.5D Printing: Bridging the Gap Between 2D and 3D Applications examines the relationship between two- and three-dimensional printing and explores the current ideas, methods, and applications. It provides insights about the diversity of our material culture and heritage and how this knowledge can be used to design and develop new methods for texture printing. The authors review the evolving research and interest in working towards developing methods to: capture, measure and model the surface qualities of 3D and 2D objects, represent the appearance of surface, material and textural qualities, and print or reproduce the material and textural qualities.

The text reflects information on the topic from a broad range of fields including science, technology, art, design, conservation, perception, and computer modelling. 2.5D Printing: Bridging the Gap Between 2D and 3D Applications provides a survey of traditional methods of capturing 2.5D through painting and sculpture, and how the human perception is able to judge and compare differences. This important text:

Bridges the gap between the technical and perceptual domains of 2D and 3D printing
Discusses perceptual texture, color, illusion, and visual impact to offer a unique perspective
Explores how to print a convincing rendering of texture that integrates the synthesis of texture in fine art paintings, with digital deposition printing
Describes contemporary methods for capturing surface qualities and methods for modelling and measuring, and ways that it is currently being used
Considers the impact of 2.5D for future technologies

2.5D Printing is a hands-on guide that provides visual inspiration, comparisons between traditional and digital technologies, case studies, and a wealth of references to the world of texture printing.


Recruited to be a lecturer on a group tour of Indonesia, Edward M. Bruner decided to make the tourists aware of tourism itself. He photographed tourists photographing Indonesians, asking the group how they felt having their pictures taken without their permission. After a dance performance, Bruner explained to the group that the exhibition was not traditional, but instead had been set up specifically for tourists. His efforts to induce reflexivity led to conflict with the tour company, which wanted the displays to be viewed as replicas of culture and to remain unexamined. Although Bruner was eventually fired, the experience became part of a sustained exploration of tourist performances, narratives, and practices. Synthesizing more than twenty years of research in cultural tourism, "Culture on Tour" analyzes a remarkable variety of tourist productions, ranging from safari excursions in Kenya and dance dramas in Bali to an Abraham Lincoln heritage site in Illinois. Bruner examines each site in all its particularity, taking account of global and local factors, as well as the multiple perspectives of the various actors the tourists, the producers, the locals, and even the anthropologist himself. The collection will be essential to those in the field as well as to readers interested in globalization and travel."


Housing policies in Japan after World War II were focused on the quantitative supply of houses with a wide range of targeted groups and public rental houses. The Japan Housing Corporation (now the Urban Renaissance Agency) and the Government Housing Loan Corporation (now the Japan Housing Finance Agency) have served to address these policy targets accordingly. The restoration of housing stock was successful, but the collapse of the property bubble in the early 1990s caused negative impact on the real economy and created persistent loss of confidence among the Japanese people, which is exacerbated by deflation and negative demographic factors (decrease of the population and aging of society). Enhancement of the quality of houses is an important part of the housing policy in Japan, but, at the same time, there needs to be a balance between new construction and the activation of existing housing stocks. Given the social experiments currently underway, there is need to closely monitor the changes of market trends.


Corneal allograft rejection has been described as a Th1-mediated process involving IFN-γ production. However, it has been reported that corneal allograft rejection soars in IFN-γ−/− mice or mice treated with anti–IFN-γ mAb. Th17 is a recently described IL-17A–producing Th cell population that has been linked to renal and cardiac graft rejection, which was originally thought to be Th1-mediated. We tested the hypothesis that Th17 cells mediate corneal allograft rejection in an IL-17A–dependent fashion and unexpectedly found that depletion of IL-17A increased the incidence of rejection to 90%. We demonstrate that the exacerbated rejection following depletion of IL-17A did not result from a loss of cross-regulation of Th1 cells or exaggerated delayed-type hypersensitivity responses. Instead, inhibition of the Th1 or Th17 cell lineages promoted the emergence of a Th2 cell subset that independently mediated allograft rejection. These findings demonstrate that IL-17A is not required for corneal allograft rejection and may instead contribute to the immune privilege of corneal allografts.


In the past few decades, Arctic sea ice has been experiencing some dramatic changes due in large part to climate change. Arctic sea ice is melting and decreasing in both surface area and thickness. Annual ice melt and freeze timings are being altered. These changes affect the precarious balance of the Arctic ecosystem from the microscopic organisms to its largest inhabitants, the Arctic whales. The factors influencing Arctic cetaceans include ultraviolet radiation exposure, invasive species, and killer whale predation. The reduced sea ice cover decreases the net reflectivity of the Arctic, increasing absorption of UV rays in Arctic waters which cause skin lesions in whales and reduce primary production. With reduced sea ice cover, invasive species – including predatory killer whales – have been extending their ranges northward, creating a possible competition for food with endemic Arctic species. Arctic whales are very susceptible to changes in their habitat and may not be able to survive the present rate of change in their environment. This review synthesizes data gathered from previous studies on the impacts of decreasing sea ice extent on Arctic cetaceans in an effort to better assess the conservation status of the three species.


Specific objectives of this research were: (1) To ascertain whether or not berth service times at the port of Bangkok are state-dependent; (2) to determine the effect of this feedback phenomenon on berth capacity; and (3) to suggest the means of making the unloading operation more responsive to the number of ships in the system. Both the macroscopic and microscopic approaches were employed to fulfill these objectives. The macroscopic study of arrivals and departures of 2,273 ships for two 1 yr. periods revealed that although berth operations were influenced by the number of ships queued, this feedback had not been a planned instrument of the Port Authority. The microsopic analysis of a large number of repetitions of the unloading cycle for ships carrying various types of cargo gave the possible or ideal capacity, while the microscopic tracer study of making a continuous record of the cargo-handling operation of a single ship throughout its entire stay at a berth suggested a practical capacity for the 10-berth facility.


A LETHAL INHERITANCE...China, 1938. Eighteen-year-old Rosalie Gilder flees Nazi-occupied Austria with her younger brother. Hidden among their belongings are a few precious family heirlooms, their only protection against the hard times that await them as they join Shanghai's growing population of Jewish refugees. New York, present day. Chinese-American detective Lydia Chin is hired by an old friend to investigate the recent theft of a cache of holocaust assets, thought to once belong to the Gilders. However, before she makes much headway, her friend is shot dead. Neither Lydia nor her partner, Bill, believe the NYPD's theory that his death was a robbery gone bad. Both fear they are no longer looking for a thief but a ruthless killer who will stop at nothing to reclaim the past...Please note: this novel was originally published in the US as THE SHANGHAI MOON


An in-depth look at the challenges undocumented immigrants face as they raise children in the U.S.

There are now nearly four million children born in the United States who have undocumented immigrant parents. In the current debates around immigration reform, policymakers often view immigrants as an economic or labor market problem to be solved, but the issue has a very real human dimension. Immigrant parents without legal status are raising their citizen children under stressful work and financial conditions, with the constant threat of discovery and deportation that may narrow social contacts and limit participation in public programs that might benefit their children. Immigrants Raising Citizens offers a compelling description of the everyday experiences of these parents, their very young children, and the consequences these experiences have on their children's development.

Immigrants Raising Citizens challenges conventional wisdom about undocumented immigrants, viewing them not as lawbreakers or victims, but as the parents of citizens whose adult productivity will be essential to the nation's future. The book's findings are based on data from a three-year study of 380 infants from Dominican, Mexican, Chinese, and African American families, which included in-depth interviews, in-home child assessments, and parent surveys. The book shows that undocumented parents share three sets of experiences that distinguish them from legal-status parents and may adversely influence their children's development: avoidance of programs and authorities, isolated social networks, and poor work conditions. Fearing deportation, undocumented parents often avoid accessing valuable resources that could help their children's development—such as access to public programs and agencies providing child care and food subsidies. At the same time, many of these parents are forced to interact with illegal entities such as smugglers or loan sharks out of financial necessity. Undocumented immigrants also tend to have fewer reliable social ties to assist with child care or share information on child-rearing. Compared to legal-status parents, undocumented parents experience significantly more exploitive work conditions, including long hours, inadequate pay and raises, few job benefits, and limited autonomy in job duties. These conditions can result in ongoing parental stress, economic hardship, and avoidance of center-based child care—which is directly correlated with early skill development in children. The result is poorly developed cognitive skills, recognizable in children as young as two years old, which can negatively impact their future school performance and, eventually, their job prospects.

Immigrants Raising Citizens has important implications for immigration policy, labor law enforcement, and the structure of community services for immigrant families. In addition to low income and educational levels, undocumented parents experience hardships due to their status that have potentially lifelong consequences for their children. With nothing less than the future contributions of these children at stake, the book presents a rigorous and sobering argument that the price for ignoring this reality may be too high to pay.


Despite the growth in the developments of the Location Based Services (LBS) applications, there are still several challenges remaining. One of the most important concerns about LBS, shared by many users and service providers is the privacy. Privacy has been considered as a big threat to the adoption of LBS among many users and consequently to the growth of LBS markets. This paper discusses the privacy concerns associated with location data, and the current privacy protection approaches. It reviews the advantages and disadvantages of each approach and evaluates the effectiveness of the available solutions. In order to detection of the remaining challenges (including the gaps between users demand and what the available solution can offer, a survey is conducted. This helps to estimates the importance and required protection level of the location privacy for different LBS applications. The results of the survey shows the public view on privacy concerns has changed over last years, this may be because of the wider popularity of social media and location based social networking services. Although there are technical, social regulatory policies to protect location privacy, there are still big challenges remaining, including misunderstanding about the privacy threats due to the lack of mutual understanding between users and LBS providers (including developers, policy makers and researchers).


Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy Theory and Simulation Applied to Nanoparticle Plasmonics Nicholas Walker Bigelow Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Assistant Professor David J. Masiello Department of Chemistry The vast array of potential applications for plasmons has laid bare the need for a detailed understanding of the complex interactions that occur between multiple plasmons and between plasmons and near-field probes. In this dissertation, the capacity of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to probe plasmons is examined in detail. EELS is shown to be able to detect both electric hot spots and Fano resonances in contrast to the prevailing knowledge prior to this work. The most detailed examination of magnetoplasmonic resonances in multiring structures to date and the utility of electron tomography to computational plasmonics is explored, and a new tomographic method for the reconstruction of a target is introduced. Since the observation of single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SMSERS) in 1997, questions regarding the nature of the electromagnetic hot spots responsible for such observations still persist. A computational analysis of the electronand photon-driven surfaceplasmon resonances of monomer and dimer metal nanorods is presented to elucidate the differences and similarities between the two excitation mechanisms in a system with well understood optical properties. By correlating the nanostructure's simulated electron energy loss spectrum and loss-probability maps with its induced polarization and scattered electric field we discern how certain plasmon modes are selectively excited and how they funnel energy from the excitation source into the nearand far-field. Using a fully retarded electron-scattering theory capable of describing arbitrary three-dimensional nanoparticle geometries, aggregation schemes, and material compositions, we find that electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is able to indirectly probe the same electromagnetic hot spots that are generated by an optical excitation source. EELS is then employed in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to obtain maps of the localized surface plasmon modes of SMSERS-active nanostructures, which are resolved in both space and energy. Singlemolecule character is confirmed by the bianalyte approach using two isotopologues of Rhodamine 6G. The origins of this observation are explored using a fully three-dimensional electrodynamics simulation of both the electron energy loss probability and the near-electric field enhancements. The calculations suggest that electron beam excitation of the hot spot is possible, but only when the electron beam is located outside of the junction region, and further that the location of the hot spot can be inferred from the node in the loss probability in the junction along with the high loss probability on the edges away from the junction. v The optical-frequency magnetic and electric properties of cyclic aromatic plasmon-supporting metal nanoparticle oligomers are explored through a combination of STEM/EELS simulation and first-principles theory. A tight-binding type model is introduced to explore the rich hybridization physics in these plasmonic systems and tested with full-wave numerical electrodynamics simulations of the STEM electron probe. Building from a microscopic electric model, connection is made at the macroscopic level between the hybridization of localized magnetic moments into delocalized magnetic plasmons of controllable magnetic order and the mixing of atomic pz orbitals into delocalized π molecular orbitals of varying nodal structure spanning the molecule. It is found that the STEM electrons are uniquely capable of exciting all of the different hybridized eigenmodes of the nanoparticle assembly—including multipolar closed-loop ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic plasmons, giant electric dipole resonances, and radial breathing modes—by raster scanning the beam to the appropriate position. Comparison to plane wave light scattering and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy is made. The presented work provides a unified understanding of the complete plasmon eigenstructure of such oligomer systems as well as of the excitation conditions necessary to probe each mode. Through numerical simulation, we predict the existence of the Fano interference effect in the EELS and CL of symmetry-broken nanorod dimers that are heterogeneous in material composition and asymmetric in length. The differing selection rules of the electron probe in comparison to the photon of a plane wave allow for the simultaneous excitation of both optically bright and dark plasmons of each monomer unit, suggesting that Fano resonances will not arise in EELS and CL. Yet, interferences are manifested in the dimer's scattered nearvi and far-fields and are evident in EELS and CL due to the rapid π-phase offset in the polarizations between super-radiant and sub-radiant hybridized plasmon modes of the dimer as a function of the energy loss suffered by the impinging electron. Depending upon the location of the electron beam, we demonstrate the conditions under which Fano interferences will be present in both optical and electron spectroscopies (EELS and CL) as well as a new class of Fano interferences that are uniquely electron-driven and are absent in the optical response. Among other things, the knowledge gained from this work bears impact upon the design of some of the world's most sensitive sensors, which are currently based upon Fano resonances. The Fano interference phenomenon between localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of individual silver nanocubes is then investigated experimentally using dark-field optical microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). By computing the polarization induced by the electron beam, we show that the hybridized modes responsible for this Fano interference are the same as those present in the resonance-Rayleigh scattering spectrum of an individual nanocube on a substrate. Finally, a group of five semi-collinear nanoparticles are modeled both by making a guess as to the third dimension from a single top-down electron micrograph and also through electron tomography. The former technique is the conventional modeling method most often employed in creating computational models of plasmonic targets, though it is akin to modeling a sky scraper from a satellite picture of the roof. Electron tomography offers a way to reconstruct the particles fully, with a minimal amount of guesswork. The degree of similarity between the computed properties of the target built through the two different methods is examined, vii as are the targets themselves. It is shown that purely far-field properties, such as the optical scattering are largely unaffected, but near-field properties, which are highly dependent on the fine-scale structure of the targets, differ considerably depending on which modeling method is employed. This work suggests that caution should be used by the theoretician when attempting to model the near-field of a physical structure, and that electron tomography offers an attractive way to overcome the problem of the third dimension.


Optimal portfolios differ according to the length of time they are held without being rebalanced. For the case in which asset returns are identically and independently distributed, it has been shown that optimal portfolios become less diversified as the holding period lengthens.We show that the anti-diversification result does not obtain when asset returns are serially correlated, and examine properties of asymptotic portfolios for the case where the short term interest rate, although known at each moment of time, may change unpredictably over time. The theoretical results provide no presumption about the effects of the length of the holding period on the optimal portfolio. Using estimated processes for stock and bill returns, we show that calculated optimal portfolios are virtually invariant to the length of the holding period. The estimated processes for asset returns also imply very little difference between portfolios calculated ignoring changes in the investment opportunity set and those obtained when the investment opportunity set changes over time.


Foreword by Cliff Garten. Preface. Introduction. Part 1- Process and Systems of Sustainable Design. Chapter One: The Process of Applied Sustainable Engineering Design. Framing the Design Challenge. Creating a New Paradigm for Design. Integrating Disciplines: Architects and Engineers. The Sustainable Design Team - An Engineer?s Perspective. Design Drivers for Sustainable Infrastructure Systems. Project Drivers. Establishing Project Values and Setting Goals. Defining Desired Outcomes and Metrics. Creating Frameworks and Action Plans. Design Strategies. Implementing the Process. Applying Integrative Design on Old Mint Plaza. Goal-Setting at Aquatera, Florida. Chapter 2: Sustainable Infrastructure Frameworks. Establishing a Framework. Green Building Rating Systems - Helping or Hurting? An Architect s Perspective. Using Sustainable Infrastructure Frameworks. Using Frameworks for Different Types of Development. Framework #1: Pillars of Sustainability. Pillars of Sustainability at The Great Wall Eco Villages. PlaNYC: Pillars of Sustainability in Action. Framework #2: The Scale-Density Framework. Applying the Scale-Density Framework to New Development. Framework #3: The Transect. Using the Transect to Redevelop Tehachapi. AIA COTE "Ten Measures of Sustainability". Framework #4: The Built Form-Ecology Framework. Balancing Human and Ecological Development on the Santa Lucia Preserve. Table of Ecosystem Services. Synergy and Sustainable Community Design. One Planet Living Framework - Sonoma Mountain Village. Endnotes. Part 2- Sustainable Resource Systems. Chapter 3: Water Conservation & Supply. The Aspen Institute: Energy and Environment Program. Water Management Plans. Achieving Water Balance. Looking at a Water Balance for a Buddhist Center in California. Water Balance on the "Ahwahnee" Project. The Living Building Challenge - WATER. Analyzing Water Sources. Groundwater. Surface Water. Rainwater. Brackish Water. Seawater. Stormwater. Water Supply Strategies. Reduce Demand / Conserve Water. Improvements to Infrastructure. Expansion of Existing Water Resources. Rainwater Harvesting for a residential property in Sausalito. Endnotes. Chapter Four: Inegrated Water Management. Water as Resource, Not Waste Product. Impacts of Modern Wastewater Practice. Redefining Waste Water. Integrated Stormwater Management. Effects of Development on Stormwater Runoff. Low Impact Development Design Principles. Benefits of LID Stormwater Management. Order of Design Operations. Urban Stormwater Treatment Strategies in San Mateo County. Urban Stormwater Treatment Strategies. Extensive Stormwater Treatment Systems. Addressing Constraints and Barriers to Implementation. Inadequate Local Resources. Cost. Physical Site Constraints. Utility Conflicts. Maintenance Burden. Mint Plaza. San Francisco s Urban Watershed Planning Charrette. Graywater Treatment and Reuse. Graywater Quality Characterization. Potential as an Alternative Water Source. Graywater Reuse Systems. Keys to Long-term Success of a Graywater System. Berkeley Ecohouse. Hillside Residence. Integrating Graywater into a Water Resources Master Plan. System Process and Components. Blackwater Management Approaches. Blackwater Treatment Levels. Treatment Technologies. Blackwater Reuse Potential. Shifting the Water Treatment Paradigm. Endnotes. Chapter Five: Energy and Greenhouse Gases. Reducing Demand through Design. Reducing Energy Use in Buildings. Passive Design Strategies. Using Energy Efficiently. Energy Efficient Systems for Communities. Accounting for Water as an Energy Use. Reducing Demand through Transportation Changes. Designing Sustainable Power Supplies. Solar Power. Photovoltaics (PVs). Solar Thermal. Wind Power. Permitting Steps for Small Wind Turbines. Geothermal Systems. Biomass. Biogas. Water Power. Addressing Climate Change and Reducing Carbon Footprint. Measuring a Project s Carbon Footprint. Reducing a Project s Carbon Impact. Developing Carbon-Neutrality Management Plans. Policy Measures for Increasing Energy Security & Efficiency. Setting Caps. Net-Metering. Renewable Energy Certificates. Green Power Programs. Incentive Programs. Regional Power Purchasing Agreements. Building Scale Financing Options. Utility Profit Decoupling Strategies. Efficiency Incentives & Requirements. Design Guidelines and Performance Standards. Efficiency Programs and Standards. Performance Standards. Endnotes. Chapter Six: Sustainable Site Planning, Built Systems and Material Flows. Sustainable Site Planning. Understanding a Site as a Living System. Understanding Natural Patterns. Analysis: Performing Contextual Background Studies. Synthesis: Interpretation and Response. Green Streets and Transportation Networks. Complete Streets. Typical Street Types and Uses. Implementing a Woonerf - Santa Monica Borderline. Implementing Smart-Growth Streets. Green Streets. City of Portland Green Streets Program (Portland, OR). Chicago Green Alleys Program. Working with the Land. Sensitive Streetscape Design. Santa Lucia Preserve Street Design Process. Sensitive Site Design. Balancing Earthwork using Grading Analysis. Material and Waste Flows. Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Infrastructure Materials. Materials Red List1. Choosing Environmentally Appropriate Materials. Post Tensioning in Concrete Structures. Construction Methods and Management. Solid Waste Management. Endnotes. Part 3- Design Applications. Chapter Seven: City-Scale Approaches. Guangzhou - City-Scale Transformation in China. Tianjin Eco-City Master Plan. PlaNYC - An Integrated Stormwater Approach. San Francisco City Greening Initiatives. 1. San Francisco Better Streets Plan. 2. Urban Forest Master Plan. 3. Stormwater Design Guidelines. 4. Sewer System Master Plan. 5. Mission Streetscape Plan. 6. Cesar Chavez Green Street Corridor. 7. Old Mint Plaza. 8. Pavement to Parks Initiative. The Expressive Potential of Infrastructure. Endnotes. Chapter Eight: Applications for Sustainable Communities. Achieving a Perfect Balance: Pearl Island, Panama. Going beyond Engineering - Sharing Standards for Sustainability. Integrating Stormwater Strategies into the Transect at the Community Scale: Cattle Creek, Colorado. Stitching Together Lost Connections with Green Infrastructure. Chapter Nine: Building-Scale Sustainable Infrastructure. The California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California. Creating the New Academy. Chartwell School: Design Teaches Children to Celebrate Water, Energy. Pearl Island, Panama - Designing Buildings for Energy Savings. Sustainable Sites Initiative. Brisbane City Hall - Green Site Design. Stanford Green Dorm - Living Laboratory. Pearl River Tower - Guangzhou, China. Endnotes. Conclusion.


Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have been showed as a promising technology to monitor and explore the oceans in lieu of traditional undersea wireline instruments. Nevertheless, the data gathering of UWSNs is still severely limited because of the acoustic channel communication characteristics. One way to improve the data collection in UWSNs is through the design of routing protocols considering the unique characteristics of the underwater acoustic communication and the highly dynamic network topology. In this paper, we propose the GEDAR routing protocol for UWSNs. GEDAR is an anycast, geographic and opportunistic routing protocol that routes data packets from sensor nodes to multiple sonobuoys (sinks) at the sea's surface. When the node is in a communication void region, GEDAR switches to the recovery mode procedure which is based on topology control through the depth adjustment of the void nodes, instead of the traditional approaches using control messages to discover and maintain routing paths along void regions. Simulation results show that GEDAR significantly improves the network performance when compared with the baseline solutions, even in hard and difficult mobile scenarios of very sparse and very dense networks and for high network traffic loads.


Increasing risk of pollinosis (hay fever) is one of the most anticipated consequences of climate change on human health. Wind-pollinated plants are representative of allergenic species because they include species with the highest capability of causing allergy-related diseases in humans. Therefore, changes in wind-pollinated species may reflect impacts of climate change on allergenic plants. In particular, flowering is one of the developmental stages most affected by climate change. This report specifically addresses changes in flowering dates that have occurred during the three decades 1971–2000 as a function of pollination mode and woodiness. The assessment is made using a phenological data set comprising trends of flowering dates of 29 species in 983 locations in Europe. Linear mixed models assessing the statistical significance of trends while adjusting for spatial correlation are used. The main results indicate for the first time that the onset of flowering of wind-pollinated plants advanced more than for insect-pollinated plants, while full flowering phases tended to advance less. These novel findings are contrary to the results of Fitter and Fitter (2002) for Oxfordshire, who reported larger advances of insect-pollinated plants. Onset of flowering and full flowering of insect-pollinated species are more likely to advance for seasons early in the year; instead, wind-pollinated plants showed no dependence of trends on the season (first flowering) or a decreased advance of phases that are early in the year (full flowering). The effect of woodiness could not be unambiguously defined, but seems to be of minor importance. The presented findings suggest a lengthening of the flowering period in general, which might lead to an increasing time of exposure to airborne pollen of allergic subjects, with consequent likely increment in severity and incidence of allergic symptoms.


The Fall Of Man In RelationshipsWithout question, the male role in historic society has been one a leadership as well as headship. Maybe fuelled by testosterone from our early cavemen days where males were the largest of the human species and therefore the hunters of beasts.


We report on the experimental observations of a period-doubling route to chaos and a total mode-locking between two lowest-order lateral modes of a GaAs ridge wave-guide diode laser at 795 nm. A self-starting passively mode-locking was achieved in an extended-cavity diode laser (ECDL) operating in a gain saturation regime. In the period-doubling mode-locked state, the RF spectra associated with the coherently coupled lateral TE(0) and TE(1) modes, consisted of harmonics (nf(rep)/2, n is an integer) of the half of pulse repetition rate f(rep)/2 and the period (2T) of the pulse train was two-times longer than the pulse round-trip time T. On the other hand, in the total mode-locked state, the RF spectra and the pulse train corresponding to the TE(0) and TE(1) modes had exactly the same features compared to those of the period-doubling mode-locked state, except the RF spectra and the pulse train of the TE(1) mode were shifted by f(ref)/4 in frequency and by T in time, respectively, indicating the pulses actually traveled alternatively through two lateral modes. The total mode-locking and also chaotic pulsations were observed at slightly different operation parameters, e.g. at different feedback angle of the grating, which was used as an output coupler of the ECDL.


Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) has been used for localization of transmission line discontinuities in diverse applications. Various challenges have to be addressed when applying TDR for localization of insulation degradation in power cables. The dominant problem is that TDR detects reflections coming from insulation changes, but it also records reflections related to geometrical irregularities along the cable length and, in some cases, surrounding medium variations. It is realized that one can compare TDR measurements before and after changes have occurred or have been induced in the aged sections. Thus the signals from the deteriorated insulation can be distinguished from other reflections that are constant. The measurement technique to localize water-treeing in cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation is based on the voltage nonlinearity of water trees. TDR measurements have been performed before, after and during the application of high AC voltages. The high stresses affect the cable characteristic impedance and speed of wave propagation in the water-treed region. The possibility to detect local changes in the velocity of wave propagation has been presented as a technique for localization of insulation ageing. Localization of impedance changes related to water treeing and water ingress in mass impregnated paper insulated cables has also been achieved. To characterize the power cables in the high frequency domain two parameter extraction methods have been developed. The first one uses TDR measurements and analyses short pulse propagation along the cable. The second one is based on the S-parameter measurements in the frequency domain. The methods extract the complex propagation constant and the characteristic impedance, as well as the LCRG Telegrapher's Equation parameters for the frequencies between 300 kHz and 300 MHz. The dependence of the high frequency power cables properties on the metallic screen design and cable surrounding medium has been studied. The cable characteristics are modeled using time- and frequency-domain numerical simulations. This is required due to the complex spiralized structure of the outer metallic screen. It is established that this screen design causes a dependence of the cable characteristics on the surrounding medium.


In this paper we investigate the value of shared information between chain actors for improving daily operations in high-density logistics processes at distribution warehouses. We first define a generic high-density logistics process at a distribution warehouse based on real-world cases. Utilizing daily shared information about inbound flow (i.e. truckarrival time) and outbound flow (i.e. required timeframes), we then propose daily process redesign on changing process parameters and evaluate their impact on the process performance using a discrete-event simulation model of a floricultural supply chain. Additionally, the impact of different information characteristics (i.e. timeliness, accuracy and completeness) on the effectiveness of the redesign decision are studied through different scenarios. This work contributes to a better understanding of the value of information in supporting decision-making at the operational level, particularly in warehouse operations. It also helps to raise the awareness of industrial managers regarding the use of information for improving process performance as well as the importance of information characteristics.


BACKGROUND
Trauma-hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) mesenteric lymph from rats has multiple biological properties and appears to cause organ injury via the activation of neutrophils and endothelial cells. As the next step in testing the potential clinical relevance of these rodent studies, we utilized a swine T/HS model to determine whether the intestinal lymph results observed in the rodent could be replicated in swine. A porcine model was chosen because the pig and human cardiovascular and gastrointestinal physiology are similar.

METHODS
Male pigs were subjected to T/HS and a major intestinal lymph duct was cannulated. Hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure, 40 mm Hg) was performed by withdrawing blood, for 3 hours or until the base deficit reached -5. Animals were then resuscitated in two stages to mimic the prehospital and hospital phases of resuscitation. Mesenteric lymph was collected hourly throughout the experiment and its biological activity was tested on neutrophils (respiratory burst) and endothelial cells (monolayer permeability and cytotoxicity).

RESULTS
T/HS lymph but not trauma-sham shock lymph (T/SS) increased neutrophil activation as reflected by an augmented respiratory burst. Likewise T/HS lymph collected at all time points up to 5 hours postshock significantly increased endothelial cell permeability by twofold or greater (p < 0.05), whereas T/HS lymph produced during the first 2 hours postshock was cytotoxic for endothelial cells (viability 70%, p < 0.05 vs. preshock). In contrast, T/SS lymph had no effect on the endothelial cells.

CONCLUSION
This large animal model validates rodent studies showing that the shock-injured gut releases biologically active factors into the mesenteric lymph and these factors activate neutrophils and injure endothelial cells.


More visualization systems are simplifying the data analysis process by automatically suggesting relevant visualizations. However, little work has been done to understand if users trust these automated recommendations. In this paper, we present the results of a crowd-sourced study exploring preferences and perceived quality of recommendations that have been positioned as either human-curated or algorithmically generated. We observe that while participants initially prefer human recommenders, their actions suggest an indifference for recommendation source when evaluating visualization recommendations. The relevance of presented information (e.g., the presence of certain data fields) was the most critical factor, followed by a belief in the recommender's ability to create accurate visualizations. Our findings suggest a general indifference towards the provenance of recommendations, and point to idiosyncratic definitions of visualization quality and trustworthiness that may not be captured by simple measures. We suggest that recommendation systems should be tailored to the information-foraging strategies of specific users.


The relationship between the chemical structure of π – conjugated polymers or oligomers and their
macroscopic optical and electrooptical properties is complex in nature and not fully understood at the
present. Fused aromatic rings are often incorporated into semiconducting organic materials in order to
realize a more extended π – conjugation. The simplest example of fused rings is naphthalene with two
condensed phenyl rings. Naphthalene has a versatile and well – developed substitution chemistry,
which provides different patterns for both polymerization and side – chain attachment. Therefore,
utilizing the naphthalene unit should allow some tuning of the electronic and optical properties of the
resulting materials. The work presented in this thesis is focused on incorporating naphthalene units
into conjugated poly – and oligomers.
 In chapter 2, naphthalene is incorporated into alternating copolymers as the simplest way of
introducing new building blocks into new polymers. To get a better understanding different model
compounds have been synthesized and compared with the polymers. Some of the model compounds
are under investigation as active layers in organic field effect transistors (OFETs).
 Chapter 3 presents a series of novel polyarylene – type ladder polymers containing 1,5- and 2,6- linked
naphthalene units. This includes the first example of such ladder polymers consisting exclusively of
six membered rings. The substitution patterns and linkage positions allow some fine tuning of the
optical properties. One of the ladder polymers is also utilized as the gain material of a distributed
feedback (DFB) polymer laser.
 The polymers in chapter 4 utilize the 1,1'-binaphthyl unit as the central unit of a new class of
potentially helical, conjugated ladderpolymers. Due to the interrupted conjugation across the
binaphthyl moiety, some tuning of the optical properties is possible. To investigate the substitution
patterns two model compounds have been synthesized and characterized via NMR and X-ray
crystallography.
 Chapter 5 introduces novel statistical copolymers of (9,9-dioctylfluorene) containing various amounts
of binaphthyl units. Herein the binaphthyl unit shows its capability to suppress side chain
crystallization and leads to completely amorphous materials. Second order (DFB) polymer lasers
based on thin films of these materials showed extremely low lasing thresholds. The materials allow a
dramatic improvement of polyfluorene based solid state lasers.
 In the last chapter a new family of star – shaped oligoaryl dimers based on binaphthyl or biphenyl
cores are described. An extensive investigation of their structure and electronic properties including
UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy as well as X – ray analysis is presented, especially related to
intramolecular π - π – interactions.


Freshwater mussels are the most endangered group of organisms in the United States, with most of their river and stream habitats devastated by dams, pollution, and invasive species such as the zebra mussel. Thirty-five species have been declared extinct, others are likely gone, and more than 70 species are on the brink. This month, the Fish and Wildlife Service added eight mussel species to the U.S. endangered species list. Mussel conservationists have persuaded a few dam operators to modify their water releases to improve conditions for mussels and have helped restore water quality in important mussel habitats. Researchers, meanwhile, are trying to solve some puzzles in mussel ecology, figure out how to culture more kinds of endangered mussels in captivity, and ramp up restoration efforts.


In response to extracellular stimuli, cells display a variety of behaviors, including proliferation, differentiation, morphological changes and migration. The analysis of the spatiotemporal regulation of signal transduction in living cells is needed for a better understanding of such behaviors, and such investigations have been greatly accelerated by the development of fluorescent protein-based biosensors. Currently, by using these biosensors a range of molecular actions, including lipid metabolism, protein activation, and ion dynamics, can be visualized in living cells. We recently reported that intracellular calcium, with its relevant downstream signaling pathways consisting of the small GTPase Ras and the lipid kinase phoshoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), can be exploited in an efficient incorporation of influenza A viruses into host cells via endocytosis using a set of biosensors based on fluorescent proteins and the principle of Forster resonance energy transfer. Here, we focus this review on fluorescent protein-based biosensors that have been utilized in our recent research reports.


Antti Ilmanen, PhD, emphasizes the importance of diversification — including the use of market-neutral investment strategies — and warns against portfolios that tie up too much risk in equities. He is a principal at AQR Capital Management, where he manages the Portfolio Solutions Group, which advises institutional investors and sovereign wealth funds, and develops the firm's broad investment ideas. Over the years, he has advised many institutional investors, including Norway's Government Pension Fund Global and the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation. His 2011 book, Expected Returns, is a broad synthesis of the central issue in investing.
In July 2016, Antti Ilmanen spoke with members of the Journal of Investment Consulting Editorial Advisory Board about the advantages of making the equity portion of most investor portfolios less dominant, particularly in today's environment of low expected returns.


The objective of this study was to compare the Primary and Secondary stability of immediate implant placement with Alveolar Ridge Augmentation (ARA) and Strontium Ranelate (SR) as aids to enhance the stability using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). Fifty eight subjects ideal for immediate implants were assigned to two groups to compare the primary and second ary stability of the implant using Alveolar Ridge Augmentation and oral strontium ranelate. They were tested for primary stability on placement of the implant and after eight weeks of placement for secondary stability. The stability was measured using resonance frequency analysis. Both the procedures showed an improvement in the stability but the Alveolar Ridge Augmentation procedure showed a significantly better primary stability (P< .03) and the secondary stability (P<.00). The means of the implant stability quotient value (ISQ) for the Alveolar ridge augmentation procedure was 74.2 for primary stability, and 83.34 for secondary stability. With the enhancement of stability wit h oth the procedures Alveolar Ridge Augmentation proved to be a better procedure to achieve successful results of an immediately placed i mplant.


Biographers have hailed Leo Tolstoy as a literary giant but have misunderstood or misrepresented what he regarded as his most important work, namely his attempt to formulate a consistent philosophy which took its inspiration from the Sermon on the Mount but addressed itself to the political and economic problems of the day. This is the first comprehensive treatment of this endeavour which occupied the last 30 years of his life. David Redfearn explains how Tolstoy came to realize that the state existed to protect and preserve the privileges of the few and that the Church connived at the situation. As the truth of this became more and more obvious to him, he abandoned his literary career and set out to explore the true meaning of Christianity and to devise a system for securing economic justice. Redfearn points out that this endeavour took many years and in the process Tolstoy went down a number of blind alleys, thus giving rise to inconsistencies. His own position as one of the privileged class exacerbated the situation, because he was torn between his desire to practice his philosophy and his duty to his family. It is therefore on his mature philosophy that this part of his life should be judged. One of the great influences of his life, one which helped him clarify his economic thinking, was the work of his contemporary, the American social reformer Henry George. He was so impressed that in 1902 he urged the Tsar to introduce the tax and land tenure reforms advocated by George - to no avail. The full text of his letter is reproduced in the book. In his foreword Dr. Gorelov reveals that Tolstoy's later works are once more being studied by reformers in Russia seeking an alternative social philosophy to Marxism and capitalism. David Redfearn argues that Tolstoy's work is equally relevant to the industrialised West and the Third World for it was essentially a critique of the capitalist system.


This book focuses on a critical period for pupils between the ages of nine and thirteen when the demands made on children's literacy change fundamentally, and when children establish life-time patterns of reading and non-reading. It provides a framework for teachers and managers to help set up a whole-school approach to literacy, based on a series of steps which enable managers to find out how literacy is perceived by teachers and effectively used within classroom contexts. Practical guidance on how schools can help pupils who have literacy difficulties, on methods of assessment and reporting, and on how outside agencies can be involved will be particularly helpful to teachers and heads of department.


Future human spaceflight missions will place crews at long distances from Earth causing significant communication lag due to the light distance as well as occasional complete loss of communication with Earth. Novel artificial intelligence capabilities augmenting crews will be required for them to autonomously manage spacecraft operations and interact with Earth mission control under these conditions, including spacecraft and systems health, crew health, maintenance, consumable management, payload management, training, as well as activities such as food production and recycling.


D. H. Lawrence. Selected Poems. Ed. James Fenton. New York: Penguin, 2008. Pp. xxvi + 200. $16 (paper) In 2008 Penguin Books published Lawrence's Selected Poems, edited by James Fenton, as part of its Penguin Classics series. This volume replaced Keith Sagar's selection of Lawrence's poetry, first published in 1972, which went out of print after a run of 35 years (in two different versions). Sagar's 1972 Selected Poems includes 150 poems, which he characterized as "all [of] Lawrence's successful, achieved poems." But in his brief "Note to the Revised Edition" of 1985 Sagar confessed that he had "underestimated Lawrence as a poet." His revised, expanded volume contains 175 poems, including alternate versions of "Bavarian Gentians" and "The Ship of Death." Sagar also guarantees that "any reader who enjoys this selection will find many other poems equally to his taste in the Complete Poems" Most readers and teachers of modern poetry--including Lawrence scholars--continue to underestimate Lawrence's poetry. James Fenton is an English poet, journalist, and literary critic. His poetry, highly regarded in England, is not widely known in the United States. Between 1994 and 1999 Fenton held the prestigious chair of Professor of Poetry at Oxford. Matthew Arnold, W. H. Auden, and Robert Graves were among his predecessors in this position. In 2001 the Oxford University Press published Fenton's The Strength of Poetry, twelve of the lectures he delivered during his tenure as Professor of Poetry, many of which were also published in the New York Review of Books. Wilfred Owen, Seamus Heaney, Marianne Moore, Elizabeth Bishop, and W. H. Auden are among the subjects of these engaging lectures. "Men, Women, and Bests," Fenton's lecture on Lawrence, seemingly qualified him to edit the Penguin Classics selection of Lawrence's poetry. Disappointingly, the Fenton Selected Poems contains only 99 poems. His Selected Poems has only 200 pages, compared with the 270 pages Sagar had at his disposal in both the 1972 and 1985 versions of his Selected Poems. No doubt Penguin dictated the page limitation, but Fenton is right to be both embarrassed and apologetic. His "fear" that he "may be accused of meanness in [his] selection" resonates with this reader. Less is not more! An Appendix, "Lawrence on Poetry," fills 22 of Fenton's 200 pages. This Appendix consists of three essays: "Poetry of the Present," "Walt Whitman" from Studies in Classic American Literature, and the "Foreword" to Collected Poems (1928). Fenton discusses the Whitman essay at length in "Men, Women, and Beasts," but a Penguin editor should have removed this essay from Fenton's Lawrence selection. Those precious eleven pages should have been filled with poems. Knowledgeable readers of Lawrence's poetry will regret the absence of many "successful, achieved," regularly anthologized poems. Fenton begins "Men, Women, and Beasts" with a discussion of "The Bride" (one of Lawrence's most remarkable poems) and "The Virgin Mother," but he includes neither poem in Selected Poems. The absence of "Shadows," one of the greatest of the so-called Last Poems, is especially distressing. "Snap-Dragon," "Lightning," "Dreams Old and Nascent," "First Morning," "A Young Wife," "Song of a Man Who Has Come Through," "The Mosquito," "Fish," "Elephant" (a very underrated poem), "The Red Wolf" "Bibbles," "Mountain Lion" "Spirits Summoned West," "Thought," and "Red Geranium and Godly Mignonette" are among the other poems admirers of Lawrence's poetry will miss. Fenton includes nothing at all from Nettles. He does include "Humming-Bird" and "How Beastly the Bourgeois Is," neither of which appears in Sagar. Anyone charged with assembling a selection of Lawrence's poetry must confront the quandary of how to handle the early poems, many of which Lawrence revised or even rewrote for his Collected Poems (1928). As Lawrence famously explained, the refined young man who wrote these poems was "afraid of his demon. …


The increased number of new infections in Uganda necessitates HIV prevention programmes that address risky behaviours especially among heterosexual populations. The AIDS Support Organisation (TASO) is the largest indigenous HIV/AIDS agency serving Uganda and the Great Lakes Region. TASO endeavours to empower sexually active clients to disclose their sero-status to their sexual partners and promotes partner testing for HIV. In spite of these efforts, only 12% of 2,071 sexually active clients in Mulago centre had disclosed by the end of 2006. This study aimed to explore the factors that influence clients' decisions to disclose their HIV status to their partners in TASO Mulago, Kampala, Uganda. The study used a qualitative approach. Fourteen (14) in-depth interviews were conducted with English and Luganda speaking adult male and female clients on antiretroviral treatment (ART), in TASO Mulago. A focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 8 purposively selected ART clients who were considered to be 'expert' clients in
TASO Mulago. These participants were expert clients/ peer educators, who were open about their HIV status and have been involved in HIV/AIDS education and advocacy. The individual interviews and the focus group discussion were transcribed verbatim, and subjected to thematic and content analysis. Male and female participants who were married (primary relationship) disclosed their sero-status to their sexual partners, while few of those cohabiting or in steady relationship (only one) disclosed to their partners. Enabling factors to disclose to current sexual partners included: desire for partner to get treatment, need for the partner's support, having prior knowledge of partner's HIV status, out of anger, and having anxiety about
the future. Some of the barriers to disclosure included: fear of blame and disappointing the partner, fear of abandonment, fear of stigma and discrimination Participants suggested that couple counselling and testing, economic independence, peer support and involvement of the TASO staff in disclosure should be considered to facilitate or promote disclosure to sexual partners.While strategies like HBHCT and couple counselling have enhanced disclosure among sexual partners on ART living together in stable married relationships (primary), the partners in secondary relationships (cohabiting and steady) especially women, continue to face challenges in disclosure yet their sexual partners are at risk of HIV infection. The study has re-affirmed the fact that while some people living with HIV/AIDS wish to disclose their HIV status to their partners, there are compound factors that make it
difficult to disclose. This calls for effective strategies by government, TASO and other agencies to ensure that sexual partners especially in cohabiting and steady relationships are disclosed to in order to reduce their vulnerability to HIV infection.


Most existing bilingual embedding methods for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) suffer from two obvious drawbacks. First, they only focus on simple context such as word count and co-occurrence in document or sliding window to build word embedding, ignoring latent useful information from selected context. Second, word sense but not word form is supposed to be the minimal semantic unit while most existing works are still for word representation. This paper presents Bilingual Graph-based Semantic Model (BGSM) to alleviate such shortcomings. By means of maximum complete sub-graph (clique) for context selection, BGSM is capable of effectively modeling word sense representation instead of the word form itself. The proposed model is applied to phrase pair translation probability estimation and generation for SMT. The empirical results show that BGSM can enhance SMT both in performance (up to +1.3 BLEU) and efficiency in comparison against existing methods.


The paper presents a new global modeling tool, Stratospheric Chemical Transport Model 2. It has been developed for effective three-dimensional multiyear stratospheric chemistry studies, featuring an extensive chemistry scheme, heterogeneous processing on sulfate aerosols, and some polar stratospheric cloud processes. The transport algorithm maintains sub-grid-scale distributions and connects vertically the stratospheric layers, even in a coarse vertical grid. The model has been integrated for 49 months, recycling 1 year of precalculated transport from a middle atmosphere general circulation model. One year of daily National Centers for Environmental Prediction global analyses are used as temperatures. Diurnal cycles of photolysis rates are recalculated every 7 days to give interaction with ozone changes. The model is able to describe most of the geographical and seasonal ozone variability and the meridional distributions of ozone, reactive nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine. Stratospheric diurnal cycles for nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine species are captured in detail. The upper stratosphere ozone deficiency, typical to models, is large. Its sensitivity to different ways of tuning are explored. Midlatitude, rather than polar, wintertime processes have so far been the focus in this model tool. The present transport and grid resolution are not suited for realistic simulations at high latitudes. As there is only a limited inclusion of polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) microphysics, chemical processing in the cold polar lower stratosphere also cannot be well simulated. For example, the Antarctic ozone hole is not simulated, but the modeled chemistry should be suitable for warm Arctic winters when type II PSCs and particle sedimentation do not occur.


We describe a technology platform developed as part of a novel approach to technology-enabled exercise-based Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR), termed PATHway. We explain the overall concept and explain how technology can facilitate remote participation and better adherence to community-based long-term Phase III CR. The demo will showcase the user experience of interacting with the PATHway system, including navigation and manual data entry, whilst also demonstrating real-time sensing and analysis of exercise movements and automatic adaptation of exercise based on physiological response.


A biologically inspired synthesis method is presented as a new tool for the design of novel electrochemically active materials, focusing on the advantages for fuel cell development. The need for cost‐effective, high‐performance materials is driving contemporary fuel cell research, with the expectation that advances in synthetic methods will be necessary for commercialization of this energy technology. Highly active electrocatalysts for proton‐exchange‐membrane (PEM) fuel cells are being developed, by combining a kinetically controlled synthesis method of the nanocrystalline metal catalyst with the mesoscale assembly of two morphologically different carbon building blocks of the supporting matrix. These methods provide access to new combinations of porosity, conductivity and electrochemical hydrogen oxidation. The relationships between the porous morphologies of the carbon matrices, the sizes of the platinum nanocrystals and their resulting electrochemical activities are discussed, correlating these with the relevant fuel cell principles.


We examine Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) through the lens of deep Energy Based Models (EBMs), with the goal of exploiting the density model that follows from this formulation. In contrast to a traditional view where the discriminator learns a constant function when reaching convergence, here we show that it can provide useful information for downstream tasks, e.g., feature extraction for classification. To be concrete, in the EBM formulation, the discriminator learns an unnormalized density function (i.e., the negative energy term) that characterizes the data manifold. We propose to evaluate both the generator and the discriminator by deriving corresponding Fisher Score and Fisher Information from the EBM. We show that by assuming that the generated examples form an estimate of the learned density, both the Fisher Information and the normalized Fisher Vectors are easy to compute. We also show that we are able to derive a distance metric between examples and between sets of examples. We conduct experiments showing that the GAN-induced Fisher Vectors demonstrate competitive performance as unsupervised feature extractors for classification and perceptual similarity tasks. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/apple/ml-afv}.


ABSTRACT The Kwanhama, whose ancient kingdom occupies a vast area in Angola and in Namibia, are one of the African cases of people partitioned by the establishment of colonial borders. This division, along with the profound transformations of the last decades in the region – war, displacement and conditioned circulation – shaped the way a common identity has acquired different features in both countries. In the (under-researched) Angolan side, cross-border identity has progressively concentrated on the idea of a split between the two countries, as the Kwanhama king, Mandume, is believed to be buried on both sides of the border; and at the same time on the notion of a common belonging across the border. Based on data collected through fieldwork interviews in the Cunene province in Angola, this article adds to the discussion of the apparently ambiguous ideas of partitioned and shared notions of belonging.


Objectives While national quality registries (NQRs) are suggested to provide opportunities for systematic follow-up and learning opportunities, and thus clinical improvements, features in registries and contexts triggering such processes are not fully known. This study focuses on one of the world's largest stroke registries, the Swedish NQR Riksstroke, investigating what aspects of the registry and healthcare organisations facilitate or hinder the use of registry data in clinical quality improvement. Methods Following particular qualitative studies, we performed a quantitative survey in an exploratory sequential design. The survey, including 50 items on context, processes and the registry, was sent to managers, physicians and nurses engaged in Riksstroke in all 72 Swedish stroke units. Altogether, 242 individuals were presented with the survey; 163 responded, representing all but two units. Data were analysed descriptively and through multiple linear regression. Results A majority (88%) considered Riksstroke data to facilitate detection of stroke care improvement needs and acknowledged that their data motivated quality improvements (78%). The use of Riksstroke for quality improvement initiatives was associated (R2=0.76) with 'Colleagues' call for local results' (p=<0.001), 'Management Request of Registry data' (p=<0.001), and it was said to be 'Simple to explain the results to colleagues' (p=0.02). Using stepwise regression, 'Colleagues' call for local results' was identified as the most influential factor. Yet, while 73% reported that managers request registry data, only 39% reported that their colleagues call for the unit's Riksstroke results. Conclusions While an NQR like Riksstroke demonstrates improvement needs and motivates stakeholders to make progress, local stroke care staff and managers need to engage to keep the momentum going in terms of applying registry data when planning, performing and evaluating quality initiatives.


ObjectiveIn this study, we evaluated the time course of the alterations in left ventricular (LV) dimensions, LV wall thickness, and LV systolic function in rats with endotoxemia by using echocardiography as well as myocardial histopathologic assessments. Our second goal was to examine whether pretreatment with a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist would ameliorate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiovascular collapse during the early phase. DesignA prospective, controlled, in vivo animal laboratory study. SettingResearch laboratory at a university. SubjectsMale, Wistar rats (8–9 wks old; n = 83). InterventionsIn pentobarbital-anesthetized rats, the right carotid artery was cannulated to measure the arterial blood pressure and to sample blood. The right jugular vein also was catheterized for the administration of drugs. LPS (2 mg/kg) derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae or physiologic saline was administered in the presence or absence of pretreatment with TCV-309, a specific potent PAF antagonist. Echocardiographic studies were performed with an 8- to 13-MHz transducer. Measurements and Main Results LPS administration immediately induced progressive hypotension. The maximal hypotensive response was observed at 10 mins after LPS infusion with mean arterial pressure decreasing from 119 ± 2 to 56 ± 3 mm Hg (p < .001). LV end-diastolic internal dimensions decreased from 6.4 ± 0.1 to 3.1 ± 0.1 mm (p < .001) at 30 mins after LPS and remained significantly reduced compared with control rats. LV end-systolic dimensions also decreased dramatically from 3.5 ± 0.2 to 0.5 ± 0.1 mm (p < .001) at 30 mins after LPS and remained significantly reduced throughout the experiment. LV fractional shortening increased from 45 ± 1% to 84 ± 2% (p < .001) at 30 mins after LPS and remained elevated compared with control rats. LV wall thickness increased strikingly from 15 mins until 2 hrs after LPS infusion. Pathologic studies demonstrated marked congestion of capillaries and mild edema in the LV myocardium. The hematocrit increased after the administration of LPS. LPS markedly increased sympathetic tone as demonstrated by the elevation of plasma concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine. There was no elevation of concentrations of nitrite and nitrate. Pretreatment with TCV-309, a specific potent PAF antagonist, reduced LPS-induced hypotension and attenuated LV functional and structural changes. TCV-309 administration reduced the LPS-induced adrenergic activation and hemoconcentration. ConclusionsThe hypotension that occurred during the initial phase of LPS-induced shock was accompanied by LV functional and structural alterations. The marked increase in LV wall thickness can be ascribed to the congestion of capillaries and edema in the LV myocardium. Pretreatment with a PAF antagonist reduced LPS-induced alterations. PAF may play a pivotal role during the initial phase of LPS-induced cardiovascular responses.


ABSTRACT. Machado L.S., do Nascimento E.R., Pereira V.L.A., Abreu D.L.C., Gouvea R. & Santos L.M.M. 2014. [Escherichia coli in broiler chickens with airsacculitis.] Escherichia coli em frangos de corte com aerossaculite. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 36(3):261-265, 2014. Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria Preventiva e Saude Publica, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Dr. Vital Brazil Filho 64, Vital Brazil, Niteroi, RJ 24230-340, Brazil. E-mail: email@example.com The Brazilian poultry industry grows each year and becomes increasingly representative in the production and export of products. The health care with poultry have accompanied and favored this evolution, however, respiratory agents that affect the weight and carcass quality, continue to cause great damage to the poultry industry. Airsacculitis is considered the main cause of total and partial condemnation of carcasses of broilers, and has been attributed to Mycoplasmosis mostly caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) and Escherichia coli. The aim of this study was to relate the positivity of MG / MS and E. coli detected by PCR as a risk factor for airsacculitis in condemnation of broilers in Health Inspection Service. We studied 30 broiler poultry slaughtered in a slaughterhouse under Federal Sanitary Inspection, located in the State of Rio de Janeiro. 30 chickens were randomly collected from different lots and tracheas obtained in each PCR. DNA was extracted by phenol-chloroform method and amplified using pairs of "primer"specific for MG, MS and E. coli. Of the 30 chickens analyzed by PCR, 30% (9/30) had lesions in air sacs. None of the birds showed infection with MG and/or MS PCR, however 33.3% (3/9) birds were positive for airsacculitis iss gene from E.coli. E.coli found in broiler chickens that were negative for mycoplasma airsacculitis, implying the presence of such bacteria may be sufficient to cause respiratory problems in broilers and no influence on diagnosis by type of material collection biological.


Over the last few years the diplomatic language of UN resolutions has repeatedly been questioned for the excessive presence of vagueness.
In an era of expanding international contacts between different legal systems, international institutions such as the UN are constantly faced with the need to overcome cultural divergences of their recipient countries. In order to meet these requirements, UN diplomatic texts may use vague words quite extensively. Such terms, whose meaning is very flexible, variable and strictly dependent on context and interpretation, have been defined by Mellinkoff (1963: 21) as "weasel words".
The use of vague terms could be connected to the genre of diplomatic texts, as resolutions should be applicable to every international contingency. However, excessive vagueness could also lead to biased or even strategically-motivated interpretations of resolutions, undermining their legal impact and triggering conflicts instead of diplomatic solutions.

This doctoral thesis is based on two main research aims:
A first section aims at investigating on whether the use of strategic vagueness in Security Council resolutions relating to Iraq has contributed to the breakout of the second Gulf war instead of a diplomatic solution of the controversy. Using the qualitative Discourse-Historical approach (Wodak 2000) and quantitative analysis tools (Antconc and Sketch Engine), special attention is given to the historical/political consequences of vagueness used in that framework, and to the study of vague 'weasel words' (Mellinkoff 1963), modals, and adjectives contained in the corpus.
The hypothesis of intentional vagueness is further reinforced through an analysis of the American legislation related to the outbreak of the war, to reveal how the U.S. has interpreted UN legislation and to understand the purposes and consequences of vague language contained in it. A second section of the study was originated by the desire to understand whether the same patterns would be used in resolutions relating to the Iranian 2010 nuclear crises revealing a relationship between the choice of vague linguistic features and intent to use intentional vagueness as a political strategy. The findings indicate that:
- Vagueness in resolutions has triggered the Iraqi conflict instead of diplomatic solutions.
- Similar patterns can also be found in resolutions relating to the Iranian 2010 nuclear crises: although being less vague than the resolutions relating to Iraq in order to avoid the same historical consequences, the legislation related to the Iranian nuclear controversy still suggests the UN intentional use of some vague linguistic patterns as a political strategy.


Research suggests that nonnative English-speaking teachers (NNESTs) suffer anxiety because of their self-perceived inadequate language ability. This paper reports on an online survey of 63 NNESTs and teacher trainees in English as a Second Language (ESL) and English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings that investigated the participants' perceived language abilities and their approaches to anxiety and language learning. The results reveal that more than half of the participants were content with their overall language abilities although their levels of contentment varied with distinct skills. The survey results also indicate a complex relationship between NNESTs' perceived language proficiency levels and their anxiety about teaching English. Additionally, the survey also documented the participants' anxiety management methods, language learning strategies, and language learning beliefs. Reflecting on the results, I propose a Christian approach to NNEST issues in terms of self-perception, professional development, and the roles of Christian teacher trainers and colleagues.


A field test was conducted to evaluate and determine the safety of halosulfuron on typical rotational crops such as lettuce, broccoli, spinach, onion, alfalfa, barley, field corn, and melons after an initial application on cantaloupes. Halosulfuron at 0.05 or 0.1 lb AI/A applied on cantaloupes did not detrimentally affect crop stand establishment, height, or whole plant fresh weights when alfalfa, barley, spinach, lettuce, onion, and broccoli were planted at approximately 4 to 5 MAT. Cantaloupes and field corn planted at 1 YAT were not affected in establishing a stand and in growing during the early season as height or vine lengths were measured. At 15 to 16 MAT, lettuce, onion, and broccoli were not affected in establishing a stand. Watermelon planted at 1 YAT exhibited slight stand reduction and crop injury with halosulfuron applied PREE. Alfalfa planted after PREE applications indicated slightly depressed height and yield compared to POST treatments and the untreated check. Spinach planted where POST applications were made on cantaloupes tended to show a slight reduction in fresh weight at 15 to 16 MAT. Halosulfuron does not appear to be a major deterrent to typical crop rotational schemes in the diverse desert agricultural systems.


We propose a new method to cool the Yb3+-doped ZBLANP glass in a standing-wave cavity. There are two advantages of this cavity-enhanced technique: the pumping power is greatly enhanced and the absorption of the cooling material is greatly increased. We introduce the basic principle of the cavity-enhanced laser cooling and discuss the cooling effect of a solid-state material in a cavity. From the theoretical study, it is found that the laser cooling effect is strongly dependent on the reflectivity of the cavity mirrors, the length of the solid material, the surface scattering of the material, and so on. Some optimal parameters for efficient laser cooling are obtained.


Dissipative soliton evolution in passively mode-locked fiber lasers with large net-normal-dispersion and high nonlinearity is investigated numerically and confirmed experimentally. I have proposed a theoretical model including the nonlinear polarization evolution and spectral filtering effect. This model successfully predicts the pulse behaviors of the proposed laser, such as the multi-soliton evolution, quasi-rectangle-spectrum profile, trapezoid-spectrum profile, and unstable state. Numerical results show that, in contrast to the typical net- or all-normal-dispersion fiber lasers with the slight variation of the pulse breathing, the breathing ratios of the pulse duration and spectral width of our laser are more than three and two during the intra-cavity propagation, respectively. The nonlinear polarization rotation mechanism together with spectral filtering effect plays the key roles on the pulse evolution. The experimental observations confirm the theoretical predictions.


Milena Milinković email@example.com Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia ABSTRACT: The paper gives the bibliometric and citation analyses of the SPATIUM journal for the period 2009-2015. In the subject period, Spatium was published twice or three times a year, from the issues 19-34, so that this study comprises 16 volumes, or 145 papers. The bibliometric analysis of the Journal was made de visu (with the publication in hand), thus ensuring the authenticity of the given results. The analysis shows the number of papers, categorization of papers, number of authors, affiliation of authors, representation of authors from different countries, average number of references per paper, length of texts, keyword frequency, total number of reviewers and their international representation. The citation count was based on the data taken from the citation databases of SCIndex (Serbian Citation Index), Google scholar and Scopus. The paper shows the differences in the citation analysis of the SPATIUM journal at the example of one paper.


OBJECTIVE
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancers in Puerto Rico. Few studies have correlated clinical and pathological variables with the overall survival of CRC patients in Puerto Rico. We report the clinical and pathological characteristics of patients who underwent surgical resection at a community hospital in Puerto Rico.

METHODS
Demographic and pathological variables of patients who underwent CRC surgery at Hospital del Maestro from 2006 through 2011 were reviewed. Descriptive statistics (mean, range, and frequency) and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to determine the influence of demographic and pathological variables on survival, after adjusting for age.

RESULTS
Two hundred and five CRC pathology reports were reviewed. Adenocarcinoma represented the most common pathology (202/205; 98.5%). Females represented 52% of the population (106/202) while males represented 48% (96/202). The median age was 71 years (30-96). The right colon was the most common site of presentation (49.7%; 100/201). Stage III was the most common stage at presentation. The presence of mucin, perineural or lymphatic invasion and tumor size were not related to decreased survival. Being male, having a higher stage at diagnosis, and having a moderately or poorly differentiated tumor were characteristics related to decreased survival.

CONCLUSION
This study provides information on clinical and pathological variables and their influence on the overall survival of CRC patients at a community hospital in Puerto Rico. Further research must be performed to identify potential disparities and their influence on the prognosis of this patients.


Deuterium retention after the low energy plasma irradiation was investigated using the polycrystalline tungsten samples of which grain elongation directions are parallel and perpendicular with respect to the surface. Fluence dependence of the retention measured by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy showed that it is 2-5 times larger for the sample with the perpendicular grain elongation. Thermal desorption of trapped deuterium has been modeled under the fast diffusion assumption with the defects trapping energy of about 2 eV. Possible mechanism of the deuterium retention and thermal desorption has been proposed.


We develop a framework to represent the production value and expansion potential of irrigated land within economy-wide models, providing integrated assessment capabilities for energy-land-water interactions. The scope to expand irrigated land is quantified through irrigable land supply curves for 126 water regions globally based on water availability and the annual costs of irrigation infrastructure. Upgrades in irrigation infrastructure include (1) increasing water storage, (2) improving conveyance efficiency, and (3) improving irrigation efficiency. The value of production on irrigated and rainfed cropland is computed at both a 5 arcminute by 5 arcminute level and for the 140 regions and eight crop sectors in Version 9 of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Data Base using estimates of production quantities and prices from the year 2000. This work facilitates the representation of endogenous investment in irrigation infrastructure and allows for a more rigorous exploration of the regional and global impacts of water availability on land use, energy production, and economic activity.


[From the Introduction]. Since the fall of the Berlin wall, which for more than forty years symbolised the lines of division in Europe, central and eastern European countries (CEEC) have quickly moved to adopt the western European model of state, based on democratic institutions, free market economy and the rule of law. Political and economic co-operation has been established between the two parts of the continent, with western countries supporting democratic and pro-market reforms undertaken in CEECs with various assistance programmes. The actual or planned accession to western organisations has been conditional on the implementation of reforms, policies and legal regulations which would make CEECs' political and economic systems very similar to that existing in the western countries. This process of rapid institutional convergence is a welcome phenomenon as it removes a potential for conflicts arising from ideological and systemic differences between countries. It has also made many observers and politicians to believe that, after centuries of wars, conflicts and divisions, Europe is eventually going to emerge as a homogenous region, with shared values and similar institutional and political characteristics in individual countries. Yet the continent is still far from being a homogenous and conflict-free area. The collapse of communism may have eliminated much of the political divisions in Europe, but it could not, by itself, reduce the economic disparities. As a matter of fact, at the end of the 20th century and nearly ten years after the transition began, Europe is still deeply divided, with average per capita incomes in the eastern part four-to-five times lower than those in the western part. What is, however, even more worrying, is that the gap is not likely to significantly narrow any time soon. The economic transition was initially associated with deep recessions, and then it has progressed at a very uneven pace across CEECs. The most successful transition countries managed to stabilise their economies, introduced market and structural reforms right from the start of transformation, and embarked on steady growth path. But even those countries have not yet reached - after almost a decade of transition - their pre-transition growth levels. Some transition countries are still in deep recession and only few market reforms have been implemented so far. It can be clearly seen that the group of transition countries has been gradually breaking into two categories: fast reformers and slow reformers. This process may be further exacerbated by the impact of respective European Union and NATO enlargement. As a result, we may witness a new dividing line emerging - this time separating more advanced and less advanced transition countries. This would certainly be an unwelcome outcome of the political breakthrough of 1989. Such a situation must be avoided with a joint effort of EU and transition countries.


In the present experimental study different interaction
'modes' those took place between a psychologist and a child were tested for the
role of these towards health recovery of the child? Following were the
interaction modes, a) presenting a flower with
smile plus inquiring about health, b) offering a blessing plus
inquiring about health,
c) making an indifferent presence plus inquiring about health with
flat tone, d) inquiring about health with providing precautions about prognosis.
It was assumed that all modes would differently influence health outcomes? 100 hospitalized children located in
child wards of different hospitals with randomized pre-post block design
interacted. One each from four interaction modes was used for a group of 25
participants each. Actual ward discharge was compared with anticipatory
estimated by each ward in-charge to calculate effect of mode on outcome. Face Pain Scale, The Children Happiness Scale and a
Demographic Sheet were also used. Results reflected 'modes' relationship with
outcomes. More studies would clarify further.


The authors of Thoughtful Interaction Design go beyond the usual technical concerns of usability and usefulness to consider interaction design from a design perspective. The shaping of digital artifacts is a design process that influences the form and functions of workplaces, schools, communication, and culture; the successful interaction designer must use both ethical and aesthetic judgment to create designs that are appropriate to a given environment. This book is not a how-to manual, but a collection of tools for thought about interaction design. Working with information technology -- called by the authors "the material without qualities" -- interaction designers create not a static object but a dynamic pattern of interactivity. The design vision is closely linked to context and not simply focused on the technology. The authors' action-oriented and context-dependent design theory, drawing on design theorist Donald Schon's concept of the reflective practitioner, helps designers deal with complex design challenges created by new technology and new knowledge. Their approach, based on a foundation of thoughtfulness that acknowledges the designer's responsibility not only for the functional qualities of the design product but for the ethical and aesthetic qualities as well, fills the need for a theory of interaction design that can increase and nurture design knowledge. From this perspective they address the fundamental question of what kind of knowledge an aspiring designer needs, discussing the process of design, the designer, design methods and techniques, the design product and its qualities, and conditions for interaction design.


Due to its location in the 'Pacific Ring of Fire", Indonesia is frequently prone to natural disasters. Therefore, Indonesian nurses need to have the ability to assist in disaster situations as they are considered an important element of the workforce in disaster preparedness and response. However, the current nursing curricula in Indonesia does not adequately prepare nurses to respond in these situations. The primary aim of this study is to understand the experiences of Master of Nursing students' roles and experiences in disaster settings in a nursing school in East Java, Indonesia. A single-case study design has been used. Data colection occurred via semi-structured interviews. The participants were enrolled in the Master of Nursing in a School of Nursing at a University in East Java. The data for the study were thematically analysed. Four main themes were identified: 'personal feelings', 'working outside their scope of practice', 'lack of disaster preparedness', and 'a lack of mental health knowledge and care'. This study found that the Master of Nursing students in a nursing school in East Java, Indonesia were not adequately prepared for responding to disaster situations. This study found that a lack of disaster preparedness, working outside scope of practice, and a lack of mental health knowledge were the prominent issues for these Master of Nursing students. As well as commencing disaster training earlier in their education, providing training in the psychological context of disaster preparedness is recommended.


The analysis of historic garments can reveal hidden information of past construction and reconstruction processes. This research investigates historic re-fashioning skills through three case studies. The case studies span a 200 year time frame, from the mid-18th century to the mid-20th century, incorporating significant periods of change in textile and garment production, both industrial and domestic. The selected historical garments have been reconstructed from one wearable style to another, exemplifying sewing and adaptation techniques pertinent to the culture which re-fashioned them.

The case studies act as agents to inform the practice. The garments were studied in an archival setting following Jules Prown's material culture methodology, applied and adapted for the analysis. Historical re-fashioning techniques relevant to today's clothing culture were identified and realised into contemporary garments. The resulting research garments demonstrate that historical re-fashioning techniques, can be reinterpreted and developed for use within the craft of present day garment construction, as a provision for sustaining and pro-longing the life of redundant or surplus clothing. The viability of the research was evaluated by conducting a series of workshops with students from the London College of Fashion.

The study of the historic garments uncovered narratives of re-fashioning techniques and skills that demonstrate the ingenuity and resourcefulness of past makers. The practice-led studies develop these narratives of skill by applying a design process generated from the research, for use in the construction of contemporary clothing.


Ab initio computation of molecular properties is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. While this problem is widely believed to be intractable for classical computers, efficient quantum algorithms exist which have the potential to vastly accelerate research throughput in fields ranging from material science to drug discovery. Using a solid-state quantum register realized in a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond, we compute the bond dissociation curve of the minimal basis helium hydride cation, HeH(+). Moreover, we report an energy uncertainty (given our model basis) of the order of 10(-14) hartree, which is 10 orders of magnitude below the desired chemical precision. As NV centers in diamond provide a robust and straightforward platform for quantum information processing, our work provides an important step toward a fully scalable solid-state implementation of a quantum chemistry simulator.


ABSTRACT The status of litigation involving dismissals of tenured faculty for reasons of incompetence, broadly defined, is evaluated. In practice, there is no consensus within higher education as to what constitutes adequate cause based on incompetence for dismissal of faculty members. The following issues are explored: (1) the pattern of increasing litigation; (2) patterns of litigation by institutional type; (3) forums for disputing these litigations; (4) prevailing parties to the dispute; (5) procedural issues that have been litigated; (6) substantative issues that have been litigated; (7) subcategories of behavior alleged to be incompetent; and (8) the role of the court in resolving disputes over faculty dismissals. All recorded court decisions which resulted in the dismissal of a tenured faculty member in a postsecondary institution for reasons of incompetence from January 1960 through March 1988 were surveyed. The resulting patterns of litigation are discussed, providing perspectives about the court's role in disputes over evaluation of tenured faculty. The growing judicial involvement--state and federal--in such decisions, and variation in litigation by type of institution are discussed. The fairly strong position of institutions involved in litigation is confirmed. The caselaw illustrates the importance of procedural issues in litigating. Classification of the cases on dismissal for incompetence into three subcategories (incompetence, insubordination, and neglect of duty) sheds some light on litigation patterns and strategies. Contains 55 references and 9 tables. (SM)


Fair Bandwidth Allocation (FBA) in Internet gateways is the problem of how to allocate network capacity between users that share an Internet
connection. This Thesis starts with explaining different views of
fairness and fair resource allocation and how they are related to
existing solutions of FBA. The main part of this Thesis describes the
implementation of an agent-based electronic market system for FBA. The
advantage of the market approach is that users that do not use
their Internet connection are being compensated when letting others
use their capacity.

A testbed is created where the implemented system is tested by using
simulated users that sends real network traffic. The tests show that the
market is able to shape the users' network traffic according to their
bought capacity and that users that seldom use their Internet
connection get higher throughput with the system active compared to
ordinary FBA solutions. This behavior is expected and wanted as it
reduces the unfair subsidization of very active users.


Measurements of household water consumption are extremely difficult in intermittent water supply (IWS) regimes in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where water is delivered for short durations, taps are shared, metering is limited, and household storage infrastructure varies widely. Nonetheless, consumption estimates are necessary for utilities to improve water delivery. We estimated household water use in Hubli‐Dharwad, India, with a mixed‐methods approach combining (limited) metered data, storage container inventories, and structured observations. We developed a typology of household water access according to infrastructure conditions based on the presence of an overhead storage tank and a shared tap. For households with overhead tanks, container measurements and metered data produced statistically similar consumption volumes; for households without overhead tanks, stored volumes underestimated consumption because of significant water use directly from the tap during delivery periods. Households that shared taps consumed much less water than those that did not. We used our water use calculations to estimate waste at the household level and in the distribution system. Very few households used 135 L/person/d, the Government of India design standard for urban systems. Most wasted little water even when unmetered, however, unaccounted‐for water in the neighborhood distribution systems was around 50%. Thus, conservation efforts should target loss reduction in the network rather than at households.


A wide range of homogeneous elastomeric membranes has been prepared using dicumylperoxide as a general cross-linking agent. The membranes have been used for both equilibrium sorption measurements and steady-state pervaporation experiments to study solution-diffusion phenomena in the removal of volatile organic components from aqueous solutions. Pervaporation experiments have been performed under identical hydrodynamic conditions in order to fix the boundary layer mass transfer coefficient at a constant and known value. For comparison of the permeabilities of different pervaporation membrane materials, this is of utmost importance. A wide range of selectivity factors up to a value of 100,000 are obtained, whereas usually the permeabilities for the organic component are in the range of 10-10-10-9m2/s and 10-14-10-12m2/s for water. The permeation and sorption data obtained for the various elastomers have been related to the chemical and physical nature of the elastomers through the solubility parameter and the glass transition temperature, respectively. Both diffusional and sorption effects seem to be important, determining the water-transport behavior in the elastomeric membranes. The solubility of the organic component appears to be independent of this combined solubility parameter. Differences in the permeabilities of the organic component can primarily be ascribed to structural parameters in the membrane material, like degree of unsaturation and presence of steric side groups.