Over the past decade, the public health landscape has changed significantly. The focus of policy makers and donors has shifted from communicable disease to chronic non-communicable diseases owing to it being not only a clear threat to the human health, but also to economic growth and development. But this year Ebola gave us a stark reminder that communicable diseases are still at play and unlike non-communicable diseases can cause devastation globally in matter of months. Ebola has run amok havoc on human health in Western Africa. Ebola is an extremely contagious haemorrhagic virus whose incubation period is very rapid and which, once in the bloodstream, quickly infects many cell types, leading to multi-organ failure, haemorrhage and shock. In its rampage in West Africa, it appears to cause death in up to 70% of those infected. As of 14 th November 2014 it has killed up to 5,160 1 people and is predicted to kill many more in the months ahead. The virus is transmitted in body fluids, primarily blood, saliva, emesis or stool and does not appear to be transmitted through the air 2 but recently, evidence suggests that Ebola might also spread by droplet infection especially in confined spaces. 3 The disease not only has a heavy toll on human life but also on the social structure of the society in the worst affected countries.  It has killed entire families overnight leaving thousands of children orphaned. 4 Currently there is no approved antiviral therapy or vaccines available for its treatment or prevention. During the current outbreak, plasma from convalescent patients have been used with some success in treating Ebola patients. 5 Ebola is not a new virus. It was discovered by Peter Piot in 1976 6 during the first outbreak on the banks of river Ebola. One might think that our knowledge of diseases, its spread and control would have grown since its discovery and subsequent outbreaks, but looking at the current epidemic, it is clear that not much has been learned. Ebola has been depicted as an exotic virus and misrepresented as incurable and 99% fatal, leading to hasty renunciation into its spread and control. Initially Ebola spread was blocked by rapid responses by heroic health teams in the remotest areas of centralAfrica. As it has found its way into crowded slums and broken health systems, number of new infections and subsequent deaths have increased so dramatically that very few experts are willing publicly to predict how many more may succumb to this disease. Ebola because of its high mortality, rapid transmission, high fatality and rapid spread in urbanized areas resulted in a perfect storm of condition which led this outbreak to reach to an epidemic proportion. Ebola prospers on poverty, failed health systems and collapsed societies that cannot protect themselves. West Africans countries which are currently worst affected by the epidemic, are unable to muster the resources required to control this disease. These countries do not have the means to enforce containment procedures to the optimal extent. Health work force is struggling to treat existing Ebola patients – a force, i.e., inadequate in numbers and poorly trained as is fashionable in these countries. Resultantly, each week hundreds of new cases are seeking treatment. Overburdened health service delivery centres are turning away patients, who then go on to infect others. Organizations with technical expertise, legal powers and resources have known about Ebola for many years. Although larger outbreaks of Ebola were predictable yet very little was done to prevent or prepare for it. Previous Ebola outbreaks had affected just  a few hundred people and that too were confined to Africa. 7 Developed countries and people or industries that could make a difference were complacent primarily because Ebola was largely confined to the jungles ofAfrica which kept them out of the line of fire. The valiant efforts of few medics who ventured to control and treat it permitted a further level of complacency. Now that complacency is shattered. The Western governments are getting involved. The donors are moving in. The WHO is vocal. The developing interest and fear over Ebola seems to be a good omen for the world. This disease by any means is a horrifying prospect but what is most important is that in many respects this disease and the threat it poses are completely unnecessary. Ebola is a hypochondriac's nightmare. Malaria kills more in a day than Ebola has in months. Chances of contracting tuberculosis and dying from it are far more than getting Ebola.  Panic coupled with failed health systems and myths surrounding the disease have caused far more devastation than what this disease could have achieved on its own. In the wake of Ebola outbreak, routine health care has collapsed. Both health care providers and patients are avoiding health care facilities for fear of infection. As a result, tens of thousands of people additionally could die from treatable causes like malaria, acute respiratory tract infections and diarrhoea Despite its deadliness, this disease is very much preventable as long as proper education and public sanitation efforts are enforced to combat it. In this endless stream of destruction inWestern Africa,Nigeriahas managed to clear Ebola from its territory. They managed this somewhat reclusive achievement by adhering to the strict protocols required to bring this infection under control. Carriers were isolated, contacts were traced, and patients were treated in hospital settings specifically equipped with the tools and trained health workers to manage it. Plus they embarked on a massive public education campaign. This feat was achieved not only because ofNigeria's resolve to control Ebola but also significantly due to the fact thatNigeriahas better infrastructure and health system in place to cope with the outbreak. The very absence of these in the countries at the epicentre of the crisis offers an explanation to the fact why the situation has spiraled out of control. For countries like Pakistanwhere Ebola has not been reported so far 8 , it does not mean that they are in clear and carry on with their usual way. It is just matter of one or two imported cases and swiftly outbreak will be established with all its devastation. Only by taking a systemic approach and strengthening all components of existing health systems will enable us to tackle and contain the tragic consequences caused by the likes of the Ebola virus.  We see that health systems are destroyed in many countries by either poverty, conflict, chronic underfunding or a lack of well-trained and skilled health workers. In addition to what has been mentioned, international health organizations which are widely known for their bureaucracy, infighting, academic perspective and lack of implementation capacity need to improve threat perception and preparedness and have to invest in research on emergent and novel infections. In the case of failure many more lives will be lost.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic Diabetic footulcers (CDFU) are associated with increased morbidity, mortality especially indeveloping countries. This cohort study assess the efficacy (CDFU)management at primary care & identifypredictive criteria of failure. METHODS: We conducted a 5-year retrospective cohort study withprospective long-term follow-up of all patients with (CDFU) who presented to Umgwalinah Health Centre, Doha, Qatar. Average follow-up was 1 year. Failure of healing of (CDFU) was themain outcome measure.Independent predictor variables were selected by logisticregression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients with diabetes were managed forvarious foot lesions as follows. Five patients (4%) of 126 underwent immediate amputation. Primary care led approach was successful for 91(92.86%) of 98 neuropathic ulcers, 3(30%) of 10 neuro-ischemic ulcer, 2(66%) of 3 Charcot foot ulceration, 4(100%) of 4 patients with second degree burns & 6(100%) of 6 traumatic foot ulceration or (Pl.001,chi2 for trend).Independent factors predictive of failure to heal were presence of osteomyelitis(odds ratio [OR] = 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0-1.3), increased Hemoglobin A1C level (OR = 1.002; 95% CI, 1.2-1.3), severe peripheral vascular disease(OR = 1.0, 95% CI,1.0-1.03),prior hospitalization for(CDFU) (OR = 1.4; 95%CI, 1.2-1.6) & gangrenous lesion(OR = 1.7; 95% CI,1.3-2.1). No side effects were reported and there was a high level of satisfaction (patients and staff). CONCLUSIONS: Primary care based management of (CDFU) is efficacious, safeand acceptable. These findings may lead to a substantial reduction in the costof (CDFU) in the third world. Future comparative studies utilizing randomized controlled trials must be conducted in order to accurately assess the efficacy of primary care in managing (CDFU).


Android, being the most widespread mobile operating systems is increasingly becoming a target for malware. Malicious apps designed to turn mobile devices into bots that may form part of a larger botnet have become quite common, thus posing a serious threat. This calls for more effective methods to detect botnets on the Android platform. Hence, in this paper, we present a deep learning approach for Android botnet detection based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Our proposed botnet detection system is implemented as a CNN-based model that is trained on 342 static app features to distinguish between botnet apps and normal apps. The trained botnet detection model was evaluated on a set of 6,802 real applications containing 1,929 botnets from the publicly available ISCX botnet dataset. The results show that our CNN-based approach had the highest overall prediction accuracy compared to other popular machine learning classifiers. Furthermore, the performance results observed from our model were better than those reported in previous studies on machine learning based Android botnet detection.


PURPOSE
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) has no standard of care for patients who are relapsed or refractory to autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT). This phase II study examined safety and activity of panobinostat in this population.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Panobinostat 40 mg was administered orally three times per week. The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) based on investigator assessment of radiologic imaging. Secondary end points included ORR by independent central review, time to response (TTR), duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival, and safety. Exploratory biomarker analyses were performed.

RESULTS
The 129 treated patients (median age, 32 years; range, 18 to 75 years) were heavily pretreated with a median of four (range, two to seven) prior systemic regimens, and 41% did not respond to the regimen immediately preceding panobinostat. Tumor reductions occurred in 96 patients (74%). Objective response was achieved by 35 patients (27%), including 30 (23%) partial responses and five (4%) complete responses. The median TTR was 2.3 months, median DOR was 6.9 months, and median PFS was 6.1 months. The estimated 1-year overall survival rate was 78%. Common nonhematologic adverse events (AEs)-diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue-were generally grade 1 and 2. Most common grade 3 and 4 hematologic AEs-thrombocytopenia, anemia, and neutropenia-were manageable. Early reductions in thymus and activation-regulated chemokine were observed in patients achieving complete or partial response.

CONCLUSION
In the largest, prospective, multicenter, international trial conducted in heavily pretreated patients with HL who relapsed or were refractory to ASCT, panobinostat monotherapy demonstrated antitumor activity, resulting in durable responses.


Objective: Surgical resection is currently considered the most appropriate treatment option in early-stage lung cancer. However, surgical treatment of early-stage patients still results in different survival times. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of age, sex, smoking history, tumor size, localization, histopathologic type, and resection type on survival after surgically resected pathologic stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Materials and Methods: Sixty consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment between July 2006 and January 2011 for pathologic stage 1 primary lung cancer were included in this study. Results: Fifty-five (91.7%) of the patients were males, and they were 46-88 (median, 64.4±8.5) years old. Age, sex, smoking history, histopathologic type, anatomical localization, stage, resection type, and postoperative complications did not affect survival rates. Patients with incomplete resection or metastases during the follow-up period had statistically significant decreased survival rates. Conclusions: Staging according to anatomical markers in stage 1 NSCLC patients is not prognostically decisive. Therefore, we believe that staging in NSCLC may be accomplished according to not only anatomic indicatives but also molecular markers.


Abstract Recent years have seen a distinctive revival in blacksmithing and bladesmithing as seen within the genre of Reality TV in the form of the History Channel's Forged in Fire series, which competitively pits bladesmiths, farriers, and blacksmiths against each other to produce knives and historically based weapons. This article examines the cultural representation of this craft and shows how David Pye's classic concept of the workmanship of risk helps understand the representation of craft within the series. However, his concept of risk is rearticulated in an artificial way due to against-the-clock challenges instilled by the format of the series. Furthermore, the article explores the ways in which makers respond to such challenges and exemplifies Howard Risatti's conception of the expression of poiesis within their metalcraft work. As such, although a Reality TV series, Forged in Fire can be situated as a potent representation of the craft production of bladed weapons and metalwork that consistently explores the technical nature of the craft and stresses the extent to which traditional skills such as bladesmithing and blacksmithing are being practiced in vibrant professional contemporary craft communities. However, the simulated and spectacle-driven nature of the series does raise questions concerning how television represents craft practice and is compelled to artificially dramatize it.


A cumulative learning agent is one that learns and reasons as it interacts with the world. The Bayesian paradigm provides a natural framework for cumulative learning as an agent can use its observations and prior models to reason about a particular situation, and also learn posterior models. Cumulative learning requires a rich, first-order representation language in order to handle the variety of situations an agent may encounter. In this paper, I present a new Bayesian language for cumulative learning, called IBAL. This language builds on previous work on probabilistic relational models, and introduces the novel feature of observations as an integral part of a language. The key semantic concept is a scope, which consists both of models and observations. The meaning of a scope is the knowledge state of an agent. The language is declarative, and knowledge states can be composed in a natural way. In addition to presenting a language, this paper also presents an EM based learning algorithm called functional EM for learning IBAL models.


This paper puts the case that viewing text dynamically can be valuable in the practice of semantic description. Using, as its case study, the statistically significant occurrence of Subject ellipsis across consecutive clauses in a corpus of newspaper football reports, the paper demonstrates a systematic difference between the lexicogrammatical characteristics of clauses containing such patterned use of ellipsis and the clauses of their surrounding co-text. The lexicogrammatical features in question, which are analysed in detail in the paper, are: clause length in words, number of clause elements, amount of syntactic embedding, and patterns in Hallidayan transitivity process-types. Given the nature of these lexicogrammatical features, the argument is made that Subject ellipsis across consecutive clauses can iconically express an increase in pace – something only observable when the text is viewed dynamically.


The September 11th attack and subsequent intentional release of anthrax spores via the U.S. postal system have focused policymakers' attention on the preparedness and response capability of the nation's public health system. The anthrax attacks put a tremendous strain on the U. S. public health infrastructure, an infrastructure that many experts argue has been weakened by years of neglect and under-funding. To better understand the preparedness gaps that exist, as well as the disparate functions and agencies that define public health in this country, the Congressional Research Service (CRS), in conjunction with George Washington University's National Health Policy Forum (NHPF), convened a seminar on October 26, 2001, entitled, The U.S. Health Care System: Are State and Local Officials Prepared for Bioterrorism? How
Should the Federal Government Assist?


Foraminifers are a group of unicellular organisms present in all the oceans and seas, in fresh water and even in soil. An important number of foraminifers build a shell, often called a 'test' that can be preserved in the fossil record. These tests are extensively used in the field of paleoceanographic proxies, where the test morphology is the basis of foraminifer taxonomy. Formerly mainly familiar to paleontologists, biological research on foraminifers is increasing, partly in response to questions arising in the field of proxy research. It is, for instance, by no means clear how reliable the morphological species concept really is. This study focuses on two taxa widely used in proxy studies: Cibicides and Uvigerina, both classified under Rotaliida. Among the foraminifers bearing a shell, the Rotaliida represent the majority of hyaline calcareous benthic ones. Molecular studies based on the complete SSU rDNA (small subunit ribosomal DNA) show a partition of rotaliids in three main groups. Uvigerina belongs to the first group (also including Bolivina and the Cassidulinidae), whereas Cibicides belongs to the third group (with Bulimina, Stainforthia, Epistominella, Pullenia and Melonis). Phylogenetic analyses based on partial SSU sequences showed the monophyly of Cibicides and confirmed the existence of five morphospecies out of six (C. lobatulus, C. pachyderma, C. refulgens, C. ungerianus, C. wuellerstorfi). On the other hand, the occurrence of cryptic species was shown within two shallow-water species: C. lobatulus and C. refulgens.Of the numerous generic names used for cibicidids, many appear to be synonymous with Cibicides in view of the molecular results (e.g. Cibicidoides, Fontbotia, Heterolepa, Lobatula). Inferring their phylogeny from molecular and fossil data, cibicidids seem to have evolved first on the shelf and subsequently migrated to the deep sea during the Paleogene. In the middle Miocene, this process was apparently repeated, perhaps in response to paleoceanographic changes occurring at that time. Molecular studies of Uvigerina based on partial SSU sequences indicated the inclusion of Rectuvigerina and Trifarina species inside the genus Uvigerina. Moreover, two out of three previously morphologically defined groups: peregrina and semiornata were recognized in molecular phylogenies. Among the generic names used for uvigerinids, many have already been put in synonymy with Uvigerina, Trifarina or Rectuvigerina. It seems likely that Trifarina and Rectuvigerina are also synonyms of Uvigerina. Uvigerinids are preferentially deep sea species, but some are found in neritic environments or at the shelf break. The ornamentation is often used for specific distinction but seems to be strongly influenced by ecological and/or depth factors; Uvigerina peregrina is a good example with a wide morphological variability and a weak genetic diversity. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on molecular and fossil data shows that the studied uvigerinids either appeared during the Oligocene-early Miocene or during the Pliocene-Quaternary. This contrasts with the phylogeny of cibicidids where all studied species originated a long time ago (middle Miocene or Paleogene) and perhaps confirms a difference in the evolutionary rates that was already suspected on basis of the partial SSU phylogenies.


Silicon-based electric DNA chip arrays were utilized to fast identify pathogenic microorganisms with respect to the capacity to produce toxins involved in foodborne poisoning and infections. Bacteria of the B. cereus and the enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) groups contain different set-ups of various virulence factors that are encoded by the corresponding genes. The purpose of this work was to develop a fast and simple method for determination of the presence of these virulence genes in a colony from primary enrichment cultures. A target gene is detected through hybridization to a surface-immobilized specific capture probe and biotin-labeled detection probe. Following binding of an enzyme conjugate to this sandwich hybrid complex, a current signal is generated by electronic redox recycling of the enzymatic product paminophenol (pAP). Two versions of the assay were developed. In the first version the capture probes were immobilized on magnetic beads, which carried out all reactions until the pAP generation, while the final electric signal was created by transferring pAP to a single-electrode chip surface. In the second version a silicon chip array with 16 parallel sensing electrode positions each of them functionalized by capture probes, carried out all assay steps on the chip surface. This instrument can realize automatic and multiplexed gene detection. The kinetics of bacterial cell disruption and impact of DNA fragmentation by ultrasound were determined. The experimental data suggested that the increased signal after first minutes of ultrasonication were due to the accumulation of released DNA amount, while the further signal increase resulted from the improved hybridization with the shortened target DNA strands. Studies on probe localization on the 16-electrode chip assays indicated that the probe-targeting site, which was located at the 5'-end of strands, gave rise to the highest signal level due to the efficient targetprobes hybridization and the following enzyme binding. When these functionalized chip arrays were exposed to the cell homogenates, the sensing electrodes were fouled by cellular proteins and therefore led to dramatically decreased redox-recycling current. To circumvent this, samples were treated by DNA extraction after the 1st sonication and then DNA fragmentation by a 2nd time sonication. The DNA extract removed most of the interfering components from bacterial cell. This sample treatment was applied to characterize one "diarrheal" and one "emetic" strain of B. cereus with the chip arrays functionalized by eight DNA probes. The signal patterns of eight virulence genes from chip assays agreed well with PCR control analyses for both strains. By simply adding the SDS detergent to cell homogenates, chip surface blocking effect can be significantly reduced even without DNA extraction treatment. After optimization of some critical factors, the 16-electrode DNA chips with the improved sensing performance can directly detect multiple virulence genes from a single E. coli colony in 25 min after the introduction of supernatant of ultrasonicated cell lysate.


The main aims of this paper are, first, to construct a consistent comparative set of data on the sources of finance for investment over the period 1970--89 for Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States and second, to challenge some conventional views of the international differences in financing patterns. The paper documents the substantial problems of international comparisons, and argues that net sources and using data based on National Income Accounts provide the most appropriate and consistent information. We conclude that there is no `market-based' Anglo-US pattern of financing of industry. Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States are internally financed with small or negative contributions from market sources. Japan has been more externally financed with both banks and markets contributing larger shares than in the former group. Over the 1980s, the period of financial liberalization, all countries, except Japan, have become more internally and less market financed.


Seismic profiles over the northwestern Great Bahama Bank reveal that it is formed by the coalescence of three smaller platforms and significant lateral progradation. This conclusion is contrary to previous models which assumed that the bank is the result of continuous accumulation on one huge buildup. In Late Cretaceous to early Tertiary time, a north-south-trending depression, the Straits of Andros, separated an eastern platform, Andros bank, from a western platform, Bimini bank. Initially, the Straits of Andros had dimensions similar to the modem Tongue of the Ocean but was progressively filled from east to west In early(?) to middle Tertiary time, a second depression, the Bimini embayment, formed within Bimini bank by folding; it had a maximum depth of about 470 m. This depression was also filled from east to west. In addition, prograding systems built the western margin of Bimini bank more than 25 km westward into the Straits of Florida.


A formulation of the anisotropic pressure magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium problem for three-dimensional plasmas with imposed nested magnetic surfaces is developed based on a bi-Maxwellian model of the distribution function for the energetic particle species. The hot particle distribution function satisfies the constraint . Large parallel and perpendicular anisotropy factors can be explored within the model through the choice of the hot particle perpendicular to parallel temperature ratio T⊥/T‖. A fixed boundary version of the VMEC code has been adapted to numerically compute three-dimensional anisotropic pressure equilibria. Applications to a 10-field period Heliotron device and a 2-field quasiaxisymmetric stellarator demonstrate that the pressures do not vary significantly around the magnetic surfaces when the total parallel pressure p‖ is larger than its perpendicular counterpart p⊥. For off-axis hot particle deposition with p⊥ > p‖, p⊥ concentrates in the region where the energetic particles are generated. On the other hand, p‖ is distributed roughly uniformly around the flux surfaces in the Heliotron but is localized on the low field side in the quasiaxisymmetric machine. The hot particle density structure correlates more closely with the corresponding perpendicular rather than with parallel pressure. The specific form for the definition of β that best correlates with the Shafranov shift is identified.


Let the group G = AB be a product of two π-decomposable sub-groups A = Oπ(A) × Oπ′ (A) and B = Oπ(B) × Oπ′ (B) where π is a set of primes. The authors conjecture that Oπ(A)Oπ(B) = Oπ(B)Oπ(A) if π is a set of odd primes. In this paper it is proved that the conjecture is true if A and B are soluble. A similar result with certain additional restrictions holds in the case 2 ∈ π. Moreover, it is shown that the conjecture holds if Oπ ′(A) and Oπ′(B) have coprime orders.


This research aim to know how much most effective car queue done by PT. KAM, in Jakarta, a company moving to gives car repair service (car workshop) which during the time provide 6 kinds of service facility (M), whether with facility and employer addition will result maximal advantage. method of Research used is descriptive method with research Type of Case Study, while its Variable is probability no unit / people in system (Po), the total customer staying in queue system (Ls), mean of customer time await in queue system (Ws), total mean of customer stay in queue (Lq), and mean time of customer await in queue (Wq). Result of this research is adding one kind of server without officer of company may get advantage equal to Rp. 10.136.000 compared to add one server and one officer. Advantage obtained is equal to Rp. 8.936.000.


Overview Deep Crustal Seismic Reflection Profiling: Australia 1978–2015 presents the full suite of reflection profiles penetrating the whole crust carried our in Australia by Geoscience Australia and various partners. The set of reflection data comprises over 16,000 km of coverage across the whole continent, and provides an insight into the variations in crustal architecture in the varied geological domains. Each reflection profile is presented at approximately true scale with up to 220 km of profile per page and overlap between pages. Each reflection section is accompanied by a geological strip map showing the configuration of the line superimposed on 1:1M geology. The compilation includes a suite of large-scale reflection transects groups of 1,000 km or more that link across major geological provinces, and an extensive bibliography of reports and relevant publications.


Presently, the majority of reports deal with combining chemical reactions, in a stepwise fashion, to obtain well-defined polymers. In the future, chemists need to address new challenges such as increase in the range of available efficient reactions, developing libraries of compatible one-pot reactions, and the application of obtained materials in key industries. Indeed, the rising importance of the click concept has now devised robust synthetic approaches in various fields of research. The unique selectivity of the click reaction is today a new found toolbox for scientists to investigate one-pot multi-step systems. Several accelerated protocols have elegantly been reported to obtain a library of advanced polymers.


This paper gives some theoretical instructions of China's property tax reform which include the reform of land lease system, the design of tax base, tax rates and tax relief, and also provides some interesting property tax proposals for Shanghai and estimates the effects of property tax reform on residence price.This paper selects a case study of Shanghai which can provide useful methods or findings to other cases characterized by similar traits and situations. Through observation and analysis of documentary evidence, the new average residence price and the prices of residences which locate around the inner ring road and the outer ring road are estimated. Moreover, this study uses asset pricing theory, partial equilibrium theory and quantitative simulation analysis to explore the impact of property tax reform on the residence price under the combinations of varied property tax rates, discount rates and tax base. The paper also uses comparative analysis in lots of areas. The data is gathering from National Bureau of Statistics, local bureaus of statistics, World Band, several valuation firms, international and local theses.The author provides 4 proposals of Shanghai. After the simulation analysis, the first proposal is seen as the most mildly proposal with low property rates and small tax base. The total residence value decreases about 4.92 percent of the original value after the property tax reform. The second proposal use graduated property tax rates corresponding to different property value, which may have greater fairness and equality but lower efficiency. The third proposal targets at gaining more tax revenue from villa and luxury apartments and adjusts the poverty gap. The sales price after property tax decreases around 10 percent. The fourth proposal provides the idea that property tax rates can be set according to the location of administrative areas. In the future study, a case study of a certain city combined with precise empirical observations and statistics data is a good direction. Moreover, this study only introduces a simple model and some indicators which affect the house price. However, how to narrow down the indicators and to use an effective model and to use property tax as an effective indicator to affect residence price is the next step.


Prescribed burning is a commonly applied management tool, and there has been considerable debate over the efficacy of its application. We review data relating to the effectiveness of prescribed burning in Australia. Specifically, we address two questions: (1) to what extent can fuel reduction burning reduce the risk of loss of human life and economic assets posed from wildfires? (2) To what extent can prescribed burning be used to reduce the risk of biodiversity loss? Data suggest that prescribed burning can achieve a reduction in the extent of wildfires; however, at such levels, the result is an overall increase in the total area of the landscape burnt. Simulation modelling indicates that fuel reduction has less influence than weather on the extent of unplanned fire. The need to incorporate ecological values into prescribed burning programmes is becoming increasingly important. Insufficient data are available to determine if existing programs have been successful. There are numerous factors that prevent the implementation of better prescribed burning practices; most relate to a lack of clearly defined, measurable objectives. An adaptive risk management framework combined with enhanced partnerships between scientists and fire-management agencies is necessary to ensure that ecological and fuel reduction objectives are achieved.


Background: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of selected physiological, psychological and situational factors on experience of fatigue, and functional limitations due to fatigue in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: In total 101 patients with COPD and 34 control patients were assessed for experience of fatigue, functional limitation due to fatigue (Fatigue Impact Scale), physiological [lung function, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), body mass index (BMI), dyspnoea, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), surfactant protein D], psychological (anxiety, depression, insomnia), situational variables (age, sex, smoking, living alone, education), and quality of life. Results: Fatigue was more common in patients with COPD than in control patients (72% versus 56%, p < 0.001). Patients with COPD and fatigue had lower lung function, shorter 6MWD, more dyspnoea, anxiety and depressive symptoms, and worse health status compared with patients without fatigue (all p < 0.01). No differences were found for markers of systemic inflammation. In logistic regression, experience of fatigue was associated with depression [odds ratio (OR) 1.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–2.25) and insomnia (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.19–2.54). In linear regression models, depression, surfactant protein D and dyspnoea explained 35% (R2) of the variation in physical impact of fatigue. Current smoking and depression explained 33% (R2) of the cognitive impact of fatigue. Depression and surfactant protein D explained 48% (R2) of the psychosocial impact of fatigue. Conclusions: Experiences of fatigue and functional limitation due to fatigue seem to be related mainly to psychological but also to physiological influencing factors, with depressive symptoms, insomnia problems and dyspnoea as the most prominent factors. Systemic inflammation was not associated with perception of fatigue but surfactant protein D was connected to some dimensions of the impact of fatigue


There are limited data about minority physicians' professional satisfaction and job stress. In this study, we describe by race and ethnicity, satisfaction, and job stress among a national sample of physician. We analyzed data from 2,217 respondents to the Physicians' Worklife Survey (PWS), a career satisfaction survey of physicians drawn from the AMA Physician Masterfile. Scales measuring overall job and career satisfaction and work-related stress were constructed from Likert-response items. We examined the association between physician ethnicity and each of these scales. Respondents included 57 black, 134 Hispanic, 400 Asian or Pacific Islander, and 1,626 white physicians. In general, minority physicians appeared to serve a more demanding patient base than did white physicians. Hispanic physicians reported significantly higher job (p=0.05) and career (p=0.03) satisfaction compared to white physicians but no significant difference in stress. Asian or Pacific Islander physicians averaged lower job satisfaction (p=001) and higher stress (p<0.01) compared to white physicians. Black physicians did not differ significantly from white physicians on any of the three measures. Significant racial and ethnic variations were found with respect to several specific satisfaction domains: autonomy, patient care issues, relations with staff, relations with the community, pay, and resources.


The recent disruption of the earth's ecosystems through industrialization, consumption of the planet's precious finite resources and pollution of the oceans, soil, and the atmosphere raises the distinct possibility of the collapse of the fragile biosphere. It is apparent that any effort to reverse this gloomy situation will have to draw on a wide range of analysis and techniques. The expertise of natural, social and physical scientists, policy makers and theologians must be drawn together in a joint effort to deal with the global crisis. This article focuses on the place of theology in this endeavor. It points out that the causes of environmental degradation are multi-dimensional, that is; technological, economic and socio-political. Some critics have observed that the Judeo- Christian tradition that validates an anthropocentric view point in its understanding of human being as the apex of creation has led to the environmental crisis. Subsequently, the main argument is that since Christianity has contributed to the problem, it is must be part of the solution. The Christian community in general must take a stance for care, justice and the integrity of God's creation. In conclusion the article provides insights that would lead to the development of a holistic and integrative paradigm that will ensure environmental conservation and sustainability.


ACADEMIC) The Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) is an imperiled shorebird that inhabits sandy beaches along the North American Atlantic Coast. The species' decline has been attributed to habitat loss, disturbance, and predation throughout its range, although most conservation efforts have focused on increasing reproductive output during the breeding season. On the coast of North Carolina, Piping Plovers breed in areas with large amounts of recreational and tourism use. Beach recreation is known to reduce nest success, chick survival, and potentially fitness in other parts of the species' range. To reduce potential negative effects from human activities on breeding Piping Plovers, managers close areas to pedestrian and vehicle access using exclusion buffers delineated by symbolic fencing. However, the reproductive success and population size of Piping Plovers in parts of North Carolina has not appeared to increase as a result of these management strategies, despite the importance of the park and its protections to these birds on their southward migration in the fall. To understand how disturbance and attempts to mitigate it affected plover demography, we examined Piping Plover population dynamics, brood movement, and migration in North Carolina from 2015–2017. We monitored 46 nests and 19 broods, and we used a logistic exposure nest survival model and Cormack-Jolly-Seber model to estimate reproductive success. We uniquely banded 77 adults and 49 chicks to understand annual survival and fidelity rates using a live encounter mark-recapture model. During the prefledge period, we observed movements of Piping Plover broods, and we gathered information on their environment that may affect their behavior. We recorded 191 brood locations, collected 132 focal chick behavior samples, and 113 potential disturbance environmental samples. We used multiple linear regression to evaluate several hypotheses regarding daily and hourly brood movement rates. We also conducted 22 migratory surveys after the breeding season in 2016 at an area in Cape Hatteras National Seashore thought to be used by large numbers of south-bound migrating Piping Plovers. We used integrated Jolly-Seber and binomial count models on resighting and count data to estimate stopover superpopulation and stopover duration of migrating birds based on their breeding region of origin. Annual survival of adults from North Carolina (?̅? = 0.69, SE = 0.07) was not different from another population on Fire Island, New York (?̅? = 0.73, SE = 0.04), but the North Carolina population annually had low reproductive success, primarily due to low rates of chick survival. As a result, the North Carolina population was predicted to decline during the study period (λ<1 each year). Historically this population has not met the estimated rate of reproductive output needed for a stationary population 1.07 chicks per pair, SE = 0.69); therefore, it is likely the population is sustained by immigration from an unknown source. Daily (?̅? = 71.5m/24hr) and hourly (?̅? = 183.3m/hr) brood movements each had considerable variation (Daily: SD = 70.6, range = 0.0–327.2m; Hourly: SD = 262.3, range = 0.2–1450.9m). Chicks did not appear to move in response to the environmental factors we examined. The rate of brood movement suggests regular daylight monitoring is necessary to adequately protect unfledged broods from anthropogenic disturbance under current management methods. We found that 569 Piping Plovers (95% CI: 502–651), nearly 15% of the estimated Atlantic Coast population, stopped at a single area in Cape Hatteras National Seashore, North Carolina during fall migration. Birds stayed an average 4–7 weeks, depending on the breeding region from which they migrated, and they primarily used a relatively new protected area. These findings suggest that North Carolina is an important area for Piping Plover ecology during multiple stages of their annual cycle.


In 1762, British forces mobilized more than 230 ships and 26,000 soldiers, sailors, and enslaved Africans to attack Havana, one of the wealthiest and most populous ports in the Americas. They met fierce resistance. Spanish soldiers and local militias in Cuba, along with enslaved Africans who were promised freedom, held off the enemy for six suspenseful weeks. In the end, the British prevailed, but more lives were lost in the invasion and subsequent eleven-month British occupation of Havana than during the entire Seven Years' War in North America. The Occupation of Havana offers a nuanced and poignantly human account of the British capture and Spanish recovery of this coveted Caribbean city. The book explores both the interconnected histories of the British and Spanish empires and the crucial role played by free people of color and the enslaved in the creation and defense of Havana. Tragically, these men and women would watch their promise of freedom and greater rights vanish in the face of massive slave importation and increased sugar production upon Cuba's return to Spanish rule. By linking imperial negotiations with events in Cuba and their consequences, Elena Schneider sheds new light on the relationship between slavery and empire at the dawn of the Age of Revolutions.


In the decades after WWII cities experienced an outflow of people and businesses to the suburbs. This migration was due to an increase in highways and automobile use and in part due to increased crime, declining schools, and a desire for a higher quality of life outside the city In the past decade this suburbanization has been labeled "sprawl" and is blamed for everything from community disintegration to destroying the ozone layer. Smart Growth has arrived as a growth management tool to counteract the perceived negative aspects of sprawl. Smart Growth seeks to address the problems of sprawl with several solutions. These solutions include economically revitalizing the urban core, creating higher population densities within the urban core, managing infrastructure to control suburban growth and counteracting the subsidies given to sprawl. Extensive debate exists on the theories behind the development of Smart Growth as well as Smart Growth's solutions. To find out if these solutions will solve the problems of sprawl it is helpful to explore the attitudes of those who deal with Smart Growth first hand. The purpose of this research is to determine the perceptions that City Planners across Texas have about the fiscal impacts of Smart Growth policies on municipal finance. This research demonstrates that overall City Planning Directors across Texas currently have an overall positive view of the effects of Smart Growth on municipal finance. However, a wide range of opinions is indicated by the research. Only time itself will tell if Smart Growth will live up to its supporters' claims.


This paper considers the requirements for a scalable, easily manageable, fault-tolerant, and efficient data center network fabric. Trends in multi-core processors, end-host virtualization, and commodities of scale are pointing to future single-site data centers with millions of virtual end points. Existing layer 2 and layer 3 network protocols face some combination of limitations in such a setting: lack of scalability, difficult management, inflexible communication, or limited support for virtual machine migration. To some extent, these limitations may be inherent for Ethernet/IP style protocols when trying to support arbitrary topologies. We observe that data center networks are often managed as a single logical network fabric with a known baseline topology and growth model. We leverage this observation in the design and implementation of PortLand, a scalable, fault tolerant layer 2 routing and forwarding protocol for data center environments. Through our implementation and evaluation, we show that PortLand holds promise for supporting a ``plug-and-play" large-scale, data center network.


BACKGROUND
The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) is a validated tool for diagnosing delirium in the ICU and yields 1 of 3 ratings: positive, negative, and unable to assess (UTA). It was hypothesized that an educational campaign focused on establishing patients' arousal as comatose versus noncomatose before initiating the CAM-ICU would decrease the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings.

OBJECTIVES
To compare the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings before and after an educational campaign.

METHODS
An interventional, quasi-experimental study was conducted in a surgical ICU at a tertiary academic medical center. A nursing educational campaign was conducted from March 1 to March 7, 2012. Patients admitted to the surgical ICU from December 25, 2011 through January 25, 2012 were included in the baseline cohort, and patients admitted from March 9 through April 9, 2012 were included in the posteducation cohort. Inclusion criteria were admission to the surgical ICU for at least 24 hours and at least 1 CAM-ICU assessment.

RESULTS
The baseline cohort included 93 patients and the posteducation cohort included 96 patients. Patients were 41% less likely to receive an inappropriate UTA rating after the educational campaign (32% [30 of 93] baseline vs 19% [18 of 96], P = .03). Patients with concurrent mechanical ventilation were more likely to receive an inappropriate UTA rating in the baseline cohort (odds ratio, 30.7; 95% CI, 8.9-105.9; P < .001) and the posteducation cohort (odds ratio, 15.5; 95% CI, 4.1-59.5; P < .001).

CONCLUSION
The educational campaign decreased the incidence of inappropriate UTA ratings.


Morality has connotations and implications in all spheres of personal life and social life. One of these spheres in which morality should be present is the justice system, from which there is the expectation to be a defender of human rights and fundamental freedoms and to make justice. In order to achieve this goal, law professionals must act morally and responsible, and the laws of a state must integrate the morality in their text and transpose moral principles into practice. A role in the formation of the moral personality of a lawyer is his education, education that must also addressed the moral dimension. One of the courses addressing this moral dimension is Legal Ethics prepares the student to integrate personal ethics with professional ethics. The purpose of this article is to present the importance of integrating into the School of Law curriculum of the Legal Ethics course and a possible approach to ethics in relation to the law. KEY WORDS: morality, legal ethics, school of law, juridical professionals


We present a clustering analysis of 370 high-confidence Hα emitters (HAEs) at z = 2.23. The HAEs are detected in the Hi-Z Emission Line Survey (HiZELS), a large-area blank field 2.121μm narrow-band survey using the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Wide Field Camera (WFCAM). Averaging the two-point correlation function of HAEs in two ∼1° scale fields [United Kingdom Infrared Deep Sky Survey/Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) and Cosmological Evolution Survey (COSMOS) fields] we find a clustering amplitude equivalent to a correlation length of r 0 = 3.7 ± 0.3h -1Mpc for galaxies with star formation rates of ≳7M ⊙yr -1. The data are also well-fitted by the expected correlation function of cold dark matter (CDM), scaled by a bias factor: ω HAE = b 2ω DM where b=2.4-0.2+0.1. The corresponding 'characteristic' mass for the haloes hosting HAEs is log(M h/[h -1M ⊙]) = 11.7 ± 0.1. Comparing to the latest semi-analytic galform predictions for the evolution of HAEs in a ΛCDM cosmology, we find broad agreement with the observations, with galform predicting an HAE correlation length of ∼4h -1Mpc. Motivated by this agreement, we exploit the simulations to construct a parametric model of the halo occupation distribution (HOD) of HAEs, and use this to fit the observed clustering. Our best-fitting HOD can adequately reproduce the observed angular clustering of HAEs, yielding an effective halo mass and bias in agreement with that derived from the scaled ω DM fit, but with the relatively small sample size the current data provide a poor constraint on the HOD. However, we argue that this approach provides interesting hints into the nature of the relationship between star-forming galaxies and the matter field, including insights into the efficiency of star formation in massive haloes. Our results support the broad picture that 'typical' (≲L {black star}) star-forming galaxies have been hosted by dark matter haloes with M h ≲ 10 12h -1M ⊙ since z ≈ 2, but with a broad occupation distribution and clustering that is likely to be a strong function of luminosity. © 2012 The Authors Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © 2012 RAS.


Intraoral local anesthesia is a common dental procedure. It may often be accompanied by general complications, some of which may be ophthalmological, like: diplopia, ptosis, mydriasis, amaurosis, strabismus [1]. We report the case of a 67-year-old female patient who suffered an extraction of the left maxillary second molar and after intraoral local anesthesia administration she noticed the onset of diplopia, due to left lateral rectus muscle palsy. Ocular complications may occurs during intraoral local anesthesia, which are most of the times remitted and leave no visual sequelae.


Well known for its highly articulate and influential women, Pakistan is also notorious for the severe restrictions placed on women's personal and political liberties. The Raising Her Voice (RHV) programme started working on this very complex and sensitive issue by building a country-level partnership with the Aurat Foundation (AF), which for the past 26 years has promoted women's empowerment and citizens' participation in governance. Working together, the RHV programme and AF established 50 Women Leaders Groups (WLGs) in 30 districts across Pakistan, with a total membership of 1,500 women activists, living and working in their communities. The aims of the WLGs are: to promote activism within their communities; to defend and promote individual and collective women's rights; to represent marginalized women; and to raise women's collective voice at local and district levels, as well as, with AF's support, at the provincial and national level. This case study evaluates the Raising Her Voice Pakistan programme in order to explore how change happens and inform future programme design and ways of working. This publication forms part of a series of Active Citizenship Case Studies .


In this paper we present an approach for a pursuit-evasion problem that considers a 2.5d environment represented by a height map. Such a representation is particularly suitable for large-scale outdoor pursuit-evasion. By allowing height information we not only capture some aspects of 3d visibility but can also consider target heights. In our approach we construct a graph representation of the environment by sampling points and their detection sets which extend the usual notion of visibility. Once a graph is constructed we compute strategies on this graph using a modification of previous work on graph-searching. This strategy is converted into robot paths that are planned on the height map by classifying the terrain appropriately. In experiments we investigate the performance of our approach and provide examples including a map of a small village with surrounding hills and a sample map with multiple loops and elevation plateaus. Experiments are carried out with varying sensing ranges as well as target and sensor heights. To the best of our knowledge the presented approach is the first viable solution to 2.5d pursuit-evasion with height maps.


Centrifugal compressor stages with high rotor stiffness (i.e. impeller hub-to-outer-diameter ratio) may represent a crucial element to cope with tight rotordynamic requirements and constraints that are needed for certain applications. On the other hand, high-stiffness has a detrimental effect on the aerodynamic performance. Thus, an accurate design and optimization are required to minimize the performance gap with respect to low-stiffness stages. This paper shows a redesign and optimization procedure of a centrifugal compressor stage aimed at increasing the impeller stiffness while keeping high aerodynamic performance. Two different optimization steps are employed to consider a wide design space while keeping the computational cost as low as possible. At first the attention is focused on the impeller only, then the diffuser and the return channel are taken into account. The multi-objective and multi-operating point optimization makes use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) as a surrogate model to obtain the response surfaces. RANS calculations are carried out using the TRAF code and are employed to create the training dataset. Once the ANN has been trained, an optimization strategy is used to find the constrained optimum geometries for the impeller and the static components. The optimized high-stiffness stage is finally compared to the low-stiffness one to assess its applicability.


Netmeter software reads a data stream from up to 250 networked phasemeters, synchronizes the data, saves the reduced data to disk (after applying a low-pass filter), and provides a Web server interface for remote control. Unlike older phasemeter software that requires a special, real-time operating system, this program can run on any general-purpose computer. It needs about five percent of the CPU (central processing unit) to process 20 channels because it adds built-in data logging and network-based GUIs (graphical user interfaces) that are implemented in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). Netmeter runs on Linux and Windows. It displays the instantaneous displacements measured by several phasemeters at a user-selectable rate, up to 1 kHz. The program monitors the measure and reference channel frequencies. For ease of use, levels of status in Netmeter are color coded: green for normal operation, yellow for network errors, and red for optical misalignment problems. Netmeter includes user-selectable filters up to 4 k samples, and user-selectable averaging windows (after filtering). Before filtering, the program saves raw data to disk using a burst-write technique.


This study examined the various sources of finance employed by the downstream petroleum firms in Nigeria. It also determined the effect of long-term finance on profitability. Furthermore, it ascertained the impact of short-term finance on profitability and found out the relationship between the medium-term finance and profitability in view of providing information of the significant effect of long-term and short-term finance on financial performance. The study employed secondary source of data. The technique of analysis was fixed-effect model through the panel data collected. The research design is quantitative. The targeted population consisted of 25 downstream petroleum firms in Nigeria from which a sample size of 20 firms was selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were sourced on variables such as profit after tax; long-term source of finance, short-term source of finance and medium-term source of finance from the audited financial statements of downstream petroleum firms. The data collected from the audited financial statements of the 20 firms covered 5 years between the periods of 2011-2015.The results of the study revealed that sources of finance as a whole significantly affected organizational performance in the downstream petroleum industry in Nigeria as F-statistic = 249.1042 with Prob. value = 0.0000. Also, it was found that the results of the study were in consonance with the theoretical apriori expectations. Moreso, the study revealed that long-term finance significantly affected profitability as the t-value of long-term finance was -5.644289 with its attendant Prob. value = 0.0000. Furthermore, it was found that short-term finance significantly impacted on profitability as the t-value of short-term finance was 9.881206 with its attendant Prob. value = 0.0000. Moreover, the study revealed that there was direct relationship between the medium-term finance and profitability as the slope of coefficient was 0.178386. This indicated that 1% increase in medium-term finance would make the profitability to increase by 17.8%. The study concluded that in as much as sources of finance affected financial performance of downstream petroleum firms in Nigeria, the management and board of directors should pay attention to the utilization of these sources particularly short-term finance so as to avoid mismatch. Keywords: Sources, Finance, performance, downstream, petroleum, and profit-after tax.


Coupled norms have emerged as a convex method to solve coupled tensor completion. A limitation with coupled norms is that they only induce low-rankness using the multilinear rank of coupled tensors. In this paper, we introduce a new set of coupled norms known as coupled nuclear norms by constraining the CP rank of coupled tensors. We propose new coupled completion models using the coupled nuclear norms as regularizers, which can be optimized using computationally efficient optimization methods. We derive excess risk bounds for proposed coupled completion models and show that proposed norms lead to better performance. Through simulation and real-data experiments, we demonstrate that proposed norms achieve better performance for coupled completion compared to existing coupled norms.


The themes of energy conversion with low environmental impact and energy recovery, will have, in the near future, a high potential for development for naval applications. The containment of pollutant emissions can be achieved by an innovative mini gas-steam combined cycle with thermal energy cogeneration to feed the ship thermal utilities, in place of or alongside the electric diesel engines currently used. The present work is focused on the definition of the architecture of the system, by selecting optimal thermodynamic cycle parameters and power repartition, as well as on the choice and sizing of the individual components to obtain a compact and high efficiency system. The proposed basic mini-cycle consists of a gas turbine of about 1.5 MW and a steam turbine of about 0.5 MW. For an overall electrical efficiency of about 28%, a total return (thermal + electricity) of 75% can been achieved. An example of plant providing larger power, in a partially modular arrangement is also proposed. * Corresponding author Barsi, D., et al. Design of a Mini Combined Heat and Power ... Year 2020 Volume 8, Issue 2, pp 281-292 Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 282


One of the ways in which legal services are financed and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and businesses. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved and this causes behavioural dynamics that are not easily predicted or influenced.Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, there are challenges that policy-makers who would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI need to face.


International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) E6 and ICH E3, developed nearly 20 years ago, are the current regulatory guidance documents for developing clinical study protocols (CSPs) and clinical study reports (CSRs). Ambiguity in the guidelines, and recent public disclosure requirements mean that review and revision of these guidelines is warranted. In May 2014, EMWA assembled a group of experts, called the Budapest Working Group (BWG), and initiated a 2-year collaboration with a variety of stakeholders to review the two guidelines. The resulting recommendations should address the needs of the widest possible community; incorporate developments since the guidelines were first issued; and facilitate responsible clinical trial data sharing. In this first of three planned open-access publications, we explain the objectives of this project, present our 2-year project plan, and report on progress to date.


Distribution systems have been going through significant changes in recent years, moving away from traditional systems with low-level control toward smart grids with highlevel control, with improved technologies in communications, monitoring, computation, and real-time control. In the context of smart grids, Demand Response (DR) programs have been introduced so that customers are able to control and alter their energy consumption in consideration with distribution system operators, with benefits accruing to both customers and Local Distribution Companies (LDCs). This thesis focuses on the integration of DR with the intelligent operation of distribution system feeders. Thus, it proposes a mathematical model of an unbalanced three-phase distribution system power flow, including different kinds of loads and other components of distribution systems. In this context, an unbalanced three-phase Distribution Optimal Power Flow (DOPF) model is proposed, which includes the models of lines, transformers, voltage-based loads, smart loads, Load Tap Changers (LTCs), and Switched Capacitors (SCs), together with their respective operating limits, to determine the optimal switching decisions for LTCs, SCs, and control signals for smart loads, in particular, Energy Hub Management System loads and Peaksaver PLUS loads. Hence, Neural-Networkbased models of controllable smart loads, which are integrated into the DOPF model are proposed, developed, and tested. Since the DOPF model has different discrete variables such as LTCs and SCs, the model is a Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) problem, which presents a considerable computational challenge. In order to solve this MINLP problem without approximations and ad-hoc heuristics, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to determine the optimal control decisions of controllable feeder elements and loads. Since the number of control variables in a realistic distribution system is large, solving the DOPF for real-time applications using GA is computationally expensive. Hence, a decentralized system with parallel computing nodes based on a Smart Grid Communication Middleware (SGCM) system is proposed. Using a "MapReduce" model, the SGCM system executes the DOPF model, communicates between the master and the worker computing nodes, and sends/receives data amongst different parts of the parallel computing system. When large number of nodes are involved, the SGCM system has a fast performance, is reliable, and is able to handle different fault tolerance levels with the available computing resources. The proposed approaches are tested and validated on a practical feeder with the objective of minimizing energy losses and/or energy drawn from the substation. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the developed techniques for real-time distribution feeder


Critical Power (CP) provides a useful indicator of training status in continuous activities lasting between approximately 2 and 30 minutes. To date, determination of CP has been mostly constrained to the laboratory. The conventional laboratory protocol commonly requires multi-day time-to-exhaustion tests. The thesis below addresses whether CP can a) be determined without multi-day exhaustive trials and b) be determined in the field. Studies compared the findings of conventional laboratory determination methods with novel protocols in which either the testing mode, the recovery period between exhaustive trials, or the environment were manipulated. Study 1 demonstrates that the recently developed 3-min all-out protocol does not result in valid CP values, when using the isokinetic ergometer mode. Results indicated low levels of agreement (mean of 23-45 W) between conventionally determined CP and values derived through the 3-min all-out protocol. The average prediction error associated with the relationship between CP and the 3-min all-out End Power was 7%. In Study 2, values of CP derived through a conventional laboratory CP protocol were compared with those determined outdoors on a cycling track. High levels of agreement (mean of 2 -14 W) were observed between the laboratory and field values of CP. The average prediction error associated with the relationship between laboratory and field CP was 2.2%. Based in the laboratory, Study 3 compares a 24 h recovery protocol with a 3 h and a 30 min recovery protocols. High levels of agreement (mean of -2 - 11 W and -2 - 8 W respectively) were observed across protocols. The average prediction error associated with the relationship between the 24 h and 3 h and the 24 h and 30 min protocols was 2.4% and 3.3% respectively, suggesting that determination of CP could be made more 'athlete-friendly' by shortening the conventional 3-day protocol to one day. Study 4 uses three protocols to evaluate the shortened 30 min protocol in ecological valid open road conditions. Values of CP derived from laboratory protocols were compared to a) those derived from pre-planned and 'grouped' maximal efforts of 3 min, 7 min and 12 min with a 30 min recovery period between efforts (protocol 1), b) those of discrete and randomly performed, yet still pre-planned maximal efforts of the same durations (protocol 2), and c) to those extracted from self-directed training and racing of these same durations (protocol 3). The average prediction error associated with the relationship between the laboratory and the field values of CP was 3.1% (protocol 1), 4.9% (protocol 2) and 4.1% (protocol 3). Results, whilst providing high levels of agreement, also suggested that in particular protocols 1 and 3 potentially provide a practical and arguably ecologically valid alternative to the conventional laboratory protocol. Study 5 further investigates the overall CP determination procedure by comparing collected values of CP derived through 3 data points with both, CP laboratory and field values derived through 2 data points. High levels of agreement and low prediction errors (average 3.2%) associated with the relationship between 3 data points and 2 data points-derived CP were observed. Studies collectively provide support for the acceptance of field performance testing using CP, with either a 30 min inter-maximal effort recovery period or alternatively the extraction of non-planned specified maximal efforts from training and racing data. Overall the investigations described in the thesis suggest that CP determination is feasible beyond the laboratory and that consumer-level technology provides satisfactory ease and reliability of measurement in this context. Moreover, these novel CP determination methods allow coaches to continuously monitor their athletes.


The Pliocene–Pleistocene northern Taiwan volcanic zone (NTVZ) is located within a trench-arc–back-arc basin and oblique arc–continent collision zone. Consequently the origin and tectonic setting of the andesitic rocks within the NTVZ and their relation to other circum-Pacific volcanic island-arc systems is uncertain. Rocks collected from the Tatun volcanic group (TTVG) include basaltic to andesitic rocks. The basalt is compositionally similar to within-plate continental tholeiites whereas the basaltic andesite and andesite are calc-alkaline; however, all rocks show a distinct depletion of Nb-Ta in their normalized incompatible element diagrams. The Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the TTVG rocks are very similar and have a relatively restricted range (i.e. ISr = 0.70417–0.70488; εNd(T) = +2.2 to +3.1), suggesting that they are derived directly or indirectly from the same mantle source. The basalts are likely derived by mixing between melts from the asthenosphere and a subduction-modified subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) source, whereas the basaltic andesites may be derived by partial melting of pyroxenitic lenses within the SCLM and mixing with asthenospheric melts. MELTS modelling using a starting composition equal to the most primitive basaltic andesite, shallow-pressure (i.e. ≤1 kbar), oxidizing conditions (i.e. FMQ +1), and near water saturation will produce compositions similar to the andesites observed in this study. Petrological modelling and the Sr-Nd isotope results indicate that the volcanic rocks from TTVG, including the spatially and temporally associated Kuanyinshan volcanic rocks, are derived from the same mantle source and that the andesites are the product of fractional crystallization of a parental magma similar in composition to the basaltic andesites. Furthermore, our results indicate that, in some cases, calc-alkaline andesites may be generated by crystal fractionation of mafic magmas derived in an extensional back-arc setting rather than a subduction zone setting.


In this in-depth exploration of the symbols found in Navaho legend and ritual, Gladys Reichard discusses the attitude of the tribe members toward their place in the universe, their obligation toward humankind and their gods, and their conception of the supernatural, as well as how the Navaho achieve a harmony within their world through symbolic ceremonial practice.Originally published in 1963.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Just like monolingual children, bilingual children need to carve up the referential space to understand and produce discourse-appropriate referential expressions. In the case of bilinguals, this demanding task additionally requires language-specific form-function mappings that may be structurally similar or different in their two languages. Cases of partial form-function overlap across languages, especially with respect to third person pronouns, have been the focus of much scrutiny in connection with the issue of cross-linguistic influence. In this chapter we review naturalistic and experimental evidence showing how the degree of structural overlap across two languages, the degree of variability in the target language(s), and the amount of input that is necessary to home in on the target grammar(s) constrain the comprehension and production of referential expressions in bilingual acquisition.


[001]-textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ceramics were synthesized by using templated grain growth method. Significantly high [001] texture degree corresponding to 0.98 Lotgering factor was achieved at 1 vol. % BaTiO3 template. Electromechanical properties for [001]-textured PMN-PT ceramics with 1 vol. % BaTiO3 were found to be d33 = 1000 pC/N, d31 = 371 pC/N, ɛr = 2591, and tanδ = ∼0.6%. Elastoelectric composite based modeling results showed that higher volume fraction of template reduces the overall dielectric constant and thus has adverse effect on the piezoelectric response. Clamping effect was modeled by deriving the changes in free energy as a function of applied electric field and microstructural boundary condition.


A key problem in reinforcement learning is how an animal is able to learn a sequence of movements when the reward signal only occurs at the end of the sequence. We describe how a hierarchical dynamical model of motor function is able to solve the problem of delayed reward in learning movement sequences using associative (Hebbian) learning. At the lowest level, the motor system encodes simple movements or primitives, while at higher levels the system encodes sequences of primitives. During training, the network is able to learn a high level motor program composed of a specific temporal sequence of motor primitives. The network is able to achieve this despite the fact that the reward signal, which indicates whether or not the desired motor program has been performed correctly, is received only at the end of each trial during learning. Use of a continuous attractor network in the architecture enables the network to generate the motor outputs required to produce the continuous movements necessary to implement the motor sequence. c © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that physical activity might reduce the risk of depressive symptoms, but there are limited data on Black women.Purpose: The objective was to evaluate the association between leisure time physical activity and depressive symptoms in U.S. Black women.Methods: Participants included 35,224 women ages 21 to 69 from the BlackWomen's Health Study, a follow-up study of African American women in which data are collected biennially by mail questionnaire.Women answered questions on past and current exercise levels at baseline (1995) and follow-up (1997). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depressive symptoms in 1999. Women who reported a diagnosis of depression before 1999 were excluded. We used multivariate logistic regression models to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for physical activity in relation to depressive symptoms (CES-D score <= 16) with control for potential confounders.Results: Adult vigorous physical activity was inversely associated with depressive symptoms. Women who reported vigorous exercise both in high school (<= 5 hr per week) and adulthood (<= 2 hr per week) had the lowest odds of depressive symptoms (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.71−0.82) relative to never active women; the OR was 0.90 for women who were active in high school but not adulthood (95% CI = 0.85-0.96) and 0.83 for women who were inactive in high school but became active in adulthood (95% CI = 0.77-0.91). Although walking for exercise was not associated with risk of depressive symptoms overall, there was evidence of a weak inverse relation among obese women (Body Mass Index <= 30).Conclusions: Leisure time vigorous physical activity was associated with a reduced odds of depressive symptoms in U.S. Black women.


Invertebrate diversity patterns were examined in six rheocrene springs and six nearby, runoff-fed streams in Cantabria, Northern Spain. Periphyton biomass, organic matter and biomass of moss were always higher in springs than streams. Species densities (number of species/area) and rarified species richness (number of species/number of individuals) were lower and invertebrate densities greater in spring habitats. Of 22 variables chlorophyll-a was the best predictor of species richness, whereas total organic matter was the best predictor of invertebrate density, although neither relationship was strong. Spring habitats had invertebrate communities dominated by non-insect taxa (e. g., Echinogammarus, and Hydrobiidae and Neritidae snails), in contrast to the insect dominated communities in runoff-fed streams (e. g., Baetis, Ecdyonurus, Elmis, Prosimulium, Scirtes and Chironomidae). Echinogammarus had the highest densities in springs; an order of magnitude greater than any other taxa. The effects of biotic processes, such as predation from Echinogammarus on community structure may be more marked in springs because predated individuals cannot be as readily replaced by drifting animals from upstream reaches. The reduced diversity in springs compared to streams could be a result of several factors including increased predation from animals such as Echinogammarus or the unusually constant thermal characteristics.


This paper empirically investigates the effects of government ownership on financial performance within the seafood industry. Looking at the period of 2005-2012 we measure financial performance using Tobin's Q and return on assets. Our dataset consists of quarterly data from eleven companies listed on the Oslo Seafood Index. Using an econometrical approach we are not able to conclude that government ownership is associated with significantly negative performance. These findings are in line with previous studies on government ownership in Norway. However, we find that government ownership has a significant positive effect on return on assets during periods when EBIT-margins are low.


i¾ As Unix spreads its tentacles across users' desktops, more and more Mac users are starting to pop the hood and learn about the operating system that's at the root of it all. And there's no better way to conquer that fear than by consulting this Visual QuickPro Guide. Matisse Enzer, who wrote the first edition of this book, Unix for Mac OS X: Visual QuickPro Guide has completely updated this guide to reflect all that's new in Tiger's version of Unix. Readers will learn everything they need to know to make sense of the commands and technical jargon surrounding Unix. In the process they'll find out about useful utilities, editing and printing files, security, and more--all through simple, step-by-step instructions that break the learning process into manageable chunks. Throughout, users will find plenty of the tips and visual references that have become the hallmark of Peachpit's popular Visual QuickPro Guides. Unix for Mac OS X 10.4: Visual QuickPro Guide is perfect for any Mac user interested in learning about the Unix operating system.


On December 23, 2003, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), widely known as 'mad cow disease,' was found in the state of Washington. Major beef importing countries, including Japan, South Korea, and Mexico, banned imports of beef and beef products produced in the United States. A single case of BSE occurred on May 20, 2003, in Canada, prompting the United States to close its border to Canadian beef products. Prior to these BSE outbreaks in North America, the disease was detected in the United Kingdom and Japan. U.S. consumer response to the BSE outbreak in Washington is unknown. However, the previous cases which occurred in the United Kingdom and Japan indicate that the BSE outbreaks reduced domestic consumption of beef produced in the countries and increased beef imports from BSE-free countries, suggesting that consumers in the United States may respond negatively to the BSE outbreak and reduce their consumption of beef. Based on consumer response to BSE outbreaks in the United Kingdom and Japan, the BSE outbreak in Washington could reduce domestic consumption by 10% and exports by 75%, which could decrease the price of beef about 15%, from 370cents/lb in the third quarter of 2003 to 313.7cents/lb. However, prices of pork and chicken would increase about 3%, as consumers in this country switch from beef to pork and chicken consumption. The decreased consumption and export of beef will affect prices of slaughter and feeder cattle accordingly. The price of slaughter cattle would decrease about 13.5%, and the price of feeder cattle would decrease about 16% in the United States. If there are additional BSE outbreaks in the United States, the impacts will be much more significant. Domestic consumption of beef could decrease more than 20%, and U.S. exports would shutdown completely. In this case, the domestic price of beef could decrease 26%. Prices of slaughter and feeder cattle would decrease accordingly, about 20.9% and 24.5%, respectively, which could destroy the U.S. beef and cattle industry. To isolate a future BSE outbreak in the region, it is important to improve traceability of the infected animals by introducing both country of origin and regional labeling and preserve it through the supply chain. If the labeling system is developed for the United States, and if U.S. processors could segregate cattle based on its origin by labeling, the impacts of BSE outbreaks on the U.S. beef/cattle industry could be less prominent. Labeling would allow U.S. and foreign consumers to distinguish beef coming from BSE-free regions in the United States.


Sovereign debt is necessary for the functioning of many modern states, yet its impact on human rights is underexplored in academic literature. This volume provides the reader with a step-by-step analysis of the debt phenomenon and how it affects human rights. Beginning by setting out the historical, political and economic context of sovereign debt, the book goes on to address the human rights dimension of the policies and activities of the three types of sovereign lenders: international financial institutions (IFIs), sovereigns and private lenders. Bantekas and Lumina, along with a team of global experts, establish the link between debt and the manner in which the accumulation of sovereign debt violates human rights, examining some of the conditions imposed by structural adjustment programs on debtor states with a view to servicing their debt. They outline how such conditions have been shown to exacerbate the debt itself at the expense of economic sovereignty, concluding that such measures worsen the borrower's economic situation, and are injurious to the entrenched rights of peoples.


We study the relationship between exchange rate regimes and economic growth for a sample of 154 countries over the post-Bretton Woods period (1974-1999), using a new de facto classification of regimes based on the actual behavior of the relevant macroeconomic variables. In contrast with previous studies, we find that, for developing countries, less flexible exchange rate regimes are strongly associated with slower growth, as well as with greater output volatility. For industrial countries, on the contrary, regimes do not appear to have any significant impact on growth. The results are robust to endogeneity corrections and a number of alternative specifications borrowed from the growth literature.


ABSTRACT:This essay describes the way that digital narratives (both commercial video games and electronic literature) create two kinds of space: a primary storytelling space in which gameplay or reading occurs, and an orientating space through which those primary spaces are encountered. This orienting space might include a larger narrative world, a menu from which game options can be chosen, or some expressive frame for our reading and play. This essay examines space in narrative theory—especially the work of Ruth Ronen, Gabriel Zoran, David Herman, and Mikhail Bakhtin—in search of a theory able to accommodate this orienting space. After an analysis of the challenges of accounting for intentionally bounded or limited narrative space in these theories, this essay turns to Bakhtin's under-appreciated distinction between the view from inside and outside of the chronotope, which offers an account of what it would mean to occupy such an orienting space. This essay concludes by arguing that the methodology adopted here can have a wider application. By treating a new medium as offering possibilities that reveal unrecognized tensions and limitations within older theories, this essay describes a kind of narratological archeology similar to recent work on media archeology.


INTRODUCTION: Substituted indoles and related structures have been shown to exhibit potent anticancer activity against breast cancer cell lines. Here, the effects of structurally similar substituted indoles against the human glial cancer cell lines, 1321N1 and U87MG, have been investigated by comparing the effects of these compounds to conventional anti cancer drugs. METHODS: Cell viability in the presence of the test compounds was measured using an MTS assay and corroborated by an ATP cell proliferation assay as well as a Trypan blue exclusion test. The significance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the process was determined using an Image-iT® LIVE ROS kit from Invitrogen. RESULTS: Both cell lines were treated with four commercial anticancer drugs and IC50 values were only reached at concentrations of 20 µM for cisplatin and 50 µM for gemcitabine over 48hrs on the 1321N1 cell line. However, the more malignant U87MG cell line was resistant to all the drugs, except for cisplatin where the IC50 value was reached at 300 µM after treatment for 48hrs. Similar studies were carried out with various substituted indoles and the cytotoxicity results on both cell lines showed that the IC50 value was reached within 90 minutes for the most potent compound at a concentration of 600 µM (1321N1) and 800 µM (U87MG). The idea that the mechanism of action of these compounds may work through the generation of ROS was investigated and this was confirmed over a similar time course using a suitable fluorogenic marker. Moreover, it was shown that the addition of an antioxidant (ascorbic acid) abolished the potency of the most active compound. CONCLUSION: Here, it has been demonstrated that certain substituted indoles are able to have a rapid, deleterious effect on the viability of two glioma cell lines and indicated that ROS generation may induce cell death.


This article draws on data from a qualitative research study undertaken in an old (pre-1992) UK university with the main aim of investigating the issue of the gender dimension of academic careers. It examines the idea of an individualistic academic career that demands self-promotion, which is still used as a measure of achievement by those in senior positions. However, there is a basic contradiction. While this idea is upheld, men simultaneously gain by an in-built patriarchal support system. They do not have to make a conscious effort to be helped by it, thereby perpetuating the cultural hegemony of individualism. Women are not admitted to this support system, and if they are seen as needing or wanting to set up their own system, this is viewed as a weakness. The answer appears to be for women to strategically harness feminist ways of working in a collaborative and supportive way.


Summary
1.
Many and varied attempts to cause mouse-brain-adapted yellow fever virus of the French strain, after the 146th passage, to again acquire the general viscerotropic properties of the natural yellow fever virus in Macacus rhesus have met with failure regardless of the site of inoculation employed, the time of the subinoculation of the virus, the kind of tissue used as a virus-containing inoculum, and the amount of virus injected. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal inoculation of the mouse-brain-adapted virus in susceptible monkeys has not led to a reestablishment of the general viscerotropic properties of the natural virus whether it was transferred from monkey to monkey at 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-hour intervals, at the time of fever, or at the death of the animal.
2.
Intracerebral or intraspinal inoculation of Berkfeld N filtrates containing the mouse-brain-adapted yellow fever virus in M. rhesus was followed by an encephalitis of characteristic clinical symptoms, with definite pathological lesions, and of a causal relationship to yellow fever virus demonstrated by specific immunological reactions.
3.
The occurrence of yellow fever virus encephalitis is accompanied by a widespread distribution of the virus in the peripheral nervous system. At the time of death the virus can be recovered from the brain, spinal cord, retina, salivary glands, sciatic nerve, radial nerve, ulnear nerve, and adrenal glands. In our experience it has not been possible to isolate the virus at death from the blood, spinal fluid, liver, kidney, pancreas, or spleen.
4.
The yellow fever virus encephalitis of Macacus rhesus is characterized by the widespread infiltration of mononuclear leucocytes and lymphocytes both in perivascular concentrations and in diffuse disseminations throughout the central nervous system. The infiltration appears to be most marked in the regions of the basal ganglia and brain stem but this is not necessarily the rule. Degenerative changes occur in the neurone cells of the cerebral cortical gyri, brain stem, and spinal cord.
5.
The mouse-brain-adapted yellow fever virus of the French strain, after various periods of life up to 7 months in the nervous tissues of Macacus rhesus retains the essential characteristics of mouse-brain-adapted virus to such an extent that the results of its inoculation intracerebrally in mice are indistinguishable from those following inoculation of the pure-strain, mouse-brain-adapted virus of similar passage in mice alone.
6.
The mouse-brain-adapted yellow fever virus may be maintained in monkeys by direct transfer through an intracerebral or an intraspinal route of a Berkfeld N filtrate of a suspension of triturated infective monkey brain in 10 per cent normal serum.
7.
The neurotropic virus of monkey source may be preserved for at least a period of months by desiccation in vacuo in the frozen state of Berkfeld N filtrates of infective monkey brain suspensions.


A derivative technique is developed for measuring the material response of photosensitive films. The method consists of recording a low modulated grating superimposed with different uniform preexposures. The modulation of the resulting shallow gratings recorded on the photosensitive film is measured by diffraction techniques and the derivative response is thus computed. Compared with other diffraction-based methods, this one is not affected by nonlinearities. Qualitative visual monitoring of these diffraction data may be used for optimizing materials and processes in photolithography and optical recording. Some experimental results concerning positive and negative photoresists are presented.


In an attempt to describe the basic phenomenon of grout propagation, a continuous model of miscible fluid displacement in deformable saturated porous media is proposed. In order to exhibit the relevance of the hydromechanical coupling during the mass transport, the model encompasses equations of mass transport and the equilibrium equation of the porous medium as a whole. The basic field variables consist in solid displacement vector, fluid pressure and grout concentration. The mathematical formulation results in a highly coupled and non linear system, the solution of which requires specific numerical techniques. The dis-placement - pressure - concentration formulation is discretized in space by application of the weighted resi-dual method. The whole system is then integrated in time by means of the - method. In order to validate our approach, a numerical comparison is done with existing results obtained with a no-deformable porous me-dium model.


This study examines the impact of hospitals on local labor markets in rural and urban counties. We measure the ability of hospitals, particularly in rural communities, to attract non-health related employment and provide higher wage jobs to residents based on their education level. Results find hospital employees with an associate's degree can expect a 21.4% wage premium, when compared to alternative opportunities, and those with a bachelor's degree can earn 12.2% more working in a hospital. Hospitals are shown to be positively related to overall employment as well as exhibit positive employment spill-over. For rural counties, a short-term general hospital is associated with 599 jobs in the county; 60 of which are hospital based and 499 are non-healthcare related. With the positive benefits on wages and non-healthcare job growth, hospitals have measurable positive labor market outcomes above their primary objective of providing health care access, particularly in rural counties.


Singlet oxygen ( 1 O2) is the major cytotoxic agent during photodynamic therapy (PDT). A previously developed model that incorporates the diffusion equation for the light transport in tissue and the macroscopic kinetic equations for the generation of the singlet oxygen, can be used to numerically calculate the distance-dependent reacted 1 O2 using finiteelement method (FEM). The formula of reacted 1 O2 concentration involves 5 photophysiological parameters which can be determined explicitly to predict the generation of reacted 1 O2. We have improved an algorithm developed previously to solve the inverse problem to determine the 5 parameters. The optimization is performed using Matlab and dynamically linked with the COMSOL for the forward calculation. The sensitivity of the model parameters to the necrosis depths and treatment conditions are examined. We have shown the results of applying this algorithm on a new photosensitizer drug, BPD, which does not have any published results for these parameters in-vivo. The results are compared with in-vivo experiments performed in mice. In conclusion, our method can successfully extrapolate critical photochemical parameters in vivo for singlet oxygen based dosimetry of PDT.


Nitrate is the major source of nitrogen (N) for plants growing in aerobic soils. However, the NO3- ion is also used by plants as a signal to reprogram plant metabolism and to trigger changes in plant architecture. A striking example is the way that a root system can react to a localized source of NO3- by activating the NO3- uptake system and proliferating lateral roots preferentially within the NO3(-)-rich zone. That roots are able to respond autonomously in this fashion implies the existence of local signaling pathways that are sensitive to local changes in the external NO3- concentration. On the other hand, long-range signaling pathways are also needed to modulate these responses according to the plant's N status and to coordinate the allocation of resources between the root and the shoot. This review examines these signaling mechanisms and their interactions with sugar-sensing and hormonal response pathways.


Making available a selection of some of the most significant recent work on the Tudor monarchy, this text provides a sense of the issues that have preoccupied historians, and of the ways in which the traditional concerns of power and politics have been enlarged by growing attention to less conventional facets of the subject: to the wider agenda of Renaissance statecraft and the phenomenon of female rule, for instance, or to the interdependence of court and localities and the significance of frontiers and boderlands in the shaping of Tudor political culture. Particular attention is given to recent seminal contributions that have shifted the traditional focus, but the debates in the field that continue to fascinate historians and students are also represented. With full introductory sections by John Guy, the volume looks in turn at the broad themes of "Renaissance Monarchy", personality and politics, and polity and government.


How does publication pressure in modern-day universities affect the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in science? By using a worldwide survey among demographers in developed and developing countries, the authors show that the large majority perceive the publication pressure as high, but more so in Anglo-Saxon countries and to a lesser extent in Western Europe. However, scholars see both the pros (upward mobility) and cons (excessive publication and uncitedness, neglect of policy issues, etc.) of the so-called publish-or-perish culture. By measuring behavior in terms of reading and publishing, and perceived extrinsic rewards and stated intrinsic rewards of practicing science, it turns out that publication pressure negatively affects the orientation of demographers towards policy and knowledge sharing. There are no signs that the pressure affects reading and publishing outside the core discipline. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.