ABSTRACT Field studies were undertaken on both a wetland, which is downgrabient from a radioactive waste storage area at Chalk River Laboratory, and a grassland near Pickering nuclear power station. The purpose for this study was to quantify HTO (tritiated water/vapor) transfer in the land surface environment. The amounts of evaporation and transpiration were separately estimated, because the specific activity of tritium (HTO) is commonly different between surface and subsurface soil. Most of the water and tritium fluxes are attributed to transpiration in the season examined. Measured tritium concentrations in leaves at daytime agreed with predicted values, which are based on a simple equation. The ratios of organically bound tritium (OBT) to free water tritium ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 in this study.


In this study, conductive homopolymers of o-chloroaniline, p-bromoaniline and N-methylaniline were synthesized electrochemically in perchloric acidic solution and their properties were analyzed. Initially, the maximum oxidation potential values of these monomer solutions were determined by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). Their conductive polymers were then synthesized under a nitrogen atmosphere using a potentiostat. FTIR spectra were taken in order to analyze the structural properties of the resulting polymers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was conducted and surface micrographs were taken by a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The conductivity levels of the polymers were determined by the Four Probe technique. Magnetic properties of the samples were analyzed and the conduction mechanisms were examined. Based on the resulting conductivity data, it was concluded that poly(p-bromoaniline) was of polaron structure, whereas poly(o-chloroaniline) and poly(N-methylaniline) were of bipolaron structure. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that poly(N-methylaniline) has the highest maximum decomposition temperature, and conductivity measurements revealed that poly(o-chloroaniline) has the highest conductivity level.


Typhloesus wellsi (see, for example, Melton & Scott (1973)) is a bizarre metazoan from the mid-Carboniferous (Namurian) of central Montana, U.S.A. Typhloesus gen. nov. is erected here, because the previous generic names used to describe this animal refer to conodonts, enclosed within the alimentary canal, that were ingested as a result of predation. All these names are invalid in the present context. Its fusiform body (maximum length ca. 90 mm) bore a paired ventral keel, interrupted at about two thirds of its length by a conspicuous break. At the posterior a prominent fin was supported by two sets of orthogonally disposed fin rays in an arrangement unique to this animal. The exterior lacked other appendages, although lateral fins may be inferred on hydrodynamic grounds. The internal anatomy consisted of an elongate foregut and a voluminous midgut. The mouth was ventrally directed and apparently large. The gut appears to have been blind, lacking a hind section and an anus. Located beneath the central midgut was a remarkable organ composed of two discs, known as the ferrodiscus, and attached to the ventral margin. Its function is obscure, but its association with possible circulatory vessels suggests a role in storage or respiration. Obscure traces of possible mesenteries, longitudinal muscles and a cuticle are discussed. Typhloesus gen. nov. is interpreted as an active swimmer, with lateral propulsive oscillations, probably largely confined to the posterior area where the rigid fin is inferred to have played an important role. Gut contents of conodont apparatuses, variously disarticulated, fish and worm teeth suggest this animal was a predator and scavenger, competing with other members of this trophic group in the shallow waters of the Bear Gulch \`lagoon'. Previous suggestions that Typhloesus gen. nov. is a chordate cannot be supported, but the phyletic affinities of this extraordinary creature are unresolved. It joins a select group of late-Palaeozoic animals whose peculiar appearance prohibits convincing comparisons with known phyla. These species, none of which is closely related to any of the others, could be survivors from the \`Cambrian explosion' in which a multitude of bizarre body-plans evolved, or they could represent the results of adaptive radiations nearer to the Carboniferous. Absence of ancestors and taphonomic bias in favour of soft-part preservation in nearshore environments makes it difficult to resolve these possibilities, but the latter option is tentatively preferred.


Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is emerging in Denmark. This interdisciplinary desk study investigated the options for WSUD retrofitting in a 15 km(2) combined sewer catchment area in Copenhagen. The study was developed in collaboration with the City of Copenhagen and its water utility, and involved researchers representing hydrogeology, sewer hydraulics, environmental chemistry/economics/engineering, landscape architecture and urban planning. The resulting catchment strategy suggests the implementation of five sub-strategies. First, disconnection is focused within sites that are relatively easy to disconnect, due to stormwater quality, soil conditions, stakeholder issues, and the provision of unbuilt sites. Second, stormwater runoff is infiltrated in areas with relatively deep groundwater levels at a ratio that doesn't create a critical rise in the groundwater table to the surface. Third, neighbourhoods located near low-lying streams and public parks are disconnected from the sewer system and the sloping terrain is utilised to convey runoff. Fourth, the promotion of coherent blue and green wedges in the city is linked with WSUD retrofits and urban climate-proofing. Fifth, WSUD is implemented with delayed and regulated overflows to the sewer system. The results are partially adopted by the City of Copenhagen and currently under pilot testing.


Introduction Constructions of witchcraft, and accusations of its practice, occupy places of central importance in most cultural belief systems. Popularly viewed in contemporary Western societies mainly as the stuff of early modern European history (e.g., Kittredge 1929), our conception and understanding of witchcraft outside that particular temporal and geographical box has grown substantially in recent decades, and we now understand witchcraft and magic as wide-spread phenomena in human history and human geodiversity. And the social and academic need for a clearer understanding of witchcraft has rarely been greater, both in Western contexts and in non-Western ones. The rise, particularly strong in European, Australian and North American venues, of neo-paganism, including various strains of witchcraft practices (e.g. Gardnerian Wicca, Feminist Dianic witchcraft, hedge witches, Faerie witchcraft), makes this form of nature-oriented worship one of the quickest growing and most vibrant, if still numerically small, of religious groups. In reaction to such growth, some traditional institutions have sometimes felt-and been-threatened, not least constitutional ones, such as the right to freedom of religion, which can occur when practices outside those associated with "The People of the Book" are encountered.' At the other end of the spectrum, mainly in nonWestern contexts, we have in the past ten years witnessed a precipitous rise in the identification and persecution of people accused of practicing malefic magic, clearly a different behavioral category than that espoused by Western neo-pagans, yet a group tied to them by the bonds of history, the often-shared perceptions of their larger societies, and their own attempts to exploit these connections (cf. Purkiss 1996, Ellis 2000). From sub-Saharan Africa to South Asia, the Far East and Latin America, most prominently (but also true to a lesser degree in North America and Europe) exorcisms, vigilantism, and mob violence-frequently including executions-have looked to resolve the perceived problem of witchcraft. In short, although we have now entered the 21st century, we are far from having learned all the lessons about collective hysteria and intolerance that need to be drawn from the study of witchcraft. True to this sense of the largely unbounded temporal and geographical concern with witchcraft, the case studies in this volume of Western Folklore, arranged chronologically, explore witchcraft beliefs and accusations in a number of cultural milieux-4th-century B.C.E Greece, 19th-century England and Denmark-and look to investigate the relationship between learned, "global" discourses on witchcraft, on the one hand, and local folk belief, on the other. In addition to assessing available methodologies for the study of witchcraft, a central concern for each of the essays is how, for example, the elite community may appropriate local belief for its own ends (or directly reject it), or how it reinterprets local belief through its own, implicitly invidious, premises, simultaneously to attack and to distinguish itself from such local belief (cf. most recently, Clark 1997). Given their prominence in many cultures, belief in witchcraft and the existence of witch-hunting-and historical European constructions of them in particular-are topics that have attracted much scholarly attention in a number of different fields in the humanities and social sciences. Most of this energy, however, has focused on what modern-day Wiccans style "The Burning Times," that is, when witch-hunts in Western Europe reached their zenith in the post-Reformation era (roughly 1550-1650). Attention to these historical events has, however, not been without reference to the phenomena observed in a variety of living cultures. Particularly after Evans-Pritchard's classic study of Zande witchcraft (Evans-Pritchard 1937), functionalist approaches to witchcraft in one form or another dominated discussions of the topic (cf. …


The purpose of the present paper was to adapt Gunuc and Kayri's (2010) Internet Addiction Scale , with show validity and reliability for many various sampling groups, into the Azerbaijani language. Another objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction among Azerbaijani adolescents and youth, which preemptively requires adaptation of the Internet Addiction Scale into the Azerbaijani language. Samples in the study have been selected separately for both purposes (validity and prevalence). Data were collected from students attending Khazar University in Azerbaijan in 2014-2015, first, in order to conduct Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the scale and second, to determine the prevalence of Internet addiction among youth. Data was obtained from 309 students for the first purpose and from 836 students for the second one. Students in various majors within the research sample were stratified through stratified sampling and students in these majors were randomly selected. The four-factor structure of the scale was tested through CFA. The Cronbach's Alpha (α) internal consistency coefficient of the scale was calculated as α=.926. Reliability coefficient of 4 sub-factors, regarding the scale, was found as follows: α=.844 for Withdrawal , α=.821 for Controlling difficulty , α=.829 for Disorder in Functionality and α=.792 for Social Isolation. The prevalence of Internet addiction among youth in Azerbaijan was determined. The study found that 51.9% were not Internet addicts, 40.6% were moderate Internet addicts, and 7.5% were Internet addicts. These findings show that the rate of Internet addicts, particularly in the categories of moderate Internet addicts and Internet addicts (48.1%), is not small enough to ignore.


The HESS very-high-energy (VHE, E > 0.1 TeV) gamma-ray telescope system has discovered a new source, HESS J1747-248. The measured integral flux is (1.2 ± 0.3) × 10 −12 cm −2 s −1 above 440 GeV for a power-law photon spectral index of 2.5 ± 0.3stat ± 0.2sys. The VHE gamma-ray source is located in the close vicinity of the Galactic globular cluster Terzan 5 and extends beyond the HESS point spread function (0.07 ◦ ). The probability of a chance coincidence with Terzan 5 and an unrelated VHE source is quite low (∼10 −4 ). With the largest population of identified millisecond pulsars (msPSRs), a very high core stellar density and the brightest GeV range flux as measured by Fermi-LAT, Terzan 5 stands out among Galactic globular clusters. The properties of the VHE source are briefly discussed in the context of potential emission mechanisms, notably in relation to msPSRs. Interpretation of the available data accommodates several possible origins for this VHE gamma-ray source, although none of them offers a satisfying explanation of its peculiar morphology.


Past literature indicates that there is a probability that medical students who lack alignment between Extrinsic Motivated Behaviour (EMB) and Metacognitive Skills (MS) may underperform which eventually leads to attrition or incompetency. Thus, the purpose of this research was to study the alignment of the EMB and MS of selected first
year students enrolled in two undergraduate medical curricula, an existing integrated curriculum (NIC) and a newly introduced competency-based curriculum (UMMP) at a
local Malaysian university. The four dimensions of EMB included external, introjected, identified and integrated regulations. The MS consisted of the knowledge and regulation dimensions of metacognition. Specifically, the study sought to (i) profile the student sample for their dimensions of EMB and MS; (ii) to determine the significant
differences between the EMB dimensions and year-end achievement for the NIC and UMMP students; (iii) to determine the significant differences between the MS and yearend achievement for the NIC and UMMP students; (iv) to investigate the correlation (if any) between EMB and MS of the students with their year-end examination results; (v) to explore the alignment of EMB and MS for the NIC and the UMMP students, and (vi) to determine the interactions between EMB and MS with the year end result of students in both curricula. A total of 174 students and 159 students following the NIC and UMMP curriculum took part in this study respectively. The mixed model design was used where the Extrinsic Motivated Behaviour Inventory (EMBI) and the Metacognitive Skills Inventory (MSI) were administered to obtain quantitative data, while individual interviews were conducted to obtain qualitative data. The year-end examination results were utilised to represent students' achievement. The profiling showed that students from both curricula while still showing characteristics of all the EMB dimensions were dominant in one of the dimensions. In the NIC curriculum, the one-way ANOVA analysis showed no significant differences between the four dimensions of EMB and achievement but in the UMMP curriculum, there were significant differences for the same analysis. For both curricula, a t-test revealed significant differences for MS scores with students' achievement. Pearson correlation results revealed that the total score for EMBI and MSI of the NIC curriculum were moderately correlated. In the UMMP curriculum, a small correlation was found between the total score for EMBI with MSI. A higher correlation was found between the total scores of EMBI and MSI with students' achievement in the UMMP curriculum compared to the NIC curriculum. A MANOVA analysis showed the dimensions of EMB and MS affected students' achievement in both curricula. Overall, the quantitative findings showed students in the UMMP curriculum indicated a better alignment between EMB and MS. Qualitative data revealed that this better alignment of EMB and MS among the students in the UMMP involved greater physical, cognitive and affective interactions. From the findings, implications of the study and suggestions for further research have been put forward.


Anaerobic digestion (AD) plays a key role in the recovery of renewable energy, in the form of biogas, and nutrients from waste materials. Pre-treatment of AD substrates has the potential to improve process performance in terms of increased methane yield and solids reduction, but pretreatments are not yet widely implemented into full-scale AD systems. The aims of this thesis were to identify conditions that determine when pre-treatment has a positive impact on an AD system and ways to improve the practical utility of pre-treatment impact assessment. Key steps towards meeting these aims were to determine and critically analyse effects of pre-treatments on AD, and current evaluation schemes at three levels: AD substrate level – Direct effects on the substrate's chemical and physical characteristics and its biodegradability/bioavailability; Local AD system level – Effects of pre-treatment on the AD process and its outputs, required inputs and (local) upstream and downstream processes. System boundaries are "at the gate" of the AD plant and the system analysis may consider energy and/or financial parameters; Expanded AD System level – Includes indirect effects of pre-treatment, with system boundaries including external processes. The system analysis may address environmental and/or economic effects. Different substrate traits represent different types and degrees of limitations to optimal AD performance that can be met by different pre-treatment mechanisms. Most importantly, potential mechanical problems must be handled by dilution and/or homogenisation and unwanted components, as generally found in source-sorted food waste from households (FW), must be separated. These traits may hinder the actual operation of AD and the potential for recovery of nutrients, which is often the motivation for biological waste treatment. When these practical barriers are overcome, pre-treatment focus may be directed towards maximizing the conversion of organic material to biogas, which is potentially limited by the rate and/or extent ofhydrolysis. Lignocellulosic structures and aerobically stabilised biological sludge represent significant barriers to hydrolysis, which can be overcome by pre-treatment-induced solubilisation. Other particulates are merely hydrolysis-limited by their size, which can be reduced by specific pre-treatments. Finally, substrates may contain non-biodegradable organic compounds, which need to be chemically transformed in order to be converted to biogas. The substrates considered for AD incorporate these traits in varying degrees and even among substrates of the same category, such as plant material and excess sludge from wastewater treatment (WWT), the potential effect of pretreatments may vary considerably. Overcoming the substrate barriers via pre-treatment may potentially improve the AD system by enhancing operational stability, increasing methane yields and solids reduction under similar operating conditions to those without pre-treatment or by increasing methane productivity by allowing reductions in hydraulicretention time without changing the methane yield. However, the required inputs as well as the associated effects on related sub-processes must also be considered. The ultimate usefulness of a pre-treatment in a specific system is determined by the mass- and energy balance and the associated financial or environmental costs/values of inputs and outputs. The accuracy and applicability of pre-treatment impact assessment is challenged by method limitations and lack of transparency. A common measure of the pre-treatment effects is COD solubilisation, but the interpretation is complicated by the application of different measurement approaches. In addition, solubilisation of COD as a result of pre-treatment does not necessarily translate into increases in operational methane yields. This is due to potential formation of refractory compounds and the fact that hydrolysis is not necessarily rate limiting for all particulates. Pre-treatments' effects on biodegradability and degradation rates can be better assessed byBMP tests (biochemical methane potential), provided that the test conditions are appropriate and the tests' limitations are properly considered. However, extrapolation of BMP results to continuous processes is complicated by the batch mode of the tests. On the other hand, results from continuous trials allow assessments of methane yields in practical systems and the digestate's physico-chemical properties, but are inevitably tied to the specific process conditions tested. Thus, results from multiple experimental conditions, possibly strengthened by computer simulations, are necessary for generalisations of pre-treatment effects on AD process performance. Pre-treatments have the potential to considerably improve AD systems, but their implementation must to be guided by the actual improvement potential of the specific substrate and valued in their specific context with respect to process design and framework conditions.


AIM
To compare the levels of postoperative pain after cleaning and shaping of root canals using two different root canal irrigants for debridement.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Forty patients with irreversible pulpitis, pulp necrosis and non-vital teeth exhibiting acute apical periodontitis requiring root canal treatment were included. At random, canals were cleaned and shaped with the following protocols. 2% chlorhexidine solution in group I and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite solution in group II were used as an irrigants. Access cavities were closed with a sterile cotton pellet and cavit. The patients recorded degree of pain at various time intervals after cleaning and shaping on a visual analogue scale for 1 week.

RESULTS
The mean pain score for group I was between 0.65 and 3.35 and for group II was between 0.95 and 4.50. There was significant difference in the pain level between the two groups only at 6 th hour postoperatively (P<0.05) and the pain was more in sodium hypochlorite group.

CONCLUSIONS
More pain was present in teeth irrigated using 5.25% sodium hypochlorite when compared to that in teeth irrigated using 2% chlorhexidine solution. Significant difference in pain level was present only at 6th hour postoperatively, and at all other periods (24 th hour, 4 th and 7 th days) there was no significant difference in pain level between the two groups.


Logging residue and cut stumps are increasingly used as a renewable energy source known as forest fuel. Forest fuel harvesting obviously reduces the volume of dead wood and is likely to alter the dead wood composition, but the magnitude of the change is not known. Such information is important for the evaluation of the effects of forest fuel harvesting on biodiversity because a large proportion of forest dwelling species are directly dependent on dead wood. We measured the volume and characteristics of all dead wood units with a minimum diameter of 2 cm and a minimum length of 20 cm on 10 forest-fuel harvested and 10 traditional (control) clear-cuts. The total volume of dead wood at forest fuel harvested and control clear-cuts was 26.0 and 42.3 m 3 /ha, respectively. The volumes were much greater than expected suggesting that the volume of dead wood on clear-cuts has been underestimated in previous studies. Forest fuel harvested clear-cuts had 42% less branches and 81% less cut stumps than control clear-cuts but there were no differences in the volume of logs and pieces of logs, snags or roots. The volume of fine woody debris was negatively affected by forest fuel harvesting. We conclude that fine woody debris and cut stumps form a considerable resource on clear-cuts that is reduced by forest fuel harvesting. These components of dead wood have potential to be of importance in managed forests and thus deserve more attention in future biodiversity studies.


During rescue excavations carried out near the vicus at Kempraten (municipality of Rapperswil-Jona, St. Gallen, Switzerland) in advance of a private construction project, a Mithraeum measuring approximately 8 by 10 m was unexpectedly discovered in the summer of 2015 and subsequently excavated and investigated in detail. This paper presents the preliminary results of the excavation, which was completed less than a year ago, and pays particular attention to the interdisciplinary approach used in the excavation. These included intense sampling of the features for the purposes of micromorphology and archaeobiology. Three construction phases with intermittent conflagrations were identified. The question as to whether there was an ante-chamber remains unanswered. The external areas are also quite difficult to interpret, at least for the time being. The rich assemblage of finds, which included numerous coins, pottery, animal bones and a range of religious artefacts (e.g. altars and a half relief), will only be dealt with in a cursory manner here. According to the range of coins, the Mithraeum undoubtedly dated from the late 3rd to the late 4th or early 5th centuries. The site will be analysed by an interdisciplinary team and preliminary work is already underway.


Abstract Protrusions and lenses of serpentinite–matrix mélanges occur at several places along the thrust faults of the Zagros Suture Zone. They separate the lower allochthonous thrust sheet, the 'Lower Allochthon' (i.e. Walash–Naopurdan nappe), of Paleocene–Eocene age from sediments of the Arabian platform and the upper thrust sheet of Mesozoic, ophiolite-bearing terranes termed the 'Upper Allochthon' (i.e. Gemo–Qandil nappe). The serpentinite–matrix mélanges occur mostly as stretched bodies (slices) on both sides of the Lower Allochthon (Hero, Halsho and Pushtashan (HHP) and Galalah, Qalander and Rayat (GQR)). Their overall chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns form two main groups. Group One exhibits enrichment in the total REEs (> 1 × chondrite) whereas the Group Two pattern shows depletion (i.e. < 1 × chondrite). Bulk-rock MORB-normalized profiles of Group Two are almost flat in the MREE–HREE region with flattening profiles in the Gd–Lu range (> 3 times the MORB composition). In comparison with Group One, Group Two has extremely high REE content and displays variable depletions in the moderately incompatible high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) (Zr, Hf, Y) relative to their adjacent REEs. The REEs in the GQR serpentinite–matrix mélanges have a noticeably high LREE content, and a positive Eu anomaly, and their HREE content never reaches more than 1 × chondrite (i.e. < 0.01 to 1 × chondrite). The latter indicates that the hemipelagic sedimentary, melt-like components (i.e. high LREE, U/La, La/Sm and low Ba/Th) control the geochemical peculiarities of this type of serpentinite. The HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges, however, are either equally divided between the two REE pattern groups (e.g. Hero, Halsho) or inclined towards Group One (e.g. Pushtashan). Contrary to GQR serpentinites, the variation in HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges spans a compositional spectrum from U/La-rich to more Ba/Th-rich. Such ratio variations reflect the large variation in these two subducted sedimentary components (i.e. carbonate and hemipelagic sediment mix). The obvious differences in the trace element signatures of the GQR and HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges might be related to plate tectonic parameters such as convergence rate, subduction age and thickness and type of subducted slab. It is more likely that the influx of subducted components to the mantle wedge relied heavily on the composition of the sedimentary inputs. These vary considerably with time from the relatively deepwater hemipelagic sediments (Qulqula Radiolarite Formation) to platform carbonate sediments (Balambo limestone). The trace element signatures of the GQR and HHP serpentinite–matrix mélanges might suggest multi-staging of the allochthonous sheet emplacement on the Arabian platform sediments.


Winnie decides she needs a seaside break, so she and Wilbur zoom off to the coast. Winnie makes a beeline for the sea to cool down. Wilbur makes a beeline for anywhere other than the sea - he hates water, and can't bear getting wet. Winnie is having so much fun in the water that she doesn't notice her broomstick being washed out to sea. She waves her magic wand in an attempt to get the broomstick back but it doesn't really go according to plan. The mix of magic and mayhem that follows involves a surfer and a whale and, predictably, it's poor Wilbur who gets the worst of things...


This article seeks to explore democratic theory by focusing on the example of agonistic democracy, in which contest between citizens is valued for its potential to render politics more inclusive, more engaging, and more virtuous. Using Connolly and Tully's inclusivism, Chantal Mouffe's adversarialism, and David Owen's perfectionism, the article discusses democratic theory as a critique, a series of normative proposals, and a potential bridge between political theory and public policy. It is this bridge that enables democratic theory to pull together critical and normative discussions with those surrounding public policy and institutional design.


XPS studies have been undertaken on exfoliated nanocomposites of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate). One can clearly see that carbon is lost and that oxygen, silicon and aluminum accumulate at the surface of the degrading polymer. The concentration of aluminum at the surface is very low at the beginning of the experiment but makes a large jump at the same temperature at which carbon is lost and oxygen begins to accumulate at the surface. It appears that the ratio of silicon to aluminum changes as the polymer is lost. A brief discussion is given to explain the origin of oxygen at the surface.


The measurement and monitoring of stress in rock mass are very important tasks in mining geomechanics. With increasing mining depth and worsening of the geological and mining conditions, a suitable method to determine and monitor rock stress and stress changes due to longwall coal mining is needed. Detailed knowledge of the stress state in rock mass is very useful when designing safe mining activity, especially in rockburst areas. The paper presents a brief description of the Compact Conical-ended Borehole Monitoring (CCBM) method for rock stress evaluation and the technical details of this innovative technology. The second part of the contribution evaluates and discusses initial results and experience obtained from the use of CCBM equipment for determination and observation of mining-induced stresses during mining of selected longwall panels in the conditions of the deep coal mines of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin.


Abstract:  Patterns of genetic diversity are strongly influenced by the history of populations, which is often ignored when examining the viability of populations. We studied the relationship of population size, genetic variation, and fitness in the perennial herb Vincetoxicum hirundinaria (Asclepiadaceae) in the southwestern archipelago of Finland, where this species occurs commonly on many of the islands and its distribution is highly fragmented. We measured the magnitude and distribution of genetic variation in this species to examine how patterns of genetic diversity reflect population history, especially the colonization pattern of the islands and the mating system. Additionally, we used the genetic data to interpret previous results that suggest that fitness variation among populations is not directly related to population size. We found a high level of genetic variation (He=0.396) and a low level of genetic differentiation ( FST=0.052) among the populations. In contrast to several rare plant species, the level of genetic variation ( He) was not correlated with population size or with male or female fitness of the plants. Our results also indicated that inbreeding is common in all populations regardless of their size (mean FIS=0.460) but that it does not correlate significantly with male or female fitness traits. The observed patterns of genetic variation suggest that this species has a mixed mating system. Taken together, these results indicate that the studied populations are of recent common ancestry but may also have relatively high levels of current gene flow. The differences between our results and those from previous studies of rare plant species with a fragmented distribution pattern emphasize the importance of considering whether fragmentation is caused by recent human activities or whether it reflects a distribution pattern characteristic of the species when evaluating the conservation needs of the species.


The purpose of this thesis is to investigate patterns in educational enrollment and attainment in educational levels among women in South Africa. Some evidence from the literature suggest a slow increase in women's education and employment opportunities in South Africa. However, little is known about the way in which this slow pattern reflects at all levels and fields of education with special reference to the female population in South Africa. The thesis aims at examining changes of attainment in women's education from a sociodemographic perspective between 2004 and 2007. Factors affecting women's education in South Africa are also considered as they play major roles in women's enrollment and completion at school. The study focuses on women through different social and demographic attributes, by taking account of variables such as age, education attainment, geographic areas, population group to name but a few. All educational institutions are covered and two female groups are considered, women at school and women who left school. The study makes use of already existing data from General Household Survey conducted in 2004 and 2007 respectively, to bring some comparative perspective. The scope of the study is national in that, all the nine provinces are covered making distinction of rural and urban areas.


The assessment of visual impairment using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, requires a thoughtful ophthalmologic evaluation and careful application of the functional vision tests and arithmetic criteria provided in Chapter 12, The Visual System, and other chapters, as applicable. The interpolation of the multiple dimensions of the visual system into the enumeration of a single impairment percentage may involve complex mathematical manipulations. Properly enumerated, the value can be utilized rigorously in impairment evaluations, functional evaluations, and even for academic research.


There is a rapidly growing body of literature on the theory about the ecosystem service concept and the practical assessment of ecosystem services in different contexts ranging from natural to urban environments. Yet, where does the concept reach its limits? This paper critically reflects the application of the ecosystem service concept in urban environments illustrating the handling of urban structures (incl. built-up areas) and the risk that the normative principle of the concept could be missed. It is shown that in theory urban structures refer to a variety of ecosystem concepts. As a starting point for ecosystem service assessments, these could be classified into natural, managed, constructed and overbuilt systems. Since ecosystem service concepts do not directly refer to a specific ecosystem definition, but to biophysical structures and processes, all of these classes could be included. However, the dependency on context and scale makes a differentiation in  practical ecosystem services assessment challenging. We conclude that the ecosystem service concept does not reach its limits in urban environments, but urban environments represent an extreme case characterized by multifunctionality and a high degree of modification that enables to uncover research challenges applying in any environment. There is a need for a more transparent reporting of theoretical and methodological assumptions to facilitate the comparability between ecosystem service assessments. Comprehensive approaches that consider multiple ecosystem services and include human input, human modification, the ecosystem status as well as their interactions are required to understand the spatial relations between ecosystem services delivered by different ecosystems.


"Gibbons v. Ogden," Law, and Society in the Early Republic. By Thomas H. Cox. (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2009. Pp. 262. Cloth, $44.95; Paper, $26.95.)Law and Judicial Duty. By Philip Hamburger. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. 686. Cloth, $51.50.)Legislating the Courts: Judicial Dependence in Early National New Hampshire. By John Phillip Reid. (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2008. Pp. 224. Cloth, $34.00.)Reviewed by Jack Fruchtman, Jr.The three books under consideration here continue a debate that has long preoccupied American historians and political scientists: If the framers of the Constitution wanted to create an independent federal judiciary, why did they not include in Article III the courts' authority to review legislative and executive actions to determine their constitutionality? For many scholars and commentators, the power of federal judges, especially members of the Supreme Court, to declare state and federal laws and executive actions unconstitutional is simply undemocratic. Federal judges are unelected and unaccountable to the people: After the president nominates them, only the Senate confirms or rejects their nomination. Over the past several years, scholars have debated whether the founders in Philadelphia in 1787 presumed that the courts would have the power of judicial review or would simply defer to the political branches of government.Many studies of judicial review begin, therefore, with the period of the American founding. While they often, but not always, offer a glimpse at Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England (1787-88) as a foundation for judicial authority, their ultimate focus is less on British antecedents than on the period after American independence, when James Iredell wrote in favor of judicial review in 1786, or two years later when Alexander Hamilton vigorously supported it in Federalist 78, or when James Wilson applauded it in his 1 790-92 Lectures on the Law. Thus years before Marbury v. Madison (1803), when John Marshall famously wrote that "the province and duty of the judicial department is to say what the law is," there was a strong record of support for judicial review. There were detractors, of course: Undermining the view of expansive judicial review was James Bradley Thayer's 1897 seminal article, "The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law," in which he argued that the courts should intervene to negate laws or actions only when there was a "clear mistake."In the twenty-first century, discussion of the courts' role has centered on the debate between Originalism (the theory that says we can divine the original meaning of the words of the Constitution from the perspective of those who wrote its provisions) versus the Living Constitution (the idea that we can use the words of the document as a starting point, but that we must update their meaning to fit our contemporary time). The most vocal proponents of Originalism have been Justice Antonin Scalia and Christopher Wolfe's The Rise of Modern Judicial Review: From Constitutional Interpretation to Judge-Made Law (New York, 1986), while Justices William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and William O. Douglas were preeminent architects of the Living Constitution model, which had its roots in the early twentieth-century Legal Realist School of Karl Llewellyn.The debate often boils down to the differences between judicial activism and judicial restraint. Justices Hugo Black, generally regarded as progressive, and Felix Frankfurter, a conservative, were frequently at odds with one another when they served on the mid twentieth-century Supreme Court. Conservative judicial commentators Alexander Bickel, in The Least Dangerous Branch (Indianapolis, IN, 1962), and Raoul Berger, in Government by Judiciary (Cambridge, MA, 1977), argued in favor of judicial restraint as a means to maintain a democratic order. More recently, a liberal or progressive judicial ideology has been promoted by Ronald Dworkin, Edwin Chemerinsky, and to a limited extent John Hart Ely. …


BACKGROUNDANDPURPOSE: Theincidenceandsignificanceofperfusionabnormalitiesonbrainimaginginpatientswithlacunarinfarct are controversial. We studied the diagnostic yield of CTP and the type of perfusion abnormalities in patients presenting with a lacunar syndrome and in those with MR imaging–confirmed lacunar infarcts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cohort of 33 patients with lacunar syndrome underwent whole-brain CTP on admission. Twenty-eight patients had an acute ischemic lesion at follow-up MR imaging; 16 were classified as lacunar infarcts. Two independent readers evaluated NCCT and CTP to compare their diagnostic yield. In patients with DWI-confirmed lacunar infarcts and visible deficits on CTP, the presence of mismatch tissue was measured by using different perfusion thresholds. RESULTS: The symptomatic acute lesion was seen on CTP in 50% of patients presenting with a lacunar syndrome compared with only 17% on NCCT, and in 62% on CTP compared with 19% on NCCT, respectively, in patients with DWI-confirmed lacunar infarcts. CTP was more sensitive in supratentorial than in infratentorial lesions. In the nonblinded analysis, a perfusion deficit was observed in 12/16 patients with DWI-confirmed lacunar infarcts. The proportion of mismatch tissue was similar in patients with lacunar infarcts or nonlacunar strokes (32% versus 36%, P (cid:2) .734). CONCLUSIONS: Whole-brain CTP is superior to NCCT in identifying small ischemic lesions, including lacunar infarcts, in patients presenting with a lacunar syndrome. Perfusion deficits and mismatch are frequent in lacunar infarcts, but larger studies are warranted to elucidate the clinical significance of these CTP findings.


Marcia Lynn Whicker, Ruth Ann Strickland and Dorothy Olshfski in their article, "The Troublesome Cleft: Public Administration and Political Science," argue for a rapprochement between political science and public administration. In their thoughtful piece, they call for mutual and amicable work at the "common interface" that focuses on "questions that target concepts and variables of common interest." For them, the advantages of working at the common interface is an increase in knowledge about how the political system converts inputs into outputs. Furthermore, they would expect the field of public administration to become more "rigorous" from the interaction. For them, public administration lacks the scientific rigor necessary to answer questions with which public managers must cope. The lack of rigor is best rectified by political scientists and public administrationists working at the "common interface." We applaud their contribution to the ongoing debate about political science and public administration but find their call for work at the interface troublesome. In making their arguments, the authors appear unaware of on-going and important controversies within the field of public administration. Whicker, Strickland and Olshfski have a largely instrumental view of both political science and public administration. For them, government is just a conversion process, turning inputs into outputs. We hear the echoes of a by-gone public administration whose systemic role is to turn the demands of political leaders into efficient public services. It is no accident that they use "public management" and "public administration" interchangeably as if the management of financial, human and physical resources was the sum total of the administrator's task. Neither should we be surprised that they use the analogy of an "internal combustion engine" to describe the role of public bureaucracy in governing. Harkening back to the early days of public administration as a field, they apparently see administrators as neutral and passive servants of their political masters. They would find an unseemly succor in a politics/administration dichotomy. They seem unaware of, and apparently would assign small importance to, the ongoing debate in public administration over the role of the public service in governance. While their view of public administration has had its advocates from Herman Finer to Theodore Lowi, it is also true that others from Carl Friedrich to George Frederickson and John Rohr have seen as appropriate a more active and political role for public administrators in the governance process. They seek a simplistic political system shorn of troubling normative attributes not amenable to their brand of scientific analysis. Needless to say, such a view hardly comports with the governance of a complex society in a global economy. Given the authors' instrumental view of public administration, it is hardly surprising that they advocate more rigorous quantitative training. In essence, their approach to public administration is a continuation of, and even a legitimation of, what Orion White and Cynthia McSwain (1990) have criticized as "technicism. …


Merger & Acquisition pricing utilises traditional financial models like Discount Cash flow analysis and industry multiples. These methods do not consider behaviour finance biases, for example, prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979). This paper analyses merger & acquisition pricing using behavioural bias of risk aversion (acquiring company behavioural trait) and optimism (target company trait). It then extends the study to include loss aversion from prospect theory, differences in the way humans view gains and losses based on low or high probability based on cumulative prospect theory, and finally the certainty effect (where humans prefer certain outcome to probabilistic outcomes). All these factors have an impact on merger & acquisition pricing for potential deals as acquiring and target companies behave differently and such impacts are not considered by traditional finance models. Results show that as loss aversion reduces, the positive impact of risk taking and optimism behaviours improve. Also, probabilistic gains and losses can have a positive impact, but certainty has the greatest impact. Humans prefer certain outcomes and acquirers and target company behaviours are more effective in such conditions with increasing utility for both parties under such circumstances. However, in the multiple acquirer setting, competition between the acquirer significantly increases the utility, and the loss aversion co-efficient works in the opposite direction as the perceptive difference between gains and losses decreases.


This chapter looks at the nature and evolution of political parties in a number of European democracies. It analyses the important functions of political parties. It charts how they have developed over time. Starting with the social cleavage approach, the chapter addresses the origins of European party families and party systems. It then turns to the transformation of European party families and systems. It considers this both nationally and within the European Union (EU). It provides evidence of the 'unfreezing' of European party systems and thinks about whether a dealignment of traditional cleavage patterns can currently be witnessed. It asks: is there also a realignment along a new 'cultural' dimension of politics? Finally, the chapter addresses the evolution of party types from cadre over catch-all to modern entrepreneurial challenger parties.


Due to the increasing aquaculture industry, new resources for feed should be assessed. A high protein content in Ciona intestinalis have increased the interest to farm C. intestinalis, and use as a feed resource. In addition, C. intestinalis has a tunic of cellulose, which can be used in biofuel production. The ascidian C. intestinalis is abundant in temperate regions, and is characterized by rapid growth, early maturation and high reproductive output. To examine the maturation, broodstock animals were collected from 4 different locations, in three different areas; Oygarden, Hardangerfjorden and Kvitsoy. Collection occurred between March and June. Broodstock animals were examined, and dry weight and maturation index was found. Eggs in the gonoduct were collected, and examined using a stereo microscope. The growth and settlement were found using submerged PVC plates at 5 to 25 m depth at 5 locations in three different areas; Oygarden, Hardanger and Kvitsoy. Plates were deployed in March to June, and retrieved in mid to end October. 30 individuals were collected from each depth for the different deployment times from each location in order to investigate differences in dry weight with time of deployment and depth. This study showed that maturation of eggs occurred earlier than expected, and with large variations between locations. The number of eggs varied considerably between individuals. High settlement of C. intestinalis was found in all locations except Kvitsoy. This study showed that depth and time of deployment are important factors to obtain a high biomass. The highest recruitment and dry weight was found at 10 and 15 m depth at all locations, and on plates deployed from March to May.


In this chapter Ag, Ni and Fe nanocolloids synthesized by "green" ultrashort pulse laser ablation of solid metal targets using different pulse energies and liquid media are characterized by different techniques. Optical extinction spectroscopy (OES), micro-Raman spectroscopy (MRS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) were independently used to analyze optical, morphological and compositional properties of the generated nanocolloids. In a deeper way, the stability characteristics of Ag nanocolloids in aqueous solutions with different stabilizers were studied owing to their potential use in biocompatible compounds. Besides, due to their interesting applications, few atoms Ag nanoclusters (NCs) were synthesized using the same ablation technique, analyzing their fluorescent and photocatalytic properties. On the other hand, to expand the characterization of the nanocolloids, their magnetic behavior was inspected for the Ni and Fe by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM).


Abstract. Red calcareous coralline algae are thought to be among the organisms most vulnerable to ocean acidification due to the high solubility of their magnesium calcite skeleton. Although skeletal mineralogy is proposed to change as CO2 and temperature continue to rise, there is currently very little information available on the response of coralline algal carbonate mineralogy to near-future changes in pCO2 and temperature. Here we present results from a 1-year controlled laboratory experiment to test mineralogical responses to pCO2 and temperature in the Mediterranean crustose coralline alga (CCA) Lithophyllum cabiochae. Our results show that Mg incorporation is mainly constrained by temperature (+1 mol % MgCO3 for an increase of 3 °C), and there was no response to pCO2. This suggests that L. cabiochae thalli have the ability to buffer their calcifying medium against ocean acidification, thereby enabling them to continue to deposit magnesium calcite with a significant mol % MgCO3 under elevated pCO2. Analyses of CCA dissolution chips showed a decrease in Mg content after 1 year for all treatments, but this was affected neither by pCO2 nor by temperature. Our findings suggest that biological processes exert a strong control on calcification on magnesium calcite and that CCA may be more resilient under rising CO2 than previously thought. However, previously demonstrated increased skeletal dissolution with ocean acidification will still have major consequences for the stability and maintenance of Mediterranean coralligenous habitats.


The structural gene for membrane cofactor protein (MCP), a widely distributed C3b/C4b binding regulatory glycoprotein of the complement system, has been mapped to the same locus as the structural genes for CR1, CR2, DAF, and C4bp. The order of the genes within an approximately 800-kb DNA fragment on the long arm of chromosome 1 is MCP-CR1-CR2-DAF- C4bp. Further, the MCP gene maps to within 100 kb of 3' end of the CR1 gene.


Writing and teaching across cultures and disciplines makes the act of comparison inevitable. Comparative theory and methods of comparative literature and cultural anthropology have permeated the humanities as they engage more centrally with the cultural flows and circulation of past and present globalization. How do scholars make ethically and politically responsible comparisons without assuming that their own values and norms are the standard by which other cultures should be measured? "Comparison" expands upon a special issue of the journal "New Literary History", which analyzed theories and methodologies of comparison. Six new essays from senior scholars of transnational and postcolonial studies complement the original ten pieces. The work of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Ella Shohat, Robert Stam, R. Radhakrishnan, Bruce Robbins, Ania Loomba, Haun Saussy, Linda Gordon, Walter D. Mignolo, Shu-mei Shih, and Pheng Cheah are included with contributions by anthropologists Caroline B. Brettell and Richard Handler. Historical periods discussed range from the early modern to the contemporary and geographical regions that encompass the globe. Ultimately, "Comparison" argues for the importance of greater self-reflexivity about the politics and methods of comparison in teaching and in research.


Legal professional privilege requires confidential communications between lawyer and client to remain confidential unless the privilege is waived by or on behalf of the client. Where communications are privileged, the client may legally refuse to disclose documents containing those communications and may refuse to answer questions regarding them and the lawyer is obliged to refuse to disclose such documents or answer such questions. The rationale for legal professional privilege is that it encourages candour between client and lawyer. This candour allows a lawyer to give the most accurate and relevant advice which promotes the wider public interest of compliance with relevant laws and regulations and the administration of justice.

Legal professional privilege encompasses what is known as legal advice privilege. This form of privilege generally applies only to communications between lawyer and client; however, there are jurisdictions where legal advice privilege has been extended, to an extent, beyond lawyers to tax advisers. For both tax lawyer and tax adviser ethical issues emerge because claims that communications are covered by privilege have an ethical dimension to them. Judgements around whether communications are covered by the relevant privilege regime, the advisers' duty to the client and any actual or perceived duty to the tax system all play a role. Provisions in relevant professional codes of conduct and the effect of both the regulatory rules and behaviour of tax agencies also play a large part in informing decisions around privilege claims.

This article critically examines these various themes and their potential impact on ethical behaviour through comparative analysis of the differing approaches and regulatory regimes in the United States and New Zealand. Both are common law jurisdictions where legal professional privilege rules have evolved from English common law principles and where a form of privilege for non-lawyer tax advisers has been created. Comparative analysis between lawyers and non-lawyer tax advisors within each jurisdiction and between jurisdictions reveals disconnections in the ethical landscape and an area where reform could improve standards of behaviour. A new approach demonstrating improved clarity and coherence is proposed.


Martin Chuzzlewit is a novel by Charles Dickens, which claims selfishness as the theme Martin Chuzzlewit is not only Dickens? best comic novel but also the greatest work of comic genius in the whole of English Literature. The main character is young Martin Chuzzlewit, a grandson of the very wealthy old Martin Chuzzlewit. The thesis writer wants to find out whether selfishness, obstinacy, and arrogance are his flaws that later on lead to his failure, and also what influences young Martin to realize his flaws. ln analyzing this novel, the thesis writer wants to prove that selfishness, obsinacy, and arrogance are his flaws that later on lead to his failure. And also the thesis writer finds out that the influences that make young Martin realize his flaws are Mark Tapley?s selflessness and faithfulness and also his experiences in America. In analyzing these problems, the writer will use library research and literary approach with characterization and conflict as the devices. Based on the result of the analysis, it is concluded that the things that make young Martin realize his selfishness, obstinacy. and arrogance are the selflessness and faithfulness of Mark Tapley and their experiences in America; and the reasons that cause the failure of young Martin?s hopes are his selfishness and materialism which then lead him to the failure in understanding other people.


Elders living in long-term care facilities often experience weight loss. Weight loss in elders has been shown to increase their risk of death. Existing research has identified numerous factors associated with appetite and weight loss in elders. Dementia, depression, acute and chronic illness, and medications have all been identified as potential causes of decreased appetite and weight loss in elders. Only a few nutritional and appetite assessment tools exist, and these tools are not widely used in long-term care facilities. The purpose of this descriptive study was to validate the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ), an appetite assessment tool in long-term care facilities. In addition, the study was designed to explore other potential contributors to poor appetite and weight loss in elders. Included in the study were 92 elders living in four Midwestern long-term care facilities. Participants were weighed and appetite was assessed using the SNAQ monthly. More than 50% of participants scored ≤14 on the SNAQ each month, suggesting poor appetite in this population. Most elders who lost ≥5% of their body weight each month scored ≤14 on the SNAQ. The SNAQ showed poor sensitivity for weight loss ≥5% each month and over 6 months, but high specificity in this population. Initial and sixth month data indicated that Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the SNAQ would improve from 0.51 to 0.57 and 0.56 to 0.78, respectively, when question 4 was removed. Construct validity was supported by significant correlations with number of diagnoses (r = –.343, p = .001) and dementia (r = .313, p = .01). The present study suggests that illness and medications are important factors in appetite and weight loss in elders living in long-term care facilities. This study supports Goodman, Karene, 2013 UMSL, p. 3 the SNAQ as a useful tool, but additional studies are needed to further explore the low sensitivity of the SNAQ in this population. Goodman, Karene, 2013 UMSL, p. 4


This paper is devoted to the spectral analysis of a non elliptic operator A , deriving from the study of superconducting micro-strip lines. Once a sufficient condition for the self-adjointness of operator A has been derived, we determine its continuous spectrum. Then, we show that A is unbounded from below and that it has a sequence of negative eigenvalues tending to -∞. Using the Min-Max principle, a characterization of its positive eigenvalues is given. Thanks to this characterization, some conditions on the geometrical (large width) and physical (large dielectric permittivity in modulus) properties of the strip that ensure the existence of positive eigenvalues are derived. Finally, we analyze the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues of A as the dielectric permittivity of the strip goes to -∞.


We propose an approach to optimize resource sharing and flow control in a multi-beam broadband satellite system that supports both unicast and multicast flows. We show that, in this architecture, the load on every spot-beam queue could be different, depending on the type of the flows and the distribution of the receivers across spot-beam coverage areas. This load imbalance may significantly under-utilize the system resources and decrease the system throughput when both unicast and multicast flows are active in the system. In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem for intra- and inter-beam resource sharing such that the variance of the session rates experienced by users of a flow located in different beam coverage areas is minimized. The result of our resource allocation also determines the maximum sustainable rate of each flow. We present results that compare the beam utilization and maximum sustainable sessions rates with and without optimization. We conclude that this method improves the average session rates up to 40% and average utilization of the system up to 15% when both unicast and multicast flows are active.


Paracetamol poisoning is among the most common causes of medication related poisoning and death. The evidence for all interventions for paracetamol overdose is weak. Activated charcoal, gastric lavage, and ipecacuanha are able to reduce absorption of paracetamol if started within one to two hours of paracetamol ingestion, but the clinical benefit is unclear. Therefore, there is a pressing need to invent modified forms of activated carbon and other adsorbents to treat paracetamol toxification. In this study we have investigated the efficiency of octadecyltrimethylammonium (ODTMA) micelles-activated charcoal (OMAC) complex that possesses a positive charge, a high surface area and a high affinity to capture paracetamol molecules. Various pHs were studied to evaluate the effect of pH on the removal of paracetamol by this adsorbent. The adsorption isotherm results demonstrate a fit to Freundlich adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics follow a pseudo second order kinetics model. The results revealed that OMAC complex can enhance the detoxification of paracetamol at high doses in the stomach even at low pH compared to activated charcoal. Furthermore, the results indicate that OMAC complex can adsorb paracetamol in different forms at different pHs relative to charcoal, which renders the complex a better detoxification agent than activated charcoal.


Shoot growth inhibition and changes in carbohydrate levels occur in cool-season grasses under midsummer conditions. Cultural practices, such at thatch removal or topdressing, could alter high temperature extremes of the crown and root. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the role of root temperature on shoot growth rate and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels in plant parts of 'Merion' and 'Nugget' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). The turfgrasses were established from seed on coarse sand in the greenhouse. After 12 weeks the pots were transferred to an environmental growth chamber where air temperatures were increased from 22 to 38 C in 4 C increments every 2 weeks. The effects of root zone temperatures controlled at 22 C (CRT) were compared to noncontrolled temperatures (NRT) in which the root zone was allowed to equilibrate with the air temperature. Shoot growth above 4.0 cm. was clipped at the end of each temperature increment from 22 to 34 C. After the 38 C exposure plants were separated into verdure (live leaf tissue), "thatch" (dead leaf tissue), crowns, and roots. Shoot growth of Merion Kentucky bluegrass grown at NRT, was greatest at 26 C and was significantly reduced at 30 and again at 34 C. Shoot carbohydrate levels were lowest at 26 and 30 and highest at 34 C. At 38 C, verdure and crown carbohydrate levels were significantly higher than those of the roots. The growth rate of Nugget (NRT) at 26 C was not as rapid as for Merion. Shoot WSC levels were high at 26, 30, and 34 C compared to Merion Kentucky bluegrass. At 38 C, root WSC levels were significantly higher in roots than verdure or crown. The greater high temperature tolerance of Nugget was documented through a higher verdure-thatch ratio. Survival of both cultivars was enhanced by controlling the root temperature at 22 C (CRT). Shoot WSC levels at all temperatures were significantly lower at CRT compared to NRT in Nugget. This was true in Merion only at 34 C. Root WSC levels in Merion at CRT were at the high level found for Nugget at both NRT and CRT. Shoot growth cessation at supraoptimal temperatures may result from a high temperature-labile process in the root. Loss of root carbohydrates appears to increase the temperature lability of the process.


One of the main features of digital crime is its transnational character, which seems to pose a major challenge to the harmonization and coordination of police resources, which are by definition local. However, an empirical analysis of the international governance of cybercrime provides an alternative reading. This article uses a social network analysis (SNA) approach to model the polycentric structure of actors and initiatives that make up the web of international anti-cybercrime cooperation. Based on a dataset of 657 organisational actors affiliated to 51 initiatives, an affiliation network (or 2-mode network) methodology is applied in order to measure the network's cohesion while equally identifying public and private actors that play a central role in these arrangements or that fulfill a brokerage function between segmented geographical and functional subsets of nodes.


Few authors have as much to say about Singapore and Johor in the early 17th century as Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge (c.1570-1632). This admiral of the Dutch East India Company sailed to Asia in 1605 and besieged Portuguese Melaka in 1606 with the help of Malay allies. A massive Portuguese armada arrived from Goa to fight the Dutch at sea, break the siege and relieve the Portuguese colony. During his Asian voyage and on his return to Europe in September 1608, Matelieff penned a series of letters and memorials in which he provided a candid assessment of trading opportunities and politics in Asia. He advised the VOC and leading government officials of the Dutch Republic to take a long term view of Dutch involvement in Asia and fundamentally change the way they were doing business there. Singapore, the Straits region, and Johor assumed a significant role in his overall assessment. At one stage he seriously contemplated establishing the VOC's main Asian base at a location near the Johor River estuary. On deeper reflection, however, Matelieff and the VOC directors in Europe began to shift their attention southward and instead began to prefer a location around the Sunda Strait. This was arguably a near miss for Singapore two full centuries before Thomas Stamford Raffles founded the British trading post on the island in 1819.


Cognitive skill training, part of cognitive behavior management, is based on the cognitive behavioral theory. The principle that thinking controls behavior has been widely used by educators to develop methods to improve the performance of students; this concept can be further extended to clinicians who provide multifaceted health promotion and psychological counseling programs. The plan of our educational project is to raise awareness among students, faculty members, and researchers of material not produced via standard commercial publishing channels, emphasizing the role that grey literature plays in teaching and research in our academic community. Pre-test surveys conducted prior to these ventures indicate that while researchers, students, and faculty members may have used grey literature resources at some point during their research pursuits, more than one-third (36.7%) believe they haven't done so, a significant number expressing uncertainty in not knowing how to find, effectively use, and evaluate grey literature. In terms of specific grey literature resources, the majority (85.7%) of users have had rich experiences with association and government websites, but lack familiarity with other useful resources such as subject-based directories, databases, or well-established grey literature repositories. "When opportunity knocks, you should probably open the door! "(Schwann, Petermann, & Petz, 2008). This statement indicates the value and importance of theories in promoting new practices in health services. A theory can lay the foundation of a teaching or learning goal by describing the purpose, intervention, and assumed outcome of a proposed endeavor (Wayne State University). As health sciences librarians, the need to promote grey literature in terms of visibility and accessibility, thus raising awareness, forms the basis of our teaching goals and is thereby the focus of this paper. Undoubtedly, as the barrier between white and grey literature becomes narrower with the advent of technology that seeks to uncover the unrecoverable, challenges will inevitably arise, especially when deciding what exactly about grey literature needs to be promoted. The cognitive-behavioral theory helps describe various factors regarding lack of awareness and misguided conceptions about searching for elusive material, while also guiding the selection of sources of grey literature and the methodologies we have adopted in our promotion project. Three such educational initiatives that we have developed, based on the principle that change will occur only as you think differently, will be highlighted in this paper. These include the creation of a Grey Literature Speaker Series (http://glspeakers. wetpaint.com) 1 , where subject specialists/liaison librarians at the University of Calgary discuss their experiences and challenges with uncovering and using grey literature in their subject areas; a joint presentation to faculty members and students at the University of Calgary Faculty Technology Days showcasing the impact and role that technology, such as mobile computing, has played and continues to play when it comes to the grey literature; and library information sessions to cancer researchers based on user experiences, expectations, and needs when it comes to seeking non-traditional material. The One-Minute Paper, distributed after a session to assess participant learning outcomes, reveals that knowledge of different sources and current trends in grey literature has significantly increased. We therefore advocate the use of the cognitive behavioral theory as a channel for developing education programs and promoting grey literature in our academic community.


The rapid development of digital imaging and computer vision has increased the potential of using the image processing technologies in ophthalmology. Image processing systems are used in standard clinical practices with the development of medical diagnostic systems. The retinal images provide vital information about the health of the sensory part of the visual system. Retinal diseases, such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, Stargardt's disease, and retinopathy of prematurity, can lead to blindness manifest as artifacts in the retinal image. An automated system can be used for offering standardized large-scale screening at a lower cost, which may reduce human errors, provide services to remote areas, as well as free from observer bias and fatigue. Treatment for retinal diseases is available; the challenge lies in finding a cost-effective approach with high sensitivity and specificity that can be applied to large populations in a timely manner to identify those who are at risk at the early stages of the disease. The progress of the glaucoma disease is very often quiet in the early stages. The number of people affected has been increasing and patients are seldom aware of the disease, which can cause delay in the treatment. A review of how computer-aided approaches may be applied in the diagnosis and staging of glaucoma is discussed here. The current status of the computer technology is reviewed, covering localization and segmentation of the optic nerve head, pixel level glaucomatic changes, diagonosis using 3-D data sets, and artificial neural networks for detecting the progression of the glaucoma disease.


Physiological changes in rumen fermentation during acidosis induction and its control using a multivalent polyclonal antibody preparation (PAP) were studied in a completely randomized experiment using 12 crossbred heifers (452 +/- 20 kg of BW). Treatments were control (CTR) or PAP. The acidosis induction protocol consisted of 3 periods: 3 mo of 100% fescue hay fed for ad libitum intake, 10 d (from d 1 to 10 of the experiment) of adaptation to the treatment (100% forage feeding + 10 mL/d of PAP top-dressed to the treatment group), and 5 d (from d 11 to 15 of the experiment) of transition, which consisted of increasing the concentrate (16.5% CP) 2.5 kg/d up to 12.5 kg/d while maintaining ad libitum intake of fescue and providing 10 mL/d of PAP to the treated heifers. Concentrate feeding of 12.5 kg/d was maintained until heifers developed acidosis (from d 16 to 22 of the experiment). When an animal was considered acidotic, it was changed to a 50:50 forage:concentrate diet, monitored for 4 d, and removed from the experiment. Samples of ruminal fluid were collected before and 6 h after feeding to determine pH, VFA, lactate, protozoa counts, and DNA extraction for quantitative real-time PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analyses. Only samples collected during adaptation to the treatment, at 3 and 1 d before acidosis, on the acidosis day, and at 1 and 4 d after acidosis were analyzed. Differences were declared at P < 0.05. Heifers (83% for CTR, and 50% for PAP) entered into acidosis 5.25 +/- 0.17 d after the beginning of the transition. The fermentation profile of animals with acidosis was similar between treatments. From 3 d before acidosis to acidosis day, decreases in pH and in acetate-to-propionate ratio and increases in total VFA, butyrate, and entodiniomorph counts were observed. However, the greatest concentrations of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii (79 +/- 54 and 104 +/- 73 ng of DNA/mL of ruminal fluid, respectively) and a decrease in DMI (10.6 vs. 6.46 kg, respectively) were recorded 1 d after acidosis. Compared with CTR heifers, heifers fed PAP had greater pH before feeding on d 6 (6.70 vs. 6.11), 8 (6.54 vs. 5.95), and 9 (7.26 vs. 6.59) after the beginning of the feeding challenge. Heifers fed PAP tended to have greater total VFA concentrations than CTR (124 and 114 +/- 4.0 mM, respectively). These results indicate that PAP may be effective in controlling acidosis of heifers during a rapid transition to a high-concentrate diet.


Objective To investigate the association between insulin, hypertension and antihypertensive drug use in elderly patients. Design and methods Blood pressure, use of antihypertensive drugs and glucose metabolism were examined in 5453 men and women (mean age 68.8 years). This was part of the baseline examination of the Rotterdam Study, a population-based study of chronic diseases in elderly patients. Serum insulin was measured 2h after an oral glucose load. Results Patients with hypertension had a significantly higher mean post-load insulin level than those without: 71.3mU/l versus 59.3mU/l (P< 0.001, adjusted for age). Systolic blood pressure increased by 0.25 mmHg per lOmU/1 insulin (95% confidence interval 0.15-0.35, adjusted for age, sex and antihypertensive drugs), whereas the increase in diastolic blood was 0.07 mmHg per 10mU/l (0.01-0.13). Whereas insulin resistance was higher in patients with hypertension, the increase in insulin resistance with age was much more apparent in normotensive patients, resulting in similar insulin levels at high ages. Those using antihypertensive drugs, however, had higher insulin levels at all ages. Conclusion The results of this study show that hyperinsulinemia is associated with raised blood pressure in elderly people, and suggest that the age-associated increase in insulin resistance is diminished in patients with raised blood pressure. The use of antihypertensive drugs, however, appears to be accompanied by an independent additional increase in insulin resistance at all ages.


No engines shrieking rescue storm the night, And hose and hydrant cannot here avail; The flames laugh high and fling their challenging light, And clouds turn gray and black from silver-pale. 5 The fire leaps out and licks the ancient walls, And the big building bends and twists and groans. A bar drops from its place; a rafter falls Burning the flowers. The wind in frenzy moans. The watchers gaze, held wondering by the fire, 10 The dwellers cry their sorrow to the crowd, The flames beyond themselves rise higher, higher, To lose their glory in the frowning cloud, Yielding at length the last reluctant breath. And where life lay asleep broods darkly death.


An increasing amount of data is collected today during studies in which students and educators are engaged in learning activities using information technology and other tools. These data are indispensable for analysis and evaluation of learning activities, for evaluation of new tools and for students' meta-cognitive activities. The data can take various forms, including video and audio recordings, log files of computing-related activity, field notes, results of students work in electronic or other forms, activity sheets etc. The need for analysis tools, which can annotate these data, classify them, process them and facilitate their inspection, is of increased importance especially for science education, since the latter involves experimentation and use of laboratory and other equipment that necessitate thorough off-line analysis and evaluation. In this paper we discuss first the key requirements of a new generation of interaction and collaboration analysis tools. We then present how these requirements have lead to the design of a prototype tool, recently developed. This tool can relate and synchronize various streams of field data. An important characteristic of the tool is its support for a multi-layer structure of annotations of various levels of abstraction, through which the activity can be interpreted and presented. This multi-layer representation can be inter-related to the raw field data, and can drive the navigation of the researcher in the activity data. An example of use of this tool for analysis and evaluation of a collaborative problem solving activity is also included.


The building stock is a major consumer of material and energy resources, and also an important source for waste generation and emissions. The building stock represents a major capital stock for society, and also a large anthropogenic stock of materials. There has been a rapid growth of stocks in many countries due to rising population, changes in household structures, and improvements in standard of living in the latter half of the previous century, and as the building stock ages, buildings will reach the end of their lifetime and become obsolete. The materials in these buildings will then become available as potential secondary materials. Anthropogenic material stocks are becoming increasingly important as secondary resources due to scarcities of primary resources and adverse effects from mining and production. Society demands a building stock with a certain size, standard and composition, and this demand exerts a pull on material and energy resources, and as a consequence also pushes materials into the waste management system. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms in building systems is important for understanding how stocks and activities of construction, renovation and demolition develop over time. Buildings have a long lifetime and long-term studies of building systems are therefore required for understanding the stock dynamics and for anticipating changes in the associated flows of floor area and materials. The work in this thesis explores the metabolism of building stocks, and the long-term dynamic mechanisms inherent in building systems. Methodological challenges relate to how the dynamic behavior of stocks and flows can be modeled and simulated in a fully dynamic and consistent manner, and what parameters are relevant to represent the metabolic behavior of the system. Modeling building stocks and flows of floor area also provides the foundation for estimating the associated material stocks and flows. Material stocks in buildings are diverse with regard to composition and characteristics. Some building materials represent a potential secondary resource, while other materials or substances are merely waste management problems with potentially negative effects. Wood and concrete are studied as examples of the former and are relevant because of their abundant use in buildings. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are studied as an example of toxic or hazardous contaminants to see how unwanted substances affect the stocks and flows over time. The results show that good knowledge about the past is critical for understanding the future in systems with a long product lifetime like buildings. Low demolition activity for residential buildings in Norway has been combined with an unprecedented growth in demand for floor area in the last decades. This has led to increasing stocks, and as a result, future demolition activity can be expected to increase as the building stock ages and more buildings reach the end of their lifetime. This will also increase construction demand to replace the obsolete buildings. The cyclic behavior with peaks in activity levels that are displaced according to lifetime is also reflected in material stocks and flows. Increased waste generation and demand for materials and resources have important implications for future waste management and resource consumption. Modeling dynamic systems with long-lifetime products will involve uncertainties related to the selection of modeling parameters, quality of historical data, and not least, assumptions and scenarios about future developments. Buildings in general, and residential buildings in particular, have long lifetimes. Results from the case studies demonstrate the importance of lifetime as a modeling parameter, with regard to both timing and magnitude of flows. The long lifetime also means that scenarios have to be developed for the future, and historical developments show how much stocks and flows can change over a few decades, meaning that long-term scenarios are inherently uncertain. The modeling parameters in the case studies are aggregated variables that are best suited to inform about long-term trends. Comparison with historical statistical data confirms that the modeling approach is better suited to simulate long-term trends than short-term fluctuations. A study of Chinese residential housing shows a strong growth in construction activity and stocks in the last decades. China is currently experiencing a very strong urbanization trend that has significant implications also for building stocks and resource consumption. At the same time, UN population projections predict a decline in total population. This calls for examining the development in rural and urban population stocks and the potential impacts on rural and urban building systems. Stocks and flows of population and residential housing were modeled for both rural and urban areas. Results show that projected trends in urbanization and population will have a strong influence on stocks and construction activity. Model simulations suggest that rural construction activity has already peaked and will experience a strong decline in the decades to come. While urbanization maintains increasing construction activity in the short-term in urban areas, a peak is expected here also, possibly already within the next decade, before construction activity starts declining substantially, as projected. The decline is dramatic for both rural and urban areas, and while this can be positive from a resource conservation point of view, the situation might be severe with regard to investments and employment levels in the economically important construction sector. The impacts on the construction sector will be more severe in urban areas where construction firms are responsible for most of the construction, as opposed to the more common practice in the rural areas of building your own house. For resource conservation and consumption, the impacts are also more pronounced related to urban stocks due to the absolute stock size and the higher quality of the materials used. While construction has traditionally been the dominating building activity, the ageing building stocks and the more-frequent upgrading of existing buildings signal a shift towards renovation becoming as important as, or even more important than, construction. The future increase in waste generation from demolition poses challenges for everyone involved in waste management, both for the industry and for legislation. While historically being regarded merely as a problem, building waste can also be a source for secondary materials, and with appropriate technology and legislation, these resources can be utilized in a more sustainable way, while at the same time being economically competitive. Some materials are however not suitable for reuse and recycling and constitute a waste problem. This is the case for toxic and other hazardous materials that are contaminating building waste. A case study of PCB in Norwegian buildings concludes that although PCBs were banned several decades ago, considerable amounts still remain in in-use stocks and are expected to do so for many more decades, with associated challenges for identification and safe disposal.


We present results of a wide-field (approximately 60 × 90 pc) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array mosaic of CO(2–1) and 13CO(2–1) emission from the molecular cloud associated with the 30 Doradus star-forming region in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Three main emission complexes, including two forming a bow-tie-shaped structure extending northeast and southwest from the central R136 cluster, are resolved into complex filamentary networks. Consistent with previous studies, we find that the central region of the cloud has higher line widths at a fixed size relative to the rest of the molecular cloud and to other LMC clouds, indicating an enhanced level of turbulent motions. However, there is no clear trend in gravitational boundedness (as measured by the virial parameter) with distance from R136. Structures observed in 13CO are spatially coincident with filaments and are close to a state of virial equilibrium. In contrast, 12CO structures vary greatly in virialization, with low CO surface brightness structures outside of the main filamentary network being predominantly unbound. The low surface brightness structures constitute ∼10% of the measured CO luminosity; they may be shredded remnants of previously star-forming gas clumps, or alternatively the CO-emitting parts of more massive, CO-dark structures.


The American family has come a long way from the days of the idealized family portrayed in iconic television shows of the 1950s and 1960s. The four volumes of The Social History of the American Family explore the vital role of the family as the fundamental social unit across the span of American history. Experiences of family life shape so much of an individual's development and identity, yet the patterns of family structure, family life, and family transition vary across time, space, and socioeconomic contexts. Both the definition of who or what counts as family and representations of the "ideal" family have changed over time to reflect changing mores, changing living standards and lifestyles, and increased levels of social heterogeneity. Available in both digital and print formats, this carefully balanced academic work chronicles the social, cultural, economic, and political aspects of American families from the colonial period to the present. Key themes include families and culture (including mass media), families and religion, families and the economy, families and social issues, families and social stratification and conflict, family structures (including marriage and divorce, gender roles, parenting and children, and mixed and non-modal family forms), and family law and policy. Features: * Approximately 600 articles, richly illustrated with historical photographs and color photos in the digital edition, provide historical context for students. * A collection of primary source documents demonstrate themes across time. * The signed articles, with cross references and Further Readings, are accompanied by a Reader's Guide, Chronology of American Families, Resource Guide, Glossary, and thorough index.


In plants, as in animals, fertilization requires male and female gametes selectively and exclusively to meet and fuse. In plants, unlike in animals, it is not the actual gametes that participate in this dance, but rather the gametophytes, which carry immotile gametes. Escobar-Restrepo et al. (see the Perspective by McCormick) have now identified one of the molecules by which the female gametophyte (the embryo sac) recognizes the male gametophyte (the pollen). A receptor kinase, FER, is situated at cell surfaces within the female gametophyte. As the pollen tube approaches, a signaling cascade is initiated in the embryo sac that closes the door to late-arriving pollen tubes and halts further growth of the successful pollen tube, which then releases the male gamete. A good match between FER and its presumed ligand from the pollen tube appears to form the basis of reproductive compatibility. J.-M. Escobar-Restrepo, N. Huck, S. Kessler, V. Gagliardini, J. Gheyselinck, W.-C. Yang, U. Grossniklaus, The FERONIA receptor-like kinase mediates male-female interactions during pollen tube reception. Science 317, 656-660 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. McCormick, Reproductive dialog. Science 317, 606-607 (2007). [Summary] [Full Text]


Price modulates early pain processing Patients in randomized clinical trials frequently stop taking their drug, complaining of side effects. However, it turns out that some of these subjects are part of the placebo group and thus never received any active medication. This is a case of the nocebo effect seriously interfering with medical treatment. Tinnermann et al. investigated whether value information such as the price of a medication can further modulate behavioral nocebo effects and the underlying neural network dynamics (see the Perspective by Colloca). They used brain imaging to characterize the circuits involved in nocebo hyperalgesia within the descending pain pathway from the prefrontal cortex to the spinal cord. Their findings revealed how value information increased the nocebo effect. Science, this issue p. 105; see also p. 44 Expensive medication increases the nocebo effect and modulates pain projections from the prefrontal cortex down to the spinal cord. Value information about a drug, such as the price tag, can strongly affect its therapeutic effect. We discovered that value information influences adverse treatment outcomes in humans even in the absence of an active substance. Labeling an inert treatment as expensive medication led to stronger nocebo hyperalgesia than labeling it as cheap medication. This effect was mediated by neural interactions between cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. In particular, activity in the prefrontal cortex mediated the effect of value on nocebo hyperalgesia. Value furthermore modulated coupling between prefrontal areas, brainstem, and spinal cord, which might represent a flexible mechanism through which higher-cognitive representations, such as value, can modulate early pain processing.


What is it like to have a body? The unitary experience of the self and the body accompanied by unambiguous self-location and egocentric visuo-spatial perspective are essential aspects of the embodied self. They play a vital role for dynamic whole body human perception and interactions in our daily lives and help distinguish our body from others and the environment. In the current thesis, we used an amalgam of virtual reality techniques and cognitive neuroscience methods in combination with electrical neuroimaging to investigate multisensory, sensorimotor, and cognitive processes involved in mental own body imagery, visuo-spatial perspective taking, the feeling of ownership and agency and their contribution to different aspects of the bodily self and bodily processing.


For several years, states have grappled with the problem of cyberbullying and its sometimes devastating effects. Because cyberbullying often occurs between students, most states have understandably looked to schools to help address the problem. To that end, schools in forty-six states have the authority to intervene when students engage in cyberbullying. This solution seems all to the good unless a close examination of the cyberbullying laws and their implications is made. This Article explores some of the problematic implications of the cyberbullying laws. More specifically, it focuses on how the cyberbullying laws allow schools unprecedented surveillance authority over students. This authority stands in notably stark contrast to the constraints on government authority in other contexts, including police authority to search cell phones. In June 2014, the Supreme Court recognized in Riley v. California that police searches of cell phones require a warrant because of the particular intrusions into privacy attendant to those searches. While some surveillance authority over students may be warranted, the majority of the cyberbullying laws implicitly give schools unlimited, or nearly unlimited, and unfettered surveillance authority over students' online and electronic activity whenever, wherever, and however it occurs: at home, in bedrooms, at the mall, on personal cell phones, on tablets, or on laptops.This Article argues that the cyberbullying laws, though well meaning, vastly expand school authority through the broad, if implicit, allowance of surveillance authority over students and implicate privacy harms that are made more acute because the authority lies with schools over students. Although no doctrine yet exists on the limits of school surveillance authority, limits on school authority in other contexts do exist. First and Fourth Amendment doctrine in student-speech and search cases, as well as doctrine on government surveillance more generally, offers some guidance on where the boundaries of school authority lie. The surveillance authority in most cyberbullying laws goes beyond these bounds, indicating that cyberbullying laws expand school authority. To protect students from excessive school surveillance authority and attendant privacy harms, realistic limits need to be imposed on school surveillance authority under the cyberbullying laws both by way of a framework for determining the boundaries of school authority and a cause of action for students. This Article calls for both and draws on the nexus doctrine in First Amendment student-speech cases to develop such a framework.


Within the framework of a European Erasmus+ project, trainee mediators were interviewed about their experience. The encounters took place in unstructured, in-depth qualitative biographical-narrative interviews, in which individuals who are engaged in dialogic interaction create shared understanding and give meaning to their stories. The interview is interactive, co-constructed. The detail of the interview language documents how meaning-making takes place, and how this is affected by group belonging, ethnic or cultural discourses, as well as gender, age, professional and educational relationships, and so on. The interview is sensitive to language resources and their use in the co-construction of meaning. This paper, using extracts from one biographical narrative, shows that the languaged form that these narratives of the biographical learning of mediators take can offer insight into the learning processes triggered by learning in communities of practice, and that the creation of a common space of experience can be heard as it emerges in biographical talk. Biographical resources, biographicity, and their relationship with language and society are considered, and in the interview narratives the creation of a learning space, a space for the development and unfolding of notions and practices of mediation can be observed, heard and shared.


Asked to comment on a collective discussion paper by Jennifer L. Mnookin et al., this Commentary identifies difficulties the authors encountered in defining or agreeing on the subject matter "forensic science" and its perceived deficiencies. They conclude that there is a need for a research culture, whereas this Commentary calls for the development of a forensic science culture through the development of forensic science education fed by research dedicated to forensic science issues. It is a call for a change of emphasis and, perhaps, of paradigm.


Abstract. Wilderness areas in the world are threatened by the environmental impacts of the growing global human population. This study estimates the impact of birth rate on the future surface area of biodiverse wilderness and on the proportion of this area without major extinctions. The following four drivers are considered: human population growth (1), agricultural efficiency (2), groundwater drawdown by irrigation (3), and non-agricultural space used by humans (buildings, gardens, roads, etc.) (4). This study indicates that the surface area of biodiverse unmanaged land will reduce with about 5.4% between 2012 and 2050. Further, it indicates that the biodiverse land without major extinctions will reduce with about 10.5%. These percentages are based on a commonly used population trajectory which assumes that birth rates across the globe will reduce in a similar way as has occurred in the past in many developed countries. Future birth rate is however very uncertain. Plausible future birth rates lower than the expected rates lead to much smaller reductions in surface area of biodiverse unmanaged land (0.7% as opposed to 5.4%), and a reduction in the biodiverse land without major extinctions of about 5.6% (as opposed to 10.5%). This indicates that birth rate is an important factor influencing the quality and quantity of wilderness remaining in the future.