Abstract Self-focused attention is a notable feature of social anxiety, yet research has not established its function. We hypothesized that self-focused attention may reflect attempts to control or alter internal experiences (i.e., experiential avoidance). Undergraduates high in social anxiety reported more fear of losing control over emotions, more thought suppression, more distress about emotions, and less perceived control over emotions than did those low in social anxiety. Finally, experiential distress and avoidance was a partial mediator of the relationship between self-focused attention and scores on a measure of social anxiety. Implications for the treatment of social anxiety are discussed. Keywords: social anxiety, social phobia, acceptance, experiential avoidance Introduction Social Phobia, or Social Anxiety Disorder1 is characterized by excessive fear and avoidance of social or performance-based situations in which one could be scrutinized by others (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). Social phobia affects up to 12% of people (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas, & Walters, 2005) and has a significant negative impact on vocational and social functioning (e.g., Turk, Heimberg, & Magee, 2008). Contemporary theories of social phobia suggest the involvement of cognitive biases in its development and maintenance. For example, Clark and Wells (1995) propose that individuals with social phobia hold excessively high standards for their social performance, conditional beliefs about the consequences of their social behavior, and unconditional negative beliefs about themselves. From a cognitive-behavioral perspective, these cognitions increase fear, leading to behavioral avoidance (Butler & Wells, 1995). Although negatively reinforcing in the short-term, this avoidance interferes with long term habituation and maintains anxiety (Heckelman & Schneier, 1995). Drawing from this theory, cognitivebehavioral treatments attempt to dispute fear-related cognitions and reduce behavioral avoidance (e.g., Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy; CBGT; Heimberg & Becker, 2002). However, in a recent review of the literature (Hofmann and Bogels(2006) found that 40 to 50% of participants who receive conventional CBT for social phobia show little or no improvement and concluded that research aimed at improving and refining CBT are needed. One approach to improving treatments may be to target other characteristics of the disorder. For instance, there is a large literature supporting the potential role of attentional processes in maintaining social phobia (e.g., Bogels & Mansell, 2004). Individuals with social phobia tend to shift their attention internally during social situations (Clark & Wells; 1995), which increases self-reported anxiety (Bogels & Lamers, 2002; Woody & Rodriguez, 2000; Woody, 1996) and likely interferes with the disconfirmation of negative beliefs. Alternatively, directing attention externally during exposure to feared social situations has been shown to be more effective than exposure alone in reducing anxiety and negative cognitions (Wells & Papageorgiou, 1998). Given the potentially negative cycle among anxiety, attention, and performance (Clark & Wells, 1995), it is important to understand why socially anxious individuals engage in self-focused attention, as this knowledge may aid in developing and refining treatments (Hope, Gansler, & Heimberg, 1989). It is unclear whether self-focused attention is an automatic response to the increased physiological arousal socially anxious individuals experience in anxietyprovoking situations (Hope et al., 1989) or if it is a more deliberate coping strategy aimed at preventing embarrassment (Wells, Clark, Salkovskis, Ludgate, Hackmann, & Gelder, 1995) and negative evaluation (Rapee & Heimberg, 1997). We propose that self-focused attention may be best conceptualized as an attempt to suppress, control, or alter uncomfortable internal experiences (i. …


Abstract. BIM-files (Building Information Models) are in modern architecture and building management a basic prerequisite for successful creation of construction engineering projects. At the facilities department of the Smithsonian Institution more than six hundred buildings were maintained. All facilities were digital available in an ESRI ArcGIS-environment with connection to the database information about single rooms with the usage and further maintenance information. These data are organization wide available by an intranet viewer, but only in a two-dimensional representation. Goal of the carried out project was the development of a workflow from available BIM-models to the given GIS-structure. The test-environment were the BIM-models of the buildings of the Smithsonian museums along the Washington Mall. Based on new software editions of Autodesk Revit, FME and ArcGIS Pro the workflow from BIM to the GIS-data structure of the Smithsonian was successfully developed and may be applied for the setup of the future 3D intranet viewer.


This study examines how plant community structure changes across an elevation gradient in Manongarivo Special Reserve, Madagascar. Three vegetation surveys were conducted at each of six different elevations (300m, 500m, 700m, 850m, 1000m, 1150m) on the southern slope of Bekolosy Mountain, near the southwestern border of the reserve. Each of these surveys focused on the diameter, height, and crown position of trees in a 156.25m plot, as well as the presence or absence of mosses and vines. At each of the six survey elevations, point-quadrat vertical structure data was also collected for the underbrush, up to a maximum height of 2.50m. Average diameter declines noticeably with altitude, from 10.36cm at 300m to 6.66cm at 1150m, with average total height exhibiting a similar but less defined pattern, from 10.74m at 300m to 6.09m at 1150m. Underbrush density increases with altitude, presumably due to an observed decrease in forest canopy closure allowing more sunlight and rainfall to reach the forest floor. Net wooded area also declines with altitude, though population density remains consistent or increases, indicating that smaller trees are more numerous at elevation. Correspondingly, the species diversity of large trees decreases with elevation. Moss coverage also increases as a function of elevation due to an assumed increase in humidity, though vine coverage remains mostly constant. Future research is necessary to measure changes in the abiotic qualities across this gradient, such as changes in average temperature or soil nutrient richness, to identify specific causes for the observed changes in the plant community.


ABSTRACT Characterization of the sequences involved in recombination of the Haemophilus plasmid p1056 with the Haemophilus influenzae chromosome produced evidence indicating site-specific recombination with chromosomal tRNALeu. attP sequences identical to those of p1056 were found in six plasmids of diverse origin, suggesting that a family of Haemophilus plasmids recombines with chromosomal tRNALeu.


This paper explains how different interconnected measures of globalization, namely, tariff reform, labour market reform and capital account liberalization influence different sectors of the economy, unemployment and flexible wage of unskilled labour in the informal sector. In so doing we depart from the conventional Harris-Todaro type of model of open urban unemployment. The different comparative static exercises performed in a three-sector general equilibrium clearly indicate that globalization is not a panacea for the multitude of problems of an emerging market economy. JEL ClassificationE26, F16


Wireless networks now support Web browsing, e-mail, real-time chat, and access to remote computing resources. With the increasing use of small portable computers, this emerging communications infrastructure will enable many new Internet applications. Two innovative projects at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington are currently exploring how educators can use portable handheld computers with wireless Internet access to improve teaching and learning in both local and wide area network environments.


With the rapid expansion of global business, newer suppliers with cheaper but possibly unreliable technologies have entered the marketplace to win orders from buyer firms by beating the price of their perfectly reliable (but expensive) competitors. We model the procurement problem as a Nash game where the buyer has to allocate its purchases between an expensive but reliable supplier, and a cheaper but unreliable supplier. The suppliers specify prices for different proportions of the order awarded to them. Our analysis shows that, when perfect information is available about the reliability level of the unreliable supplier, the Nash equilibrium is a sole-sourcing allocation and that the supplier selection decision depends on the reliability and cost differentials between the two suppliers. In addition, we model the case when the buyer and the reliable supplier have limited information about the reliability of the unreliable supplier. Even in such an asymmetric scenario, the buyer's equilibrium allocation is a sole-sourcing outcome, but depending on system conditions either a separating or a pooling equilibrium is possible. An interesting insight into the effect of information asymmetry is that it can result in higher or lower profits/costs for the channel partners (compared to the perfect information case). As such, the buyer may even benefit from information asymmetry regarding unreliable supplier due to its impact on the degree of competition between the two suppliers.


The East Asian financial crisis, the bursting of the dot.com bubble and the launching of the war on terrorism can be seen as three aspects of a single historical moment that marks the passage from one strategy of US imperialism to another. No longer based primarily on financial globalisation as the means through which the power and control of the corporations and government of the USA is extended over the world, as it was in the 1990s, US strategy is now more openly based on the direct control of productive assets and territory. This historical moment has also marked the definitive end of the idea of the Third World and its associated ideology of Third Worldism. Although this end has, of course, been repeatedly proclaimed, and contested, over the past two decades, this article argues that the idea of the Third World, and the associated ideas of development and non-alignment, were predicated upon the core concept of the national bourgeoisie and associated notions of the inherently progressive potential of nationalism. It traces the historical emergence of this idea in the work of Lenin and its subsequent trajectory during its cold war heyday. I emphasise that the idea of a united and rising Third World had a greater reality as a hope than it had as an objective historical possibility. The present moment in US imperialism is one where even that hope cannot be sustained—thus the definitive end of the idea of the Third World.


Two tools used by the immune system to fight viruses and bacteria are the interferons IFNα/β and IFNγ. These cytokines induce the transcription of antiviral and antibacterial response genes via the recruitment of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 proteins. In a study of naturally occurring mutations, Dupuis et al. show that STAT-1 may direct immunity to viruses and bacteria through distinct pathways. A mutation that diminished phosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue acted in a dominant-negative fashion to prevent the nuclear translocation of homotypic STAT-1 transcriptional complexes. In turn, this mutation correlated with a severe impairment of immune responses of individuals carrying the mutation to nonvirulent forms of mycobacteria. Remarkably, the same mutation did not affect viral immune responses and correlated with relatively normal nuclear translocation of a second heterotrimeric complex involving STAT-1. S. Dupuis, C. Dargemont, C. Fieschi, N. Thomassin, S. Rosenzweig, J. Harris, S. M. Holland, R. D. Schreiber, J.-L. Casanova, Impairment of mycobacterial but not viral immunity by a germline human STAT1 mutation. Science 293, 300-303 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


: OBJECTIVES The tasks of this working group were to evaluate the existing evidence on the efficiency and efficacy of the digital and conventional workflows for the fabrication of fixed implant reconstructions, to assess the performance of all-ceramic fixed implant reconstructions and, finally, to evaluate the outcomes of internally and externally connected implant abutments and reconstructions. METHODS Four reviews were available analyzing the current literature on the respective topics. One review dealt with the efficiency and efficacy of digital and conventional fabrication workflows. Two reviews analyzed the outcomes of all-ceramic fixed implant reconstructions, one focusing on single-implant reconstructions and the other evaluating multiple-unit implant fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The fourth review evaluated the clinical outcome on external, respectively, internal implant-abutment connections. These reviews were the basis for the discussions within the group and at the plenary sessions. RESULTS The present consensus report gives the consensus statements, the clinical recommendations, and the implications for future research as discussed and approved by the plenum of the consensus conference. The four manuscripts by Mühlemann et al., Rabel et al., Pieralli et al., and Pjetursson et al. are published as part of the journal supplement of the present EAO consensus conference. Abstract The tasks of this working group were to evaluate the existing evidence on the efficiency and efficacy of the digital and conventional workflows for the fabrication of fixed implant reconstructions, to assess the performance of all-ceramic fixed implant reconstructions and, finally, to evaluate the outcomes of internally and externally connected implant abutments and reconstructions. Methods: Four reviews were available analyzing the current literature on the respective topics. One review dealt with the efficiency and efficacy of digital and conventional workflows fabrication workflows. Two reviews analyzed the outcomes of all-ceramic fixed implant reconstructions, one focusing on single implant reconstructions, the other evaluating multiple-unit implant fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). The fourth review evaluated the clinical outcome on external respectively internal implant-abutment connections. These reviews were the basis for the discussions within the group and at the plenary sessions.


The current research investigates the role of fear in the creation of emotional attachment to a brand. Previous research examining the influence of incidental negative emotions on brand evaluations has generally found that negative emotions lead to negative evaluations. The current research suggests that for fear, the relationship may be more positive. Since people cope with fear through affiliation with others, in the absence of other individuals, consumers may seek affiliation with an available brand. This, in turn, will enhance emotional attachment to that brand. Four studies demonstrate that consumers who experience fear in the presence of a brand feel greater emotional brand attachment than consumers who experience other emotions such as happiness, sadness, or excitement. The findings from the research advance understanding of consumer-brand relationships by demonstrating that relationships between consumers and brands are not merely metaphorical. Rather, under certain circumstances, brands can actually fulfill interpersonal psychological needs.


We introduce three strategies for the analysis of financial time series based on time averaged observables. These comprise the time averaged mean squared displacement (MSD) as well as the ageing and delay time methods for varying fractions of the financial time series. We explore these concepts via statistical analysis of historic time series for several Dow Jones Industrial indices for the period from the 1960s to 2015. Remarkably, we discover a simple universal law for the delay time averaged MSD. The observed features of the financial time series dynamics agree well with our analytical results for the time averaged measurables for geometric Brownian motion, underlying the famed Black–Scholes–Merton model. The concepts we promote here are shown to be useful for financial data analysis and enable one to unveil new universal features of stock market dynamics.


The art trade market is global, highly fragmented and complex, involving a great variety of operators. In light of this complexity, the current level of regulation and existing compliance efforts by individual operators has proven to be insufficient. With some competitors engaged in unethical or illegal behaviour, operating profitably while acting with integrity and ethics is increasingly difficult.
As other industry sectors (e.g. the financial sector when faced with the challenge of effectively combating money laundering) have experienced, Collective Action by key market participants can be a highly effective way to systematically and comprehensively address such business practices and to ensure fair and efficient competition in a global market.


Directed self-assembly of nanomaterials via external fields is an attractive processing tool for industry as it is inherently inexpensive and flexible. Direct observations of this process are however challenging due to the nano and meso length scales involved. The self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles in particular has gained much recent interest for applications ranging from biomedical imaging and targeted cancer therapy to ferrofluid mechanical damping devices, that rely on the state of aggregation and alignment of the nanoparticles. We utilize an oil–water platform to directly observe directed self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles that are field ordered into two-dimensional mesostructures through the fossilized liquid assembly (FLA) method. Our system consisted of polymer-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles (25 nm) which were assembled in the vicinity of the interface between a crosslinkable hydrophobic monomer (UV-polymerizable) oil, and water through the use of external magnetic fields, and then cured with UV light. This flash curing system effectively provides a snapshot of the assembly process and allows for direct visualization of assemblies through the use of both atomic force and optical microscopy. In this study, entire magnetic flux field lines in various geometrical configurations were successfully modelled and mapped out by the magnetic nanoparticles, both in-plane and in perpendicular orientations utilizing FLA. The assemblies showed strong directional selectivity and alignment with the flux field lines and provided evidence of strong dipole interactions which partially caused aggregate sedimentation.


Oxygen isotopic ratios suggest that many and possibly all eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites are representatives of subducted crust. Such oxygen data from all diamond pipes studied to date form an approximate bell-shaped distribution curve centered on that of the mantle, with a significant number of values both below and above mantle, indicative of high- and low- temperature (resp.) hydrothermal seawater processing of the protoliths prior to subduction. The Nyurbinskaya pipe of Yakutia, a newly developed diamondiferous kimberlite, has yielded an unprecedented array of xeno- liths, each containing diamonds. Some 121 of these diamondiferous samples were selected for this study. Garnets were separated from the different types of diamondiferous xenoliths, including mostly eclogites, but also some garnet websterites (pyroxenites), and peridotites. The δ 18 O ratios of the majority of the peridotitic garnet samples lie within the range of the average mantle, except for one with a δ 18 O value of 6.57 %� . Garnets from xenoliths of websterite paragenesis, in general, have δ 18 O values above 6.0 %� , with two samples as high as 7.3 and 8.59, and only two samples as low as 5.9 and 6.0 %� . Eclogitic garnets have a range of δ 18 O from 4.7 to 9.7 %� , with > 80 % above 6 %� , but still within the general range reported for garnets from eclogite xenoliths from the Siberian platform (2.5 and 8.0 %� ). There does not appear to be any correlation between the major-element composition of the garnets and their δ 18 O values. These eclogitic garnet δ 18 O values form a rather steep-sided, near Gaussian distribution, centered about 6.6 %� . These new garnet oxygen-isotope ratios are not only additional evidence for subduction of oceanic crust but also evidence for a major involvement of the upper, low-temperature metasomatized portion of the crustal section. These eclogites, gar- net websterites, and peridotites have also experienced extensive late-stage mantle metasomatism, with inhomogeneities in some garnet, typical of many diamondiferous xenoliths.


This study seeks to explain major shifts in health policy. It takes as case studies two governmentally-led hospital mergers in the 1990s - one in London and one in Reykjavik - when national governments, as part of broader administrative reforms, decided to merge teaching hospitals in their capitals. The decision to merge, and the implementation of the decision, followed a long history in both cities, in which the mergers had been repeatedly held up as highly desirable but had always been blocked or abandoned. The merger decisions in the 1990s represent "the impossible becoming possible". And they stand out as defining moments because of the way they shape the successive course of events in the health care systems.
By answering the empirical question why it was possible to merge these hospitals in the 1990s but not in the 1980s, the research aims to contribute to a body of literature that seeks to improve theoretical understanding about how health care systems are shaped by national governments. It carries out two sets of analysis: historical analysis of the main explanatory factors within the health care arenas in both cities; and political analysis of the degree of political authority and will for action of the governments of Britain and Iceland in the 1980s and 1990s.
The research concludes that in both cases the merger decisions in the 1990s are best understood as resulting from a confluence of three main factors: 1) weakening cohesion inside the health care arenas; 2) national governments with a long-term hold on power providing an opportunity to consolidate political authority and will through which the wider context of the reform agenda was adopted, 3) the prolonged continuity of executive forces in the governments providing specific political actors with scope for action. In bringing these factors together, ideas which had once united and divided groups of actors in the health care arenas and caused fragmentations in the old order, became glue to the new structure.
Theoretical interpretations of the findings suggest that public policies "happen", as opposed to being made. The merger decisions can be seen more as indicative of past development within the health care systems than as directive themselves. Political interventions, however, changed the balance between groups of actors in the system resulting in strengthening of influence of particular groups of actors, who now possess ever greater control over where, how, when, how much and at what price medical services are provided.


The new atlas, which shows the distribution of important trace metals and other substances, is the first product of GEOTRACES, a $300 million international effort. It draws on careful measurements from more than 30,000 seawater samples drawn from nearly 800 locations. One map, for example, shows the distribution of minute trace levels of the toxic metal lead, once a major component of gasoline. In the Atlantic Ocean, GEOTRACES researchers show that lead-tainted water that was once at the surface has now sunk some 1000 meters, creating a kind of time capsule recording past pollution. But the map also shows that contamination in continuing, with relatively high trace levels entering the Atlantic from the Indian Ocean, which is bordered by nations where cars still burn leaded gasoline. Overall, however, lead levels in the Atlantic have been dropping since the United States and Europe banned leaded gasoline decades ago, and the levels pose no threat to humans or wildlife.


Proteins are drivers of almost all biological processes in the cell. The functions of a protein
are dependent on their three-dimensional structure and elucidating the structure and function of
proteins is key to understanding how a biological system operates. In this research, we developed
computational methods using machine learning techniques to predicts the structure and function
of proteins. Protein 3D structure prediction has advanced significantly in recent years, largely due
to deep learning approaches that predict inter-residue contacts and, more recently, distances using
multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). The performance of these models depends on the number
of similar protein sequences to the query protein, wherein some cases similar sequences are few
but dissimilar sequences with local similarities are more and can be helpful. We have developed a
novel deep learning-based approach AttentiveDist which further improves over the previous state
of art. We added an attention mechanism where dis-similar sequences are also used (increasing
number of sequences) and the model itself determines which information from such sequences it
should attend to. We showed that the improvement of distance predictions was successfully
transferred to achieve better protein tertiary structure modeling. We also show that structure
prediction from a predicted distance map can be further enhanced by using predicted inter-residue
sidechain center distances and main-chain hydrogen-bonds. Protein function prediction is another
avenue we explored where we want to predict the function that a protein will perform. The crux of
the approach is to predict the function of protein based on the function of similar sequences. Here,
we developed a method where we use dissimilar sequences to extract additional information and
improve performance over the previous approaches. We used phylogenetic analysis to determine
if a dissimilar sequence can be close to the query sequence and thus can provide functional
information. Our method was ranked highly in worldwide protein function prediction competition CAFA3 (2016-2019). Further, we expanded the method with a neural network to predict protein
toxicity that can be used as a safety check for human-designed protein sequences.


The purposes of the research were to procedure the Model of Vocational Teacher Development to be the teacher researchers, to construct and check the quality of instruments used for the model and to evaluate the achievement of the model. The samples were 48 teachers and selected by using purposive sampling. Data collection tools were the innovation selecting instrument, the quality evaluation and the propriety evaluation form of the Model. The statistics used in data analysis were percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The result showed that; 1) The stakeholders' view toward the possibility on the model with the research process were at the high level. 2) It was revealed the 20 people who had been oriented in the construction of learning and teaching innovation were ready for research process. 3) There are 20 proposal researcher submitted were at the high level of quality. 4) There are 14 completed researches submitted were at the high level which were issued as the research articles published in Satun Technical college research article journal. 5) The expert evaluated the propriety on the model were at the high level. 6) The stakeholder satisfaction on the Model were at the high level. คําสําคัญ : รูปแบบ การพัฒนา ครูอาชีวศึกษา ครูนักวิจัย


Hooray! We're going to the beach! Do you know what kind of animals live in the ocean? You'll see fish swim, dolphins leap, and jellyfish float by. Told in simple yet lively text built with sight words and using picture icons to aid reading, National Geographic Pre-readers will enchant kids just beginning their journey with books.


This is a study of the African veterans of a European war. It is a story of men from the Cote d'Ivoire, many of whom had seldom traveled more than a few miles from their villages, who served France as tirailleurs (riflemen) during World War II. Thousands of them took part in the doomed attempt to hold back the armies of the Third Reich in 1940; many were to spend the rest of the war as prisoners in Germany or Occupied France. Others more fortunate came under the authority of Vichy France, and were deployed in the Defense of the Motherland and its overseas possessions against the threat posed by the Allies. By 1943, the tirailleur regiments had passed into the service of de Gaulle's free French and under Allied command, played a significant role in the liberation of Europe. In describing these complex events, Dr. Lawler draws upon archives in both France and the Cote d'Ivoire. She also carried out an extensive series of interviews with Ivoirien veterans principally, but not exclusively, from the Korhogo region. The vividness of their testimony gives this study a special character. They talk freely not only of their wartime exploits, but also of their experiences after repatriation. Lawler allows them to speak for themselves. They express their hatred of forced labor and military conscription, which were features of the colonial system, yet at the same time reveal a pride in having come to the defense of France. They describe their role in the nationalist struggle, as foot soldiers of Felix Houphouet-Boigny, but also convey their sense of having become a lost generation. They recognize that their experiences as French soldiers had become sadly irrelevant in a new nation in quest of its history.


The sensitivity of the Baltic Sea salinity to the freshwater supply is investigated using a 3-dimensional (3D) coupled sea-ice-ocean model. Today's climate is characterized by an average salinity of about 7.4‰ and a freshwater supply, including river runoff and net precipitation, of about 16 000 m 3 s -1 . As recent results of some regional climate models have suggested a significant increase in precipitation in the Baltic catchment area due to anthropogenic climate change, in this study the response of salinity in the Baltic Sea to changing freshwater inflow is investigated. Of special interest is the possibility of the Baltic Sea becoming a freshwater sea with 0 ‰ salinity in the future. There- fore, model simulations with modified river runoff and precipitation for 1902-1998 were performed. The model is forced with daily sea-level observations in the Kattegat, monthly basin-wide discharge data, and reconstructed atmospheric surface data. The reconstruction utilizes a statistical model to calculate daily sea-level pressure, and monthly surface-air temperature, dew-point temperature, pre- cipitation, and cloud-cover fields. It is assumed that the Kattegat deepwater salinity of about 33 ‰ will not change regardless of the changed freshwater supply. In most of the experiments the final stratifi- cation is almost in a steady state after 100 yr. We found that even for a freshwater supply increased by 100% compared to 1902-1998 the Baltic Sea cannot be classified as a freshwater sea. A pro- nounced halocline still separates the upper and lower layers in the Baltic Proper, limiting the impact of direct wind mixing to the surface layer. A calculated phase diagram suggests that the relationship between freshwater supply and average salinity of the final steady state is non-linear. The results of the 3D model are in agreement with an analytical steady-state model assumed to work for freshwa- ter changes smaller than 30%. The latter model was applied in scenarios for the average salinity of the Baltic Sea.


Following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant disaster in 2011 many concerned citizens—particularly mothers—were unconvinced by the Japanese government's assurances that the country's food supply was safe. They took matters into their own hands, collecting their own scientific data that revealed radiation-contaminated food. In Radiation Brain Moms and Citizen Scientists Aya Hirata Kimura shows how, instead of being praised for their concern about their communities' health and safety, they faced stiff social sanctions, which dismissed their results by attributing them to the work of irrational and rumor-spreading women who lacked scientific knowledge. These citizen scientists were unsuccessful at gaining political traction, as they were constrained by neoliberal and traditional gender ideologies that dictated how private citizens—especially women—should act. By highlighting the challenges these citizen scientists faced, Kimura provides insights into the complicated relationship between science, foodways, gender, and politics in post-Fukushima Japan and beyond.


The performance of muon reconstruction in CMS has been studied on a sample of muons collected in pp collisions at ?s = 7 TeV at the LHC. Measured distributions of basic muon-track quantities are well reproduced by the Monte Carlo simulation. Efficiencies of various high-level trigger, identification, and reconstruction algorithms have been measured and compared with the expectations from Monte Carlo simulation. Results for the relative muon momentum resolution and the muon momentum scale will be reported.


Somewhere on the periphery of Seoul, between the modern metropolis and the traditional farming communities, lies a "distant and beautiful place," the neighborhood of Wonmi-dong. Here, a young couple from the city struggles to make a home for themselves; a hapless "salary man" is forced into door-to-door sales after losing his job; a precocious seven-year-old questions the meaning of friendship and community. Everyone seems to be chasing the intangible dream of a better life. Set against the backdrop of South Korea's breakneck drive for industrialization and economic development in the 1980s, these compassionate and often humorous stories capture the essence of modern South Korean life - including the ubiquitous atmosphere of violence and fear that clouded the country prior to democratization in 1987. They also depict the Korean people's unfailing optimism and love of life. A Distant and Beautiful Place first appeared as a series of linked stories in literary journals between 1985 and 1987. It was published as the collection Wonmi-dong saramdul in 1987 and quickly became a best seller. Yang Kwija, one of South Korea's most respected and popular authors, has since published dozens of novels and shorter pieces.


The treatment of so-called adult subjects is often punctuated with references to a period of time which they call their adolescence. We shall start from a postulate: the moment of adolescence could be defined as the time when the child fantasy is recast. The psychical work of the becoming-adult could then be grasped as the moment when this refashioned construction can be examined. The solidity of this construction could then be put to the test, or else its faults could be fathomed so as to attempt a new construction. We shall endeavour to illustrate this through various clinical cases.


ABSTRACT Treatment for hepatitis C virus infection currently consists of pegylated interferon and ribavirin (RBV), a nucleoside analog. Although RBV clearly plays a role in aiding the treatment response, its antiviral mechanism is unclear. Regardless of the specific mechanism of RBV, we hypothesize that differences in levels of cellular uptake of RBV may affect antiviral efficacy and treatment success and that cells may become RBV resistant through reduced uptake. We monitored RBV uptake in various cell lines and determined the effect of uptake capacity on viral replication. RBV-resistant cells demonstrated reduced RBV uptake and increased growth of a model RNA virus, poliovirus, in the presence of RBV. Overexpression of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) or concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) increased RBV uptake in RBV-sensitive cell lines and restored the uptake defect in most RBV-resistant cell lines. However, CNT3 is not expressed in Huh-7 liver cells, and inhibition of concentrative transport did not affect RBV uptake. Blocking equilibrative transport using the inhibitor nitrobenzylmercaptopurine riboside recapitulated the RBV-resistant phenotype in RBV-sensitive cell lines, with a reduction in RBV uptake and increased poliovirus growth. Taken together, these results indicate that RBV uptake is restricted primarily to ENT1 in the cell lines examined. Interestingly, some RBV-resistant cell lines may compensate for reduced ENT1-mediated nucleoside uptake by increasing the activity of an alternative nucleoside transporter, ENT2. It is possible that RBV uptake affects the antiviral treatment response, either through natural differences in patients or through acquired resistance.


A relatively robust economy has allowed the government to increase funding for the country9s major nonuniversity research organizations by 5% per year since 2011. But many university-based scientists see little of the money because the constitution prohibits federal government from funding universities directly. Change is coming because the budget-boosting agreements end between 2015 and 2019, and national elections in September will decide who gets to set the policies that will take their place. Funding bodies and organizations of research institutes have in recent months offered varying views of how the system should be changed. But they all agree on one thing: Funding for universities has to be increased.


Over the past few years growing global competition has forced the manufacturing industries to upgrade their old production strategies with the modern day approaches. As a result, recent interest has been developed towards finding an appropriate policy that could enable them to compete with others, and facilitate them to emerge as a market winner. Keeping in mind the abovementioned facts, in this paper the authors have proposed an integrated process planning and scheduling model inheriting the salient features of outsourcing, and leagile principles to compete in the existing market scenario. The paper also proposes a model based on leagile principles, where the integrated planning management has been practiced. In the present work a scheduling problem has been considered and overall minimization of makespan has been aimed. The paper shows the relevance of both the strategies in performance enhancement of the industries, in terms of their reduced makespan. The authors have also proposed a new hybrid Enhanced Swift Converging Simulated Annealing (ESCSA) algorithm, to solve the complex real-time scheduling problems. The proposed algorithm inherits the prominent features of the Genetic Algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA), and the Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The ESCSA algorithm reduces the makespan significantly in less computational time and number of iterations. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm has been shown by comparing the results with GA, SA, Tabu, and hybrid Tabu-SA optimization methods.


A router may be temporarily or permanently disabled in NoCs for several reasons such as saving power, occurring faults or testing. Disabling a router, however, may have a severe impact on the performance or functionality of the entire system if it results in disconnecting the core from the network. In this paper, we propose a deadlock-free routing algorithm which allows the core to stay connected to the system and continue its normal operation when its connected router is disabled. Our analysis and experiments show that the proposed technique has 100%, 93.60%, and 87.19% network availability by 100% packet delivery when 1, 2 and 3 routers are defunct or intentionally disabled. The algorithm provides adaptivity and it is lightweight, requiring one and two virtual channels along the X and Y dimension, respectively.


This Article addresses the legal, technical, and economic challenges of integrating high levels of renewable power generation into electrical grid system operation. Part II shows that the primary integration challenge is reducing the total costs of integration and allocating the costs of integration in a hybrid regulatory structure, which presents different institutional impediments than traditional cost-of-service rate-making or rate-of-return regulation. We demonstrate that the primary impediment to improved integration is a failure to make the critical policy choice about how such costs will be allocated. Part III describes and analyzes the BPA-wind dispute in order to evaluate the adequacy of the existing legal regime to address this policy issue. Part IV describes and analyzes a suite of strategies proposed by the Western Governors' Association (WGA) to reduce the cost of integrating renewable generation. Finally, Part V demonstrates that FERC Order No. 764 is only a first step toward improved integration because it does not address the fundamental policy decision regarding the distribution of integration costs and methods for cost recovery. We then offer recommendations for action by FERC, state regulators, state legislatures, and Congress to promote improved integration of renewable generation.Throughout the Article, we distinguish between four distinct (but interrelated) integration problems: (1) the technical challenges of integrating variability; (2) the economic costs of integrating variability; (3) the policy choice regarding distribution of integration costs; and (4) the legal framework for implementing that policy. Proper analysis of the technical, economic, and legal issues depends on the critical policy choice regarding cost allocation. Resolution of the cost allocation policy decision is therefore essential to development of a new institutional structure that will promote high levels of renewable generation.


Reported here is the first synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, and derivatization of benzotrifuran (BTFuran). Single crystal X-ray analysis of BTFuran shows a tight hexagonal packing stabilized by π-stacking interactions and C-H···O contacts. α-Lithiation of BTFuran enables the preparation of reactive intermediates suitable for cross-coupling reactions, allowing access to representative BTFuran-containing π-conjugated systems.


Organic production techniques are an increasing, though minor so far, part of agriculture, and organic wines are increasingly produced and appreciated. Nevertheless, since the organic technique is more costly, a crucial question is whether organic wines benefit from a price premium. In this paper a hedonic price function has been estimated for Piedmont organic and conventional wines. Unlike the current literature on the determinants of wine prices, we used data on the production side in addition to variables of interest for consumers. One question was whether farm and operator's characteristics of no interest for consumers affect wine prices. The second question was whether organic wine obtains a price premium relative to conventional wine. Our results show that, along with characteristics that are of interest to consumers, like the appellation and the variety, some farm and producer characteristics that are not directly relevant for consumers do significantly affect wine prices. We also find that, though there is not a premium in the sense of an addition to other price components, given farmers' and wines' characteristics, organic wines do command higher prices.


Background and Objectives: The present meta-analysis and systematic review individually examines each intranet and compare the results of different studies in order to arrive at more comprehensive outcomes. Method: The search took place between 2005 and 2019. In this study, we first reviewed the abstract of the articles and selected the studies that had the most coordination with our goals, and then we examined the entire text and finally, 8 studies were selected. In addition to reviewing the literature, the results are extracted and enter the meta-analyzer stata14, which summarizes the final results. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the effects Bisphosphonates, Fluorides, Corticosteroids and drugs in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Corticosteroids affect the rate of OTM, and may also influence the long-term stability of orthodontically moved teeth. Moreover, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) effectively alleviate the pain caused by orthodontic treatment, and also affect the movement of teeth by reducing the inflammatory or bone resorption process.


The election of Michael Sata and his Patriotic Front (PF) party in 2011 led to the expansion of social cash transfers (SCTs) in Zambia, with the state taking over primary financial responsibility from foreign aid donors. Public discontent towards the liberal (or neoliberal) economic policies of the former ruling party, the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD), resulted in the resonance of populist strategies in urban centres and increased support towards interventionist policies. Sata and the PF capitalised on these demands by successfully using a populist electoral strategy that included "branding" themselves as pro-poor. In government, the PF shifted the emphasis of public policy from agriculture subsidies (which had been preferred by the MMD) to cash transfers and related social protection programmes. The government completed and published the country's first National Social Protection Policy. This shift in policy was driven by the diffusion of ideas from donors through an influential "social democratic" faction within the PF. These ideas meshed with the PF's strategic interests, because of popular support for statist policies among both the PF's existing supporters (in urban areas and the north of the country) as well as prospective supporters in other rural areas who might be attracted away from other parties. Yet, a decision towards the end of Sata's presidency to significantly increase spending on farm input subsidies presented a shift from the earlier programmatic reforms to a continuation of the forms of patronage that persisted under previous governments.


AIM
This work aims to summarize the experience in emergency microsurgery for patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that coexisted with brain hernia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 26 patients with aneurysmal SAH complicated by brain hernia were subjected to emergency aneurysm clamping + decompressive craniectomy. 10 patients were diagnosed with aneurysmal SAH coexisted with brain hernia before operation.

RESULTS
Four patients had a carotid aneurysm, 15 had a middle artery aneurysm, and 7 had an anterior communicating aneurysm. The surgical procedure was performed smoothly for all patients. The patients were followed up for 3 months to 6 months. According to Glasgow outcome scaling, five patients recovered well, six suffered from moderate disability, five were subjected to severe disability, five were in plant survival, and 5 died.

CONCLUSION
Emergency surgical exploration is an effective treatment method for patients.


Modern turbomachinery faces increased performance demands in terms of efficiency, compactness, and pressure-rise. Advancements in computational technology have allowed numerical methods to become the backbone of design development efforts. However, the unique complexities of centrifugal compressor flow-fields pose difficult computational problems. As such, advanced experimental methods must be used to obtain high-quality datasets to further inform, improve, and validate computational methods in complex flow regimes.
 Recent experimental work on a high-speed centrifugal compressor has provided detailed, unsteady, three-component velocity data using Laser Doppler Velocimetry. A passage vortex is present and its nascent tied to the increased incidence at mid-span associated with impeller wake flow. This vortex begins in the hub-pressure side corner and grows to fill the passage and become temporally stable. The vortex development is unsteady in nature and the unsteady effects persist 40% downstream of the throat. Distinct jet and wake flow patterns from the impeller also do not agglomerate until 40% downstream of the throat. Additionally, the critical impact of the unsteady flow development on the time-averaged flow-field is explained.


After the collapse of the collective farm-based agricultural production system in Latvia during the early 90s, the agricultural sector reached its lowest point in the mid-90s. After 1995, some regions were showing various signs of agricultural recovery while others were experiencing further abandonment. A point count-based system for monitoring bird populations in an agricultural landscape was established in 4 geographically, structurally and economically different regions of Latvia in 1995, as was a scheme for mapping land use changes. Each of the 4 study areas has followed a different scenario of rural development during the study period. Our study analyses the changes of the species' populations and land use during the last 6 years revealing patterns common to all areas as well as prominent differences between them. Populations of several bird species changed considerably during the study period, as did the composition and area of most habitats. There was a general tendency for arable lands to increase whereas grasslands (especially meadows) and cattle enclosures decreased. The increase in abandoned land area peaked in 1997 but stabilised or started to decrease afterwards. However, the initial habitat distribution and the degree of the above changes varied between the areas, thus differently affecting bird populations within the study plots. The diverse patterns and sources of development and of bush clearance made these differences even more prominent.


This current study has emerged from two decades of the author's investigations in related areas: alcoholism and domestic relations. Its canvas is broadly comparative, drawing on interviews and data gathered in the United States and Finland. The domestic drama of "The Other Half "is played out both in the private scene of the home and the more public scene of the workplace, and against these two differing national backgrounds. Despite the many expected and perceived cultural differences between the countries, the effects of alcoholism on the family are shown to be the same. Dr. Wiseman's study offers theoretical insights gleaned from its perspective on alcoholism as an interactive phenomenon, to which the concepts of G.H. Mead and Blumer can be applied to illuminate the carefully presented data and go beyond them. New terrain in studies of alcoholism is thereby explored, including such themes as the social construction by the subjects of their husbands' drinking, their marriage and their self-images; the strategy of coping mechanisms; and the effects of the crisis of alcoholism on gender, sex roles, and power differentials. "The Other Half "complements Dr. Wiseman's prize-winning work on the treatment of Skid Row alcoholics, "Stations of the Lost, "while involving issues of greater complexity on both the methodological and theoretical plane.


The electromagnetic dipole strength below the neutron-separation energy has been studied for the xenon isotopes with mass numbers A=124, 128, 132, and 134 in nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments using the γELBE bremsstrahlung facility at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and the HIγS facility at Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory Durham. The systematic study gained new information about the influence of the neutron excess as well as of nuclear deformation on the strength in the region of the pygmy dipole resonance. The results are compared with those obtained for the chain of molybdenum isotopes and with predictions of a random-phase approximation in a deformed basis. It turned out that the effect of nuclear deformation plays a minor role compared with the one caused by neutron excess. A global parametrization of the strength in terms of neutron and proton numbers allowed us to derive a formula capable of predicting the summed E1 strengths in the pygmy region for a wide mass range of nuclides.


The Olkhovsky ring complex (ORC) is composed of a two-phase magmatic rock association with quartz diorite-quartz monzodiorite-granodiorite suite in the outer ring (OR) and trondhjemite as the inner stock (IS). Zircon U-Pb dating reveals that the rocks of the OR and IS were emplaced at 2070 ± 9 Ma and 2044 ± 13 Ma, respectively. The OR rocks are intermediate and felsic, metaluminous, low to moderate alkali. Both rocks are enriched relative to primitive mantle in Rb, Ba, Sr, K, and depleted in Nb and Ti. The OR quartz diorite and IS trondhjemite are characterized by positive values εNd(T) = 2.2 and 1.6, respectively. The ORC belongs to intermediate I-type granite with nil or weak crustal contamination, whereas the IS trondhjemite shows adakite-like features that were contaminated with components from earlier magmatic pulses. The low degree of contamination of the hypothetical melt, its basaltic-andesite composition, the elevated potassium and magnesium contents, and trace element patterns of whole rock and zircon, suggest garnet-free lower crust or metasomatized mantle wedge as the magma source for the OR, in a post-collisional setting. The mechanism for the inner stock trondhjemite was probably similar, although the magma source was characterized by the presence of garnet with a moderate degree of melting. Supplementary material: Analytical methods and tabulated analytical data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3851104.


`Crafting' the Race House of the Domestic Individual: Political Subjectivities, Hierarchy and Value in Crafting and Do-It-Yourself Labors of Domestic Fiction, 1850 Present is an interdisciplinary cultural studies project that argues for the continued relevance of the domestic individual as she seeks to buttress or completely renovate the (contemporary and historical) race house. Throughout the project, I examine the constitutive function of crafting and do-it-yourself (DIY) labors in domestic fiction and DIY narratives in order to explore how domestic individualism remains a generative model of civic selfproduction, especially in relation to an increasing wariness of the capitalist market in the twenty-first century. I read contemporary narratives of crafting and DIY as a motivation to delve deeper into the history of women's domestic labor in the United States while examining the importance of literature for comprehending the contemporary DIY crafting subject. In doing so, I seek to understand the longevity of the domestic individual in American literature, despite the fact that this figure is commonly linked only to 19th century sentimental fiction. I take the presence of crafting as a persistent thematic in American women's writing (of the nineteenth, twentieth and twenty-first centuries) as an impetus to bring these fields together in new and productive ways. The recent popularity of the DIY movement (and its formulation as a distinct ethos and political project via craftivism) provides an occasion to consider how the value of crafted objects and the virtues of creating them are narratively constructed. My first chapter reads contemporary DIY/craft narrative against the Feminist Commodity Chain Analysis in order to assess whether and how DIY constitutes a unique identity category that provides a space for political invention in the present moment (and as a specific instance of what political subjectivity looks like in neoliberal consumer culture). I analyze DIY narratives such as Craft: magazine and Levine and Heimerl's Handmade Nation in order to posit an epistemology of DIY that generates space for deeper historical and theoretical engagements with DIY in the crevasse between critical dismissal (DIY as a mere instantiation of the neoliberal subject) and compulsory celebration (craft as inherently emancipatory, empowering and/or political) that characterize contemporary accounts of DIY. Chapter two locates the political potential of crafting by historicizing the use of women's domestic labors and crafting as narrative devises and also as a primary means for female writers to be politically active during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I read Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin alongside and against African American women's fiction such as Francis Harper's Iola Leroy, Pauline Hopkins' Contending Forces, and Nella Larsen's Quicksand in order to reconfigure the political utility of the domestic individual as these novels utilize domestic labors and spaces in different ways to reimagine standard boundaries of inheritance and configure new models of self-possession. These investments travel into chapter three, "Housekeeping in/of the `Race House': Crafting and Household Labors of the Domestic Individual in Contemporary American Fiction," which introduces Toni Morrison's concept of the race house as a structure that might help to domesticate what has been articulated as an elusive race-free paradise. I ask, through an examination of various works of contemporary fiction, what it means to do housekeeping labors in and of the racial house, thinking especially about the role of the domestic individual in this process. The final chapter reads Fae Myenne Ng's Bone as an instance of a contemporary crafting narrative that demonstrates the much more diverse possibilities of these labors in the present especially through the figures of the protagonist's parents: Mah, a garment worker, and Leon, a tinkerer/handyman/maritime laborer. Rather than dismissing the DIY subject as merely another instantiation of the neoliberal subject, this chapter takes the reimagination of the crafting subject in Bone as an opportunity to extend one's understanding of the crafting subject in the present moment. URI http://hdl.handle.net/1773/26832 Collections English [336] DSpace software copyright © 2002-2015 DuraSpace Contact Us | Send Feedback Theme by Crafting the Race House of the Domestic Individual: Political Subjectivities, Hierarchy and Value in the Crafting and Do-It-Yourself Labors of Domestic Fiction, 1850 ResearchWorks Archive


Word embeddings are vital descriptors of words in unigram representations of documents for many tasks in natural language processing and information retrieval. The representation of queries has been one of the most critical challenges in this area because it consists of a few terms and has little descriptive capacity. Strategies such as average word embeddings can enrich the queries' descriptive capacity since they favor the identification of related terms from the continuous vector representations that characterize these approaches. We propose a datadriven strategy to combine word embeddings. We use Idf combinations of embeddings to represent queries, showing that these representations outperform the average word embeddings recently proposed in the literature. Experimental results on benchmark data show that our proposal performs well, suggesting that data-driven combinations of word embeddings are a promising line of research in ad-hoc information retrieval.


Background. Assessing illness perceptions has been useful in a range of medical disorders. This study of people with a recent relapse of their psychosis examines the relationship between illness perception, their emotional responses and their attitudes to medication. Method. One hundred patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder were assessed within 3 months of relapse. Measures included insight, self-reported illness perceptions, medication adherence, depression, self-esteem and anxiety. Results. Illness perceptions about psychosis explained 46, 36 and 34% of the variance in depression, anxiety and self-esteem respectively. However, self-reported medication adherence was more strongly associated with a measure of insight. Conclusions. Negative illness perceptions in psychosis are clearly related to depression, anxiety and self-esteem. These in turn have been linked to symptom maintenance and recurrence. Clinical interventions that foster appraisals of recovery rather than of chronicity and severity may therefore improve emotional well-being in people with psychosis. It might be better to address adherence to medication through direct attempts at helping them understand their need for treatment.


We introduce an iterative algorithm for the solution of the diameter minimization clustering problem (DMCP). Our algorithm is based upon two observations: 1) subsets induce lower bounds on the value of the optimal solution of the original problem; and 2) there exists a subset whose optimal clustering has the same value as that of the original problem. We also describe how to adapt our algorithmic framework for the solution of other clustering problems, namely the minimum sum-of-diameters clustering problem (MSDCP), the split maximization clustering problem (SMCP) and the maximum sum-of-splits clustering problem (MSSCP). A parallel implementation of our algorithm can solve problems containing almost 600,000 entities while consuming only moderate amounts of time and memory. The size of the problems that can be solved using our algorithm is two orders of magnitude larger than the largest problems solved by the current state-of-the-art algorithm.


System integration and performance requirements are dramatically increasing the power consumptions and power densities of high-performance microprocessors. High power consumption introduces challenges to various aspects of microprocessor and computer system design. It increases the cost of cooling and packaging design, reduces system reliability, complicates power supply circuitry design, and reduces battery life. Researchers have recently dedicated intensive effort to power-related design problems. Modeling is the essential first step toward design optimization. In this article, the power, thermal and reliability modeling problems are explained and recent advances in their accurate and efficient analysis are surveyed.


Marginalized communities in Africa present a challenge for sustainable and equal development. Opportunities for breaking out from poverty are scarce. Electrification has been seen to act as an important enabler for improving livelihood in such surroundings. However, the activities and services that are enabled by electricity are often the desired outcomes. Aspects of special importance relate to improved earnings: business development and entrepreneurial work. Such activities are usually supported with advanced ICT. However, the introduction and operation of such systems requires substantial resources. In this paper, we explore collaborative practices that may lower these resource demands. Accordingly, we present a case study conducted in an African marginalized community showing how collaborative introduction and operation of electricity and advanced ICT infrastructure were sustained by the local community members. We also show the processes that were followed in engaging ICTs. The study is based on a research and piloting project that seek ways to establish a community-centered ICT infrastructure for electricity and Internet connectivity enabling the members of the marginalized community to get access to digital services. We argue that the experimented infra-structure will give the community an opportunity to improve their livelihoods by using the Internet and access to information for eLearning, e-government services, and a wide market for selling local products. Importantly however, our findings include the collaborative remote support for the deployment and usage of the infrastructure improving sustainability. Such a new approach can be considered of importance given that traditional electrification and digitalization projects often degrade or even cease to exist soon after handing over everything to the community.


BACKGROUND
Revision hip arthroplasty is commonly associated with substantial blood loss and the subsequent need for transfusion. This leads to an increased risk of blood-borne infection and hemolytic reactions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether the use of intraoperative red blood-cell salvage in revision hip arthroplasty reduces the overall rate of allogeneic transfusion.

METHODS
Forty-seven patients who had undergone revision hip arthroplasty with the use of intraoperative cell salvage were identified. A computer database was used to individually match these patients, for age, sex, and eleven operative variables, to control patients who had undergone revision hip arthroplasty in the same unit without intraoperative cell salvage. Data gathered included the total allogeneic transfusion requirement for each patient, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels, and operative time.

RESULTS
The total allogeneic transfusion requirement was significantly lower in the group that had intraoperative cell salvage than in the control group (median, 2 compared with 6 U of packed red blood cells, p = 0.0006), with a median reduction in allogeneic transfusion of 4 U. There was no significant difference in preoperative or postoperative hemoglobin levels between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of intraoperative cell salvage significantly lowered the allogeneic transfusion requirement, which can lead to substantial cost savings. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the use of intraoperative red blood-cell salvage in revision hip arthroplasty was evaluated by matching patients on the basis of age, sex, and operative variables.


Millions of people around the world suffer from Major Depressive Disorder, and many of these people are given drugs to help treat this potentially devastating disease. For many, the first treatment is successful, and if not, certainly the second treatment gives them the relief they so desperately need. Others, however, are not so lucky, people with treatment resistant depression undergo numerous treatments, some of which are more aggressive than others, but still nothing helps alleviate their depression. Recently an older anesthetic, the drug Ketamine, has been making some news as a new depression treatment. This paper will compare Ketamine to the traditional approaches for treating depression, as well as discuss the next steps in making this drug more widely available. By reviewing scholarship on the subject of antidepressants, as well as available research on Ketamine, and by interviewing a patient who recently underwent a Ketamine treatment, this research highlights the positive results of Ketamine while acknowledging the setbacks that still currently exist, and advocates for the use of Ketamine as a treatment for depression.


American Business Law - A Civil Law Perspective is written to give lawyers trained in civil law a basic overview of the American legal systems, as well as certain fundamental areas of the law. The systems discussed in Part I include the common law, the separation of power as well as the checks and balances between the different state institutions, federalism, as well as civil and criminal procedure. Part II explores property (including intellectual property), contracts (including sales and CISG), torts and the law of business enterprises. The extensive agency law and power existing at both the federal and state levels is addressed in Part III, specifically in the areas of employment and labor law, consumer law, environmental law, antitrust and securities law. The concluding chapter addresses the role of lawyers in the American legal systems.


Purpose. To describe the potential role for pharmacy technicians in administering immunizations – limited for this discussion to specifically inserting the needle into the patient's arm and pressing down on the plunger – at the discretion of a supervising pharmacist as a way to enhance patient care and workflow efficiency.
Summary. Pharmacy technicians currently play an important role in facilitating pharmacy-based immunization programs. Technicians routinely perform non-clinical tasks related to pharmacy-based immunizations, though nearly all states prohibit technicians from administering vaccines. Several studies demonstrate that untrained laypersons can safely administer intranasal or intradermal vaccines, and laypersons routinely administer medications through intramuscular or subcutaneous routes (e.g., patients with diabetes or rheumatic conditions). It stands to reason that a trained pharmacy technician could perform comparably on these techniques that laypersons have mastered. One state has adopted rules to allow pharmacy technicians to administer immunizations if the technician has completed specific training on administration techniques and on basic life support. This task is performed at the discretion of the supervising pharmacist, and the pharmacist would still be responsible for clinical aspects of immunizing such as prescribing the right vaccine to the right patient. Additional considerations factoring into the decision as to whether or not to involve pharmacy technicians in immunization administration are also summarized.
Conclusion. If safety can be reasonably assured through training and supervision, it may be appropriate to delegate vaccine administration to appropriately trained pharmacy technicians. Such delegation may enhance workflow efficiency, which may confer added value for patient care and potentially improve access to community pharmacy-based immunizations.

Type: Commentary


Australian Aboriginal communities experience a high burden of sexually transmissible infections (STIs). Since 2009, a comprehensive sexual health program has been implemented at nine Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services in South Australia. This study assessed trends in STI testing and positivity using deidentified diagnostic data from this period (2008-16). Methods: Testing data for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) from one urban, three regional and five remote Aboriginal health services were analysed using logistic regression. Results: From 2008 to 2016, testing increased for CT (twofold), NG (threefold) and TV (sixfold). On average, 30% of testing occurred during an annual 6-week screen. Fewer males were tested (range 27-38% annually). Mean annual STI testing coverage was 28% for 16- to 30-year-old clients attending regional or remote services (2013-16). Positivity at first testing episode for all three infections declined during the study period. From 2013 to 2016, when testing was stable and changes in positivity were more likely to indicate changes in prevalence, there were significant reductions in CT positivity (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.5) and TV positivity (aOR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9), although declines were statistically significant for females only. There was no significant decrease in NG positivity (aOR 0.9; 95% CI 0.5-1.5). Conclusions: Since the sexual health program began, STI testing increased and STI positivity declined, but significant reductions observed in CT and TV positivity were confined to females. These findings suggest evidence of benefit from sustained, comprehensive sexual health programs in Aboriginal communities with a high STI prevalence, but highlight the need to increase STI testing among men in these communities.


The toxicity of ionizing radiation is associated with massive apoptosis in radiosensitive organs. Here, we investigate whether a drug that activates a signaling mechanism used by tumor cells to suppress apoptosis can protect healthy cells from the harmful effects of radiation. We studied CBLB502, a polypeptide drug derived from Salmonella flagellin that binds to Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and activates nuclear factor–κB signaling. A single injection of CBLB502 before lethal total-body irradiation protected mice from both gastrointestinal and hematopoietic acute radiation syndromes and resulted in improved survival. CBLB502 injected after irradiation also enhanced survival, but at lower radiation doses. It is noteworthy that the drug did not decrease tumor radiosensitivity in mouse models. CBLB502 also showed radioprotective activity in lethally irradiated rhesus monkeys. Thus, TLR5 agonists could potentially improve the therapeutic index of cancer radiotherapy and serve as biological protectants in radiation emergencies.


Title of Document: THE ACADEMIC EXPERIENCES OF AND UTILIZATION OF SERVICES BY COLLEGE STUDENT-ATHLETES DEEMED AT-RISK OF NOT GRADUATING Brian White, Master of Arts, 2008 Directed By: Dr. Peter Leone, Special Education Fifteen intercollegiate student-athletes at a Division I institution deemed atrisk of not graduating participated in a study seeking information on their postsecondary academic experiences. Student-athletes who self-reported a disability were asked if they chose to register with Disability Support Services. Research was conducted by performing individual interviews with each of the student-athletes. Findings indicated the student-athletes in this study felt positive about the support they received and their ability to graduate from their institution. Student-athletes in this study generally displayed an attitude of willingness to do what they need to do to succeed. Sentiments towards reporting a disability were varied. Student-athletes with a learning disability were willing to register with DSS, while participants with other disabilities were less willing to do so. Implications include the importance of a strong academic support system for the success of the student-athlete and both the athletic and academic goals of the institution. ACADEMIC EXPERIENCES OF AND UTILIZATION OF SERVICES BY COLLEGE STUDENT-ATHLETES DEEMED AT-RISK OF NOT GRADUATING


The SYNFACE project has as its primary goal to facilitate for hearing-impaired people to use an ordinary telephone. This will be achieved by using a talking face connected to the telephone. The incoming speech signal will govern the speech movements of the talking face, hence the talking face will provide lip-reading support for the user. The project will define the visual speech information that supports lip-reading, and develop techniques to derive this information from the acoustic speech signal in near real time for three different languages: Dutch, English and Swedish. This requires the development of automatic speech recognition methods that detect information in the acoustic signal that correlates with the speech movements. This information will govern the speech movements in a synthetic face and synchronise them with the acoustic speech signal. A prototype system is being constructed. The prototype contains results achieved so far in SYNFACE. This system will be tested and evaluated for the three languages by hearing-impaired users. SYNFACE is an IST project (IST-2001-33327) with partners from the Netherlands, UK and Sweden. SYNFACE builds on experiences gained in the Swedish Teleface project.


INTRODUCTION
Probiotics are a complementary and integrative therapy useful in the treatment and prevention of urogenital infections in women. This study extends the work of researchers who systematically investigated the scientific literature on probiotics to prevent or treat urogenital infections.

METHODS
A systematic review was conducted to determine the efficacy of probiotics for prevention and/or treatment of urogenital infections in adult women from January 1, 2008, through June 30, 2015. We searched in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Dissertations and Theses, and Alt-HealthWatch. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet inclusion criteria, 20 studies were reviewed. All included at least one species of Lactobacillus probiotic as an intervention for treatment or prevention of urogenital infections. Data extracted included samples, settings, study designs, intervention types, reported outcomes, follow-up periods, and results. We evaluated all randomized controlled trials for risk of bias and made quality appraisals on all studies.

RESULTS
Fourteen of the studies focused on bacterial vaginosis (BV), 3 on urinary tract infections (UTIs), 2 on vulvovaginal candidiasis, and one on human papillomavirus (HPV) as identified on Papanicolaou test. Studies were heterogeneous in terms of design, intervention, and outcomes. Four studies were of good quality, 9 of fair, and 7 poor. Probiotic interventions were effective for treatment and prevention of BV, prevention of recurrences of candidiasis and UTIs, and clearing HPV lesions. No study reported significant adverse events related to the probiotic intervention.

DISCUSSION
The quality of the studies in this systematic review varied. Although clinical practice recommendations were limited by the strength of evidence, probiotic interventions were effective in treatment and prevention of urogenital infections as alternatives or co-treatments. More good quality research is needed to strengthen the body of evidence needed for application by clinicians.


Despite considerable effort and large sums of money spent over five years of police reform in Afghanistan, the investment has yet to yield significant results. Among the reasons outlined in this article are the failure to distinguish clearly between the different roles of the police and the military in contributing to security sector reform; a lack of strategic vision and effective planning; and a failure to capitalize on the insights, best practices and lessons learned from the last 30 years of police reform in the West. Finally, recommendations are made for remedying current problems and re-directing reform to achieve greater effectiveness.


This thesis concerns the morphology or lhe A von-Healhcole estuary mouth, located near Christchurch, New Zealand. While there have been numerous studies of tidal inlet morphology in the United States, there have been comparatively few on the inlets around the New Zealand coast. Morphology was found to vary considerably during the study with substantial changes in both the beach systems and the ebb tidal delta. These changes occurred despite the absence of any major storm events and beach changes were related to the onshore migration of the delta marginal channels. The transport of sediment in the vicinity of the estuary mouth was found to be in a predominantly southward direction. Direct exchanges between the updrift and downdrift beaches however, where prevented by the presence of the main ebb channel. Sediment therefore was transported into the estuary on the flood tide and then out again on the ebb tide in a manner consistent with a tidal bypassing regime. The change in the beach system around the spit of South Brighton spit was of a high magnitude although the pattern of erosion at South Brighton and subsequent deposition in Clifton Bay appears to be part of a larger cycle regularly occurring in this environment. Table of


Abstract Bird assemblages generally are no longer regarded as stable entities, but rather as fluctuating in response to many factors. Australia's highly variable climate is likely to result in a high degree of dynamism in its bird assemblages, yet few studies have investigated variation on an inter-annual temporal scale. We compared 2 year-long samples of the bird assemblages of a series of highly fragmented buloke Allocasuarina luehmannii (Casuarinaceae) woodland remnants in south-eastern Australia, the first sample taken in 1994–95 and the second in 2001–02. Bird densities were almost three times higher in the second period than in the first. Mean species richness also was significantly higher. Species richness of each individual site was unrelated between the 2 years. Minimum species turnover was 63% and was higher, on average, for migratory and nomadic than for sedentary species. Therefore, site-level bird assemblage composition was markedly different between the two survey periods and, on average, the assemblage composition of each site bore greater resemblance to those of other sites in the same year than to that of the same site in the other survey period. Most species changed substantially in their distribution among remnants between the two periods. The change in distribution of most species did not differ significantly from that expected if the species had redistributed at random among the sites. This suggests that although the remnant vegetation of the area is highly fragmented with minimal interpatch connectivity, bird movements among remnants are relatively frequent. Inter-annual variability in Australian bird assemblages may be higher than is commonly recognized. In such dynamic systems, we must be cautious when extrapolating from the findings of short-term studies to longer temporal scales, especially in relation to conservation management. A greater understanding of the processes driving distributional patterns is likely to enable better predictions of species' responses to habitat change.


Abstract Clymeniid ammonoids appeared during the Late Devonian (Mid-Famennian) and quickly radiated before becoming extinct at the Devonian/Carboniferous boundary. Outwardly indistinguishable from other ammonoids, clymeniids are distinguished internally by their dorsal siphuncle, contrasted to a ventral siphuncle in almost all other ammonoids. Comparisons of a sample of Clymeniida (n = 22 genera), Goniatitida (n = 33), Prolecanitida (n = 12), and Anarcestida (n = 13) indicate that clymeniids fall within the range of other ammonoids in terms of shell geometry and suture complexity, but their siphuncles average two to three times larger and clymeniid shells are approximately 33% thicker than those of other ammonoids. Although a dorsal siphuncle would be about 50% smaller in surface area and volume than if located in a ventral position, the enlarged clymeniid siphuncle partially and, in some cases, fully compensated for this loss. Hydrostatic simulations of 15 clymeniid genera indicate that their thicker (therefore heavier) shells would have resulted in relatively short body chambers (≈280°) and high aperture orientations (≈90°). In static life-position, these orientations would have placed the dorsal clymeniid siphuncle at or near the bottom of the most recently formed chambers, seemingly an ideal location for draining liquid from the chamber. Migration of the siphuncle to the dorsal side of the shell occurs suddenly during early ontogeny (within the first two or three chambers), and mutation of homeotic gene expression is offered as a possible explanation for the sudden shift. A dorsal siphuncle may have resulted in selection for enlarged siphuncles, but this may have incurred loss of strength against hydrostatic pressure (thereby reducing depth limits) and thus rendered the clade more susceptible to the multiple eustatic and anoxic events that marked the end of the Devonian.


[1] A new global ocean tide model named DTU10 (developed at Technical University of Denmark) representing all major diurnal and semidiurnal tidal constituents is proposed based on an empirical correction to the global tide model FES2004 (Finite Element Solutions), with residual tides determined using the response method. The improvements are achieved by introducing 4 years of TOPEX–Jason 1 interleaved mission into existing 18 years (1993–2010) of primary joint TOPEX, Jason 1, and Jason 2 mission time series. Hereby the spatial distribution of observations are doubled and satellite altimetry should be able to recover twice the spatial variations of the tidal signal which is particularly important in shallow waters where the spatial scale of the tidal signal is scaled down. Outside the ±66° parallel combined Envisat, GEOSAT Follow-On, and ERS-2, data sets have been included to solve for the tides up to the ±82° parallel. A new approach to removing the annual sea level variations prior to estimating the residual tides significantly improved tidal determination of diurnal constituents from the Sun-synchronous satellites (e.g., ERS-2 and Envisat) in the polar seas. Extensive evaluations with six tide gauge sets show that the new tide model fits the tide gauge measurements favorably to other state of the art global ocean tide models in both the deep and shallow waters, especially in the Arctic Ocean and the Southern Ocean. One example is a comparison with 207 tide gauge data in the East Asian marginal seas where the root-mean-square agreement improved by 35.12%, 22.61%, 27.07%, and 22.65% (M2, S2, K1, and O1) for the DTU10 tide model compared with the FES2004 tide model. A similar comparison in the Arctic Ocean with 151 gauge data improved by 9.93%, 0.34%, 7.46%, and 9.52% for the M2, S2, K1, and O1 constituents, respectively.


SSHAP convened a virtual roundtable of expert advisors on Friday 12 March 2021 to discuss the outbreak of Ebola in Guinea declared on 14 February 2021. At the time of writing (19 March 2021), there have been 18 cases (14 confirmed, 4 probable), 9 deaths (including 5 in the community; CFR 50%) and 6 recoveries. Six of the 7 first cases identified were from the family of the first case, a 51-year-old nurse from Gouecke who died in N'Zérékoré on 28 January. Vaccination was launched on 23 February, and as of 17 March, 3,492 people had been vaccinated. The last new case was reported on 4 March 2021.


For most American households today, a college education requires financial planning. Planning can seem like a reckoning with "real" economic constraints of household budgetary truths; however, financial planning begins with imaginative acts. To plan, families must craft "projective fictions," forecasts of trends in the broader economy and family life with which they can guide parenting actions in the present. Drawing on inspiration from ethnographic interviews with more than 160 middle-class college students and their families, this essay examines government policy and financial industry agendas that have linked planning practices with familial virtue. A contrast between two "regimes of foresight" and their moralities—the mid-century US policies' regime of "near-term prudence" and the contemporary regime of "distant modeling"—exposes the work "real economy" accomplishes: the policies and instruments of planning produce and distribute virtue as much as financial outcomes.


PURPOSE Men diagnosed with prostate cancer have multiple options available for treatment. Previous reports have indicated a trend of differing modalities of treatment chosen by African American and white men. We investigated the role of ethnicity in primary treatment choice and how this affected overall and cancer-specific mortality. METHODS By utilizing data abstracted from Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE), patients were compared by ethnicity, primary treatment, number of comorbidities, risk level according to modified D'Amico criteria, age, highest educational level attained, type of insurance, treatment facility, and perception of general health. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of the tested variables on primary treatment and mortality. Results African American men were more likely to receive nonsurgical therapy than white men with equivalent disease characteristics. Whites were 48% less likely than African Americans to receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) compared with surgery (P = .02) and were 25% less likely than African Americans to receive radiation therapy compared with surgery (P = .08). Whites with low-risk disease were 71% less likely to receive ADT than African American men with similar disease (P = .01). Adjusted overall and prostate cancer-specific mortality were not significantly different between whites and African Americans (hazard ratios, 0.73 and 0.37, respectively). Risk level, type of treatment, and type of insurance had the strongest effects on risk of mortality. CONCLUSION There is a statistically significant difference in primary treatment for prostate cancer between African American and white men with similar risk profiles. Additional research on the influence of patient/physician education and perception and the role that socioeconomic factors play in mortality from prostate cancer may be areas of focus for public health initiatives.


A network processor (NP) usually contains multiple packet processing cores (PPCs) and a control processing core (CPC), and the synchronization and communication between CPC and PPCs, which is required for controlling an NP, is very complex. To reduce the complexity, a method for controlling packet processing in NPs by using PPCs is proposed. By means of this method, complex control messages are partially processed and divided into simplified control packets by a CPU outside the NP chip, and these packets are sent to a control-processing PPC. The control-processing PPC controls data-processing PPCs by using data-exchange mechanisms, such as a shared memory or an on-chip network, which are more uniform and simpler than those between a CPC and PPCs. This control method is applied to a virtual-link control-processing task and packet-processing tasks in a network node with a virtualization function. Both tasks are described by a hardware-independent high-level language called "Phonepl," and communication between the PPCs is programmed following normal and uniform shared-memory semantics. As a result, programming the control-processing task and porting the program become much easier.


Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), combined with multivariate data analysis, was applied in order to distinguish wine samples according to the grape variety. Certified samples belonging to the 'Barbera d'Alba' and 'Dolcetto d'Alba' appellations were analyzed. The class-modeling method SIMCA was used on spectral responses. The results showed that NIR spectroscopy is a technique with significant potential in classifying red wine samples on the basis of the grape variety.


One of the most successful dealmakers in the sports industry presents his unique negotiating strategies "Ron Shapiro's new book is insightful and entertaining. The lessons he learned and the methods he uses should be required reading for anyone whose business relies on the art of negotiation. Ron never forgets that treating people with respect and fairness is the key to success. Ron and Mark have been helping our company for many years-I guess we won't need them anymore-they put it all in their book." -Charles M. Cawley Chief Executive Officer, MBNA America Bank, N.A. "In the field of negotiation Ron Shapiro has always been regarded as the quintessence of class and integrity. Predictably, he and Mark Jankowski have written a compelling book filled with anecdotes and insights. The Power of Nice is a fascinating and useful book that is a must read for anyone who wants to build long-term mutually profitable relationships." -Herb Cohen Author, You Can Negotiate Anything "This book taught me everything I ever wanted to know about negotiation-and I use it everyday." -Kirby Puckett Former All-Star Center Fielder and Executive Vice President, Minnesota Twins "Negotiation is not war. Negotiation is not a science. Negotiation is the commerce of information for ultimate gain." -from The Power of Nice Though not a science, negotiating is an art, and in this eye-opening new book, a true master shares his secrets and strategies for success. Ron Shapiro is a corporate lawyer, teacher, and, in what is almost a contradiction in terms, one of today's most respected sports agents. He has worked with baseball's biggest names: Cal Ripken, Jr., Kirby Puckett, Brooks Robinson, Dennis Martinez, Jim Palmer, Eddie Murray, and many others. Rising to-and remaining at-the top of a competitive pool filled with smooth-talking, "sleazeball" sharks, he has succeeded by being, of all things, a nice guy. Now, along with his business partner, lawyer, lecturer, and negotiations expert, Mark Jankowski, Shapiro reveals how anyone who sits down to make a deal can get what they want by exercising the surprising "power of nice." Together, Shapiro and Jankowski have shared their negotiation insights with Fortune 500 companies, entrepreneurs, universities, and government agencies. Though the name of the game in negotiating is to obtain desired results, how you get them is just as important. While many dealmakers play hardball by assuming a winner-take-all, scorched-earth attitude, they do so at the risk of alienating the party opposite them at the negotiating table, thereby losing out on future opportunities. This approach is, as Shapiro and Jankowski tell us, a major strike against effective negotiating, and can-and should-be avoided. By using a kinder, gentler approach that focuses on forming-and keeping-strong business connections, ultimate gain can still be yours: "You can be 'a nice guy' and still get what you're after. In fact, you often get better results, achieve more of your goals, and build longer-term relationships with even greater returns." Drawing on their vast experience in win-win negotiating, as well as such essentials as managing tough situations, handling difficult negotiators, and unlocking deadlocks, the authors take you, step-by-step, through a systematic approach that, when repeated and mastered, will maximize results. Based on "the three Ps," it consists of: preparing better than the other side; probing so you know what they want and why; and proposing, ideally without going first and revealing too much, but still achieving what you want. Supported by invaluable "portable" negotiation summaries-so you can take the "power of nice" with you-this is must reading for anyone who has to make a deal, whether it's negotiating with a customer, setting a curfew with a teenager, or getting the last seat on an over-sold airplane.


Received: April 12, 2019 Accepted: May 16, 2019 Published: May 31, 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 DOI: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.3.14 The study analyzed the directives in the English major examinations collated from Batangas State University. It covered the instructors extent of use of examination types. At the end of the study, a set of guidelines in the construction of directions was proposed. The descriptive method of research was utilized with the questionnaire as the main data gathering instrument. To get the pragmatic implications, the qualitative method was employed in analyzing the forms of directives under the lenses of Searle's Speech Acts, Hyland's Classification of Directives, indices of power, and directness. The results revealed that there were 97 forms of directives embedded in the tests with write, read, and identify as the top three most frequently used. In terms of power and directness, most directives were deemed firm and moderately direct. Using Hyland's classification, the majority of the directives fell under cognitive acts, followed by the physical acts. KEYWORDS


An FBI report released on September 16th, 2014 makes the assertion that active shooter attacks and deaths have increased dramatically since 2000 – both increasing at an annual rate of about 16 percent. As the headline in the Wall Street Journal stated: "Mass Shootings on the Rise, FBI says."But the FBI made a number of subtle and misleading decisions as well as outright errors. Once these biases and mistakes are fixed, the annual growth rate in homicides is cut in half. When a longer period of time is examined (1977 through the first half of 2014), deaths from Mass Public Shootings show only a slight, statistically insignificant, increase – an annual increase of less than one percent.The FBI's misleadingly includes cases that aren't mass shootings – cases where no one or only one person was killed in a public place. While the FBI assures people that it "captured the vast majority of incidents falling within the search criteria," their report missed 20 shootings where at least two people were killed in a public place. Most of these missing cases took place early on, biasing their results towards showing an increase.


A set of substituted 9,10-dicyanoanthracenes (DCA) has been synthesized, their photophysical
and electrochemical properties in liquid solution have been characterized and supplemented by
high level ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Three different methoxy-group-containing substituents have been linked to the DCA core in a symmetric and asymmetric fashion to produce six
different species with strong quadrupole and dipole moments, respectively. The major difference
between the symmetrically and asymmetrically substituted species are the enhanced two-photon
absorption intensities of the former. In most of the cases studied, the molecules show reasonably large optical transition probabilities. The fluorescence brightness of these substances makes
them interesting objects for two-photon absorption applications. Additionally, all molecules can be
both easily reduced and oxidized electrochemically and are therefore suitable for optoelectronic
applications.


The storage of renewable energy through the electrochemical reduction of CO2 (eCO2RR) is an attractive strategy to transform the current linear utilisation of carbon fuels (extraction–combustion–CO2 release) into an increasingly cyclic one. An electrochemical alternative for energy storage is the production of H2 from water splitting, studied for decades and commercially available up to the megawatt range. By comparing the technological similarities between these two processes, it is possible to extract both a global perspective and research directions for the eCO2RR. Herein, the main limiting phenomena affecting CO2 electrolysers and their causes are outlined first. This is followed by the derivation, for several eCO2RR products, of targets in terms of durability, current efficiency, energy efficiency, faradaic efficiency, and overvoltage, which must be achieved for the eCO2RR to reach a similar energy storage capability as the electrochemical production of H2. By comparing these figures of merit with the eCO2RR literature, we conclude that the conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide and formic acid lead the race towards practical use, although both still exhibit major performance gaps. The present energy efficiencies are low, mainly due to high overvoltages, and durability is not yet a developed research area. Besides the development of more efficient electrocatalysts, research advances on the fronts of electrode and electrolyser design, coupled with the optimisation of methods for the preparation of electrodes, are expected to push forward the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on its way to viability.