Sam Maloof (1916-) is a consummate furniture designer and maker, recognized worldwide as a craftsperson's craftsman. This book examines Maloof's lifetime of production. Documented in 200 illustrations, over 90 in color, Adamson traces Maloof's career from his earliest efforts to the masterworks he produces today. Set in the context of the development of Southern California modernism and the contemporary American craft movement, this volume offers the first thorough look at Maloof's extraordinary life and work, providing insights into the materials and techniques of woodworking, as well as the artisan lifestyle. Published in association with the Smithsonian American Art Museum.


This thesis makes an attempt to extend Hawking radiation, which has previously been studied for photons and QED charged leptons, to emission of particles with color charge. A sufficiently hot black hole should be able to radiate asymptotically free quarks and gluons in addition to leptons and photons. The black holes in consideration in this thesis are those hot enough to radiate color charged particles which can be described by perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD) but macroscopic enough to have a static metric during the emission so that the process can be treated semiclassically. For the purpose of this thesis the kinematics of the emission of color charged particles will not be significant since the goal is to compare QCD to QED. Therefore the color structure is studied separate from the kinematics.

The calculations are performed using the birdtrack notation which is a pictorial representation of SU(N) tensor calculations. The radiation is assumed to be gluons, emitted one at a time, and from a black hole of low dimensional representation of the color group. A methodology for how to answer these questions is supplied and in addition an outline to a solution.


As the demand for mobile data traffic increased significantly in the past few years, the Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) are considering different solutions to increase the network capacity. Since the licensed spectrum is scarce and expensive, deploying LTE in the unlicensed band can be a promising method to accommodate the market need for mobile data. However, LTE has to coexist with other heterogeneous network, especially WiFi, preexisting in the unlicensed medium. This coexistence can introduce a significant performance degradation for currently deployed WiFi networks. In this study, emphasis is given in analyzing the performance of WiFi and LTE coexistence scenario both analytically and through simulation. To this end, a number of solutions are proposed to increase the performance of WiFi.


We investigate the problem of placing monitors to localize node failures in a communication network from binary states (normal/failed) of end-to-end paths, under the assumption that a path is in normal state if and only if it contains no failed nodes. To uniquely localize failed nodes, the measurement paths must show different symptoms (path states) under different failure events. Our goal is to deploy the minimum set of monitors to satisfy this condition for a given probing mechanism. We consider three families of probing mechanisms, according to whether measurement paths are (i) arbitrarily controllable, (ii) controllable but cycle-free, or (iii) uncontrollable (i.e., determined by the default routing protocol). We first establish theoretical conditions that characterize network-wide failure identifiability through a per-node identifiability measure that can be efficiently evaluated for the above three probing mechanisms. Leveraging these results, we develop a generic monitor placement algorithm, applicable under any probing mechanism, that incrementally selects monitors to optimize the per-node measure. The proposed algorithm is shown to be optimal for probing mechanism (i), and provides upper and lower bounds on the minimum number of monitors required by the other probing mechanisms. In the special case of single-node failures, we develop an improved monitor placement algorithm that is optimal for probing mechanism (ii) and has linear time complexity. Using these algorithms, we study the impact of the probing mechanism on the number of monitors required for uniquely localizing node failures. Our results based on real network topologies show that although more complicated to implement, probing mechanisms that allow monitors to control measurement paths substantially reduce the required number of monitors.


This article analyzes census data on the increase in incarcerations among women, with specific emphasis on some racial differences. The steady rise in female incarcerations and its impact on grandmothers who are caregivers of their children is the focus of this analysis. The article includes sociodemographic and health characteristics of imprisoned mothers, a review of relevant research, the impact of incarcerations on family caregivers, and implications for research. The rate of female incarceration has increased by 11% per year since 1985. A disproportionally higher number are women of color. Approximately fifty-three percent of the children whose mothers are imprisoned are cared for by grandmothers. The rapid increase in the female incarceration rate suggests the need for additional research on the social, economic, and health impact of this phenomenon on family caregivers, especially grandmothers. ********** There has been a dramatic increase in the number of incarcerations among women over the past three decades. In 1970, only 5,635 women were incarcerated in federal and state prisons. By 1985, however, this number increased to 21,296, and was as high as 74,730 by the latter part of 1996. Presently, there are over 90,000 women in U.S. prisons (National Women's Law Center, 1999). This constitutes a 256% increase in female incarcerations and a growth rate of 11.2% per year since 1985. Similar numbers of women were in local jails (McQuaide and Ehrenreich, 1998). These figures include a disproportionately higher number among women of color. Women have become the hidden victims of the state's zeal for incarceration (National Women's Law Center, 1999). Since incidence and prevalence rates among the female inmate population are increasing rapidly, it is important to recognize this vulnerable group as a significant one for policy, research, and program intervention. In spite of these drastic increases, however, little is known about the characteristics and needs of incarcerated mothers in general, and not much more is known about the care and welfare of their young children. A number of problems are associated with the rapidly increasing rate of incarcerations among African American women. The health problems of the mother as well as the care of the children are among the problems that place a serious burden on the grandmother, who is the primary caregiver of 53% of the children under 18 years. In spite of the rapid increase in incarcerations of African American mothers and the associated problems, as well as the increased popular and scholarly interest in the area, there is little systematic research on how imprisonment of daughters with minor children affect the family, and the grandmother caregiver, in particular, who must care for the vast majority of their young children. In an effort to highlight some of the issues and problems, this article will provide information on (1) sociodemographic and health characteristics of imprisoned mothers, (2) a review of recent research on custodial grandparenting, (3) incarcerations and family caregiving, and (4) implications for research. There is an urgent need for social scientists to study aggressively the scope, nature, and magnitude of the issues involved in incarceration of young African American mothers, and it's impact on grandmother caregivers. In an effort to ensure strong and healthy families, we need to understand how these and other social and public health problems influence the daily lives and well being of our most vulnerable population. Sociodemographic and Health Profile of Female Inmates The majority of the 84,500 women incarcerated in state and federal prison as of the end of 1998, are there for economic crimes. The rapid increase within the last 10 years is due, in part, to the worsening of economic conditions for women, as well as the increase in arrest rates because of the war on crime and the war on drugs. …


Urban segregation and spatial expressions of inequality are increasingly pressing issues for European planners and public authorities. Within Stockholm, Sweden, these concerns have become inescapable, and the city's social divisions and 'immigrant issues' have triggered fierce public debate throughout the country. Stockholm has, over the past few decades,become a showcase for a process of 'splintering urbanism' that has placed immense pressure on the city's housing market and prompted a variety of political responses. Many suburbs built on the city's edge in the 1960s and 70s (including Husby, Tensta, North Botkyrka, and Sodertalje) have become islands of high unemployment, low social mobility, and stigmatization as the city centre has grown increasingly expensive and gentrified. In this paper, a qualitative case study on the relatively deprived, largely non-white neighbourhood of Alby is used to illustrate the discursive processes driving Stockholm's racial segregation. By applying a critical discourse analysis to interview material with key planners from Alby, I articulate the link between structural racism, neoliberal housing policy, and Swedish planning norms to argue that segregation must be seen as a deeply political, historically rooted process. Drawing from post-structuralism and critical race theory, I contend that a needs-based policy approach within Stockholm's housing and labour markets is critical for combating residential segregation and creating a more just urban environment.


The Effectiveness of Microcomputers in Education: A Review of the Research From 1980-1987 If measured strictly by the articles, attention and popular acclaim directed toward them since their introduction, it would seem that the impact o microcomputer applications on instruction has been substantial. The advent of other technologies--typewriters, film projectors and television--has generated high expectations among educators, but none has enjoyed the sustained interest and growth nor the funding that microcomputers have experienced during the past ten years. The educational computing literature since 1980 provides ample evidence of some dramatic changes that have com about in education as a result of microcomputer use. Clerical and administrative tasks for both teachers and school administrators have been revolutionized through increased use of productivity tools and other applications software, and students at all levels are learning practical computer skills as preparation for college work and for a life in an information-oriented society. However, the impact of microcomputer applications on instruction is less clear from the literature. Of critical importance at this time is evicence of the impact on the traditional measures of educational effectiveness: student achievement, attitudes, dropout rate and learning time. A new text to be published this fall by The Haworth Press, which I co-authored, reviews this evidence and summarizes what has been learned from research in this area since 1980. In this article, I'll summarize the main points of the research. The following key questions are addressed in this summary of the book: * Can computer applications help improve performance in basic skills and other important areas? * For what specific skills, grade levels and content areas do computer applications seem most effective? * Which kinds and levels of students seem to profit most from using computer applications? * Which kinds of computer applications are most effective for which skills and content areas? * Can computer applications improve student attitudes toward school, toward learning and toward their own abilities to learn? * Will improved attitudes translate into better performance in school and lower dropout rates? Why Another Reveiw? Many reviews of literature have been done in the area of instructional computing, but they have not been very useful in helping school administrators decide how best to allocate their resources for computer uses. Most of them have focused on studies of older, mainframe-type technology that were done prior to 1980, and few of the more recent reviews look at all levels and content areas at once in a comparative way. The current review aims at providing the best information available from recent research and presents it in ways that will be of maximum assistance to decision-makers. The following features characterize the review: * Up-to-date information--Studies are all from 1980 to the present, and most are microcomputer-based. * Comprehensive coverage--All grade levels and content areas in which research has been done are included in the analyses. Measures of both achievement and attitudes related to the use of computer-based instruction are summarized. * Focus on specific areas--Rather than providing just overall statistical summaries, the review summarizes results for specific content areas, computer uses and target groups. A measure of effectiveness is computed for each of these areas so that the comparisons of effectiveness can be made more easily. * Answers to specific questions of interest to educators--Based on the findings, the reviewers made recommendations for computer use in several content and skill areas and for certain groups of students. Special emphasis is placed on popular topics such as the use of LOGO to promote problem-solving and creativity, and the use of word processing applications for writing instruction. …


Empower educators for the immediate mobilisation of foundation phase learners' literacyIn November 2007 the dark picture of the underachievement of South African learners in respect of basic reading skills was emphasised once again when the research results of the University of Pretoria were published. Since 1994 much debate has taken place about possible factors which may cause learners' poor language achievement. In this article I do not wish to focus on the problems, but prefer, rather, to concentrate on possible solutions. The focus of the literature study is grounded in the views of recognised linguist, philosopher and author Noam Chomsky who believes that ""mother tongue is the most basic human right"" (cited by Lezgin 2002:1). A serious mistake is made when individuals in favour of education transformation wish to increase language achievement, but fail to acknowledge the critical role of language acquisition in the foundation phase. The radical change revealed by the speakers of African languages with regard to the pedagogical value of mother-tongue instruction is cause for joy. My plea, however, is that this theoretical recognition would immediately be mobilised to prevent it from becoming mere good intentions. Two aspects are discussed in this article, namely the recognition of the value of mother-tongue instruction in the foundation phase and the empowerment of educators to mobilise available resources under specific circumstances. As motivation for the feasibility of the above-mentioned two tasks I wish to refer to a group of 342 Sesotho-speaking grade 1 learners who were subjected to a reading and spelling programme in 2002 (Koen 2003:9). Critics may feel that research of a more recent nature may be of more actual interest. The above-mentioned research is, however, relevant, since the same problems and issues which were regarded as factors contributing to poor language achievement in 2002 are still prominent. If enthusiastic educators could play a positive role in the development of Sesotho language proficiency five years ago, surely the same results are still possible in 2008.


C.W. De Vis named two species of fossil cormorant, Phalacrocorax gregorii and P. vetustus, from Pleistocene deposits at Cooper Creek and Warburton River, Australia, based on specimens mainly collected by J.W. Gregory in 1901-1902. The material of each nominal species consists of extensive, syntypic series of mixed elements. It was subsequently regarded that each series comprised specimens from several living species. One of these species, P. fuscescens, is an exclusively marine species, raising questions about its purported presence in central Australian deposits. Re-examination of the fossil material confirms that all specimens complete enough for identification can be referred to either of two living species, P. carbo or P. varius, or occasionally the Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae. There is no unequivocal evidence of the occurrence of P. fuscescens. Selections of lectotypes are made to synonymize P. gregorii with P. carbo and P. vetustus with P. varius.


Consensus is one of the key problems in fault tolerant distributed computing. A very popular model for solving consensus is the failure detector model defined by Chandra and Toueg. However, the failure detector model has limitations. The paper points out these limitations, and suggests instead a model based on communication predicates, called HO model. The advantage of the HO model over failure detectors is shown, and the implementation of the HO model is discussed in the context of a system that alternates between good periods and bad periods. Two definitions of a good period are considered. For both definitions, the HO model allows us to compute the duration of a good period for solving consensus. Specifically, the model allows us to quantify the difference between the required length of an initial good period and the length of a non initial good period.


Many forms of economic, social, and political inequality are the product not of individual actors but rather of larger systemic and structural arrangements. How should we conceptualize and then respond to such structural inequalities? This paper highlights two areas of current debate in legal scholarship and public policy: the changing nature of work and urban inequality. Each of these areas of debate provides examples of how law and policy construct structural forms of inequality—and how such inequality can be contested. As this paper suggests, structural inequality is best understood as an aggregate, cumulative product of legal and policy decisions. Such structural inequality requires similarly structural remedies that go beyond incremental, "meliorist" approaches. Specifically, the paper suggests three strategies for redressing structural inequality: limits on private power, investments in public goods, and oversight and enforcement by administrative agencies.


Introduction:Fibromyalgia (FMS) is a pain syndrome characterized by chronic widespread pain and hyperalgesia/allodynia. Many affected are women and risk factors are unidentified. Today, a certain number of set criteria of disease signs and symptoms must be met for the diagnosis to be made. These criteria are used because of the lack of reliable biomarkers or other medical examination. The current study examines if in vivo platelet activity varies between FMS and controls without FMS.
Material and Methods: The study involves 24 females (age 38 + 9 (SD) years) with diagnosed FMS. 25 healthy females (age 50 + 12 (SD) years) without FMS served as controls. After sampling the whole platelet population was separated according to density with a linear Percoll™, into 17 density fractions. Platelet counts was carried out in all fractions using a routine cell counter. In addition, a flow cytometer was used to measure platelet bound fibrinogen without platelet agonist, reflecting in vivo platelet activity.
Results: The study groups did not differ with respect to the distribution of platelets in the gradient. FMS sufferers demonstrated a significant higher platelet bound fibrinogen in most of the platelet density fractions. In particular, significant differences (p < 0.05) were obtained in fractions numbers 2-14 and 16. In difference, fractions numbers 1, 15 and 17 did not show any significant variance.
Discussion: This is the first study to examine in vivo platelet activity in FMS. The results indicate that FMS is associated with elevated in vivo platelet activity compared to individuals without FMS. The clinical significance and the biochemical mechanisms regarding platelet heterogeneity are still uncertain. The results stimulate further research to elucidate the importance of platelet diversity in FMS.


Deep-sea sediments beneath double-ridged crawling trails and around two sessile epibenthic species, the sea anemone Bathyphellia margaritacea Danielssen, 1890 and the demosponge Thenea abyssorum Koltun, 1959, were investigated to test whether they support a bacterial colonisation significantly higher than that of nearby control sediments. The centimetre-scale features and the control sites with a virtually undisturbed sediment surface were sampled in two basin-like depressions in Fram Strait (Molloy Deep, 5552 m; Hayes Deep, 3668 m), and on the eastern Greenland continental rise (3139 m) using a Remotely Operated Vehicle. The uppermost 5 cm-thick layer of the sediment around the two species and beneath the trails contained a significantly higher total bacterial biomass (TBB) than the control sediments. The higher TBB values resulted either from higher total numbers of sedimentary bacteria (TBN), from a higher mean biomass per cell (MBC), or both. Sediments beneath the crawling trails were inhabited by significantly more bacteria than the control sediment. The mean cell biomass of the bacteria did not differ. The TBN around the sea anemone B. margaritacea and in control samples were almost in the same range; the MBC around the anemones, however, was significantly higher than in the control sediments. The higher TBB in the sediment around the sponge T. abyssorum resulted from higher values of both TBN and MBC. Our results confirmed that small epibenthic species and crawling trails sufficiently modify the surrounding sediment-seawater interface to affect the abundance and biomass of sediment-associated biota. The biogenic structures locally increase bacterial colonisation at the sediment-water interface and thus potentially increase habitat heterogeneity for the smallest benthic organisms.


In most countries, spectrum access and use is still managed by a conventional regulatory regime inherited from the early days of broadcasting. However, a quarter of a century ago, a few countries implemented market-oriented reforms to achieve efficient allocation and use of spectrum through new instruments (flexible licensing mechanism). In the intervening time, technology and infrastructure have changed considerably. In this paper, we revisit the adequacy of these reforms for the future 5G environment, which will be characterised by (i) demand for wide-channel spectrum, (ii) technology convergence, and (iii) new temporal dimensions to spectrum access. These characteristics should prompt further regulatory advances in the flexibility and certainty of spectrum access and use. Consequently, dynamic efficiency should become the overarching goal of spectrum policy. It is best achieved by further - but careful - devolution of regulatory functions to market operations. This article discusses the main attributes of a staged transition from the current mixed-instruments regulatory regime to a system independent of government planning in which allocation and pricing of units of spectrum is decided by market forces.


Abstract. Surveying engineering education includes several outdoor laboratories that complement and enhance theoretical concepts taught in class. In addition, outdoor laboratories develop student skills with instruments and surveying techniques. These laboratories are often affected by weather, leading to cancelled laboratories, which reduce the time students spend with instruments and disrupt/delay the academic plan. Furthermore, terrain characteristics are important in surveying, as each terrain and project introduce unique surveying challenges. However, training often takes places in one location, thus, limiting student comprehension and experience on how to use the same instrument and techniques in different terrain conditions. Virtual reality constantly gains ground in education, as it overcomes restrictions of physical laboratories and enhances student learning. This study discusses the development of a leveling laboratory in immersive and interactive virtual reality, as well as the challenges encountered. We have replicated a part of the Penn State Wilkes-Barre campus, where students conduct many of their physical laboratories, in virtual reality with geometric and photorealistic fidelity using remote sensing and photogrammetric methods. Dense point clouds derived from terrestrial laser scanning and small unmanned aerial surveys are used for terrain and man-made object modeling. In addition, we have developed software that simulates surveying instruments, their properties, and user/student interaction with the instrument (e.g., moving the tripod, leveling the level instrument and leveling rod, etc.). This paper demonstrates that by utilizing cutting-edge remote sensing and virtual reality technologies, we can create realistic laboratories that can supplement physical outdoor laboratories and improve/enhance undergraduate instruction of surveying students.


The common law and federal regulations create overlapping legal regimes that require researchers to obtain the informed consent of most human subjects of medical research. The fast growing field of biomedical research generally, and stem cell research in particular, raises a range of unresolved and contested legal issues concerning the extent and implementation of the informed consent requirement. This article identifies and assesses a series of these: Must researchers obtain the informed consent of participants in nontherapeutic research not covered by federal research regulations? As part of the process, must researchers disclose their financial interests in their projects? Must informed consent be obtained before researchers use tissues stored in tissue banks? Must informed consent be obtained from both gamete donors before research use may be made of a stored human embryo? The article argues that these questions can be best resolved by focusing the analysis on the core value of subject autonomy that underlies the principle of informed consent.


The dynamics of European market development before the Industrial Revolution are demonstrated to good effect by the Low Countries, which underwent several distinct phases of economic growth between 1000 and 1800. This case study presents a highly illuminating contrast between a considerable degree of economic integration between regions and continuing local variations in the organization of markets. We argue that the relative ease of trade and communication combined with economic competition between towns and regions to produce a fairly rapid diffusion of information, production techniques, legal concepts, and market design from one region to the next. Thus, it was not the early decline of feudalism that stimulated the successive phases of economic growth, but urban competition which produced both a dynamic evolution of contracting institutions and effective constraints on local and central executives. This explains why the political and legal fragmentation of the Low Countries did not end in economic stagnation.


The Cevennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (OHM-CV) is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding and modeling of the Mediterranean intense rain events that frequently result in devastating flash floods in southern France. A primary objective is to bring together the skills of meteorologists and hydrologists, modelers and instrumentalists, researchers and practitioners, to cope with these rather unpredictable events. In line with previously published flash-flood monographs, the present paper aims at documenting the 8–9 September 2002 catastrophic event, which resulted in 24 casualties and an economic damage evaluated at 1.2 billion euros (i.e., about 1 billion U.S. dollars) in the Gard region, France. A description of the synoptic meteorological situation is first given and shows that no particular precursor indicated the imminence of such an extreme event. Then, radar and rain gauge analyses are used to assess the magnitude of the rain event, which was particularly remarkable for its spatial extent with rain amounts greater than 200 mm in 24 h over 5500 km2. The maximum values of 600–700 mm observed locally are among the highest daily records in the region. The preliminary results of the postevent hydrological investigation show that the hydrologic response of the upstream watersheds of the Gard and Vidourle Rivers is consistent with the marked space–time structure of the rain event. It is noteworthy that peak specific discharges were very high over most of the affected areas (5–10 m3 s−1 km−2) and reached locally extraordinary values of more than 20 m3 s−1 km−2. A preliminary analysis indicates contrasting hydrological behaviors that seem to be related to geomorphological factors, notably the influence of karst in part of the region. An overview of the ongoing meteorological and hydrological research projects devoted to this case study within the OHM-CV is finally presented.


Islamic Finance is based on the philosophy of social justice by sharing risk and rewards. It prohibits interest payments, short-selling and contracts considered excessively risky. Islamic finance is based on Shariah, or Islamic law. It requires that gains be derived from ethical and socially responsible investments and discourages interest-based banking and investments in sectors like pork, gambling and pornography and other immoral activities. Investments in long term projects considered to benefit society are held in high regard. Islamic microfinance which is a part of Islamic Finance blends well with the goal of microfinance as both Islamic finance and traditional micro-finance institutions are aimed at achieving economic justice. Islamic microfinance contributes toward uplifting the poor with funding based on profit and loss sharing instead of the high-interest bearing credits offered by traditional microfinance institutions. It has the potential to address the ultra-poor who lack collateral owing to its profit-loss sharing mechanism. This paper shall explore an area of Islamic Finance that deals with one of the two major sectors of Islamic endowments, zakat and waqf. It will elaborate the concept of implementing specialized financial instruments, Cash Waqf to deal with the long mismanaged charitable fund of waqf. It will discuss opportunities for enhancing participation, provide efficient and improved management of endowments, ensure selective investments to maximize the socio-economic benefit and most importantly invest the scattered funds in a productive usage as opposed to current practice of consumerism through the mechanism of micro funding of Islamic microfinance institutions.


CONTEXT
Women with multiple pregnancies in adolescence may experience medical, psychological and social complications. Improved understanding of the individual-, dyad-, family-, peer/community- and social system-level risk factors for repeat pregnancy may lead to the development of more effective prevention strategies for adolescent mothers in a variety of settings.

METHODS
Between 1993 and 1996, white, black and Mexican American adolescent mothers at a labor and delivery unit in Texas were interviewed after delivery and completed written surveys prospectively for up to 48 months. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine predictors of repeat pregnancy within 24 months, using social ecological theory as a guide.

RESULTS
Forty-two percent of adolescent mothers experienced a repeat pregnancy within 24 months; 73% of these delivered a second child. Individual-level predictors were planning to have another baby within five years (odds ratio, 1.6) and not using long-acting contraceptives within three months of delivery (2.4). Dyad-level predictors were not being in a relationship with the father of the first child three months after delivery (2.0), being more than three years younger than the first child's father (1.6) and experiencing intimate partner violence within three months after delivery (1.9). Peer/community-level predictors were not being in school three months postpartum (1.8) and having many friends who were adolescent parents (1.5).

CONCLUSION
Adolescent mothers are at high risk for a rapid subsequent pregnancy. Interventions that address the complex and multifaceted aspects of the lives of adolescent mothers are needed to prevent repeat pregnancy.


The Robot Roadshow Program is designed to increase the interest of elementary school children in technical disciplines, specifically math and science. The program focuses on children from schools categorized as rural or underserved, which often have limited access to advanced technical resources. We developed the program using robots as a vehicle to get children excited about technical disciplines. We have found that while robots are universally captivating for all school age children, they dramatically peak the interest of K-6th graders. During the 2002-2003 school year, more than 1200 children, mostly from rural and underserved Kansas schools, have participated in the program.


Abstract The chiral Abelian Higgs model contains an interesting class of solitons found by Rubakov and Tavkhelidze. These objects carry non-zero fermion number NF (or Chern-Simons number NCS , what is the same because of the chiral anomaly) and are stable for sufficiently large NF . In this paper we study the properties of these anomalous solitons. We find that their energy-versusfermion-number ratio is given by E ∼ N CS or E ∼ N 2/3 CS depending on the structure of the scalar potential. For the former case we demonstrate that there is a lower bound on the soliton energy, which reads E ≥ c N CS , where c is some parameter expressed through the masses and coupling constants of the theory. We construct the anomalous solitons numerically accounting both for Higgs and gauge dynamics and show that they are not spherically symmetric. The thin wall approximation valid for macroscopic solutions with NCS ≫ 1 is discussed as well.


Background
The role of hip arthroscopic intervention for Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI)
is evolving with increasing ability to deal with impingement lesions and repair the
chondrolabral tears. Initially, the procedure was thought to be most appropriate for
treatment of athletes but the objective benefits in terms of return to sport at the
same level were not considered. Moreover, any benefit in terms of overall quality of
life, and potential efficacy of arthroscopic treatment in non-athletes has not been
clarified. Currently, this procedure is still very new, and most published studies
involve retrospective analysis of small numbers of patients and do not give an
accurate picture of the frequency and severity of complications, in particular the
potential to delay the need the have hip replacement.

Aim
The aim of this thesis is to establish the benefit of hip arthroscopic intervention for
FAI by answering pertinent questions about the procedure:
• Is it effective in terms of improvement in quality of life?
• Is it beneficial for non-athletes?
• Is it possible for athletes to return to sport at the same level?
• What is the short-term complication rate?
• Does it defer the need to have hip replacement in the future?
Methods
This thesis is based on four original published papers in various peer-reviewed
journals that address the above questions.

Results
Does hip arthroscopic intervention improve quality of life (QoL) of patients with
FAI?
This publication reported the largest single-surgeon series, at the time of
publication, and was the first to consider QoL outcomes. In a series of 612 patients
at a mean follow-up of 3.2 years, we found that the QoL improved significantly after
surgical intervention in 77%, remained unchanged in 14% and deteriorated in 9%
of patients. The significant predictors of change in QoL were preoperative QoL
scores and female gender.
Is hip arthroscopic intervention for FAI only for athletes?
In this prospective comparative study the trend for improvement in hip scores after
surgery was compared between athletes and non-athletes and we found that, while
the athletes had a significantly better score at six weeks, there were no significant
differences between the two groups after one year. This study was the first
prospective comparative study to look at these two groups of patients and
demonstrated that arthroscopic surgery may be an appropriate treatment for FAI in
both athletes and non-athletes.
Does hip arthroscopic intervention for FAI improve the outcome in athletes?
In this prospective comparative study we noted that both the training and time in
competition improved approximately three-fold after surgery, with a mean time to
return to sport at the same level of 5.4 months. Professional athletes (4.2 months)
recovered more quickly than recreational athletes (6.8 months). A greater
proportion of the professional athletes (88%) returned to their pre-injury level of
sport than the recreational athletes (73%). Prior to this study, objective measures
of return to sport were lacking, and there had been no prospective comparative
studies of recovery time in professional and recreational athletes.
What is the short-term complication rate?
The national hospital episode statistics data on short-term complications after hip
arthroscopy showed that, in 6395 hip arthroscopies performed in England between
April 2005 and Jan 2013, the 30-day readmission rate was 0.5%; the 90-day
incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was 0.08% and of pulmonary embolus
(PE) 0.08%; and the 90-day mortality rate was 0.02%.
Does it defer the need to have hip replacement in the future?
In this series of 6395 hip arthroscopies, 680 patients (10.6%) underwent total hip
replacement (THR), at a mean of 1.4 years after the index operation. Female
patients had a 1.68 times (95% CI, 1.41 to 2.01) higher risk of conversion to THR
than male patients, and patients aged 50 years or older had a 4.65 (95% CI, 3.93
to 5.49) times higher risk of requiring hip replacement than patients younger than
50 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed an eight-year survival of 82%;
while Cox proportional hazard analysis, adjusting for age, gender and Charlson
comorbidity score, revealed an eight-year survival of 86%.

Conclusion
Arthroscopic surgery for FAI improves QoL, is beneficial for non athletes as well as
athletes, enables athletes to return to their professional level of function and may
delay the need for total hip replacement. These papers have helped, not only in
establishing the outcome of surgery but also in identifying the patients who would
benefit from intervention. This information is critical to the clinicians' understanding
of both the success of the intervention and limitations of the technique. Important
information has been generated from this work that will be helpful during
preoperative counselling, when it is imperative to obtain properly informed consent.


Recent theoretical analysis of contract default rules has devoted significant attention to the use of penalty default rules as a way to induce a contractor to reveal private information. Penalty default rules demonstrate how efficient rules cannot be derived by simply asking what most parties would have contracted for had they written a complete contract. Such "majoritarian" default rules derive from an implicit assumption about the reason why a particular contract is incomplete. A fuller efficiency analysis tries to understand the reasons why contracts are incomplete and how different default rules affect the efficiency of the contracting process and the contracts themselves. Our goal here is to show how an understanding of the underlying causes of contractual incompleteness informs the optimal choice of default rules.


We introduce a method for generating realistic pedestrian trajectories and full-body animations that can be controlled to meet user-defined goals. We draw on recent advances in guided diffusion modeling to achieve test-time controllability of trajectories, which is normally only associated with rule-based systems. Our guided diffusion model allows users to constrain trajectories through target waypoints, speed, and specified social groups while accounting for the surrounding environment context. This trajectory diffusion model is integrated with a novel physics-based humanoid controller to form a closed-loop, full-body pedestrian animation system capable of placing large crowds in a simulated environment with varying terrains. We further propose utilizing the value function learned during RL training of the animation controller to guide diffusion to produce trajectories better suited for particular scenarios such as collision avoidance and traversing uneven terrain. Video results are available on the project page.


Paranoid and suspicious thoughts are a significant clinical topic. They regularly occur in 10–15% of the general population, and persecutory delusions are a frequent symptom of psychosis. In the past, patients were discouraged from talking about paranoid experiences. In contrast, it is now recommended that patients are given time to talk about them, and cognitive–behavioural techniques are being used to reduce distress. In this article we present the theoretical understanding of paranoia that underpins this transformation in the treatment of paranoid thoughts and summarise the therapeutic techniques derived. Emphasis is placed on the clinician approaching the problem from a perspective of understanding and making sense of paranoid experiences rather than simply challenging paranoid thoughts. Ways of overcoming difficulties in engaging people with paranoid thoughts are highlighted.


Abstract One approach to the reconstruction of infectious disease transmission trees from pathogen genomic data has been to use a phylogenetic tree, reconstructed from pathogen sequences, and annotate its internal nodes to provide a reconstruction of which host each lineage was in at each point in time. If only one pathogen lineage can be transmitted to a new host (i.e., the transmission bottleneck is complete), this corresponds to partitioning the nodes of the phylogeny into connected regions, each of which represents evolution in an individual host. These partitions define the possible transmission trees that are consistent with a given phylogenetic tree. However, the mathematical properties of the transmission trees given a phylogeny remain largely unexplored. Here, we describe a procedure to calculate the number of possible transmission trees for a given phylogeny, and we then show how to uniformly sample from these transmission trees. The procedure is outlined for situations where one sample is available from each host and trees do not have branch lengths, and we also provide extensions for incomplete sampling, multiple sampling, and the application to time trees in a situation where limits on the period during which each host could have been infected and infectious are known. The sampling algorithm is available as an R package (STraTUS).


Background Adolescent drinking in Western countries has been associated with older age and high socioeconomic status, but the association with family structure was inconsistent. Methods In a 2012–2013 school-based survey in Hong Kong, 23 096 students (mean age 14.7 years, SD 1.8 years) completed an anonymous questionnaire. Current drinking was defined as any drinking and binge drinking as consuming at least 5 drinks on one occasion, both in the past 30 days. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics with current drinking, binge drinking and type of alcohol consumed. Results Current drinking was associated with age (≥15 vs ≤14 years) (adjusted OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.02), higher perceived family affluence versus low affluence (1.11, 1.02 to 1.21 for medium affluence; 1.55, 1.38 to 1.75 for high affluence), private housing versus public housing (1.11, 1.01 to 1.21) and non-intact family versus intact family (1.31, 1.19 to 1.45 for separated/divorced parents; 1.40, 1.21 to 1.62 for one or both deceased parents). Similar risk factors were observed for binge drinking. Girls were more likely to drink fruit wine (1.48, 1.36 to 1.62), while they were less likely to drink beer (0.85, 0.79 to 0.92) and spirits (0.69, 0.54 to 0.87). Students who reported high family affluence were more likely to drink wine (1.91, 1.59 to 2.30) and spirits (2.23, 1.54 to 3.24). Conclusions Generally, adolescents who were older and had higher socioeconomic status were more likely to drink. High family affluence was associated with wine and spirits drinking. Beer and spirits were preferred more by boys, and fruit wine by girls. These results indicated high-risk groups for adolescent alcohol interventions.


Computations were conducted to determine the effect of load diffusion on the stresses in a ship with a long cutout on each side, beginning with the distribution of bottom pressures. The analysis reveals that in the center region of the vessel under investigation each cross section was nearly fully effective in bending. The effect of load diffusion was found to modify the elementary beam stresses by about 10 to 25 per cent in the region of maximum moment. Computations of stresses in I-beams and angle frames showed that, for the proportions of ship structures, a reasonably reliable analysis could be conducted on the assumption that all members were uniform thickness plates. A fundamental constraint, in the conduct of the calculations, was the need for performing the analysis with a calculator no more advanced than a desk computer in order to test the general utility of the load diffusion procedure. It was intended that this could function for use in a design room if it were found to be reasonably reliable and simple to use. A significant decrease in calculation effort could be achieved after some experience in the selection of initial values for the iteration process employed in the investigation. Further advantage could be realized by judicious use of a high speed digital computer. ( Author )


ABSTRACT The challenge of research methods teaching is gaining attention among policy-makers keen to build social science research capacity and, critically, among educationalists keen to enhance the pedagogy. This paper addresses pedagogy, presenting a new conceptual-empirical typology of pedagogy for social science research methods teaching. Taking a sociocultural perspective, pedagogy is seen as encompassing both actions and underlying values. A mix of qualitative methods was used to engage more than 100 methods teachers (plus students) from diverse UK and international contexts. An expert panel method and focus groups helped elucidate pedagogical knowledge. Video-stimulated reflective dialogue added detail to that knowledge. Thematic analysis was used to make sense of teaching practice with individuals and across the dataset. A typology of research methods teaching developed iteratively across this process, proposing the core categories of approach, strategy, tactics and tasks. In-depth case studies helped to gain nuance and test the emergent typology in situ. The paper argues that the typology contributes a dynamic tool for developing practice. It transforms the way we think about teaching and can be applied in any social science research method teaching context, benefitting the pedagogic community by enabling greater focus in planning and reflection.


Freshwater macrophytes were surveyed for their distribution, habitat characteristics and local uses around Bintulu division and Miri district, Sarawak, East Malaysia from year 2004 until 2006. Thirty nine (39) areas were covered where two lakes and five streams of natural and man made water bodies (one marsh, two temporary marshes, four ponds, one disused mining lake and eight ditches) from Bintulu division while from Miri district, one area of stream (natural) and four man made water bodies (two marshes, three ponds, seven ditches and three areas of water reservoirs). A total of 113 species and 42 families of freshwater macrophytes were recorded in various habitats and areas of Bintulu division and Miri district. Fifty five (55) species in 12 families are angiospermae monocotyledon e.g. Limnocharis flava, Eriocaulon longifolium, Cyperus halpan and Blyxa aubertii, 49 species in 24 families are angiospermae dicotyledon e.g. Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea nouchali, Ceratophyllum demersum and including seven species in three families of carnivorous plants, Drosera spathulata, Utricularia aurea, U. bifida, U. caerulea, U. gibba, U. minutissima and Nepenthes gracilis. Eight species in six families are categorized as ferns e.g. Salvinia molesta, Nephrolepis bisserata, Lygodium microphyllum and macroalgae, Chara zeylanica. Based on life form categories, three species were emergent (N. nucifera, N. nouchali and N. pubescens), five species as submerse (e.g. C. zeylanica, B. aubertii, Hydrilla verticillata and U. bifida), eight species as floating (e.g. Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, Lemna perpusilla, U. aurea, U. gibba and Eichhornia crassipes) and 99 species as marginal or half-submerse (e.g. L. flava, Ipomoea stolonifera, C. halpan, Eleocharis dulcis, N. bisserata, D. spathulata, U. caerulea and Typha angustifolia).
The distribution of freshwater macrophytes e.g. H. verticillata, U. gibba in various natural (e.g. Kemena lake, Jalan Nyabau stream) and man made water bodies (e.g. Taman Mawar pond, UPM Bintulu campus ditch) were not affected by physical environmental factors where the water and substrate were slightly acidic to alkaline, pH ranged 6.79 to 7.82 with water temperature of 25oC to 34.6oC. Freshwater macrophytes grew in slightly acidic to alkaline of water and substrates of clay and sandy clay loam. Freshwater macrophytes also grew in water temperature of 24oC to 38oC and tolerated up to 40oC. Species such as C. zeylanica and T. angustifolia grew in water of 5 ppt and N. nouchali were abundantly growing in black colour water with a pH of 5.5 or less. The variations on morphology of vegetative and reproductive structures contribute to their adaptation and survival in a variety of environmental conditions. The arrangement of leaves e.g. rosette in N. nouchali to avoid shading and overlapping of leaves and helps the plant gets more sunlight. The vacuoles in the petioles and rhizomes e.g. N. nucifera function for gas transportation while swollen petioles in certain species e.g. E. crassipes enables the plant to float on water surface. Certain species have "head" inflorescences such as Mimosa pudica that function to avoid overlapping of flowers for easy pollination. The modification of seed structure e.g. "winged" seeds in U. gibba allows buoyancy of seeds for dispersal. Forty three species of freshwater macrophytes are used by the local population. The marginal plants such as Cyperus brevifolius, E. dulcis, Alternanthera sessilis and Homalomena propingua are the sources of most food and medicines. Other than as food and medicine, freshwater macrophytes are also used as an ingredient in making cosmetics (e.g. Melastoma malabathricum), household items e.g. aromatherapy foam bath (e.g. N. nouchali), making mats, baskets and as binding material (Cyperus malaccensis known as "Tali bondong" among local peoples), aquarium and decorative plants (e.g. Cabomba furcata, Monochoria hastata, M. vaginalis, D. spathulata, U. bifida and U. minutissima). Salvinia molesta and L. microphyllum are cultivated by local peoples and used as biofilters and biodegradable plants in water reservoirs.


This article asks if and why sexual orientation and gender identity-related rights should connect to a human rights framework. To answer that question it begins by addressing how we understand what makes human rights resonate or not resonate and if addressing a contentious issue such as sexual orientation or gender identity from within a human rights frame advances or detracts from such resonance. The argument developed in response is anti-foundational: i.e., that human rights' resonance has not come from some universally valid extra-political foundational source but, rather, comes from how human rights have been transformed (at times) into tools that become relevant to everyday struggles of marginalised peoples. Considered in that context, including recognition of sexual orientation and gender identity-related rights may be extraordinarily difficult, but also presents an opportunity to re-conceptualise human rights in a way that reflects the sort of bottom-up demands that keep human rights relevant. Responding to critical challenges arguing that sexual orientation and gender identity-related rights are either impractical or theoretically problematic actually reinforces the saliency of this argument. It is true that human rights can be a matter of problematic top-down impositions. But when human rights are constituted by claims made by marginalised peoples, they can also powerfully advance cultural, economic, political and social empowerment. In short, including recognition of sexual orientation and gender identity-related rights is in line with how human rights have, at their best, evolved and been reimagined. Most importantly, such re-imaginings are part of what can allow human rights to be more fully informed by the pluralistic forces that animate human identity and that sometimes make human rights relevant to peoples and societies around the globe.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To determine the feasibility of administering a flavonoid-rich adjunctive treatment (Concord grape juice) for the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV); to evaluate the usefulness of existing measures for assessing CINV frequency and severity, quality of life, control over life events, and psychological state; to identify any actual or potential adverse events associated with frequent grape juice intake; and to provide preliminary data concerning the effect of Concord grape juice on CINV, quality of life, perceived control over life events, and psychological state.

DESIGN
Double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

SETTING
A cancer center in an academic health science center in the northeastern United States.

SAMPLE
77 adult patients with cancer receiving moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy agents.

METHODS
Participants drank 4 oz. of grape juice or placebo prior to meals for one week following each of four chemotherapy treatment cycles. They recorded frequency, duration, and distress of nausea, vomiting, and retching daily, beginning the evening of chemotherapy administration and continuing for seven days. Data were analyzed with generalized estimating equations methodology to model differences between groups over time.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Nausea and vomiting frequency, duration, and distress; quality of life; control over decision making; and psychological state.

FINDINGS
Nausea and vomiting frequency, duration, and distress were lower for experimental group members, although a high attrition rate (50%) resulted in insufficient power to detect statistically significant differences over time. Greater levels of anxiety, depression, and hostility at baseline were related to nausea and vomiting, quality of life, and perceived control over decision making.

CONCLUSIONS
The effect of grape juice flavonoids on CINV should be investigated further with a larger sample to determine whether preliminary findings are supported. Alterations to the study protocol will be necessary to decrease attrition.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables may provide additional protection against CINV. If the compounds work, they would offer a low-cost, readily available adjunctive treatment for the management of CINV.


There is a major drive in South Africa to reshape the higher educational landscape, but traditional higher education at public contact institutions is certainly not geared to make an optimal contribution to this development in its present form. The question can be asked whether South Africa's higher education institutions (HEIs) should not take cognisance of international tendencies in higher education (HE) when addressing these local issues. HEIs worldwide tend to move towards multi-modal offerings, that is, offerings that apply different modes of delivery, and in doing so enhance the offerings by using integrated technologies. The process of covering the whole spectrum of delivery modes in South Africa may be strained if only contact and distance education are recognised for funding purposes. Should the goal in South Africa not be to meet the educational challenges through the use of available information and communication technologies (ICTs)? The aim of this paper is to contribute to this debate on the enhancement of HE through technology. This will be done by exploring some of the relevant aspects from a learner-centred as well as a managerial perspective.


Social networks gives it's users an oppportunity to share his / her activities, events and field of interests with their networks online. This happens through, instant messages, e-mails and shares. Technology is rapidly progressing and it does not seem possible to ignore that the Internet is integrated to our lives. In last few years social networks has entered to our business and private lives and reshape the communication, collaboration and even learning process. This new communication environment is rapidly taking its place about the health issues. Individuals use social media and social networks to get information about a disease, get feedback when they are making a decision about a treatment, to learn about side effects of a drug etc. Institutions and organizations in all areas of life have begun to use social media and social networks for the benefit of society, one by one. Access to information is now much faster, so health communication, health institutions and organizations, and health campaign and events take place in social networks, the importance of issues are increasing day by day. This studya descriptive compile This study aims to show the opportunities of social media and social networks for health care institutions and organizations by descriptive compilation.


Objective of the study was to find the prevalence of major health problems among street dogs in Pokhara Valley, Nepal. Data were taken from the rescued street dogs brought for the treatment at Himalayan Animal Rescue Team (HART), Nepal, from January to December, 2011. A total of 171 sick or injured dogs were brought for the treatment. All the preliminary diagnosis was done by the veterinary officer and confirmatory diagnosis were limited. Data were analyzed using Microsoft excel program 2013 (Microsoft Corporation, New York, USA) and results are presented as number and in percentage. Mange infestation (40.35%) was the most prevalent problem, followed by general wound (18.12%), respiratory tract infection (7.60%), gastrointestinal parasites (5.26%), and general nervous signs (4.09%). Two dogs were suspected with rabies. Maggot infestations, tick infections, poisoning, bone fractures, otitis, pyometras, bite wounds, mammary tumors, hernias, abscesses, and anemic conditions collectively accounted for nearly 24.58%. Results presented in this study can be a reference for non-government organizations involving in rescue and treatment of sick and injured street dogs to plan their activities. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(1): 53-56


Gibberellic acid (GA3) is a plant growth regulator widely used in the cultivation of seedless grape varieties to increase their yield. Hormonisation treatment has beneficial effects on yield size and quality, yet its influence on the level of biologically active compounds and grape antioxidant activity has not yet been studied extensively yet. Clusters of 11-year-old 'Einset Seedless' grapevines trained according to the single Guyot pruning style were sprayed with GA3 at 100, 200 or 300 mg/L dose once, twice or three times.  Fruit harvested on 25 September were immediately examined for acidity, extract content, biologically active substances and antioxidant capacity using the DPPH test. In addition, correlations occurring between some parameters measured were calculated. Hormonisation had a negative effect on the content of extract, flavonoids and ascorbic acid, while it had no effect on the anthocyanin level. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH assay depended on dose and the number of treatments, and the analysed parameters were shown to decrease significantly with increasing application number. Gibberellic acid at 100 and 300 mg/L application rates had a significantly increased DPPH level compared to the control and 200 mg/L dose. The single GA3 treatment, and when applied three times, and application rates at 100 and 200 mg/L were shown to have a significant influence on phenolic acid content. The level of tannins after a single GA3 treatment and a 300 mg/L dose increased significantly.


Video-on-demand over IP (VOD) is one of the best-known examples of "next-generation" Internet applications cited as a goal by networking and multimedia researchers. Without empirical data, researchers have generally relied on simulated models to drive their design and developmental efforts. In this paper, we present one of the first measurement studies of a large VOD system, using data covering 219 days and more than 150,000 users in a VOD system deployed by China Telecom. Our study focuses on user behavior, content access patterns, and their implications on the design of multimedia streaming systems. Our results also show that when used to model the user-arrival rate, the traditional Poisson model is conservative and overestimates the probability of large arrival groups. We introduce a modified Poisson distribution that more accurately models our observations. We also observe a surprising result, that video session lengths has a weak inverse correlation with the video's popularity. Finally, we gain better understanding of the sources of video popularity through analysis of a number of internal and external factors.


Due to the recent boom in artificial intelligence (AI) research, including computer vision (CV), it has become impossible for researchers in these fields to keep up with the exponentially increasing number of manuscripts. In response to this situation, this paper proposes the paper summary generation (PSG) task using a simple but effective method to automatically generate an academic paper summary from raw PDF data. We realized PSG by combination of vision-based supervised components detector and language-based unsupervised important sentence extractor, which is applicable for a trained format of manuscripts. We show the quantitative evaluation of ability of simple vision-based components extraction, and the qualitative evaluation that our system can extract both visual item and sentence that are helpful for understanding. After processing via our PSG, the 979 manuscripts accepted by the Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) 2018 are available1 . It is believed that the proposed method will provide a better way for researchers to stay caught with important academic papers.


Is race something we know when we see it? In 1857, Alexina Morrison, a slave in Louisiana, ran away from her master and surrendered herself to the parish jail for protection. Blue-eyed and blond, Morrison successfully convinced white society that she was one of them. When she sued for her freedom, witnesses assured the jury that she was white, and that they would have known if she had a drop of African blood. Morrison's court trial - and many others over the last 150 years - involved high stakes: freedom, property, and civil rights. And they all turned on the question of racial identity.Over the past two centuries, individuals and groups (among them Mexican Americans, Indians, Asian immigrants, and Melungeons) have fought to establish their whiteness in order to lay claim to full citizenship in local courtrooms, administrative and legislative hearings, and the U.S. Supreme Court. Like Morrison's case, these trials have often turned less on legal definitions of race as percentages of blood or ancestry than on the way people presented themselves to society and demonstrated their moral and civic character.Unearthing the legal history of racial identity, Ariela Gross' book examines the paradoxical and often circular relationship of race and the perceived capacity for citizenship in American society. This book reminds us that the imaginary connection between racial identity and fitness for citizenship remains potent today and continues to impede racial justice and equality.


The majority of rural Indian households remain dependent on unreliable, inefficient and harmful household energy technologies. Rural households make their energy decisions with respect to the Water-Energy-Food security (WEF) Nexus jointly, however, previous research initiatives have analyzed household energy access problem in isolation. By analyzing household's activities and its interactions with other households, this paper identified the factors that impact household's transition to modern energies of different kinds. For the analysis, it utilized logit and zoib (zero-one-inflated beta) regression techniques on the household survey data set from the Uttar Pradesh province of India. The results showed that regular non-agricultural income of household's male member increases the probability of household's modern cooking energy and modern lighting transition by 8.6% and 13.6%, respectively. It was found that household's higher agricultural dependence and resource endowments (more labor and cattle) lead to higher share of traditional bioenergy consumption in the total cooking energy mix. Proximity to markets and high household income were observed to positively influence household modern cooking and lighting transition. Local institutions such as local bio-energy markets and barter trade for labor- bioenergy was observed to have significant influence on household energy choice. Results also showed that government's policy instrument such as household connection to government LPG scheme is associated with 20.5% increased probability of household using modern cooking energy as its primary cooking fuel. Results also indicated that social factors such as higher female education and young age of household head are associated with household's increased modern cooking energy consumption in its total cooking energy mix.


This article analyses social dynamics in restorative justice conferences employing two distinct meanings of accountability: one embodied in performing gendered (and other) social relations, and the second, in performing remorse. Engaging feminist theory of 'doing gender' and structured action, offenders' accounts of their behaviour, gendered participation of parents and community representatives are analysed. Specifically examined are three ideals of restorative justice: empowerment, remorse and reintegration, and bridging barriers between participants. The data analysed are from extensive field notes collected during six months of research into restorative justice in Australia and as a practitioner in Maine. Analyses reveal that achieving these ideals is more elusive than anticipated. Rather, accountability dynamics around gender, race and social class reinforce social privileges and disadvantage.


The minerals and energy sector can rightly be classified as comprising an extremely hazardous working environment in which numerous situations exist for accidents and incidents involving personnel and equipment to occur.

Accidents are often explained by what are referred to as 'human factor'. The often used explanation, 'technical-failure', gives the impression that technology lives a life of its own without human intervention. However, technical failure often occurs because of human errors in construction, installation, maintenance or operation. It is the person who triggers the risks who is made morally (and sometime legally) responsible. When an operator makes a mistake (an active error) he or she is personally blamed. When a designer or constructor makes a mistake, or when cheap or inferior equipment is bought, or when maintenance is faulty, the responsibility is depersonalised and it becomes a 'technology' fault (Sunderstrom-Frisk, 1998).

This research examines ways of using expert information using computer graphics and visualisation to produce visual applications that demonstrate and explain, but also have the added ability to teach the user or viewer, with the intent to assess their competency.
Today's technology provides educators, students, professional bodies and the general public access to large amounts of information in a visual form. We repackage technical literature and data as movies and videos for audiences to view, instead of reading the information. Understanding may be achieved rapidly instead of taking days, weeks or months. From a visual presentation the viewers absorb information, which is easy to retain.

The reconstructions discussed in this research concern the minerals and energy sector of Western Australia. They not only show what went wrong but can also be customised to demonstrate how to prevent an accident/incident. The benefits of this to industry is primarily: the ability to reuse the reconstruction instead of closing down a production line that cost the company and industry many thousands of dollars, and no lives are exposed to hazardous environments while examining the reconstruction for investigation or training purposes.


Theorizing the Ideal Sovereign, examines the ways in which vernacular biographies of kings from the later French Middle Ages reflected and contributed to transformations in late-medieval political and philosophical thought. Using a lens of literary analysis for works that have more often been read as historical source documents, Daisy Delogu demonstrates how theories of kingship evolved in the period of the .rediscovery. of Aristotle, the rise of the vernacular as a language of ethics and philosophy, and the Hundred Years' War. By means of a series of close readings of Jean de Joinville's Vie de Saint Louis, Guillaume de Machaut's Prise d'Alixandre, and Christine de Pizan's biography of Charles V, Delogu examines the ways in which biographical writings on kings could advance precise political aims. She also shows how these texts contributed to nascent ideas of nationhood, exerted pressure upon traditional ideals of kingship, and ultimately redefined the theoretical and practical bases of medieval kingship. This study of vernacular kings's lives illuminates the important role that literary works played in shaping ideas more traditionally discussed in legal, historical, or institutional terms. Theorizing the Ideal Sovereign restores late medieval kings's lives to ethical and political conversations of which they were an integral part, and revives the lively interaction between texts and readers that formed the basis for medieval reading experiences.


Infrared spectra have been obtained for the Ar–C2H2 complex, which include a combination band associated with the low frequency bending mode. These data are used, together with ab initio calculations and the results of previous studies of this system, to construct a two‐dimensional Hartree–Fock plus damped dispersion (HFD) intermolecular potential surface corresponding to the C–H stretch excited vibrational state. A high quality SCF surface, which includes ghost orbital corrections, has been used to fix the repulsive part of the potential. The remaining potential parameters were initially estimated with the aid of various combining rules and the collocation technique was used to solve the bound state problem for this potential and to calculate the spectrum of the Ar–C2H2 complex. To obtain good agreement between the calculated and experimental spectra it was necessary to distribute the dispersion interaction over the length of the acetylene subunit. The result is a double minimum potential upon which the ...


Since art and science went their separate ways in the 18th century, the purpose of science has been to generate true knowledge based on reason and objectivity. However, during the second half of the 20th century, opinions emerged within science that showed the impossibility of eliminating subjectivity in scientific practice. This paper describes the similarity of the subjective judgements that form part of the peer-review system d the method devised by the scientific community to guarantee truth and objectivity d and the subjective judgements involved in artistic evaluation.


The authors present an approach that combines logic minimization and folding for a programmable logic array (PLA). An efficient algorithm is proposed for optimal bipartite column folding. In the algorithm, the authors model the PLA personality matrix as a network and the bipartite PLA folding as a partitioning problem of that network. This folding algorithm is able to find optimal solutions for the benchmarks from the literature. The algorithm also substitutes product terms by their alternatives in order to find the one best suited for folding. The authors combine this algorithm and a logic minimization algorithm into a folding system. When comparing the results to those by a conventional approach, about one half of the benchmarks show area gain if product-term-alternatives exist. >


A new method to count the expected value and variance of time dispersion is presented for time dispersion of underwater optical wireless communication. Instead of the typically used Gamma distribution, inverse-Gaussian distribution is suggested for underwater optical impulse response time waveform function. The expectation of this method is in good agreement with experimental data. Future works may include water absorption to the model.


Dynamic programming (DP) was derived by Bellman in 1957 as a mathematical programming method to solve multistage decision problems. With advances in computational power, a new family of dynamic programming known as approximate dynamic programming (ADP) has emerged. Under a statistical perspective, more efficient design of experiments methods, such as orthogonal arrays (OAs) and number theoretic methods (NTMs), combined with flexible statistical modeling methods, such as multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) and neural networks (NNs), enabled approximate solutions to higher-dimensional problems.
The above statistical perspective still maintains a traditional DP solution approach. By contrast, machine learning approaches evolved in the artificial intelligence community to approximately "learn" the DP solution via an iterative search. These learning based methods fall under various names, including reinforcement learning (RL), adaptive critic, and neuro-dynamic programming. These learning based ADP methods were initiated from the theories of psychology and animal learning, but now have evolved as an important branch-stream of machine learning methods. Compared with the previous ADP methods developed in statistical and operations research communities, this kind of methods can adaptively and gradually learn the DP solution with certain learning algorithms. However, the practical success of RL approaches is still limited due to extremely high computational cost.
The RL approach to ADP is sequential in nature, and this dissertation seeks to improve upon the statistical perspective by developing sequential approaches in the spirit of RL. The existing ADP methods assume fixed model structures for approximating the future value (or cost-to-go) function. In practice, this model structure is difficult to identify, in many cases requiring a time-consuming trial-and-error process. In addition, the statistical perspective requires determination of the discretization sample size in advance. The iterative approach of RL, automatically determines sample size and uses system dynamics to explore the state space. In this dissertation, two types of sequential algorithms are developed. The first type uses a sequential concept based on consistency theory to both identify the approximating model structure and determine sample size. The second type uses system dynamics to sequentially identify the state space region.
The first type of sequential algorithm builds an adaptive value function approximation while the size of the state space sample grows. In the statistical perspective to ADP, there are two components to value function approximation: (1) design of experiments and (2) statistical modeling. For design of experiments, NTM low-discrepancy sequence sampling techniques are employed because of the sequential nature in which they are generated. For statistical modeling, feed-forward NN models are used because of their consistency ability. The adaptive value function approximation (AVFA) is implemented in each stage of the backward-solving DP framework. Three different AVFA algorithms are derived based on the consistency concept and then tested on a nine-dimensional inventory forecasting problem. The first algorithm increments the size of the state space training data in each sequential step, and for each sample size a successive model search process is performed to find an optimal NN model. The second algorithm improves on the first by reducing the computation of the successive model search process. The third algorithm uses a more natural perspective of the consistency concept, where in each step, either the sample size is incremented or the complexity of the NN model is grown; an optimal NN model is not directly sought in this algorithm, but rather the consistency concept implies that convergence will yield the optimal model.
The second type of sequential algorithm conducts state space exploration forwards through the stages. The objective is to identify the appropriate region in the state space to model the future value function. The specification of this region is needed in the design of experiments component of the statistical perspective; however, in practice, this region is typically unknown. Hence, this sequential state space exploration (SSSE) approach fills an important need. Since decisions are needed to move forward through the stages, both random and optimal decisions are explored.
The SSSE algorithm is combined with the AVFA algorithm to yield a novel self-organized forward-backward ADP solution framework. This framework consists of two phases. The first phase has a single forward SSSE step using random decisions to identify an initial state space region for each stage and a single backward AVFA step to build initial future value function approximations over these regions. The second phase iterates between a forward SSSE step with optimal decisions and a backward AVFA step to update the state space regions and the future value function approximations until the state space regions stop changing. This new sequential SSSE-AVFA algorithm is also tested on a nine-dimensional stochastic inventory forecasting problem.


Until recently, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has been an effective framework for cooperation because it has continually adapted to changing economic realities. The current Doha Agenda is an aberration because it does not reflect one of the biggest shifts in the international economic and trading system: the rise of China. Even though China will have a stake in maintaining trade openness, an initiative that builds on but redefines the Doha Agenda would anchor China more fully in the multilateral trading system. Such an initiative would have two pillars. First, a new negotiating agenda that would include the major issues of interest to China and its trading partners, and thus unleash the powerful reciprocal liberalization mechanism that has driven the WTO process to previous successes. Second, new restraints on bilateralism and regionalism that would help preserve incentives for maintaining the current broad non-discriminatory trading order.


In this article we have considered the problems of classification and recognition of a specific type of asset, namely cattle embryos, as well as analyzed the characteristic features of this type of asset. We also substantiated its recognition as a biological asset in accordance with IFRS 41 "Agriculture". The possibility of applying the approach to embryos' valuation by means on fair value has been proved based on the convergence of selection calculations' methods and the income discounting method. The calculations have shown that the evaluation of the embryos depends on conditions and patterns of their usage. The results of the study will allow more reasonably forming professional judgment in the primary recognition of the biological asset and its valuation at the reporting dates in the financial statements.


The internal reflection of an excited X-ray waveguide mode in a synthetic nanostructure, defined by electron-beam lithography, has been measured. In this device, the X-ray beam is first coupled into a conventional vertical thin-film waveguide structure and then reflected laterally at the quasi-one-dimensional edge of the waveguiding layer. The reflectivity of the quasi-one-dimensional interface has been recorded under simultaneous excitation of the (vertical) waveguide mode. The experiment constitutes an important step towards the production of a coherent nanometre-sized X-ray point source by two-dimensionally defined waveguide structures.


The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program's Expedition 302, the Arctic Coring Expedition (ACEX), recovered the first Cenozoic sedimentary sequence from the central Arctic Ocean. ACEX provided ground truth for basin scale geophysical interpretations and for guiding future exploration targets in this largely unexplored ocean basin. Here, we present results from a series of consolidation tests used to characterize sediment compressibility and permeability and integrate these with high‐resolution measurements of bulk density, porosity and shear strength to investigate the stress history and the nature of prominent lithostratigraphic and seismostratigraphic boundaries in the ACEX record. Despite moderate sedimentation rates (10–30 m Myr−1) and high permeability values (10−15–10−18 m2), consolidation and shear strength measurements both suggest an overall state of underconsolidation or overpressure. One‐dimensional compaction modelling shows that to maintain such excess pore pressures, an in situ fluid source is required that exceeds the rate of fluid expulsion generated by mechanical compaction alone. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence is presented that identifies the Opal A–C/T transformation of biosiliceous rich sediments as a potential additional in situ fluid source. However, the combined rate of chemical and mechanical compaction remain too low to fully account for the observed pore pressure gradients, implying an additional diagenetic fluid source from within or below the recovered Cenozoic sediments from ACEX. Recognition of the Opal A–C/T reaction front in the ACEX record has broad reaching regional implications on slope stability and subsurface pressure evolution, and provides an important consideration for interpreting and correlating the spatially limited seismic data from the Arctic Ocean.


This work presents the history and impact of the seven most important progressive library organizations worldwide - in Austria, Germany, South Africa, Sweden, United Kingdom, and two in the United States. Each organization is considered within its national context, and in fact, the English word ""organization"" does not quite fit the nature of all of the groups. The South African organization, LIWO, was transitional in that it helped bring South African librarianship from apartheid to majority rule and then disbanded. The other organizations or their successors are still working in one form or another. Some of the organizations have had or continue to have vibrant local chapters, though many of the original activists have recently retired or died. The author has interviewed many of them at a time when they were assessing their life work, and handing off to new generations.


Learning domain-invariant representation is a dominant approach for domain generalization. However, previous methods based on domain invariance overlooked the underlying dependency of classes on domains, which is responsible for the trade-off between classification accuracy and the invariance. This study proposes a novel method adversarial feature learning under accuracy constraint (AFLAC), which maximizes domain invariance within a range that does not interfere with accuracy. Empirical validations show that the performance of AFLAC is superior to that of baseline methods, supporting the importance of considering the dependency and the efficacy of the proposed method to overcome the problem.


The preparation and characterization of a series of iridium(III) ionic transition-metal complexes for application in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) are reported. The complexes are of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)][PF6] in which C^N is one of the cyclometallating ligands 2-(3-(tert-butyl)phenyl)pyridine (tppy), 2-phenylbenzo[d]thiazole (pbtz), 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole (ppz) and 1-phenylisoquninoline (piq), and N^N is 2-(pyridine-2-yl)benzo[d]thiazole (btzpy). The variation in the C^N ligands allows the HOMO energy level to be tuned, leading to HOMO–LUMO gaps in the range 2.76–3.01 eV and values of Eox1/2 of 0.81–1.11 V. In solution, the complexes are orange to deep-red emitters (λmax in the range 600–660 nm), with quantum yields between 2% for [Ir(tppy)2(btzpy)][PF6] and 41% for [Ir(pbtz)2(btzpy)][PF6]. Similar trends for the emission maxima and photoluminescence quantum yields are observed in the solid state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations support the charge transfer nature of the emission. Very bright electroluminescence was observed for LECs containing [Ir(pbtz)2(btzpy)][PF6], although the device was not stable under continuous operation; this is attributed to an unbalanced charge distribution and/or to a fast ionic migration. Significantly, LECs fabricated with [Ir(tppy)2(btzpy)][PF6] in the active layer are very stable, produce pure red emission and show no signs of degradation over a period of 5 days of continuous operation.


By 1931, the time of the huge Colonial Exhibition in Paris, France had the second largest empire in the world extending to the four corners of the globe. Yet, intriguingly the multi-various impact of the empire upon French culture and society has been largely ignored by historians. This volume aims to redress this balance and will explore how the idea of empire was expressed in film, photography, painting and monuments. It analyzes how the image of the universal, civilising mission saturated French society during the first half of the twentieth century. In particular it examines how the subject peoples of the empire were represented in art and fiction. In this way the volume underlines that there was not just one single image of empire but many ranging from the extreme right to the extreme left. It contains an in-depth consideration not just of the triumphalist images of empire but the oppositional ones, most notably the surrealists, which directly challenged the emergent colonial consensus.


The response of major central banks to the global financial crisis has revived the debate around the interactions between monetary policy (MP) and bank stability. This technical paper sheds light, quantitatively, on the different mechanisms underlying the relationship between MP and bank stability. It does so by reviewing microeconometric studies from the academic literature as well as those conducted internally at the ECB. The paper proceeds chronologically, using the recent crisis as a touchstone. First, it provides a brief overview of the main theoretical channels linking bank stability and the transmission of MP. It then analyses the evidence from the pre-crisis period in the light of the structural trends leading up to the crisis. As the crisis erupted, unconventional monetary policy (UMP) measures were deployed, and the paper suggests that these were essential to buttress bank stability and halt a systemic crisis. At the same time, these measures involved trade-offs, and the adverse spillovers on banks' intermediation capacity and risk-taking require close monitoring. The paper ends by offering a critical review of the methodologies employed and suggestions for the areas where analytical efforts should be focussed in the future. JEL Classification: E4, E43, E5, E52, G20, G21


Recombinant human Apo2L/TRAIL (dulanermin) is based on the ligand for death receptors (DR4 and DR5), which promotes apoptosis. We report a patient with refractory chondrosarcoma who showed a prolonged response to dulanermin and explore mechanisms of response and resistance. This heavily pretreated patient had progressive metastatic chondrosarcoma to the lung. On dulanermin (8 mg/kg i.v. on days 1–5 in a 21-day cycle), the patient achieved a sustained partial response with only subcentimeter nodules remaining. After 62 months of dulanermin treatment, progressive disease in the lungs was noted, and the patient underwent a resection that confirmed chondrosarcoma. DR4 was detected (immunohistochemistry) in the patient's tumor, which may have enabled the response. However, upregulation of prosurvival proteins, namely, phosphorylated (p)-NF-κBp65 (Ser 536), p-STAT3 (Tyr 705), p-ERK 1/2 (Thr 202/Tyr 204), p-mTOR (Ser 2448), FASN, and Bcl-2, were also detected, which may have provided the underlying mechanisms for acquired dulanermin resistance. The patient was restarted on dulanermin and has continued on this treatment for an additional 16 months since surgery (78 months since initiation of treatment), with his most recent computed tomography (CT) scans showing no evidence of disease. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(11); 2541–6. ©2012 AACR.


Objective: Chronic urticaria (CU), which is mostly idiopathic, may also be a sign of an allergic or systemic disease. A variety of diseases and allergens that accompany CU have been reported in various studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that play a role in the etiology of CU. Materials and Methods: The demographic and clinical data from 302 patients – aged over 18 years - who were being monitored for CU were recorded. Several tests were performed to analyze comorbidities such as infection, malignancy, and autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. Skin Prick Test (SPT) results and questionnaires were reviewed. Results: Two hundred and thirteen out of the 302 patients with a mean age of 40.26±14.3 years were females. The duration of CU was 43.30±62.60 months and 42.9% of the patients had comorbidities. The most common disease was autoimmune thyroiditis (13.9%). Fifty-five percent of the patients were sensitive to inhalant allergens, and 5% exhibited allergen positivity for food. The most common allergens were house (43.7%) dust mites. Allergen positivity was 37.2% in those with comorbidities, while it was 62.8% in those without any comorbidities and this relationship was statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that there was an association between house dust mite and CU dust sensitivity. House dust mite sensitivity may trigger CU.


The effects of steroidal and non-steroidal contraceptive oral pill on haematological parameters were studied in wistar female albino rats for 30 days. The steroidal combined oral contraceptive pill (norgestrel + ethinylestradiol) was diluted to 0.14 mg/ ml (Low Dose), 0.21 mg/ml (dose as per literature), and 0.43 mg/ ml (high dose). The non-steroidal oral contraceptive pill (Centchroman) was diluted to 0.29 mg/ ml (Low Dose), 0.43 mg/ml (dose as per literature) and 0.87 mg/ml (high dose). The result shows a reduction in Red blood cell (RBC) and White blood cell (WBC) counts in all the groups that were given steroidal combined oral pill (ethinylestradiol + norgestrel) and non-steroidal oral pill (Centchroman), compared to the controls in each group. The reduction of RBC, WBC and Lymphocytes was found in steroidal combined oral pill (ethinylestradiol + norgestrel). In the present investigation a dose of 0.43 mg/ ml (high dose )and 0.87 mg/ml (high dose) has more reduction in Red blood cell (RBC) and White blood cell (WBC) counts as compare to other groups. The changes in haematological parameters all the groups treated with norgestrel + ethinylestradiol as well as Centchroman indicating some adverse effects on the rats. More research is needed to calculate the perfect dose which will not lead to any adverse effect.


This paper describes the implementation of a parallelized conjugate gradient solver for linear equation systems using CUDA-C. Given a real, symmetric and positive definite coefficient matrix and a right-hand side, the parallized cg-solver is able to find a solution for that system by exploiting the massive compute power of todays GPUs. Comparing sequential CPU implementations and that algorithm we achieve a speed up from 4 to 7 depending on the dimension of the coefficient matrix. Additionally the concept of preconditioners to decrease the time to find a solution is evaluated using the SSOR method. In the end additional suggestions are provided to further increase the speed of the presented CUDA cg-solver.


Models of financial crises based on distortions in capital markets have strong implications for the behavior of investors leading up to crises. In this paper we evaluate the hypothesis that deregulation of financial markets in Korea provided the incentives and opportunities for a sequence of capital inflows and crisis. We show that deregulation was associated with a sharp declines in the franchise value of Korean banks. Banks responded by expanding their balance sheets and accumulating high risk, high return assets. The regulatory mechanism appears to have failed because of the failure to consolidate onshore and offshore activities of banks. Foreign banks that supplied deposits to Korean banks behaved as if they were insured in that they did not discriminate between weak and strong Korean banks. Finally, this expectation was validated at the time of crisis by government intervention that allowed foreign banks to liquidate their claims on Korean banks.


Because of rapid population expansion, conflicts between double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) and humans have increased, particularly at aquaculture facilities in the Lower Mississippi River Valley (LMRV), United States. Although key demographic information on the Interior populationissparse,management decisions forpopulation reduction are alreadyinplaceacrosstheir breeding range. New evidence suggests the Appalachian Mountains may act as a migration divide for Interior cormorants, causing some birds to migrate between LMRV and the western Great Lakes, whereas others migrate between Florida and theeastern Great Lakes. Mostof the banded cormorants recovered near LMRV aquaculture facilities were banded as nestlings at colonies from the central Great Lakes west to the northern Great Plains. We selected 2 geographically distinct Interior cormorant breeding areas: west of the Great Lakes in Lake of the Woods (LOW) and eastern Lake Ontario (ELO), located on either side of the migration divide in the province of Ontario, Canada, to study population dynamics. We used age-specific classes for our mark-recapture analysis (Program MARK) on data collected from 9,498 color-banded cormorants during the breeding seasons of 2000-2008. Adult survival was the same for both areas (LOW ¼0.84 � 0.09 SE, ELO ¼0.83 � 0.05 SE). Finite rates of population growth (l) were also similar (LOW ¼1.01, ELO ¼0.97) and sensitivity analyses indicated that adult survival was the most influential vital rate contributing to l for both breeding areas. However, young-of-the-year survival estimates were distinctly less in ELO (0.19 � 0.02 SE) than in LOW (0.45 � 0.10 SE) and sensitivity analysis revealed that young-of-the-year survival played a key role in ELO population growth. Moreover, ELO breeding area fidelity (F) was much greater (0.94 � 0.05 SE) than the F estimates for all age classes in LOW (between 0.68 � 0.19 SE and 0.80 � 0.13 SE). Considering these regional demographic differences, we recommend that future management efforts be based on migratory flyways within the Interior population. 2013 The Wildlife Society.


Bali's shadow puppet theater, like others in Southeast Asia, is a complex tradition with many conventions that puzzle Western observers. Mary Zurbuchen demonstrates how the linguistic codes of this rich art form mediate between social groups, cultural influences, historical periods, and conceptual schemes.Originally published in 1987.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.