This paper examines the interactions between issues such as ideology, neoliberalism, institution - building and sustainable development. The central focus of the paper is to demonstrate that the neoliberalism hasn't succeeded just because it is an economic strate gy which better serves the interests of the capitalist class (though it must be stressed that this fact has obviously contributed) but mainly because it has been promoted as an attractive economic strategy by r e- spected, well organized and transnationalized institutions all around the globe, and understand the reasons behind this institutional support. After reviewing the interrelationships between the Bretton - Woods institutions and their relationship with the concepts of neoliberalism and sustainable develo pment, the paper concludes claiming that the so - called neoliberal ideology operates behind the discourses of growth, progress and sustainability and that it is in charge of softening domin a- tion by diffusing legitimating ideas and granting concessions to su bordinate forces, thus implying significations and values that transcend the possible manipulation of the world as an object.


Abstract : The Concurrent Logical Framework, or CLF, is a new logical framework in which concurrent computations can be represented as monadic objects, for which there is an intrinsic notion of concurrency. It is designed as a conservative extension of the linear logical framework LLF with the synchronous connectives (circle multiply, 1, !, and there exists) of intuitionistic linear logic, encapsulated in a monad. LLF is itself a conservative extension of LF with the asynchronous connectives (logical negation, & and T). The present report, the first of two technical reports describing CLF, presents the frame- work itself and its metatheory. A novel, algorithmic formulation of the underlying type theory concentrating on canonical forms leads to a simple notion of definitional equality for concurrent computations in which the order of independent steps cannot be distinguished. The new formulation of the framework constitutes an original contribution even for the LF fragment. For many additional examples illustrating the use of the framework to specify and reason about object systems of interest, the reader is referred to the companion technical report on applications CPWW02.


Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) may leave permanent and long-term disability placing a burden on the family. Disability following the CVA often required family, especially spouse to provide care. Spouses may struggle to adapt to a long-term caregiving role and relationships with CVA survivors. The study aims to describe the lived experiences of spouses of CVA survivors in order to gain a deep and thorough understanding of the phenomenon. The Husserlian descriptive phenomenology design was used to purposively identify the eight informants. The data were gathered through an interview, after which transcription was done and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. After the thematic analysis, four themes emerged: (1) Increased Domestic Workload (2) Exhaustion: (a) Physically Demanding (b) Psycho-emotional Distress (c) Financial Burden, (3) Bound for a Mission and Responsibility: (a) Being Obligated (b) Strength of Relationship (c) Spouse Welfare, (4) Sense of Loss: (a) Loss of Understanding (b) Loss of Hope (c) Loss of Control. Taking care of CVA survivor had contributed to the changes in the lives of these spouses. The physical, emotional, psychological and financial matters had to be considered that could affect the wellbeing of both the spouses and the CVA survivor. The support of spouses of CVA survivors and their families in achieving optimum long-term adjustment was essential.


Type inference engines often give terrible error messages, and the more sophisticated the type system the worse the problem. We show that even with the highly expressive type system implemented by the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC)--including type classes, GADTs, and type families--it is possible to identify the most likely source of the type error, rather than the first source that the inference engine trips over. To determine which are the likely error sources, we apply a simple Bayesian model to a graph representation of the typing constraints; the satisfiability or unsatisfiability of paths within the graph provides evidence for or against possible explanations. While we build on prior work on error diagnosis for simpler type systems, inference in the richer type system of Haskell requires extending the graph with new nodes. The augmentation of the graph creates challenges both for Bayesian reasoning and for ensuring termination. Using a large corpus of Haskell programs, we show that this error localization technique is practical and significantly improves accuracy over the state of the art.


Lean Production is one of the most generally accepted concepts for increasing operational effectiveness. However, its implementation is still challenging for many companies as it implies not only changes of technical systems and management systems but also changes in attitudes and culture. Generalizable implementation steps have still not yet emerged and there are many ways to implement Lean Production. A Lean Production implementation is a never ending process since it is always possible to become leaner. Thus, the implementation of Lean Production is a long-term commitment for a company in order to reach success.There is a need for research on how to develop and integrate improvement work in order to establish a successful implementation of Lean Production. Accordingly, the overall purpose of the research presented in this thesis is to contribute to an increased understanding of how to successfully implement Lean Production. Moreover, the objective is to develop a supportive framework for a successful Lean Production implementation and to describe this in a general process for the implementation of improvement work.Through literature reviews and three research studies, a supportive framework for the successful implementation of improvement work has been developed. The first study is an explanatory literature and interview study to build a concept model of improvement work. The second study is an exploratory embedded single case study that was conducted to validate the model. Finally, the third study is an exploratory multiple holistic case study that investigated enablers for continuous improvement after a radical implementation of Lean Production.The resulting supportive framework consists of important actions to consider during the different stages of a process for the implementation of improvement work. In the first stage after a radical implementation phase, actions important to sustain change and enable continuous improvement include for example a focus on good leadership on shop floor and efforts in the area of control and follow-up of results in production teams.To develop continuous improvement several actions are defined, like the importance of understanding the context of improvement work including important relations to operations and to develop the production strategy with objectives to align the improvement work.To reach long term success it is important to integrate continuous improvement into operations and important actions for this stage are for example to update the Operational Management System on the company-specific-production-system framework's processes continuously, which includes visualisation of the overall improvement work process.


In this paper, I propose a syntactic treatment for Brazilian Portuguese verbal Prefixes. In an empirical level, I show that prefixes a-, enand escan contribute with semantic, aspectual and argument structure of the root to each they attach when they combine with v forming a kind of complex head (v-p). On the other hand, the same prefixes can show no structural contribution and no predictable meaning to the verb when attached to some bound root formations. In a theoretical level, I proposed that prefixation contribution is determined by locality domains of attachment instead of resourcing to an explanation in terms of a lexical vs. non lexical formation. The general proposal is that that prefixes can merge in three different places in syntactic structure implying different results to the final structure : a. within rootP; b. outside rootP but not above the first categorizer (cyclic head in terms of Embick 2010); c. above little v or some other categorized structure, working as word modifiers. Within this approach, the distinction among lexical, inner and superlexical prefixes (Markova & Padrosa-Trias 2008) can be treated in terms of locality attachment on syntactic structure, dispensing with a two place theory of word formation. Moreover, the proposal of a "above VP" and "below VP" attachment for prefixes (Svenonius 2004) is too rough to account for the focused BP data since we would have to assume that prefixes a-, enand esalways attach below VP and this makes the distinction between rootP internal and rootP external prefix attachment impossible. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/


Abstract Cryptoperthitic alkali feldspars within the Proterozoic Klokken syenite have been pervasively altered deuterically to patch perthites whose constituent subgrains display very fine-scale zoning in optical cathodoluminescence (CL). Electron-probe analyses and hyperspectral maps were acquired from several areas of patch perthite to potentially identify the centers responsible for CL emission and to access information that the subgrains might provide about the late-stage geological evolution of the pluton. Each hyperspectral map is composed of tens of thousands of CL spectra covering a wavelength range of 350.850 nm, and images can be formed from any desired wavelength band. The patch perthite subgrains have two emission bands: one in the blue (~460 nm) and the other at red to infrared wavelengths (~690.725 nm). Cathodoluminescence images formed using both bands show that the optically visible zoning is developed only at blue wavelengths. Comparisons of emission intensities with electron-probe analyses show that the blue band is activated by Ti3+ and less than ~25 ppm of the trace element is required for optically detectable luminescence. Adjacent Ab- and Or-rich subgrains can have identical patterns of zoning at blue wavelengths, indicating that they crystallized from the deuteric fluid simultaneously, but in most cases, differences in zoning within any one area of patch perthite indicate that subgrains grew at different times and slowly relative to the frequent changes in concentrations of Ti within the deuteric fluid. The red to infrared CL emission band is inferred to be activated by Fe3+. Ab-rich feldspar with the greatest intensities of long-wavelength emission and FeO concentrations crystallized from a late-stage and relatively low-T fluid that obtained a proportion of its Fe from mafic grains. The generally poor correlation between variations in intensities of the two emission bands within any one subgrain indicates that concentrations of Ti and Fe in the deuteric fluid varied independently of each other, and one trace element has no sensitizing or quenching effect on emission from the other center. The maximum length of zones within individual subgrains (~0.5 mm) and maximum separation of subgrains with similar zoning patterns (~1 mm) helps to constrain the length and interconnectivity of the thin films of deuteric fluid that mediated alteration


Footage of emotional Israeli settlers leaving their homes as part of Ariel Sharon's disengagement plan evoked a mixed reaction from critics, underlying a lack of consensus on the relationship between individual settlers, the settlement project and the government. In this essay, I explore the political dynamics between the Israeli state, settlers in the occupied territories and the Palestinians on a micro-level by analyzing Dugit – a small and overlooked former settlement from the Gaza Strip. The study of this marginal settlement shifts focus away from settlements that have more political clout and a larger public profile and troubles the idea of the settlement project as a monolithic enterprise. Furthermore, by virtue of its marginal status and its location at the very northern tip of the Gaza Strip just near the Green Line, Dugit existed at the intersection of many interfacing groups, ideas, institutions and geo-political entities within Israeli society. These include Israelis and Palestinians; Israeli settler society and Israeli liberal society; religious and non-ideological settlements; settlers and the Israeli government; Mizrahi Jews and Palestinians; as well as the concept of Israel proper and the occupied Palestinian territories. Based on interviews conducted with former members of Dugit, this study analyzes informants' understanding of the politics of living in the occupied territories, their relations with their former Palestinian neighbors as well as their interpretation of their position in Israeli society post-eviction. Israeli–Palestinian encounters in Dugit were represented as amicable but these relations were nevertheless over-determined by the larger political structures, which the Dugit settlers did not challenge. This essay argues that a nuanced understanding of the dynamics of the Dugit settlement needs to take into account the settlers' position as partial agents of their own political actions but also as victims of government policies.


The genus Macaca is the most ecologically successful and widely distributed nonhuman primate (NHP) taxon. Like other NHP, macaques are naturally infected with their own complement of herpesviruses analogous to their human counterparts. (Estep et al.,2010) The macaque alpha-herpesvirus (Macacine alphaherpesvirus 1; monkey B virus, BV) is closely related to the human herpes simplex viruses HSV1 and HSV2. In macaques BV infection can be oral and/or genital, is usually asymptomatic, the virus establishes latency in sensory ganglia, and various forms of stress can result in reactivation of BV from latency and shedding of infectious virus in bodily secretions. (Huff et al., 2003; Huff and Barry, 2003; Keeble, 1960; Weigler, 1992) A few studies have shown that free-ranging macaques in habitat countries are seropositive for BV, but the genetic diversity of BV in naturally occurring macaque populations has not been investigated. (Engel et al., 2002, 2008; Jones-Engel et al., 2006; Lee et al., 2015). While BV rarely causes serious disease in healthy adult macaques, when transmitted to humans or other primate species BV can be neuropathogenic. Only about 50 cases of zoonotic BV infection, all of which have occurred in the context of exposure to laboratory or captive animals, have been documented since the virus was first recognized in 1932, but most (~75%) have been lethal. (Davidson and Hummeler, 1960; Huff and Barry, 2003; Palmer, 1987; Weigler, 1992) The high mortality associated with zoonotic BV infection makes this virus the single most serious zoonotic concern for animal care and research personnel working with or around macaque monkeys. Prior to the 1950's, NHPs were wild caught in habitat countries and shipped to the USA for use in research. In the late-1950's, concerns over the lack of macaques available to import for biomedical research as well as a desire to explore the utility of other NHP species for research led to the development through the National Institutes of Health of seven National Primate Research Centers (NPRC) in the US. These Centers, established in 1960–1965, maintained breeding colonies of 45 different NHP species. At this time, husbandry concerns surrounding potential cross-species transmission of infectious agents in these heterogeneous NHP colonies were largely underappreciated as the focus was on biomedical research on human diseases. (Anonymous,1971; Gibson, 1994) Over the next five decades tens of thousands of NHP of diverse taxa were imported, bred and transferred between facilities. Consequently, many macaques, particularly Indian-originrhesus used in research today, have been bred for generations in captivity. When the founder animals of current captive breeding colonies were originally imported, it was common practice among capture teams to co-house monkeys of different species, and infectious disease outbreaks often caused significant losses of newly captured monkeys. Thus, it is possible that some BV isolates from captive macaques could in fact reflect viruses that are not natural to the host or even chimeric/recombinant viruses resulting from the practice of cohousing multiple taxa of NHP in captive environments. All these factors need to be borne in mind when assessing genetic diversity among viral isolates.


Previous research predicted that the biofuel-driven expansion of corn (Zea mays L.) area would increase riverine export of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in the Mississippi River Basin. Accurate information about water quality trends in agricultural watersheds is needed to better inform agricultural policy and to help quantify the effectiveness of field and landscape management practices. This study was designed to (1) characterize possible NO3-N trends within the Raccoon River watershed (RRWS) of central Iowa, and (2) explore links between the relative areas planted to corn and soybean (Glycine max) and water quality. We examined NO3-N concentration and loading data from more than 60 main stem river and tributary locations in the RRWS for the period 1999 to 2014. In addition, we assessed the role of climate, crop rotations, and simplified annual N budgets on NO3-N concentrations and loads to show that expansion of corn area has not increased Raccoon River NO3-N levels. Nitrate-N concentrations have not increased as corn area increased 19% and fertilizer N inputs increased 24% since 1999. We conclude that expansion of corn area at the expense of soybean may be affecting water quality. Better management of soybean in a corn–soybean rotation should reduce NO3-N export from the watershed, and reducing throughput of water in this artificially drained system will improve water quality.


The clothing industries in Indonesia are becoming more and more competitive. Many brands of clothes avalaible in the market place have a good quality and popularity. ZARA was one of clothes famouse in Indonesian. This Study aims to examine the effect of brand image, brand trust, and service quality on brand loyalty of ZARA clothes. Data coleccted by questionnare and involved 100 consumers in Surabaya. The sample was was selected by judgement sampling. The data were analyzed using MRA (Multiple Regression Analysis).The result shows that brand image has significant effect on brand loyalty, brand trust has signifcant effect on brand loyalty, and service quality has significant effect on brand loyalty. It implies that, it is important to improve brand image, trust and service quality for creating customer loyalty. Promotional strategy by delivering message honesty is important for building image and trust. Service quality can improve the overall service quality. The company should improve the product quality and services by improving attitude, skill and knowledge it's employees.


The ability of radar and communication applications to share the radio spectrum will require the use of innovative agile circuit techniques for radar and communications. Reconfigurable circuits can provide real-time adjustment of operating frequency and spectral output, while maintaining system performance and maximizing power efficiency. This paper discusses recent developments in circuit optimization techniques for power efficiency and spectral performance. Optimization of a single parameter (load reflection coefficient) for multiple criteria is first addressed, followed by multiple-parameter, multiple-criteria optimizations. The use of the recently innovated Smith Tube to optimize additional parameters, such as input power and bias voltage, simultaneously with the load impedance is discussed. Optimization examples and a forward look to fast, emerging multidimensional circuit optimization techniques are provided.


There is a definite focus in Information Systems (IS) research that is based around the identification of variables that measure the factors that influence IS success in small business. Identification of measures is of importance to the individuals running those businesses as well as researchers seeking to enunciate the value of IS. The first step in this process is to develop models of interacting factors that contribute to success. DeLone and McLean (1992) identified six inter-related factors that help to account for success of IS in small business. Their model has served as a platform for other researchers in this area (e.g., Seddon & Kiew, 1996; Thong & Yap, 1995). A second important step in this process is the identification of antecedent factors and core constructs that predict the success of IS. Without such instruments, it is not possible to go beyond mere speculation about possible contributors to small business IS success. In this paper the authors report on the factorial validation of an instrument that can be used to access core constructs that measure CEO characteristics, organisation characteristics and decision-making related to IS. They also provide a descriptive analysis of these scales to illustrate their relationships with each other and the core demographic items from the survey. Later analyses will examine these constructs as predictors of the constructs measuring IS success using structural equation modelling.


Pummelo juice has long been believed to have a connection with good health, due to their antioxidant potency and plasma lipid metabolism. Therefore, giving Malaysia an
 attractive opportunity to expand its influence and marketability in the international market of juices. However, conventional thermal pasteurization has been known to induce unfavorable changes to fruit juice. Thus, ultraviolet (UVC) light system is introduced as an alternative non-thermal pasteurization method to pummelo fruit juice as it is deemed suitable due to its small carbon footprints with other contributing factors such as cost saving, environmental friendly and non-toxic.
 The overall aims of this research was to pasteurize pummelo fruit juice using a dean vortex UVC system to produce a healthy and safe juice with its original nutritional content intact. Therefore, the research was done in stages; where the first stage was to choose an optimum pummelo variety suitable for juice production. In the second stage,clarification treatment was done on the chosen variety to increase the clarity and subsequently, lowering the absorption coefficient of pummelo fruit juice with minimal pectin methylesterase activity. Hence forth, performance of dean vortex UVC reactor was experimentally validated with the results of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to evaluate the reactor's pasteurization efficiency. In the forth stage, the ability of this technology was evaluated to inactivate Salmonella typhimurium to a minimum of
 5log10 reduction. The technology was further exploited in the fifth stage, with investigation of post-UVC treatment effect on physicochemical characteristics,antioxidant capacity and most importantly, furan development of clarified pummelo fruit juice. These areas have not been explicitly explored in specifics to pummelo fruit
 juice in previous literatures.
 From the study, UVC fluence was observed to be absorption-coefficient-dependent where, it varies according to liquid samples. UVC fluence was found to be highly correlated (R2 = 91%, p <0.05) towards retention time distribution (RTD), following Lambert-Beer's equation, which implies the UVC transmission throughout the clarified juice is ideal. The results from computational fluid design has validated the previous
 result that clarified juice with low absorption coefficient emulated an ideal liquid where the centrifugal forces that act on the juice is higher, thus creating an ideal mixing condition within the convoluted tube. Low velocity demonstrated by fresh juice sample, had increased the total heat transfer rate which in turn increased the processing cost and elevating temperature which could render UVC pasteurization futile. UVC
 fluence was observed to be inversely proportional to velocity, temperature and liquid flow rate. Therefore, in order to produce an effective UVC pasteurization, combination of high flow rate with adequate RTD is imperative to stabilize the temperature of UVCtreated
 sample.
 UVC fluence of 28.15, 27.63 and 133 mJ/cm2 respectively for fresh, clarified juice and distilled water was observed to be adequate to inactivate with more than 5log10 inactivation after one-pass of UVC treatment. Salmonella typhimurium reduction was also observed to be inversely proportional to liquid's flow rate with coefficient of determination, R2 ranged from 83 to 99%. Moreover, coefficient of determination, R2 of processing energy to inactivate Salmonella typhimurium in clarified juice was found to be higher (99%) and significant (p <0.05) in comparison to fresh juice (93%). Post-
 UVC treatment, color L* was seen to increase as pectin methylesterase activity in the UVC-treated juice had decreased (p <0.05). In addition to that, ascorbic acid content was observed to decrease together with total phenolic contents and total soluble solids. UVC treatment also had a significant (p <0.05) effect on the amount of antioxidant capacity of UVC-treated pummelo juice (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) and its decrement is highly correlated to UVC-treatment and storage life. Furan development within the juice post-UVC treatment (between 0.66 to 2.4 ppb/ml) was seen to be dose and temperature-dependent (p <0.05). However, the amount of furan found in the UVCtreated juice was deemed minimal in comparison to data published on thermally-treated fruit juice. Thus, clarified pummelo juice with absorption coefficient, α of 17 cm-1 can be safely treated with a maximum of 30 mJ/cm2 UVC fluence using dean vortex UVC system and its storage life was prolonged to 6 weeks in comparison to less than a week for freshly-squeezed non-pasteurized pummelo fruit juice.


In this paper we present for the first time a complete symbolic navigation system that performs goal-directed exploration to unfamiliar environments on a physical robot. We introduce a novel construct called the abstract map to link provided symbolic spatial information with observed symbolic information and actual places in the real world. Symbolic information is observed using a text recognition system that has been developed specifically for the application of reading door labels. In the study described in this paper, the robot was provided with a floor plan and a destination. The destination was specified by a room number, used both in the floor plan and on the door to the room. The robot autonomously navigated to the destination using its text recognition, abstract map, mapping, and path planning systems. The robot used the symbolic navigation system to determine an efficient path to the destination, and reached the goal in two different real-world environments. Simulation results show that the system reduces the time required to navigate to a goal when compared to random exploration.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to contribute to deciphering the evolutionary history of the Hellenides by the study of a large sector of the chain located between the front of the ophiolitic units and the external zones classically attributed to the continental margin of Adria. In particular, the tectonic units located in Boeotia – a key area located in Central Greece at the boundary between the Internal and External Hellenides – were studied from structural, stratigraphic and biostratigraphic points of view. Addressing the main debated aspects concerning the origin of the ophiolite nappe(s), the tectonic evolution of the Hellenic orogen was revised with a particular emphasis on the period between obduction and continental collision. New findings were compared with consolidated data concerning the main metamorphic events recorded in the more Internal Hellenides, geochemistry and age of the ophiolites and main stratigraphic constraints obtained in other sectors of the belt. Finally, a new reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of this area was introduced and, in the context of the dispute concerning the origin of the 'ophiolitic belts' as a possible record of multiple oceanic basins, we put forward for consideration a 'single ocean' tectonic model spanning from Triassic up to Tertiary times, and valid for the whole Hellenic–Albanian sector.


Objective. To investigate whether there was a difference in mortality, clinical response and bacterial eradication between colistin monotherapy and colistin combination therapies for the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by Acinetobacter baumannii in a medical intensive care unit (ICU).  Methods. This retrospective, observational and single-centre study included all patients who were in the medical ICU of Gazi University Medical Faculty Hospital and diagnosed with nosocomial pneumonia/VAP caused by A. baumannii between January 2009 and September 2014.  Results. The median age of the 134 patients was 68 years and 53.3% were male. The most common causes of admission were respiratory insufficiency (66.7%) and sepsis/septic shock (54.8%). In patients with nosocomial pneumonia/VAP caused by A. baumannii , on median day 5 of admission, colistin monotherapy was used in 23 (21.6%) patients, a carbapenem combination was used in 80 (59.7%) patients, sulbactam-ampicillin combination was used in 42 (31.4%) patients, tigecycline combination was used in 26 (19.4%) patients, and sulbactam-cefoperazone combination was used in 17 (12.7%) patients. Median ICU stay of the patients was 15.5 days, and 112 (83.6%) patients died. Colistin monotherapy and combination therapies had no superiority over each other in clinical response for the treatment of A. baumannii -associated nosocomial pneumonia/VAP. Mortality was found to be higher in patients receiving the colistin-carbapenem combination (64.3% v. 36.4%, p =0.016). Discharge/day-of-death Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (odds ratio (OR) 2.017, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.330 - 3.061) and vasopressor use (OR 9.014, 95% CI 1.360 - 59.464) were independent risk factors for ICU mortality. Conclusion. Colistin monotherapy and combination therapies have no superiority over each other for clinical response in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia/VAP caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii . Colistin-SAM was associated with improved microbiological eradication and colistin-carbapenem combination was associated with increased mortality.


In a competitive electricity market, Gencos should schedule their generators' maintenance plan to maximize their profit. Many of previous works are concentrated on short term bidding strategies. Besides, in the mid-term plan, several items such as reliability, fuel, pollution, and risk constraints are considered. Unit Maintenance Scheduling (UMS) has a significant effect on the Genco's profit in a competitive electricity market. In a regulated power system, UMS is usually determined by a central system, such as System Operator (SO). On the other hand, in a de-regulated power system, UMS is determined through multiple interactions between the market players, mainly Gencos and SO. Considering these, it would be a desire to solve both short term and mid-term problems, in a single framework. In this case, Gencos can offer a price curve with an outlook to mid-term goals in a game-theoretic approach. The approach would be based on some predictions of parameters such as production cost factors. This article, addresses the uncertainty in the cost factors in a fuzzy game theoretic scheme and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


Modem digital radio systems using high symbol rates are more susceptible to multipath interference than traditional systems. These systems need to adapt to the propagation environment in order to minimise transmission errors while minimising transmitted power and interference between systems. Mobile terminals will experience variations in the propagation environment as they move. Both fixed and mobile terminals will experience variations in the propagation environment as the environment changes with time. The extent and speed of environmental changes are necessary inputs to the design process for new radio systems. Previous reported measurements aimed at characterising the radio environment have been made over short durations of a few tens of milliseconds. In this thesis measurements over periods of up to 15 seconds are described and the results analysed to quantify longer term variations. The channel sounder developed at UMIST was used for the measurements and the environment was sampled over a number of paths in Manchester and Durham. The data from each 15 second measurement was split into two ensembles, one from the first 7.5 seconds and one from the remaining 7.5 seconds so that statistics from different times could be compared. The number of multipath components, the mean delay and the RMS delay spread were extracted for each 20 msec interval of each measurement. Cumulative Distribution Functions formed from the data from the two ensembles of each measurement showed differences between the ensembles. The results from Kolmogorov-Smirnof tests confirmed the differences for all three statistics. Attempts to model the variation of the statistics by fitting Normal and Weibull distributions to the data failed in most cases. PDFs of the RMS delay spread were multimodal suggesting that insufficient data was available. It has been concluded that there is temporal variation in the radio environment but that more measurement data will be needed for the variation to be characterised.


This volume examines the transformation in ways of studying naturethat took place in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenthcenturies. This volume examines the transformation in ways of studying nature that took place in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some of the essays trace particular textual traditions, while others follow the development of scholarly and professional communities. Some concentrate on the internal analysis of primary sources, while others examine the spread of practices to larger groups. Central to all is the search for a context for the increased fascination with nature, and especially with natural particulars-the details of natural forms, plants, and animals-that characterized this period. The essays also discuss how older theories and methods continued to exist; how the renewed study of classical sources introduced new problems and theories into the study of nature; how the structure of disciplines, both old and new, shaped approaches to the natural world; and how the material and practical means of disseminating knowledge helped to shape its content. Recently the history of science in early modern Europe has been both invigorated and obscured by divisions between scholars of different schools. One school tends to claim that rigorous textual analysis provides the key to the development of science, whereas others tend to focus on the social and cultural contexts within which disciplines grew. This volume challenges such divisions, suggesting that multiple historical approaches are both legitimate and mutually complementary. Contributors Michael J. B. Allen, Ann Blair, Daniela Mugnai Carrara, Brian P. Copenhaver, Chiara Crisciani, Luc Deitz, Paula Findlen, James Hankins, Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, John Monfasani, William Newman, Vivian Nutton, Katharine Park


Ovate, broader in front than behind, dark brown, somewhat opaque, sparingly clothed with fine yellowish grey pubescence. Head rather strongly and not very closely punctured, slightly depressed in the middle. Prothorax considerably narrowed and emarginate in front, rather strongly and closely punctured; the anterior angles obtuse and slightly prominent; the sides regularly rounded; the posterior angles acute and prominent. Scutellum rounded behind, finely punctured. Elytra at the base as broad as the prothorax, narrowed posteriorly, truncate behind, moderately strongly asperate-punctate, the punctures arranged in rows, except at the sides where the punctures are slightly stronger and irregular, the interstices very narrow and smooth; humeral angles not prominent; lateral margins narrow and very finely punctured; posterior and inner apical angles rounded. Pygidium finely punctured. Under side coloured as above; the sterna rather coarsely punctured; abdominal segments as strongly and closely punctured as the sterna. Legs ferruginous, femora finely punctured, the pubescence yellow. — Length 3 1/2—4 1/2 mm. Aru Islands (v. Rosenberg).


Complete Heart Block as a Presentation of Viral Myocarditis
Background: An acquired complete heart block is not common in previously healthy children. Underlying causes and the treatment of the acquired heart block would provide the different outcome.
Methods: Retrospective review of two recent cases of acquired complete heart block in children reported in relation to viral myocarditis.
Result: Two pediatric cases were referred to our facility due to the complete heart block after they initially presented with low cardiac output symptoms. Both of those children were implanted with temporary pacemaker and were administered with intravenous immunoglobulin. Their complete heart blocks recovered within 72 hours of treatment while their ventricular functions were gradually improved.
Conclusion: Acquired complete heart block related to the viral myocarditis in children is reversible despite the initial clinical presentation which is potentially rapid in its onset and progressive with potentially fatal outcome.


In this book Sherene Razack explores what happens when whites look at non-whites, and in particular at non-white women. Most studies examining this encounter between dominant and subordinate groups focus on how it occurs in films, books, and popular culture. In contrast, Razack addresses how non-white women are viewed, and how they must respond, in classrooms and courtrooms. Examining the discussion of equity issues in the classroom and immigration and sexual violence cases in the courtroom, she argues that non-white women must often present themselves as culturally different instead of oppressed. Seen as victims of their own oppressive culture who must be pitied and rescued by white men and women, non-white women cannot then be seen as subjects. This book makes clear why we must be wary of educational and legal strategies that begin with saving 'Other' women. It offers powerful arguments for why it is important to examine who are the saviours and who are the saved, and what we must do to disrupt these historical relations of power.


This paper addresses the problem of Camera tracking in virtual studio environment. The traditional camera tracking methods can be classified into optical-based or electromechanical sensor-based. However, the electromechanical method is extensive time-consuming calibration procedures and cost too much; the optical method suffers from the error detection of references features and the chorma keying limitation in virtual studio. Therefore, in order to overcome those problems, we proposed a novel RFID-based hybrid camera tracking method in virtual studio application. Firstly, we designed a RFID passive tags based camera tracker. By using the triangular position algorithm, the accuracy could reach up to 5 centimeters. Secondly, we combined the optical based tracking method into RFID tracker with the aim to improve the orientation and position accuracy. Finally, the experiment results showed that this method could be a novel potential solution for camera tracking system in virtual studio applications.
Keywords-RFID, camera tracking, chorma key, SLAM


Background: Hyponatremia is a common condition observed in hospitalized patients. The incidence is much more in the elderly patients owing to impaired ability to maintain water and electrolyte homeostasis. It is important to evaluate and understand the causes and patient characteristics in order to deliver precise management. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted at a teaching referral hospital in Sikkim and total of 100 elderly patients, diagnosed with hyponatremia, were enrolled in the study. Detailed medical history, clinical and laboratory examination were performed and data including treatment details were collected. Descriptive analysis was performed and results were correlated with patient characteristics. Results: Mean age of the patients was 73.87 ± 6.54 years with a male to female ratio of 1:0.96. About 81% of patients were symptomatic among which lethargy (50%), drowsiness (40%), and abnormal behavior (39%) were common symptoms. Most patients (51%) had profound hyponatremia and Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) (36%) and drugs (26%) were the most common cause of hyponatremia in this study. The common treatment given in this study was 0.9% NaCl (71%). Mortality of patients in this study was 20%. Conclusion: Clinicians need to be aware of the common occurrence of hyponatremia in the elderly, especially acutely sick elderly. A systematic approach to its diagnosis with the application of simple standardized diagnostic algorithms can significantly improve the assessment and management of hyponatremia as the outcome in profound hyponatremia is governed by etiology, and not by the serum sodium level.


We introduce a modeling framework for the investigation of on-line machine learning processes in non-stationary environments. We exemplify the approach in terms of two specific model situations: In the first, we consider the learning of a classification scheme from clustered data by means of prototype-based Learning Vector Quantization (LVQ). In the second, we study the training of layered neural networks with sigmoidal activations for the purpose of regression. In both cases, the target, i.e., the classification or regression scheme, is considered to change continuously while the system is trained from a stream of labeled data. We extend and apply methods borrowed from statistical physics which have been used frequently for the exact description of training dynamics in stationary environments. Extensions of the approach allow for the computation of typical learning curves in the presence of concept drift in a variety of model situations. First results are presented and discussed for stochastic drift processes in classification and regression problems. They indicate that LVQ is capable of tracking a classification scheme under drift to a non-trivial extent. Furthermore, we show that concept drift can cause the persistence of sub-optimal plateau states in gradient based training of layered neural networks for regression.


In the nowadays competitive world, technologies are rapidly developing and varying, market needs are changing, businessprocesses becoming more difficult, and it is getting more and more complicated to control the enterprise and to perform its in ternal control. Purpose of the article is to perform an analysis of internal control and it''s management system. Moreover, only theeffective internal control system has positive influence on all other control systems of the company, and when the company has an effective internal control, it may compete with other companies operating within the branch, and to endeavor at new strategic goals set by the management.


A 43-year-old male was admitted to our clinic because of sudden hearing impairment in his left ear. The patient had received intravenous injection of interferon beta for the treatment of HCV hepatitis. On the second day of interferon administration, he complained of ear fullness and tinnitus in his left ear. Pure tone audiometry revealed up-sloping hearing impairment.An initial high-dose steroid therapy was successful for recovery of hearing loss. Interferon alpha was then administered for HCV hepatitis and hearing loss worsened 10 weeks after secondary interferon therapy. The same steroid regimen was unsuccessful and severe hearing loss developed. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was then conducted and was the only effective treatment for this progression. One week after the recovery, left hearing impairment thrice occurred and no treatment was effective.Audiological side effects were reported in 40% of the patients who received interferon administration. The side effects were usually temporary and recovered soon after termination of interferon therapy. The present case revealed that hearing loss found during interferon therapy does not always show a fair prognosis. Further study on the audiological side effects during interferon therapy should be performed.


Lai He known as the father of modern Taiwanese Literature wrote many novels to reveal the miserable life experienced by many Taiwanese, as well as their struggle with the Japanese government during the Japanese occupation from 1895 to 1945. The conflict between the Japanese colonizer and the Taiwanese colonized, which occurred during Japan's colonization of Taiwan, as shown in his novels, is quite obvious; however, since the legal aspect in his novels has rarely been mentioned, this present paper will attempt to analyze the conflict in his novels about legal cases and concepts from the perspective of law and literature:According to "The Study of Taiwanese Novels in the time of Japan's Occupation (日據時期臺灣小說研究)" written by Xu Jun Ya (許俊雅), all of Lai He's novels were written between January 1926 and May 1939. (1999: 145-147) Therefore, I will pay attention to the historical background of the law that was applied in Taiwan as well as the representation of law in Lai He's stories during this period. The repression and conflict depicted in the novels as well as the reaction of the characters, and most importantly, the eventual victory, which is achieved by literary strategies, of the characters over Japanese colonial rule, will be examined.


Crises have been studied in academia in many disciplines and from diverse perspectives for at least 150 years. However, recent decades have seen a marked increase in the crisis literature, primarily due to the pervasiveness of crises throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and onwards, and an associated inflation in crisis discourses. The 1970s witnessed a range of political and economic crises - the Nixon Shock, the 1973 oil crisis, stagnation, and intensified class struggles as well as the emergence of new social movements - which contributed to the electoral victories of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher in the US and the UK, respectively. The 1980s in turn witnessed high-profile commercial, industrial, and technological disasters (e.g., the Bhopal disaster, Chernobyl, the Challenger explosion, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill) that reignited interest in disasters as well as crises and how to prevent, manage, or resolve them. A further major boost came with the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. Indeed, this led to greatly increased funding and efforts to enhance coordinated research and planning. Thus, as Boin, McConnell and 't Hart point out, this has triggered efforts to unify "a disjointed, segmented set of niches within the social sciences" concerned with crises (2008, p. 6). The newly rediscovered terror threat in the "homeland", the eruption of the 2008 global financial crisis in the "heartland" of finance-dominated neoliberal accumulation, and the rise of new forms of instability and popular resistance accentuated by the economic and political turmoil consequent upon the 2008 financial crisis, have all contributed to a diversification of the study of crises. One current is preoccupied with the cause and nature of crises, another focuses on crisis management, and a third on learning and lesson-drawing processes post-crisis. These currents may overlap. As Shrivastava notes, the "expansion of crisis research and practice is undeniably impressive"; however, "there is no single paradigm guiding research" and there are "many different disciplinary voices, talking in different languages to different issues and audiences" (1993, p. 33). This is reflected in crisis research in the fields of organizational studies, economics, political science, public policy, and sociology, as well as international relations. A plurality of perspectives and approaches is appropriate to complex phenomena because each may reveal what others cannot see. However, without serious efforts at synthesis and at rendering commensurable different paradigms and perspectives, the result can be a mosaic with contrasting impulsions and problematiques, creating a 'tower of Babel' effect, leading to "difficulties in communication of research results within the research community" (ibid.). It can also lead to serious questioning about what gets lost or overlooked if crisis narratives and an inflationary use of the concept of crisis marginalize other ways of examining recent events and social processes that challenge established inherited routines and experiences (cf. Roitman, 2015; see also Chapter 3). In this sense, while crisis and critique have been closely coupled in the modern era (cf. Koselleck, 1988), it may be time to critique a one-sided concern with crisis at the expense of other ways of construing and explaining significant and/or disruptive events in the modern world. To offer some guidance through this literature, we distinguish crisis from other forms of disruption, identify a key distinction between two broad kinds of crisis, highlight the challenge of symptomatology when it comes to interpreting the nature and significance of crises, and, as the special contribution of this collection, explore different aspects of what we call the pedagogy of crisis. 1. We distinguish disasters from crises in terms of the more accidental nature of disasters, which have the character of one-off events even if they occur regularly or frequently, and the more systemic and recurrent nature of crises, rooted in systemic processes of individual systems and/or the patterned interaction among a plurality of systems. This is reflected in two different, if overlapping, kinds of literature, concerned respectively with the prevention and management of disasters and the regulation of crisis tendencies and challenges of crisis management (see Chapter 3).


This paper presents estimates of the unification bonus for East Germans over the period 1991 to 1998. The unification bonus is defined as the discounted value of the difference between a person's actual income and his or her counterfactual real income stream forecast for a hypothetical continuation of economic life in a static GDR. Our central result is that nineteen percent of East Germans received a present value malus and so can be regarded as unification losers but that the aggregate bonus is ten times the size of the aggregate malus of the sample over this period.


The quality of Earth observation (EO) based vegetation monitoring has improved during recent years, which can be attributed to the enhanced sensor design of new satellites such as MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on Terra and Aqua. It is however expected that sun-sensor geometry variations will have a more visible impact on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from MODIS compared to earlier data sources, since noise related to atmosphere and sensor calibration is substantially reduced in the MODIS data stream. For this reason, the effect of varying MODIS viewing geometry on red, near-infrared (NIR) and NDVI needs to be quantified. Data from the geostationary MSG (Meteosat Second Generation) SEVIRI (Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager) sensor is well suited for this purpose due to the fixed position of the sensor, the spectral resolution, including a red and NIR band, and the high temporal resolution (15 min) of data, enabling MSG data to be used as a reference for estimating MODIS surface reflectance and NDVI variations caused by varying sun-sensor geometry. The study was performed on data covering West Africa for periods of lowest possible cloud cover for three consecutive years (2004–2006). An analysis covering the entire range of NDVI revealed day-to-day variations in observed MODIS NDVI of 50–60% for medium dense vegetation (NDVI ≈ 0.5) caused by variations in MODIS view zenith angles (VZAs) between nadir and the high forward-scatter view direction. Statistical analysis on red, NIR and NDVI from MODIS and MSG SEVIRI for three transects (characterized by different vegetation densities) showed that both MODIS red and NIR reflectances are highly dependant on MODIS VZA and relative azimuth angle (RAA), due to the anisotropic behaviour of red and NIR reflectances. The anisotropic reflectance in the red and NIR band was to some degree minimized by the ratioing properties of NDVI. The minimization by the NDVI normalization is very dependent on the vegetation density however, since the degree of anisotropy in red and NIR reflectances depends on the amount of vegetation present. MODIS VZA and RAA effects on NDVI were highest for medium dense vegetation (NDVI ≈ 0.5–0.6). The VZA and RAA effects were less for sparsely vegetated areas (NDVI ≈ 0.3–0.35) and the smallest effect on NDVI was found for dense vegetation (NDVI ≈ 0.7). These results have implications for the end users' interpretation of NDVI, and challenge the expediency of the MODIS NDVI compositing technique, which should be refined to distinguish between forward- and backward-scatter viewing direction by taking RAA into account.


Background: Working in the medical field is associated with extremely advanced levels of strain. Burnout is a prolonged reciprocation to the continuously persistent emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and is clarified by the 3 dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of burnout among residents at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on medical and surgical residents at King Abdulaziz Medical City in Riyadh. Data were collected through a previously validated questionnaire. Part 1 of the questionnaire was the demographic data collection sheet. Part 2 was the Maslach Burnout Inventory for Health Services Workers (MBIHSS). Results: The 60% of the respondents were male and the mean age was 28 years. Most respondents reported that they work for 51-60 hours per week (33.50%) and 27.50% of them work for 61-70 hours per week. Total 51% of the participants showed high depersonalization, 31.50% exhibited low personal achievements and 12.50% with high emotional exhaustion. Conclusion: The high rates of burnout among residents in KAMC-R were alarming. Efforts to identify at-risk population were warranted and interventions to prevent burnout like counseling and social skills training were encouraged.


This thesis describes the use of rational redesign to modify the properties of the enzyme Candida antarctica lipase B. Through carefully selected single-point mutations, we were able to introduce substrate-assisted catalysis and to alter the reaction specificity. Other single-point mutations afforded variants with greatly changed substrate selectivity and enantioselectivity. Mutation of the catalytic serine changed the hydrolase activity into an aldolase activity. The mutation decreased the activation energy for aldol addition by 4 kJ×mol-1, while the activation energy increased so much for hydrolysis that no hydrolysis activity could be detected. This mutant can catalyze aldol additions that no natural aldolases can catalyze. Mutation of the threonine in the oxyanion hole proved the great importance of its hydroxyl group in the transition-state stabilization. The lost transition-state stabilization was partly replaced through substrate-assisted catalysis with substrates carrying a hydroxyl group. The poor selectivity of the wild-type lipase for ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate (E=1.6) was greatly improved in the mutant (E=22), since only one enantiomer could perform substrate-assisted catalysis. The redesign of the size of the stereospecificity pocket was very successful. Mutation of the tryptophan at the bottom of this pocket removed steric interactions with secondary alcohols that have to position a substituent larger than an ethyl in this pocket. This mutation increased the activity 5 500 times towards 5-nonanol and 130 000 times towards (S)-1-phenylethanol. The acceptance of such large substituents (butyl and phenyl) in the redesigned stereospecificity pocket increases the utility of lipases in biocatalysis. The improved activity with (S)-1-phenylethanol strongly contributed to the 8 300 000 times change in enantioselectivity towards 1-phenylethanol; example of such a large change was not found in the literature. The S-selectivity of the mutant is unique for lipases. Its enantioselectivity increases strongly with temperature reaching a useful S-selectivity (E=44) at 69 °C. Thermodynamics analysis of the enantioselectivity showed that the mutation in the stereospecificity pocket mainly changed the entropic term, while the enthalpic term was only slightly affected. This pinpoints the importance of entropy in enzyme catalysis and entropy should not be neglected in rational redesign.


Few predicted that the constitutional fate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act would turn on Congress' power to lay and collect taxes. Yet in NFIB v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court upheld the centerpiece of the Act — the minimum coverage provision (MCP), commonly known as the "individual mandate" — as a tax. The unexpected basis of the Court's holding has deflected attention from what may prove to be the decision's more constitutionally consequential feature: that a majority of the Court agreed that Congress lacked authority under the Commerce Clause to penalize people who decline to purchase health insurance. Chief Justice Roberts and the four joint dissenters endorsed the novel limiting principle advanced by the Act's challengers, distinguishing between economic "activity," which Congress can regulate, and "inactivity," which it cannot. Because the commerce power extends only to "existing commercial activity," and because the uninsured were "inactive" in the market for health care, they reasoned, the MCP was not a regulation of commerce within the meaning of the Constitution. Critically, supporters of the activity/inactivity distinction insisted that it was an intrinsic constraint on congressional authority anchored in the text of Article I and the structural principle of federalism, rather than an "affirmative" prohibition rooted in a constitutional liberty interest. This Article argues that the neat dichotomy drawn by the Chief Justice and joint dissenters between intrinsic and rights-based constraints on legislative authority is illusory, and that it obscures both the underlying logic and broader implications of the activity/inactivity distinction. In fact, that distinction is rooted less in the constitutional enumeration of powers or federalism than in a concern about individual liberty. Even in the absence of a formal constitutional "right" to serve as a doctrinal vehicle, the Justices' defense of economic liberty operates analogously to the substantive due process right to "liberty of contract" during the Lochner era — as a trigger for heightened scrutiny of legislative means and ends. Current scholarship addressing the role of individual liberty in NFIB v. Sebelius tends to deploy Lochner as a convenient rhetorical touchstone, to lend an air of illicitness or subterfuge to the majority's Commerce Clause analysis. This Article argues that the Lochner-era substantive due process cases are both more nuanced and more instructive than judges and many scholars have realized. They illustrate, in particular, that constraints on legislative authority that are rooted in individual liberty and constraints on legislative authority that are rooted in enumerated powers and federalism can and do operate in dynamic relationship to one another. Reading NFIB v. Sebelius through this historical lens better equips us to interrogate the role that economic liberty plays in the majority's Commerce Clause analysis, and provides an important alternative analytical framework to the structure/rights dichotomy advanced by the Chief Justice and joint dissenters. The activity/inactivity distinction not only portends a constitutionally dim future for federal purchase mandates, but may also herald more far-reaching restrictions on congressional interference with economic liberty, in which individual sovereignty assumes a place alongside state sovereignty in the Court's federalism.


One of the drawbacks of cookbook-style laboratory exercises for General Biology courses is that students are not challenged to develop skills in scientific reasoning, such as formulating hypotheses and designing and carrying out experiments. Several traditional laboratory curricula include exercises involving semi-quantitative colorimetric assays to detect proteins (biuret test), reducing sugars (Benedict's test), starch (Lugol's test), and lipids (Sudan red test) in a variety of easily prepared solutions (glucose, albumin, glycine, etc.) and familiar food items (lemon juice, cornstarch, egg white, etc.). An extension of this lab exercise was developed to allow students to use their knowledge of the macromolecule assays to design an experiment to distinguish four types of "milk": whole milk, skim milk, cream, and soy milk (rice milk or almond milk could also be included).


We reflect on our embodied experiences of living out the various layers of anti-Black racism in our daily lives. Our starting point is our powerful gut reaction to the experiences of Black youth in a research study exploring youth violence and healing in Canada. We were awed by the intensity of anti-Black racism that youth wrestle with and their creative strategies of healing from its violence. As researchers, we were stunned into reflexive realization that we were inextricably woven into the tangled webs of anti-Black racism even as we were struggling to disentangle ourselves and break free. We were astounded by how the tensions that grip Black youth were our own tensions as well. In this paper, we ground ourselves in these tensions that we harbour deep within our bodies as we explore the theoretical contours of anti-oppression. The stories we tell emerge from our stepping back in critical self-reflection and following our powerful gut feelings to their cultural and structural roots. We seek to critically engage our own anti-oppressive practices in order to open up transformative possibilities for ourselves and those we work with.


Since its original publication in 1999, this foundational book has become a classic in its field. This second edition, Code Version 2.0, updates the work and was prepared in part through a wiki, a web site allowing readers to edit the text, making this the first readeredited revision of a popular book. Code counters the common belief that cyberspace cannot be controlled or censored. To the contrary, under the influence of commerce, cyberspace is becoming a highly regulable world where behavior will be much more tightly controlled than in real space. We can we must choose what kind of cyberspace we want and what freedoms it will guarantee. These choices are all about architecture: what kind of code will govern cyberspace, and who will control it. In this realm, code is the most significant form of law and it is up to lawyers, policymakers, and especially average citizens to decide what values that code embodies.


The situations of people who have moved from their countries of origin only to find themselves caught in a crisis that threatens their security and ability to thrive are of growing concern to the international community. While crises affect both nationals and non-nationals, the ability of migrants to cope with their impacts may be reduced, due to conditions of vulnerability associated with migrants' legal, economic and social status, as well as practical challenges, such as linguistic differences, geographic displacement and even cultural context, which can limit access to timely and understandable information, services, resources and safety. While not all migrants are equally affected in times of crisis, they are often among the most vulnerable, at increased risk and in need of specific support.2


This article is an exploration of some of the legal, policy and practical issues of using what is termed as 'algorithmic analysis' of police intelligence in the UK today. This type of intelligence analysis is thought to facilitate accurate and 'predictive' policing planning, strategy and tactics. There are, however, ethical and legal issues around this growing policy stance - many of them predicated on concerns around privacy and potential discrimination. To gain a better understanding of these issues, as they are currently developing, a freedom of information (FOI) request was sent in several parts to all police forces in the UK: i) seeking to establish the extent to which algorithmic analysis of intelligence is currently used in UK policing; ii) investigating the handling of intelligence by police forces; and iii) reviewing how the police in the UK regulate and monitor disciplinary issues around the handling of intelligence. We gained a partial picture of these issues - since there are some methodological limitations to FOI-based studies - but the responses to our FOI request revealed enough disparities and differences in developing practice to suggest a number of recommendations regarding the legality, accountability and transparency of 'algorithmic' police intelligence analysis.


Interglacials, including the present (Holocene) period, are warm, low land ice extent (high sea level), end‐members of glacial cycles. Based on a sea level definition, we identify eleven interglacials in the last 800,000 years, a result that is robust to alternative definitions. Data compilations suggest that despite spatial heterogeneity, Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 5e (last interglacial) and 11c (~400 ka ago) were globally strong (warm), while MIS 13a (~500 ka ago) was cool at many locations. A step change in strength of interglacials at 450 ka is apparent only in atmospheric CO2 and in Antarctic and deep ocean temperature. The onset of an interglacial (glacial termination) seems to require a reducing precession parameter (increasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation), but this condition alone is insufficient. Terminations involve rapid, nonlinear, reactions of ice volume, CO2, and temperature to external astronomical forcing. The precise timing of events may be modulated by millennial‐scale climate change that can lead to a contrasting timing of maximum interglacial intensity in each hemisphere. A variety of temporal trends is observed, such that maxima in the main records are observed either early or late in different interglacials. The end of an interglacial (glacial inception) is a slower process involving a global sequence of changes. Interglacials have been typically 10–30 ka long. The combination of minimal reduction in northern summer insolation over the next few orbital cycles, owing to low eccentricity, and high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations implies that the next glacial inception is many tens of millennia in the future.


This dissertation aims to explore whether the content of Religious Education (RE) is reflective of the changing religious landscape in the United Kingdom. Pupils often question the purpose of their RE lessons and find it difficult to relate to the content, so it seems important to explore perceptions of RE today and to review how the subject has changed in a post-war society, in relation to the change in religiosity that the UK has experienced. Previous literature was reviewed to inspect the changes of RE in relation to the changes in the religious, and social, landscape of the UK. Subsequently, fifty-one teachers and forty-four pupils completed questionnaires that established their perceptions of RE. This considered the perceived aims of RE, whether teachers feel that RE meets these aims, whether pupils enjoy the subject and what content is or is not relevant. Each teacher and pupil also described the religiosity of the UK, which has allowed some deductions to be made and meaning to be constructed. This research found that the majority of pupils perceive RE to be important but not always relevant. Topics that surround life themes are more relevant compared with learning about religions and belief systems or practices. Additionally, some teachers have doubt that RE manages to meet its chief goals but have expressed the importance of the subject for pupils. Although there can be no definitive answer to the research questions here, it can be concluded that RE is usually relatable to pupils, and RE is still a very important subject in developing pupils' ideas but the content of RE must be flexible and ever-changing to meet with the demands of an versatile and fluid society.


A novel angle-resolved scatterometer based on pupil optimization for feature profile measurement in a photolithography process is proposed. The impact of image sensor errors is minimized by optimizing the intensity distribution of the incident light using a spatial light modulator. The scatterometry sensitivity of feature measurement at different polarization conditions is calculated using the rigorous coupled-wave and first-order analyses, and the reproducibility of the scatterometer is evaluated. The results show that the sensitivity and reproducibility of the angle-resolved scatterometer increase by 90% and 40% with pupil optimization, respectively.


Eighty-five percent of American households were food secure throughout the entire year in 2009, meaning that they had access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life for all household members. The remaining households (14.7 percent) were food insecure at least some time during the year, including 5.7 percent with very low food security. In households with very low food security, the food intake of one or more household members was reduced and their eating patterns were disrupted at times during the year because the household lacked money and other resources for food. Prevalence rates of food insecurity and very low food security were essentially unchanged from 14.6 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively, in 2008, and remained at the highest recorded levels since 1995, when the first national food security survey was conducted. The typical food-secure household spent 33 percent more on food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and household composition. Fifty-seven percent of all food-insecure households participated in one or more of the three largest Federal food and nutrition assistance programs during the month prior to the 2009 survey.


Much effort has been devoted to the study of weak scale particles, e.g. supersymmeteric neutralinos, which have a relic abundance from thermal equilibrium in the early universe matching that of the dark matter. This does not however provide any connection to the comparable abundance of asymmetric baryons, which must have a non-thermal origin. `Dark baryons' from a hidden sector with a similar asymmetry and mass of O(5)~GeV would naturally provide the dark matter. Low-threshold direct detection experiments are required to find such particles, while monojet searches at colliders provide a complementary probe.


Purpose: Using an array of micro‐lenses coupled with its active sensor, a light‐field camera samples the incoming optical photons in both the spatial and angular domain. This work presents the proof‐of‐concept and experimental validation of a 3D dosimeter based on the reconstruction of the light pattern emitted from a plastic scintillator volume and recorded using a light‐field camera. Using a single, fixed camera device, this technology enables real‐time, multi‐plane experimental measurement of static and dynamic radiotherapy delivery. Method: A Raytrix R5 light‐field camera was used to image a 10×10×10cm3 EJ‐260 plastic scintillator immersed in a water tank and irradiated with both square field and small MLC segments on a Clinac iX linear accelerator. The 3D light distribution emitted by the scintillator volume was reconstructed at a 5mm resolution in all dimensions by backprojecting the light collected by each pixel of the light‐field camera using a total variation minimization iterative reconstruction algorithm. Results: Signal contamination by Cerenkov emission was evaluated to less than 0.5% of the collected scintillation light for all field investigated, and as such Cerenkov light filtration was deemed unnecessary. Light‐field acquisition rate of at least 1 frame per second was achieved by the camera at a 600MU/min dose rate. The absolute dose difference between the reconstructed 3D dose and the expected dose calculated using the treatment planning software Pinnacle3 was on average below 3% for square fields and 5% for MLC segments in the high dose, low gradient region of each acquired field. Conclusions: Millimeter resolution dosimetry over an entire 3D volume is achievable in real‐time using a single light‐field camera. Because no moving parts are required in the dosimeter, the incident dose distribution can be acquired as a function of time, thus enabling the validation of static and dynamic radiation delivery with photons, electrons and ions.


The quantum mechanical bespoke (QUBE) force-field approach has been developed to facilitate the automated derivation of potential energy function parameters for modeling protein-ligand binding. To date, the approach has been validated in the context of Monte Carlo simulations of protein-ligand complexes. We describe here the implementation of the QUBE force field in the alchemical free-energy calculation molecular dynamics simulation package SOMD. The implementation is validated by demonstrating the reproducibility of absolute hydration free energies computed with the QUBE force field across the SOMD and GROMACS software packages. We further demonstrate, by way of a case study involving two series of non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, that the availability of QUBE in a modern simulation package that makes efficient use of graphics processing unit acceleration will facilitate high-throughput alchemical free-energy calculations.


In Persuasion , Jane Austen draws a connection between Anne Elliot's loss of the Kellynch Hall estate and the pervasive presence of war. Expanding upon Favret's (2010) valuable discussion of Persuasion as a record of the Napoleonic Wars, I put forward that the war assumes symbolic significance as an expression of Anne's loss of the estate. Both are conditions defined by uncertainty, disorder, and a lack of security. For this reason, the members of the navy with whom Anne establishes friendships, in particular Admiral Croft and Captains Harville and Wentworth, provide her with the most satisfactory model for living that she will encounter upon leaving the estate; their experiences under conditions of war are similar to her own dislocation from Kellynch. Anne appreciates the idea of peace these men have established upon the creative capacity of the individual. While Monaghan (1980) suggests that Anne's failure to find an adequate substitute for the estate represents a key weakness of Persuasion , I suggest instead that this is, in fact, the novel's greatest strength. Austen deliberately divorces her heroine from place in order to affirm the estate as an essentially spiritual, rather than physical, institution. Anne is therefore challenged in a way no other of Austen's heroines has been; she is challenged both to believe in, and cultivate, an ideal which she is no longer able to see.


In Fabrications of the Greek Past, Vaia Touna demonstrates that present-day meanings of historical artifacts are created by social actors through their ever-contemporary acts of identification, such as their interpretations, categorizations, representations, and classifications.


This paper addresses the optimization of mineral supply chain operations under metal and material type uncertainties. A mathematical model to simultaneously optimize the mining decisions, the destination decisions, and consequently the cut-off grade, is proposed. A fix-and-optimize scheme that exploits the structure of the problem and uses relaxation and decomposition techniques is introduced to obtain an initial solution, and an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic is developed to improve this solution. The proposed solution approach is tested on a copper-gold deposit. The results of these experiments show the ability of the proposed solution approach to efficiently address large instances of realistic size and provide schedules where the most valuable material is mined and processed early in the life of the mine and where the risk of not meeting production targets is reduced.


This textbook provides a set of high-quality resources to university educational technology courses. All chapters are written by professionals in the field, including university researchers, teacher educators, and classroom teachers.
The book in its entirety and each chapter can be freely accessed, downloaded, printed, and remixed. Professors of educational technology courses can select the chapters that will work best for them when creating course packets, and preservice and inservice teachers can use relevant chapters for trainings and professional development purposes.


The general notion of 'complexity' is discussed based on foundational ideas by Herbert Simon and Nicholas Rescher. An analytic overview is provided of the ways in which language complexity has been treated in linguistic theories during the past 200 years. The Schlegel brothers, Humboldt, and Schleicher developed the first theory of complexity with their tripartition of languages into progressively complex morphological types. Humboldt also provided the principle of One Meaning – One Form (Humboldt's Universal) which has turned out to be a widespread tendency in the simplification of morphological complexity. Jespersen's Ease Theory has been influential in highlighting many instances of phonological change. The main contribution of Structuralism was Markedness Theory, the idea that language at all levels is built on minimal oppositions where one term (e.g. voiceless or singular) is more basic than its complex counterpart (e.g. voiced or plural). Syntactic complexity came to the fore with the theory of Immediate Constituents giving tools for measuring syntactic depth. Generative linguistics tried to measure syntactic complexity by devising Evaluation Measures based on symbol counting. Current linguistics offers a plethora of empirical studies at all levels, invoking considerations of both system, processing, and cognitive complexity.


We consider challenges in modeling and estimating high-dimensional functional connectivity in brain networks with a large number of nodes arranged in a hierarchical and modular structure. We develop a multi-scale factor analysis (MSFA) model which partitions the massive neuroimaging time series data defined over the brain networks into a finite set of regional clusters. To achieve further dimension reduction, signals in each cluster are represented by a small number of latent factors. The correlation matrix for all nodes in the network can be approximated by lower-dimensional sub-structures derived from the cluster-specific factors. This enables a reliable and computationally efficient multi-scale analysis of both regional and global network connectivity. To estimate regional connectivity between numerous nodes (within each cluster), we apply principal components analysis (PCA) to extract the factors. Then, we estimate global connectivity (between clusters or sub-networks) based on the factors across regions using the RV-coefficient as the cross-dependence measure. Simulation results show that the proposed MSFA estimator improves accuracy of connectivity estimation in high-dimensional settings. When applied to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, our method identifies modular structure of resting-state networks at multiple scales, revealing interesting connectivity patterns between voxels, regions of interest (ROIs), and functional networks.


How do exporting firms manage currency exposures? We examine this issue at the firm level using comprehensive data from the prototype Longitudinal Business Database recently developed by Statistics New Zealand. We use these data to test both optimal and selective hedging theories. Optimal hedging theory hypothesises that firms hedging choices depend on the probability and cost of financial distress, underinvestment risks, scale, managerial risk aversion, information asymmetry, governance, ownership structures and tax rules. Recent literature suggests that some firms vary hedging positions relative to their optimal position in a selective attempt to beat the market . We examine whether hedging behaviour is consistent with hypotheses derived from optimal hedging theories, and test whether hedging positions change (possibly sub-optimally) when the NZD/AUD is perceived to be high or low relative to an historical average. Optimal and selective hedging theories are both supported by the data. Estimation is over July 2000 to March 2007 (monthly) a period during which the NZD/AUD varied substantially, making this a particularly pertinent period to test exporters currency risk management practices. Classification-D21, F31, G15


Lessons learned in Latin America is about the use and dissemination of cover crops in different agreoecosystems need to be made more widely available not only to Spanish speaking, but also Anglophone regions. This publication aims to inform a wide range of actors involved in rural development projects, as well as those in applied research, about the potential of cover crops as components of low external input agricultural (LEIA) systems. Cover crops are, or have the potential to be, an important component in complex, diverse, risk-prone and resource-poor farming situations. The publication includes selected case studies from four different countries in Latin America. These address key issues regarding crop cover integration in LEIA systems. A wide range of agroecosystems are covered by the case studies, so that the information can be adapted for use in other regions. The key issues covered by the case studies are the following: Cover crops in annual cropping systems (Honduras); Cover crops in perennial crops (Bolivia); Role of cover crops in animal husbandry (Mexico); cover crop systems - soil improvement and conservation (Honduras); Alternatives to slash-and-burn (Mexico); Diffusion aspects of cover crop based systems; Applied research activities for agricultural systems improvement (Bolivia); and Action research with campesino farmers in South-east Mexico. However, the different aspects of cover crops cannot be treated separately from each other. The cross-cutting nature of the different aspects of cover crops becomes obvious from the case studies themselves, and the treatment highlights potential applications in other contexts.


At the table [2016]In 2015 I was commissioned by the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly to create an artwork for International Women's Day and NI Assembly Women's Week. The work was to highlight and comment on lack of female representation in the Assembly. I met with NI Assembly Women's Caucus, and the Speaker's office/NI Assembly produced a paper specifically for my research in to the subject. The piece was launched at an event for all past and current female representatives in the Assembly on International Women's Day 2016 and was exhibited in the Great Hall at Parliament Buildings, Stormont Estate, Belfast until August 2017. It is estimated that over twenty thousand visitors experienced the piece. 20.8% of the total number of Members of the Legislative Assembly [MLAs] in the Northern Ireland Assembly have been women.This piece was made in response to the statistic which shows a lack of women 'at the table' making decisions that affect all of society. The contribution of this 20.8% must be celebrated, yet it is important to highlight that women are missing out on influencing decisions of national and local importance and the different perspectives and experiences of half of the country may not have a voice. The question is why so few women are becoming, or remaining as the decision makers.Each piece of dinnerware in the work had a previous life in parliament Buildings, and has now been reappropriated and decorated with images and patterns found inside the halls, chambers, library, ceiling and walls. These beautiful patterns perhaps have gone unnoticed and have now been altered to signify data relating to the contribution of female MLAs through committee Chairs, party leadership, private member's bills and ministerial posts held.Only 20.8% of the setting currently exists in colour.The NI Assembly have commissioned me to update the work in relation to recent elections [2017].


In order to increase the performance of the Energy Management System (EMS) for the M5BAT (Modular Multi-Megawatt Multi-Technology Middle Voltage Battery Storage System), with a size of 5 MW and to take full economic advantage of the various lead-acid batteries, battery models are implemented. Based on such models, a technology specific and favorable operation can be assured. For improving the model an experimental study of gassing has been conducted on the Sonnenschein A602 OPzV VRLA (gel) battery. Single electrode potentials have been observed and evaluated at different current rates at a regulated temperature of 25°C. Parameters such as the symmetry factor and current exchange density have been obtained from the measured data. Matlab/Simulink has been used to model the process of gassing using Tafel ́s equations.


The current condition of the US electric grid is inadequate and requires updates to be able to handle a changing landscape of energy generation and use. Efforts to shift to a smart grid have led to the collection of immense amounts of data. Currently, this data is not being used as effectively as it could be. Grid management is based on powerful computer models that use past behavior to predict current conditions on the grid. The ultimate goal of the smart grid is to have real-time data collection and analytic capabilities. In this e-book, author Alexandra Nilles concludes that industry-developed standards, combined with public guidance and funding for sensitive issues such as privacy and cybersecurity, are the best tools to use as the smart grid develops.


There are still widespread use of papers as a medium to capture and exchange of information among participants in construction cost control process. Although there is a relatively little use of automation tools, there is a distinct word processing environment formats. Each package creates its own data files in different formats resulting in difficulties with exchanging data electronically. These difficulties lead to inefficient flow of information to control cost, and some feedback problems among sites and across organizational boundaries. This negatively affects the availability of cost historical database as well as data from projects at hand. This implies that, it is time to automate cost control to achieve some kind of uniformity and standardization. To effectively achieve this, one specific IT tool, namely shared databases through data accessibility capability, has been used. The automated cost control has been developed using the Entity-Relationship
modeling (ERM) methodology. It started with a formal definition for the problem, and conceptually been designed. Then a logical refinement for the conceptual model is developed that lead to the physical implementation of the system. The resulted system. The resulted cost control system has been developed in a formal and systematic manner. It has used Microsoft Access as a target database Management System (DBMS), under windows environment. In addition, the cost control system has the capabilities to prepare cost reports, undergo different types of queries with users and update data. The cost control system described in this research represents a significant
contribution in construction cost control, since it satisfies the condition of uniformity under windows environment. It is easy to use, since the user can interface it by just 'point and click', as it uses Query-By-Example (QBE) language.


A method is presented to dynamically improve the beam quality in laser amplifiers by spherical aberration compensation. By imaging the field with a negative spherical aberration into a laser amplifier, the wavefront aberration of an input beam could be compensated by that of the gain medium in the amplifier with positive spherical aberration. Both power amplification and beam quality improvement can be achieved simultaneously. No additional optical components are introduced. Experiments are conducted for a beam from an oscillator with 28 W output power. The M2 factor of the beam was improved from 4.2 to 1.6 after amplification. The power was also amplified to 54.7 W. It is a cost-effective and passive way for wavefront compensation, as compared to deformable mirrors and phase corrector plates.


The work is devoted to the 21st century's most urgent problem – the problem of existence of God. The theoretical proof of the existence and of the uniqueness of God, based on the correct method of knowledge - unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics - is proposed. This proof represents a theoretical model of God: a system of axioms from which the principle of existence and of uniqueness of God is deduced. The principle runs as follows: God exists as the Absolute, the Creator, the Governor of the essence (information) and of the phenomenon (material manifestation of information). The theoretical model of man and the formulation of the principle of development of Mankind – as consequences of model of God – are proposed as well. The main conclusion is as follows: the principle of the existence and of the uniqueness of God represents absolute scientific truth and, consequently, should be a starting-point and a basis of the 21st century's correct science.


Areca nut is one of North Sumatra's potential export commodity which it's management still did as partial. The purpose of this research is analyzing the income level of areca nut farmers, analyzing the commodity marketing system of areca nut, Identifying factors marketing development of areca nut in Sibolangit sub Deli Serdang regency North Sumatra Province. The election of research's location did expressly. The decision of respondent did as purposive sampling, but processing factory and business administration which involved did as snowball sampling method with total sample of 38 (thirty eigth) respondents. Data collected through observation and analysis of the problem with interview using  questionnaires to farmers and entrepreneurs nut. Overall both primary and secondary data is tabulated next as needed. Result of this research is cultivation of areca nut did as polycultur with low technology application level will low productivity. In product marketing subsystem, trade chain is too long, that's why product's cost is not too efficient and than make double margin, than areca nut's farmer price is too low, so areca marketing strategy priorities in District Sibolangit is forming farmer groups, c ooperative village level, supervision of areca marketing system, human resource development and used of quality seeds. Keywords : management, marketing, areca nut and marketing strategy


Oil palm cultivation is under scrutiny by various stakeholders, arguing that it is the main cause for Indonesia's deforestation. This paper highlights the decades of forest degradation before the first land clearing for oil palm within the context of Indonesia's development policies. Using 'direct photointerpretation' of 'Historical Imagery', it assesses the forest degradation and deforestation caused by oil palm cultivation in Indonesia, particularly in light of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Forest degradation has direct trade-offs with most of the SDGs, with the most affected SDGs being Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12) and Life on Land (SDG15). Historical satellite imagery indicates that the first land clearing for the 176 Kha of oil palm estates sampled palm occurred around 1994. In contrast, only half of this area contained (natural) forests in 1984- a decade before the first land clearing. None of the remaining forests were (near) intact natural forests; all were (heavily) degraded and their biodiversity was strongly compromised. This indicates that oil palm cultivation is not linked to the degradation of Indonesia's natural forests. Regarding SDG12, we found significant positive impacts from both the direct and indirect land-use changes by oil palm. For SDG15, we observed major positive impacts from the direct land-use changes and minor positive impacts from the indirect land-use changes. Hence, we conclude that oil palm cultivation in the sampled estates has positive impacts on Indonesia's SDGs and Indonesia's development policies align with its SDGs.


El Niño shifted between the center and the East El Niño has changed quite a bit over the past 10,000 years. During some periods it was less variable than now, and during others it shifted from its current locale toward the central Pacific. Carré et al. analyzed the shells of mollusks from Peru to construct a record of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the eastern Pacific over the Holocene period. They compared this record with other records from the rest of the Pacific to reveal how much the strength and frequency of El Niños changed and how their positions varied. Science, this issue p. 1045 El Niño–Southern Oscillation warming of the sea surface was strongly skewed toward the central Pacific in the Mid-Holocene. Understanding the response of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to global warming requires quantitative data on ENSO under different climate regimes. Here, we present a reconstruction of ENSO in the eastern tropical Pacific spanning the past 10,000 years derived from oxygen isotopes in fossil mollusk shells from Peru. We found that ENSO variance was close to the modern level in the early Holocene and severely damped ~4000 to 5000 years ago. In addition, ENSO variability was skewed toward cold events along coastal Peru 6700 to 7500 years ago owing to a shift of warm anomalies toward the Central Pacific. The modern ENSO regime was established ~3000 to 4500 years ago. We conclude that ENSO was sensitive to changes in climate boundary conditions during the Holocene, including but not limited to insolation.


In a previous paper, we proposed a general Fourier method that provides an accurate prediction of the approximation error, irrespective of the scaling properties of the approximating functions. Here, we apply our results when these functions satisfy the usual two-scale relation encountered in dyadic multiresolution analysis. As a consequence of this additional constraint, the quantities introduced in our previous paper can be computed explicitly as a function of the refinement filter. This is, in particular, true for the asymptotic expansion of the approximation error for biorthonormal wavelets as the scale tends to zero. One of the contributions of this paper is the computation of sharp, asymptotically optimal upper bounds for the least-squares approximation error. Another contribution is the application of these results to B-splines and Daubechies scaling functions, which yields explicit asymptotic developments and upper bounds. Thanks to these explicit expressions, we can quantify the improvement that can be obtained by using B-splines instead of Daubechies wavelets. In other words, we can use a coarser spline sampling and achieve the same reconstruction accuracy as Daubechies: Specifically, we show that this sampling gain converges to as the order tends to infinity.


Robotics is an ever-expanding field and intelligent planning continues to play a major role. Given that the intention of mobile robots is to carry out tasks independent from human aid, robot intelligence is needed to make and plan out decisions based on various sensors. Planning is the fundamental activity that implements this intelligence into the mobile robots to complete such tasks. Understanding problems, challenges, and solutions to path planning and how it fits in is important to the realm of robotics.Intelligent Planning for Mobile Robotics: Algorithmic Approaches presents content coverage on the basics of artificial intelligence, search problems, and soft computing approaches. This collection of research provides insight on both robotics and basic algorithms and could serve as a reference book for courses related to robotics, special topics in AI, planning, applied soft computing, applied AI, and applied evolutionary computing. It is an ideal choice for research students, scholars, and professors alike.


The proliferation of misinformation in online news and its amplification by platforms are a growing concern, leading to numerous efforts to improve the detection of and response to misinformation. Given the variety of approaches, collective agreement on the indicators that signify credible content could allow for greater collaboration and data-sharing across initiatives. In this paper, we present an initial set of indicators for article credibility defined by a diverse coalition of experts. These indicators originate from both within an article's text as well as from external sources or article metadata. As a proof-of-concept, we present a dataset of 40 articles of varying credibility annotated with our indicators by 6 trained annotators using specialized platforms. We discuss future steps including expanding annotation, broadening the set of indicators, and considering their use by platforms and the public, towards the development of interoperable standards for content credibility.