protecting women in conflict calls for their integration into the ensuing decision making process and inclusive dialogue is the only way to develop resilient and effective institutions for societies in transition. This paper will present a case study of lessons that could be learnt from UNSCR 1325 in terms of protecting women and girls from violence; ensuring the mainstreaming of gender perspectives in national policies; and increasing the participation of women in decisionmaking and political transition processes.


Background:Technology-assisted treatment (TAT) can be an effective supplement to established face-to-face therapy modalities with a growing literature in substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. TAT access, interest, and familiarity are potential limitations to the use and efficacy of these approaches to treatment. Methods:One hundred seventy-four participants in outpatient SUD treatment were administered a survey regarding technology device and Internet access, and interest in engaging in TAT SUD counseling (SUDC). The group was dichotomized by mean age and gender to examine potential variations in these subgroups. Results:Forty-three percent of participants were female, and the mean age was 44.8 years, and 89% of participants had Internet access. 83% of participants were interested in TAT for SUDC; 81% expected it to be at least "moderately helpful." 34% of participants noted they would choose to continue face-to-face therapy exclusively. 91% of participants had cell phones, but only 50% could access data or the Internet through their handheld device. 80% of participants stated they would be interested in trying SUDC by their phone. Women had a higher preference for computer-based SUDC than men, with gender being significantly correlated with TAT perceive helpfulness. Conclusions:These findings suggest that patients in outpatient SUD treatment have access to resources for TAT implementation, although access was not always readily available. Future research will be needed to determine whether the technology that this population possesses will be able to support the evolving TAT modalities and whether interest in TAT across age and gender groups equalizes over time.


Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been extraordinarily successful for prediction with sequential data. To tackle highly variable and multi-modal real-world data, we introduce Particle Filter Recurrent Neural Networks (PF-RNNs), a new RNN family that explicitly models uncertainty in its internal structure: while an RNN relies on a long, deterministic latent state vector, a PF-RNN maintains a latent state distribution, approximated as a set of particles. For effective learning, we provide a fully differentiable particle filter algorithm that updates the PF-RNN latent state distribution according to the Bayes rule. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed PF-RNNs outperform the corresponding standard gated RNNs on a synthetic robot localization dataset and 10 real-world sequence prediction datasets for text classification, stock price prediction, etc.


Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers destabilization of cell-cell adhesion and cell motility required for morphogenesis or cancer metastasis. Here we report that zyxin, a focal adhesion-associated LIM protein, is essential for actin reorganization for cell migration in TGF-beta1-induced EMT in normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) cells. TGF-beta1 induced the relocation of zyxin from focal adhesions to actin fibers. In addition, TGF-beta1 up-regulated zyxin via a transcription factor, Twist1. Depletion of either zyxin or Twist1 abrogated the TGF-beta1-dependent EMT, including enhanced cell motility and actin reorganization, indicating the TGF-beta1-Twist1-zyxin signal for EMT. Both zyxin and Twist1 were predominantly expressed in the cardiac atrioventricular canal (AVC) that undergoes EMT during heart development. We further performed ex vivo AVC explant assay and revealed that zyxin was required for the reorganization of actin fibers and migration of the endocardial cells. Thus, zyxin reorganizes actin fibers and enhances cell motility in response to TGF-beta1, thereby regulating EMT.


Bacterial bioluminescence is observed in over twenty known species, primarily in the family Vibrionaceae. However, only Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi bioluminescence expression mechanisms are well studied. In V. harveyi, expression of the lux operon is activated by the transcription factor LuxR (LuxRVH), resulting in bioluminescence. Homologs of LuxRVH in other Vibrio species have been shown to regulate transcription of a variety of genes. Three parallel quorum sensing pathways co-regulate the expression of LuxRVH. The first objective was to assess possible quorum sensing regulation of lux operon expression in V. cholerae, V. chagasii, V. orientalis, and V. vulnificus using V. harveyi as the control. Secondly, cross-species induction of bioluminescence by LuxRVH was tested on the aforementioned Vibrio lux operons using an Escherichia coli dual vector expression system. This was accomplished by first generating a plasmid with the V. harveyi luxR gene (luxRVH) driven by an arabinose promoter. Secondly, individual E. coli systems had one of the five Vibrio species-specific lux operons cloned on a separate plasmid. Luminescence was assayed qualitatively on plates, and quantitatively using a luminometer. Relative light per cell was calculated by dividing measured light by OD600. Relative light assays showed quorum sensing regulation of the lux operon in all five Vibrio species. Quantitative V. harveyi lux operon expression assays in the E. coli dual vector systems showed significant increase in light production in samples provided with arabinose. This demonstrated that induction of luxRVH by arabinose resulted in upregulation of lux genes. The level of LuxRVH activation of other Vibrio lux operons reflects the distance of evolutionary relationships to V. harveyi. The most induction was seen with the V. vulnificus lux operon followed by V. orientalis, V. chagasii, and finally V. cholerae. This implies conservation of the lux operon regulatory mechanism between closely related species and suggests that the studied Vibrios utilize LuxRVH-type transcription factors. The known LuxRVH homologs, SmcR (V. vulnificus) and HapR (V. cholerae) were suspected lux activators. In addition, other LuxRVH-type regulators are now implicated in the other Vibrio species. Furthermore, mechanistic conservation of these transcription factors implies regulation by V. harveyi-type quorum sensing.


What happens when you want to die, but can't?

What happens when you want to live, but can't?

Sarah wanted to die - but didn't quite make it. Trapped in a body paralysed by immobility and silence, Sarah wants to live - but can't quite make it.

Signs of Life is an intimate film about the will to live and the power of thought and feelings in that process.

Told entirely from the perspective of the central character, Sarah Ives, this is the moving story of a young woman trapped in a body diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state. Yet she can perceive what is going on around her, but is unable to intervene, to explain or to express her feelings. An attempted suicide has put her into this state; though she now finds herself wanting to live more than ever. However, the medical consensus around her is gradually persuading Sarah's distraught mother that her daughter is, for all intents and purposes, dead. There is talk of permissions to donate organs, even talk of applying to the Courts to secure a passage to 'death with dignity' in the name of Sarah's 'quality of life'.

Sarah is unable to be part of this in any way, unable to intervene and demonstrate that she is very much alive, or to express her changing feelings towards her mother, with whom she has had a troubled relationship. There seems little chance of some sort of reconciliation between them. However, the film is about Sarah's unusual discoveries and realisations, which eventually help her in her struggle.


Perovskite solar cells have attracted increasing interest among the photovoltaic community in the last few years owing to their unique properties and high efficiency. In the present work, we report the fabrication of perovskite solar cells based on highly ordered 1-dimensional porous TiO2 photoanodes, which are uniform on a large area. These nanocolumnar porous TiO2 photoanodes were deposited by physical vapor deposition in an oblique angle configuration (PVD-OAD) by varying the zenithal angle between the target and the substrate normal. Perovskite infiltration into these 1-dimensional nanocolumnar structures was homogeneous through the entire thickness of the porous layer as revealed by secondary ion mass spectroscopy studies. The fabricated solar cells, with an optimized thickness of the photoanode and with industrially accepted methods, will pave the way for easy implementation on a large scale.


Applying propensity score reweighting to Italian administrative data covering the period 1994-2012, we study the conditional distributions of injuries by wage of native and foreign workers and distinguish between the component that is explained by observable characteristics and the component that is instead attributable to the immigrant status. Our analyses highlight some stylized facts. Besides a substantial gap in wage and injury risk that cannot be attributed to differences in the characteristics, foreign workers face higher levels of risk by the same level of wages. The gap is significantly above the level predicted by their observable characteristics by remunerations that are close to the minimum wage level set by collective bargaining. After this threshold, injury rates decline, but less steeply for foreign workers than their observable characteristics would predict. We show that the hedonic wage model could explain the first result as a corner solution whereby workers with low wage potential are forced to accept higher levels of risk due to the lower bounds on minimum wage. The second results could simply be explained by assuming different utility functions for natives and foreigners. We also show that the hedonic wage model is compatible with the marked reduction in injury rates and in the gap that we observe in the recession years.


Environmental context. Understanding the role of clouds in assessing the impact of climate change is a challenging issue. It is thought that plankton and seaweed contribute to the formation of clouds by emitting gases that lead to the particle production necessary for cloud formation. Macroalgae (kelp) at Mace Head, Ireland, produce large quantities of iodine when exposed to sunlight at low tide and this iodine results in the rapid production of particles. Cape Grim, Tasmania, also has large colonies of kelp and the role of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea potatorum) in particle production was assessed. Abstract. Iodine emissions from coastal macroalgae have been found to be important initiators for nucleation events at Mace Head, Ireland. The source of this iodine is the large beds of the brown kelp Laminaria digitata, which are significantly exposed at low tide. On the coast around Cape Grim, Tasmania, there are beds of the brown kelp Durvillaea potatrum. The Precursors to Particles 2006 (P2P 2006) campaign at the Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollution Station in late summer (February) 2006 focused on the role of this local kelp in providing precursor gases to particle formation. Durvillaea potatorum does not produce iodated precursor gases at the levels observed at Mace Head. IO was measured at 0.5 ± 0.3 ppt, while OIO was below detection limits (9 ppt). The dominant atmospheric iodated species was methyl iodide and the average concentration measured at the Cape Grim Station was 1.5 ± 0.3 pptv in baseline conditions, but showed significant variation in discrete samples collected immediately above the ocean surface. Nucleation events were not detected at the Cape Grim Station, except for one period where the plume of a local bushfire interacted with air of marine origin. The passage of four fronts did not result in nucleation bursts and measurements on the beach 94 m below the Cape Grim Station suggested that Durvillaea potatorum was only a weak source of new particles.


This research analyzed the Intellectual Capital (IC) in churches, noting the contextually specific elements tied to unique definitions of success. It aimed to open up to questioning the traditional classifications of IC, while considering the importance of context. American churches were chosen to uncover unique layers and attributes of IC, as they represent a very different organization from those typically studied in IC research. The leadership teams of four churches engaged in 90-minute focus groups, where they discussed success, assets, liabilities, and attempts to leverage value from assets. By approaching it qualitatively, and without prompting participants about the traditional definitions of IC, a more valid and natural discussion revealed unique assets not found in other contexts. Analysis validated the traditional three-part classification of IC into human, relational, and structural assets, yet it showed unique subcategories not captured by previous research. It outlined unique relationships among asset classifications, and revealed areas of missed opportunity and leakage of assets. This adds to the growing list of possible specific IC assets that can be considered by other organizations, as well as ways to leverage these assets. Analysis also found that assets can easily become liabilities if not properly managed and maintained. This approach can be used in future research to uncover additional layers of IC that can be used by other organizations not previously aware of the existence or potential value of such assets.


Dual‐function electrocatalytic and macroporous hollow‐fiber cathodes are recently proposed as promising advanced material for maximizing the conversion of waste streams such as wastewater and waste CO2 to valuable resources (e.g., clean freshwater, energy, value‐added chemicals) in microbial electrochemical systems. The first part of this progress report reviews recent developments in this type of cathode architecture for the simultaneous recovery of clean freshwater and energy from wastewater. Critical insights are provided on suitable materials for fabricating these cathodes, as well as addressing some challenges in the fabrication process with proposed strategies to overcome them. The second and complementary part of the progress report highlights how the unique features of this cathode architecture can solve one of the intrinsic bottlenecks (gas–liquid mass transfer limitation) in the application of microbial electrochemical systems for CO2 reduction to value‐added products. Strategies to further improve the availability of CO2 to microbial catalysts on the cathode are proposed. The importance of understanding microbe–cathode interactions, as well as electron transfer mechanisms at the cathode–cell and cell–cell interface to better design dual‐function macroporous hollow‐fiber cathodes, is critically discussed with insights on how the choice of material is important in facilitating direct electron transfer versus mediated electron transfer.


The mobile camera market is being driven by consumers' desire for big imaging
 capability in smaller and smaller packages. Despite the limitations imposed by these
 competing demands—or perhaps because of them—many companies are unleashing creative
 solutions that incorporate wafer-level optics, liquid lenses and LED
 flashes.


Flexibility instruments such as joint implementation and emissions trading have played an important part in climate change policy negotiations since before the signing of the Framework Convention on Climate Change. They are likely to remain an important feature of future negotiations. This paper examines the characteristics of the various flexibility mechanisms introduced by the Kyoto Protocol. Although the language in which they are couched differs significantly from earlier language on flexibility, the authors point out that many of the proposed mechanisms are broadly similar to mechanisms which have already been mooted. They suggest that contentious issues will not be resolved by linguistic changes, and are best addressed by an open recognition of the multiple objectives under which flexibility instruments operate.


PURPOSE
The retinal degeneration 11 (rd11) mouse is a newly discovered, naturally occurring animal model with early photoreceptor dysfunction and rapid rod photoreceptor degeneration followed by cone degeneration. The rd11 mice carry a spontaneous mutation in the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (Lpcat1) gene. Here, we evaluate whether gene replacement therapy using the fast-acting tyrosine-capsid mutant AAV8 (Y733F) can arrest retinal degeneration and restore retinal function in this model.

METHODS
The AAV8 (Y733F)-smCBA-Lpcat1 was delivered subretinally to postnatal day 14 (P14) rd11 mice in one eye only. At 10 weeks after injection, treated rd11 mice were examined by visually-guided behavior, electroretinography (ERG) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and then killed for morphologic and biochemical examination.

RESULTS
Substantial scotopic and photopic ERG signals were maintained in treated rd11 eyes, whereas untreated eyes in the same animals showed extinguished signals. The SD-OCT (in vivo) and light microscopy (in vitro) showed a substantial preservation of the outer nuclear layer in most parts of the treated retina only. Almost wild-type LPCAT1 expression in photoreceptors with strong rod rhodopsin and M/S cone opsin staining, and normal visually-guided water maze behavioral performances were observed in treated rd11 mice.

CONCLUSIONS
The results demonstrate that the tyrosine-capsid mutant AAV8 (Y733F) vector is effective for treating rapidly degenerating models of retinal degeneration and, moreover, is more therapeutically effective than AAV2 (Y444, 500, 730F) vector with the same promoter-cDNA payload. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of phenotypic rescue by gene therapy in an animal model of retinal degeneration caused by Lpcat1 mutation.


The tension infiltrometer has become a standard tool for measuring near‐saturated soil hydraulic properties. The objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of the supply tension at the interface between the tension infiltrometer and the measured soil using a pressure transducer under different soil conditions and to raise some cautions needed for proper use of this standard device. Infiltration experiments were conducted on a tension table, a large sand column, and in two field soils of contrasting textures and structures to test the performance of the standard two‐piece infiltrometer. Results showed that during high flow rates (>200 cm3 min−1) the tension at the infiltrometer–soil interface started to deviate by as much as 15 mm from the desired tension. However, during field experiments the high flow rates were not experienced, and thus no deviation was observed between the preset desired tension and the actual measured tension at the infiltrometer–soil interface. To alleviate the problem of tension deviation under high flow, the water supply tubing and fitting diameters of the standard infiltrometer were successfully increased to yield a higher flow rate (≈300–400 cm3 min−1) without elevated tensions.


Increasing costs associated with fossil fuel generation and a recognition and acceptance of the finite nature of this resource, have partially contributed to the growing popularity of alternative energy generation technology. International environmental treaties have also forced many states, primarily developing states, to deliberately review their fuels use. Jamaica having such a challenge requires accurate information regarding the impact of integrating generation from such technologies into its existing network. However, given a lack of resources, little work has been done to gather the relevant data that is required to evaluate the impact of embedded generation. Instead the findings from networks in other jurisdictions that have different operational and technical characteristics have been utilized. Anecdotal information regarding the availability of satisfactory renewable resources and the minimal impact that certain levels of integration will have on the existing network abounds among the engineering community on Jamaica. This research reviews the electricity and energy sectors of Jamaica. It further considers the efforts made by policy makers to fulfil the energy needs through a possible mix of fossil and renewable sources. Focus is then shifted to the analysis of available wind resource data which is then modelled to represent usable wind data for electricity generation. Actual system data is then used to produce an acceptable model of the current transmission network. The operation of the network is then considered on varying generation and loading conditions both with and without the inclusion of renewable sources. A final assessment of the impact of such sources is then made based on the magnitude and location in the network. The study concludes by highlighting the benefits to be derived from this work and reviews the challenges faced while conducting the study. It also recommends ways in which improvements to the system can be realized.


This study concerns the way agreements between a dominant supplier and its customers that restrict the ability of those customers to buy from the dominant firm's rivals, including exclusive dealing, conditional rebates and tying and bundling (hereafter, "vertical restraints") have been assessed by the EU and Brazilian competition authorities and courts.For several decades, vertical restraints have been a subject of debate among lawyers and economists, and views as to how such restraints should be assessed have fluctuated. In recent years, however, a consensus has emerged that per se rules of illegality (or of legality) should not be applied to vertical restraints. Instead, such restraints should be assessed pursuant to an effects-based analysis balancing their pro- and anti-competitive effects. The difficulty, however, is to devise legal tests that allow this balancing to take place in a coherent and rigorous manner.Following an analysis of the economics of vertical restraints, this paper shows that the European Commission, which has the power to enforce EU competition rules, has recently opted for an effects-based approach to vertical restraints, and has developed a Guidance Paper that offers a legal and economic methodology describing how it intends to analyse such restraints. This paper shows, however, that the EU courts are still reluctant to follow such a methodology preferring instead to continue to apply formalistic rules. The situation is different in Brazil where, at least since the enactment of Law 8.884 in 1994, there has been a consensus that vertical restraints had to be analysed under an effects-based approach. However, such an approach has been pursued through balancing tests relying on qualitative criteria and intuitive reasoning, rather than and a rigorous and structured assessment, including quantitative elements, hence leading to inconsistency and uncertainty. The Brazilian competition law system would thus benefit from the adoption of guidelines, which as in the case of the EU Guidance Paper, provides a clear legal and economic methodology as to how an effects-based approach should be implemented.This paper also analyses the extent to which the legal and institutional framework in place in the EU and in Brazil is well suited to the implementation of a rigorous effects-based approach relying on economic analysis. There is no doubt that the mature EU system possesses the legal and institutional framework to apply such a rigorous approach, the problem being however that the EU courts, which are composed of generalist judges, are still reluctant to pursue it. The European Commission, which is a sophisticated institution, can however pursue an economic based approach.Although the Brazilian competition law system is not yet fully mature, it has gone a long way, and the entry into force of the new Brazilian Competition Act 12.529/2011 and the setting up of the New CADE will further contribute to its development. The paper argues that the Brazilian system would greatly benefit from the adoption of guidelines, which, like the European Commission Guidance Paper, would offer a clear legal and economic methodology to implement an effects-based approach to vertical restraints.


Background Diabetes self-care helps to control the blood sugar which, in turn, results in a better state of health. However, more than 50% of diabetic patients do not have self-care capabilities. Objective To determine type 2 diabetes self-care capabilities among patients visiting a Bandar Abbas diabetes clinic in 2016. Methods The present descriptive-analytical research was of a cross-sectional type. The sample was comprised of 120 patients afflicted with type 2 diabetes, who had been selected through the simple randomized sampling method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire comprised of two sections: demographic information, and a summary of patients' diabetes self-care activities. A 7-point Likert scale was used for the rating. The final score would be interpreted as any of the three levels: good (acceptable) (75–100), moderate (50–74) and poor (below 50). The data entered SPSS version 18.0 for the required statistical analyses. Results The mean age of the sample was 51.88±10.12 years. Of the 120 subjects, 86 were female (71.7%) and 34 were male (28.3%). The findings revealed that the self-care capability of 83 subjects (69.2%) was poor; capability of 28 subjects was moderate (23.3%) and the same score of good/acceptable in 9 subjects (7.5%). Conclusion The results of the present research indicate that a large number of diabetic patients have a poor self-care capability. Due to the key role of such activities in a diabetic patient's life, it is suggested to include educational programs to increase the level of self-care capabilities among these patients.


" The invention of the valve radically changed the design, construction, and function of brass instruments. Following the introduction of the valve trombone during the 1820s, the slide was considered to be unwieldy and cumbersome, and therefore, inadequate for performing technically difficult music. Trombonists in America and Europe began to select the valve over the slide trombone as their instrument of preference. Even Arthur Pryor (1870-1942), who became famous throughout the world for his virtuosic slide trombone performances, began his career as a valve trombonist. The tone quality and intonation of the slide trombone were judged to be superior to those of the valve trombone, prompting trombonists in Germany and Austria to return to the slide after only a brief period of valve trombone playing. Elsewhere, trombonists believed that the technical difficulties associated with the slide negated the advantages of the slide trombone. The ease of technical execution on the valve trombone was viewed by these players as the primary consideration. Nevertheless, the slide trombone was reestablished as the instrument of preference in most of Europe and the United States between 1890 and 1925. While the deficient tone and intonation of the valve trombone were the primary considerations prompting trombonists to adopt the slide, other factors influenced this change, as well. Pryor's slide trombone playing was among these factors. Pryor cultivated a level of virtuosic technique previously thought impossible on the slide trombone, while exhibiting a gorgeous tone and sensitive interpretation. As soloist with the Sousa and Pryor bands, he demonstrated the technical and tonal capabilities of the slide trombone in performances throughout the United States and Europe. Pryor further promoted the slide trombone by recording and publishing his solo compositions. Given his unprecedented virtuosity and wide-ranging influence, the coincidence of Pryor's playing career and the return of many players to the slide trombone suggests that Pryor influenced this change. By eliminating trombonists' reservations regarding slide technique while demonstrating the superior sound of the slide trombone, Pryor contributed to the reestablishment of slide trombone hegemony in the United States and Europe."--Abstract from author supplied


I would like to start out with Aime Cesaire's idea that no one group "holds a monopoly on beauty, intelligence, and strength". While Western-European philosophy may have appropriated for itself the category of the aesthetic, sensory pleasure and appreciation of creativity are not exclusive to this paradigm. With this in mind, this paper will look at two approaches for theorizing aesthetics beyond a Western-European framework. Through Ella Shohat and Robert Stam's work on polycentric aesthetics, I will look at a multicultural model for thinking about aesthetics in a non-Eurocentric framework. And through Walter Mignolo's decolonial aesthesis , I will consider a modernity / coloniality model for thinking about aesthetics in the framework of decoloniality. After presenting some of the main ideas from these models, I will set them into a dialogue with each other, finding the points of convergence and divergence between them. Finally, I will sketch out some potential avenues for a rehabilitation of the category of aesthetics in the field of visual studies.


Using fMRI during a lexical decision task, we investigated the neural correlates of semantic priming under masked and unmasked prime presentation conditions in a repeated measurement design of the same group of 24 participants (14 women). The task was to discriminate between pseudowords and words. Masked and unmasked prime words differed in their degree of semantic relatedness with target stimuli. Neural correlates of priming were defined as significantly different neural activations upon semantically unrelated minus related trials. Left fusiform gyrus, left posterior inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral pre-SMA showed priming effects independent of the masking condition. By contrast, bilateral superior temporal gyri, superior parietal lobules, and the SMA proper demonstrated greater neural priming in the unmasked compared with the masked condition. The inverted contrast (masked priming minus unmasked priming) did not show significant differences even at lowered thresholds of significance. The conjoint effects of priming in the left fusiform gyrus suggest its involvement as a direct consequence of the neural organization of semantic memory. Activity in brain regions showing significantly more neural priming in the unmasked condition possibly reflected participants' evaluation of the prime–target relationship, presumably in the context of semantic matching. The present results therefore indicate that masked and unmasked semantic priming partially depend on dissociable mechanisms at the neural and most likely also at the functional level.


One Discipline, Four Ways offers the first book-length introduction to the history of each of the four major traditions in anthropology - British, German, French, and American. The result of lectures given by distinguished anthropologists Fredrik Barth, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, and Sydel Silverman to mark the foundation of the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, this volume not only traces the development of each tradition but considers their impact on one another and assesses their future potentials. Moving from E. B. Taylor all the way through the development of modern fieldwork, Barth reveals the repressive tendencies that prevented Britain from developing a variety of anthropological practices until the late 1960s. Gingrich, meanwhile, articulates the development of German anthropology, paying particular attention to the Nazi period, of which surprisingly little analysis has been offered until now. Parkin then assesses the French tradition and, in particular, its separation of theory and ethnographic practice. Finally, Silverman traces the formative influence of Franz Boas, the expansion of the discipline after World War II, and the "fault lines" and promises of contemporary anthropology in the United States.


Morus alba is being used in the prevention of diabetes mellitus. Our goals are to evaluate the precise mechanisms underlying neuroprotective effects of Egyptian M. alba against brain damage induced by diabetes in rats. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 52 mg/kg; i.p). Rats were divided into five groups: normal group received saline, diabetic group, Glimepiride (0.5 mg/kg) and M. alba (250 & 500 mg/kg) groups. All treatments daily administered orally for a period of 10 days. STZ group increased serum glucose level, brain nitric oxide and malondialdehyde contents, decreased brain glutathione and B-cell lymphoma-2 contents, produced alteration in seretonine, norepinephrine and dopamine brain contents and showed many degenerating neurons and cell injury with caspase-3 expression. Whereas treatment with Morus alba corrected all biochemical and histopathological changes with inhibition of caspase-3 expression. In conclusion, Morus alba ameliorated neurologic complications induced by diabetes and considered as an anti-apoptotic and neuro-protective plant.