The dissertation at hand presents the main concepts and results derived when studying the optimal solution of two NP-hard compiler optimization problems, namely instruction scheduling and offset assignment, by means of integer programming. It is the outcome of several years of research as an assistant at Michael Junger's computer science chair in Cologne, with the particular aim to apply exact mathematical optimization techniques to real-world problems arising in the domain of technical computer science.

The two problems studied are rather unrelated apart from the fact that they both take place during the machine code generation phase of a compiler and deal with the handling of limited resources. Instruction scheduling is about the assignment of issue clock cycles to instructions in the presence of precedence, latency, and resource constraints such that the total time needed to execute all the instructions is minimized. Offset assignment deals with storage layouts of program variables and the efficient use of address registers for accesses to these variables. The objective is to employ specialized instructions in order to minimize the overhead caused by address computations. While instruction scheduling needs to be carried out by almost every present compiler irrespective of the processor architecture, the offset assignment problem occurs mainly in compilers for highly specialized processor designs.

Instruction scheduling is a well-studied field where several exact and heuristic approaches have been developed and experimentally evaluated in the past. In this thesis, we concentrate on the basic-block instruction scheduling problem for single-issue processors. Basic blocks are program fragments with no side-entrances and -exits, i.e., every instruction of a basic block needs to be executed before the control flow may leave it and enter another basic block. Single-issue processors are capable of starting the execution of exactly one instruction per clock cycle. A number of techniques to preprocess instances of the basic-block instruction scheduling problem were proposed in the literature and are, with emphasis on the more recent ones that arose since the year 2000, thoroughly reviewed in this thesis. They finally led to a constraint programming approach in 2006 that was shown to solve about 350,000 instances to optimality and where some of these instances comprised up to about 2,500 instructions. The last attempt to tackle the problem using integer programming however dates to a time prior to the publication of the latest preprocessing advances. While being successful on a set of instances that impose very restrictive latency constraints, it was shown to be unable to solve hundreds of instances from the aforementioned benchmark set that comprises also large and varying latencies. In addition, the previous integer programming models were almost all based on so-called time-indexed formulations where decision variables model an explicit
assignment of instructions to clock cycles. In this thesis, a completely different and novel approach is taken based on the linear ordering problem, a well-studied combinatorial optimization problem. The new models lead to alternative characterizations of the feasible solutions to the basic-block instruction scheduling problem. These facilitate the employment of advanced integer programming methodologies, in particular the design of branch-and-cut algorithms that can handle larger instances. The formulations are further extended by additional inequalities that can be used as cutting planes. Combined with the preprocessing routines that are partially extended and improved as well, the respective solver implementation eventually turned out to be competitive to the constraint programming method. Reaching this point has taken some years and this thesis presents not only the derived models but also several ideas and byproducts that arose in the meantime, and that can help and inspire researchers even if they aim at the application of different solution methodologies.

The starting point regarding the offset assignment problem was a different one because especially exact solution approaches were rather rare prior to the models presented in this thesis. The offset assignment problem arose in the 1990s and is considered in several variants that are of theoretical and practical interest. In the simplest one, a processor is assumed to provide only a single address register and only very restricted possibilities to avoid address computation overhead. However, even this simplest
variant, that may serve as a building block for the more complex ones, is already NP-hard and has been studied mainly from a heuristic point of view. The few existing exact solution approaches were not capable to solve moderately sized instances so that the quality of heuristic solutions relative to the optimum was hardly known at all.
Again, the inspection of the combinatorial structure of the various problem variants turned out to be the key for designing branch-and-cut implementations that can profit from knowledge about related combinatorial optimization problems. The implementation targeting the simple problem variant was the first capable to optimally solve the majority of about 3,000 instances collected in a standard benchmark set. The method could then be further generalized in two steps. First, in a collaboration with Roberto Castaneda Lozano, additional techniques could be incorporated into the approach in order to handle multiple address registers. Fortunately, the methods could then even be further extended to as well deal with more flexible
addressing capabilities. In this way, the thesis at hand does not only answer the question how large the address
computation overhead can be when using heuristics, but as well presents first results that allow to analyze the impact of the mentioned increased addressing capabilities on the runtime performance and size of real-world programs.


The sub-prime mortgage crisis that originated in the United States has triggered a global credit crunch, threatening the solvency of emerging markets that have relied heavily on foreign debt, and resulting in the devaluation of their currencies. Currency market interventions by the central banks in countries with a currency board system lead to higher short-term interest rates and further declinations in the local stock market. This economic setting invites the double-play manipulation strategy that simultaneously attacks both the local currency and the stock market. History has shown that a central bank's stock market intervention is costly and that sustaining the intervention over a meaningful period of time is a major challenge. In this paper, we examine the effect of a pan-market increase in transaction cost on double-play manipulators' trading strategies when government intervention is limited to revenues generated by the transaction levy. We show that this regulatory change not only helps sustain equity market intervention but also reduces the short pressure in both the currency and the equity market.


Analyzing biological fluids using untargeted metabolomics has proved challenging because it is time-consuming and, at times, inconclusive. As an alternative method, the Bothner Lab has established the use of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a molecular sensor to differentiate complex biological solutions. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in mammalian blood, where it transports lipids, hormones and drugs. The natural role of BSA as a carrier protein inspired the Bothner Lab to test this proteins' ability to bind a wide variety of small molecules with a goal of targeted metabolite extractions from complex biological samples. This method has been coined the protein sensor assay (PSA). A new set of methods has been developed to perform metabolite extractions using the PSA on serum collected from mice with induced liver cancer from the Schmidt Lab at Montana State University. The Schmidt Lab has done much work to identify the key steps in biochemical pathways like oxidative stress in mice with induced cancer. In this project I have used the PSA together with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and statistical analyses to identify biomarkers for tumor development in mouse serum. In the future, the PSA may be used to speed up analysis and improve confidence in disease diagnostics.


BACKGROUND: Immediate or delayed breast reconstruction with tissue expanders can be performed in one or several surgical sessions. We opted to perform breast reconstruction over several sessions. The aim of this study was to report our experiences with the breast reconstruction technique involving Becker permanent tissue expanders and complete expander coverage with a flap comprising the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and rectus abdominis aponeurosis. METHODS: The medical records of 21 patients who underwent postmastectomy breast reconstruction with Becker permanent tissue expanders were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: During muscle flap preparation, the aponeurotic dissection was performed 6-8 cm below the inframammary crease, aiming at full expander coverage without tension, enabling lower suturing in the inframammary crease, and avoiding disruption of the pectoralis major attachments. Only two patients developed infection, one in the first postoperative week and the other in the third postoperative month. CONCLUSIONS: The flap comprising the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and rectus abdominis aponeurosis is a good choice for breast reconstruction with permanent tissue expanders because it ensures adequate expander and skin-flap protection. Moreover, the technique enables tissue expansion without confining the expanders in the submuscular cavity


This OHE Research paper by Karla Hernandez-Villafuerte, (German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ), Bernarda Zamora (OHE) and Adrian Towse (OHE) sets out a research agenda proposing new approaches in three areas to improve understanding of supply side opportunity costs for the English NHS. A subsequent paper will set out the authors research findings. First, it is possible that some purchasers can introduce health services by improving efficiency rather than displacing an existing activity. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) can be used to explore differences in commissioner efficiency. Second, health authorities (PCTs) have differences in their production functions. The paper set out evidence of this from a cluster analysis of PCTs. Purchasers may displace those services with relatively smaller health losses. Current approaches estimate the relationship between expenditures and health outcomes using a linear regression methodology. However, if health locations are heterogeneous, a methodology that does not focus on the mean is preferable. One possible approach is to employ a quantile regression function which can accommodate non-linearity in the relationship between expenditures and outcomes, and variation in outcome elasticities at the margin. Thirdly, there are observable health outcomes reflecting purchaser priorities other than reducing mortality. Use of DEA to analyse multi-outcome decisions will allow a more robust estimate of the cost effectiveness threshold given the sources of local heterogeneity. The proposed methods aim at gaining insight as to extent of the heterogeneity of supply side opportunity costs across English health services and how an estimate of a supply side threshold that takes account of this might be established.


New adsorbents were synthesized by the sol-gel process from the product of a hydrolysis reaction and its coated form of titanium(IV)-n-propoxide for removing some heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. Titanium(IV)-n-propoxide was uncatalyst hydrolyzed with different amounts of water at room temperature and was found to react in a 1:1.6 ratio (mole of Ti:mole of H2O). It was found that the condensation following the hydrolysis reaction was alcohol condensation. The hydrolysis-condensation product was characterized in detail by GC, Karl-Fischer coulometric titrator, NIR-spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, TG-DTA and elemental analysis. The hydrolysis-condensation product of titanium(IV)-n-propoxide was calcinated at 900 °C after drying at 100 °C and some of this product was coated with hydrolyzed NH2-functional silanes [3-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino)propyl-trimethoxy silane] (Amino-1), and [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propylmethyldimetoxysilane] (Amino-2), separately. Adsorption capacities of uncoated and NH2-functional silane coated hydrolysis-condensation products for Fe3+ , Cu2+ and Pb2+ ions in aqueous solution were investigated by FAAS. It was observed that the extent of adsorption was influenced significantly by the type and concentrations of coating materials, e.g., Amino-1 coated adsorbent prepared in methyl alcohol as 50% (w/w) and 100% (without methyl alcohol) adsorbed 90.67% and 100% of Fe3+ , respectively, while the uncoated form adsorbed only 5%. The adsorption isotherm was determined and the data were analyzed according to the Freundlich model.


In this paper, I first critique the composition-based view of Yadong Luo and John Child for understanding how resource-poor firms survive and thrive. To remedy the deficiencies in their perspective, I then propose a dynamic theory of compositional advantage and strategy. Here, the compositional advantage is redefined as the attractiveness of the composition of the producer's offering in terms of scope and perceived value/price ratio. I identify five ways or basic compositional strategies to improve the value/price ratio. A firm may have an overall compositional strategy that is composed of some or all of the five basic compositional strategies. I argue there are three indispensable key success factors for a composition-based competition, i.e., aspiration (ambition-position asymmetry), attitude (being ALERT), and action (turning asymmetry into advantage). I also discuss the particular relevance of the present theory to understanding Chinese firms. I conclude with managerial implications and suggestions for future research.


Collaborative multi-robot system has drawn a great attention in the past decades. With recent advances in hardware and software, such system has become more versatile and applicable in various fields. One of the best research platforms for research in multi robot system is robotic soccer and the most known event promoting robotic soccer is RoboCup. In RoboCup, Standard Platform League (SPL) requires all participants to use the same hardware which is NAO humanoid robot with no modification allowed. Therefore, winning chance is fully depended on the software development of the team. Many teams have developed a more or less operative system with locomotion and image processing capabilities. However, most of the teams still do not take the advantage of collaboration between players. Because of the increasing size of teams, team coordination will be the distinctive factor in the success of a team in the coming years. In order to design a system with good coordination, it requires operation robustness, behavior optimality under dynamic environments, and agility in order to response to any changes. The development of such system is a challenge, especially during the conceptual design phase. Therefore, the aim of this study is to presents a model-based approach for strategy planning of humanoid soccer robot team based on a principal solution which defines the coordination concepts for the collaborative robotic soccer players. The principal solution is the foundation of the first analysis, verification and validation on the system level. In order to construct the requirements of such system, a specification technique is designed in order to describe the principal solution. Therefore, all the aspects needed has been identified such functions, environments, active structure, behavior and application scenarios. These aspects are represented by partial models which related to each other, thus creating a principal solution. To ensure effective communication during the process, a specification technique called "Conceptual Design Specification Technique for the Engineering of Complex Systems (CONSENS) has been applied. By using this method, a strategy for collaborative humanoid robot soccer has been proposed. Such model provides a lucid interface and also facilitates the development process whether for simulation or field test. Furthermore, it was designed to ease any modification since the structure has been organized into several parts.


Wagner: The Mastersingers of Nuremburg. Reginald Goodall conducting the Sadler's Wells Opera, live performance of 10 February 1968, with Margaret Curphey (Eva), Ann Robson (Magdalena), Alberto Remedios (Walther von Stolzing), Gregory Dempsey (David), Norman Bailey (Hans Sachs), Derek Hammond-Stroud (Sixtus Beckmesser), and Noel Mangin (Veit Pogner). Chandos CHAN 3148(4), (4 CDs). The trajectory of Sir Reginald Goodall's career makes for a grand and moving story. One of his great early successes was presiding over the premiere of Benjamin Britten's Peter Grimes in 1945, but Goodall's ambitions as a Wagner conductor were mostly thwarted at Covent Garden in the 1950s and especially during Georg Solti's tenure as director there (1961-71). He nevertheless was known behind the scenes as an invaluable, insightful coach for singers preparing Wagner roles. Nearly retired, he was asked to lead The Mastersingers of Nuremberg (sung in Andrew Porter's English translation) for a 1968 production by the London-based Sadler's Wells Opera Company (which within months was to move its base of operations from the Rosebury Avenue Theatre to the London Coliseum and in 1974 would be renamed the English National Opera). The Mastersingers was such a resounding success that practically overnight Goodall became the foremost British Wagner conductor. In that role, he led the legendary Sadler's Wells/ ENO production of the Ring during the course of the 1970s (the complete recording of the Ring first issued on EMI and now available on Chandos was taken from live stage performances during this production). He also led productions of Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal both at the ENO and at the Welsh National Opera in Cardiff (studio recordings in German resulted from the Welsh productions, Tristan for Decca and Parsifal for EMI), and even had the opportunity to conduct Parsifal at Covent Garden in 1971 (this recently appeared on the Royal Opera House's own label as ROHS012). Now Chandos has released a performance of The Mastersingers taken from that 1968 production, and thus we can at last hear the event that launched the distinguished Indian summer of Goodall's career. Not surprisingly, it turns out to be a considerable performance. One of the perpetual criticisms of Goodall's Wagner from those who did not experience it live (and I must unfortunately count myself among that number) is that the conductor's approach, which favors long-breathed tempi and mellow, richly humane textures that avoid hard edges, makes it difficult for these works to come to life as convincing theater. Musical, psychological, and even spiritual beauties abound, but dramatic volatility and a simulation of spontaneity often seem not to be part of Goodall's intent. Unlike Wagner's more consistently serious works, however, The Mastersingers contains much infectious music that emerges as cheerful and natural even when performed in a patiently loving way. Consequently, on this occasion Goodall's approach is saved from itself by means of the variety built into the score, and by the fact that this work requires a greater amount of activity in staging and interaction between characters than the other Wagner operas Goodall recorded. The moments of pomp or wit emerge with breadth but also with energy and commitment; by contrast, some of the more lyrical and lovely moments--the quintet, the "Prize Song", the Act III Prelude, and numerous shorter passages throughout--possess a numinous beauty that is more effective for being juxtaposed with music endowed with natural vitality. So uncommonly well integrated is this performance that no individual component or moment can be adequately understood except in connection with Goodall's conception and pacing, Porter's translation, the staging (of which audible traces often survive, if only indirectly through audience reaction), and the singer involved. A striking example of this comes in considering the Hans Sachs of Norman Bailey, who in 1976 recorded the role in German in Solti's first recording of the opera (for Decca in Vienna). …


Thick film sensor technology has been recognized as an important technology in sensor
manufacturing for the last decade. The technology contributes to the sensor development
with the exploitation of the film itself as a primary sensing device. Most ceramic
materials have been investigated as a humidity sensor mainly on porous structure
prepared by thick film technology. These films have microstructure properties similar to
those of sintered porous bodies, but the dimensions of the sensing devices can be
reduced, which then can be used in hybrid circuits.
In this work, two types of analyses will be made based on Barium Titanate (BaTiOa)
dielectric material. The First one is to analysis the electrical properties of BaTi03
material in bulk and thick film forms and second analysis is to characterize thick film
BaTi03 for a humidity sensor at room temperature. The BaTi03 powder was prepared
through solid state reaction using a raw material Barium Carbonate (BaC03) and
Titanium Dioxide (Ti02). The thick film paste was prepared by mixing an organic
vehicle with the sintered powder in appropriate ratio. The paste was then screen printed onto a ceramic substrate in an interdigitated electrode pattem using DEK J1202 screen
printing machine. The dielectric property of BaTi03 was investigated by varying the
frequency in the range of 10Hz to 10 MHz using the Impedance Analyzer. The
characterization of the thick film sensor with response to the Relative Humidity (%RH)
was carried out in the Humidity Climatic Chamber in the range of 20%RH to 95°%RH.
LCR meter and PIC conditioning unit was used to measure the response of the BaTi03
thick film sample with the changes of the Relative Humidity..
The results showed that the dielectric response of the BaTi03 material in bulk and film
samples are the same, based on the quasi dc concept. A smaller gap of interdigitated
electrode pattem gave a higher response in dielectric properties compared to the bigger
gap. The BaTi03 thick film sensor showed decrement in resistance and increment in
capacitance with respect to the increases of Relative Humidity (RH). The voltagehumidity
characteristic of the sensor showed a good linearity and the sensor response
time is faster than the recovery time. The PIC conditioning circuit is designed to convert
the analogue voltage into digital value and display the measurement result through
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) to make the system more user-friendly. As a conclusion,
BaTi03 thick film shows a good promising material to be used as a humidity sensor
based on thick film screen printing technology.


The present thesis is concerned with the behaviour and modelling of self-piercing riveted connections using aluminium rivets. The objective has been to establish a database on the behaviour of self-piercing riveted connections using aluminium rivets with respect to the riveting process, the mechanical behaviour of single riveted connections and the structural behaviour of riveted joints. The objective has been met by a combination of laboratory tests, modelling and non-linear finite element numerical simulations. The thesis consists of four parts, i.e. four independent journal articles. Two articles have been published and two articles are submitted for journal publication. The four parts are introduced by a synopsis, comprising a brief introduction to the problem and motivations for using aluminium rivets, as well as a summary of the main findings and conclusions. Part I presents an initial study on the joining of two aluminium plates in alloy AA6060 in three tempers W, T4 and T6 by using aluminium rivets in alloys, i.e. AA6068-T6, AA7108-T5, and AA7278-T6. Tests have been carried out to understand the behaviour of the aluminium rivets during the self-piercing riveting process. Various defects in the aluminium rivets when joining were detected, e.g. rivet compression and rivet fracture. These defects were avoided by heating the plates to be joined into W temper. The mechanical strength of riveted connections using aluminium rivets was then tested under different loading conditions, and compared with that of a steel riveted connection. The data from the riveting process tests was used to validate a 2D-axisymmetric model generated in the finite element code LSDYNA for modelling the riveting process by using aluminium rivets. The model was able to capture with reasonable accuracy the overall deformation mode of the riveted connection as well as the force evolution during the riveting process. However, the model was not able to capture the fracture in the rivet since no failure criterion was considered for the aluminium rivets. The main objective of Part II is to propose an adequate failure criterion which is able to predict the initiation of the rivet fracture during the riveting process. Here, a damage-based failure criterion, which was originally proposed by Lemaitre (1992), was chosen. A rivet compression test was proposed to better understand the behaviour of the rivet under compressive stresses. A simple calibration procedure for the failure model parameters was proposed based on inverse modelling of two tests, i.e. rivet compression test and uniaxial tension test. It was found that the model was able to predict the failure in the rivet when used for joining two plate materials with an appropriate friction value and rivet mesh size. Part III evaluates how the riveting process and the subsequent natural aging of the plates to be joined influenced the final mechanical performance of a riveted joint using an aluminium rivet. Two U-shaped specimens in alloy AA6063-W, obtained by a solution heattreatment of the alloy in temper T4, were joined using an aluminium self-pierce rivet in alloy AA7278-T6. The mechanical behaviour was tested after 3 and 30 days of natural aging of these riveted connections. In order to evaluate the process effect on the mechanical properties of the riveted connection, a comprehensive material test programme was carried out. Test results revealed that there is an interaction between the pre-straining and natural aging which lowers the material properties in terms of the flow stress compared to the "virgin" material, i.e. the curve obtained after heat treatment and aging only. The process effect on the mechanical behaviour of the riveted connections was investigated more closely by using a 3D-numerical model. Numerical analyses showed that this lowering effect lowered the force level of the riveted joints by approximately 10%. Part IV presents a study with the structural behaviour of self-piercing riveted joints based on aluminium and steel rivets respectively. Two T-components made of two open aluminium profiles in alloy AA6063 temper T4 joined by 6 and 12 rivets, respectively, were designed and tested under quasi-static loading conditions. A new test device was developed to perform the tests of the T-components under two different load cases. Experimental results of the T-components joined by using aluminium self-piercing rivets were then compared with the corresponding components joined by using steel rivets in terms of force-displacement curves, deformation modes of the components as well as rivet failure modes. The experimental results of the T-components based on aluminium rivets were used to validate a resultant-based point-connector model for self-piercing rivets proposed by Hanssen et al. (2011) using shell elements. It was found that the use of the model for predicting the structural behaviour of riveted joints based on the T-component tests by using shell elements gave acceptable results in most of the cases.


The present paper is a companion of two others dedicated one to the measurement of the line–strength indices (Longhetti et al. 1997a) and the second to trace back the star formation history of a sample of early–type galaxies by comparing observed indices to the predictions of new spectro–photometric models (Longhetti et al. 1997b). The sample of 51 early-type galaxies in low density environments is composed of two sub-sets of galaxies: 21 shell galaxies from the Malin & Carter (1983) catalogue (one of which shows double nucleous and has been considered as two separate objects) and 30 members of isolated interacting pairs from the Reduzzi & Rampazzo (1995) catalogue. Most of the objects show fine structures. The paper collects nuclear kinematic data together with the velocity and velocity dispersion curves of the stellar and gaseous components as a function of the distance from the galaxies centres. The galaxies heliocentric systemic velocity compares within km s-1 with RC3 data, while their central velocity dispersion compares within km s-1 , km s-1 and km s-1 with Gonzalez (1993), Davies et al. (1987) and Carter et al. (1988) respectively. The detailed comparison between our velocity and velocity dispersion curves and those from several authors is discussed. 9 out of 22 shell galaxies nuclei show emission lines, 4 of which, using data in the literature, have line ratios characteristic of LINERs. 10 members of pairs out of 30 show emission lines. RR 331a has a Seyfert like nucleus, while for the remaining galaxies the ([O III] λ 5007)/Hβ ratio is characteristic of low ionization regions. In a small fraction of the objects the emission component is detectable outside the central value. None of the objects in the sample shows counter-rotation of the gaseous versus the stellar component. The two components appear associated, although, in two cases there is evidence that gas and stars lie on different planes. This latter phenomenon could be associated to accretion events. Emission lines in the central part of the RR 331a show a secondary component in the emission lines profile. E 2400100 has two nuclei embedded in the main body of the galaxy. The U-shape profile of the stellar velocity profile shows the ongoing interaction of the two nuclei. profile of shell galaxies is, finally, discussed in relation to the hypothesis of the accretion/merging origin of these galaxies.


Production of supersymmetric particles in TeV scale polarized photon-proton collisions is discussed. Polarizations of both photon and proton beams are considered. Associated productions of squark-chargino and squark-gluino, and production of squark pairs have been examined. Although the cross sections for different initial beam polarizations do not differ much, the polarization asymmetry is sensitive to the sparticle mass. We conclude that the capacity of future linac-ring type TeV scale photon-proton colliders is quite promising in the search for SUSY particles.


Abstract: In the June 2014 issue of the Journal of American History, which includes a forum titled "State of the Field: Sports in American History," Amy Bass argues that, as many humanities-based disciplines adopted tenets of cultural history, sport history did not. Based on over a decade of debate about social, cultural, and postmodernist paradigms, Bass's assertion illuminates continuing historiographical arguments about epistemology and theory in sport history. In this article, I respond to these discussions by analyzing 405 full-length articles in the Journal of Sport History from the first issue in 1974 through the end of 2014. Drawing on philosopher R. Scott Kretchmar's caution against "dualisms [and] dichotomies" in sport scholarship, I argue for a holistic understanding of sport history, rather than the dichotomous historiography present over the past decade.


Finally, a comprehensive guide to the Linux VM!VM's behavior affects every Linux kernel subsystem and dramatically impacts overall performance. But until now, there was only one way to understand VM: study the poorly documented source one line at a time. Now there's an easier, faster alternative. This book describes VM in unprecedented detail, presenting both theoretical foundations and a line-by-line source code commentary. It systematically covers everything from physical memory description to out-of-memory management. Coverage includes: Linux VM 2.4 architecture in depth-with diagrams and call graphs Physical memory description, page tables, address spaces, and memory allocation High memory, swapping, shared memory, and much more Expert guidance for analyzing the code of any open source project New Linux 2.6 kernel features in every chapterWell organized and superbly written, Understanding the Linux Virtual Memory Manager will be indispensable to every kernel programmer and researcher.


The International Energy Agency has long argued that Carbon Capture and Storage is the single most important technology we have in the battle to reduce CO2 emissions from power and industrial sources. Without it we will simply fail in our bid to meet the energy challenge; ensuring carbon emissions are reduced, supplies stay secure and costs are kept down. It's a challenge that we must take on rather than pass to future generations when the need will be greater and cost more to overcome.
Now, as economies begin to recover and global reliance on low-cost energy from coal and gas shows no sign of diminishing, the time has come to renew our efforts and drive this essential technology through to completion at industrial scale.
Scottish Enterprise has undertaken work which:
• Reviews the investment case for CCS
• Reframes the wider economic arguments, ensuring the long term commercial viability
• Reinforces Scotland's competitive advantage by putting the Central North Sea at the heart of the Europe-wide development programme
Put simply, we have to develop CCS and we need to start now. This short report, incorporating new economic modelling by Element Energy on behalf of Scottish Enterprise, shows how the UK is leading Europe when it comes to funding the development of CCS. And why Scotland, with it's unique proximity to significant offshore storage sites in the Central North Sea, an almost ready-made infrastructure and 40 years of oil and gas production experience makes it the perfect place to start.


This case is part of a three-party negotiation (see also UVA-QA-0577 and UVA-QA-0578). The three parties are Yupi Internet, Quepasa.com, and Sony Corporation. Sony is searching for a partner in the Hispanic and Latin-American portal space to carry its content in order to boost music sales. Sony is offering a variety of combinations of content and promotional support to the portals. A fascinating characteristic of this negotiation is that it is unclear whether the portals will pay Sony for access to its content or whether Sony will pay the portals for access to their audiences. The case is set up for Sony to get the two portals bidding for the contract. But the most value can be unleashed for all parties (including Sony) if the portals can get together in a merger or joint venture and do one deal with Sony.


For this discipline awareness exercise, students apply foundational components of their disciplines to real-world contexts. They then collaborate with students in other disciplines to create a cohesive action plan. For example, a psychology student might use the skills and core values of a psychologist or social worker to tackle some aspect of the homeless problem in the United States. For the second part of the exercise, that same student might work with a political science major and a kinesiology major to create an action plan that blends all three ideas.
This exercise touches on various SaS and 302 goals. By applying their disciplines to real-world issues, students see beyond the theoretical. They begin to consider how they might conduct research for a real purpose. Through this exercise students also practice creating and refining research questions. Additionally, through their collaborations students learn to transmit complex ideas to audiences outside their discipline, and by working across disciplines, students gain new perspectives that will help them later add to the ongoing conversations in their fields.
I use this exercise early in the semester. In terms of sequencing, I think it's important that students spend a few weeks digging into their own disciplines before they work with classmates in different disciplines. I have students begin investigating ongoing conversations in their disciplines from Week 1, so I introduce this exercise by Week 4 or Week 5. I first designed this exercise for FTF classes, but have since adapted it for online courses.
Included files: Lesson Plan for Face to Face version of the exercise (OrlandoActivityF2F), Lesson Plan for online version of the exercise (OrlandoActivityDL), Instructor's Notes describing the exercise in greater detail (OrlandoInstructorsNotes).


This rich ethnography explores beliefs and practices surrounding aging in a rural Bengali village. Sarah Lamb focuses on how villagers' visions of aging are tied to the making and unmaking of gendered selves and social relations over a lifetime. Lamb uses a focus on age as a means not only to open up new ways of thinking about South Asian social life, but also to contribute to contemporary theories of gender, the body, and culture, which have been hampered, the book argues, by a static focus on youth. Lamb's own experiences in the village are an integral part of her book and ably convey the cultural particularities of rural Bengali life and Bengali notions of modernity. In exploring ideals of family life and the intricate interrelationships between and within generations, she enables us to understand how people in the village construct, and deconstruct, their lives.At the same time, her study extends beyond India to contemporary attitudes about aging in the United States. This accessible and engaging book is about deeply human issues and will appeal not only to specialists in South Asian culture, but to anyone interested in families, aging, gender, religion, and the body.


Wildland fires present a challenging environment to make meteorological measurements. Observations in the vicinity of wildland fires are needed to better understand fire‐atmosphere interactions and to provide data for the evaluation of coupled fire‐atmosphere models. An observational study was conducted during a low‐intensity prescribed fire in an area of complex terrain with grass fuels east of San José, California. A ground‐based scanning Doppler lidar acquired radial wind velocities and backscatter intensity in and around the fire plume from multiple horizontal and vertical scans. The development of a convergence zone was consistently observed to exist downwind of the plume and was indicated by a decrease in radial velocity of 3–5 m s−1. Divergence calculations made from the lidar radial velocities showed that the magnitude of convergence ranged between −0.06 and −0.08 s−1 downwind of the plumes, while a maximum of −0.14 s−1 occurred within the plume near the fire front. Increased radial velocities were observed at the plume boundary, indicating fire‐induced acceleration of the wind into the base of the convection column above the fire front. Thermodynamic measurements made with radiosondes showed the smoke plume had a potential temperature perturbation of 3.0 to 4.4 K and an increase in water vapor mixing ratio of 0.5 to 1.0 g kg−1. Plume heights determined from sequential range height indicator scans provided estimates of vertical velocity between 0.4 and 0.6 m s−1, representing the ambient background vertical velocity as the top of the plume likely reached equilibrium.


Every academic, scholarly, or professional journal should have a publication agreement for contributing authors to sign – but only if the agreement is good.  A well-considered agreement is a chance to create an improved relationship among authors, publishers, and readers.  By contrast, a bad agreement can do real damage.  The Editorial Board of the Journal of Copyright for Education and Librarianship (" JCEL ") deliberated thoroughly the details of the agreement it offers to contributing authors, with the quest of putting into practice our principles about the relationship of copyright and scholarly works, in service to our community of stakeholders. This article is intended to capture and document the Board's reflections on the JCEL agreement with two leading objectives: To explain to contributing authors the meaning and significance of various provisions in the agreement, and to serve as a motivation and resource for editors of other journals as they engage in a fresh examination of their agreements.  This article offers a bit of explanatory background and a hint of some of the internal give and take that led to the final version.  Although our publication agreement should be regularly reexamined, with future changes to meet changing needs, the principles underlying the current draft should remain steady.


Abstract Chimaerastacus pacifluvialis, new genus and species, is established on the basis of fossils from the Middle Triassic Liard Formation of northeastern British Columbia. It has well-defined cervical, postcervical, and branchiocardiac grooves; three longitudinal ridges on the cephalic region; and true chelae on the first through third pereiopods. The morphological features of the carapace are a combination of traits used to define both the erymids and the glypheids. A cladistic analysis of 31 decapod genera defines the Astacidea as a monophyletic group, supports the inclusion of the Glypheoidea within the infraorder Astacidea, illustrates the relationships of the Glypheoidea with other astacid groups, and suggests erection of a new family, the Chimaerastacidae, for our new genus and species of decapod. Specimens of C. pacifluvialis are preserved in a sandy bioclastic floatstone that was deposited near the Peace River Embayment in the Middle Triassic. The host lithology suggests that the decapods inhabited a transitional environment between low relief biostromes and the shoreface. This environment provided a unique set of conditions that allowed exceptional preservation of the decapod material.


Urban streets are known to have a significant role in creating urban microclimates. This study aims to empirically quantify temporal and spatial microclimate variation within the same street configurations with pedestrian schemes. To evaluate the urban microclimates at the pedestrian level, a detailed monitoring project was performed at five representative locations near intersections, within a busy street canyon of the typical urban community in a densely populated urban city. Monitoring was done for warm and cool seasons. A strong, significant correlation ( ) was found under multiple time scenarios (traffic, nontraffic, and as a whole) and for both seasons. These findings suggest that the average urban daily temperature was not significantly reduced when there was no vehicular traffic present, whereas pedestrian activity contributed to urban heat regardless of the season. These findings provide an essential foundation for further studies on urban microclimates within pedestrianized areas and will likely lead to better urban design and policy management, especially concerning thermal comfort and Quality of Life at the pedestrian level.


The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of sequential patterns of instruction (a direct instruction teaching cycle) and the individual components of these patterns to overall teacher effectiveness of music lessons taught by elementary education majors. Sequential patterns included (1) teacher task presentation, (2) student response, and (3) teacher reinforcement. A second focus of the study was the comparison of two instructional methods for providing training in the use sequential patterns of instruction. Students enrolled in three sections of a music methods course for ele mentary education majors served as subjects. All subjects completed five teach ing tasks which were videotaped and analyzed. The first four teaching tasks served as training for the presentation and analysis of a 6 minute music concept lesson which provided data for the study. The Contact Control Group (n=20) received teacher modeling in preparation for the five class activities. Two classes serving as Experimental Groups 1 (n=21) and 2 (n=20) received teacher modeling identical to the Control Group, as well as instruction and training in the use and analysis of sequential patterns. Experimental Group 1 received instruction and written practice in patterns, and Experimental Group 2 received instruction and active practice in patterns. Music concept lessons were analyzed for time spent in the three compo nents of sequential patterns (task presentation, student response, reinforce ment) and for frequency percentage of patterns and pattern components. In addition, these videotaped lessons were evaluated by a master teacher for overall teacher effectiveness with scores ranging from 0 to 10. Teacher effec tiveness scores were correlated to sequential pattern data (time spent in pattern components and frequency of patterns and components) to examine the relationship between overall teacher effectiveness and teaching patterns. The performance of both Experimental Groups was also compared to determine the effect of instructional approach. Comparisons of teacher effectiveness scores and 11 variables related to sequential patterns yielded correlations too low to serve as predictors of effec tive teaching, though significant correlations occurred with four variables associated with reinforcement and accurate task presentation. Group compari sons showed significant differences between the Control Group and Experi mental Group 1 regarding time spent in task presentation, time spent in student response, and in frequency of patterns using nonspecific reinforcement. No differences were evident between the two Experimental Groups, which perhaps indicates that variation of instructional m ethod during sequen tial patterns training is not consequential to student achievement. The ap proach used for Experimental Group 1 required less class time than the proce dure used for Experimental Group 2.


Uttarakhand, in spite of being a small state, has certain key features that make it distinct from other states of the country and highlights its potential for development. However, development has predominantly been in the plains, and the hill districts have been left behind. All the hill districts have subsistence farming as their main economic activity. Due to subsistence livelihood, migration and a remittance economy operate in the hill districts. They are land-locked with huge distances between the markets and resources. Because of these constraints, traditional agriculture cannot be the lead sector for development. Thus the state faces the challenge of promoting livelihoods to minimize migration through local employment and income generation, and to enhance the quality of life of people living in villages. The positive features of these hill districts are that they have enormous potential for tourism, a suitable climate for high-value agriculture, and a pleasant environment due to 60 pert cent forest cover. These have to be harnessed for a development strategy. The development strategy for Uttarakhand hills should be based on developing brand equity under the name of Organic Green State and an Uttarakhand Brand Equity Fund should be set up. This can be achieved by working towards this common goal through infrastructure development, tourism promotion, agriculture diversification, poultry- and wool-based livelihoods, and SMEs based on the above that capture linkages with industry and tourism.


A Biblical Perspective on What It Means to Be Human
This major work by a widely respected Old Testament scholar and theologian unpacks a biblical perspective on fundamental questions of what it means to be human. J. Gordon McConville explores how a biblical view of humanity provides a foundation for Christian reflection on ethics, economics, politics, and church life and practice. The book shows that the Old Testament's view of humanity as "earthed" and "embodied" plays an essential part in a well-rounded Christian theology and spirituality, and applies the theological concept of the "image of God" to all areas of human existence.


This thesis is an account of how certain resources and the values they expressed came to be available and visible in society, and of how these values were taken up, transformed and used in particular ways. It will demonstrate how four individuals, in different social contexts, acquired and transformed these values, as they attempted to initiate varying forms of the same type of organisation. The values with which the thesis is concerned are those inferred from the life of St. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226). Part One sketches how (a) Roman Catholics made the values they ascribed to St. Francis available as resources and (b) those outside the Roman Catholic Church, especially in the period 1882-1939, came to know of these resources and values, and modified them. Part Two consists of four life-history narratives constructed from oral history, manuscripts and printed materials. They recount how four people in this period came to be stimulated by these resources, and attempted to institutionalise the values they absorbed from them in different forms of an Anglican Franciscan Third Order. The first narrative traces part of the mercurial life of James Adderley, who encouraged individuals to express Franciscan values through attempting to bring about social justice. The second narrative explains how Emily Marshall came to connect Franciscan values with her desire to see women's ministry recognised by the Church of England. The third and fourth narratives are set mainly in India. John Winslow in the 'High Noon' of the British Empire linked Franciscan and Indian bhakti values to form an ashram, Christa Seva Sangha. Verrier Elwin merged Franciscan and Gandhian values while living among aboriginal tribes. The final chapter analyses the complex interplay between Franciscan values and social contexts which is demonstrated by these four examples, and draws some sociological conclusions from the research.


We consider the crowdsourcing task of learning the answer to simple multiple-choice microtasks. In order to provide statistically significant results, one often needs to ask multiple workers to answer the same microtask. A stopping rule is an algorithm that for a given microtask decides for any given set of worker answers if the system should stop and output an answer or iterate and ask one more worker. A quality score for a worker is a score that reflects the historic performance of that worker. In this paper we investigate how to devise better stopping rules given such quality scores. We conduct a data analysis on a large-scale industrial crowdsourcing platform, and use the observations from this analysis to design new stopping rules that use the workers' quality scores in a non-trivial manner. We then conduct a simulation based on a real-world workload, showing that our algorithm performs better than the more naive approaches.


Pax6 encodes a highly conserved transcriptional regulator that is widely expressed during development of the eye, olfactory bulbs and central nervous system. Pax6 mice exhibit severe brain defects, lack eyes and nasal structures, and die at birth. Included among the functions of Pax6 are cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, axon guidance and boundary formation. The pallial-subpallial boundary (PSPB) is both a physical and gene expression boundary separating dorsal and ventral telencephalon. Pax6 is required for this boundary to develop. In Pax6 embryos, genes which normally have a sharp border of expression at the PSPB become ectopically expressed and the radial glial fasicles that make up the physical component of the boundary fail to form. There is also an increase in the number of interneurons migrating dorsally across the boundary to enter the cortex while corticofugal axons struggle to cross the PSPB and enter the ventral telencephalon. Here a novel tauGFP-Pax6 reporter mouse, DTy54, is described in which cells capable of expressing Pax6 are tauGFP positive. In general the expression pattern of tauGFP corresponds well with the known Pax6 expression pattern in the eye and forebrain and the gradient of cortical Pax6 expression from high rostro-laterally to low caudomedially is also recapitulated by tauGFP. The cytoskeletal localisation of the tauGFP also labels cellular processes and the axons projecting from Pax6 positive cells such as those forming the optic nerve can be clearly seen. At E10.5 the forebrain expression patterns of tauGFP and Pax6 correspond exactly, but at later stages tauGFP expression can be seen in areas negative for Pax6. This can be seen at E12.5 in the ventral telencephalon and in both the dorsal and ventral telencephalon at E15.5. Pax6 and tauGFP expression colocalise more closely in the diencephalon. In situ hybridization analysis of Pax6 and tauGFP transcripts suggests that many of the discrepancies in expression seen at the protein level are due to a longer protein halflife for tauGFP than for Pax6. The expression of tauGFP allows the PSPB to be accurately dissected. The cells from this region can then be sorted by FACS to isolate cells expressing high levels of tauGFP and enrich for the Pax6 positive population. Microarray analysis of gene expression is this population of cells in Pax6.DTy54 and Pax6.DTy54 embryos is described here. This analysis identified many genes that show a significant change in expression at the PSPB in the absence of Pax6 expression including Ngn2, Lhx6, Neurod6 and CyclinD1 and 2. The biological processes and molecular functions in which these genes are involved were examined to provide insight into the role of Pax6 in this population of cells. Several processes previously reported to be regulated by Pax6 were identified together with a number of novel processes with which Pax6 has not formerly been associated. Some of these include cell cycle, neurogenesis, transcription and metabolic and signalling pathways. This study has also identified many novel downstream targets of Pax6, such as Sema3G and PlexinA4, which will help to elucidate the genetic basis for the Pax6 phenotype at the PSPB. The changes in expression levels of Ngn2, Lhx6 and Gsh2, identified by microarray, were validated by in situ hybridization, which showed a good correspondence with the microarray results.


Introduction: Disc displacement is characterized by a change in the articular disc position (abnormal position) which is located between the mandibular fossa and the head of the condyle. Disc displacement can be classified as 8 positions (abnormal disc position); however, the most common types are anterior and anterolateral displacements. When the displacement of the disc occurs, the bilaminar zone is moved against the articular surfaces, gradually replacing the function of the disc itself. It has mechanical properties modifications in vascular diminishment and nerve supply which induces the condition. Aim of the Study: To study the radiographical assessment of temporomandibular joint in patients with disk displacement by using cone beam computed tomography and determination of condyle position anterior, centric or posterior depending on the joint space measurements (anterior, superior and posterior joint space). Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of 78 patients with disk displacement and 31 as control subjects. Patients with intra articular joint disorders were divided into 4 groups according to the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (Group 1-disk displacement with reduction, Group 2-disk displacement with reduction with intermittent locking, Group 3-disk displacement without reduction with a limited opening, Group 4-disk displacement without reduction without limited opening). Results: The results show the position of the condyle in right and left side more anteriorly in control than in patients with disc displacement, while the position of the condyle in patients was more posterior and superior. There was a highly significant difference in condyle position between the control group and Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4. Conclusions: Disc displacement is one of the causes that change the condyle position in the glenoid fossa.


The past decade has seen a dramatic rise in the number international joint ventures (IJV) and a great majority of them fail. Although the research literature continues to expand, there is an imbalance to the attention paid to the process and operational management side of IJVs. We begin this article with a survey of the literature and we segment the research stream into the life cycle phases of an IJV: the IJV input, process, and output schools of investigation. Then, we present an overview of the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) industry and the competitive forces that influenced LG and Philips to form a strategic joint venture. Next, which is the core of this article, we use the disciplines of system dynamics to perform strategy analyses of the dynamics of the LG-Philips IJV. The fundamental intent of this paper is to demonstrate how system dynamics is an effective analytic instrument to derive strategic measures, as well as countermeasures to strengthen the IJV operations and to weaken competitors and blunt the impact of their actions. We show how we can model technology-intensive businesses, in the context of industries and markets, by means of systems with intricate and technology-idiosyncratic feedback characteristics, but whose complex system behaviour is substantially more easily discernable from their graphic representations. Fourth, we close this article with a discussion on the limitations of our analysis and potential areas for further research.


This research project seeks to develop appropriate policy and evaluation frameworks to support the development of the remote Indigenous media and communications sector and build digital inclusion and capacity within remote Australian Indigenous communities.

This project reviews existing policy and theory pertaining to Indigenous media and communications and identifies and assesses the applicability and limitations for the contemporary remote Indigenous Australian context. Some key policy aspects have remained the same since the 1990s. These include: cultural and linguistic maintenance, self-representation, community access, rights and justice, and employment opportunities. However, in the context of significant technological and socio-political change, there are a range of contemporary issues yet to be effectively incorporated into policy, including: digital convergence; digital inclusion; organisational and industry development; and sustainability.

There is a growing divide between and within remote communities in terms of digital inclusion; access to appropriate information and services. Despite billions of dollars being spent on 'closing the gap' for Indigenous Australians, and numerous reviews over recent decades, the potential role of Indigenous media and communications in remote Indigenous communities remains largely unrecognised and under-utilised. At a time when the debate is re-emerging about the viability of remote Indigenous communities, the effectiveness of media and communications services and connectivity will increasingly become key determinants for community sustainability, effective service delivery, community capacity building, cultural maintenance and individual capability.

The research included a review of literature in the fields of Communications, Media Anthropology, Community Development and Development Communications. Summaries of issues were then prepared. Relevant past and current government policies in Indigenous affairs and Indigenous broadcasting and communications were also reviewed and key issues summarised, along with an historic overview of the development of remote Indigenous media and communications in Australia and potential future directions and challenges. This led to the preparation of a draft set of Policy and Evaluation frameworks to be reviewed using a series of case studies.

Using an Ethnographic Action Research methodology, the author undertook research over a nine year period while working as Manager at Ngaanyatjarra Media, the remote Indigenous media organisation for 15 remote communities in the Western Desert region of eastern WA. He worked closely with Yarnangu (Central/Western Desert Aboriginal people) media workers and communities, building on the existing BRACS network and cultural maintenance agenda to establish a range of innovative and integrated media and communications programs in the region. Six Ngaanyatjarra Media case studies were used to assess and revise the draft Policy and Evaluation frameworks.

While the unique context and 'communicative ecology' of the Ngaanyatjarra Lands differs from other parts of remote Australia, the evaluation outcomes suggest that the integrated approach to media and communications delivery can have broader application. The research found that a bottom-up approach to program development that considers the social, cultural, political and technological context promotes community ownership and participation and delivers locally relevant solutions and outcomes. In contrast, top-down initiated programs had significantly lower participation and outcomes. It proposes a consultative approach to program development that incorporates community strategic planning and locally specific delivery strategies. It also proposes an evaluation model that includes three sets of performance indicators: those specified by the funding agencies (typically Government); indicators considered relevant by the local delivery agencies (e.g. media organisations); and those that meet the needs of Indigenous community recipients to understand and evaluate the impact of the program.

A further key finding is the need for a 'contingent' approach to application of both the Policy and Evaluation frameworks; that is, selection and prioritisation of particular potential aspects to match the specific policy or evaluation need. The thesis provides justification for this approach and indicates how it may be developed.

This thesis seeks to contribute to the existing body of knowledge in this field by documenting the growth of a little known remote Indigenous media organisation situated in the Ngaanyatjarra region of WA during a time of technological, political and social change within Australia. It brings together a deep understanding of community and cultural values and determinants as well as a solid knowledge of relevant government policy and programs. It helps fill a gap in field research and observation of remote Indigenous media activities in Australia since the 1990s. While aimed at the Australian context, the findings of this research may also have relevance for the international communications development sector.

The project's objective was to develop appropriate Remote Indigenous Media and Communications Policy and Evaluation frameworks for use within the contemporary technological, social and political context. The proposed integrated delivery approach involves the use of existing and new media and communications activities that engage and empower remote Indigenous people and help build connected, creative and cultural communities.


The conjunctival wound healing response remains the major barrier to achieving long term intraocular pressure control after glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS). Current anti-scarring agents improve the outcome of surgery but act by causing widespread cell death and can be associated with potentially blinding complications. In addition, some individuals still fail surgery. A more physiological and targeted approach to wound healing control and scarring prevention is required. Of all the growth factors, TGF beta has been shown to play a pivotal role in wound healing throughout the body, and has been identified as a potent stimulant of the scarring process in the eye. Modulation of TGF beta has been highlighted as a possible mechanism by which ocular scarring may be reduced. This thesis has investigated the role of TGF p modulation as a potential anti-scarring strategy in glaucoma surgery. In vitro, I have demonstrated that the anti-TGF beta2 monoclonal antibody, CAT-152, inhibits Tenon's fibroblast collagen production and myofibroblast transformation at physiological concentrations. It appears that these are the key histological changes associated with bleb failure following experimental GFS. In vivo, subconjunctival administration of CAT-152, given at the time of surgery and in the immediate post-operative period, successfully improves surgical outcome, reduces subconjunctival fibrosis and is safe and well tolerated. Isolated post-operative administration of subconjunctival CAT-152 can prevent late bleb failure and prolonged dosing with CAT-152 appears to modulate the long-term scarring response after GFS. In addition, the anti-scarring effects of CAT-152 have compared favourably to one of the gold standard anti-scarring agents in clinical use. Finally, I have shown that antisense oligonucleotides directed against TGF beta may also have a role in the prevention of conjunctival scarring. In summary, the work supports the hypothesis that TGF beta modulation may represent a novel potential anti-scarring strategy in glaucoma surgery.


Urban and suburban development is associated with elevated nutrients, sediment, and other pollutants in stormwater runoff, impacting the physical and environmental health of area streams and downstream water bodies such as the Chesapeake Bay. Stormwater management facilities, also known as Best Management Practices (BMPs), are increasingly being used in urban areas to replace functions, such as flood protection and water quality improvement, originally performed by wetlands and riparian areas (fig. 1). Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) have partnered with local, academic, and other Federal agency scientists to better understand the effectiveness of different stormwater management systems with respect to Chesapeake Bay health. Management of stormwater runoff is necessary in urban areas to address flooding and water quality concerns. Improving our understanding of what stormwater management actions may be best suited for different types of developed areas could help protect the environmental health of downstream water bodies that ultimately receive runoff from urban landscapes.


Assessing performance is a necessity for any industry today even in its simplest form. Performance assessment of maintenance process is a complex issue as it involves various inputs, outputs and stakeholders. Therefore, it is essential to consider all the relevant issues and factors for the maintenance performance assessment (MPA). The stakeholders¿ needs are required to be considered from different organizational hierarchical levels. In this paper, the author has tried to discuss the MPA framework from multi-criteria and hierarchical level, which needs to be holistic and balanced for the industrial application.


Abstract The democratic peace literature has convincingly shown that democracies do not fight other democracies. Theoretical explanations of this empirical phenomenon often claim that the citizenry in democracies prefers peaceful resolution of interstate conflicts. Still, there is a dearth of studies exploring the public's preferences and values directly. We seek to rectify this by investigating, in a novel way, the relationship between regime type and citizens' bellicosity. A comprehensive multilevel research design is employed, with data spanning 72 countries over the period of 1981–2008. This enables us to test one of the theoretical mainstays of the democratic peace thesis, viz., that regime type helps shape individuals' attitudes toward war-fighting. Our results lend special support to normative democratic peace theory: Citizens of democracies are significantly more pacifistic than citizens of non-democracies. This result upholds when we rigorously control for other relevant factors, including specific characteristics of individuals and rival theoretical explanations.


We show that periodic multilayer structures with parity-time (PT) symmetries imposed by a balanced arrangement of gain and loss can exhibit anisotropic reflection oscillation patterns as the number of unit-cells is increasing. At the minima of reflection oscillation patterns, the PT symmetric medium exhibits bidirectional transparency with the eigenvalues of the scattering matrix degenerated, where the PT symmetric set-up can still render directional responses due to the one-way field localization inside the system. With certain number of unit-cells, the PT symmetric crystal is unidirectionally invisible. More complicated reflection/transmission oscillations can be observed by segregating neighboring unit-cells with a uniform dielectric layer. Our results may pave the way towards a new class of functional optical devices with intriguing and unexpected directional responses.


The goal of scientific work is to understand more and more by less and less. In this effort, theoretical unification plays a large part. There are two main types of theoretical unification – unification of different theories of the same field of phenomena and unification of theories of different fields of phenomena. Both types are usually a surprise; even when vigorously pursued, their form, when they finally appear, may differ radically from preconceptions. This paper examines a series of twenty-one unification surprises in the study of justice and beyond, sixteen in the study of justice and five in the unification of three fundamental sociobehavioral forces – justice, status, and power – and the subsequent unification of the three sociobehavioral forces with identity and with happiness.


MBC Ventures, Inc. is a 161 year-old company that is going through both product and organizational transitions. It has left one of its traditional product lines, paint brushes, behind and has developed a new one, solar panels. The organization has gone from being part of a large diversified conglomerate to a small employee-owned company with two distinct product lines. The second productline, solar panels, has been added only recently. The organization has gone from being a product unit within a hierarchically-oriented, large diversified conglomerate to an independent, team-oriented, egalitarian organization. The conglomerate was a publically traded organization; whereas, MBC Ventures is employee owned. The transition to employee ownership would not have been possible without the cooperation and financial assistance of the United Steelworkers union. These transitions that have occurred since 1990 have not been without problems including two major recessions. Currently, the company is doing quite well. This case discusses how the firm has implemented employee ownership and participatory management, and its decision to diversify into a new growth product line. Some financial results are provided.


The legal standards for reviewing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing are underdeveloped. In other contexts, defendants seeking to prove ineffective assistance must demonstrate that counsel's performance fell below appropriate professional standards and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient performance, the result of the proceeding would have been different. The doctrinal uncertainty whether that standard applies to sentencing proceedings in non-capital cases, coupled with worries that ineffective assistance at sentencing claims will result in a flood of litigation, has led some courts to require defendants to satisfy stricter prejudice standards in discretionary non-capital sentencing regimes. This Article analyzes the ineffective assistance jurisprudence and concludes that the sufficiency of counsel's performance is largely evaluated against a backdrop of relevant substantive law. The substantive law of non-capital sentencing is not welldeveloped, which may explain the underdeveloped state of ineffective assistance at sentencing standards. Drawing on several recent ineffective assistance cases in the death penalty context, this Article identifies legal principles and practices that may assist in making the legal assessments necessary to analyze ineffective assistance at sentencing claims. These principles and practices may provide a sufficient legal framework to render unnecessary the crude manipulation of the prejudice showing that some courts have employed.


This project has the aim of find different designs to optimize the energy usage in a drying process located in Hofors. The company is called Sorption AB and produces pellets using the waste material of the paper factories situated around it. The idea is to introduce some technology innovations to recover the heat contained in the outgoing air of the process. The implementation of these new ideas implies an initial investment and a consequent decrease in the energy usage. The best option will be chosen after an energy and economic study of each design. In order to have precise results, all the calculations will be done with the software Engineering Equation Solver (EES), which has an internal data base with the properties of different working fluids.
In the first part of this project a brief introduction of the actual situation and the different possibilities to decrease the energy usage is done. The waste heat recovery is also explained in this section in order to introduce the reader in this topic. When a company find its optimum production range, it should start to think how reduce the energy usage to improve the efficiency of the company. The objectives and the limitations of this study are also included in the introduction part.
Once the problem is explained, the necessary theory to understand the project is exposed. The heat pump is introduced as the most important improve of the system. The idea of the heat pump is introduced and all the possible modifications are explained. The working fluid (refrigerant) and the different components needed to build up a heat pump are also defined. Each working fluid has its own properties and each component has its own function in the system, so it is necessary to understand these facts properly before being introduced in all the calculations.
Another alternative explained in the theory part is the air recirculation. It consists, as its name indicates, in the introduction of part of the outgoing air in the system instead of using the actual heat exchanger. This alternative is studied also in the calculations but finally is rejected for the problems that it carries.
The method to find a proper solution is exposed in the third part. There is also explained the simplifications that have to be assumed to get a result as similar as possible to a real case. The most important simplifications are: don't consider the pressure drop in thepipes, don't consider the heat loses through the pipes and consider constant enthalpy through the expansion valve.
The results are divided in two main parts: the reductions on the energy usage and the economic study of each design. The bigger the reduction on the energy usage, the higher the economic saves. This fact is important, but the economic study is as important as this one. The economic study indicates the risk of the investment.
For the different alternatives, the reduction of the annual energy usage goes from 185713 kWh in the case where the actual heat exchanger is changed to 352101kWh in the most complex alternative (optimized heat pump with a new heat exchanger). In economic terms, it can be translated as savings from 114436,35 to 216964,64 SEK per year in the electricity bill. In the other hand, the economic study of the payback time gives values from 1,86 to 3 years.
The results obtained show that it is not that easy to recover the wasted heat for different reasons as the risk of the inversion, the size of the new designs, etc. The engineer only makes the study and presents the different alternatives, but the final decision is going to be taken by the company who invest the money. They should evaluate the risk of the investment and if they have the capacity to build up the different options.


Objective: Antipsychotic use is controversial in the management of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) because of inconclusive evidence for efficacy in the absence of a comorbid psychiatric condition, and substantial concerns about adverse effects. We aimed to characterize antipsychotic use among Ontario adults with IDD and compare profiles of those with and without a documented psychiatric diagnosis. Method: This population-based study included 51,881 adults with IDD under 65 y as of April 2010 receiving provincial drug benefits in Ontario who were followed until March 2016 to identify those dispensed at least one antipsychotic medication. Profiles of those with and without a psychiatric diagnosis were compared. Results: Overall, 39.2% of adults (n = 20,316) were dispensed an antipsychotic medication, which increased to 56.4% in a subcohort residing in group homes. Almost one-third (28.91%) of people prescribed an antipsychotic medication did not have a documented psychiatric diagnosis. Those without a psychiatric diagnosis differed considerably from those with a diagnosis. In particular, those without a psychiatric diagnosis were older, less likely to have used antidepressants or benzodiazepines in the year before, and less likely to have used ambulatory and acute care. Conclusions: Antipsychotic use in IDD is common, and occurs frequently without a psychiatric diagnosis. Attention toward how antipsychotics are prescribed and monitored for people with IDD in Canada is warranted to ensure appropriate prescribing.


Water for irrigation is a major constraint in the Great Plains, and it is expected that the proportion of irrigated crop land to grow irrigated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), which requires less water than other crops, will increase to conserve irrigation water. 'NI04421' (Reg. No. CV-1064, PI 659690) hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was developed cooperatively by the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the USDA-ARS and released in 2010 by the developing institutions and the Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station. NI04421 was released primarily for its superior performance under irrigation and rainfed conditions in western Nebraska and eastern Wyoming. NI04421 was selected from the cross NE96644/Wahoo (sib) where the pedigree of NE96644 is 'Odesskaya P'/'Cody'//'Pavon 76'/*3 'Scout 66'. The cross was made in the spring of 1998. NI04421 was selected using a modifi ed bulk-breeding method as an F 3:4 line (F 3 -derived line in the F 4 generation) in 2002, and in 2004 was assigned experimental line number NI04421. After extensive testing, it was released in July 2010.


Many libraries and librarians have embraced graphic novels. A number of books, articles, and presentations have focused on the history of the medium and offered advice on building and maintaining collections, but very little attention has been given the question of how integrate graphic novels into a library's instructional efforts. This paper will explore the characteristics of graphic novels that make them a valuable resource for librarians who focus on research and information literacy instruction, identify skills and competencies that can be taught by the study of graphic novels, and will provide specific examples of how to incorporate graphic novels into instruction.


In Multi-Goal Reinforcement Learning, an agent learns to achieve multiple goals with a goal-conditioned policy. During learning, the agent first collects the trajectories into a replay buffer, and later these trajectories are selected randomly for replay. However, the achieved goals in the replay buffer are often biased towards the behavior policies. From a Bayesian perspective, when there is no prior knowledge about the target goal distribution, the agent should learn uniformly from diverse achieved goals. Therefore, we first propose a novel multi-goal RL objective based on weighted entropy. This objective encourages the agent to maximize the expected return, as well as to achieve more diverse goals. Secondly, we developed a maximum entropy-based prioritization framework to optimize the proposed objective. For evaluation of this framework, we combine it with Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient, both with or without Hindsight Experience Replay. On a set of multi-goal robotic tasks of OpenAI Gym, we compare our method with other baselines and show promising improvements in both performance and sample-efficiency.


Introduction: People with life threatening disease across Europe face challenges in engaging with a wide range of agencies and multiple professionals during the course of their illness, even up to the point of death. It is known that many services attempt – formally or otherwise – to dovetail their efforts with others in the local health economy, but little is known about these initiatives, nor about what works best in terms of service organisation. This is especially the case when considered from the patient and carer standpoint. Against a backdrop of shrinking resources for health and social care in an age of austerity and in the light of an ageing population with increasing need, more needs to be known about how integrating aspects of service delivery will best help people in the last phase of their lives. Study design: The study will use a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate integrated palliative care pathways in advanced cancer and chronic disease. Methods: The study will be conducted by an international team in five distinct phases: 1. Systematic review of the literature considering existing evidence for integrated palliative care initiatives in Europe 2. Development of a taxonomy of integrated palliative care initiatives in Europe 3. Data collection exploring the experiences of patients, carers and professional care givers of integrated palliative care initiatives in five European nations using shadowing techniques, qualitative interviewing and quantitative quality of life and symptom burden measures 4. Development of (requirements for) best practices in integrated palliative care in Europe based on the analysis of gathered data 5. Development of an elearning platform around best practice in integrated palliative care aimed at equipping professionals with knowledge to enhance and influence local care provision Dissemination: Study outputs will be disseminated throughout the project using a variety of methods including: scientific publications and presentations; the provision of an interactive website; the development of an elearning platform; engagement with social media and ending with an invitational conference aimed at influencing policy development at senior European political and policy decision making level. Conclusion: Our knowledge about integrated palliative care pathways in advanced disease remains patchy and incomplete. It is clear that many initiatives are underway across Europe. Our study will pull together that knowledge, enhancing it significantly with the views of patients and those at the coalface of service delivery, putting us in a position to make evidence based recommendations for best practice in this field.


Aim/Purpose: To discuss the Design Science Research approach by comparing some of its canons with observed practices in projects in which it is applied, in order to understand and structure it better.

Background: Recent criticisms of the application of the Design Science Research (DSR) approach have pointed out the need to make it more approachable and less confusing to overcome deficiencies such as the unrealistic evaluation.

Methodology: We identified and analyzed 92 articles that presented artifacts developed from DSR projects and another 60 articles with preceding or subsequent actions associated with these 92 projects. We applied the content analysis technique to these 152 articles, enabling the preparation of network diagrams and an analysis of the longitudinal evolution of these projects in terms of activities performed and the types of artifacts involved.

Contribution: The content analysis of these 152 articles enabled the preparation of network diagrams and an analysis of the longitudinal evolution of these projects in terms of the activities and types of artifacts involved. Evidence was found of a precedence hierarchy among different types of artifacts, as well as nine new opportunities for entry points for the continuity of DSR studies. Only 14% of the DSR artifacts underwent an evaluation by typical end users, characterizing a tenth type of entry point. Regarding the evaluation process, four aspects were identified, which demonstrated that 86% of DSR artifact evaluations are unrealistic.

Findings: We identified and defined a set of attributes that allows a better characterization and structuring of the artifact evaluation process. Analyzing the field data, we inferred a precedence hierarchy for different artifacts types, as well as nine new opportunities for entry points for the continuity of DSR studies.

Recommendation for Researchers: The four attributes identified for analyzing evaluation processes serve as guidelines for practitioners and researchers to achieve a realistic evaluation of artifacts.

Future Research: The nine new entry points identified serve as an inspiration for researchers to give continuity to DSR projects.


In regions of temperate climate the destructive influence of frost action such as frost heave in winter and thaw weakening in spring are the main contributors to severe deterioration of the pavement structure. A number of studies on construction aggregates and field observations of road failures, especially caused by seasonal fluctuations of temperature, have revealed a negative influence of unbound mica-rich rock aggregates on the service life of road construction. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the behaviour of mica-rich aggregates under the temperate climate conditions. The study focuses on measurements of volume change (frost heave), capillarity rise and interaction between water and mica-rich aggregates. The materials studied in this research are commercially available unbound road construction aggregates with varying free mica grains, and originating from different regions of Sweden. The mineral composition of the samples has been determined by polarizing microscopy using a point-count method. In Paper I, the materials were exposed to freeze-thaw cycling in order to register the volume change (in terms of frost heave). The results show that mica-rich base-course aggregates have a large potential to produce frost heave. The results from the test for determining capillary rise (Paper II) indicate a direct correlation between mica content of the aggregates and capillary rise values confirming the capability of mica-rich unbound aggregates to transport and absorb higher amounts of water. The interaction of mica-rich aggregates with water in terms fraction sizes and free mica content was studied in Paper III, measuring water storage capacity and specific water saturation values. The results reveal a strong positive correlation between mica content, grain size, water sorption and water storage capacity of the aggregates. The overall results of this research bring the mineralogy of the fines into focus when evaluating frost susceptibility of unbound aggregates and can be considered when estimating threshold values of free mica grains in crushed road materials. (A). http://epubl.ltu.se/1402-1757/2008/25/index.html


This investigation presents the syntheses of new metallodendritic catalysts from a silsesquioxane core (Silsesq-PrNH3+Cl−) via a new route. For optimization of the syntheses of the catalysts, reaction times, thermodynamic effects, and the amounts of [Mo(η3-C3H5)Br(CO)2(NCCH3)2] (1) and [Mo(CO)3Br2(NCCH3)2] (2) complexes fixed on the second-generation dendrimer (PDG2.0) were studied. After the optimization studies and with the objective of application in catalysis, the catalysts were prepared by reaction of PDG2.0 with the organometallic complexes and characterized by elemental analysis (CNH), FTIR, 13C and 29Si NMR, XRD, TGA, SEM, EDS and BET. The metallodendritic catalysts were tested in the epoxidation of olefins and shown to be a vigorous catalyst with conversion rates between 76 and 97% for PDG2.0–[(Mo(η3-C3H5)(CO)2Br)8] and 30–80% for PDG2.0–[(Mo(CO)3Br2)5], and a high selectivity in the formation of epoxides using tertbutyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. The catalysts remain highly active after being used for at least 5 cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to have reported the preparation of these new dendritic catalysts, as well as the catalytic comparison with their previous generations in the epoxidation of 1-octene, cyclooctene, (S)-limonene, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, trans-3-hexen-1-ol and styrene.


X-ray spectroscopy studies of potassium intercalated metal-free phthalocyanine multilayers adsorbed on Al(110) have been undertaken. Photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show the presence of several charge states of the molecules upon K intercalation, due to a charge transfer from the alkali. In addition, the comparison of valence band photoemission spectra with the density functional theory calculations of the density of states of the H(2)Pc(-) anion indicates a filling of the formerly lowest unoccupied molecular orbital by charge transfer from the alkali. This is further confirmed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) studies, which show a decreased density of unoccupied states. XAS measurements in different experimental geometries reveal that the molecules in the pristine film are standing upright on the surface or are only slightly tilted away from the surface normal but upon K intercalation, the molecular orientation is changed in that the tilt angle of the molecules increases.


We investigate the effect of broad personality traits—the Big Five—on an individual's decision to become self-employed. In particular, we test an overall indicator of the entrepreneurial personality. Since we find that the level of selfemployment varies considerably across professions, we also perform the analysis for different types of professions, namely, those classified as being in the "creative class" as compared to the noncreative class. The analysis is based on micro data for individuals of the German Socio Economic Panel (SOEP). We find a significant association between personality traits and the propensity be become self-employed. However, the strength of this link is fairly weak and differs across professions, indicating an important effect of an individual's profession on his or her decision to run an own business. JEL classification: L26, Z1, D03


Background: Advances in bariatric surgery have brought about a paradigm shift in the management of obesity, with benefits extending beyond weight loss. However, nutritional deficiencies are an inherent problem in the postoperative period and often require lifelong supplementation. Vitamin B12, also referred to as cobalamin, is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies affecting this population. This review explores the pathophysiology of cobalamin deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery and provides an overview of the effectiveness of various available vitamin B12 formulations. Methods: To identify the relevant literature, a systematic review of MEDLINE was conducted from the earliest dates through September 2012 for English-language articles describing the prevention and management of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Results: Intramuscular vitamin B12 continues to be the gold standard of therapy for vitamin B12 deficiency, especially in symptomatic patients. In select patients with asymptomatic vitamin B12 deficiency after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), high-dose oral cyanocobalamin should be given a consideration, especially when there are concerns with the adherence to intramuscular therapy or if compliance comes into question. Unlike patients post-RYGB, those undergoing restrictive procedures such as gastric banding and sleeve gastrectomy may be maintained postoperatively on a lowerdose daily vitamin B12 supplementation. Efficacy data of nasal and sublingual routes for maintenance therapy is currently awaited. Conclusion: Patients undergoing bariatric surgery must be continuously educated on proper nutrition, the risk of developing significant vitamin B12 deficiency, and the role of supplements in avoiding catastrophic consequences. (Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013;9:1013–1019.) r 2013 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. All rights reserved.


Purpose

This paper discusses two recent studies of mental health professionals who have experience of mental distress, one in the USA and one in Australia. The purpose of this paper is to highlight different experiences, first of largely concealing their experience, and second of disclosing and using it.

Design/methodology/approach

The Australian study examined the barriers experienced by mental health professionals, including trainees, in relation to seeking help. The USA study reported on a sample of mental health professionals who were doing well, including leaders of services, despite current or past mental distress.

Findings

Both studies included more psychologists than other mental health professionals. Australian mental health professionals reported similar fears and barriers to those found in other studies, in addition to concern about their colleagues' duty to report impairment to the regulating body. Professionals in the USA-based study were described as potentially helpful in reducing stigma about mental distress because their achievements demonstrated that recovery is possible. However, many of them were also cautious about who they disclosed to, and wanted further reduction in stigma and discrimination.

Originality/value

The Australian study highlighted specifically that the requirement to report impairment to the regulator deterred people from disclosing distress at work, making it less likely that they would get help. The USA-based study was ground-breaking in documenting achievements of a substantial sample of mental health professionals with experience of mental distress. Potentially more professionals being "out and proud" might help increase recovery and social inclusion for service users more generally.


When we stretch and contract a rubber band a hundred times, we expect the rubber band to fail. Yet our heart stretches and contracts the same amount every two minutes, and does not fail. Why is that? What causes the significantly higher elasticity of certain molecules and the rigidity of others? Equally importantly, can we use this information to design materials for precise mechanical tasks? It is the aim of this dissertation to illuminate key aspects of the answer to these questions, while detailing the work that remains to be done. In this dissertation, particular emphasis is placed on the nanoscale properties of elastomeric proteins. By better understanding the fundamental characteristics of these proteins at the nanoscale, we can better design synthetic rubbers to provide the same desired mechanical properties. This work was supported in part by the MultiSTEPS NSF IGERT Grant.


Barber in this project again tackled the issue of designing a substantial mixed-use scheme, this time consisting of 250 living
units and community, work and retail spaces in its novel terrace/courtyard hybrid. Altogether, it creates a distinctive
higher-density urban quarter in Barking. The scheme essentially develops the Donnybrook Quarter model to create a lower cost
and thus more widely applicable system. Jestico & Whiles were the collaborating architects on the project to help with the
construction phase, but the research and design was done 100% by Barber. Research issues again involved how to use the
program requirements and site conditions to create innovative high-density housing, but this time with particular emphasis on
techniques for reducing costs in mass housing provision.
Once more, the Tanner Street Estate also sought to build on the ideas of Donnybrook in how to revive and strengthen the use of
the urban street as a crucial social device. Hence it should be read in conjunction with ongoing housing projects by Barber that
are currently in the design stage for English Partnerships in Morecombe, Milton Keynes, etc. – as well as those being done for
other developer-clients in London, Exeter and elsewhere. All these schemes are conceived as research exercises in how to
achieve socially sustainable models of mass housing, this being linked to technical innovations by testing out timber frame or
metal frame construction in the variants. The Tanner Street Estate itself was warmly reviewed in the architectural press,
including Building Design (16 March 2007), pp. 10-13. It was given a Housing Design Award (2005; shortlisted again in 2007),
and it won a 2007 RIBA Regional Design Award (2007). Barber has given nearly 50 public lectures on his housing projects,
most recently at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tehran, Iran (October 2007).