Some effects in the biosphere from the Total Solar Eclipse of 29 March 2006 were investigated in field crops and marine zooplankton. Taking into account the decisive role of light on plant life and productivity, measurements of photosynthesis and stomatal behaviour were conducted on seven important field-grown cereal and leguminous crops. A drop in photosynthetic rates, by more than a factor of 5 in some cases, was observed, and the minimum values of photosynthetic rates ranged between 3.13 and 10.13 μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 . The drop in solar irradiance and the increase in mesophyll CO 2 -concentration during the eclipse did not induce stomatal closure thus not blocking CO 2 uptake by plants. Light effects on the photochemical phase of photosynthesis may be responsible for the observed depression in photosynthetic rates. Field studies addressing the migratory responses of marine zooplankton (micro-zooplankton (ciliates), and meso-zooplankton) due to the rapid changes in underwater light intensity were also performed. The light intensity attenuation was simulated with the use of accurate underwater radiative transfer modeling techniques. Ciliates, responded to the rapid decrease in light intensity during the eclipse adopting night-time behaviour. From the meso-zooplankton assemblage, various vertical migratory behaviours were adopted by different species.


Hybrid Inverse Problems Jie Chen Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Gunther Uhlmann Department of Mathematics Inverse problems arise in different disciplines including exploration geophysics, medical imaging and nondestructive evaluation. In some settings, a single modality displays either high contrast or high resolution but not both. In favorable situations, physical effects couple one high-contrast modality with another high-resolution modality. Hybrid inverse problems, also called coupled-physics inverse problems or multi-wave inverse problems, are motivated to study these coupling mechanisms to display both high contrast and high resolution. In photo-acoustic tomography(PAT) and thermo-acoustic tomography(TAT), acoustic waves couple with optical radiations, while in electro-seismic(ES) effect, seismic waves couple with electrical fields. The solution strategies of hybrid methods typically consist of two steps. Normally in the first step, a high-resolution-low-contrast modality is considered to reconstruct some internal data. In PAT and TAT, we invert a wave equation and reconstruct the initial wave pressure from available boundary measurements. In ES conversion, we invert Biot's system to recover the internal source. In our work, we assume that this step has been performed. The second step consists of the quantitative reconstruction of coefficients of interest by applying a high-contrast modality on the high-resolution internal data obtained during the first step. In the second step of PAT, our main objective is to recover diffusion and absorption coefficients from the internal data. The second step of ES conversion works with Maxwell's equation to reconstruct the conductivity and the coupling coefficient from internal data. This thesis mainly focuses on the second steps of PAT and ES conversion. Indeed, assuming the internal measurements are obtained already, we mainly prove the uniqueness and the stability of the constructions of the coefficients of interest in PAT and ES conversion. Precisely, We show that knowledge of two internal data based on well-chosen boundary conditions uniquely determine the coefficients of interest. Moreover, Lipschitz type stability results are proved based on the same sets of well-chosen boundary conditions.


Using the SEST, the Onsala 20 m telescope, the JCMT, and the IRAM 30 m telescope we have carried out a survey of circumstellar CO(J = 1 − 0, 2 − 1, 3 − 2, and 4 − 3) emission on a large sample of oxygen-rich semiregular (SRa and SRb) and irregular variables (Lb). A total of 109 stars were observed in at least one CO line: 66 were shown to have circumstellar CO line emission (7 SRa, 36 SRb, and 23 Lb variables), ∼ 60% of the semiregulars and all but one of the irregulars were detected for the first time. Most stars were observed in at least two transitions. There is a total of 138 detected CO lines. For twelve stars strong interference from interstellar CO emission precluded detection. We present here a catalogue of all observational data and the spectra of all detections, as well as brief discussions on detection statistics (including its dependence on variability type, period, IRAS-colour, IRAS LRS-class, and M-subclass), line profiles (including line shape asymmetry, multi-component line shapes, and line intensity ratios), gas expansion velocity distributions, and correlations between CO line and IR continuum fluxes (including implications for the mass-loss mechanism).


Microscale vertical distribution of proto‐and mesozooplankton in relation to turbulent diffusion was investigated using a high‐resolution sampler (HSR) during cruises in the Skagerrak, Denmark, and the Northern Aegean, Greece. A strong pycnocline and a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) characterized both areas. The phytoplankton biomass in the Skagerrak was much higher and dominated by netplankton compared with the Aegean, where picoplankton dominated. Deployments of the HRS and measurements of microscale turbulence were made simultaneously in the mixed surface layer, the pycnocline, and the DCM and revealed a large range (0.2‐250 cm2 s−1) in turbulent diffusion. In general, turbulent diffusion was highest in the surface layer. The variability of the plankton organisms within the 3‐m strata sampled by the HRS was quantified by their coefficient of variation (CV = SD/mean) and analyzed with respect to turbulent diffusion. We hypothesized that the variability of the vertical distribution would be independent of turbulence up to a threshold where dispersion overwhelms the swimming ability of the organism and variability decreases. The hypothesis was confirmed by our results; for the weak swimmers, ciliates, Ceratium spp., and nauplii, there was a significant decrease in CV with increasing turbulence, whereas the variability of the stronger swimmer represented by copepodites was uncorrelated with turbulent diffusion. This underscores the potential of these organisms in locating and exploiting food patches in the water column.


Tumor cells from homozygous mice grow better upon transplanation to syngeneic mice than to F1 hybrids between the tumor strain and a foreign strain. The inhibition of cell growth in the hybrids (called allogeneic inhibition), which is detected by tumor transplantation into mice, cotuld be abrogated by treatment of the recipient mice with cortisone acetate. Cortisone also abolished allogeneic inhibition in vitro; abolition was detected by treating tumor cultures with cell extracts containing foreign isoantigens of the H-2 type.


Social trait inference from faces exerts a huge impact on social outcomes ranging from mate choice to voting preferences (Todorov et al. 2005; Rhodes, G., 2006). Although previous studies have identified from static faces the morphological face features which influence social judgements (Dotsch & Todorov, 2012), the question is whether the dynamics of facial muscles can flexibly and transiently produce specific expressions that signal important social traits for social interactions. We addressed this question by: (i) quantifying the influence of dynamic facial expressions on judgments of social traits; (ii) teasing apart the contribution of facial morphology and facial expressions to social trait judgments; and (iii) measuring the similarities of facial expressions between social traits and emotions.

We used a computer graphics platform that parametrically controls the dynamics of any facial muscle group (coded as 41 different Action Units, Ekman, 1978), each animated with 6 temporal parameters: peak amplitude, peak latency, onset latency, offset latency, acceleration, deceleration (Yu et al. 2012). Twelve participants judged the trustworthiness, dominance, attractiveness (and perceived intensity) of a series of facial animations of randomly chosen Action Units and their dynamic parameters. Reverse correlation estimated the expressions as sets of facial movements associated with the perception of each social trait and their intensity. Results were highly consistent between participants, with attractiveness and trustworthiness positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with dominance. In addition, a comparison of these facial expressions with those similarly derived for facial emotions (Jack et al. 2012) showed that social trait expressions are not simple one-to-one overgeneralisations of emotional expressions, but a distinct set of signals composed of movements from different emotion categories. To conclude, we show that the face can flexibly and transiently produce facial movements that modulate social signals of attractiveness, trustworthiness and dominance that are paramount for social interactions.


When farmers consume much of their grain output, end-use quality, in addition to standard production characteristics, affects farmers' seed choice and the economic returns to investment in crop breeding. Evidence from Malawi suggests that despite a lengthy research lag, emphasizing grain quality in recent years will amplify returns to research. Yet the story of that research breakthrough also suggests that when market signals are weak, physical and the social scientists who seek to play an informative role must be especially cautious in their assessment of research priorities.


The dinuclear NNP-ligand copper(I) complex [o-N═CH(C(4)H(3)N)-PPh(2)C(6)H(4)](2)Cu(2) (1) has been synthesized by the reaction of (CuMes)(4) (Mes = 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2)) with N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-methylene)-2-(diphenylphosphino)benzenamine under an elimination of MesH. Further reaction of 1 with an excess of S(8) produced a mononuclear Cu(II) complex [o-N═CH(C(4)H(3)N)-P(S)Ph(2)C(6)H(4)](2)Cu (5) and CuS. CuS was identified by Raman spectroscopy and 1 and 5 were clearly confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The N-heterocyclic carbene was employed to react with 1 to give a mononuclear [o-N═CH(C(4)H(3)N)-PPh(2)C(6)H(4)]Cu{C[N(iPr)CMe](2)} (2). The reactions of 2 were carried out with (1)/(8), (2)/(8), and (5)/(8) equiv of S(8), leading to compounds [o-N═CH(C(4)H(3)N)-P(S)Ph(2)C(6)H(4)]Cu{C[N(iPr)CMe](2)} (3), [o-N═CH(C(4)H(3)N)-P(S)Ph(2)C(6)H(4)]Cu (4), and 5 respectively, in which CuS was generated in the third reaction and S═C[N(iPr)CMe](2) in the latter two reactions. The clean confirmation of 2-4 demonstrates a stepwise reaction process of 1 with S(8) to 5 and CuS and the N-heterocyclic carbene acts well as a trapping agent.


Abstract In the world of Organization research, some words are used by scholarswith a specific political purpose: two of these are ethics and emancipation. The second is used to recall the social purpose ofthe academic community, which can be donefromseveral perspectives (for example, that of Critical Management Studies). Regarding ethics, organization researchers often use this word to denounce managerial practices.Their researchcommonly reports the ideological orientation of such management practices as imply unethical behaviour. In this sense, the unethical orientation of managers has been seen as something masked by a manipulative discourse, which has built the false impression that management practices are ethically oriented.But the organization researchers say almost nothing about their own demagogicethical discourse, even though their silence has led to the criticism of academics for "lack of ethics." This paper deals with the problem of ethics as it relates to the research practicesof organization studiesitself, showing some aspects of the ways in which ethics is handled by researchers in their fieldwork. To this end, it adopts Habermas' view of discursive ethics, in particular, his conception of strategic action. In this sense, strategic action ignores ethical claims, because it is oriented to performative and utilitarian interests. Thus, when a speaker performs a strategic action, s/he distorts communicative interaction by omitting or manipulating information (distorting truthfulness), being insincere about her/his actual intentions and/or claiming feelings which s/he lacks (distorting sincerity), adopting illegitimate or subverting legitimate moral claims (distortion of legitimacy) and/or being confused or ambiguous about what s/he is saying (distorting comprehensibility). My argument is presented in the form of three different research examples, which reveal how strategic action emerges in critical research enterprises and how ethical claims are disregarded.In the end, I explore my own research experience, telling a confessional story, which illustrates strategic action in the critical organizational research field. The exemplary cases show that, in addition to the absence of ethical consciousness, researchers are pressurized to supply opportunistic reports of research findings and 'discoveries,'in order to merit further qualifications. To be successful, researchers are prepared to be opportunistic and hence unethical. is presented in the form of three different research examples, which reveal how strategic action emerges in critical research enterprises and how ethical claims are disregarded.In the end, I explore my own research experience, telling a confessional story, which illustrates strategic action in the critical organizational research field. The exemplary cases show that, in addition to the absence of ethical consciousness, researchers are pressurized to supply opportunistic reports of research findings and 'discoveries,'in order to merit further qualifications. To be successful, researchers are prepared to be opportunistic and hence unethical.Keywords:


"Education and the State" first appeared in 1965 and was immediately hailed as one of the century's most important works on education. In the thirty years that have followed, the questions this book raised concerning state-run education have grown immeasurably in urgency and intensity. "Education and the State" re-examines the role of government in education and challenges the fundamental statist assumption that the state is best able to provide an education for the general population. West explores the views on education of the nineteenth-century British reformers and classical economists who argued the necessity of state education. He demonstrates that by the Foster Act of 1870 the state system of education was superimposed upon successful private efforts, thereby suppressing an emerging and increasingly robust structure of private, voluntary, and competitive education funded by families, churches, and philanthropies. This new and expanded edition of "Education and the State" addresses the American situation in education, applying the lessons learned from the study of British institutions. It also broadens their application from education to the conduct of democracy as a political system.


This paper assesses the prospects for the return of the landforms of the Lake Pedder area to their pre-jlooding
condition should the Huon and Serpentine Dams be drained Restoration of Lake Pedder lVould not be a
practical option unless those landforms that evolved in response to geomorphological processes that are no
longer experienced remain intact. However, there is every reason to anticipate that they have survived
essentially unscathed. Those landforms that have resultedfrom geomorphic processes that persist to the present
day are a less troublesome proposition because any moderate-scale damage to the beach and dune systems may
be naturally self-healing. However, the evidence indicates that only velY minor damage occurred duringfilling
of the dams when the water levels placed the dunes most at risk, and they have been insulated below the level of
effective wave erosion since that time.
Erosion around the perimeter of the Huon - Serpentine Impoundment has not had any significant detrimental
impact upon the key landforms that contribute to the geoscientific values of Lake Pedder and its landform
community. While the public perception may be that a massive area has been devastated, erosion is confined to
the perimeter of the artificial reservoir where it is akin in extent and appearance to that produced by
discontinuous stretches of vehicular track. From an aesthetic perspective the terrain visible from Pedder Beach
contains relatively limited areas of severe scarring. Many of the classic photographic images of Lake Pedder,
focussed as they are on the beach environment, will probably be achievable again almost immediately upon
draining of the dams.


Expert authors present a primer on the law of sales and leases under Articles 2 and 2A of the UCC. This text also focuses on related subjects governed by Articles 5 and 7 of the UCC (letters of credit and documents of title). Introduces the formation of the contract and examines the statute of frauds, parol evidence, and modification. Covers terms of the contract, as well as performance; third-party title and rights; risk of loss; warranty obligations; repudiation, breach, and excuse; and remedies.


OBJECTIVE: Circumstantial evidence suggests that organic farmers may have higher sperm count than other men, but comprehensive epidemiological studies of male fecundity among farmers have never been carried out. A substantial increase of sperm count is expected to translate into a shorter time to pregnancy--the number of menstrual cycles or months it takes a couple to get pregnant from discontinuation of birth control. Toxicological effects on spermatogenesis in humans and animals have been described after exposure to several pesticides. The aim of this study was to examine time to pregnancy among farmers who used pesticides (traditional farmers) and farmers who did not (organic farmers). METHODS: A total of 904 (84%) men, selected from the Danish Ministry of Agriculture lists of traditional and organic farmers, participated in telephone interviews. Information was collected on time to pregnancy for the youngest child, exposure to pesticides, and potential confounders. RESULTS: With the discrete analogue of the Cox regression model (including potential confounders: male and female smoking, female age, parity, and contraceptive method), the fecundability ratio between traditional farmers who used pesticides and organic farmers was 1.03 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.75 to 1.40). In the group of farmers who sprayed with pesticides, none of the characteristics related to the use of pesticides could account for the variation in time to pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: No overall effect of pesticides on male fecundability was found in this retrospective study among Danish farmers. Also, we found no evidence of higher male fecundability in organic farmers.


This dissertation studies how financial frictions and regulatory costs affect mergers and acquisitions (M&A).
The first conclusion is that financial distress drives firms to make diversifying acquisitions. Acquisitions made by distressed firms in recent years are economically important. Exploiting a natural experiment, this thesis identifies the causal link between financial distress and acquisitions. The evidence shows that distressed firms acquire to diversify bankruptcy risk, rather than to capture external growth opportunities and revive growth.
The second conclusion of the dissertation is that political connections of banks affect the government auctions of distressed banks during the Great Recession. Lobbying financial regulators significantly increases a bidding bank's probability of winning. The post-acquisition operating performance is worse for lobbying acquirers than for their non-lobbying counterparts, suggesting that lobbying results in a less efficient allocation of failed banks. The results provide new insights into the bank resolution process and its political economy.
Thirdly, the dissertation shows that the regulatory review process for M&As poses significant costs and risk for merging firms. An adverse antitrust review outcome reduces shareholder wealth and the probability of deal success. Mitigating such risk via lobbying may benefit shareholders. Consistently, acquirers strategically adjust lobbying expenditures around the merger announcement. The results highlight the role of political connections in corporate investments under regulatory uncertainty.


We investigate stroking motions through successive objects with styli. There are several promising models for stroking motions, such as crossing tasks, which require endpoint accuracy of a stroke, or steering tasks, which require continuous accuracy throughout the trajectory. However, a task requiring users to repeatedly steer through constrained path segments has never been studied, although such operations are needed in GUIs, e.g., for selecting icons or objects on illustration software through lassoing. We empirically confirmed that the interval, trajectory width, and obstacle size significantly affect the movement speed. Existing models can not accurately predict user performance in such tasks. We found several unexpected results such as that steering through denser objects sometimes required less times than expected. Speed profile analysis showed the reasons behind such behaviors, such as participants' anticipation strategies. We also discuss the applicability of exiting performance models and revisions.


Cognitive wireless mesh networks have great flexibility to improve spectrum resource utilization, within which secondary users (SUs) can opportunistically access the authorized frequency bands while being complying with the interference constraint as well as the QoS (Quality-of-Service) requirement of primary users (PUs). In this paper, we consider intercluster connection between the neighboring clusters under the framework of cognitive wireless mesh networks. Corresponding to the collocated clusters, data flow which includes the exchanging of control channel messages usually needs four time slots in traditional relaying schemes since all involved nodes operate in half-duplex mode, resulting in significant bandwidth efficiency loss. The situation is even worse at the gateway node connecting the two colocated clusters. A novel scheme based on network coding is proposed in this paper, which needs only two time slots to exchange the same amount of information mentioned above. Our simulation shows that the network coding-based intercluster connection has the advantage of higher bandwidth efficiency compared with the traditional strategy. Furthermore, how to choose an optimal relaying transmission power level at the gateway node in an environment of coexisting primary and secondary users is discussed. We present intelligent approaches based on reinforcement learning to solve the problem. Theoretical analysis and simulation results both show that the intelligent approaches can achieve optimal throughput for the intercluster relaying in the long run.


From naval operations to ocean science missions, the importance of autonomous vehicles is increasing with the advances in underwater robotics technology. Due to the dynamic and intermittent underwater environment and the physical limitations of autonomous underwater vehicles, feasible and optimal path planning is crucial for autonomous underwater operations. The objective of this thesis is to develop and demonstrate an efficient underwater path planning algorithm based on the level set method. Specifically, the goal is to compute the paths of autonomous vehicles which minimize travel time in the presence of ocean currents. The approach is to either utilize or avoid any type of ocean flows, while allowing for currents that are much larger than the nominal vehicle speed and for three-dimensional currents which vary with time. Existing path planning methods for the fields of ocean science and robotics are first reviewed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. The underpinnings of the level set and fast marching methods are then reviewed, including their new extension and application to underwater path planning. Finally, a new feasible and optimal time-dependent underwater path planning algorithm is derived and presented. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the algorithm, a set of idealized test-cases of increasing complexity are first presented and discussed. A real three-dimensional path planning example, involving strong current conditions, is also illustrated. This example utilizes four-dimensional ocean flows from a realistic ocean prediction system which simulate the ocean response to the passage of a tropical storm in the Middle Atlantic Bight region. Thesis Supervisor: Pierre F.J. Lermusiaux Title: Associate Professor


At their heart, most if not all information retrieval models utilize some form of term frequency.The notion is that the more often a query term occurs in a document, the more likely it is that document meets an information need. We examine an alternative. We propose a model which assesses the presence of a term in a document not by looking at the actual occurrence of that term, but by a set of non-independent supporting terms, i.e. context. This yields a weighting for terms in documents which is different from and complementary to tf-based methods, and is beneficial for retrieval.


Carbohypaper Pineapple Leaf is actually paper which is consist of waste product from pineapple leaf. By doing some of observation and studies, we have decided to choose and set up our company at Johor Darul Takzim. Our main office is located at No. 44 Jalan Temenggong Ahmad, 84000 Muar, Johor Darul Takzim near to Sekolah Kebangsaan Parit Pinang Seribu .Actually, there are sort of reason, why we are choosing this kind of product and business. It is because, our General Manager, Mohamad Ramadhan Bin Abdullah, have basic information, knowledge and experience about this product. Furthermore, the production of Carbohypaper Pineapple Leaf are only few in the market because, this Carbohypaper Pineapple Leaf is made from waste product. So we do get advantages from doing this business because it is (less number of competitors. It also can give a long term profit to the company. Moreover, all our share partners of this business were actually had same interesting towards the product that we have been made. In administration management, we are concentrating on the organization reason of the company. We might want to guarantee that our business will run easily, proficiently and successfully with the goal that we can pick up benefits as much as we can. Organization division is additionally a sort of office who dependable to deal with the organization obligations of the organization, for example, making rules for the occupation obligations and occupation in charge of each worker, setting up the compensation calendar of the representatives, deal with alternate organizations of the company, for example, about the bills, utilities and so on. Generally, an orderly and decent arranging can guarantee the business or organization achievement. In the marketing department, we are entering in how to advance our items and services to other individuals whether to our present clients or to our potential clients. With a specific end goal to enhance our showcasing and to get the benefits, we additionally think About our shortcoming and qualities in the business. Moreover, we likewise make some observation and learn about our rival to decide our rival quality and shortcoming in the business. Advertising office is capable to examination the objective market and fitting advancement to expand our deals . At that point, this department will watch other organization promoting systems so as to tum out with the best method to advertise our items and administrations all through the nation. In the operation division, we concentrate on the most proficient method to utilize and to work the organization effectively and effectiveness. Operation division will deal with the operation procedure of the organization. The office will decide the suitable approach to be utilized as a part of request to deliver our item and services. The division additionally will decide the procedure that will be required during the production process. Operation office likewise will decide the suitable measure of any measure of any materials of crude materials or crude materials to be utilized as a part of request to create a specific item. Last but not least, the other department in the J-Pine Enterprise is the financial department. The financial department will be the division which mindful to deal with the budgetary matter of the organization. Financial office likewise capable to watch the stream of the cash, set up the last records and make any essential expectations about what the organization can do to increase and upgrade our benefits.


A novel channel diagonalization scheme for an amplify-and-forward, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), two-way relay channel (TWRC) is proposed using generalized singular value decomposition (GSVD). Diagonalization of the MIMO TWRC is a sub-optimal approach that achieves two main purposes: reducing the computational complexity for optimizing the linear precoders at each node; and reducing the detection complexity at the source nodes by separating the multiple data streams. For the given diagonalized structure, we first align the entries of the diagonalized channels using a permutation to maximize a lower bound of average achievable sum rate (ASR), and a joint source-relay power allocation is then performed to maximize the ASR of the aligned TWRC; the overall problem is divided into two convex subproblems, the solutions to which are provided in closed-form. Our analysis for the proposed scheme underlines the benefits of acquiring channel state information. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GSVD-based relaying scheme, with the signal alignment and closed-form power allocation, significantly improves the ASR while retaining the diagonalized channel structure. In addition, the proposed scheme achieves the same level of ASR with much less computational complexity as compared to the iterative schemes.


This article examines the role of social media dynamics in the public exchange of information between scientists (experts), government (policy-makers), mass media (journalists), and citizens (nonexperts) during the first 4 months after the Covid-19 outbreak in the Netherlands. Over the past decade, the institutional model of science communication, based on linear vectors of information flows between institutions, has gradually converted into a networked model where social media propel information flows circulating between all actors involved. The question driving our research is, "How are social media deployed to both undermine and enhance public trust in scientific expertise during a health crisis?" Analyzing the public debate during the period of the corona outbreak in the Netherlands, we investigate two stages: the emergency response phase and the "smart exit strategy" phase, discussing how scientific experts, policy-makers, journalists, and citizens appropriate social media logic to steer information and to control the debate. We conclude by outlining the potential risks and benefits of adopting social media dynamics in institutional contexts of science communication.


Network coordinates provide a mechanism for selecting and placing servers efficiently in a large distributed system. This approach works well as long as the coordinates continue to accurately reflect network topology. We conducted a long-term study of a subset of a million-plus node coordinate system and found that it exhibited some of the problems for which network coordinates are frequently criticized, for example, inaccuracy and fragility in the presence of violations of the triangle inequality. Fortunately, we show that several simple techniques remedy many of these problems. Using the Azureus BitTorrent network as our testbed, we show that live, large-scale network coordinate systems behave differently than their tame PlanetLab and simulation-based counterparts. We find higher relative errors, more triangle inequality violations, and higher churn. We present and evaluate a number of techniques that, when applied to Azureus, efficiently produce accurate and stable network coordinates.


In the last decade, eSupport (Internet-reliant therapy) has gained substantial attention, both in research and practice. Several studies in psychology show that structured eSupport (e.g. Computerized Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), is promising both with regard to therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness. However, the transition from face-to-face therapy to eSupport creates new challenges for therapists, such as lack of (traditional) structure and access to secondary information (e.g. body language) about their patients. In this paper, a design science research approach has been employed in the context of eSupport. Drawing on the knowledge base of face-to-face conversations, face-to-face therapy, and pragmatic IS theory, a framework for patient indicators has been designed. The design has been justified through both (i) descriptive evaluations based on the selected knowledge base, and (ii) experiences collected in a stakeholder-centric design process, including experimental evaluation of an eSupport platform that implement the indicator framework. The framework was designed to allow new indicators to be 'plugged in' dynamically and inserted into tailorable lists. New indicators can be created either through specialization of an indicator base class, or by configuring metadata for generic indicators that tap into an action log. Indicator values are cached, both to boost performance and to support trend analysis of patient indicators. We conclude that the indicator framework serves to improve support for therapists: It offers structure and access to both primary and secondary information in new ways. In doing so, it meets some of the key challenges that therapists encounter in the transition to eSupport.


Is the recently found seepage groundwater on Mars pure H2O, or mixed with salts and other antifreeze compounds? Given the surface conditions of Mars, it is unlikely that pure water could either exist in its liquid state or have shaped Mars' fluid erosional landforms (gullies, channels, and valley networks). More likely is that Mars' seepage groundwater contains antifreeze and salt compounds that resist freezing and suppress evaporation. This model better accounts for Mars' enigmatic surface erosion. This paper suggests 17 antifreeze compounds potentially present in Martian seepage groundwater. Given their liquid state and physical properties, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and 1,3-propylene glycol are advanced as the most likely candidate compounds. This paper also explores how a mixing of glycol or glycerol with salts in the Martian seepage groundwater may have lowered water's freezing point and raised its boiling point, with consequences that created fluid gully and channel erosion. Ethylene glycol and related hydrocarbon compounds have been identified in Martian and other interstellar meteorites. We suggest that these compounds and their proportions to water be included for detection in future explorations.


Due process protections and other constitutional restrictions normally ensure that citizens cannot be tried and punished for political dissent, but these same restrictions interfere with criminal convictions of terrorists and others who pose a non-immediate but real threat to public safety. To counter these threats, governments may use various subterfuges to avoid constitutional protections, often with the complicity of judges, but when they do so, they risk losing the confidence of the public, which may believe that the government targets legitimate political opponents. This paper argues that the amount of process enjoyed by defendants in criminal trials reflects a balancing of these two factors: their dangerousness, on the one hand, and the risk to legitimate political competition, on the other hand. Political trials are those in which the defendant's opposition to the existing government or the constitutional order is the main issue. The paper discusses various ways in which governments and judges adjust process protections, so that a public threat can be countered while the risks to political competition are minimized. International trials are also discussed within this framework.


In few areas have legal scholars focused more closely on the sources of law than in the study of corporate governance. Questions of institutional design thus pervade the literature of corporate law. Most prominent among these questions have been ones surrounding the allocation of law-making authority as between federal and state authorities: What is the dynamic by which corporate law will be generated at the state level, absent federal intervention? What is the normative quality of the resulting rules? When might a federal role be advisable, if not essential, in the regulation of public corporations? What form ought any such intervention take, and what distortions might it be expected to introduce into our traditionally state-based regime of corporate law? There has been much debate over these questions, to which the literature of law and economics has contributed mightily. To a striking degree, however, scholars have come to embrace – at least in broad terms – a common view on these questions. In this standard account, sub-national rules of corporate governance are to be preferred. State law – and the dynamic of state competition that arises from it – generates (at least some) efficiency gains, helping to reduce agency costs, as between shareholders and managers. For these and other reasons, the law and economics literature admonishes, the scope of federal law in an optimal regime of corporate governance should be limited. Federal rules may have a role in imposing mandatory disclosure obligations, regulating aspects of the issuance and trading of corporate securities, and in selected other circumstances, but not more generally. In this chapter, I suggest that this account of corporate law, widely accepted as it has become in the law and economics literature, deserves a closer look. As to what might be thought of as its horizontal and vertical axes – the perception of (horizontal) state competition as beneficial for shareholder-managerial relations, and the notion of (vertical) federal preemption as properly limited – the meaning and implications of the conventional account turn out to be more ambiguous. A careful analysis thus highlights critical limitations of each of these claims, and offers a more complex picture of the optimal sources of corporate law. Ultimately, a closer analysis of the horizontal dimension of state-to-state interaction and the vertical dimension of potential federal intervention points us to the same result in institutional design: a more mixed architecture of corporate law-making.


Long-term studies of subtidal marine animals in the wild are a demanding enterprise. Traditionally, data collection has been limited to direct observations during SCUBA diving. In the past decade, video technology has improved rapidly and behavioural monitoring of marine organisms has successfully been conducted by using modern video-recording equipment. Here, we describe a video-monitoring system that employs video motion detection (VMD) and describe its use with the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). There is a shortage of detailed information on lobster behaviour in the wild, with virtually no published data on the fine-scale behaviour of the European lobster under natural conditions. This dearth of information reflects the difficulties in observing behaviour in nocturnal marine animals. Here, we explore whether a remote video-surveillance system is suitable for long-term monitoring of European lobsters inhabiting an artificial cavity in a natural habitat. From the video recordings, we were able to register diel cavity use and categorise behavioural elements such as resting, feeding, burrowing and substrate moving, self-cleaning, burrow occupancy and interactions among individuals. We propose that this novel system will contribute to more efficient data sampling of lobsters and facilitate non-invasive, long-term behavioural studies of other marine and freshwater animals.


Constitutional protection of public employee speech has been declining for the past forty years, yet the reason for the decline has remained elusive. This article puts forward a novel theory situating public employee speech in larger structural transformations in governmental organization. It identifies a "public/private convergence," the main feature of which is that public officials are increasingly viewed as private employees, resulting in a significant erosion of their free speech rights. This erosion is exacerbated by rising levels of privatization and civil service reforms exhibiting the same mode of thought, that public employees are no different from private employees. These trends have far reaching First Amendment implications that up until now have remained largely unexplored.Against this background, the article argues that the privatization of public employee speech doctrine should be reconsidered for three main reasons. First, it overlooks the ways in which the public sector does not operate like the market. Second, it risks eroding the unique norms and culture the civil service aims to foster. Finally, it undermines a system of internal checks on state power that are especially important given the reduction in external monitoring capacity. Accordingly, the article proposes two directions for reform: a doctrinal framework that resolves the problems with the Court's current position, and a new governance framework that relies on internal regulatory channels to encourage public employee voice.


Abstract Objectives: It is well known that the carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) improve eye health and an accumulating evidence base suggests cognitive benefits as well. The present study investigated underlying neural mechanisms using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It was hypothesized that lower L and Z concentrations would be associated with neurobiological inefficiency (i.e., increased activation) during cognitive performance. Methods: Forty-three community-dwelling older adults (mean age=72 years; 58% female; 100% Caucasian) were asked to learn and recall pairs of unrelated words in an fMRI-adapted paradigm. L and Z levels were measured in retina (macular pigment optical density) and serum using validated procedures. Results: Following first-level contrasts of encoding and retrieval trials minus control trials (p<.05, family-wise error corrected, minimum voxel cluster=8), L and Z were found to significantly and negatively relate to blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal in central and parietal operculum cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, planum polare, frontal and middle temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, postcentral gyrus, precentral gyrus, occipital cortex bilaterally, and cerebellar regions. Conclusions: To the authors' knowledge, the present study represents the first attempt to investigate neural mechanisms underlying the relation of L and Z to cognition using fMRI. The observed results suggest that L and Z promote cognitive functioning in old age by enhancing neural efficiency. (JINS, 2017, 23, 11–22)


Identification of inactive prorenin in the kidney has been difficult due to rapid proteolytic conversion of the inactive zymogen to its active form in the tissue or during homogenization and purification. Immunochemical methods, Western blotting, direct radioimmunoassay, and immunoaffinity chromatography were used to isolate and identify rat kidney renin and prorenin and to determine their molecular weights without complete purification. Antisera to pure rat renin were raised in rabbits. A specific reaction between the antisera and rat renin was demonstrated by double immunodiffusion, inhibition of enzyme activity, and competitive radioimmunoassay. The anti-rat renin IgG did not cross-react with purified human renin or rat spleen or kidney cathepsin D. The IgG showed binding affinity to both inactive renin as well as active enzyme. A combination of affinity chromatographies consisting of pepstatin-Sepharose, IgG-Sepharose, and Affi-Gel Blue permitted rapid and complete separation of inactive renin from active renin in rat kidney extract. Neither inactive nor active renin preparations exhibited aspartyl protease activity on hemoglobin used as substrate. The apparent molecular weight of inactive renin was estimated as 50,000 by gel filtration. Electrophoresis of partially purified inactive renin in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel followed by transblotting of proteins to a nitrocellulose sheet and immunochemical staining with anti-renin IgG showed a single protein band with a molecular weight of 48,000. Activation of inactive renin by trypsin was accompanied by the reduction of the 48,000-dalton native protein to a 39,000-dalton protein as determined by the SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the transblotting.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


We present a novel optical configuration that yields a fringe pattern that represents the slope changes of a three-dimensional object with a twofold increase in sensitivity. The method offers controllable sensitivity over a wide range. We accomplish it by modifying the in-plane displacement sensitive configuration of speckle interferometry. The detailed theory and the experimental results are presented with a brief discussion on the limiting aspects of the configuration.


By integrating Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), it is feasible to route RFID data from readers and RFID enhanced wireless sensor nodes (WSN) into base-stations through existing WSN clustering protocols. WSNs for reducing energy consumption and improving stability period can use clustering algorithms. Clustering sensor nodes are a useful topology control technique, but these algorithms are not always suitable for heterogeneous WSNs. Previous constructive algorithms, such as LEACH and SEP are not always stable in heterogeneous WSNs. They are designed without regard to appropriate parameters, such as remaining power and confidence value of the nodes for WSNs. In this paper we suggest and introduce a novel stable heterogeneous cluster-based protocol with cluster member bounds for heterogeneous RFID enhanced WSNs, which called SHCP. In SHCP, the probability of cluster-heads (CHs) election are weighted by the primary energy of a node relative to that of other nodes in the network and cluster formation, based on nodes current energy, numbers of current members which belong to a CH, distance between CHs and nodes and distance between CHs and base-station. Our conclusion shows the simulation results show SHCP achieves longer stability time until the first node dies (FND), half nodes die (HND) and improves energy utilization in WSNs.


Abstract. The heterogeneous ice nucleation potential of airborne oxalic acid dihydrate and sodium oxalate particles in the deposition and condensation mode has been investigated by controlled expansion cooling cycles in the AIDA aerosol and cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology at temperatures between 244 and 228 K. Previous laboratory studies have highlighted the particular role of oxalic acid dihydrate as the only species amongst a variety of other investigated dicarboxylic acids to be capable of acting as a heterogeneous ice nucleus in both the deposition and immersion mode. We could confirm a high deposition mode ice activity for 0.03 to 0.8 μm sized oxalic acid dihydrate particles that were either formed by nucleation from a gaseous oxalic acid/air mixture or by rapid crystallisation of highly supersaturated aqueous oxalic acid solution droplets. The critical saturation ratio with respect to ice required for deposition nucleation was found to be less than 1.1 and the size-dependent ice-active fraction of the aerosol population was in the range from 0.1 to 22%. In contrast, oxalic acid dihydrate particles that had crystallised from less supersaturated solution droplets and had been allowed to slowly grow in a supersaturated environment from still unfrozen oxalic acid solution droplets over a time period of several hours were found to be much poorer heterogeneous ice nuclei. We speculate that under these conditions a crystal surface structure with less-active sites for the initiation of ice nucleation was generated. Such particles partially proved to be almost ice-inactive in both the deposition and condensation mode. At times, the heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of oxalic acid dihydrate significantly changed when the particles had been processed in preceding cloud droplet activation steps. Such behaviour was also observed for the second investigated species, namely sodium oxalate. Our experiments address the atmospheric scenario that coating layers of oxalic acid or its salts may be formed by physical and chemical processing on pre-existing particulates such as mineral dust and soot. Given the broad diversity of the observed heterogeneous ice nucleability of the oxalate species, it is not straightforward to predict whether an oxalate coating layer will improve or reduce the ice nucleation ability of the seed aerosol particles.


Tradable permits have already been applied in many areas of environmental policy and may be a possible response to increasing calls for flexible conservation instruments which are able to successfully conserve biodiversity while allowing for economic development. The idea behind applying tradable permits to conservation is that developers wishing to turn land to economic purposes, thereby destroying valuable habitat, may only do so if they submit a permit to the conservation agency showing that habitat of at least the equivalent ecological value is restored elsewhere. The developer himself does not need to carry out the restoration, but may buy a permit from a third party thus allowing a market to emerge. However, applying tradable permits to biodiversity conservation is a complex issue, because destroyed and restored habitats are likely to differ. The purpose of this essay is to discuss on a conceptual level the consequences of these differences along the dimensions of type, space and time for the design of trading rules. We consider the resulting effects on trading activity in the permit market and the cost-effectiveness as well as the ecological effectiveness of the scheme. We find various trade-offs with regard to market activity, cost-effectiveness, ecological effectiveness and transaction costs .


Abstract. Securitization of immigration, the rise of interior immigration policing, and forces of carceral privatization have occasioned a remarkable expansion of immigrant detention throughout the United States. Previous studies have drawn attention to the importance of the daily rates paid by the federal government to individual facilities in driving the emphasis on detention. This paper, in contrast, argues that tracing the political and economic geography of money inside detention facilities is also critical for understanding detention expansion and its consequences. We define the processes, mechanisms, and practices of generating profit above and beyond the "per-bed" daily rate as "internal micro-economies" of migrant detention. Drawing on an ongoing examination of migrant detention facilities in the greater New York City metropolitan area, we identify four micro-economies evident in detention facilities: the commissary systems, phone and other forms of communication, detainee labor, and detainee excursions outside detention. These economies show how detained migrants' needs and daily routines are tailored in ways that produce migrants as both captive consumers and laborers. Recognition of multiple micro-economies also highlights the fact that the numbers of individuals and entities invested in the incarceration of immigrants proliferate in tandem with the objectification of detainees. The paper further suggests that attending to relationships embedded in the inner workings of detention exposes economic links across carceral boundaries, rendering visible the porosity between government, private companies, and publics.


Quercetin and fisetin, known as catechol-containing flavonoids, could positively affect the absorption of catechins due to their strong affinity for catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), which can methylate and cause the excretion of catechins. The current study examined the effect of quercetin and fisetin on the absorption of epi-catechins (ECs) by using a Caco-2 cell line and an in vivo model. The intestinal transport of total catechins by Caco-2 cells was enhanced from 1.3- to 1.6-fold and 1.4- to 1.7-fold by adding quercetin and fisetin, respectively, compared to the control. It was even higher in the treatment with a mixture of quercetin and fisetin. While EC had the highest value of intestinal transport (169% of the control) in 10% quercetin treatment, EGC (235%), EGCG (244%), and ECG (242%) were significantly transported in the treatment with a 5% mixture of quercetin and fisetin (p < 0.05). In an in vivo pharmacokinetic study, the values of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC, ng h mL-1) were also higher in rats orally administered EGCG with 10% quercetin (365.5 ± 25.5) or 10% fisetin (825.3 ± 46.7) than in those administered EGCG only (111.3 ± 13.1). Methylated quercetin and methylated fisetin were determined to be m/z 317.24 and m/z 301.25 [M + H]+ with their own product ions, respectively. The results indicate that quercetin or fisetin is superior to ECs for methylation by COMT.


The study of politics, a dominating force throughout history, can provide great insight into the lives of ancient people. Because of the richness and complexity of Maya society, archaeologists and anthropologists have spent decades attempting to reconstruct its political systems. In Ancient Maya Political Dynamics, Antonia Foias argues that there is no single Maya political history but multiple histories, no single Maya state but multiple polities that need to be understood at the level of the lived, individual experience. She explores the ways in which the dynamics of political power shaped the lives and landscape of the Maya and how this information can be used to look at other complex societies.


Abstract Three new specimens of middle Eocene cetaceans are reported from the Pisco Basin of southern Peru. All three specimens originate from the Paracas Formation and their minimum age is constrained to about 37 Ma using 40Ar/39Ar dating of ash collected ∼100 m up section from the source localities. Two new genera of archaeocete cetaceans are described along with additional material of another distinctive protocetid, which is not named pending the discovery of more complete material. Phylogenetic analysis resolves the two new genera within Basilosauridae, while the unnamed protocetid is closely related to Eocetus. The discovery of crownward protocetids in South America demonstrates that early cetaceans may have dispersed into both hemispheres prior to evolving a fully aquatic lifestyle. Geochronologic constraints on the age of new Peruvian archaeocetes establish them as the oldest whales from South America and among the oldest known from the Southern Hemisphere, which highlights the need for better sampling of marginal marine rocks from this part of the world.


One must go through the deep experience of sickness and death to arrive at a higher sanity and health; in just the same way that one must have a knowledge of sin in order to find redemption. "There are," Hans Castorp once says, "two ways of life: one is the regular, direct and good way; the other is bad, it leads through death, and that is the way of genius." --Thomas Mann, "The Making of The Magic Mountain" (726-27) Almost a quarter century after John Sturrock described Henry Green as "an extraordinarily good, scandalously obscure novelist" (1023), Green's novels are undergoing a timid renaissance, thanks to the recent publication of Jeremy Treglown's biography of the author and industrialist. Henry Green's relative obscurity is at least partly due to his equivocal position within his literary generation. A contemporary of Christopher Isherwood, W. H. Auden, Evelyn Waugh, George Orwell, and Anthony Powell, Green's attitude towards literature and desire to experiment with the form of the novel show his affinity with James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, writers of the previous generation. Edward Stokes classifies Green as "belong[ing] to the tradition of such highly conscious artists as Joyce and Virginia Woolf; his work, like theirs, requires, for anything approaching full understanding, the kind of alert and careful reading and re-reading that is usually associated with poetry rather than with prose fiction" (88). Too young to have had any involvement in the War, but nonetheless profoundly marked by its side- and after-effects, especially since his family took in and nursed a number of wounded and traumatized soldiers, Green falls between two stools. Green's consciousness of his particular position is apparent in his partial autobiography Pack My Bag, where, in a long passage about the War and its consequences for his generation, he states: "in my own case I had a feeling it is hard to explain almost as though I had missed something through being too young to fight, that I had not come home on leave from the front. I felt I had to make up for lost time which I had not had time to lose" (127). It is his anomalous position within his literary generation, and this alienation from, and yet involvement in, the trauma of the War that Green works through in the complex trope of blindness around which his first novel revolves, making it a particularly good starting-point for an investigation of Green's work. In what follows, I argue that Blindness can be read on two distinct levels that coexist while, paradoxically, cancelling each other out. Accordingly, the article breaks into three sections: a reading of the first level is followed by a highlighting of the opposite interpretation and a final evaluation of the two readings in relation to Green's own life and artistic career. I argue that the two contradictory readings of the novel are most fruitfully seen side by side as an externalization of the author's own conflicting desires, on the one hand, to adhere to traditional literary tropes, and, in particular, the trope of creative disability or "the myth of the sick artist," and, on the other hand, to break free from convention in order to find the distinctive, quirky, unconventional voice that Green more fully develops in his later novels. Creative Disability The novel's plot and structure look deceptively simple, which may explain Blindness's relative critical neglect. Most critics of Green's first novel have agreed in describing Blindness as a Bildungsroman or Kunstlerroman in which the tragically blinded protagonist, John Haye, overcomes his disability through his acceptance of its compensatory benefits and their exploitation in his writing. This reading is strongly sign-posted by the titles of the novel's three main subdivisions that trace an evolution from "Caterpillar" through "Chrysalis" to "Butterfly." One of the book's early working titles, "Progression," also points in that direction. …


Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is increasingly being evaluated by the industry as a possible method to improve the safety and reliability of structures, thereby reducing their operational cost. Effective SHM systems must possess the ability to detect and track structural damage, as well as monitor environmental and loading conditions the structure experiences. Two types of information are needed to accurately predict structural integrity: damage data and structural response. Current SHM systems utilize Piezoelectric (PZT) actuators and Fiber Optic (FO) sensors separately. PZT transducers typically detect and track damage while FO sensors typically monitor loads and environmental parameters. A hybrid PZT-FO diagnostic system can capture damage and load data by using PZT actuators to input controlled structural excitation and FO sensors to measure the corresponding structural response. This presentation discusses an integrated systems approach for a hybrid SHM system. The hybrid PZT–FO sensor network consisted of a hybrid sensor network, connectors, and data acquisition hardware/software integrated into a single unit to take advantage commonality in electronic components. The FO and PZT sensors were configured and designed for integration with the structure without structural degradation. This presentation demonstrates the capability of the hybrid system and its ability for damage detection and static/dynamic-load monitoring capabilities.


A systematic study has been made of the factors which influence compressibility in
cake filtration. A fully automated dead-end pressure filtration rig was designed, constructed
and assembled at Loughborough and used to provide accurate data for an experimental
matrix. The parameters investigated included pressure, feed concentration, time, surface
charge, size and shape of the particulate material and scale of filtration. A proven electrical
resistance measuring technique was used to determine transient solids concentrations
through a filtering cake/suspension and subsequently interpret filtration performance. The
particulate materials calcite and zinc sulphide dispersed in water were used to span a range
of filter cake compressibility. The initial results from experiments using calcite were found
to be reproducible and generally followed the expected trends. More compressible materials,
such as zinc sulphide, were subsequently filtered at different pHs to investigate the influence
of surface charge. Filter cells of different filter sizes were used to examine the influence of
scale on filtration. Several curious observations were made such as sudden increases in
filtrate rate at apparently stable process conditions and lower concentration measurements
near the base of the cake. The importance of considering all scale-up parameters and their
relation to each other is highlighted in the work. Further points such as the definition of
compressibility over a narrow range of pressure and the structure of the filter cake have been
discussed.
The results were analysed with the use of conventional and new filtration theories.
The conventional and modem theories generally gave good predictions of cake height for all
the materials tested but for unstable/compressible suspensions the prediction of the
concentration profile was less accurate. The use of the maximum solids concentration value
at the base of the cake has been suggested to reduce this error and so help prevent filter
under sizing. Results indicating retarded packing compressibility have been discussed along
with volume-time data which suggest an influence of scale on filtration. Scale-up constants
were found to vary considerably in some cases. Large changes in cake resistance were seen
for small changes in cake concentration suggesting a need to use other structural
characterising parameters as well as macroscopic cake concentration values. The Koenders
and Wakeman model gave good predictions of the first linear part of the volume-time
relationships for stable suspensions. Conclusions are drawn on the influence of each of the
studied parameters on the filtration of compressible materials.


Increasing concern regarding environmental degradation in coastal areas that experience annual hypoxic zones has led to the need for mitigation of nutrient laden runoff from inland landscapes. An annual occurrence of a hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico has led to the development and implementation of nutrient reduction strategies throughout the Mississippi River Basin (MRB). With federal, state, and private financial and technical assistance, landowners have implemented best management practices (BMPs) to combat nutrient and sediment nonpoint source pollution; however, the effectiveness of these BMPs alone or utilized together has not been quantified. This study uses a field-scale, paired watershed approach in two watersheds in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley to test for differences in sediment and nutrient runoff concentrations between four management systems. A total of 774 samples (415 baseflow samples and 359 stormflow samples) were collected from 2011 to 2015. Median baseflow concentrations across all sites within this study were 52 mg L−1 for total suspended solids (TSS), 0.38 mg L−1 for total phosphorus (TP), 0.09 mg L−1 for nitrate-nitrite (NO3−-NO2−), and 0.81 mg L−1 for ammonium (NH4+). Median sediment and nutrient concentrations from stormflow samples across all sites within the study were greater than baseflow concentrations. Median stormflow concentrations across all sites were 985 mg L−1 for TSS, 1.21 mg L−1 for TP, 0.32 mg L−1 for NO3−-NO2−, and 1.04 mg L−1 for NH4+. Results showed no strong improvements in water quality from agricultural landscapes where suites of BMPs had been implemented, rather the data showed variability in runoff concentrations indicative of strong influences from environmental and management variables. Study outcomes highlight opportunities to better capture nutrient dynamics at the field scale through adaptive management of BMPs for increased effectiveness of nonpoint source pollution reduction and monitoring.


A fabulously entertaining book from the ultimate authority on those almost believable tales that always happen to a "friend of a friend." Alligators in the sewers? A pet in the microwave? A tragic misunderstanding of the function of cruise control? No, it didn't really happen to your friend's sister's neighbor: it's an urban legend. And no matter how savvy you think you are, you are sure to find in this collection of over 200 tales at least one story you would have sworn was true. Jan Harold Brunvand has been collecting and studying this modern folklore for over twenty years. In Too Good to Be True he captures the best stories in their best retellings, along with their latest variations and examples of how the stories have changed as they move from person to person and place to place. To help you find your favorite, Brunvand has arranged the tales thematically. "Bringing Up Baby" is full of episodes of child-rearing gone wrong, including the grisly tale of the drugged out baby-sitter who mistakes the kid for a turkey. "Funny Business" showcases stories of infamous lapses in customer service, such as the story of the shockingly expensive chocolate chip cookie recipe. And "The Criminal Mind" features both brilliant --if they were real --scams, as well as the purported antics of the less mentally gifted. Whether you want to become an expert debunker or just have plenty of laughs, this book will surprise and entertain you. Illustrated throughout. "Informative and entertaining...Brunvand has collected more than 200 of the most-repeated and best-known examples of modern folk-myth."-Tampa Tribune "[N]ot only an entertaining anthology, but an excellent introduction to the study of folklore itself."-Publishers Weekly "A fun read...All the classics are here from the killer upstairs to the Kentucky Fried Rat."-New City "Resonant stories that express our hidden anxieties ...make us laugh, [or] arouse our fascinated horror."-San Francisco Chronicle Book Review "Informative and entertaining...Brunvand has collected more than 200 of the most-repeated and best-known examples of modern folk-myth."-Tampa Tribune "[N]ot only an entertaining anthology, but an excellent introduction to the study of folklore itself."-Publishers Weekly


This document proposes an alternative IPv6 Rapid Deployment on IPv4
Infrastructures (6rd) deployment model to that of RFC 5969. The basic
6rd model allows IPv6 hosts to gain access to IPv6 networks across an
IPv4 access network using 6-in-4 tunnels. 6rd requires support by a
device (the 6rd customer edge, or 6rd-CE) on the customer site, which
must also be assigned an IPv4 address. The alternative model described
in this document initiates the 6-in-4 tunnels from an operator-owned
Gateway collocated with the operator's IPv4 network edge rather
than from customer equipment, and hence is termed "Gateway-initiated
6rd" (GI 6rd). The advantages of this approach are that it requires no
modification to customer equipment and avoids assignment of IPv4
addresses to customer equipment. The latter point means less pressure
on IPv4 addresses in a high-growth environment. This document is not
an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for
informational purposes.


In developing Isotype, Otto Neurath and his colleagues were the first to systematically explore a consistent visual language as part of an encyclopedic approach to representing all aspects of the physical world. The pictograms used in Isotype have a secure legacy in today's public information symbols, but Isotype was more than this: it was designed to communicate social facts memorably to less educated groups, including schoolchildren and workers, reflecting its initial testing ground in the socialist municipality of Vienna during the 1920s. The social engagement and methodology of Isotype are examined here in order to draw some lessons for information design today.


We argue that there is a potential flaw in the standard treatment of weak decay amplitudes, including that of ǫ/ǫ. We show that (contrary to conventional wisdom) dimension-eight operators do contribute to weak amplitudes, at order GFαs and without 1/M 2 W suppression. We demonstrate the existence of these operators through the use of a simple weak hamiltonian. Their contribution appears in different places depending on which scheme is adopted in performing the OPE. If one performs a complete separation of short and long distance physics within a cutoff scheme, dimension-eight operators occur in the weak hamiltonian at order GFαs/μ 2, μ being the separating scale. However, in an MS renormalization scheme for the OPE the dimension-eight operators do not appear explicitly in the hamiltonian at order GFαs. In this case, matrix elements must include physics above the scale μ, and it is here that dimension eight effects enter. The use of a cutoff scheme (especially quark model methods) for the calculation of the matrix elements of dimension-six operators is inconsistent with MS unless there is careful matching including dimension-eight operators. The contribution of dimension-eight operators can be minimized by working at large enough values of the scale μ. We find from sum rule methods that the contribution of dimension-eight operators to the dimension-six operator Q 7 is at the 100% level for μ = 1.5 GeV. This suggests that presently available values of μ are too low to justify the neglect of these effects. Finally, we display the dimension-eight operators which appear within the Standard Model at one loop. Typeset using REVTEX


This study compared the effectiveness of SMART Board, interactive whiteboard technology and traditional flash cards in teaching reading in a small-group instructional arrangement. Three students with moderate intellectual disabilities were taught to read grocery store aisle marker words under each condition. Observational learning (students learning other group members' words) was also assessed across each condition. The effectiveness of the two procedures was evaluated using an adapted alternating-treatments design (AATD) across two conditions and replicated across students. Results indicated that both SMART Board and flash card instruction were effective in teaching target sight words. However, students read a greater percentage of observational words when words were presented using SMART Board technology.


We examine the flaring behaviour of the cataclysmic variable AE Aqr in the context of the `magnetic propeller' model for this system. The flares are thought to arise from collisions between high-density regions in the material expelled from the system after interaction with the rapidly rotating magnetosphere of the white dwarf. We calculate the first quantitative models for the flaring and calculate the time-dependent emergent optical spectra from the resulting hot, expanding ball of gas. We compare the results under different assumptions to observations and derive values for the mass, length-scale and temperature of the material involved in the flare. We see that the fits suggest that the secondary star in this system has Population II composition.


This thesis examines the political intervention of the Transport Workers Union Local 100 into the issue of funding for the New York City subway system to investigate the communicative effects of labor union rhetoric. By focusing on a crisis in NYC mass transit popularly described as the Summer of Hell, I demonstrate the ability of labor union leaders to mediate the experience of the transit crisis with a political system that preserves the role of decision-making elites. I use the methodological tools of rhetorical criticism and qualitative inquiry into organizational discourse to trace the construction of common-sense ideas about the political role of workers to the sensemaking practices that rank-and-file union members use to understand the crisis. Drawing on an advertisement campaign used by the transit union and field interviews with union members, I argue that the strategy of union leaders acted to promote passivity within their membership and depoliticize the role of transit labor. This work intervenes in the study of social movements, organizational communication, and Marxist theories of consciousness by emphasizing the persuasive capacities of control that organizational leaders have over their membership. Finally, this thesis argues for a detailed analysis of the process by which workers come to a sense of their own agency and the obstacles that work to prevent the transformation of consciousness. Communication and Crisis in NYC Transit Labor


1 Despite the extended nature of many transitional justice processes, collection of relevant longitudinal primary data, especially at an individual level, is rarely observed as a means of assessing the impact of formal measures. This article reports on a panel survey conducted in 2002-2003 and 2008 with 153 victims of apartheid-era violations from Cape Town, South Africa. During the interval between the two waves of the survey, both undertaken after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) completed its work, government policies concerning reparations, prosecutions and pardons undermined the compromises that were central to the TRC process and integral to the democratic transition. The data analysis shows that approval of the unique conditional amnesty offered by the TRC was at first surprisingly high, with many respondents acknowledging its practical rationale, but it fell dramatically by 2008. This decline in support is associated with an increased sense of the unfairness of amnesty and dissatisfaction with the extent of truth recovery. Knowledge of and attitudes about prosecutions and pardons do not appear to be contributing factors, though the results indicate a greater desire for accountability, even at the risk of instability. The findings emphasize the need for rigorous, ongoing evaluation of transitional justice processes to appreciate properly the complex and dynamic nature of individual attitudes and the influence of emergent events.


Objective. To analyze the characteristics of anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies (anti-RNAP3)− positive patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) in the European League Against Rheumatism Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR) registry with a focus on the risk of cancer and the characteristics of malignancies, and the aim to provide guidelines about potential cancer screening in these patients. Methods. (1) Analysis of the EUSTAR database: 4986 patients with information on their anti-RNAP3 status were included. (2) Case-control study: additional retrospective data, including malignancy history, were queried in 13 participating EUSTAR centers; 158 anti-RNAP3+ cases were compared with 199 local anti-RNAP3− controls, matched for sex, cutaneous subset, disease duration, and age at SSc onset. (3) A Delphi exercise was performed by 82 experts to reach consensus for cancer screening in anti-RNAP3+ patients. Results. In the EUSTAR registry, anti-RNAP3 were associated in multivariable analysis with renal crisis and diffuse cutaneous involvement. In the case-control study, anti-RNAP3 were associated with gastric antral vascular ectasia, rapid progression of skin involvement, and malignancies concomitant to SSc onset (OR 7.38, 95% CI 1.61–33.8). When compared with other anti-RNAP3+ patients, those with concomitant malignancies had older age (p < 0.001) and more frequent diffuse cutaneous involvement (p = 0.008). The Delphi exercise highlighted the need for malignancy screening at the time of diagnosis for anti-RNAP3+ patients and tight followup in the following years. Conclusion. Anti-RNAP3+ patients with SSc have a high risk of concomitant malignancy. These results have implications for clinical practice and suggest regular screening for cancer in anti-RNAP3+ patients.


This paper considers the effects of education for sustainable development (ESD) on undergraduates within higher education (HE), through learning outcomes from courses and campus activities. It is high on the agenda of global governments and educational authorities to encourage organisations and economies to become more sustainable, which can be achieved primarily by educating future decision makers, professionals and leaders. Firstly, an overview of secondary data on sustainability and ESD in HE is offered; then, findings and further discussion, contributing to the knowledge and creating opportunities for further explorations in the field. The data was obtained from University of Huddersfield undergraduate students and 'LinkedInTM' discussion groups. This paper highlights a lack of sustainability skills and confidence between students, despite strong interest in the subject, and identifies potential issues, leading to a lack of sustainability literate graduates in the UK employment market.


Local Authorities worldwide are encouraging adaptation to reduce building related energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The City of Melbourne is promoting the retrofit of 1,200 CBD properties before 2020 with sustainability measures as part of their policy to become a carbon neutral city, and the City of Amsterdam aims at cutting their CO2 emissions with 40% by 2025. In Amsterdam, the oversupply of office space makes across use adaptation, conversion from offices into housing, an interesting development. The concept of adaptation is well developed in Europe, though the scale of some of the post war developments has created different forms of building perhaps less adaptable or suited to change. The need to adapt buildings and to reduce environmental footprints becomes more pressing over time as global concentrations of carbon dioxide increase. Moreover, the ageing workforce and the new way of working lead to a decline in the demand of office space, and so conversion becomes a possibility for dealing with obsolete offices. Applying knowledge of adaptation to examine the adaptation potential of office buildings in Melbourne and Amsterdam, it is possible to learn where similarities and differences exist and where new practices can be shared. This paper addresses the question; what are the possibilities for building conversions in Melbourne and Amsterdam? Using Amsterdam and the Melbourne CBD as case studies, the research analysed the across use adaptation potential of office buildings in Amsterdam and in Melbourne CBD. The outcomes of this research show where similarities and differences exist and are relevant to all urban areas where adaptation of existing office buildings can mitigate the impacts of climate change and enhance the city for another generation of citizens and users.


The HSP90 inhibitor XL888 is effective at reversing BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma, including that mediated through acquired NRASmutations. The present study has investigated the mechanism of action of XL888 in NRAS-mutant melanoma. Treatment of NRAS-mutant melanoma cell lines with XL888 led to an inhibition of growth, G2–M phase cell-cycle arrest, and the inhibition of cell survival in three-dimensional spheroid and colony formation assays. In vitro, HSP90 inhibition led to the degradation of ARAF, CRAF,Wee1, Chk1, and cdc2 and was associated with decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), AKT, mTOR, and c-junNH2 kinase (JNK) signaling. Apoptosis inductionwas associatedwith increased BIM expression and a decrease in the expression of the prosurvival protein Mcl-1. The critical role of increased BIM and decreased Mcl-1 expression in the survival ofNRAS-mutant melanoma cell lines was shown through siRNA knockdown and overexpression studies. In an animal xenograft model ofNRAS-mutantmelanoma, XL888 treatment led to reduced tumorgrowthandapoptosis induction. Importantdifferences in thepattern of client degradationwere noted between the in vivo and in vitro studies. In vivo, XL888 treatment led to degradation of CDK4 andWee1 and the inhibition ofAKT/S6 signalingwith little or no effect observeduponARAF,CRAF, orMAPK.Blockade of Wee1, using either siRNA knockdown or the inhibitor MK1775, was associated with significant levels of growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. Together, these studies have identified Wee1 as a key target of XL888, suggesting novel therapeutic strategies for NRAS-mutant melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther; 12(6); 901–12.


[1] TRMM/CERES-VIRS Single Satellite Footprint (SSF) data and AERONET Sun/sky radiometer observations from 1998 have been combined to validate SSF aerosol optical thickness (τ) retrievals over ocean along with a quantitative evaluation of the effects of potential subpixel cloud contamination and surface wind on the satellite τ retrievals. Potential subpixel cloud contamination is verified in Visible/Infrared Scanner (VIRS) SSF aerosol retrievals and constitutes a major source of systematic and random errors of the retrieval algorithm as determined from comparisons with AERONET observations. A positive correlation between the surface wind speed (which determines the roughness of the ocean surface) and the SSF τ has been observed for large surface wind speed. The validation results imply this correlation represents the real relationship between the surface wind and the wind-driven aerosols rather than the disturbing effect of the surface reflectance associated with the rough ocean surface. After the potential subpixel cloud contamination is minimized and the effects of large surface wind are removed in the τ match-ups, the positive biases in the SSF τ (compared to AERONET τ) for mean conditions have been reduced from 0.05 to 0.02 in VIRS channel 1 (0.63 μm) and 0.05 to 0.03 in channel 2 (1.61 μm). Random errors have also been reduced from 0.09 to 0.06 at 0.63 μm, and from 0.06 to 0.05 at 1.61 μm. The validation results support the application of the SSF aerosol data in radiation and climate studies as well as supply useful guidance for the adjustment and improvement of the aerosol retrieval algorithm.


The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey, is the first of the two highway crossings connecting Asia and Europe over the Bosporus Strait. Drivers must pay their toll in the Europe-to-Asia direction at a toll plaza comprising 15 lanes. Manual and electronic payment methods are available in the plaza. The analysis of data showed that several factors affect both the throughput of the plaza and the traffic flows approaching it. Among the factors were whether a particular toll lane was in service, the contraflow lane operation toward the plaza, the lane operators' performance, and the queue lengths in the plaza area. Rescaled cumulative vehicle count curves were used as the analysis tool. This allowed observation of (a) flow changes at particular points along the section of the highway studied and (b) propagation of the kinematic waves upstream of the plaza. The observations could be used for improving the performance of the plaza and for traffic management decisions associated with the afternoon peak period.


This paper investigates the effectiveness of reinforcement learning (RL) model in clustering as an approach to achieve higher network scalability in distributed cognitive radio networks. Specifically, it analyzes the effects of RL parameters, namely the learning rate and discount factor in a volatile environment, which consists of member nodes (or secondary users) that launch attacks with various probabilities of attack. The clusterhead, which resides in an operating region (environment) that is characterized by the probability of attacks, countermeasures the malicious SUs by leveraging on a RL model. Simulation results have shown that in a volatile operating environment, the RL model with learning rate α= 1 provides the highest network scalability when the probability of attacks ranges between 0.3 and 0.7, while the discount factor γ does not play a significant role in learning in an operating environment that is volatile due to attacks.


In this report, we propose the application of the Cramer Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) as a performance measure for optimal design of experimental setups in electrical impedance tomography. In particular, we focus on the optimum positioning of electrodes. Cramer Rao Bound is bounded from below by the inverse of the Fisher information matrix (FIM). FIM incorporates all aspects of the forward problem, statistical properties of the measurement noise, and multi-frequency data. We consider the application of CRB in both the deterministic as well as the Bayesian setting. We first present the CRB for the case of the unbiased estimator and then the Bayesian Cramer Rao Bound (BCRB) for the case of the biased estimator. All CRB computations are performed using a measured noise model from a clinical experiment.


The objectives of the study were: 1) What is the burden of care for male and female family caregivers of AIDS patients? and 2) Which factors influence the family care burden for AIDS patients at home? A questionnaire was completed by 29 male and 91 female family caregivers of AIDS patients living in four rural areas in western Uganda. Participating caregivers were selected from a patient list of the home-based care program for AIDS patients and then interviewed. The responses from the questionnaire were used to calculate care burden scores for caregivers of both genders and the scores in each group were compared. In addition other factors relevant to the burden of family care were extracted and tested in bivariate and multivariate analysis to test whether they were predictors of the care burden. Results show that the care burden scores were high in all domains except those regarding relationship within the families and substance abuse. Both male and female caregivers reported a similar care burden. Caregivers for spouses had higher care burden scores compared to those who cared for other relatives. The intensity of care was also a significant predictor of the care burden while other factors such as age duration of care and cognitive function of the care recipient were not associated with the care burden score. The high burden of caregiving puts family caregivers at risk for a lower health status social isolation and depression. As both male and female caregivers report similar care burden scores for the same responsibilities men are not unduly overburdened with the family care of AIDS patients compared to women and should be more actively involved in the caregiving process at home. (authors)


The focus of this paper is to outline a sustainable livelihood development paradigm which could assist in addressing the challenges currently faced by the communities in urban transitional areas of South Africa, with specific attention to the contribution that the traditional community environment can make. The reasoning behind the development of such a paradigm is to enrich the sustainable development discourse by exploring place identities, the resilience of community tradition and cultural precepts, particularly in the developing world. This should assist in providing a viable self-reliance livelihood option (especially in urban transitional zones) for communities to survive and thrive in the face of the pressures of urban growth, the deteriorating quality of life and the homogenisation of urban form and design in the developing world. The key concepts, from which this paradigm is developed, are collaborative leadership, community-based systems, the importance of land (environment), economy of affection and agriculture. These concepts are crucial in the current approach to planning, where the relevance of the traditional community environment (predominantly as it applies in Africa) supports the contention that implementation of community-based planning should evolve beyond planning for a community to planning by a community for itself. The proposed outcome of this process is a sustainable livelihood paradigm incorporating traditional community concepts, which supports self-reliant development.


Abstract The Ostravice Sandstone Member was identified and described as a lithostratigraphic unit in the Polish part of the Outer Carpathians. This division occurs in the lowermost part of the Godula Formation, is underlain by variegated deposits of the Mazák Formation or directly by the Barnasiówka and Lhoty formations, and overlain by the Czernichów Member of the Godula Formation. Domination by thick- and very thick-bedded sandstones, conglomeratic sandstones and conglomerates rich in calcareous clasts, mostly of the Štramberk-type limestones, is typical for the Ostravice Sandstone Member. These deposits are widespread between the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mountains in the Czech Republic and the Ciężkowice Foothills in Poland. The documentation of the Ostravice Sandstone Member occurrence as well as the petrological, sedimentological features, and inventory of the carbonate clasts are presented here.


This document presents a discussion of vulnerability estimates – defined as the risk of being poor in the future – in Latin American countries from both a conceptual and an empirical perspective, based on recent developments in the distributive literature. The document develops two main contributions. First, it presents cross-sectional vulnerability estimates (and their evolution over time) for 18 countries in the region, and compares their evolution with that of aggregate poverty rates. Second, based on longitudinal data for Argentina and Chile, the document carries out a validation exercise to assess how vulnerability measures fare as predictors of poverty at the aggregate and the micro levels, and compares their performance to that of other deprivation indicators. The main findings indicate substantial cross-country differences in vulnerability levels. Moreover, vulnerability measures provide good estimates of aggregate poverty trends. However, the validation exercise indicates that at the micro level there are sizeable misclassifications of households in terms of expected poverty. These results imply that vulnerability estimates should be complemented with information on shocks and aggregate trends for guiding focalised policy interventions.


Monkeys (Macacca fascicularis) were tested for their ability to perform learned, self-initiated arm movements for reward, both before and after receiving bilateral putamen lesions. The rate at which they made the movements was significantly reduced postoperatively, but their performance on a visually cued control task was normal. It is argued that the impairment was not a consequence of poor motor control or motivation, but that it reflected a reduced capacity to recall learned movements in the absence of external cues. The results complement similar findings for monkeys with supplementary motor cortex (SMA) lesions; the putamen is interconnected with the SMA in a cortico-striatal-thalamocortical loop.


This two-part PMP exam preparation book includes a pre-test with 200 questions and four complete sets of tough sample exam questions. By strictly adhering to the Project Management Professional (PMP) Examination Content Outline and proportionally addressing all topics in the PMBOK Guide Fifth Edition, this book highlights the most difficult questions including EVM vs. EMV, contract types (FFP, FPIF, FP-EPA, etc.), project statement of work, CPM, COQ, risk management, CCB, make-or-buy decision, professional and social responsibility, and much more! Project management certification candidates will find the discussions on how the exam questions were written extremely insightful. Packed with practical tips, the solution chapters provide detailed answers for each question. Simple tricks from this book can significantly increase your chances of correctly answering unfamiliar questions. The proven tips and tricks will definitely boost your confidence then you take the actual exam. Features hundreds of short questions-and-answers on some of the most key topics that PMPs should be familiar with before taking the exam Includes more than 800 exam-quality questions with detailed answers and explanations, plus more than 200 fill-in-the-blank, true/false, and short answer questions to help you prepare for the exam


Widespread economic growth and increased productivity in Africa has been insufficient to reduce the growing numbers of unemployed and working poor in Africa. This is the main finding of the first African Employment Trends Report written for the ILO's 11th African Regional Meeting to be held on 24-27 April in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The unemployment rate in Africa stood at 10.3 per cent in 2006 and the share of people who, despite the fact that they work, still live with their families below the US$1 a day poverty line is nowhere in the world higher than in Africa. And perspectives are not bright either: It is estimated in the report that, between 2006 and 2015, the percentage of persons working but still living on less than US$2 per person in the household, per day will decrease from 78.6 per cent to 76.4 per cent, but the number will increase from 260.3 million to 316.7 million. Meanwhile, the percentage of working people living on less than US$1 a day per family member will decrease from 46.2 to 44.1, but the number will increase from 152.8 million to 182.9 million.

Why is this the case? The Report tries to find answers to this question by analysing the latest labour market data available for Africa. But it also takes other social and economic challenges such as HIV/AIDS, migration and child labour into account to explain the reasons for Africa's struggle against poverty. Such an analysis can help to design effective poverty reduction policies which could help the poor take advantage of the employment opportunities generated by growth.


The increasing p CO 2 in seawater is a serious threat for marine calcifiers and alters the biogeochemistry of the ocean. Therefore, the reconstruction of past-seawater properties and their impact on marine ecosystems is an important way to investigate the underlying mechanisms and to better constrain the effects of possible changes in the future ocean. Cold-water coral (CWC) ecosystems are biodiversity hotspots. Living close to aragonite undersaturation, these corals serve as living laboratories as well as archives to reconstruct the boundary conditions of their calcification under the carbonate system of the ocean. We investigated the reef-building CWC Lophelia pertusa as a recorder of intermediate ocean seawater pH. This species-specific field calibration is based on a unique sample set of live in situ collected L. pertusa and corresponding seawater samples. These data demonstrate that uranium speciation and skeletal incorporation for azooxanthellate scleractinian CWCs is pH dependent and can be reconstructed with an uncertainty of ±0.15. Our Lophelia U / Ca–pH calibration appears to be controlled by the high pH values and thus highlighting the need for future coral and seawater sampling to refine this relationship. However, this study recommends L. pertusa as a new archive for the reconstruction of intermediate water mass pH and hence may help to constrain tipping points for ecosystem dynamics and evolutionary characteristics in a changing ocean.


The paper explores the form and content of economic interaction of firms based on various concepts of agglomeration and social networks. It uses a case study of the machinery sector in the region of Styria as empirical background. Starting with types of clustering – the model of pure agglomeration, the industrial-complex model and the social-network model - the paper argues that certain geographical agglomerations allow different types of networks and different patterns of behaviour. Thus different forms of learning, knowledge sharing and knowledge creation. Some "stylized facts" in support of this perspective are derived from an analysis of a regional network. This network comprises individualistic open systems consisting of several areas which overlap. Physical linkages between these networks are weak, but intersections based on cooperative R&D and R&D infrastructure, qualification and informal exchanges are evident. From a regional perspective it can be seen to dominate. Despite evident sectoral concentrations direct links to the prevailing science base appear more significant as binding factors than long term supplier networks. These relationships are interpreted in terms of their need for proximity, their durability and above all their direction of knowledge dependency.


In this paper, we consider the perspectives of daughters of single fathers as they reflect on their experiences and relationships with their fathers. The paper provides an opportunity to consider an under-represented group in the literature on single parent families. Three themes emerge from the qualitative research design: parental expectations and involvement, household tasks, and family relationships. We consider these themes in light of the work done by Bronte-Tinkew et al (2010) and Risman (1986) regarding the involvement and support of single fathers in the lives of their children. We conclude by providing suggestions for teachers and other professionals regarding single fathers and their daughters.