Research found that undergraduates who had poor academic performance and experienced depression and anxiety were reported to have encountered higher levels of stress than those students who persisted (Andrews & Wilding, 2004; Bennett, 2003). It also was found that minority students had a higher tendency to experience stress than their counterparts. Although, universities allocate resources to recruit minority undergraduates and provide various types of support, many universities tend to be limited in the resources for handling and detecting stressors among college students. The purpose of this research was to investigate the different levels of stress faced by minority college students and also to take a systematic look at levels of stress as reported by Black, White, Asian, and Latino students at a major urban university on the East Coast of the United States. The findings indicated no significant differences in the stress levels in regards to students' ethnicity. It is imperative that college recruiters understand that although students may be diverse in their ethnicity, they also arrive on campus from diverse family backgrounds, meaning that a large percentage come from low income homes and many are first-generation college students. Therefore, academic leaders should consider creating programs and interventions that would provide support for students who are members of these underrepresented groups.


Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs) allow a defendant in an enforcement action under federal environmental laws to reduce its civil penalty by agreeing to undertake an environmentally beneficial project it would not otherwise be required to do. Properly structured, SEPs benefit the enforcement plaintiff, the defendant, and the environment, and federal policy encourages the use of SEPs. A first of its kind examination of SEP utilization rates in federal enforcement actions finds that-despite active encouragement within and by EPA-SEPs are only used in about 13% of federal enforcement cases. After examining the development of federal policy concerning SEPs, likely explanations for the low utilization rate are EPA's insistence on (1) a "nexus" between the SEP and the violations that are the subject of the enforcement action, and (2) the use of a maximum 80% mitigation percentage that allows a defendant at most $0.80 in penalty reduction for every $1.00 of SEP money spent. The article argues that the nexus requirement is not required either by statute or the constitution, and that EPA's own policy statements on nexus reduce it scope and creates problems on a programmatic basis. The article also argues that the mitigation percentage limit creates an economic disincentive for SEP utilization. The article concludes that the elimination or substantial relaxation of the nexus requirement and the use of a dollar for dollar penalty reduction would substantially increase SEP utilization and, consequently, benefits to the environment.


Background: In order to improve the quality of care for cancer patients, The Norwegian Radium Hospital established in 1982 an advanced programme in cancer nursing. During the period 1982 – 2000, 366 cancer nurses were graduated. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate how the cancer nurses implement their competence into clinical practice after graduating from the programme. The Research questions answered were: 1) Do the cancer nurses utilise their competence in clinical practice, 2) Is there conformity between the cancer nurses own evaluation of their competence and the skills needed for managing their duties in clinical practice and 3) Did the advanced programme in cancer nursing become of importance for their skills development? Methods: This study is a part of a larger study with a survey design and the study sample consists of 188 cancer nurses out of 366 (response rate 53 %). Data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire; this study is based on the quantitative data. A Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) was used to collect data from six areas of competence. Data analysis includes frequency-, correlation-, and cross table analysis. Chronbach's alpha coefficient was used for measuring internal consistency. Results: The majority of the cancer nurses are working in bedside nursing, still 20 years after graduation. They evaluate their own competence as highly favourable regarding issues in care, medicine, education, collaboration, professional development and prevention. They considered the advanced programme as being very important for the development of their competence. The programme contributed to its main objective: to prepare cancer nurses for clinical practice. The advanced programme recruits nurses from the clinical practice and the cancer nurses go back to bed side nursing after completing the programme.


Inheritance is a mechanism for incrementally modifying recursive definitions. While inheritance is typically used in object-oriented languages, inheritance also has something to offer to functional programming. In this paper we illustrate the use of inheritance in a pure functional language by developing a small library for memoization. We define monadic memoization mixins that compose—via inheritance—with an ordinary monadic function to create a memoized version of the function. A comparison of the performance of different approaches shows that memoization mixins are efficient for a small example.


Objective: To investigate the association between maternal obesity as measured by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis from the Consortium on Safe Labor Study (CSL) in the United States cohort study (2002-2008). Pregnant women with deliveries at ≥37 weeks of gestation who attempted labor were included (115,070 assessed deliveries). The association between maternal prepregnancy BMI, categorized as normal weight or below (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30 kg/m2), class I obesity (30 to <35 kg/m2), class II obesity (35 to <40 kg/m2), and class III obesity (≥40 kg/m2), and GBS colonization was modeled using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Models adjusted for maternal age, parity, race, pregestational diabetes, insurance status, study site/region, and year of delivery. Results: The overall prevalence of GBS colonization was 20.5% (23,625/115,070), which increased with rising maternal BMI, normal weight 19.3% (13,543/70,098), overweight 20.8% (5,353/25,733), class I obesity 23.0% (2,596/11,275), class II obesity 26.1% (1,270/4,850), and class III obesity 27.7% (863/3,114). In multivariable analysis, increasing maternal obesity severity was associated with higher odds of GBS colonization, namely overweight (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.13), class I obesity (AOR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.15-1.26), class II obesity (AOR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.33-1.51), and class III obesity (AOR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.38-1.62) compared with normal weight. In secondary analyses, these associations persisted when stratified by maternal race. Conclusions: In a national U.S. sample, increasing maternal obesity severity as assessed by prepregnancy BMI was associated with a higher likelihood of maternal GBS colonization during pregnancy.


Covenants and ground leases have been, and continue to be, used to create shared spaces that are fundamentally, and often invidiously, exclusive. Famously made a dead letter in the case of Shelley v. Kraemer, covenants banning resale to nonwhite households put the force of law behind the segregated birth of America's suburbs. Today, gated residential communities and shopping malls assure a degree of class exclusivity through covenants and commercial ground leases, respectively. These same legal mechanisms, however, are now deployed to assure long-term inclusion as well. Developers of affordable housing are creating homes that are not only beneficial to the original homeowners but also available for future generations of qualified home buyers. When selling the newly developed homes, they are having subsidized homeowners promise to pass the good deals on to future home buyers. These resale restrictions allow single-family homes to be sold, and later resold, to low and moderate-income households in neighborhoods that would otherwise be unavailable to them. Affordability protections of 15 years or less are relatively common and can be achieved through a number of legal arrangements. Common law and statutory hostility to long-term private arrangements that limit alienability, however, have made the search for perpetual affordability more challenging. Those seeking to sustain economic diversity in residential communities over multiple generations of homeowners have turned to covenants authorized by statute and ground leases as the vehicles by which these promises can be enforced. As stand-alone enforceable promises that run with land, covenants have become the primary vehicle for Inclusionary Zoning programs that seek to preserve the mixed-income nature of affected for-profit housing developments for the long haul. Community Land Trusts have generally preferred the ground lease, a standard device for shopping mall creation, to ensure that subsidized single-family homes developed by nonprofit housing organizations can remain affordable forever. As economic diversity in communities is given its proper place as a long-term goal for America's metropolitan areas, 21st century real estate law will need to integrate both covenants and ground lease reversion interests as stable, effective means of enforcing affordability-preserving resale restrictions. In addition to arguing for the importance of both covenants and ground leases as affordability conservation mechanisms, this article will analyze and evaluate each device as to its effectiveness in achieving the development goal of creating and sustaining economically diverse communities of choice.


Riverbed sediments morphometrical analysis can offer, along granulometric and petrographic analysis, relevant information on sediment source origin, transport environment and sedimentation process. Today, there are numerous descriptive indices for clasts shape and size, each one trying to evidence the influence of dynamic conditions and clasts petrography that are mobilized in certain transport environment, their shape at certain moments. Among these, this analysis focused on only 10 morphometric indices. The obtained data, either from direct measurements on 5,027 clasts or after index calculations, were processed and obtained a set of statistical parameter (average, median, standard deviation, etc.). Based on these data was assessed " optimal shape" for Trotus riverbed gravels. Some parameters (like average value) were used to create frequency histograms for some morphometrical indices in sampling points and to make some mathematical modeling.


Previous research on environment and security has contested the existence, nature and significance of a climate driver of conflict. In this study, we have focused on small-scale conflict over East Africa where the link between resource availability and conflict is assumed to be more immediate and direct. Using the parameter of rainfall variability to explore the marginal influence of the climate on conflict, the article shows that in locations that experience rebel or communal conflict events, the frequency of these events increases in periods of extreme rainfall variation, irrespective of the sign of the rainfall change. Further, these results lend support to both a 'zero-sum' narrative, where conflicting groups use force and violence to compete for ever-scarcer resources, and an 'abundance' narrative, where resources spur rent-seeking/wealth-seeking and recruitment of people to participate in violence. Within the context of current uncertainty regarding the future direction of rainfall change over much of Africa, these results imply that small-scale conflict is likely to be exacerbated with increases in rainfall variability if the mean climate remains largely unchanged; preferentially higher rates of rebel conflict will be exhibited in anomalously dry conditions, while higher rates of communal conflict are expected in increasingly anomalous wet conditions.


Vector field design on surfaces was originally motivated by applications in graphics such as texture synthesis and rendering. In this paper, we consider the idea of vector field design with a new motivation from computational topology. We are interested in designing and visualizing vector fields to aid the study of Morse functions, Morse vector fields, and Morse-Smale complexes. To achieve such a goal, we present MVF Designer, a new interactive design system that provides fine-grained control over vector field geometry, enables the editing of vector field topology, and supports a design process in a simple and efficient way using elementary moves, which are actions that initiate or advance our design process. Our system allows mathematicians to explore the complex configuration spaces of Morse functions, their gradients, and their associated Morse-Smale complexes. Understanding these spaces will help us expand further their applicability in topological data analysis and visualization.


Simulation-based inference (SBI) solves statistical inverse problems by repeatedly running a stochastic simulator and inferring posterior distributions from model-simulations. To improve simulation efficiency, several inference methods take a sequential approach and iteratively adapt the proposal distributions from which model simulations are generated. However, many of these sequential methods are difficult to use in practice, both because the resulting optimisation problems can be challenging and efficient diagnostic tools are lacking. To overcome these issues, we present Truncated Sequential Neural Posterior Estimation (TSNPE). TSNPE performs sequential inference with truncated proposals, sidestepping the optimisation issues of alternative approaches. In addition, TSNPE allows to efficiently perform coverage tests that can scale to complex models with many parameters. We demonstrate that TSNPE performs on par with previous methods on established benchmark tasks. We then apply TSNPE to two challenging problems from neuroscience and show that TSNPE can successfully obtain the posterior distributions, whereas previous methods fail. Overall, our results demonstrate that TSNPE is an efficient, accurate, and robust inference method that can scale to challenging scientific models.


The current work investigates the microstructure evolution and softening processes that take place during annealing of an austenitic Ni-30Fe model alloy subjected to hot deformation in the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) regime. The substructure of the deformed matrix grains largely comprised organized microband arrays, though that of the DRX grains consisted of more random, complex subgrain/cell arrangements. This substructure disparity was also reflected by the distinct difference in the mechanism of post-deformation softening taking place during annealing of the deformed matrix and DRX grains. In the former, the recrystallization process took place through nucleation and growth of new grains fully replacing the deformed structure, as expected for the classical static recrystallization (SRX). The corresponding texture was essentially random, in contrast to that of the DRX grains dominated by low Taylor factor components. The microbands originally present within the deformed matrix grains displayed some tendency to disintegrate during annealing, nonetheless, they remained largely preserved even at prolonged holding times. During annealing of the fully DRX microstructure, a novel softening mechanism was revealed. The initial post-dynamic softening stage involved rapid growth of the dynamically formed nuclei and migration of the mobile boundaries in correspondence with the well-established metadynamic recrystallization (MDRX) mechanism. However, in contrast to the deformed matrix, SRX was not observed and the sub-boundaries within DRX grains rapidly disintegrated through dislocation climb and dislocation annihilation, which led to the formation of dislocation-free grains already at short holding times. Consequently, the DRX texture initially became slightly weakened and then remained largely preserved throughout the annealing process.


Temporal and spatial variation of Δ34S, total sulfur (TS) concentration, and elemental sulfur concentration (S0) in leaves, roots, and rhizomes of Zostera marina was followed between June 2002 and May 2003 at four locations in Roskilde Fjord and Ãresund, Denmark. These were related to temporal changes in sediment sulfide concentrations, sulfur pool size, and sulfur pool Δ34S. The Δ34S of Z. marina was most negative in the roots, followed by rhizomes and leaves, indicating that roots were mostly affected by sulfide. A significant relationship between decreasing Δ34S and increasing TS in the plant tissues indicated that sulfide accumulated in the plant and, furthermore, a positive relation between TS and S0 in the plant suggests that part of the sulfide is reoxidized to S0. There were marked temporal changes in all variables at all sites, but the pattern of change varied between sites. The temporal and spatial heterogeneity in plant Δ34S, TS, and S0 depended on a variety of factors, such as sediment sulfide concentrations and the below : aboveground biomass ratio of the plants. This suggests that mechanisms of sulfide invasion are complex, and several factors (plant morphology, environmental variables) acting in concert or against each other need to be considered to successfully predict sulfide invasion in seagrasses.


Tax increment financing (TIF) is the most widely used local government program for financing economic development in the United States, but the proliferation of TIF is puzzling. TIF was originally created to support urban renewal programs and was narrowly focused on addressing urban blight, yet now it is used in areas that are plainly unblighted. TIF brings in no outside money and provides no new revenue-raising authority. There is little clear evidence that TIF has done much to help the municipalities that use it, and it is also a source of intergovernmental tension and a site of conflict over the scope of public aid to the private sector. Yet, the expansion of TIF makes sense in light of the basic structure of American local government law. Studying TIF can illuminate central features of our local government system. TIF succeeds—in the sense of its widespread adoption and use— because it, like local government more generally, is highly decentralized; reflects and reinforces the fiscalization of development policy; plays off the fragmentation of local governments and the resulting interlocal struggle for investment; and fits well with the entrepreneurial spirit characteristic of contemporary local economic development policy. A better understanding of TIF contributes to a better understanding of the political economy of American local government.


Abstract Amid declining shark populations because of overfishing, a burgeoning shark watching industry, already well established in some locations, generates benefits from shark protection. We compile reported economic benefits at shark watching locations and use a meta-analytical approach to estimate benefits at sites without available data. Results suggest that, globally, c. 590,000 shark watchers expend > USD 314 million per year, directly supporting 10,000 jobs. By comparison, the landed value of global shark fisheries is currently c. USD 630 million and has been in decline for most of the past decade. Based on current observed trends, numbers of shark watchers could more than double within the next 20 years, generating > USD 780 million in tourist expenditures around the world. This supports optimistic projections at new sites, including those in an increasing number of shark sanctuaries established primarily for shark conservation and enacted in recognition of the ecological and economic importance of living sharks.


This study examined the relationship between language use and persuasion success in the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) lending environment where unaffiliated individuals borrow money directly from each other using a textual description to justify the loan. Over 200,000 loan requests were analyzed with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. The use of extended narratives, concrete descriptions and quantitative words that are likely related to one's financial situation had positive associations with funding success which was considered to be an indicator of trust. Humanizing personal details or justifications for one's current financial situation were negatively associated with funding success. These results offer insights into how individuals can optimize their persuasiveness by monitoring their language use in online environments.


This study aimed to analyze factors which influence or encourage the fishermen as the participants in land right certification program to be willing to secure their land certificate to obtain loans and to analyze the impact of land certification program for the fishermen to increase their income and welfare. The study was conducted in Indramayu as an area which has a fisherman land certification program. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by logistic regression and multiple linear regression. The logistic regression analysis was performed by using feasibility test model (goodness of fit) and Nagelkerke R Square Coefficient. Moreover, the multiple linear regression analysis was performed by using F Test and determination coefficient analysis (R²). The results showed that the fishermen status and educational background, land width, ownership of other assets and side business are included as factors that significantly influence the interest to use their land certificate obtained from "Fishermen Empowerment Program and Small-Scaled Fishery Businesses through the Certification of Land Right" as their collateral. The results were supported by highlighting that p-value for each variable is smaller than 0,10 and the educational factor has a significant effect which is higher than 0,009 compared to other factors. Having a higher education level encourages the fishermen to secure their land certificates in order to obtain capital in increasing their income and welfare. Keywords: logistic regression, fishermen, income, land certificate, welfare


This Article develops a novel theory of energy governance and uses it to assess how institutional innovation can help meet critical challenges. Energy law is substantively complex and deeply fragmented. Each energy sector - including fuel extraction and pipelines, electricity generation and transmission, and transportation - has its own legal regime and federalism approach; confusion often exists at moments of crisis about how much authority federal, state, and local regulators have in these areas. The complexity and fragmentation of energy law are particularly problematic because the energy system faces major transitions due to emerging technology, more unpredictable and extreme weather events, and public pressure for 'cleaner' energy. Regulators struggle to: manage the risks of hydraulic fracturing and deepwater drilling, upgrade our aging electricity grid, and integrate renewable energy sources onto that grid and into electricity markets. Building from our prior work arguing for a dynamic, comprehensive approach to federalism in energy law, this Article proposes a governance model to address modern energy challenges. The Article focuses on the potential of institutions that are 'hybrid' by virtue of including public and private actors from several governance levels, and enabling important interactions among them. Grounding its approach in interdisciplinary governance theory, it argues that these institutions have characteristics that could address structural barriers - such as inadequate, divided regulatory authority, and the complexities of including key private actors in energy decision making - to substantive progress. After introducing its new conceptual model, the Article examines several hybrid institutions with substantial regional components that are working to address the three core substantive energy challenges identified here. It analyzes their progress in meeting these challenges, and how their hybrid governance approach is assisting them in doing so.


Enterprise resource planning (ERP) implementation projects are unique to each institution and yet are expensive, time consuming, and result in change across the institution. Five Midwest public and private 4-year higher education institutions were studied to determine the impact of five specific key factors on the overall success of the ERP implementation project. These factors were, (1) the definition and communication of goals, reasons, and expectations, (2) stakeholders perceptions of values and benefits, (3) investment of the financial and human resources, (4) steps taken to prepare and protect against potential drawbacks, pitfalls, and shortcomings, and (5) measures taken to prepare stakeholders for changes in work functionality. The data indicated each of the ERP implementation projects were highly successful. The definition and communication of goals, visions, and expectations to the campus community was important, even at the level to ensure the success of the project. Value and benefits were achieved with conducting and implementing the outcomes of the business process analysis/reengineering activities, but did not ensure the success of the projects. The investment in financial and human resources was important to the success of the ERP implementation project. Preparing the campus for the potential drawbacks, pitfalls, and shortcomings was also important, and at a level that ensured the success of an ERP implementation project. Preparing for the many changes associated with an ERP implementation project is important and is a key factor to the success of the project.


While residents receive similar benefits from many local government programs, only about one-third of all households have children in public schools. We argue that capitalization of school spending into house prices can encourage residents to support spending on schools, even if the residents themselves will never have children in schools. We identify a proxy for the extent of capitalization-the supply of land available for new development-and show that in response to a plausibly exogenous spending shock in Massachusetts, towns with little undeveloped land have larger changes in house prices, but smaller changes in quantity (construction). Towns with little available land also spend more on schools. We extend these results using data from school districts in 46 states, showing that per pupil spending is positively related to the percentage of developed land. This positive correlation persists only in districts where the median resident is a homeowner and is stronger in districts with more elderly residents who do not use school services and have a shorter expected duration in their home. These findings support models in which house price capitalization encourages more efficient provision of public services and may explain why some elderly residents support school spending.


Useful bio-products are obtainable via the catalytic conversion of biomass or derived intermediates as renewable carbon sources. In particular, furanic ethers and levulinate esters (denoted bioEs) have wide application profiles and can be synthesised via acid-catalysed reactions of intermediates such as fructose, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) and furfuryl alcohol (FA) with ethanol. Solid acid catalysts are preferred for producing the bioEs with environmental benefits. Furthermore, the versatility of the catalyst in obtaining the bioEs from different intermediates is attractive for process economics, and in the case of porous catalysts, large pore sizes can be beneficial for operating in the kinetic regime. Carbon-based materials are attractive acid catalysts due to their modifiable surface, e.g. with relatively strong sulfonic acid groups (SO3H). Considering these aspects, here, we report the preparation of mesoporous (SO3H)-functionalised-carbon/silica (C/S) composites with large pores and high amounts of acid sites (up to 2.3 mmol g−1), and their application as versatile solid acid catalysts for producing bioEs from fructose, HMF and FA. The mesoporous composites were prepared by activation of an organic compound deposited on the ordered mesoporous silicas MCF (mesostructured cellular foam) and SBA-15, where the organic compound (p-toluenesulfonic acid) acted simultaneously as the carbon and SO3H source. The atomic-level characterisation of the acid nature and strengths was performed by 31P solid-state NMR studies of an adsorbed base probe, in combination with FT-IR and XPS. Comparative catalytic studies showed that the C/S composites are interesting catalysts for obtaining bioEs in high yields, in comparison with classical solid acid catalysts such as sulfonic acid resin Amberlyst™-15 and nanocrystalline (large pore) zeolite H-beta.


Intrusion alert data sets are critical for security research such as alert correlation. However, privacy concerns about the data sets from different data owners may prevent data sharing and investigation. It is always desirable and sometimes mandatory to anonymize sensitive data in alert sets before they are shared and analyzed. To address privacy concerns, in this paper we propose three schemes to flexibly perform alert anonymization. These schemes are closely related but can also be applied independently. In Scheme I, we generate artificial alerts and mix them with original alerts to help hide original attribute values. In Scheme II, we further map sensitive attributes to random values based on concept hierarchies. In Scheme III, we propose to partition an alert set into multiple subsets and apply Scheme II in each subset independently. To evaluate privacy protection and guide alert anonymization, we define local privacy and global privacy, and use entropy to compute their values. Though we emphasize alert anonymization techniques in this paper, to examine the utility of data, we further perform correlation analysis for anonymized data sets. We focus on estimating similarity values between anonymized attributes and building attack scenarios from anonymized data sets. Our experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of our techniques


The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the light quality of supplemental lighting during the night on the flowering and fruiting in an everbearing strawberry. Each plant of the everbearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne 'Pechka') was transplanted into a 15-cm plastic pot in February 2016. The LED lamps were installed over the bench in a greenhouse kept by the minimum temperature 16°C, and night supplemental lighting was provided just after the transplantation. Lighting time was set to 16 h from 16:00 to 08:00, and PPFD was set to 80 µmol m-2 s-1 at the top of the plant. Three monochromatic lights were irradiated with blue, green, and red LED lamps which have a peak wavelength of 470, 530, and 640 nm, respectively. Plants under the blue LED produced the largest number of flower clusters whereas the plants under the red LED produced the fewest. The total weight of flower clusters including developed fruits plant-1 under the blue LED reached two times more than under the red LED in June 2016 because the blue light promoted the flowering and fruiting of each floret. There are some reports that show that the exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) stimulates runner formation and inhibits flowering. Moreover, cytokinin (CK) induces flowering in several plant species. According to our results, it is possible that the endogenous GA level is lowered and endogenous CK level is raised under blue LED light.


The Seismology Division of the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) has build up expertise in infrasound measurements by investigating low frequency events in order to distinguish between seismic and sonic events. KNMI operates, amongst others, a sixteen element microbarometer array with an aperture of 1.5 km, the Deelen Infrasound Array (DIA). Sonic booms and events of Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) interest are recorded within the frequency range of 100 seconds and 40 Hertz. Recently, KNMI and Microflown Technologies B.V. started a collaboration concerning infrasound measurements. This paper reports the use of a novel sensor. The so-called Microflown [1] is an acoustic sensor, sensitive for frequencies from 0Hz up to 1kHz. The Microflown is developed at the University of Twente and commercialised by Microflown Technologies B.V [3].


ABSTRACT Social isolation and loneliness in older adults are growing problems. Empirical research suggests that loneliness can lead to poorer health outcomes including higher mortality rates. Befriending has been shown to decrease loneliness and depression although the exact mechanisms of action are unclear. In this study we aimed to explore experiences and identify key 'ingredients' of befriending through interviews conducted with 25 older adults who had used five different befriending services across England. We used Berkman's theoretical model of how individual social networks impact on health to help interpret our data and explore the mechanisms of befriending for older adults. Findings suggest that befriending offers some compensation for loss of elective relationships from older adults' social networks, providing opportunities for emotional support and reciprocal social exchange through development of safe, confiding relationships. Good conversational skills and empathy were the foundation of successful relationships within which commonalities were then sought. Befrienders broadened befriendees' perspectives on life (particularly among older adults in residential care). Social engagement was a powerful mechanism of action, particularly in terms of connecting people back into the community, reinforcing meaningful social roles and connecting to a past life that had often been significantly disrupted by loss. Understanding key components and mechanisms of befriending for older adults may facilitate development of more effective and theoretically sound befriending services.


This study scrutinizes the drug-terrorism nexus critically with intent to conceive possible remedies for the problem. The vast turnover of the global illicit drug industry constitutes the largest portion of organized crime enterprises' income. Different circles have argued that these enterprises are not the sole actors of the drug business, but terrorist groups, whose ultimate aim is a political change rather than financial strength, also profit from the "business." The controversial nature of the problem fuelled heated debates and requires an in depth and impartial analysis, which was the main subject of the current study. At the first stage, three different cases, the PKK, the LTTE, and the SL, were studied either to prove or deny the alleged phenomenon. The sampled groups' ideology, structure, and operations helped understand the motives pushing the organizations into the 'business.' Subsequently, several recommendations capturing vital issues both in countering terrorism and breaking terrorism-drugs link were spelled out.


The data analysis needed in collecting music signal can be divided into two kinds: one is the Principal Component Analysis ; the other one is Independent component analysis. In the collecting process both methods all have their own superiority, but the later one has less errors than the former one. So in the exploration, this paper firstly introduce the principal component analysis, whose key part and also one of preconditions of its practice is the pretreatment. After the pretreatmentÂ's efficient projection and integration to original data and multidimensional data, bleaching process will effectively analysis the linear variation of other vector data, so that intensity projection can keep in highly accurate. Finally this paper systematically presents the theory of Independent Component Arithmetic, and in this process the paper largely explores maximization, no gauss and kurtosis, making Independent Component Analysis and Principal Component Analysis harmoniously develop in this study. By this way two methods can have a positive effect on the increasing rationality of this study and lay a solid method and data foundation for the music signal collection, making the analysis more reasonable and the analysis steps more targeted.


Analysis of visual data is underdeveloped in visual research, and this article gives a methodological contribution on how to perform collaborative video research on organizational practices, combining ethnographic methods and intervention through film-elicitation. We provide guidance for how to (a) collect ethnographic data with (and without) camera, (b) make preparations for film-elicitation, and (c) facilitate collaborative sensemaking with participants. Building on an enactive approach, we argue that film-elicitation based on a preliminary visual analysis and categorization conducted by researchers reenacts the immediacy and vitality of lived experience. This is done through enabling organizational members to create communicative constructs of the culturally embedded, inarticulate, and embodied aspects of social conduct. As such, we argue that video research is a powerful means for process-oriented theories concerned with capturing the multiplicity of organizational practices.


This volume features invited scholarly papers on the topic of molecular and integrative physiology of the musculoskeletal system by clinician-scientists who work at both the bench and the bedside. In addition to bone physiology, this volume also includes papers on muscle physiology and on new paradigms such as arthritis, crossover therapeutics for bisphosphonates in cancer medicine, bone marrow stem cell research in cardiology, and systems biology and bone pathophysiology. This volume examines the musculoskeletal system a complex network of molecular signaling both within the bone and also among bone, muscle, and other organs, such as the intestine, brain, pancreas, adipose tissue, and pituitary gland. Owing to these complex pathways, there are many novel molecular targets for drug development to treat disorders that have been heretofore overlooked or neglected. These include cachexia, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and various deconditioned states associated with an array of chronic illnesses. New paradigms of therapeutic interventions can be realized from a systems approach and from the use of crossover therapies. The skeletal system is intensively involved with immunological and hormonal activity, and tapping these resources may provide more effective ways to manage disease. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please click here. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.


The greenhouse climate control is important in modern agriculture. It is also rather difficult to design: as a matter of fact writing down a "good" mathematical model, which takes into account strong meteorological disturbances, might be an impossible task. The control is here synthesized via a new "model-free" setting, which yields an "intelligent" proportional feedback controller, the tuning of which is straightforward, and even simpler than the intelligent proportional-integral controller, which was already utilized in a previous publication. Our control strategy is successfully tested via an experimental greenhouse. The comparison with the classic Boolean approach, which is popular among manufacturers, demonstrates the superiority of our viewpoint, which permits moreover an efficient actuator fault accommodation. It might be the first model-free fault-tolerant control, which works satisfactorily in practice.


Long-chain acyl-CoA esters (LCACoAs) are activated lipid species that represent key substrates in lipid metabolism. The relationship between lipid metabolism disorders and type 2 diabetes has attracted much attention to this class of metabolites. This paper presents a highly sensitive and robust on-line LC/MS(2) procedure for quantitative determination of LCACoAs from rat liver. A fast SPE method has been developed without the need for time-consuming evaporation steps for sample preparation. LCACoAs were separated with high resolution using a C18 reversed-phase column at high pH (10.5) with an ammonium hydroxide and acetonitrile gradient. Five LCACoAs (C16:0, C16:1, C18:0 C18:1, C18:2) were quantified by selective multireaction monitoring using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive electrospray ionization mode. It is possible to perform a neutral loss scan of 507 for lipid profiling of complex LCACoA mixtures in tissue extracts. The method presented was validated according to ICH guidelines for quantitative determination of five LCACoAs for physiological concentrations in 100-200 mg of tissue with accuracies ranging from 94.8 to 110.8%, interrun precisions between 2.6 and 12.2%, and intrarun precisions between 1.2 and 4.4%. Due to the high sensitivity of the developed method, the amount of tissue biopsied for reliable quantification can be reduced. This may be advantageous in the quantification of LCACoAs in humans.


The response of a multi-storey space frame structure resting on non-linear rubber base isolation system (lead rubber bearing), subjected to bi-directional harmonic and seismic ground motions are studied. A four-storey space frame structure having six degrees of freedom (three translations along x, y, z-axes and three rotations about these axes) at each node is considered for the study. The response quantities obtained from the analysis are the acceleration, base shear, bending moment and displacements. In this study, the response of the base isolated structure is compared with the response of the corresponding fixed base structure. It is found that the base isolation system can be used effectively to suppress the dynamic response of a multi-storey space frame structure. In addition, the effects of superstructure time period, isolation period, excitation frequency, post-to-pre yield stiffness ratio and yield force on the effectiveness of the base isolation system are also investigated. It is shown that these parameters have considerable influence on the effectiveness of the base isolation system in reducing the response of the structure.


Rolls discusses various adaptive explanations of physiological processes and the emotions. We give a critical analysis of some of these from the perspective of behavioural ecology. While agreeing with the approach adopted by Rolls, we identify topics that could have been better presented by making use of the existing literature.


Gradient forces on double negative (DNG) spherical dielectric particles are theoretically evaluated for v-th Bessel beams supposing geometrical optics approximations based on momentum transfer. For the first time in the literature, comparisons between these forces for double positive (DPS) and DNG particles are reported. We conclude that, contrary to the conventional case of positive refractive index, the gradient forces acting on a DNG particle may not reverse sign when the relative refractive index n goes from |n|>1 to |n|<1, thus revealing new and interesting trapping properties.


The benefits of low UV dose treatment of horticultural produce – also known as hormetic treatment - have been attested to in numerous studies conducted over the last 15 years. However, commercial growers have not adopted the concept of hormesis. With increasingly stringent controls on the use of fungicides and other chemical agents the time has come to examine how hormetic treatment might be applied in the horticulture sector.
The objectives of this work were firstly, to confirm UV-induced hormetic effects applied postharvest for a number of different types of produce, namely, tomatoes, broccoli, strawberries and mangoes. Secondly, to evaluate the use of rollers to ensure full surface treatment of produce, and thirdly to evaluate the possibility of treating produce preharvest.
In order to investigate surface UV dose distributions, a polystyrene sphere (Diameter 70 mm) was used to simulate fruits such as tomatoes, apples, peaches etc., that have an approximately spherical form. Biodosimetry based on spores of Bacillus subtilis was employed to experimentally determine UV doses and to compare the results obtained with theoretical predictions. Good agreement was obtained and the modelling approach was extended to other types of produce. This showed the amenability of mechanical rollers to ensure full surface treatment of produce.
Postharvest treatment of produce was carried using conventional low intensity UV sources principally emitting at 254 nm and also a commercially available high energy pulsed UV source. Treatment using the conventional UV source was carried out on mechanical rollers within a UV cabinet designed for this work at a fixed distance from the source and at an intensity of 1000 μW/cm2. A 5 minute conventional UV treatment of tomatoes was approximately comparable to fruit given a 3-pulsed treatment using the pulsed source (507 J/pulse of polychromatic light). The colour and texture of both groups of fruit were significantly maintained as compared with controls. The treated tomatoes also showed a significant increase in the ascorbic acid levels during storage. Similarly, a 15 minute conventional UV treatment of broccoli heads was comparable to heads given a 10-pulsed treatment using the pulsed source. Where both treatments gave rise to a statistically significant retention of green colour of treated broccoli. In addition, mangoes given a 10 minute conventional UV treatment were comparable to fruit given a 20-pulsed treatment using the pulsed source with both treatments leading to maintenance of texture as compared to control fruit. This confirmed the UV-hormetic effects. The effects of conventional and pulsed treatments are compared and discussed.
Preharvest treatment of tomatoes and strawberries was carried out in commercial glasshouses. Doses of either 3 or 8 kJ/m2 were delivered to the fruits using a treatment device designed for the work, which delivered a combined intensity of 2000 μW/cm2 from two low pressure UV sources. The treated tomatoes showed a delay in development of colour as measured on the vine and after picking. Picked tomatoes were inoculated with P. digitatum and C. gloeosporioides and the results obtained showed a significant inhibition of the development of the fungi in the treated fruit during the storage period. These results suggest that the beneficial response shown by the preharvest treatment is not a localised one but a systematically induced resistance observable throughout the treated plant. This was shown by monitoring tomato fruits on treated plants which themselves where not directly exposed to the UV light.
The two doses elicited different responses in the treated strawberries, with the 8 kJ/m2 dose causing the fruit to redden significantly faster than the 3 kJ/m2 treated fruits and controls. This could have significant nutritional benefit as the red colour of strawberries has been correlated with anthocyanin levels. On the other hand, treatment at the lower UV dose led to a lag in colour development. The amenability of the equipment utilised for commercial application is discussed.


This paper examines the influence that marketing capabilities developed in international new ventures can have on their international performance and international geographical diversification. Rapid entry in foreign markets is also highlighted as a factor contributing to the development of marketing capabilities in international new ventures. The central concept advanced in the paper is that international new ventures generate competitive advantages associated with early internationalisation that derive from their influence on the development of marketing capabilities in these firms. The study's conclusions provide new keys for the literature on entrepreneurship and marketing, and will contribute to improve our understanding of how new international ventures behave.


Emergency situations in mines result in loss of precious human lives. In this thesis we discussed architecture of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that can be deployed in mines, which takes care of severe geographical and environmental constraints found inside mines. The proposed architecture is a two-level hierarchy of small sized WSNs that employs a wireless Mesh network as the backbone connecting small sized WSNs scattered inside mines. We proposed a routing protocol for that WSN that is optimized for both emergency and non-emergency data routing.

Since our main goal is to provide safety in the mining environment, the main consideration of the routing protocol is to provide reliability and reduce the end-to-end delay for vital emergency traffic while optimizing for network longevity for non-emergency traffic. We present a new cost-based routing protocol called MDML, which provides Minimum Delay and Maximum Lifetime routing for such networks. The proposed MDML routing defines separate cost metrics for emergency and non-emergency traffic. It finds the least-cost path for the reliable delay-constrained emergency traffic with regards to link error rate but also gives secondary consideration to nodes' residual energy. It is an energy efficient routing scheme for non-emergency or regular data traffic routing that maximizes the network lifetime.

However, for emergency traffic energy efficiency is compromised to achieving minimal delay. Regular traffic is generated through periodic monitoring and is delay-insensitive. For regular traffic delivery, a shortest path routinig algorithm is employed which uses link costs that reflect both the communication energy consumption rates and the residual energy levels at the two end nodes. Simulation results show that using the proposed emergency routes reduces the end-to-end delay for emergency traffic. The effect of protocol update cycle on increasing the network lifetime is verified true simulation. MDML is also compared with a simulated non-MDML approach to compare the lifetime and delay performance. Simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach.


How to do it in the real world. Caricatures of activists and the legislative process sell movies. In the 2003 movie Legally Blonde 2: Red, White, and Blonde, the lead character Elle Woods (played by Reese Witherspoon) arrives in Washington to fight for animal rights, bubbles her way through Congress, drafts a bill faster than one can jot a gift card, meets adversity with unlimited creativity, and triumphs in a pink and pleasantly scented flash. With her zany passion for the issue, her mission is achieved in less than two hours, with front-page parades, noble demands met, and justice meted out to wrongdoers. To borrow from Ernest Hemingway (1926), "Isn't it pretty to think so?" But, of course, if Elle's story were presented realistically, it might have a bit less cinematic oomph. A documentary would show Elle and her allies precisely defining their problem, clarifying what law or rule must be written or changed, and researching the pertinent federal and state authorities to identify the decision maker to be targeted. Cut to the starlets specifying their goal, their dream scenario, and their fallback; pondering their advocacy strategy; drafting their proposal and assessing its feasibility. Imagine them identifying the "stakeholders" and the friends who could be relied on to help, counting their resources, admitting their gaps, recognizing their opponents and obstacles, drafting a short- and long-range action plan and dividing the labor, all with an underlying commitment to routine evaluation. The foregoing agenda, however, is not the stuff of entertaining movies; it is the accustomed lot of nonfictional, long-haul advocates, including those in aging. These arc the real pathways to appropriations for Alzheimer's research, to required credentials for home health aides, to a prescription drug benefit in the Medicare program, to the availability of winter fuel-assistance for poor older people in cold climates. Real advocacy is plied with steady routines and the more mundane realities of human relations. To give the fictional renditions of the process their due, there can be an clement of drama in the intrigues, competition, and periodic reprisals that occur in real-life Washington and state capitols. One does have to learn the informal processes that seem to outnumber the recorded rules of engagement, as well as whom to trust for information. One should also learn the parliamentary maneuvers that can be employed to derail a bill or to revive a bill presumed defeated. Nonetheless, the realities of moving the machinery of aging policy are not box-office material, and they cannot be briefly described. What follows, then, is a look at the essentials: a kit containing illustrative elements of legislative and administrative lawmaking systems, recommended sources of legislative and administrative information available on-line, and, to summarize, a dozen practical principles for action. LEGISLATIVE SYSTEMS Key ecological elements of lawmaking and rulemaking systems shape advocacy strategy. Effective approaches and actions follow, determining the locus of decision making, the background and functions of key persons, the workings and timing of pertinent processes. Among the states and the federal government, there are both parallels and differences in the official roles and processes. Across all, the advocate's goal is to persuade interrelated people who are operating in a formal but not universally predictable context. Persuading public officials, especially those hostile to your proposal, is topic enough for a separate paper. Basically, three considerations should dominate your planning (Richan, 1996). First, where is the individual's attention focused? If the official is wrapped up in funding a new football stadium, a low-key social service program may be of no immediate interest. Second, what does the individual appear to believe to be true about your issue? Those perceptions should determine how you frame your argument and whether intermediaries might be needed. …


Different movement patterns of fencing project are conducted through the right and left limbs, whose unique lunge attack defensive pace and great impact in the moment of the swing leg are considered as the main reasons to cause the swinging leg knee joint injury. How to reduce the injuries in knee lunge action has been a focus of research institutions at home and abroad. The application of sports biomechanics was analyzed in sports based on this. The biomechanical index of the National Women's epee reserve players lunge were tested considering fencing as an example, which was compared with dynamics index of no initial velocity falls naturally from 60 cm platform. Knee joint angle, ground reaction forces, knee joint torque and reaction force changes in the lunge movement of athletes were studied, and the causes of knee joint injury was analyzed. Practice has proved that the research of knee biomechanics mechanism of International Women's epee fencing lunge movement can improve the training effect and prevent sports injury effectively.


Michelangelo's Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel, surely the most praised and criticized painting of the Cinquecento, emerged at the threshold of the Counter-Reformation. It offers a most original interpretation of the Last Judgment that is largely focused on the prospective terrifying fate of the damned. In this respect it recalls Buffalmacco's Last Judgment and Inferno in the Campo Santo in Pisa whose particular emphasis on the damned and hell was without precedent in the history of medieval Last Judgments. Among the many detailed correspondences in their respective compositions some are both so unusual and close that a direct connection can be assumed to have existed. Given Pisa's proximity to Florence Michelangelo would have known the city and its monuments.


"The Only Land They Knew" - "An excellent survey of the Native American experience in the southern U.S. from the Spanish entrada until the Jacksonian removal ...Wright presents the native peoples as they were, and the contributions which they made to America without an excessive spilling of prose tears over the fact they were often victimized...May be enjoyed by any reader who has an interest in an outstanding treatment in one volume of this complex subject."" - 'Choice'. "Wright's narrative, based upon exacting research, has filled a giant lacuna in our knowledge of the American past." - Dee Brown, author of "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee". "An excellent one-volume survey of aboriginal presence in the United States South. It is a well-written view of the tides of changes that flowed over the Indian peoples in the region as successive colonizers left their imprint on the land and the inhabitants." - 'American Indian Culture and Research Journal'. In this unsurpassed history of the Native peoples of the southern United States, J. Leitch Wright Jr. describes Native lives, customs, and encounters with Europeans and Africans from late prehistory through the nineteenth century. J. Leitch Wright Jr. was a professor of history at Florida State University and the author of "Creeks and Seminoles: The Destruction and Regeneration of the Muscogulge People (Nebraska 1986)". James H. Merrell is a professor of history at Northwestern University.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the articles has been written about servant leadership between 2000 and 2016 years (until August). For this purpose, four world-known electronic databases were identified in this study. These databases are EBSCO (F = 35), Sage (F = 26), Science Direct (F = 8) and Emerald (F = 27). Generally, 96 articles were gathered from these databases about servant leadership. These articles were analyzed according to journal name, publication year, country, sample size, type of research, data collection tool(s), and data analysis method. Using the content analysis method, the frequency distribution of data, descriptive statistics, and percentage analysis were determined. When the results of the study were examined, it was concluded that the most published journal was "Leadership and Organizational Development Journal" during 2015 and 2016 in the United States. The sample size ranged from 1 to 500. To collect data, quantitative research and survey were used. Factor analysis, correlation, and regression analysis were used to analyze the obtained data.


Background: Sickle Hemoglobin is the most common pathological hemoglobin mutation worldwide which forms sickle shape or elongated forms on deoxygenation. According to malaria hypothesis, there is resistance against malaria by the heterozygous carrier state. There is spread of Hb S allele from the highly malarial regions to most other regions worldwide. The study was conducted as Sickle Hemoglobin has been frequently seen in our institute. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the department of pathology, Maharajgunj medical campus, Tribhuwan University Teaching hospital, from January 2011 to January 2013. All the relevant data were obtained from the archives of the department. Hemoglobin electrophoresis was performed by Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis at alkaline pH Method. Sickling test was done using sodium dithionite. Results: A total of 35 cases were diagnosed as sickle cell disorder. The male: female ratio was 2.5:1with the commonest age group 11-20 years (42.8%). Sixty percent showed hemoglobin between 6-8 gm/ dl. Tharu, Chaudhary and Tharu, Rana (91.3%) were the commonest ethnic group with both sickle cell anemia and trait. Lama, Neupane and Baral suffered only from trait. Mean corpuscular volume ranged from 82 to 94 fL. On peripheral blood smear reversible and irreversible sickle cells were present in 88.56 % of cases and 11.42% were devoid of sickle cells. Sickling test was positive in all cases. On cellulose acetate electrophoresis 22 (62.85%) cases had Hb S, Hb F and Hb A2 or HbS and Hb A2 where as 13(37.1%) showed Hb S, Hb A and Hb A2 variants. Conclusion: The commonest ethnic group of Tharus(91.3%), Chaudhary and Rana are from Terai region of Nepal which is a malarial zone. However 8.4% of cases were seen in other ethnic group who are from non-endemic region. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8989 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3 , 437-440


Learning disabilities constitute a diverse group of disorders in which children who generally possess at least average intelligence have problems processing information or generating output. Their etiologies are multifactorial and reflect genetic influences and dysfunction of brain systems. Reading disability, or dyslexia, is the most common learning disability. It is a receptive language-based learning disability that is characterized by difficulties with decoding, fluent word recognition, rapid automatic naming, and/or reading-comprehension skills. These difficulties typically result from a deficit in the phonologic component of language that makes it difficult to use the alphabetic code to decode the written word. Early recognition and referral to qualified professionals for evidence-based evaluations and treatments are necessary to achieve the best possible outcome. Because dyslexia is a language-based disorder, treatment should be directed at this etiology. Remedial programs should include specific instruction in decoding, fluency training, vocabulary, and comprehension. Most programs include daily intensive individualized instruction that explicitly teaches phonemic awareness and the application of phonics. Vision problems can interfere with the process of reading, but children with dyslexia or related learning disabilities have the same visual function and ocular health as children without such conditions. Currently, there is inadequate scientific evidence to support the view that subtle eye or visual problems cause or increase the severity of learning disabilities. Because they are difficult for the public to understand and for educators to treat, learning disabilities have spawned a wide variety of scientifically unsupported vision-based diagnostic and treatment procedures. Scientific evidence does not support the claims that visual training, muscle exercises, ocular pursuit-and-tracking exercises, behavioral/perceptual vision therapy, "training" glasses, prisms, and colored lenses and filters are effective direct or indirect treatments for learning disabilities. There is no valid evidence that children who participate in vision therapy are more responsive to educational instruction than children who do not participate.


Title to deep seabed minerals, ownership of cultural objects, transferable allowances to emit greenhouse gases, security interests in spacecraft, and rights of indigenous peoples in ancestral lands are all components of a new field: international property law. Scholars have traditionally viewed property law solely as a national concern. Indeed, the conventional wisdom is that international property law does not exist. But if we ask how international law affects private property, we find a substantial body of international property law that governs the rights of individuals, businesses, and other non-state actors. Some components are well established, while others are still evolving. This article first examines the antecedents of international property law. It then develops the thesis that this law stems from four main sources: regulation of the global commons; coordination of transboundary property rights; adoption of global policies to prevent specific harms; and protection of human rights. It concludes by analyzing the challenges that arise from the emergence of international property law. Forty years ago, international environmental law emerged as a new field. Today we stand on the threshold of a similar era in international property law. This article argues that the time has come to recognize international property law as a discrete subject, and thereby promote its coherent evolution in future decades.


Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are employed in free space optical (FSO) links to mitigate the degrading effects of atmospheric turbulence. In this paper, we consider a MIMO FSO system with practical transmitter and receiver configurations that consists of a radial laser array with Gaussian beams and finite sized detectors. We formulate the average received intensity and the power scinitillation as a function of the receiver coordinates in the presence of weak atmospheric turbulence by using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. Then, integrations over the finite sized multiple detectors are performed and the effect of the receiver aperture averaging is quantified. We further derive an outage probability expression of this MIMO system in the presence of turbulence-induced fading channels. Using the derived expressions, we demonstrate the effect of several practical system parameters such as the ring radius, the number of array beamlets, the source size, the link length, structure constant and the receiver aperture radius on the system performance.


We present a remote assistance system that enables a remotely located expert to provide guidance using hand gestures to a customer who performs a physical task in a different location. The system is built on top of a web-based real-time media communication framework which allows the customer to use a commodity smartphone to send a live video feed to the expert, from which the expert can see the view of the customer's workspace and can show his/her hand gestures over the video in real-time. The expert's hand gesture is captured with a hand tracking device and visualized with a rigged 3D hand model on the live video feed. The system can be accessed via a web browser, and it does not require any app software to be installed on the customer's device. Our system supports various types of devices including smartphone, tablet, desktop PC, and smart glass. To improve the collaboration experience, the system provides a novel gravity-aware hand visualization technique.


Text-to-image generation and image captioning are recently emerged as a new experimental paradigm to assess machine intelligence. They predict continuous quantity accompanied by their sampling techniques in the generation, making evaluation complicated and intractable to get marginal distributions. Based on a recent trend that multimodal generative evaluations exploit a vison-and-language pre-trained model, we propose the negative Gaussian cross-mutual information using the CLIP features as a unified metric, coined by Mutual Information Divergence (MID). To validate, we extensively compare it with competing metrics using carefully-generated or human-annotated judgments in text-to-image generation and image captioning tasks. The proposed MID significantly outperforms the competitive methods by having consistency across benchmarks, sample parsimony, and robustness toward the exploited CLIP model. We look forward to seeing the underrepresented implications of the Gaussian cross-mutual information in multimodal representation learning and the future works based on this novel proposition.


PROBLEM
The Chinese central government launched the Health System Reform Plan in 2009 to strengthen disease control and health promotion and provide a package of basic public health services. Village doctors receive a modest subsidy for providing public health services associated with the package. Their beliefs about this subsidy and providing public health services could influence the quality and effectiveness of preventive health services and disease surveillance.

APPROACH
To understand village doctors' perspectives on the subsidy and their experiences of delivering public health services, we performed 10 focus group discussions with village doctors, 12 in-depth interviews with directors of township health centres and 4 in-depth interviews with directors of county-level Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

LOCAL SETTING
The study was conducted in four counties in central China, two in Hubei province and two in Jiangxi province.

RELEVANT CHANGES
Village doctors prioritize medical services but they do their best to manage their time to include public health services. The willingness of township health centre directors and village doctors to provide public health services has improved since the introduction of the package and a minimum subsidy, but village doctors do not find the subsidy to be sufficient remuneration for their efforts.

LESSONS LEARNT
Improving the delivery of public health services by village doctors is likely to require an increase in the subsidy, improvement in the supervisory relationship between village clinics and township health centres and the creation of a government pension for village doctors.


Site Reliability Engineers (SREs) play a key role in identifying the cause of an issue and preforming remediation steps to resolve it. After an issue is reported, SREs come together in a virtual room (collaboration platform) to triage the issue. While doing so, they leave behind a wealth of information, in the form of conversations, which can be used later for triaging similar issues. However, usability of these conversations offer challenges due to them being and scarcity of conversation utterance label. This paper presents a novel approach for issue artefact extraction from noisy conversations with minimal labelled data. We propose a combination of unsupervised and supervised models with minimal human intervention that leverages domain knowledge to predict artefacts for a small amount of conversation data and use that for fine-tuning an already pre-trained language model for artefact prediction on a large amount of conversation data. Experimental results on our dataset show that the proposed ensemble of the unsupervised and supervised models is better than using either one of them individually. We also present a deployment case study of the proposed artefact prediction.


This paper describes and evaluates a modification to the segmentation model used in the unsupervised morphology induction system, ParaMor. Our improved segmentation model permits multiple morpheme boundaries in a single word. To prepare ParaMor to effectively apply the new agglutinative segmentation model, two heuristics improve ParaMor's precision. These precision-enhancing heuristics are adaptations of those used in other unsupervised morphology induction systems, including work by Hafer and Weiss (1974) and Goldsmith (2006). By reformulating the segmentation model used in ParaMor, we significantly improve ParaMor's performance in all language tracks and in both the linguistic evaluation as well as in the task based information retrieval (IR) evaluation of the peer operated competition Morpho Challenge 2007. ParaMor's improved morpheme recall in the linguistic evaluations of German, Finnish, and Turkish is higher than that of any system which competed in the Challenge. In the three languages of the IR evaluation, our enhanced ParaMor significantly outperforms, at average precision over newswire queries, a morphologically naive baseline; scoring just behind the leading system from Morpho Challenge 2007 in English and ahead of the first place system in German.


Abstract. Fires and the aerosols that they emit impact air quality, health, and climate, but the abundance and properties of carbonaceous aerosol (both black carbon and organic carbon) from biomass burning (BB) remain uncertain and poorly constrained. We aim to explore the uncertainties associated with fire emissions and their air quality and radiative impacts from underlying dry matter consumed and emissions factors. To investigate this, we compare model simulations from a global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, driven by a variety of fire emission inventories with surface and airborne observations of black carbon (BC) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations and satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD). We focus on two fire-detection-based and/or burned-area-based (FD-BA) inventories using burned area and active fire counts, respectively, i.e., the Global Fire Emissions Database version 4 (GFED4s) with small fires and the Fire INventory from NCAR version 1.5 (FINN1.5), and two fire radiative power (FRP)-based approaches, i.e., the Quick Fire Emission Dataset version 2.4 (QFED2.4) and the Global Fire Assimilation System version 1.2 (GFAS1.2). We show that, across the inventories, emissions of BB aerosol (BBA) differ by a factor of 4 to 7
over North America and that dry matter differences, not emissions factors,
drive this spread. We find that simulations driven by QFED2.4 generally
overestimate BC and, to a lesser extent, OA concentrations observations from two fire-influenced aircraft campaigns in North America (ARCTAS and DC3) and from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) network, while simulations driven by FINN1.5 substantially underestimate concentrations. The GFED4s and GFAS1.2-driven simulations provide the best agreement with OA and BC mass concentrations at the surface (IMPROVE), BC observed aloft (DC3 and ARCTAS), and AOD observed by MODIS over North America. We also show that a sensitivity simulation including an enhanced source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from fires, based on the NOAA Fire Lab 2016 experiments, produces substantial additional OA; however, the spread in the primary emissions estimates implies that this magnitude of SOA can be neither confirmed nor ruled out when comparing the simulations against the observations explored here. Given the substantial uncertainty in fire emissions, as represented by these four emission inventories, we find a sizeable range in 2012 annual BBA PM2.5 population-weighted exposure over Canada and the contiguous US (0.5 to 1.6 µg m−3). We also show that the range in the estimated global direct radiative effect of carbonaceous aerosol from fires (−0.11 to −0.048 W m−2) is large and comparable to the direct radiative forcing of OA (−0.09 W m−2) estimated in the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Our analysis suggests that fire emissions uncertainty challenges our ability to accurately characterize the impact of smoke on air quality and climate.


Base excision repair (BER) is the major pathway for removing mutagenic and cytotoxic oxidative and alkylation DNA modifications. Using a catalytically inactive, dominant negative protein form of human APE1, termed ED, which binds with high affinity to substrate DNA and blocks subsequent repair steps, we assessed the role of BER in mediating cellular resistance to clinically relevant alkylating drugs and antimetabolites. Colony formation assays revealed that ED expression enhanced cellular sensitivity to melphalan not at all; to decarbazine, thiotepa, busulfan and carmustine moderately (1.2- to 2.4-fold); and to streptozotocin and temozolomide significantly (2.0- to 5.3-fold). The effectiveness of ED to promote enhanced cytotoxicity generally correlated with the agent's (a) monofunctional nature, (b) capacity to induce N7-guanine and N3-adenine modifications, and (c) inability to generate O6-guanine adducts or DNA cross-links. ED also enhanced the cell killing potency of the antimetabolite troxacitabine, apparently by blocking the processing of DNA strand breaks, yet had no effect on the cytotoxicity of gemcitabine, results that agree well with the known efficiency of APE1 to excise these nucleoside analogues from DNA. Most impressively, ED expression produced an ∼5- and 25-fold augmentation of the cell killing effect of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, respectively, implicating BER in the cellular response to such antimetabolites; the increased 5-fluorouracil sensitivity was associated with an accumulation of abasic sites and active caspase–positive staining. Our data suggest that APE1, and BER more broadly, is a potential target for inactivation in anticancer treatment paradigms that involve select alkylating agents or antimetabolites. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(6):897–906)


In aeronautical surveillance beaconing, each aircraft regularly broadcasts surveillance data such as its own position, speed and heading. By receiving the beacon messages transmitted by other aircraft in vicinity, each aircraft becomes aware of surrounding traffic. Since the density of air traffic is growing, the situational awareness must be increased for future air traffic management. Aeronautical surveillance beaconing is an important method to achieve this increase of situational awareness. In contrast to ground-based radar, aeronautical surveillance beaconing provides situational awareness in the cockpit without any additional ground to air transmission of traffic data, and even works in oceanic and remote areas which are not covered by radar.

In aeronautical communications, the scarcity of unoccupied radio spectrum is a limiting factor already today. For this reason, spectral efficiency is of key importance for future aeronautical surveillance beaconing. Currently, three aeronautical surveillance beaconing systems exist: the SSR Mode S Extended Squitter transmitted on 1090MHz (1090ES), the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT), and the VHF Digital Link Mode 4 (VDL4). The capacity of all three existing systems is known to be inadequate to fulfill the demands of future aeronautical surveillance beaconing. At the same time, there is a lack of research on physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer schemes for aeronautical surveillance beaconing. It is not sufficiently studied which PHY layer and MAC layer schemes achieve a high spectral efficiency in aeronautical surveillance beaconing. Additionally, the joint optimization of PHY and MAC layer parameters is typically neglected in the literature.

In this thesis, we investigate spectrally efficient PHY layer and MAC layer schemes for aeronautical surveillance beaconing. Initially, the requirements of aeronautical surveillance beaconing are described, the multiple-access channel is explained and a definition of the spectral efficiency of aeronautical surveillance beaconing is given. Subsequently, we review existing PHY layer and MAC layer schemes and assess their suitability for spectrally efficient aeronautical surveillance beaconing. Based on this assessment, we select the two most promising schemes with respect to spectral efficiency. The first scheme, cell-based self-organizing TDMA (CB-SOTDMA), uses self-organizing time-division multiple-access (SOTDMA) within each cell of a cellular reuse pattern. CB-SOTDMA coordinates transmissions such that multiple-access interference is minimized. The second scheme is Aloha MAC with successive interference cancellation (SIC) in the receiver. Aloha with SIC does not attempt to avoid multiple-access interference, but to tolerate it through interference cancellation on the PHY layer.

Both for CB-SOTDMA and for Aloha with SIC, we introduce additional measures needed to overcome challenges specific to aeronautical surveillance beaconing. For CB-SOTDMA, we propose a novel solution to the problem of large power imbalances between signals received from different cells. The existing solution to this problem does not work efficiently in aeronautics due to the long signal propagation delays. For Aloha with SIC, we show that time hopping can mitigate message loss due to received signal outage during the own transmissions of a half-duplex beaconing radio. Time hopping splits up a message into multiple parts which are transmitted with gaps of random length in between.

Considering the additional measures introduced before, we develop semi-analytical models both for Aloha with SIC and for CB-SOTDMA to compute their spectral efficiency under simplifying assumptions. Additionally, we develop such a semi-analytical model for Aloha without any multi-user detection or SIC, since this technique is used by the most common existing systems 1090ES and UAT. The semi-analytical models enable us to jointly optimize PHY and MAC layer parameters for maximum spectral efficiency. This optimization reveals that both Aloha with SIC and CB-SOTDMA can achieve a substantially higher spectral efficiency than Aloha without SIC. Based on the spectral efficiency and on further criteria, we conclude that Aloha with SIC is the most promising PHY and MAC layer concept for aeronautical surveillance beaconing.

In the semi-analytical model of Aloha with SIC, certain PHY layer components are assumed to work ideally. To obtain a more realistic system design, we develop the Interference Canceling Beacon Transceiver (ICBT), a novel aeronautical surveillance beaconing system based on Aloha with SIC and time hopping. ICBT includes realistic solutions for PHY layer components such as message detection, channel estimation and interference cancellation. The design of ICBT does not assume received messages to be synchronous to, e.g., a common symbol clock. Additionally, we optimize the placement of known synchronization symbols in a message such that the Doppler shift can be accurately estimated by the receiver. The resulting structure of synchronization symbols also enables a message detection scheme with reduced computational complexity.

Finally, the spectral efficiency of ICBT is investigated by Monte-Carlo simulations of the complete PHY and MAC layer. The results agree well with the semi-analytical model. Additionally, we derive a scenario of future air traffic based on published predictions for the year 2035. This scenario describes the distribution and movement of aircraft more realistically than the simplifying assumptions of the semi-analytical models. Monte-Carlo simulations of ICBT in the 2035 air traffic scenario demonstrate that the entire beaconing traffic can be handled in a bandwidth which is even smaller than that of existing systems, although both the beaconing range and the packet size are increased in ICBT.


While it is recognized that the progenitors of war are multilayered and complex and that they consist of political, historical, religious, demographic, economic, and psycho-cultural forces, this article reports on research that looked at the role of one them, demographic trends. Demographic trends can influence the rise of ethnic territoriality and ultimately violent resolution. Two of the three protagonists in the war, namely the Bosnian Muslims and the Bosnian Serbs, are the focus of the study. The level of abstraction at which these rival ethnic groups were sensitive to demographic trends, and therefore the level at which that rivalry played out, was the local municipality, the opstina where competition over jobs and political power was manifest. It is at this level that basic tenets of ethnic competition theory are considered to have been at work. An index of ethnic competition is introduced to measure competition in terms of the relative balance of ethnic populations. This index is complemented by analysis of the trend of relative ethnic population numbers over the two decades prior to the war. Data from the Yugoslavian census show how the demographic position of the Bosnian Serbs declined dramatically in over 90% of the opstinas throughout the country. These population trends are translated into an index of demographic disadvantage. Positive correlations between the two indices (ethnic competition and demographic disadvantage) and discrete-event data of hostilities between Serbs and Muslims are found to be significant. In addition, there is some evidence that the geographic pattern of the propensity for violence, while clearly part of a broad strategic Bosnian Serb national campaign, is also associated with local prewar demographic dynamics.


1. The World Medical Association has developed the Declaration of Helsinki as a statement of ethical principles to provide guidance to physicians and other participants in medical research involving human subjects. Medical research involving human subjects includes research on identifiable human material or identifiable data. 2. It is the duty of the physician to promote and safeguard the health of the people. The physician's knowledge and conscience are dedicated to the fulfillment of this duty. 3. The Declaration of Geneva of the World Medical Association binds the physician with the words, "The health of my patient will be my first consideration," and the International Code of Medical Ethics declares that, "A physician shall act only in the patient's interest when providing medical care which might have the effect of weakening the physical and mental condition of the patient." 4. Medical progress is based on research which ultimately must rest in part on experimentation involving human subjects. 5. In medical research on human subjects, considerations related to the well-being of the human subject should take precedence over the interests of science and society. 6. The primary purpose of medical research involving human subjects is to improve prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of disease. Even the best proven prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic methods must continuously be challenged through research for their effectiveness, efficiency, accessibility and quality. 7. In current medical practice and in medical research, most prophylactic, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involve risks and burdens. 8. Medical research is subject to ethical standards that promote respect for all human beings and protect their health and rights. Some research populations are vulnerable and need special protection. The particular needs of the economically and medically disadvantaged must be recognized. Special attention is also required for those who cannot give or refuse consent for themselves, for those who may be subject to giving consent under duress, for those who will not benefit personally from the research and for those for whom the research is combined with care. 9. Research investigators should be aware of the ethical, legal and regulatory requirements for research on human subjects in their own countries as well as applicable international requirements. No national ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should be allowed to reduce or eliminate any of the protections for human subjects set forth in this Declaration.


The most important challenge in the practical development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is finding suitable cathode materials. Due to the complexity of this system, various factors have been investigated during the last years, but still, the roadmap for designing the best cathode candidates is not vivid. This review attempts to create a better picture of the cathode process to pave the path for developing more practical cathode materials. The most promising candidates as the host cathode material are porous carbon nanomaterials, which are highly conductive and lightweight while having the capability for fabricating freestanding electrodes. In this case, there is no need for a binder and current collector, and thus, a significantly higher energy density can be expected. Despite the good performance of these carbon-based sulfur cathodes, the presence of some additives anchoring the sulfur molecules to the electrode backbone seems necessary for practical performance. Metal oxides and sulfides are among the best options as additives, as they can act as mediators in the electrochemical redox system of Li/S. Despite their similarities, these additives might mediate in the battery system but via entirely different mechanisms. In addition to carbon nanomaterials, other porous materials, such as metal–organic frameworks, can also provide a cage-like architecture for the construction of the sulfur cathode.


The photothermal microscope is a laser-based technique which utilizes the crossed-beam thermal lens to measure simultaneously both absorbance and thermal diffusivity within small probe volumes. The microscope provides images with spatial resolution better than 1microm(3) in a simple optical design. High resolution images of histological and botanical samples are presented.


Analyzing training performance in sport is usually based on standardized test protocols and needs laboratory equipment, e.g., for measuring blood lactate concentration or other physiological body parameters. Avoiding special equipment and standardized test protocols, we show that it is possible to reach a quality of performance simulation comparable to the results of laboratory studies using training models with nothing but training data. For this purpose, we introduce a fitting concept for a performance model that takes the peculiarities of using training data for the task of performance diagnostics into account. With a specific way of data preprocessing, accuracy of laboratory studies can be achieved for about 50% of the tested subjects, while lower correlation of the other 50% can be explained.


ABSTRACT Background: Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, heat shock proteins, peptide vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapeutics, to name a few, have transitioned from the bench to clinical trials. With upcoming strategies and developing therapeutics, it is challenging to critically evaluate the practical, clinical potential of individual approaches and to advise patients on the most promising clinical trials. Methods: The authors propose a system to prioritize such therapies in an organized and data-driven fashion. This schema is based on four categories of factors: antigenic target robustness, immune-activation and -effector responses, preclinical vetting, and early evidence of clinical response. Each of these categories is subdivided to focus on the most salient elements for developing a successful immunotherapeutic approach for GBM, and a numerical score is generated. Results: The Score Card reveals therapeutics that have the most robust data to support their use, provides a reference prioritization score, and can be applied in a reiterative fashion with emerging data. Conclusions: The authors hope that this schema will give physicians an evidence-based and rational framework to make the best referral decisions to better guide and serve this patient population.


The term "suevite" has been applied to various impact melt‐bearing breccias found in different stratigraphic settings within terrestrial impact craters. Suevite was coined initially for impact glass‐bearing breccias from the Ries impact structure, Germany, which is the type locality. Various working hypotheses have been proposed to account for the formation of the Ries suevite deposits over the past several decades, with the most recent being molten‐fuel‐coolant interaction (MFCI) between an impact melt pool and water. This mechanism is also the working hypothesis for the origin of the bulk of the Onaping Formation at the Sudbury impact structure, Canada. In this study, the key characteristics of the Ries suevite, the Onaping Formation and MFCI deposits from phreatomagmatic volcanic eruptions are compared. The conclusion is that there are clear and significant lithological, stratigraphic, and petrographic observational differences between the Onaping Formation and the Ries suevite. The Onaping Formation, however, shares many key similarities with MFCI deposits, including the presence of layering, their well‐sorted and fine‐grained nature, and the predominance of vitric particles with similar shapes and lacking included mineral and lithic clasts. These differences argue against the viability of MFCI as a working hypothesis for genesis of the Ries suevite and for a required alternative mechanism for its formation.


The developmental responses of plants to shade underneath foliage are influenced by reductions in irradiance and shifts in spectral quality (characterized by reductions in the quantum ratio of red to far-red wavelengths, R:FR). Previous research on the influence of shadelight on leaf development has neglected the reductions in R:FR characteristic of foliage shade, and these studies have almost certainly underestimated the extent and array of developmental responses to foliage shade. We have studied the effects of reduced irradiance and R:FR on the leaf development of papaya (Carica papaya L., Caricaceae). Using experimental shadehouses, replicates of plants grown in high light conditions (0.20 of sunlight and R:FR = 0.90) were compared to low light conditions (0.02 of sunlight) with either the spectral quality of sunlight (R:FR = 0.99) or of foliage shade (F:FR = 0.26). Although many characteristics, such as leaf thickness, specific leaf weight, stomatal density, palisade parenchyma cell shape, and the ratio of mesophyll air surface/leaf surface were affected by reductions in irradiance, reduced R:FR contributed to further changes. Some characters, such as reduced chlorophyll a/b ratios, reduced lobing, and greater internode length, were affected primarily by low R:FR. The reduced R:FR of foliage shade, presumably affecting phytochrome equilibrium, strongly influences the morphology and anatomy of papaya leaves.


The article provides estimates of innovation parameters' influence on social and economic development of regions measured as per capita gross regional product. The empirical part of the research comprises the regression model that demonstrates interrelations in a region-wide breakdown, considering the differentiation of innovation development level of regions grouped into homogenous clusters. The results provide evidence of two forces. One of these stands for the traditional academic and industrial science attributed with plan-fact indicators. The other, in its idea and contents, is fully matching with the R&D market concept since it exists and functions in a competitive environment, strives to self-financing and commercialization. Therefore, performance indicators and growth rates of this segment are far ahead the ones of the traditional science.


Interest in predicting multivariate probability distributions is growing due to the increasing availability of rich datasets and computational developments. Scoring functions enable the comparison of forecast accuracy, and can potentially be used for estimation. A scoring function for multivariate distributions that has gained some popularity is the energy score. This is a generalization of the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS), which is widely used for univariate distributions. A little-known, alternative generalization is the multivariate CRPS (MCRPS). We propose a theoretical framework for scoring functions for multivariate distributions, which encompasses the energy score and MCRPS, as well as the quadratic score, which has also received little attention. We demonstrate how this framework can be used to generate new scores. For univariate distributions, it is well-established that the CRPS can be expressed as the integral over a quantile score. We show that, in a similar way, scoring functions for multivariate distributions can be "disintegrated" to obtain scoring functions for level sets. Using this, we present scoring functions for different types of level set, including those for densities and cumulative distributions. To compute the scoring functions, we propose a simple numerical algorithm. We illustrate our proposals using simulated and stock returns data.


A current assisted photonic demodulator for use as a pixel in a 3-D time-of-flight imager shows nearly 100% static demodulator contrast and is operable beyond 30 MHz. An integrated tunable sensitivity control is also presented for increasing the distance measurement range and avoiding unwanted saturation during integration periods. This is achieved by application of a voltage on a dedicated drain tap showing a quenching of sensor sensitivity to below 1%


Ti-in-biotite geothermometry in non-graphitic, peraluminous metapelites from Crni vrh and Resavski humovi (Central Serbia) The study discusses the application of the Ti-in-biotite geothermometer of Henry et al. (2005) to the example of biotites from non-graphitic peraluminous micaschists of Central Serbia. Three petrographically different micaschists were distinguished on the basis of the following mineral assemblages: CV1 (St-Grt-Bt-Ms-Pg-Pl-Qtz), CV2 (Grt-St-Ky-Bt-Ms-Pl-Qtz) and RH (Grt-St-Bt-Ms-Pl-Qtz). Applying different geothermobarometers it was estimated that the studied micaschists were metamorphosed at average temperatures and pressures of 530 °C and 520 MPa (CV1incl), 580 °C and 670 MPa (CV1), 630 °C and 700 MPa (CV2) and 550 °C, 680 MPa (RH). The average temperatures obtained by the Ti-in-biotite method revealed uniform values for CV1 and CV2 micaschists and these values are very similar to the temperatures obtained by other methods. In contrast, the application of Ti-in-biotite geothermometer for RH micaschist yields the temperature difference of 85-110 °C. The variability of temperature is interpreted as a result of a positive correlation of Ti contents and XMg values in RH biotite, which is in disagreement with the principles of the Ti-in-biotite method. The positive Ti-XMg correlation is a result of the compositional variability shown by RH biotites from different samples, which can possibly be related to compositional inhomogeneities of the pelitic protolith. On the other hand, the Ti-in-biotite geothermometer for CV2 biotite gave very uniform temperatures despite variable Ti contents (Ti = 0.260, sd = 0.018 apfu). This is explained as result of the low sensitivity of Ti-in-biotite geothermometer for high Ti concentrations (> 0.25 apfu).


Magnetic anomalies are deviations from an internal planetary magnetic field produced by crustal materials. Crustal anomalies, measured over a wide range of vertical distances, from near-surface to satellites, are caused by magnetic minerals that respond to the changing planetary field. Previously, magnetism of continental crust was described in terms of the bulk ferrimagnetism of crustal minerals, which is mostly due to induced magnetization. The recent discovery of lamellar magnetism, a new interface-based remanence type, has changed our thinking about the contribution of remanent magnetization. Lamellar magnetism may also be an important contributor to deep-seated anomalies in the crust of the Earth and in other planets with highly magnetic crusts, like Mars.