Objective: To synthesize silver nanoparticles from leaves extract of Hydnocarpus Pentandra (H. Pentandra ) and test the anti-cancer activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells). Method: Ten milliliter of leaves extract was mixed with 10 mL of aqueous 1 mM silver nitrate solution and kept in an incubator shaker system at 37oC for 24h. During this period, yellowish to reddish-brown color changes was observed. Characterization of silver nanoparticles using UV-vis spectrophotometry and SEM analysis were performed. Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles was performed using DPPH method. Anti-cancer activity of silver nanoparticles was tested using in vitro cytotoxicity test with 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: UV-vis spectral analysis indicated the sliver surface plasmon resonance band at 438 nm. SEM analysis showed that silver nanoparticles to be spherical in shape with a size in the range of 141 nm to 202 nm. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antioxidant activity at dose dependent manner using DPPH method. The synthesized silver nanoparticles efficiently reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that the leaves extract of Hydnocarpus Pentandra could produce silver nanoparticles and the silver nanoparticles are quite stable in solution. Further studies are needed to characterize the mechanism involved with anti-cancer activity of the silver nanoparticles. Key words: Hydnocarpus Pentandra, Leaf, Anti-Oxidant, Anti-Cancer Activity.


Body condition in larval fishes is an important determinant of survival in the natural environment. However, few studies correlate body condition with behavioural traits critical for sur- vival, such as swimming performance. In the present study, we compared normally fed larvae of gilt- head seabream Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758, at various intervals post-hatch with larvae which were starved for 1 to 3 d (for Ucrit) or 2 d (for swimming endurance). Feeding treatment (fed and or unfed) had no effect on the relationship between Ucrit and larval size. However, in the endurance experi- ment, fed individuals swam twice as far as unfed larvae (19.7 km for fed larvae and 9.5 km for unfed larvae). The RNA/DNA ratio was higher in fed larvae in the Ucrit experiment, but significant effects were only detectable after a 3 d period of starvation. Fulton's condition factor was significantly higher in fed larvae in the endurance trial, which suggests that growth (in weight) of starved larvae was affected by long-term swimming. Taken together, these results suggest that for aging and orientation behaviours (activities in which critical speeds might be involved) are not affected by reduced feeding over a few days, but that sub-lethal effects of starvation may affect dispersal potential (for which endurance swimming is critical) and therefore compromise subsequent recruitment to the adult population.


Psychological flexibility is a relatively new clinical construct targeted by Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a behavior analytic treatment incorporating mindfulness and values interventions, among other processes. Poor psychological flexibility has been shown to relate to clinical problems as well as normative life challenges, and efforts to increase psychological flexibility have correlated with improvements for a variety of psychological difficulties, including substance abuse. The Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) is currently the standard measure of psychological flexibility, but in substance misusing samples, has not shown adequate psychometric properties. Content-specific variants of the AAQ have been effective in other treatment domains, suggesting that a substance abuse focused version of the AAQ may be useful. This article details the construction and initial validation of such a measure, the AAQ-SA, which demonstrated good internal consistency, factor structure, and construct validity. In addition, the AAQ-SA appeared to be empirically distinguishable from the AAQ. Future researchers are advised to address limitations of this study and encouraged to expand the empirical database on substance abuse treatment with this new measure.


Abstract Hard X-ray (HXR) emission from KSTAR superconducting Tokamak has been measured during discharges which includes ECH assisted start up. Since the HXR signal indicates energetic electrons we can assume that runaway electrons are being generated. On KSTAR two tangentially arranged NaI(Tl) detectors are installed to measure the HXR intensity and energy in the forward and backward directions, respectively. We investigate the HXR emission trends in KSTAR tokamak and how the ECH heating source affects the generation of runway electrons.


The CCRC is not an innocence project. It is a publicly funded body that investigates miscarriages of justice. It is not concerned with guilt or innocence, but whether there is a realistic prospect that a conviction (or sentence) will be overturned by the Court of Appeal. It operates as a largely inquisitorial post-conviction review - leaving it unclear what the role of the adversarial defence lawyer should be. This report examines the extent to which applicants to the CCRC are legally represented and the impact this representation has on the outcome of the case. Whilst it is of concern that some lawyers are inactive or appear to submit applications that are ineligible or present no plausible grounds for review, generally, legally represented applicants had a significantly better chance of a better outcome. They were less likely to have their applications rejected at an early stage and more likely to have their case referred to the Court of Appeal. Of the 74 cases referred to the Court of Appeal on 2005-2007, lawyers had a determinative effect in 28 ie nearly 40%. In 11 cases (15%), the submissions of the applicant's lawyer caused the Commission to reverse its decision not to refer. Given that applicants are lay people and many have poor levels of literacy, a lawyer can be crucial in responding to the CCRC's detailed statements of reasons not to refer.


In this book a noted physiologist and neuroscientist introduces the concept of simplexity, the set of solutions living organisms find that enable them to deal with information and situations, while taking into account past experiences and anticipating future ones. Such solutions are new ways of addressing problems so that actions may be taken more quickly, more elegantly, and more efficiently. In a sense, the history of living organisms may be summed up by their remarkable ability to find solutions that avoid the world's complexity by imposing on it their own rules and functions. Evolution has resolved the problem of complexity not by simplifying but by finding solutions whose processes-though they can sometimes be complex-allow us to act in the midst of complexity and of uncertainty. Nature can inspire us by making us realize that simplification is never simple and requires instead that we choose, refuse, connect, and imagine, in order to act in the best possible manner. Such solutions are already being applied in design and engineering and are significant in biology, medicine, economics, and the behavioral sciences.


A large scale laser radar was constructed to measure aerosol distribution over a wide area. It is composed of a high-power YAG laser with an average output energy of 30 W (at 1.064 μm) and 10 W (at 532 nm) a 25-pps repetition rate, and a large (effective diameter 1.5 m) receiving telescope. Three problems which degrade the accuracy of the measurement are noted, and a discussion of how to improve the accuracy of the system is included. Noise analysis shows that this system works within theoretical limits.


How does the risk of gridlock affect the type of legislative output? Do bureaucratic agents expand their activities when they can expect that the principals are unable to overrule them? This article introduces a novel approach for calculating the risk of gridlock in bicameral legislatures in order to estimate its impact on bureaucratic activities, combining data on all secondary and tertiary acts of the European Union (EU) from 1983 to 2009. The findings reveal that bureaucratic activities expand when the risk of gridlock increases and an overruling of tertiary acts becomes less likely. This may sustain the EU's overall decision-making productivity, but its bureaucratic nature may raise further questions about democratic legitimacy and principal-agent problems in the representation of interests.


High of communicable disease morbidity rate and low of program coverage can cause transmission of disease based on environment and behavior. To anticipate transmission through these causes, there needs to manage towards in the following indicators related to Minimal Services Standard namely Disease Prevented by Immunization, Prevention of Tuberculosis Disease, Prevention of Acute respiratory Track Infection Disease, HIV-AIDS, Prevention of Hemorrhagic Fever Disease, Prevention of Diarrhea, Filariasis, Outbreak, and Environmental Sanitation Services. At this time, decision making for intervention activities is not complete, but the requirements of information are needed to make a decision. Those requirements are available, easy to understand, relevant, timely, reliable, accurate, and consistent, System of recording and reporting of Health Center is still implemented but it is not complete, That condition causes many problems and not appropriate with the requirements of information.
Aim of this research was to result Information System of Disease Prevention and Environmental Sanitation Program that can provide adequate information to support monitoring. Design of this research was qualitative method through in-depth interview. Subject was the implementer of activities and the holder of strategic management. Object was information system of disease prevention and environmental sanitation.
Development of system, which was conducted using the FAST method (Framework for the Application of System Techniques), obtained the result as follows: the old system was done manually by using Microsoft Excel and resulted information could not show distribution of disease based on place aspect/map. The new system resulted more complete information namely data basis, map, graphic, and histogram which could support monitoring.
Result of evaluation towards quality of information system, there is any significant different between before and after developed system (p<0,05).

Sumber Utama : www.mikm.undip.ac.id


Designing advanced carbon electrodes is considered as one of the most promising directions for energy storage. Herein, we report a facile approach to produce porous carbon nanomaterials. The carbon nanomaterials were prepared via KOH activation using natural polysaccharide-sodium alginate as the precursor with the subsequent introduction of additional nitrogen heteroatoms achieved by further reaction with urea. The optimal electrodes with a high specific surface area (up to 3313 m2 g−1), interconnected porosity, and rich nitrogen (∼7.2 wt%) and oxygen (∼7.4 wt%) doping can achieve an excellent electrochemical performance in supercapacitors and lithium ion batteries. When these materials are employed as supercapacitor electrodes, they achieved an outstanding specific capacitance of 267 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and an extremely high rate performance with 76.8% capacitance retention ratio in an alkaline electrolyte. In addition, a high capacitance of 197 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 with a high capacitance retention ratio of 52.9% at 100 A g−1 can be achieved in an ionic liquid electrolyte. When tested as lithium ion battery anodes, an extraordinarily high specific capacity of 1455 mA h g−1 and a stable energy storage performance up to 500 cycles were observed. The present study highlights that high-performance carbon electrodes can be produced by using sustainable precursor and can be used in multiple energy storage systems.


A small fraction of the halo field is made up of stars that share the light element (Z <= 13) anomalies characteristic of second generation globular cluster (GC) stars. The ejected stars shed light on the formation of the Galactic halo by tracing the dynamical history of the clusters, which are believed to have once been more massive. Some of these ejected stars are expected to show strong Al enhancement at the expense of shortage of Mg, but until now no such star has been found. We search for outliers in the Mg and Al abundances of the few hundreds of halo field stars observed in the first eighteen months of the Gaia-ESO public spectroscopic survey. One halo star at the base of the red giant branch, here referred to as 22593757-4648029 is found to have [Mg/Fe] = -0.36 +/- 0.04 and [Al/Fe] = 0.99 +/- 0.08, which is compatible with the most extreme ratios detected in GCs so far. We compare the orbit of 22593757-4648029 to GCs of similar metallicity and find it unlikely that this star has been tidally stripped with low ejection velocity from any of the clusters. However, both chemical and kinematic arguments render it plausible that the star has been ejected at high velocity from the anomalous GC omega Centauri within the last few billion years. We cannot rule out other progenitor GCs, because some may have disrupted fully, and the abundance and orbital data are inadequate for many of those that are still intact.


When the collective declines, who manages the collective-owned land? When the socialist state fails, who possesses the state-owned river? This Article concerns the governance of land and natural resources that are still owned by collectives or the state in rural China. No effective community governance has evolved in rural China to fill the authority vacuum left by the dissolution of the people's commune system. As a result, such land and natural resources have become real commons. In describing these I use the term "transitional commons" to indicate both the crucial influence of the transitional political legal environment in their emergence and evolution and their inherently transitional character. Transitional commons are often in crisis. The tragedy of the commons occurs when the cost of exclusive use is too high. When the benefit of exclusive use exceeds the cost, competing property claims arise over the common resources. I argue for an integrated approach to govern the transitional commons from the ground. Successful management of the transitional commons requires more than choosing the right property institution. A capable state and a well-functioning community are necessary to make the property institution, whichever it is, work. Rule of law is necessary to define the basic structure of a society and to guarantee the normal operation of the community self-governance. Self- governance can increase social capital for the local community to develop local consensus on property arrangements.


The increasing capability and functionality of mobile devices is leading to a corresponding increase in the need for security to prevent unauthorised access. Indeed, as the data and services accessed via mobile devices become more sensitive, the existing method of user authentication (predominately based upon Personal Identification Numbers) appears increasingly insufficient. An alternative basis for authentication is offered by biometric approaches; which have the potential to be implemented in a non-intrusive manner and also enable authentication to be applied in an ongoing manner, beyond initial point-of-entry. However, the implementation of any authentication mechanism, particularly biometric approaches, introduces considerations of where the main elements of functionality (such as the processing of authentication data, decisions making, and storing user templates/profiles) should reside. At the extremes, there are two alternatives: a device-centric paradigm, in which the aforementioned aspects are handled locally; or a network-centric paradigm, in which the actions occur remotely and under the jurisdiction of the network operator. This paper examines the alternatives and determines that each context introduces considerations in relation to the privacy of user data, the processing and storage of authentication data, network bandwidth demands, and service availability. In view of the various advantages and disadvantages, it is concluded that a hybrid approach represents the most feasible solution; enabling data storage and processing to be split between the two locations depending upon individual circumstances. This represents the most flexible approach, and will enable an authentication architecture to be more adaptable to the needs of different users, devices and security requirements.


Purpose: The resistance of tumors to antiangiogenic therapies is becoming increasingly relevant. There are currently no validated predictive biomarkers for selecting which cancer patients will benefit from antiangiogenic therapy. Also lacking are resistance biomarkers that can identify which escape pathways should be targeted after tumors develop resistance to VEGF treatment. Recent studies showed that anti-VEGF treatment can make tumor cells more aggressive and metastatic. However, the mechanisms and mediators of this are unidentified. Therefore, we aimed this study at directly identifying the tumor cell–initiated mechanisms responsible for the resistance of pancreatic cancer to anti-VEGF treatment. Experimental Design: We established and validated two murine models of human pancreatic cancer resistant to the VEGF-specific antibody bevacizumab in vivo. We used a genome-wide analysis to directly identify which tumor-secreted factors were overexpressed by pancreatic cancer cells that were resistant to anti-VEGF treatment. Results: Rather than direct proangiogenic factors, we identified several proinflammatory factors that were expressed at higher levels in cells resistant to anti-VEGF treatment than in treatment-sensitive control cells. These proinflammatory factors acted in a paracrine manner to stimulate the recruitment of CD11b+ proangiogenic myeloid cells. Also, we found that secreted factors overexpressed by anti-VEGF treatment-resistant pancreatic cancer cells acted in an autocrine manner to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and were thus responsible for increased aggressiveness of bevacizumab-resistant pancreatic tumors. Conclusions: Our results identified proinflammatory factors and EMT markers as potential biomarkers for selecting patients with pancreatic cancer for antiangiogenic therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5822–32. ©2011 AACR.


In the present study, polysaccharide-based edible coating formulations were investigated and optimised for fresh-cut pineapple (Ananas comosus L. cv. Josapine). The effects of alginate- and gellan-based coatings on respiration rate, physico-chemical properties, microbiological and sensory quality of fresh-cut pineapple during low temperature storage were determined. Finally, the effects of incorporation of natural antimicrobial agents in alginate-based coating on shelf life extension and quality retention of fresh-cut pineapple were evaluated. The coating treatment was carried out by dipping method. Five polysaccharide-based materials, namely chitosan, alginate, gellan, methyl cellulose and pectin, were screened as potential coatings for the fresh-cut fruit. Among these, alginate- and gellan-based coatings showed the most significant (p < 0.05) effect in reducing weight loss and respiration rate and also in maintaining firmness and sensory quality of fresh-cut pineapple. Response surface methodology was employed to optimise the most effective
composition for the two coatings. Results obtained indicate that alginate-based formulation containing 1.29% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1.16% (w/v) glycerol, and gellan-based formulation containing 0.56% (w/v) gellan and 0.89% (w/v) glycerol, were the best. The results also showed that optimised alginate- and gellan-based formulations significantly (p < 0.05) reduced weight loss and respiration rate, and maintained the firmness and colour of fresh-cut pineapple during low temperature storage (10 ± 1 oC; 65 ± 10% RH and 5 ± 1 oC; 85 ± 10% RH) as compared to the control (uncoated sample). Results on the effects of natural antimicrobial agents (lemongrass, palmarosa, limonene and vanillin) incorporated into the optimised alginate-based formulation at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% w/v) on shelf life and quality of fresh-cut fruit showed that the former formulation incorporated with 0.3% (w/v) lemongrass significantly (p < 0.05) reduced yeast, mould and total plate counts while maintaining its sensory quality. Total plate counts and yeast and mould counts of uncoated samples reached 106 CFU/g after 8 days of storage at 10 oC while using optimised alginate-based formulation incorporated with 0.3% (w/v) lemongrass extended the microbial shelf life of coated samples up to 12 days. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatile flavour compounds extracted from control and stored cut-fruits using solid-phase micro-extraction showed that the major volatile flavour compounds of Josapine pineapple were (i) methyl hexanoate; (ii) methyl 2-methyl butanoate; (iii) methyl 3-(methylthio)-propanoate; (iv) methyl octanoate and (v) methyl butanoate. Storage led to a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the concentrations of major volatile flavour compounds in both coated and uncoated samples. However, this reduction in coated samples was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than uncoated samples. Images from scanning electron microscopy further demonstrated that the cell walls of coated fresh-cut pineapple had an almost similar intact appearance to those of fresh pineapple, while more cell wall disruption and higher microbial growth were observed in stored but uncoated samples. Thus, it can be concluded that optimised alginate-based edible coating formulation incorporated with 0.3% (w/v) lemongrass has the best potential to extend the shelf life up to 12 days and maintain the quality of fresh-cut pineapple.


This reference and practice book contains 60 attractive two-page units featuring approximately 1,000 phrasal verbs. This new level of English Phrasal Verbs in Use is specifically designed for advanced level students looking to improve their knowledge of this often difficult area of the English language. The book includes many phrasal verbs useful to students preparing for the Cambridge CAE, CPE and IELTS examinations.


The aim of the present study was to clarify the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on estrogen deficiency-induced osteoporosis based on micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and potential mechanism of gene regulation via microarray profiling. Eighteen female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into sham-operated group, ovariectomy (OVX) plus saline vehicle group, and OVX plus CGA treatment group (CGA at 45 mg/kg/day). The loss of bone mass of the femoral metaphysis was evaluated by micro-CT to represent. Gene expression profiling was analyzed for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of OVX and OVXT groups. Bioinformatics analysis was used to find the potential pathways regulated by CGA. OVX-induced osteoporosis could decrease femur bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecula number (Tb.N), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and increased the trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and structure model index (SMI) in the rats. Gene microarray profiling showed 121 differentially expressed genes in collected BMSCs between OVX and OVXT groups were identified with a threshold of a two-fold change and P<0.05. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) was used to analyze the potential mechanism of CGA and we observed that many mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway associtated genes were altered, suggesting this pathway may play an important role. CGA improved bone quality by modifying the BMD and trabecular microarchitecture. Differential expression genes were screened by gene microarray profile and the results suggested MAPK pathway might participate in the process of OVX-induced bone remodeling.


PROBLEM—Provision of electric services in remote communities operating a subsistence economy has been challenging both for policy-makers and engineers. The value of electricity services and the choice structures in remote economies are not well understood. NEED—There are several technical, economic, and environmental challenges to the top-down approach of electrification. There is a need for methods that can integrate multiple dimensions of social development that can fit the environmental, economic, and technical aspects of community development. APPROACH—To create a system that best fits with the rural community, a bottom-up approach is recommended; this depends on community participation to provide a coherent from-the-ground-up decision-making framework for rural residents, engineers, and policy-makers. OUTCOMES—We have developed a from-the-ground-up community participation approach to power system design, where the community activity system is studied before investigating energy development options and assessing the risks and benefits from the perspective of the people in the community. We present the approach called Community Access Resource for Electricity Sustainability (CARES), with its foundation in action research methodology to explore the values in the community, the valued electricity services (VES) that the community feel they need, and the way the community adopts the different value types through problem-solving. We conclude that the CARES approach provides rural residents, engineers, and policy-makers with a new bottom-up approach to rural electrification in remote economies. IMPLICATIONS—The implications of this design calls for designers to extend their workspace beyond the design office and to facilitate with remote communities in devising solutions that best fit their needs. ORIGINALITY—Original contributions are the identification of the different value types and VES from-the-ground-up, and the integration of these into a gamified, interactive, and virtual-reality setting for participants to play through and discuss major consequences from which prudent decisions for development can be made. Additionally, we have proposed a new cost index for the feasibility assessment of rural electrification projects.


Proton conduction in solids attracts great interest, not only because of possible applications in fuel cell technologies, but also because of the main role of this process in many biological mechanisms. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can exhibit exceptional proton-conduction performances, because of the large number of hydrogen-bonded water molecules embedded in their pores. However, further work remains to be done to elucidate the real conducting mechanism. Among the different MOF subfamilies, bioMOFs, which have been constructed using biomolecule derivatives as building blocks and often affording water-stable materials, emerge as valuable systems to study the transport mechanisms involved in the proton-hopping dynamics. Herein, we report a versatile chiral three-dimensional (3D) bioMOF, exhibiting permanent porosity, as well as high chemical, structural, and water stability. Moreover, the choice of this suitable bioligand results in proton conductivity, and allows us to propose a proton-conducting mech...


Differential hybridization and molecular cloning have been used to isolate CR39, a cDNA which hybridizes to a 1.2-kilobase (kb) mRNA in rat liver. The level of CR39 mRNA was increased seven- to ninefold over normal levels by dietary cholestyramine and mevinolin and decreased about fourfold compared with normal levels by cholesterol feeding or administration of mevalonate. Similar changes in the mRNA levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and HMG-CoA synthase were observed under the various conditions. In vitro translation of either CR39 hybrid selected RNA or 1.2-kb CR39 RNA generated by an SP6 in vitro transcription system produced a polypeptide of 39,000 daltons. As deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a full-length CR39 cDNA, the rat CR39 polypeptide contained 344 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 39,615. The predicted amino acid composition and submit molecular weight of the rat CR39 were very similar to those of prenyltransferases isolated from chicken, pig, and human. The sequence of amino acid residues 173 through 203 in the rat CR39 polypeptide showed that 17 out of 30 matched an active-site peptide of avian liver prenyltransferase. Thus, alterations in the rate of cholesterogenesis resulted in the coordinate regulation of three mRNAs encoding HMG-CoA reductase, HMG-CoA synthase, and CR39, the latter being tentatively identified as prenyltransferase.


Part 1, the systematic literature review, examines the empirical literature on symbolic and non-symbolic number representation in humans. A diverse range of experimental methodologies were explored, including 19 studies which comprised computational modelling, neuroimaging, behavioural and clinical evidence, and 15 review articles which focused on the acquisition of number competence and the underlying form of number representation. The review revealed a lack of evidence on the qualitative differences between representations of symbolic and non-symbolic numbers, and hardly any clinical evidence of the underlying pathways.
Part 2, the empirical paper, reports a study adapted from Roggeman, Verguts and Fias (2007), which used healthy participants, by using patients with lesions to the parietal lobe, an area commonly associated with numbers. We aimed to determine whether there were differences between symbolic and non-symbolic notations from which differences in underlying representations and areas engaged in the processing of these notations could be inferred. The priming task provided a measurable indicator of any differences between notations and the impact of these lesions on the ability to identify numbers presented as digits and dots. There were no significant differences in digit and dot notations between the patient and control groups. However, two case studies revealed normal digit and dot number representation following a left lesion, whereas normal digit and abnormal dot number representation was observed following a right lesion, thereby supporting a notation-dependent view.
Part 3, the critical appraisal, provides a reflective discussion of the project from start to finish, addressing methodological choices, the clinical and research duality and wider conceptual issues.


We introduce "anamorphic" cosmology, an approach for explaining the smoothness and flatness of the universe on large scales and the generation of a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of adiabatic density perturbations. The defining feature is a smoothing phase that acts like a contracting universe based on some Weyl frame-invariant criteria and an expanding universe based on other frame-invariant criteria. An advantage of the contracting aspects is that it is possible to avoid the multiverse and measure problems that arise in inflationary models. Unlike ekpyrotic models, anamorphic models can be constructed using only a single field and can generate a nearly scale-invariant spectrum of tensor perturbations. Anamorphic models also differ from pre-big bang and matter bounce models that do not explain the smoothness. We present some examples of cosmological models that incorporate an anamorphic smoothing phase.


Abstract The mechanical performance of wood and wood products is highly dependent on the structural arrangement and properties of the polymers within the fibre cell wall. To improve utilisation and manufacture of wood materials, there is an increasing need for a more detailed knowledge regarding structure/property relations at the micro- or nanostructural level. In this article, recent developments regarding our understanding of the wood cell wall structure and its mechanical performance are summarised. The new results are interpreted in relation to property performances of wood fibres and wood tissues. Suggestions are made for future requirements for research in this field.


Be part of the Millie Dowler Fund • Teach Mum and Dad to Text.
Are you a Mum or a Dad with an 11 to 16 year old son or daughter? Would you like to
learn to text your kids so that you can stay in contact with them no matter where they
are?
The Cyberspace Research Unit at the University of Central Lancashire will be running a
short drop in session on Friday 19 September in Chandler Building, off Corporation
Street (next to Harris building) from 12pm-4pm.
If you wish to take part please contact Jo Price at the Cyberspace Research Unit on
(01772 89)3758 or email email@example.com. If you email, please provide a contact
number.
Participants will be reimbursed for their time and will be entered into a draw to win a
free mobile phone.
The Cyberspace Research unit was set up in January 2001 to develop web based
educational materials designed to empower parents, teachers, carers and children with
the tools, knowledge, and skills they need to navigate the Internet safely.
17 May 2003
nr097ct
-ends-


Reservoir simulation projects are ubiquitous across the oil and gas industry. A less common practice is retrospective validation of the accuracy and robustness of the original model's predictions. This paper highlights the importance of validating previous simulation work with field data in order to test predictability and acquire more confidence in future simulation work.
 A fully implicit coupled wellbore-reservoir simulator was used to history match the performance of four steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) well pairs after one year of operation. The purpose of this effort was to build a representative model that mimicked the observed field behavior and captured the key performance drivers such as reservoir quality, completion type, and operating strategy. A representative history matched model was achieved with an overall accuracy within 9.5% of actuals after one year of operation. This model was used to forecast well pair performance after three years.
 After three years of field operation, the predicted simulation forecast was compared against the actual field data. The accuracy and robustness of model's predictions remained valid and improved to within 7.5% of actuals after three years of operation. For two out of the four well pairs, the observed trends between the actuals and the simulation appeared to deviate due to completion type and operating strategy changes that occurred after the original history match was completed. Once these changes were reflected in the simulation model, predictability was restored and improved reaching an accuracy within 4.7%.
 This paper aims to deliver two key learnings and best practices. First, a coupled wellbore-reservoir simulation approach was successfully applied to build a representative model that captures the key performance drivers and observed field behavior. Second, a retrospective validation of the model's predictions was completed and resulted in more accurate, robust, and confident performance predictions. These robust models can be used to better understand, forecast and optimize the productive potential of oil and gas operations over their life cycle.


A less-expensive grayscale paperback version is available. Search for ISBN 9781680922936. Principles of Accounting is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of a twosemester accounting course that covers the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. This book is specifically designed to appeal to both accounting and non-accounting majors, exposing students to the core concepts of accounting in familiar ways to build a strong foundation that can be applied across business fields. Each chapter opens with a relatable reallife scenario for today's college student. Thoughtfully designed examples are presented throughout each chapter, allowing students to build on emerging accounting knowledge. Concepts are further reinforced through applicable connections to more detailed business processes. Students are immersed in the "why" as well as the "how" aspects of accounting in order to reinforce concepts and promote comprehension over rote memorization.


Noted African American journalist Roland Martin takes readers back down President Barack Obama's campaign trail in this chronological journal of events that dates back to when then Senator Obama had yet to announce his candidacy and follows him on his journey to the presidency. Martin's charismatic writing style is presented through his in-depth analysis of the presidential campaign and Obama's struggles and successes. Martin gives readers insight on how each important event played out in front of the nation and also shares interviews from his broadcasts, including an interview he conducted with President Obama after his win in Iowa in January 2008. Other Notable interviews include Dr. Cornel West, Rep John Lewis, Spike Lee, Maxine Waters and Michael Eric Dyson.


This comparative study examines the emancipation process in the British Caribbean, particularly Jamaica, during the 1830s and in the United States, particularly South Carolina, during the 1860s. Analyzing the intellectual and ideological foundations of postslavery Anglo-America, Demetrius Eudell explores how former slaves, former slaveholders, and their societies' central governments understood and discussed slavery, emancipation, and the transition between the two. Eudell investigates the public policies - which addressed issues of labor control, access to land, and the general social behaviors of former slaves - used to execute emancipation. In both regions, government-appointed officials (special magistrates in Jamaica and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina) were crucial in implementing these policies. While many former slaves were fighting for the right to be paid for their labor and to own land, many officials came to view their role as part of a new civilizing mission whose goal was to eradicate the psychic damage supposedly caused by slavery. Eudell concludes by examining the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica and the retreat from Reconstruction in South Carolina, part of the larger movement of Redemption that occurred in 1877. Both of these occurrences represented the incomplete victory of emancipation, Eudell argues, and should provoke scholarly questions regarding the persistent thesis of U.S. exceptionalism.


Abstract In a global context where popular referenda are increasingly used to decide contested issues, this paper aims at exploring the framework in which, in October 2017, two referenda took place in the Italian northern regions of Veneto and Lombardia to seek additional forms and conditions of autonomy within the Italian regional state as painted by the Constitution after the 2001 reform. By adopting mainly an analytical perspective, this contribution studies the political and constitutional underpinnings of the two referenda while at the same time providing a cursory comparative account of differential and asymmetric regionalism.


This article traces the influence of the Arab Spring on Iraq as activists staged fervent protests against corruption, sectarianism, and favoritism that largely characterize Nouri Maliki's government. A group of young Iraqi intellectuals, journalists, students, government employees, and unemployed youth posted their plan to organize demonstrations against the government with the use of social media in February 2011. This study investigates the use of Facebook and YouTube that bypassed the government's attempt to limit the coverage of these protests. Indeed, the events during the Arab Spring in Iraq crossed the sectarian lines and united different Iraqis against the Shiite-dominated government. The five most popular Facebook pages are examined together with over 806 YouTube clips that are related to the Iraqi Arab Spring and their 2839 comments. The study revealed that young Iraqi males aged between 25-30 were the most active vloggers, while those aged between 20-24 were the most active commentators during the protests. Further, the study showed that other Iraqis living in the Diaspora especially in the United States and Canada played an important role by posting YouTube clips and comments. Also, there was a great gender disparity since Iraqi male users surpassed females in the number of video clips and comments posted.


Constraint-based learning of Bayesian networks (BN) from limited data can lead to multiple testing problems when recovering dense areas of the skeleton and to conflicting results in the orientation of edges. In this paper, we present a new constraint-based algorithm, light mutual min (LMM) for improved accuracy of BN learning from small sample data. LMM improves the assessment of candidate edges by using a ranking criterion that considers conditional independence on neighboring variables at both sides of an edge simultaneously. The algorithm also employs an adaptive relaxation of constraints that, selectively, allows some nodes not to condition on some neighbors. This relaxation aims at reducing the incorrect rejection of true edges connecting high degree nodes due to multiple testing. LMM additionally incorporates a new criterion for ranking v-structures that is used to recover the completed partially directed acyclic graph (CPDAG) and to resolve conflicting v-structures, a common problem in small sample constraint-based learning. Using simulated data, each of these components of LMM is shown to significantly improve network inference compared to commonly applied methods when learning from limited data, including more accurate recovery of skeletons and CPDAGs compared to the PC, MaxMin, and MaxMin hill climbing algorithms. A proof of asymptotic correctness is also provided for LMM for recovering the correct skeleton and CPDAG.


Over previous decades, road safety practitioners have delivered significantly safer roads through improvements in vehicles and by deploying countermeasures designed to reduce the risks that may be taken by a driver. Education and enforcement have sought to reduce driver risk taking, especially in areas of speed and drug and alcohol use. Behavioural studies and research data have provided evidence of the efficacy of various programmes and produced effective policy. Technology applied to vehicles has primarily focused on reducing injury severity in the event of a crash. A new wave of technology is now upon us that is unlike previous technology. This new wave of technology seeks to further reduce the risk of fallible drivers by providing them with alerts or even bypassing them completely and controlling the vehicle to avoid a crash. Current systems of this type include Adaptive Cruise Control and embryonic Collision Avoidance Systems. This wave has the potential to be game changing and very disruptive. The role of the driver is likely to change and ultimately there may be no need for a driver at all. This paper examines what the future might hold for road users and presents a number of research questions for the Australian road safety community to consider. Discussion will include current technology, how the role of the driver may change, question how driver education may change, and what new risks might be introduced. This discussion will include a reflection on the practice of Road Safety with a changing road system.


TOMATO PURÈE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER SIMULATION USING BOUSSINESQ APPROXIMATION by Matteo Fabbri With the advance of new technologies, the food industries are requiring systems that allow to produce the desired products with faster rates at cheaper costs. In this case, the study was initiated with the purpose to better understand what happens inside a package containing tomato puree when this is heated above 343 K in a tunnel pasteurizer. If the fluid must reach the thermal and microbiological condition of "pasteurization", the system must guarantee that the temperature (around 343° Kelvin) is kept for a certain time allowing to pasteurize even the cooler package's fluid-particle. The faster the system can heat the bottle, the higher the productivity could be but, to guarantee the same heat treatment, it may be needed a longer tunnel, raising equipment costs and space allocation. While looking at the thermal conditions of the package, it was decided to check the existence of any convective movement along the boundaries of the very viscous fluid. The research was conducted using the OpenFoam application, an open-source CFD simulation system based on Linux OS. The study started from simple cases in 2-dimensional geometry, and gradually were added more complex situations to the model (3D, non-newtonian conditions, rotation). The simulation showed the fluid flow behavior resulting in very poor convective movements along the fluid's boundaries; temperature profiles were studied for both vertical, horizontal and rotating cylinders proving the latter as the most efficient condition for a pasteurization heat treatment. TOMATO PURÈE CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER SIMULATION USING BOUSSINESQ APPROXIMATION


Background: Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a congenital malformation of the enteric nervous system due to the arrest of migration of neural crest cells to form the myenteric and submucosal plexuses. It leads to an anganglionic intestinal segment, which is permanently contracted causing intestinal obstruction. Its incidence is approximately 1/5000 birth, and males are more frequently affected with a male/female ratio of 4/1. The diagnosis is in most cases made within the first year of life. The rectal biopsy of the mucosa and sub-mucosa is the diagnostic gold standard. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare two surgical approaches for HSCR, the Duhamel technique and the transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) in term of indications, duration of surgery, duration of hospital stay, postoperative treatment, complications, frequency of enterocolitis and functional outcomes. Methods: Fifty-nine patients were treated for HSCR by one of the two methods in our department of pediatric surgery between 1994 and 2010. These patients were separated into two groups (I: Duhamel, II: TEPT), which were compared on the basis of medical records. Statistics were made to compare the two groups (ANOVA test). The first group includes 43 patients and the second 16 patients. It is noteworthy that twenty-four patients (about 41% of all patients) were referred from abroad (Western Africa). Continence was evaluated with the Krickenbeck's score. Results: Statistically, this study showed that operation duration, hospital stay, postoperative fasting and duration of postoperative antibiotics were significantly shorter (p value < 0.05) in group II (TEPT). But age at operation and length of aganglionic segment showed no significant difference between the two groups. The continence follow-up showed generally good results (Krickenbeck's scores 1; 2.1; 3.1) in both groups with a slight tendency to constipation in group I and soiling in group II. Conclusion: We found two indications for the Duhamel method that are being referred from a country without careful postoperative surveillance and/or having a previous colostomy. Even if the Duhamel technique tends to be replaced by the TEPT, it remains the best operative approach for some selected patients. TEPT has also proved some advantages but must be followed carefully because, among other points, of the postoperative dilatations. Our postoperative standards, like digital rectal examination and anal dilatations seem to reduce the occurrence of complications like rectal spur and anal/anastomosis stenosis, respectively in the Duhamel method and the TEPT technique.


Happiness can be related to everything that can provide a feeling of satisfaction or pleasure. This study tries to consider the relationship between land use factors and feeling of happiness at the neighbourhood level. Land use variables (beautiful and attractive neighbourhood design, availability and quality of shopping centres, sufficient recreational spaces and facilities, and sufficient daily service centres) are used as independent variables and the happiness score is used as the dependent variable in this study. In addition to the land use variables, socio-economic factors (gender, race, marital status, employment status, education, and income) are also considered as independent variables. This study uses the Oxford happiness questionnaire to estimate happiness score of more than 300 people living in six neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods are selected randomly from Skudai neighbourhoods in Johor, Malaysia. The land use data were obtained by adding related questions to the Oxford happiness questionnaire. The strength of the relationship in this study is found using generalised linear modelling (GLM). The findings of this research indicate that increase in happiness feeling is correlated with an increasing income, more beautiful and attractive neighbourhood design, sufficient shopping centres, recreationalspaces, and daily service centres. The results show that all land use factors in this study have significant relationship with happiness but only income, among socio-economic factors, can affect happinesssignificantly. Therefore, land use factors can affect happiness in Skudai more than socio-economic factors.


This paper discusses the theoretical aspects of the optical properties currently used for determining the extinction coefficients, based on measurements of the transmittances of light. The measurement errors introduced by the spectrophotometric method and by versions of the directed transmittance method are estimated. Data obtained in wide spectral ranges concerning the transmission of light by single-crystal germanium and paratellurite are used to illustrate the points discussed here. © 2005 Optical Society of America


An increasing body of research on critical consciousness explores how youth understand and react to inequality in their social contexts. The operationalization of critical consciousness remains inchoate, however. Developmental psychology traditionally conceptualizes critical consciousness as three components (critical reflection, political efficacy, and critical action), but how levels of these components combine for different youth or relate to outcomes remains unclear. This article uses latent class analysis to examine how components of critical consciousness pattern together in a sample 448 of marginalized (racial/ethnic minority) youth, and relate to demographic characteristics, socioemotional outcomes, and academic well-being. We identify four classes of critical consciousness components differentiated by their level of critical reflection, beliefs about the fairness of the United States, and external and internal political efficacy. Ethnicity was related to class membership, but gender and socioeconomic status were not. Controlling for race/ethnicity, we find differences in cross-sectional measures of depression, academic engagement, academic competence, and grades of youth across these classes and identify sociopolitical efficacy as a key predictor of positive youth development. Our findings provide theoretical clarity and practical insight into the complexity of critical consciousness and the combination of components that is most beneficial for positive youth development.


Aims: The question of interactions between the renin angiotensin aldosterone system drugs and the incidence and prognosis of COVID-19 infection has been raised by the medical community. We hypothesised that if patients treated with ACE inhibitors (ACEI) or AT1 receptor blockers (ARB) were more prone to SARS-CoV2 infection and had a worse prognosis than untreated patients, the prevalence of consumption of these drugs would be higher in patients with COVID-19 compared to the general population. Methods and results: We used a clinical epidemiology approach based on the estimation of standardised prevalence ratio (SPR) of consumption of ACEI and ARB in four groups of patients (including 187 COVID-19 positive) with increasing severity referred to the University hospital of Lille and in three French reference samples (the exhaustive North population (n=1,569,968), a representative sample of the French population (n=414,046), a random sample of Lille area (n=1,584)). The SPRs of ACEI and ARB did not differ as the severity of the COVID-19 patients increased, being similar to the regular consumption of these drugs in the North of France population with the same non-significant increase for both treatment (1.17 [0.83-1.67]). A statistically significant increase in the SPR of ARB (1.56 [1.02-2.39]) was observed in intensive care unit patients only. After stratification on obesity, this increase was limited to the high risk subgroup of obese patients. Conclusions: Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.


Diterpenes are one of the classes of natural products with about 7000 structures. The basic skeleton of diterpene contains 20 carbon atoms. Microbes contain a large number of diterpenoid with many oxidized carbons and nitrogen atoms. To date, a number of secondary metabolites have been isolated from fungal sources, and some of these examples showed diverse structural features and interesting biological activities. These classes of compounds have attracted the interest of natural product scientist due to their potential biological activities. This chapter includes recently (2013–2018) isolated compounds from various fungal sources especially cythane, clerodanes, halimanes, abietane, and indoletype diterpenes. Biosynthetic pathway of plants and fungi diterpenes showed homology at initial steps but showed differences at latter steps. The biological activity and 13CNMR data of these recently isolated compounds have been discussed. These diterpenes exhibited potential nitric oxide, anticancer, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The diterpenes are clerodane, labdane, and kaurane derivatives. A brief discussion on the 13C-NMR chemical shifts of these diterpenes has been discussed at the end of each type.


Salt interpretation is now considered one of the most important steps in the depth imaging process for two primary reasons. First, experience has shown that the accuracy of the salt model has a relatively large impact on the resultant subsalt image when using wave-equation migration algorithms. Second, the salt interpretation phase of a depth-imaging project, one of the most labor-intensive steps in the process, accounts for roughly 70% of a project's duration. This fact has caused companies to put pressure on seismic interpreters to deliver these detailed interpretations of the salt in a limited amount of time. As interpreters, we must implement innovative workflows utilizing state-of-the-art hardware to meet this challenge.


Processes that influence variations in trace metal concentration and their bioavailability in surface and subsurface sediments have been measured in sediments from Cleveland Bay and the adjacent shelf areas of the Great Barrier Reef lagoon from Upstart Bay to Rockingham Bay. The scope of work is consistent with strategies incorporated within the National Water Quality Management Strategy (e.g., the draft Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council (ANZECC) Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality). The results can be used as a guide for the management of sediment quality in the study region.

Statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis) has been completed upon chemical and physical parameters from 1023 surface sediment samples collected in the central section of the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon. In conjunction with spatial analysis the results of statistical analysis have been used to identify influences upon the distribution of whole surface sediment strong acid soluble Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Znoncentrations [that is, Zn concentrations]. The predominant influence upon their distribution is the distribution of fine-grained aluminosilicate rich terrigenous sediment. Subordinant natural influences include; changes in the concentration of Co, Cu and Ni in terrigenous sediment being supplied to the lagoon; increases in Cd and Co concentration in sediments due to post depositional early diagenetic processes; and nutrient like behaviour of Cd.

In oder [that is, order] to evaluate anthropogenic influences upon trace metal concentration In Cleveland Bay, statistical analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Linear Discriminant Analysis) and spatial analysis of 122 surface sediment samples and 124 sediment core samples have been supported by temporal analysis of samples from 5 sediment cores using 210Pb radiochemistry. Anthropogenic influences in sediments of Cleveland Bay are distinguishable from natural variations in concentration at sites that have high rates of fine grained terrigenous sediment accumulation, are typically close to source, are limited in spatial extent, and are characterised by simultaneous increases of more than one trace metal.

Temporal trends in enhancement of metals exhibit associations with economic growth and the introduction of specific metal commodities to the region. Enhancement of metal concentrations above a statistically modelled background are generally less than 2 times the modelled background, and are typically less than the draft ANZECC guideline trigger values for the concentration of metals in sediment. The results indicate that identification of anthropogenic influences do not necessarily represent a decline in environmental quality but are diagnostic of urbanisation and industrial development.

To assist understanding processes that influence the bioavailability of trace metals in sediments a mass balance of dissolved and solid phase sulfur concentrations of 5 sediment cores collected from Cleveland Bay was completed. A model of the rate of organic matter decomposition explains between 82 to 90% of the variance observed in the sulfur accumulated in sediments of cores from Cleveland Bay. Therefore the rate of organic matter decomposition is the dominant influence upon sulfur accumulation within individual sediment cores. The mass balance indicates that typical muddy sediments in the intertidal zone are open to the resupply of sulphate, but probably have a high retention rate of authigenic sulphides due to abundant reactive Fe and high burial rates.

Speciation of trace metals in sediment profiles has been evaluated by two operationally defined methods. 1) Speciation determined by wet chemical analyses of metals. 2) Speciation determined by in situ passive sampling devices that use the theory of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT). Interpretation of the influences upon metal speciation was found to be highly dependent upon the scale of sampling (e.g., vertical resolution, depth), and method of analysis.

In sediment cores sampled at 20mm intervals, the partitioning of trace metals into 1M HCI soluble (Cd, Pb and Zn) and 1M HCI insoluble (Co, Cu and Ni) species can be attributed to the predominant early diagenetic process occurring in sediments, S0₄ reduction. However, in 300mm deep DGT probes sampled at intervals of 10mm strong vertical zonation of metals with apparent contrasting lability to that deterined [that is, determined] by wet chemical analysis. Lability in DGT probes can be described as DGT available (Co, Ni, Pb and Zn) and DGT unavailable (Cd and Cu) metals. These patterns in speciation are interpreted to be created by interaction of metals with other early diageneitc processes including Fe, Mn and S0₄ reduction.

The comparison of operationally defined speciation methods indicates that the use of a single speciation method (e.g., 1M HCI soluble metals or ΣSEM/AVS > 1) to predict the bioavailability of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn may not adequately describe the speciation of some metals in near surface sediments. As a consequence methods used to assess metal bioavailability in sediments should not be used in isolation, or applied as generic indicators of sediment quality. The methods are tools that can be used for the assessment of sediment quality, and require to be evaluated before being integrated within sediment quality management strategies.


The genus Krakatauia Enderlein is revised for the southwest Pacific. Based on existing collections and newly collected material from Fiji, 29 species are treated and keyed, including 25 newly described species. The alanae group includes three species from Fiji, K. luctuosa (Parent), K. lamiensis n. sp., and K. moanakaka n. sp. The alanae group is defined by strong synapomorphies in the male hypopygial structure and also includes two species from eastern Australia. The nupta group comprises three species at the easternmost limit of Krakatauia: K. nupta (Bezzi) from Fiji, and two new species, K. cicia n. sp. from the Lau Group, and K. planticorum n. sp. from Tonga & Niue. The evulgata group is diverse in the western Pacific, and notes and new records are provided for the widespread species K. evulgata (Becker) and K. micronesiana Bickel. Three species are newly described: K. hutuna n. sp., from the Solomon Islands, and K. ounua n. sp. and K. tanna n. sp., both from Vanuatu. The malakula group is a poorly defined assemblage that includes five newly described species: K. cheesmanae n. sp., K. epiensis n. sp., and K. malakula n. sp., all from Vanuatu, K. graciosa n. sp., from the Solomon Islands, and K. sigatoka n. sp., from Fiji. The Krakatauia abaca group comprises a large radiation within the Fijian Archipelago, especially in upland forests on the main islands, with 13 newly described species: K. abaca n. sp., K. auribarba n. sp., K. bisignata n. sp., K. bouma n. sp., K. evodevo n. sp., K. hurleyi n. sp., K. korobaba n. sp., K. namatalaui n. sp., K. natewa n. sp., K. navai n. sp., K. solodamu n. sp., K. tomaniivi n. sp., and K. vuda n. sp. Most of these species are from single sites or adjacent sites, suggesting a high level of local endemicity. Of particular interest is the diversity of antennal flags, almost all of them diagnostic at the species level, and probably used in species recognition during courtship. Some of these flags have distinctly different obverse sides, and one species K. bisignata, has a three dimensional structure, with a white vane perpendicular to the underlying black flag.


Arsenic-bearing pyrite, known as arsenian pyrite, is the most important and in many cases the only Au-bearing mineral in Carlin-type and some epithermal deposits. Because it incorporates Au from solutions that are undersaturated with respect to native Au, precipitation of arsenian pyrite is the key to removal of Au from solution and formation of an economic deposit. Recent micro-scale studies of arsenian pyrite from a wide range of deposits have provided new information on its role as a host for Au and on the nature and significance of its growth zoning. Two types of arsenian pyrite have been recognized so far: 1) As (super 1-) -pyrite, in which As (super 1-) substitutes for S; it is found in Carlin-type and low-sulfidation epithermal deposits that formed in reduced hydrothermal systems. 2) As (super 3+) -pyrite, in which As (super 3+) and possibly other forms of oxidized As substitute for Fe; it is found in high-sulfidation epithermal deposits that formed in oxidized hydrothermal systems. Some arsenian pyrite also contains As (super 0) in nanoscale inclusions of amorphous (originally liquid) As-Fe-S. Although this As (super 0) is not part of the pyrite structure, it does contribute to the total As content of the pyrite. Most Au in arsenian pyrite is invisible, even in high-resolution TEM observations, and it is thought to be present in the crystal lattice of the pyrite. Entry of Au into the pyrite lattice is facilitated by As. Analytical compilations for Carlin-type deposits show that As and Au concentrations in As (super 1-) -pyrite plot in a wedge-shaped zone in Au-As space with an upper concentration (C) of Au defined by: C (sub Au) =0.02.C (sub As) +4X10 (super -5) , indicating a maximum Au/As molar ratio of approximately 0.02. Pyrite with As:Au ratios above 0.02 contains discrete grains of Au, usually in nanoscale particles. At least some As (super 3+) -pyrite appears to contain Au in solid solution above this solubility limit. Other elements that are found in arsenian pyrite in relatively high (ppm to low percent) concentrations include Ag,Bi, Te, Sb, Hg and Pb; of these, at least Sb appears to show solubility relations similar to those of Au. Trace elements are not homogeneously distributed in pyrite and, instead, form both sectoral and growth zones that show a wide range of concentrations. The growth zones are concentric and occupy all faces of a crystal; they can be correlated to provide an indication of hydrothermal flow patterns and connectivity, as well as the number and composition of fluid pulses that fed the hydrothermal systems. Arsenian pyrite varies in grain size from nanoscale to large crystals; the combined presence of As and smaller grain sizes cause the pyrite to decompose more rapidly, a factor that should aid in metallurgical processing. The ability of arsenian pyrite to scavenge Au from undersaturated solutions makes it the key factor in formation of many Au deposits. In exploration for Au deposits, attention should be given to factors that might cause deposition of arsenian pyrite.


The curriculum is the most grounded device to transmit and transform the way of life, values, and convictions of the society to the students. At the point the children enter the school, the pictures of the male and female depicted in books, solidify their ideas about gender bias and such gender stereotypes shape the mental framework of the students and leave an everlasting effect on the social outlook of the students. Children develop a certain sense of perception and personality while reading such books. The text, words, and pictures in the books leave a permanent blueprint in their mind and they organize their behavior along the patriarchal line, represented in the books. In the textbooks, male-dominant ideology has been used to construct reality in such a way that serves the interest of men in a society. There is a latent and manifest nexus of power and language which favors the patriarchal values. Gender ideologies apparent in the books are also embedded in children's pictures, mass media, and even clothing. There are also more males characters and heroes than females characters and heroes in the textbooks of Urdu and English. All prominent leaders of the Pakistan movement are males and only one female leader, Fatimah Jinnah, has representation in the books but that too in her capacity as sister of the founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.


The events in the establishment of the concepts and principles of butterfly farming in the Indo-Australian Region are chronicled. The question is posed as to whether harnessing the wealth provided by the tropical butterfly trade in this way can be truely effective in tropical forest protection. Topics such as ill-conceived legislation affecting the international butterfly trade, and the controversy concerning overcollecting, are discussed. It is shown that by using certain now well-tested methods, and if properly implemented under government supervision, the system can indeed be very beneficial in conservation of tropical forests. Coupled with appropriate legislative restrictions to cut out middle-men, it can be very effective in utilising this highly sustainable resource and directing the valuable funds it provides back into habitat protection. It is argued that the butterfly farming system can provide rural economies with much needed income which reduces the financial need for peoples living in or adjacent to tropical forests to non-sustainably exploit them. Thus it directly promotes forest conservation, as well as indirectly through its associated educational attributes. Based on the author's extensive field experience, and a number of problems that have been experienced in project startup in various countries in the past, particularly through lack of funding, it is concluded that regional butterfly farming projects could be far more effectively achieved if established through a dedicated umbrella organisation. This would be best set up and coordinated within an already existing international conservation body.


Microfluidic droplets have been applied extensively as reaction vessels in a wide variety of chemical and biological applications. Typically, once the droplets are formed in a flow channel, it is a challenge to add new chemicals to the droplets for subsequent reactions in applications involving multiple processing steps. Here, we present a novel and versatile method that employs a high strength alternating electrical field to tunably transfer chemicals into microfluidic droplets using nanodroplets as chemical carriers. We show that the use of both continuous and cyclic burst square wave signals enables extremely sensitive control over the total amount of chemical added and, equally importantly, the rate of addition of the chemical from the nanodroplet carriers to the microfluidic droplets. An a priori theoretical model was developed to model the mass transport process under the convection-controlled scenario and compared with experimental results. We demonstrate an application of this method in the controlled preparation of gold nanoparticles by reducing chloroauric acid pre-loaded in microfluidic droplets with l-ascorbic acid supplied from miniemulsion nanodroplets. Under different field strengths, l-ascorbic acid is supplied in controllable quantities and addition rates, rendering the particle size and size distribution tunable. Finally, this method also enables multistep synthesis by the stepwise supply of miniemulsions containing different chemical species. We highlight this with a first report of a three-step Au-Pd core-shell nanoparticle synthesis under continuous flow conditions.


What is the Irish nation? Who is included in it? Are its borders delimited by religion, ethnicity, language, or civic commitment? And how should we teach its history? These and other questions are carefully considered by distinguished historian Hugh F. Kearney in "Ireland: Contested Ideas of Nationalism and History". The insightful essays collected here all circle around Ireland, with the first section attending to questions of nationalism and the second addressing pivotal moments in the history and historiography of the isle. Kearney contends that Ireland represents a striking example of the power of nationalism, which, while unique in many ways, provides an illuminating case study for students of the modern world. He goes on to elaborate his revisionist "four nations" approach to Irish history. In the book, Kearney recounts his own development in the field and the key personalities, departments, and movements he encountered along the way. It is a unique portrait not only of a humane and sensitive historian, but of the historical profession (and the practice of history) in Britain, Ireland, and the United States from the 1940s to the late twentieth century - at once public intellectual history and fascinating personal memoir.


Long considered the essential guide to Joyce's famously difficult work, Roland McHugh's Annotations to "Finnegans Wake" provides both novice readers and seasoned Joyceans with a wealth of information in an easy-to-use format uniquely suited to this densely layered text. Each page of the Annotations corresponds directly with a page of the standard Viking/Penguin edition of Finnegans Wake and contains line-by-line notes following the placement of the passages to which they refer. The reader can thus look directly from text to notes and back again, with no need to consult separate glossaries or other listings. McHugh's richly detailed notes distill decades of scholarship, explicating foreign words, unusual English connotations and colloquial expressions, place names, historical events, song titles and quotations, parodies of other texts, and Joyce's diverse literary and popular sources. The third edition has added material reflecting fifteen years of research, including significant new insights from Joyce's compositional notebooks (the "Buffalo Notebooks"), now being edited for the first time.


Some parameters related to the computational complexity of partitioned list algorithms are evaluated. Specifically, an upper bound is computed for the average number of comparisons needed by the most unsophisticated version of a partitioned list algorithm for processing a Boolean function in v variables and u canonical clauses. For the same functions the average memory size required for processing is also computed. Furthermore the minimum memory size necessary for processing any Boolean function in u canonical clauses by either a partitioned or a nonpartitioned list algorithm is computed. Results obtained from the above comparisons demonstrate that partitioned list algorithms compare favorably with nonpartitioned ones both with regard to the time and the memory required for computation.


Cloud computing systems can benefit from the use of personal and non-dedicated computers, which are currently employed in volunteer computing systems. Being non-dedicated, these resources show random behavior regarding the times they are online (available) and offline. Accordingly, their availability levels are lower than those of traditionally employed dedicated resources. Thus, in order to use non-dedicated resources in cloud computing environments, it is necessary first to solve the problem of how to attain high availability levels for the Internet services deployed over them. Most approaches on how to guarantee high service availability levels with non-dedicated resources are based on the introduction of high degrees of redundancy into the system. However, this praxis leads to an inefficient usage of computational resources and, therefore, to higher operational costs. Accordingly, the focus of this paper is the problem of minimizing the cost of a service deployment over non-dedicated resources while providing a high level of service availability. In order to solve this stochastic optimization problem, the paper proposes a hybrid algorithm that combines a metaheuristic component with a discrete-event simulation component. The metaheuristic component is used to search for an efficient configuration of resources. The simulation component is integrated inside the metaheuristic and used to estimate the service availability of each promising configuration. A numerical experiment section, comparing the performance of several algorithms, contributes to validating the proposed approach as well as to illustrate its potential applications.


TIMMDC1 (C3orf1), a predicted 4-pass membrane protein, which locates in the mitochondrial inner membrane, has been demonstrated to have association with multiple member of mitochondrial complex I assembly factors and core mitochondrial complex I subunits. The expression level of TIMMDC1 in highly-metastatic tumor cells is higher than that in lowly- metastatic tumor cells. However, the role of TIMMDC1 in human gastric cancer progression is unclear. In this study, human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells were used, and TIMMDC1 was knockdown with small interfering RNA. The data showed that TIMMDC1 knockdown caused inhibitory effects on the cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo. Knockdown of TIMMDC1 significantly and exclusively reduced the activity of mitochondrial complex I but not complex II~ IV, and caused an obvious inhibition in mitochondrial respiration and ATP-linked oxygen consumption. Besides, the glycolysis pathway was also attenuated by TIMMDC1 knockdown, and the ATP content in the group of shTIMMDC1 cells was significantly lower than that in the shCont cells. The expression levels of phosphoylated AKT(Ser473) and GSK-3β (Ser9), as well as the downstream protein β-catenin and c-Myc were also markedly reduced in the group of shTIMMDC1 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that TIMMDC1 may play an important role in human gastric cancer development, and its underlying mechanism is not only associated with mitochondrial complex I inhibition and reduced mitochondrial respiration, but is also associated with reduced glycolysis activity and the AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways.


One of the major claims of recent cognitive linguistics research is that metonymy constitutes a fundamental scheme of human cognition and is not just a rhetorical device employed for specific communicative purposes. The work of Klaus-Uwe Panther and others has suggested that certain metonymies are natural inference schemes operating during many aspects of language production and understanding. This chapter explores the relations between cognitive linguistic ideas on conceptual metonymy and recent psycholinguistic experiments examining online meaning construction. I suggest that there is no direct evidence supporting the idea that conceptual metonymies are immediately recruited during metonymic language processing, but that this gap is due to the difficulties in testing whether very abstract schemes are accessed during online meaning construction. Nonetheless, there exists various experimental support for other cognitive linguistic claims about metonymy, including the importance of metonymy for highlighting certain aspects of discourse topics, the interaction of metonymy and grammatical structure in sentence comprehension, and the idea that conceptual metonymies may interact with pragmatic information to constrain specific interpretations of metonymic utterances.


All pregnant women are at risk of obstetric complications, most of which occur during labor and delivery among women with no previously identified risk factors. More than 95 percent of these deaths occur in developing countries. In sub-Saharan Africa, a region of the world currently experiencing significant humanitarian crises, the lifetime risk of maternal death is one in 30 whereas the lifetime risk in developed countries is one in 2,800.1 The majority of maternal deaths from obstetric complications are due to hemorrhage, eclampsia, sepsis, or obstructed labor, each of which is treatable. Emergency obstetric care is critical to reducing maternal death and disability. SOF medical personnel supporting counterinsurgency (COIN) operations may find themselves in situations where no legitimate agencies are available to provide maternal healthcare. Similarly, SOF medical personnel should be prepared to assist in rebuilding infrastructure and basic services to include the provision for maternal health. This article provides an overview of maternal health in underdeveloped countries; the importance of addressing the unique healthcare needs of women during COIN operations; and how the employment of Female Treatment Teams (FTT) can assist in meeting these needs. A subsequent article will review the basics of prenatal care and life-saving emergency obstetric care, and discusses the essential information and skills that should be taught in a MEDSEM covering maternal healthcare.


Objectives: To describe the establishment of a colposcopy service in a district hospital in a rural sub-district and to assess its impact on the uptake of colposcopy. Design: A retrospective double group cohort study using a laboratory database of cervical cytology results, clinical records and colposcopy clinic registers. Setting: The Overstrand sub-district in the Western Cape: 80 000 people served by 7 clinics and a district hospital in Hermanus, 120 km from its referral hospitals in Cape Town and Worcester. A colposcopy service was established at Hermanus Hospital in 2008. Subjects: All women in the Overstrand sub-district who required colposcopy on the basis of cervical smears done in 2007 and 2009. Outcome measures: The number of women booked for colposcopy at distant referral hospitals in 2007 and at the district hospital is 2009, the proportion of those women who attended colposcopy, the time from cervical smear to colposcopy, comparison between the two years. Results: The uptake of colposcopy booked for distant referral hospitals was 67% in 2007. The uptake improved by 18% to 79% for the local district hospital colposcopy service in 2009 (p=0.06). When analysed excluding patients from an area with no transport to the district hospital, the improvement was more marked at 22% (p=0.02). The delay from cervical smear to colposcopy improved significantly from 170 to 141 days (p=0.02). Conclusion: The establishment of a colposcopy service in a rural sub-district increased the uptake of colposcopy and decreased the delay from cervical smear to colposcopy. This district hospital colposcopy service removed 202 booked patients in one year from the colposcopy load of its referral hospitals.


The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling is widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and organic light-emitting materials. Utilization of phenol derivatives in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling is economically, environmentally and synthetically desired. Nickel is less expensive, and more reactive than Pd in activation of inert C-Cl and C-O bonds. Replacing Pd catalysts with Ni in the borylation and cross-coupling of aryl halides and representative C-O based electrophiles provides inexpensive and efficient access to biaryl moieties. In Chapter 2, the nickel catalyzed neopentylglycolborylation of ortho-substituted aryl halides was achieved by zero-valent metals accelerated NiCl2(dppp)/dppf mixed-ligand system. As a result of the fast borylation reaction, an enhancement of the yield of orthoand para-substituted aryl halides catalyzed by nickel was achieved. In Chapter 3, Ni(COD)2/PCy3 catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl and heteroaryl mesylates and sulfamates with aryl and heteroaryl neopentylglycolboronates in THF at room temperature was discussed. Meanwhile, the efficiencies of six different phenol derivatives, namely mesylates, sulfamates, pivalates, carbamates, carbonates and methyl ethers were compared in four different nickel-based cross-coupling reaction conditions. Aryl mesylates and sulfamates were the most reactive under Ni(COD)2/PCy3/K3PO4/THF catalytic condition, producing quantitative yields. The conditions developed for cross-coupling of aryl pivalates, sulfamates, carbamates and carbonates with arylboronic acids are not efficient for cross-coupling with aryl neopentylglycolboronates. The efficiencies of four aryl-boron nucleophiles in the Ni-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides, mesylates and sulfamates were compared. Aryl-boronic acids are much more reactive than aryl neopentylglycolboronates in nickel-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling in THF. Aryl neopentylglycolboronates were demonstrated to be more reactive and less expensive than currently used pinacol boronates and cross-couple quantitatively. In Chapter 4, a bench stable and inexpensive NiIICl(1-naphthyl)(PPh3)2/PCy3 mixed-ligand catalytic system was developed as a more accessible alternative to the air-sensitive Ni(COD)2/PCy3 catalytic system. Further development of a library containing ten air-stable NiIIX(Aryl)(PCy3)2 precatalysts (X = Cl, Br, OTs, OMs, Aryl = 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl; X = Cl, Aryl = 1-acenaphthenyl, 1-(2-methoxynaphthyl), 9-phenanthrenyl, 9-anthracyl) has enabled quantitative cross-coupling of aryl sulfamates with aryl neopentylglycolboronates at 23 °C in less than 60 min. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemistry This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1170 First Advisor Virgil Percec


In a power distribution network, the network topology information is essential for an efficient operation of the network. This information of network connectivity is not accurately available, at the low voltage level, due to uninformed changes that happen from time to time. In this paper, we propose a novel data--driven approach to identify the underlying network topology including the load phase connectivity from time series of energy measurements. The proposed method involves the application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and its graph-theoretic interpretation to infer the topology from smart meter energy measurements. The method is demonstrated through simulation on randomly generated networks and also on IEEE recognized Roy Billinton distribution test system.


A new process for producing continuous lignocellulosic fiber products is currently under development at the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. The goal of this exploratory research is to utilize conventional pulping techniques to process recovered papers with high filler contents, retain fiber integrity, and produce an engineered extruded product This process involves the extension of wet crumb pulp (primarily derived from recovered paper) at consistencies of 20% to 40% with small amounts of watersoluble polymers added as hydromodifier s. The water-soluble polymers appear to have two important theological functions in the extrusion process: (a) they bind water to the fiber and (b) they add lubricity to the pulp. A torque rheometer was used to measure the apparent viscosity of various pulp suspensions with water-soluble polymers. The added polymers reduce viscosity dramatically and enhance fiber dispersion. Polymer addition levels ranging from 1% to 3% by weight dry fiber were evaluated. Selected pulp/polymer compositions were then processed by a twin screw extruder. A slit die was designed to produce a thin sheet that could be press-dried and cut into coupons for measurement of tensile properties. Fiber orientation appeared to be random, and tensile properties were nearly equivalent in the flow and crossflow directions. For most extruded compositions, fail stress and modulus of elasticity ranged from 10 to 20 MPa and 3 to 5 GPa respectively. These results indicate that pulp extrusion at ultra-high consistencies is possible and poses a viable alternative to the disposal of highly filled moved papers and papermill sludges.


Most shading device systems installed in windows or glass walls are used only for protection from overheating and glare, neglecting other possible functions, such as increasing the daylight level in the space or collecting solar energy. The blinds are usually made of opaque or translucent materials, and if they are partially open/closed or completely closed, a direct view to the outside is blocked. A balance between a sufficient amount of daylight and protection from overheating of the space in summer is not often achieved due to inappropriate control of the blinds' tilt angle. There is also a need for specific guidance for the selection and design of shading device systems in the windows. This research develops a general decision-making framework (DMF) that can be used by architects and manufacturers of shading devices. The general DMF is a guide for the user in analyzing shading device performance in the process of selection/design of the shading device. This research also develops a specific DMF to better understand and validate the general DMF. The specific DMF, based on illuminance and luminance, is used for an analysis of daylighting performance of shading devices to select the best possible existing system or new system among several alternatives. Architects or manufacturers of shading devices, as the users of the DMF, analyze various systems of blinds applied on a particular building and at a given location. The users of the DMF can apply either an experimental procedure or computer simulation that provides information about illuminance and luminance levels in the space. Based on the analysis of the results of the experiments or simulations, the user of the DMF decides which blinds to select. The specific DMF proposes a methodology for both the analysis of the daylighting performance and for the process for making a decision based on the results of the analysis. A case study is conducted in order to validate the DMF. Three types of shading devices are tested: an existing system, a patented system, and a new system, proposed by this research. The shading devices are installed in an office space located in Roanoke, Virginia. The software Autodesk VIZ 4 is used to simulate daylighting performance. The output information, such as illuminance and luminance levels in the space, is used as a basis for making the decision about which type of blinds to apply. A new system of shading device, which has a triangular cross section and is made of clear plastic with a silver coating on one side, shows better performance than the existing shading device and the patented shading device, given the research limitations. By using the specific decision-making framework, a shading device manufacturer/designer is able to understand the shading device daylighting performance from his design-imposed criteria. Selection of the shading device, given the designer's daylighting objectives, is better achieved. Existing shading devices are also able to be analyzed from a building designer's perspective. This analysis is based on the designer-imposed daylighting criteria. The specific decision-making framework helps the designers of the buildings, together with the clients, select the most appropriate shading device based on daylighting performance. The decision-making framework is a model for development of decisionmaking software that will help designers of buildings, facades, and shading device systems in the selection/design of shading device systems in all phases of the design.


It is now widely believed that low frequency turbulence developing from small-scale instabilities is responsible for the phenomenon of anomalous transport generally observed in magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The micro-instabilities are driven by gradients of equilibrium density, ion and electron temperatures and magnetic field strength. Gyrokinetic theory is based on the Vlasov–Maxwell equations and, consistent with the ordering, averages out the fast particle gyromotion, reducing the phase space from 6 to 5 dimensions. Solving the resulting equations is a non-trivial task. Difficulties are associated with the magnetic confinement geometry, the strong disparities in space and time scales perpendicular and parallel to B, the different time scales of ion and electron dynamics, and the complex nonlinear behaviour of the system. The main numerical methods are briefly presented together with some recent developments and improvements to the basic algorithms. Recent results are shown, with emphasis on the roles of zonal E × B flows, of parallel nonlinearity and of toroidal coupling on the saturation of ion temperature gradient (ITG) driven turbulence in tokamaks.


AbstractThis paper explores new working time arrangements around a critique of the 'commodification of time' to illuminate the contradictions of such new flexibilities. Two features of these new arrangements are seen as relevant for evaluating the Marx/Engels analysis. Firstly, it roots the examination of time in commodification, although, as criticised in this paper, some authors have seen this as the generality of time rather than that within the exchange of labour power. Significantly — and central in all working time arrangements — it is labour power that is sold, be it for a particular period of time, rather than the time itself. Hence, working time arrangements set boundaries against 'free' time or time in which labour power is not sold as a commodity, that 'free' time which was recognised in the traditional arrangements — fought over in early industrialism — which set premium payments against anti-social hours within 'overtime'. New working time arrangements tend to blur the boundaries between 'free' and 'working' time, assuming an availability of labour power to capital. While much of the promotion of flexibility stresses the possibility of making adjustment to suit social and domestic requirements it is more usually the means for altering working time to meet the demands of capital. The much-vaunted case of Volkswagen has led to 'working time accounts' becoming the established temporal arrangement within the German car industry and increasingly becoming the norm for other European auto producers. The name given to these new working arrangements within the motor industry suggests that time has indeed become further commodified. For workers within these new time regimes, the hours owed to their employer is displayed along with their earnings — and deductions — on their wage slip.


A 52-year-old woman in good health with a family history negative for dermatologic diseases presented to our department with thickening and dystrophy of all her fingernails and toenails that started when she was born. She also had hyperkeratosis on the palms of her hands and soles of her feet that was confined to sites of pressure and recurrent plantar blisters that began appearing at puberty. The patient reported marked pain while walking from such plantar involvement. Her medical history revealed a persistent hoarseness; palmoplantar hyperhidrosis; and the appearance of numerous cysts on her back, neck, and scalp since she was 20 years old. These latter lesions had been diagnosed as multiple steatocystoma on the basis of the histologic features. Upon examination, all of her fingernails and toenails appeared shortened, thickened,and dystrophic (Figures 1-3). In addition, they presented subungual keratosis and a yellowish-gray color. Hyperkeratosis and small ulcerations were present on the perionychium. Palmoplantar keratoderma was evident, especially on the soles,in association with superficial erosions (Figure 4). Keratosis pilaris was evident on the extensor surfaces of the forearms as well as on the anterior surfaces of the legs. Multiple nodules were detected on the patient's neck, trunk, and axillary regions(Figure 5). They consisted of multiplex steatocystoma and were characterized by a hemispheric shape, a normal-appearing skin color, and by an elastic consistency on palpation. Oral and dental changes were not detected, although hair anomalies were evident. Laboratory parameters disclosed eosinophilia and increased total IgE levels. The results of serum protein electrophoresis was normal, as were those concerning hepatic and renal functions. The ophthalmology examination showed neither corneal dyskeratosis nor cataracts. The neurologic-psychiatric visit revealed slight mental retardation.


Clay materials commonly contain a considerable fraction of layer silicate minerals that exert a strong influence on the nature of the material. Both the structural and chemical characteristics of the constituent layer silicates play a role in determining the extent of this influence. They are the fundamental features needed to explain the variations in properties of clay materials. Layer silicate minerals can be classified conveniently on the basis of these characteristics (Tables l, 2). Structural characteristics include, for example, the type of silicate layer or linkage configuration (for modulated layer silicates). Chemical characteristics include both the magnitude of net layer charge (x) per formula unit and the type of interlayer material. Obviously, structural features are interrelated with chemical characteristics. Except for the micas, all hydrous layer silicate species are given in the Tables, even if they are not found as clay minerals. The classification scheme is expected to evolve as knowledge of the details of these minerals increases.


Following his inauguration in late 2013, President Rouhani aimed to boost quality and equity in the health care delivery system. To fulfill this aim, a set of interventions, called Health Transformation Plan (HTP), were implemented. So far, it has been a heated debate whether HTP breathes a spirit of a new reform. HTP has targeted long-standing historical deficits of the Iranian health system as well as urgent problems, both of which have been, to some extent, resolved. To decrease Out-Of-Pocket (OOP) health expenditures, HTP has presented new financing mechanisms to expand a safety net to Iranian citizens fundamentally. HTP also encompassed interventions to overcome problems in the provision of health care by recruitment of health workforces, establishing new health facilities, and expanding primary health care to urban and peri-urban areas. Furthermore, performance indicators including access, quality, and patient satisfaction have been affected. Given these changes, HTP is entitled to be a health system reform. However, a new agenda within HTP is required so that the Iranian health system can obtain better value for money that is to be spending on it.