This study of sibling resemblance in educational attainment seeks to determine whether the effect of family background on educational attainment differs according to family structure, birth order, and sex. In order to address these research problems, I analyze sibling data from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households and use a form of the multiple indicator, multiple cause (MIMIC) model proposed by Hauser and Goldberger (1971). The MIMIC model includes a latent common family background variable which takes into account family influences common to pairs of siblings but not captured by the set of measured family background variables. In the first part of the analysis, I consider the educational attainment and social background of sibling pairs coming from two-parent dual-earner families, two-parent single-earner families, and single-parent single-earner families. I did find the effects of family background on educational attainment to differ among these three family groups. However, I also found family background effects to be more similar among the two-parent families than among the single-parent families. Single-parenthood seems to alter the effects that family background has on children's educational attainment much more than does mother's employment. In the second part of the analysis, I attempt to determine whether family background affects educational attainment differently according to the birth order and sex of children. I limit my analysis to two-parent families and consider the educational attainment and social background of four types of sibling pairs (older-brother younger-brother, older-brother younger-sister, older-sister youngersister, and older sister-younger brother). For the most part, I found family background effects to be similar among all children, regardless of birth order and sex. However, I did find sibling pairs with an older brother to exhibit a greater degree of resemblance in educational attainment; a resemblance not explained by the measured background factors. This finding lends support to Benin and Johnson's (1984) facilitation hypothesis and leads me to conclude that family background does affect children's educational attainment differently according to birth order and sex.


The continuous progression of urbanization has resulted in an increasing number of people living in cities or towns. In parallel, advancements in technologies, such as the Internet, telecommunications, and transportation, have allowed for better connectivity among people. This has engendered drastic changes in urban systems during the recent decades. From a social geographic perspective, the changes in urban systems are primarily characterized by intensive contacts among people and their interactions with the surrounding urban environment, which further leads to subsequent challenging problems such as traffic jams, environmental pollution, urban sprawl, etc. These problems have been reported to be heterogeneous and non-deterministic. Hence, to cope with them, massive amounts of geographic data are required to create new knowledge on urban systems.Due to the thriving of Volunteer Geographic Information (VGI) in recent years, this thesis presents knowledge on urban systems based on extensive VGI datasets from three sources: highway dataset from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project, photo location dataset from the Flickr website, and GPS tracking datasets from volunteers, taxicabs, and air flights. The knowledge primarily relates to two issues of urban systems: the urban space and the corresponding human dynamics. In accordance, on one hand, urban space acts as a carrier for associated geographic activities and knowledge of it benefits our understanding of current social and economic problems in urban systems. On the other hand, human dynamics reflect human behavior in urban space, which leads to complex mobility or activity patterns. Its investigation allows a derivation of the underlying driving force that is very instructive to urban planning, traffic management, and infectious disease control. Therefore, to fully understand the two issues, this thesis conducts a thorough investigation from multiple aspects.The first issue is investigated from four aspects. First, at the city level, the controversial topic of city size regularity is investigated in terms of natural cities, and the conclusion is that Zipf's law holds stably for all US cities. Second, at the sub-city level, the size distribution of spatial units within different cities in terms of the clusters formed by street nodes, photo locations, and taxi static points are explored, and the result shows a remarkable scaling property of these spatial units. Third, enlightened by the scaling property of the urban space at the city or sub-city level, this thesis devises a novel tool that can demarcate the cities into three categories: compact cities, normal cities, and sprawling cities. The tool is then applied to cities in both the US and three European countries. In the last, another representation of urban space is taken into account, namely the transportation network. The findings report that the US airport network displays the properties of scale-free, small-world, and disassortative mixing and that the individual natural airports show heterogeneous patterns that are probably subject to geographic constraints and socioeconomic factors.The second issue is examined from four perspectives. First, at the city level, the movement flow contributed by agents using two types of behavior is investigated through an agent-based simulation, and the result conjectures that the human mobility behavior is mainly shaped by the underlying street network. Second, at the country level, this thesis reports that the human travel length by air can be approximated well by an exponential distribution, and subsequent simulations indicate that human mobility behavior is largely constrained by the underlying airport network. Third, at the regional level, the length that humans travel by car is demonstrated to agree well with a power law with exponential cutoff distribution, and subsequent simulation further reproduces this levy flight characteristic. Based on the simulation, human mobility behavior is again revealed to be primarily shaped by the underlying hierarchical spatial structure. Finally, taxicab static points are adopted to explore human activity patterns, which can be characterized as the regularities in space and time, the heterogeneity and predictability in space.From a complex system perspective, this thesis presents the knowledge discovered in urban systems using massive volumes of geographic data. Together with new knowledge from empirical findings, the development of methods, and the design of theoretic models, this thesis also shares the research community with geographic data generated from extensive VGI datasets and the corresponding source codes. Moreover, this study is aligned with a paradigm shift in that it analyzes large-size datasets using high processing power as opposed to analyzing small-size datasets with low processing power.


Consistent with a worldwide trend away from defined benefits towards accumulation benefits, many Australian employers, who traditionally offered their workers defined superannuation benefits, are closing their defined benefit plans to new members and/or offering existing members the option of transferring to an accumulation plan. There has also been a push to allow members greater choice in terms of both funds and investments. Against this background, the Superannuation Scheme for Australian Universities (SSAU) made an offer to its members in 1998 to transfer from the defined benefit section to an accumulation-style plan. Their position was that the choice of fund for employees should be a matter for the employer and the employees at the workplace or their respective representative organisations. At the conclusion of the offer period only one-third of SSAU members had elected to transfer to the Investment Choice Plan (ICP). This study seeks to explain why the majority of SSAU members chose to remain in the Defined Benefit Plan when offered the option of transferring to the accumulation-style ICP. We propose that 'risk transfer costs' explain the low ICP acceptance rate. Research findings show that both those who chose to stay in the Defined Benefit Plan (DBP) and those who elected to transfer to the ICP were prepared to accept trade-offs in their choice. DBP members were prepared to forego a higher quantum of expected benefits for greater security of benefits expected in the DBP, whereas the ICP members were prepared to forego such security and accepted higher investment risk in return for a higher expected quantum and greater control over their benefits. Differences in financial proficiency and differences across academic disciplines confirm that risk transfer costs were a key reason why the majority of SSAU members rejected the ICP choice. Important implications arising from this study include the need for greater transparency of the risk transfer costs involved in offers of benefit structure change, such as that offered by the SSAU, and the need to incorporate compensation for such costs into the offer. Cognizance also needs to be taken of the major risk transfer cost of becoming informed about superannuation and the consequences of such costs for the government's intentions to mandate superannuation fund choice for all Australian workers.


Use of school facilities by members of the community " is a fact of Newfoundland's history. Today there is a general feeling, especially among educators, that we are about to enter a second, more sophisticated stage of community use. This study is designed to investigate and analyse the status of community use of schools in this Province and to determine if there is any evidence of a tendency towards greater use. -- Specifically, this thesis concerned itself with: determining the extent of present use; learning the extent to which administrative policies have been developed to regulate community use; examining the feasibility of extending use of facilities; and discovering the problems associated with community use of schools. -- A survey of recent literature on this subject illustrated that the school was especially suited to after hours use and, in fact, was regarded as an economic waste if not used. Other conclusions reached as a result of the review of the literature were as follows: that most communities had needs, both covert and obvious, which could best be met through use of the school, and that planning on an architectural and administrative level are critical for effective community use. An examination was made of the administrative policies and practices currently in use in schools experiencing use after hours, and some attention was given to the various ways and means of using educational facilities. The community school, the educational park, and the community or junior college were found to be alternate school arrangements. -- The study was conducted through the questionnaire technique. A self-constructed questionnaire was mailed to a sample consisting of seventy-five school principals and the forty-three representatives of all school boards in the Province. There was an eighty- three percent overall response rate. -- The major findings included one which indicated that there was a large degree of difference between the responses of the two major groups in the study, the principals and the school board representatives. Actual conditions as perceived by the principals often varied greatly from the conditions believed to be present by the school boards. Most schools reported some use of their facilities in the after hours but some indicated that there was no extra use. School boards claimed to have policies regulating use of their schools but these were rarely communicated to principals. Policies were not comprehensive. There was agreement that schools could and should be used by community members and that problems of use were not serious enough to prevent use. Based on these findings, the researcher made a number of recommendations for action by school boards and other educational authorities.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) enable smart grids where sensor nodes monitor and control the important parameters of power grid components. However, energy-aware communication protocols should be developed to extend network lifetime of WSNs in smart grid environments. In this study, the lifetime of wireless sensor nodes has been analyzed for various smart grid environments, such as 500 kV substation, main power control room, and underground network transformer vaults. In addition, the effects of different operation modes of sensor nodes on node lifetime have been reviewed.


Abstract Did Wittgenstein violently threaten Karl Popper with a poker on the cold evening of 25 October 1946 at a meeting of Moral Sciences Club in Cambridge? Responding to this question is the wonderful pretext that the authors use to introduce the rich world and characters of mid-twenteith century philosophy. They grab their readers' imaginations by latching onto this concrete, legendary, event - the alleged aggressive weilding of a poker - at what many would have imagined to be an utterly civilised, if not downright dull, philosophical meeting. Through this investigation, they bring to life not only the characters in this drama, both principal and supporting, but they also put flesh on the bones of the historical contexts from which some great philosophical ideas have emerged.


The purpose of this article is fourfold. First, it identifies a growing international interest on the part of educators and school officials in finding effective ways to mentor especially poor and minority students toward academic success. Second, it reviews the literature on mentoring as it pertains to this population. Third, it details a case study of an urban Israeli school‐mentoring program through which teachers mentor students as a part and parcel part of their classroom responsibilities. Interviews with teachers and school guidance staff describe an innovative and supportive system of mentorship of poor children from North African and Middle Eastern backgrounds in an urban, combined middle/high school. Fourth, it highlights and discusses the changes that schools that are interested in establishing an effective teacher‐based mentorship program for poor and minority children must garner.


We have previously identified, in three British families having an index child with frequent infections, a point mutation (GGC-->GAC) in codon 54 of exon 1 of the gene for the human lectin mannose binding protein (MBP). This was associated with low serum levels of this complement activating protein and would be anticipated to impair opsonization of mannose rich microorganisms. We now report a second point mutation (GGA-->GAA) in Gambians from West Africa, involving codon 57 of exon 1. By substituting carboxylic acids for axial glycines in the translated proteins both mutations would be expected to disrupt the secondary structure of the collagenous triple helix of the 96 kDa MBP subunits. In the Gambians the codon 57 mutation was studied by PCR, sequence analysis and restriction analysis and found to be remarkably common (frequency of the mutant gene 0.29 in adults and 0.23 in newborns) whereas the codon 54 mutation was very rare (frequency 0.003). However, the codon 54 mutation was frequent in both a British Caucasian and a Hong Kong Chinese population (frequency of the mutant gene 0.17 and 0.11 respectively). It was predicted that both homozygous and heterozygous individuals would have profoundly reduced serum levels of the protein and this was confirmed by immunoassay as was the reduced capacity of such sera to activate complement through the MBP initiated classical pathway. Our data indicate that the two mutations have arisen independently since the divergence of African and non African populations and both have attained high frequencies.


How does donor funding affect the independence, role perceptions, and ideology of the journalism it supports? We begin to answer this increasingly important but underresearched question with a year-long case study of the humanitarian news organistion IRIN as it transitioned from being funded by the United Nations to a private foundation, run by a Malaysian billionaire. Using content analysis, in-depth interviews, and ethnographic research, we document the changes that occurred in IRIN's outputs, target audience, and public service values, and the complex interplay of influences that produced these changes. We find that, in this case, donor power operated entirely indirectly and always in concert with the dominant professional values within IRIN. In doing so, this case study highlights the importance of journalistic agency and contextual variables in the journalist–donor relationship, as well as the potential significance of contradictory dynamics. We also use this case to test whether Benson, Hessérus and Sedel's model of media owner power can help to explain the workings of donor power.


A novel omnidirectional circularly polarized (CP) slot array antenna with high gain is proposed, which is based on the coaxial cylinder structure, and the orthogonal slots radi‐ ated the circular polarization wave around the cylinder. Further, the improved dual cir‐ cularly polarized (CP) omnidirectional antenna based on slot array in coaxial cylinder structure is presented too, and two ports are assigned in its two side as left hand circu‐ larly polarized (LHCP) port and right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) port, respec‐ tively. The simulation and experiment results show their novelty and good performance of omnidirectional circular polarization with about 5 dBi gain in 5.2–5.9 GHz.


Abstract. We propose to use a discriminative classifier for outlier detection in large-scale point clouds of cities generated via multi-view stereo (MVS) from densely acquired images. What makes outlier removal hard are varying distributions of inliers and outliers across a scene. Heuristic outlier removal using a specific feature that encodes point distribution often delivers unsatisfying results. Although most outliers can be identified correctly (high recall), many inliers are erroneously removed (low precision), too. This aggravates object 3D reconstruction due to missing data. We thus propose to discriminatively learn class-specific distributions directly from the data to achieve high precision. We apply a standard Random Forest classifier that infers a binary label (inlier or outlier) for each 3D point in the raw, unfiltered point cloud and test two approaches for training. In the first, non-semantic approach, features are extracted without considering the semantic interpretation of the 3D points. The trained model approximates the average distribution of inliers and outliers across all semantic classes. Second, semantic interpretation is incorporated into the learning process, i.e. we train separate inlieroutlier classifiers per semantic class (building facades, roof, ground, vegetation, fields, and water). Performance of learned filtering is evaluated on several large SfM point clouds of cities. We find that results confirm our underlying assumption that discriminatively learning inlier-outlier distributions does improve precision over global heuristics by up to ≈ 12 percent points. Moreover, semantically informed filtering that models class-specific distributions further improves precision by up to ≈ 10 percent points, being able to remove very isolated building, roof, and water points while preserving inliers on building facades and vegetation.


In this work, we focus on modeling user-generated review and overall rating pairs, and aim to identify semantic aspects and aspect-level sentiments from review data as well as to predict overall sentiments of reviews. We propose a novel probabilistic supervised joint aspect and sentiment model (SJASM) to deal with the problems in one go under a unified framework. SJASM represents each review document in the form of opinion pairs, and can simultaneously model aspect terms and corresponding opinion words of the review for hidden aspect and sentiment detection. It also leverages sentimental overall ratings, which often come with online reviews, as supervision data, and can infer the semantic aspects and aspect-level sentiments that are not only meaningful but also predictive of overall sentiments of reviews. Moreover, we also develop efficient inference method for parameter estimation of SJASM based on collapsed Gibbs sampling. We evaluate SJASM extensively on real-world review data, and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms seven well-established baseline methods for sentiment analysis tasks.


Feline scabies also referred as Notedric mange (Notoedres cati). This diseases is highly contagious skin disease. The symptom of this disease is a severe and relentless itch include a skin rash composed of small red bumps and blisters on the specific areas such as face, ear, neck, paws pads and spreading to the rest of the body. This disease was  very contagious for cats and kittens which can opportunistically infest other mammals, including human (Griffin et al., 1993). Notoedres mites are closely related to Sarcoptic mites of dogs and thus the two infestations have some similarity. Both the conditions typically begin with itchy crusts and scales on the ear margins. The Notoedric mange progresses to involve the face and ultimately covers the entire body, if the skin disease was ignored. (Scott et al., 2001). Three cats in the present study had mange lesions covering the entire body. The characteristic itching and hair loss pattern was often all that was needed to diagnose Notoedric mange in the cat (Griffin et al., 1993). Scraping of the crusty skin examined, revealed all stages of Notoedres cati mite (from ova to adult) in the present study and confirmed the diagnosis. Notoedres mites are smaller than Sarcoptes, have 'thumb print'-like dorsal striations, shorter limb stalks and a dorsal anus compared with the terminal anus, dorsal pegs and spines seen on Sarcoptes species (Scott et al. 2001). The mites were identified as per the reports of Walker (1994) based on their shape and the presence of dorsal anus, which distinctly differentiated the Notoedres cati from S arcoptes sp. The present report describes case of notoedric mange I two cats and successful management with ivermectin therapy.


Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, progressive disease and is treated with inhaled medication to optimize the patient's lung health through decreasing their symptoms, especially breathlessness. Halotherapy is the inhalation of micronized dry salt within a chamber that mimics a salt cave environment. Recent media reports suggest that this therapy may help with the symptoms of COPD. Objective To critically evaluate and summarize the evidence for the use of halotherapy as a treatment for COPD. Design A review using systematic approach and narrative synthesis. Data sources Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Google Scholar were searched. Two reviewers independently reviewed abstracts and selected eligible studies based on predetermined selection criteria. Results Of the 151 articles retrieved from databases and relevant reference lists, only one randomized controlled trial met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis was unable to be conducted due to the limited number of published studies. Inclusion criteria were subsequently expanded to allow three case-control studies to be included, ensuring that a narrative synthesis could be completed. From the pooled data of the four studies, there were 1,041 participants (661 in the intervention group and 380 in the control group). The assessment of methodological quality raised issues associated with randomization and patient selection. Three themes were identified from the narrative synthesis: respiratory function, quality of life, and medication use. Conclusion Themes generated from the narrative synthesis data reflect outcome measures regularly used for interventional research associated with COPD. From this review, recommendations for inclusion of halotherapy as a therapy for COPD cannot be made at this point and there is a need for high quality studies to determine the effectiveness of this therapy.


The ability of reclaimed natively high B soils to re-establish elevated soluble B concentrations has been termed "boron regeneration". Potential mechanisms for this phenomenon were qualitatively examined. Soil samples reclaimed in columns contained appreciable concentrations of residual, potentially reactive B and Cl⁻. Reclamation by multiple batch extraction removed 100 percent of the Cl⁻; however, the soils could not be completely reclaimed of B. Boron regeneration was observed in both column and batch reclamation systems, while Cl⁻ regeneration occurred only in the column systems. The data suggest that two mechanisms may account for B regeneration. Post-reclamation release of B from residual sparingly soluble or desorbable B-containing sources is confirmed by the batch and column experimental results. The column data suggest that portions of the soil were bypassed by the leaching solution during reclamation. By analogy with Cl⁻ behavior, post-reclamation diffusion of B from bypassed to leachable pores also contributes to the B regeneration phenomena.


Objective— To determine whether diabetes risk is influenced by which parent (a parental history of diabetes is a well-documented risk factor for NIDDM) is reported to have diabetes. Research Design and Methods— We compared the prevalence of NIDDM and IGT for 4914 subjects according to their parental history of diabetes (mother only, father only, both parents, neither parent). Subjects were drawn from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based survey of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors conducted in Mexican American and non-Hispanic white individuals between 1979–1988. Results— Men with a parental history of diabetes had a higher prevalence of both NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance than men reporting no parental history of diabetes. Prevalence was equally high regardless of which parent, or whether both parents, had diabetes. In contrast, in women, only a maternal history of diabetes was associated with a higher prevalence of NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance. Virtually no difference in NIDDM prevalence was found between women with a paternal-only history of diabetes and women with no parental history of diabetes. Conclusions— Results differed markedly between men and women. The reason for this sex difference is unclear. It may represent a measurement bias, a sex-specific environmental effect, or a genetic effect that is expressed or transmitted differently between the sexes.


This chapter continues our examination of the corporate law and governance implications of the fundamental shift in ownership structure of U.S. public corporations from the Berle-Means pattern of widely distributed shareholders to one of Agency Capitalism – the reconcentration of ownership in intermediary institutional investors as record holders for their beneficial owners. A Berle-Means ownership distribution provided the foundation for the agency cost orientation of modern corporate law and governance – the goal was to bridge the gap between the interests of managers and shareholders that dispersed shareholders could not do for themselves. The equity intermediation of the last 30 years gives us Agency Capitalism, characterized by sophisticated but reticent institutional shareholders who require market actors to invoke their sophistication. We examine here three implications of this shift in ownership distribution. The first addresses a proposal to turn back the clock in the regulation of ownership disclosure under the Williams Act to a time when shareholders were small and dispersed rather than large and concentrated as they are today. The next two share a common theme: that the allocation of responsibility between directors, shareholders and courts can no longer be premised on a paternalism grounded in an anachronistic belief concerning the distribution and sophistication of shareholders. We show that the Chancery Court has recognized that Agency Capitalism counsels different rules concerning the roles of shareholders and the court in policing freezeouts. And we argue that the Supreme Court will come to realize what the Chancery Court has recognized for some time – that the doctrine of substantive coercion as a basis for takeover defense must give way as Delaware corporate law adapts to the very different shareholder distribution the capital market has now given us.


This paper captures the evolution of seeds commerce in India, a traditionally agrarian economy. It also captures some exciting aspects of industry evolution of one of the top seeds market in the world (given its size). Following a review of the industry in India over the last few decades one observes that the deregulation of seeds commerce has been influenced not only by the progressive liberalization of the Indian economy but also by the development of science and technology in the private sector, both locally and globally. This has resulted in the seeds market in India becoming highly competitive by attracting a large number of players. The discussion also captures another interesting facet – that the norms and regulations of the industry and the way it develops can be severely influenced not only by the (large) private business players but also by the dispersed (and seemingly) powerless farming community! The existing farmer's rights gives a free hand to farmers to multiply, exchange, sell and use any proprietary (seed) variety. The local practices especially of seed organizers also make the life of the rules setter (i.e., the state) very difficult. Perhaps, one can observe that seeds commerce in India has grown beyond the control of the state and its bureaucracy.


The 18th-century novel developed amid an emerging emphasis on individualism that clashed with long-cherished beliefs in heriarchy and stability. Though the comic novelists, unlike Defoe and Richardson, avoided total involvement in the mind of any one character, they were nonetheless fundamentally concerned with the nature of consciousness. In "Character and consciousness in 18th century comic fiction", Elizabeth Kraft examines the kind of consciousness central to comic novels of the period. It is, she asserts, individual identity conceived in social terms - a character's search for his or her plane in a precarious secular order. Understanding this concept of character is vitally important to a full appreciation of 18th-century comic fiction. To respond validly to these fictional characters, Kraft claims, the 20th-century reader must recapture, or recreate, the 18th-century self. In readings of five novels - Henry Fielding's "Tom Jones", Charlotte Lennox's "Female Quixote", Laurence Sterne's "Tristram Shandy", Tobias Smolett's "Peregrine Pickle", and Fanny Burney's "Cecilia" - Kraft explores the relationships among consciousness, character, and comic narrative. Fielding, Lennox, and Sterne, she argues, question the validity of narratives of consciousness. Each seeks to define the limitations as well as the virtues of the form in representing individual and communal lives. Smollet and Burney, on the other hand, address a readership that expects the novel to offer meaningful renderings of personal experience. These novelists accept the validity of the narrative of consciousness but place this narrative within the context of the larger community. As a thorough analysis of relations between narrative and the construction of character and consciousness, Kraft's study should prove an important addition to our understanding of the theoretical formulations of 18th-century fiction.


Numerous experiments on individual buildings in California and Florida show that painting roofs white reduces air conditioning load up to 50%, depending on the thermal resistance or amount of insulation under the roof. The savings, of course, are strong functions of the thermal integrity of a building and climate. In earlier work, the authors have estimated the national energy savings potential from reflective roofs and paved surfaces. Achieving this potential, however, is conditional on receiving the necessary Federal, states, and electric utilities support to develop materials with high solar reflectance and design effective implementation programs. An important step in initiating an effective program in this area is to work with the american Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the industry to create test procedures, rating, and labeling for building and paving materials. A subcommittee of ASTM E06, E06.42, on Cool Construction Materials, was formed as the vehicle to develop standard practices for measuring, rating, and labeling cool construction materials. The subcommittee has also undertaken the development of a standard practice for calculating a solar reflectance index (SRI) of horizontal and low-sloped surfaces. SRI is a measure of the relative steady-state temperature of a surface with respect to a standard white surface (SRI = 100) and a standard black surface (SRI = 0) under standard solar and ambient conditions. This paper discusses the technical issues relating to development of these two ASTM standards.


F15599 is a novel agonist with high selectivity and efficacy at serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptors (5-HT(1A)Rs). In signal transduction, electrophysiological and neurochemical tests, F15599 preferentially activates post-synaptic 5-HT(1A)Rs in rat frontal cortex. Such a profile may translate to an improved profile of therapeutic activity for mood disorders. The in-vivo effects of F15599 were therefore compared with those of a related compound, F13714, in rat models of antidepressant activity and 5-HT(1A)R activation: forced swimming test (FST), conditioned stress-induced ultrasonic vocalization, 5-HT syndrome, plasma corticosterone and body temperature. Acute administration of F15599 or F13714 reduced immobility in the FST at low doses; these effects were long lasting and the effects of F15599 were maintained after repeated (5 d, p.o.) administration. Both compounds decreased ultrasonic vocalization duration at low doses. In contrast, higher doses of F15599 were required to induce lower lip retraction, elements of the 5-HT behavioural syndrome, hypothermia and to increase plasma corticosterone levels. Notably, there was a greater separation of ED50 between FST and other effects for F15599 than for F13714. Thus, the in-vivo potency of F15599 in models of antidepressant/anti-stress activity is similar to that of F13714, despite the fact that the latter has an in-vitro potency two orders of magnitude greater. In contrast F15599 has a lower propensity than F13714 to induce other serotonergic signs. The distinctive pharmacological profile of F15599 suggests that preferential targeting of post-synaptic 5-HT(1A)Rs constitutes a promising strategy for improved antidepressant therapy.


This paper presents a constraint network formulation of belief maintenance in dynamically changing environments. We focus on the task of computing the degree of support for each proposition, i.e., the number of solutions of the constraint network which are consistent with the proposition. The paper develops an efficient distributed scheme for calculating and revising beliefs in acyclic constraint networks. The suggested process consists of two phases. In the first, called support propagation, each variable updates the number of extensions consistent with each of its values. The second, called contradiction resolution, is invoked by a variable upon detecting a contradiction, and identifies a minimal set of assumptions that potentially account for the contradiction.


ABSTRACT This study utilized the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) pollination model to investigate the impacts of using field data on ecosystem services mapping studies by using potential pollination services in Cumberland and Colchester counties in Nova Scotia, Canada, as a case study. The model was run using two different sources of data to inform the floral resource component of the model. First, the model was run driven by proxies and approximate values gathered from the literature. The second iteration of the model utilized field-based data to generate floral resource abundance and distribution values. Both models utilized honey bee-specific species preference data drawn from field observations and expert opinion in the literature. Results indicated an 8.1% increase in the amount of land designated as high quality when the model was informed by field-based data. Such discrepancies are important when considering the potential implications of ecosystem services mapping studies on policy. As a tool, ecosystem services mapping provides the opportunity to spatially evaluate the impact that different land-use planning regimes could have on the supply and provision of various ecosystem services. However, as its popularity rises, it is important to keep in mind the accuracy and resolution of the data used to inform the modelling process.


Technological advances are enabling increasingly premature infants to survive and it is this particularly vulnerable population that are exposed, often for prolonged periods of time, to the hazards of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit environment which can have adverse developmental consequences.
Premature infants have been shown to have difficulties with cognitive/developmental outcomes, social interaction, security of attachment and are frequently perceived as having a more difficult temperament than their term counterparts.
The aim of this study was to address these issues by comparing a group of premature infants (gestational age between 28-33 weeks) of low risk status with a matched group of term infants at 6 and 12 months of age (corrected age for the preterm group) to confirm if there were differences.
Cognitive/developmental outcomes were assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID, II) using the mental developmental index. Nursing Child Assessment Teaching Scale (NCATS, Barnard, 1978), was used for measures of social interaction. The Attachment Behaviour Q-sort (Version 3.0; Waters and Deane, 1985) was used to assess security of attachment and the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ, Bates, Freeland & Lounsbury, 1979) was used to measure perceived difficult temperament.
The results indicated that Bayley MDI scores of the preterm group were significantly lower than those of the term group at both 6 and 12 months, however, both groups fell within the accepted norms.
There was no significant difference in security of attachment, nor on any of the maternal social interaction measures, nor on perceived difficult temperament between the groups. However, preterm infants obtained lower mean scores on infant social interaction measures.
Bayley scores were positively associated with cognitive growth fostering for both groups. There was a marginal relationship, for the preterm group, between scores on the MI)I and attachment security, but there was no association between attachment security and measures of social interaction for the preterm group and attachment security was negatively associated with maternal sensitivity for terms.
There was an association, for the term infants only, between difficult temperament ratings and Bayley scores and between temperament and attachment for the preterm infants which appeared to reflect differences in maternal caregiving.
These finding should be interpreted with the caveat that because of the large number of correlational analyses, there may be a significant element of false positive observations within the results. The few differences found between pre-term and term infants, however, may be partially due to the fact that the cohort of preterm infants were of low risk status and sample sizes were small but it may also be an indication of recent improvements in the NICU environment.


As trade and production have increasingly crossed international boundaries, private bodies and governments alike have sought new ways to regulate labour standards and advance goals of fairness and social justice. Governments are harnessing social and market forces to advance corporate accountability, while private bodies are employing techniques drawn from command and control regulation to shape the behaviour of business. This collection brings together the research and reflections of a diverse international mix of academics, activists and practitioners in the fields of fair trade and corporate accountability, representing perspectives from both the industrialized and developing worlds. Contributors provide detailed case studies of a range of social justice governance initiatives, documenting the evolution of established strategies of advocacy and social mobilization, and evaluating the strengths and limitations of voluntary initiatives compared with legally enforceable instruments.This Chapter introduces the book, setting up the theoretical and policy debates addressed. This draft of Chapter 1 includes materials that were cut for print.


We apply a recently proposed Bayesian model selection technique, known as stochastic model specification search, for characterising the nature of the trend in macroeconomic time series. We illustrate that the methodology can be quite successfully applied to discriminate between stochastic and deterministic trends. In particular, we formulate autoregressive models with stochastic trends components and decide on whether a specific feature of the series, i.e. the underlying level and/or the rate of drift, are fixed or evolutive.


The mathematical model METQ98 for runoff simulation is described. The METQ98 is developed from the model METUL (Krams and Ziverts 1993). Input data for the model are daily mean values of air temperature, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit. The spatial variability of surface processes is represented by dividing the river basin into hydrological response units (HRUs) depending on the land cover. The analysis of the model parameters is based on hydrological and meteorological data of the Vienziemite Brook basin. Also the influence of drainage on the model parameters is analysed. The results of application of the model to the Daugava River basin are presented.


Exposure to elevated levels of air pollution can lead to cardiorespiratory disease, birth defects, and cancer. However, observational air quality data are spatially and temporally sparse due to high cost of monitors, limiting the scope of epidemiologic analyses and introducing error in exposure assessments. This dissertation presents the development, evaluation, and applications of multiple mathematical and computational modeling approaches for estimating spatiotemporal trends in air pollutant concentrations where and when data is not available for use in health studies. Specifically, source apportionment techniques with multivariate regression analyses are used to estimate long-term (years 1998—2010) and large-scale (eastern US) spatiotemporal trends in a novel pollutant metric, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) oxidative potential measured with a dithiothreitol assay (OP_DTT). OP_DTT measures a particle's ability to catalytically generate reactive oxygen species while simultaneously depleting a body's antioxidant defenses, leading to oxidative stress and, in turn, inflammation in the respiratory tract and cardiovascular system. Results show that biomass burning and vehicle sources are significant contributors to OP_DTT and that OP_DTT exposure presents higher risk ratios for asthma/wheezing and congestive heart failure emergency department visits than PM2.5 mass. Additionally, statistical downscaling techniques and model fusion approaches are developed to simulate fine-scale spatiotemporal trends (250m resolution) in air pollutant concentrations (OP_DTT, PM2.5, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides) in Atlanta, GA. These methods estimate steep spatial gradients in pollutant concentrations near roadways that monitors and regional air quality models with coarse grid resolutions do not capture. The models developed in this dissertation can estimate concentration fields of air pollutants, including the novel pollutant metric OP_DTT, at regional and local scales, making them valuable tools for current and future epidemiologic and environmental justice research.


In 2001 the European Commission proposed the introduction of a European system of trading in greenhouse gases. This proposal is currently subject to fierce debates. Opponents to the proposal of the Commission do not question the efficiency effects of emissions trading in general. The economic benefits of trading in emission permits compared to other instruments for climate policy are broadly recognized. Likely distributional effects of emissions trading, however, are the origin of fierce controversies. The European Commission has proposed a method of direct allocation while others, like representatives of large industries, plead for an indirect method. In the former approach, permits are distributed directly to the group of firms that emit the gases. End-users of energy receive their permits in the latter method. Emitters and end-users of energy are the same group of firms only when use of energy coincides directly with emissions. This is valid for the burning of natural gas for instance, but not for the generation and consumption of electricity. Emissions of carbon dioxide result from electricity production when power is generated by means of coal, oil, or gas fired plants. Consumption of electricity does not generate any emissions. Consequently, the direct allocation of permits implies that power plants receive the permits while electricity users obtain them when the indirect approach is followed. The debate on the method of allocation concerns its effects on the price of electricity and the competitiveness of large users of electricity. Questions that have to be answered are: 'will power producers raise their prices if they obtain their permits free of charge?', and 'to which extent does a rise in electricity price affect industries such as Steel, and Aluminium?'. The Netherlands' Committee 'Allocating emission permits" has asked the CPB to answer these questions.


Grinnell and Sperry Glaciers, in Glacier National Park, Mont., have both shrunk considerably since their discovery in 1887 and 1895, respectively. This shrinkage, a reflection of climatic conditions, is evident when photographs taken at the time of discovery are compared with later photographs. Annual precipitation and terminus-recession measurements, together with detailed systematic topographic mapping since 1900, clearly record the changes in the character and size of these glaciers. Grinnell Glacier decreased in area from 530 acres in 1900 to 315 acres in 1960 and to 298 acres in 1966. Between 1937 and 1969 the terminus receded nearly 1,200 feet. Periodic profile measurements indicate that in 1969 the surface over the main part of the glacier was 25-30 feet lower than in 1950. Observations from 1947 to 1969 indicate annual northeastward movement ranging from 32 to 52 feet and generally averaging 35-45 feet. The annual runoff at the glacier is estimated to be 150 inches, of which approximately 6 inches represents reduction in glacier volume. The average annual runoff at a gaging station on Grinnell Creek 1.5 miles downvalley from the glacier for the 20-year period, 1949-69, was 100 inches. The average annual precipitation over the glacier was probably 120-150 inches. Sperry Glacier occupied 800 acres in 1901; by 1960 it covered only 287 acres, much of its upper part having disappeared from the enclosing cirque. From 1938 to 1969 certain segments of the terminus receded more than 1,000 feet. Profile measurements dating from 1949 indicate a lowering of the glacier surface below an altitude of 7,500 feet, but a fairly constant or slightly increased elevation of the surface above an altitude of 7,500 feet. Along one segment of the 1969 terminus the ice had been more than 100 feet thick in 1950. According to observations during 1949-69, average annual downslope movement was less than 15 feet per year in the central part of the glacier and slightly more rapid toward the edges and at higher parts on the glacier.


Along with the process of economic development and the deep innovation of economic mechanism, the accounting system in Vietnam in general and the accounting regime for fixed assets especially intangible fixed assets have been continually improved and in accordance with International Accounting Standards in the international integration trend. These have contributed to strengthen and improve the quality for national financial management and enterprise management. However, there still exist some problems that are the subject of this paper aimed at evaluating the limitations of accounting regulations for intangible fixed assets of enterprises in Vietnam and giving some possible solutions.


Low Frequency Oscillations (LFOs) are brief periods of oscillatory activity in delta and lower theta band localized over the cortical motor areas. Recent animal and human researches have evidenced the LFO power increase, only through the analysis of cortical activity yet, in the preparatory phase of movement. In post-stroke subjects, a decrease in LFOs activity has been observed in the acute phase of the disease with a subsequent re-emergence related to functional recovery. With the ultimate aim to develop a Brain-Computer Interface for post-stroke motor rehabilitation based on LFO, in this study we analyzed LFOs activity on electroencephalographic data (EEG) recorded in a sample of 9 healthy participants during the Motor Execution (ME) and the Motor Imagery (MI) of the finger extension task. We extracted the LFOs activity both in the source and in the scalp domains with the aim of evaluate the reproducibility of the results between domains and analyze the LFO power on the scalp in the MI finger extension task. The results suggest that (i) the LFOs can be observed during the ME of the proposed experimental task in the cortex domain, (ii) the sources' LFOs activity is reproduced on the scalp level and (iii) the LFOs may be detected also on the scalp during the MI task. In conclusion, in this preliminary study, we verified that LFOs can also be detected directly on the scalp both in the ME and the MI of the finger extension task.


This primer focuses on the operations and functions of markets for resource and forest products. Markets are fundamental in aiding the exchange of goods and services between people within an economy and in the distribution of goods among people and regions. If the way in which markets work is understood, it should be possible to assess particular markets to judge how well these operate and whether their functions may be improved. In contrast to the markets for processed or consumer products in large urban centres, relatively little is known about the decentralized markets for resource products that include fruit, small wildlife, and forest and other resource products, in local or rural areas. Markets for such items as gathered foods, craft products, firewood and charcoal are often informal in nature and there are few records and little information about most informal markets.


Phytoestrogen has previously been proposed as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy. Hispolon has been found to have phytoestrogenic properties. However, the possible effects of hispolon on estrogen receptors and other related molecules remain to be determined. This study was performed mainly to confirm the estrogenic function of hispolon as it relates to estrogen receptors, aromatase, and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). Hispolon was shown to increase the serum 17β-estradiol in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining methods showed that hispolon exhibited a biphasic effect on ERα/β and aromatase expression in MCF-7 cells. Hispolon could also significantly inhibit aromatase activity, assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting showed that COX-2 and aromatase could be inhibited by hispolon. These results further prove the phytoestrogenic features of hispolon and explore some pharmacological mechanisms that suggest that hispolon could be useful in the treatment of breast cancers or other gynecologic diseases.


Learning accurate models of agent behaviours is crucial for the purpose of controlling systems where the agents' and environment's dynamics are unknown. This is a challenging problem, but structural assumptions can be leveraged to tackle it effectively. In particular, many systems exhibit mixed observability, when observations of some system components are essentially perfect and noiseless, while observations of other components are imperfect, aliased or noisy. In this paper we present a new model learning framework, the mixed observability predictive state representation (MO-PSR), which extends the previously known predictive state representations to the case of mixed observability systems. We present a learning algorithm that is scalable to large amounts of data and to large mixed observability domains, and show theoretical analysis of the learning consistency and computational complexity. Empirical results demonstrate that our algorithm is capable of learning accurate models, at a larger scale than with the generic predictive state representation, by leveraging the mixed observability properties.


This chapter explores the semantics and pragmatics of the Russian temporal syntactic phraseme 'X to X', which expresses either the speaker's surprise at the fact that events go as planned (surprising punctuality interpretation) or the speaker's surprise at the fact that unplanned events go as if they had been pre-planned (surprising fateful coincidence interpretation). While the construction is not unique, and occurs in other languages, its preferred interpretations are language-specific. The chapter demonstrates differences between Russian and English outlooks on time, based on their fundamental differences in linguistic worldviews. While in Russian surprising punctuality interpretation prevails, English favours the surprising fateful coincidence interpretation of this phraseme (see also Charlier, this volume on Mongolian temporality).


The effectiveness of the fiber in whole cottonseed (WCS), wheat midds (WM), and rice bran was evaluated in Holstein cows in early lactation (30 to 50 days) fed mixed rations, low in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. Treatments evaluated were: (T1) control, a diet formulated to 25% NDF with 19% NDF from chopped hay (NDFH); (T2) a diet formulated to 35% NDF containing 19% NDFH with the additional 10% NDF provided by a mixture of the three by-product feeds in the concentrate; and (T3) a diet formulated to 25% NDF with 10% NDFH and the remainder provided in the concentrate from by-product feeds. All cows were fed 6% of the total DM as alfalfa hay and pangola grass hay to meet NDFH targets. Treatment differences in DM intake (18.3 kg/d), DM intake as a percentage of body weight (3.22%), milk production (32.7 kg/d), and milk protein concentration (2.65%) were not significant (P > 0.05). Reducing the NDFH to 10% resulted in a 15% (P < 0.01) relative reduction in milk fat concentration that was not prevented by restoring the NDF level with the mixture of WCS, WM, and rice bran. Despite the fact that cows consumed more energy for milk production (NEL) from T3, the energetic efficiency of milk production (Mcal-milk/Mcal-feed) was about 15% higher (P < 0.01) when the cows consumed 19% NDFH (T1 and T2). Fiber from by-product feeds was ineffective in maintaining milk fat concentration above 3.0% and did not result in improvement in milk production or efficiency of milk production. Thus, the NDF in the mixture of by-product feeds had no ruminally effective fiber value under the conditions of this experiment.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) of the obstructive type causes hemodynamic consequences, leading to an increased cerebrovascular risk. The severity of SDB at which detrimental circulatory consequences appear is matter of controversy. Aim of the present study is the investigation of cerebral hemodynamics in patients with SDB of variable severity using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).

DESIGN
N/A.

SETTING
Sleep laboratory.

PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS
Nineteen patients with SDB.

INTERVENTIONS
N/A.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Patients underwent nocturnal videopolysomnography (VPSG) coupled with cerebral NIRS. NIRS data were averaged for each patient, and a new method (integral) was applied to quantify cerebral hemodynamic alterations. Nocturnal VPSG disclosed various severities of SDB: snoring (7 patients, apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] = 2 +/- 2/h, range: 0.5-4.5); mild SDB (7 patients, AHI = 14 +/- 8/h, range: 6.3-28.6); and severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (5 patients, AHI = 79 +/- 20/h, range: 39.6-92.9). Relative changes of NIRS parameters were significantly larger during obstructive apneas (compared with hypopneas; mean deoxygenated hemoglobin [HHb] change of 0.72 +/- 0.23 and 0.13 +/- 0.08 micromol/L per sec, p value = 0.048) and in patients with severe SDB (as compared with patients with mild SDB and simple snorers; mean HHb change of 0.84 +/- 0.24, 0.02 +/- 0.09, and 0.2 +/- 0.08 micromol/L per sec, respectively, p value = 0.020). In this group, NIRS and concomitant changes in peripheral oxygen saturation correlated.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study suggest that acute cerebral hemodynamic consequences of SDB lead to a failure of autoregulatory mechanisms with brain hypoxia only in the presence of frequent apneas (AHI > 30) and obstructive events.


Christian missionaries established the first mission work among the Pokot people of West Pokot County in 1931 when the Anglican Bible Churchman's Missionary Society (BCMS) set up a mission centre at Kacheliba. They, however, encountered a lot of resistance and nonresponse from the Pokot people. To date, the bulk of the Pokot people are still conservative to their traditional lifestyle and reluctant to open up to change and new ideas. This paper examines the Pokot worldview as a challenge to the spread of Christianity among the Pokot people. In so doing, the author seeks to establish ways through which evangelization could be done to make the Pokot people embrace change in order to utilize development opportunities that come with it. A descriptive design was employed for the study. Purposive, snowball and random sampling methods were used to select the respondents. The study was guided by the structural functionalism theory by David Merton of 1910. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the collected data which was obtained through questionnaires and oral interviews. The study established that the Pokot community is much acculturated and the people are strongly bound together by their tribal customs; majority of whom prefer their traditional lifestyle to modernity.


Purpose: To assess the potency and sterility of ophthalmic antibiotic drops commonly used in the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Methods: This was a basic investigation. Three drugs were tested: fortified vancomycin 25 mg/mL, fortified tobramycin 14 mg/mL, and moxifloxacin 5 mg/mL. A bottle of each was stored separately at 4, 24, and 35°C, with the potency determined by microbiological assay at 0, 7, and 14 days. Differences in potency were assessed by 2-way analysis of variance followed by a 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc testing as warranted. Sterility of drugs when handled by patients for varying periods was confirmed by culturing samples on MacConkey and sheep blood agars. Results: The concentration of fortified tobramycin and moxifloxacin remained constant over 14 days at the 3 tested temperatures. The concentration of fortified vancomycin remained constant at 4°C, but it declined by 38% ± 1% (P = 0.001) at 24°C on day 14 and by 48% ± 1% (P = 0.001) and 78% ± 3% (P = 0.0009) at 35°C on days 7 and 14, respectively. A total of 49 drops (mean, 7.3 days; range, 1–18 days) were tested for sterility, and all were negative for microbial contamination. Conclusions: All 3 drugs remained potent at 4°C for up to 14 days. Fortified tobramycin and moxifloxacin also maintained potency for 14 days at 24 and 35°C. In contrast, fortified vancomycin lost its potency by day 14 at 24°C and by day 7 at 35°C. All in-use antibiotic drops tested were sterile. The results indicate that patients should be cautioned to store vancomycin under refrigerator or at least under cool conditions.


Estimating the financial value of pain informs issues as diverse as the market price of analgesics, the cost-effectiveness of clinical treatments, compensation for injury, and the response to public hazards. Such valuations are assumed to reflect a stable trade-off between relief of discomfort and money. Here, using an auction-based health-market experiment, we show that the price people pay for relief of pain is strongly determined by the local context of the market, that is, by recent intensities of pain or immediately disposable income (but not overall wealth). The absence of a stable valuation metric suggests that the dynamic behavior of health markets is not predictable from the static behavior of individuals. We conclude that the results follow the dynamics of habit-formation models of economic theory, and thus, this study provides the first scientific basis for this type of preference modeling.


Wassily Leontief (1905–1999) was the founding father of input-output economics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1973. This book offers a collection of papers in memory of Leontief by his students and close colleagues. The first part, 'Reflections on Input-Output Economics', focuses upon Leontief as a person and scholar as well as his personal contributions to economics. It includes contributions by Nobel Laureate Paul A. Samuelson who shares his memories of a young Professor Leontief at Harvard and ends with the last joint interview with Wassily and his wife, to date previously unpublished. The second part, 'Perspectives of Input-Output Economics', includes theoretical and empirical research inspired by Leontief's work and offers a wide-ranging sample of the state of interindustry economics, a field Leontief founded. This is a strong collection likely to appeal to a wide range of professionals in universities, government, industry and international organizations.


This paper analyzes evolution and efficiency of water governance in Bulgarian agriculture during post-communist transition and EU integration. First, it defines the water governance and the scope of analysis. Next, it presents the process of transformation of agricultural water governance embracing all mechanisms and modes – institutional environment, market, private, public, and hybrid. Third, it assesses impacts of newly evolved system of governance on efficiency and sustainability. Finally, it suggests recommendations for improvement of public policies.


In a recent paper, we proposed that a contributing factor in autism is a deficiency in cholesterol sulfate supply. In this paper, we investigate a link between preeclampsia and subsequent autism in the child, and we hypothesize that both conditions can be attributed to a severe depletion of cholesterol sulfate. Through studies on the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database, we demonstrate a strong statistical relationship among the signs and symptoms associated with autism and those associated with preeclampsia, pernicious anemia, and serious adverse reactions to vaccines. We show that VAERS reports associated with symptoms typical of pernicious anemia produce both a set of symptoms that are highly correlated with preeclampsia and another set highly correlated with autism. We explain this observation via an argument that, in a severe reaction, the cascade of events subsequent to vaccination reflects a profuse production of nitric oxide (NO) and consequential destruction of both red blood cells (RBCs) and cobalamin. This may explain the diverse signs and symptoms associated with both preeclampsia and severe vaccine adverse reactions. We argue that excess NO synthesis, induced by the aluminum and antigen in vaccines, results in hemolysis of RBCs, which allows hemoglobin to scavenge the excess NO, converting it to nitrate. The NO is also scavenged by cobalamin, leading to its inactivation and contributing to subsequent pernicious anemia. Finally, we demonstrate that severe adverse reactions to vaccines can be associated with life-threatening conditions related to the heart and brain, as well as


Alcohol is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in our society and is implicated in multiple health conditions, including hepatic failure, neurological damage, hematological disorders, and nutritional deficiencies, to name a few. Although alcohol induced cutaneous abnormalities can also cause significant morbidity, they tend to be overshadowed by the other disease states associated with alcohol use. In addition to the cutaneous stigmata linked to chronic alcoholic liver disease, alcohol can directly cause or exacerbate several skin conditions. In particular, alcohol misuse is implicated in the development of psoriasis and discoid eczema, as well as confers increased susceptibility to skin and systemic infections. Alcohol misuse might also exacerbate rosacea, porphyria cutanea tarda, and post adolescent acne. Herein, we review the evidence concerning the influences of alcohol in skin conditions with a focus on psoriasis.


1. Diphenylhexatriene was used as a fluorescence probe to detect structural differences between membranes from genetically hypertensive rats and those from their normotensive controls. Both isolated membranes (erythrocyte ghosts) and whole cells (platelets) were studied. 2. In the Okamoto-Aoki strain, the fluorescence polarization of diphenylhexatriene and consequently the 'equivalent microviscosities9 were altered in all membranes, even in those of young normotensive SHR. These abnormalities varied with age (in whole cells) and were not detected in females. 3. These alterations were not restricted to the SHR strain and were also observed in the Sabra hypertensive strain (SBH). The 'equivalent microviscosity' of hypertensive Sabra erythrocyte ghosts was higher than that of the original Sabra rats. Salt loading of the Sabra rats promoted an increase in the 'equivalent microviscosity' of their erythrocyte membranes, which nearly reached the Sabra hypertensive level. 4. These results support the hypothesis of a genetic change in hypertensive rats leading, directly or indirectly, to diffuse alterations of cell membrane structure, which seem to be similar to those caused by high salt intake.


A study is made of the slips which occur in PTFE (or teflon) bearings on long bridges with slender piers as a result of temperature change, creep and shrinkage. The static and dynamic coefficients of friction on ptfe bearings differ by up to a factor of two and this leads to "stick-slip" behaviour. A mathematical model of the behaviour of the bearing is proposed and a numerical scheme for carrying out the calculation is presented. Results which are in broad agreement with observations are obtained. (Author/TRRL)


The use of photorefractive materials such as Bi12SiO20 as dynamic holographic media is becoming an interesting alternative to that of the current liquid-crystal-based modulators in real-time optical image processing. We present an experimental realization of optical correlation for pattern recognition by means of a photorefractive joint transform correlator. The correlator operates with a liquid-crystal television as the input and a photorefractive crystal at the recording plane. We consider two possible ways of registering the Fourier plane information: conventional detection of the joint power spectrum, and utilization of only phase information at the Fourier plane by suitable preprocessing of the scene and the reference at the object plane. We compare the latter case with the performance of a binary joint transform correlator. Analysis, simulations, and experimental results are presented.


Atmospheric ammonia is a common problem in poultry industry. High concentrations of aerial ammonia cause great harm to broilers' health and production. For the consideration of human health, the limit exposure concentration of ammonia in houses is set at 25 ppm. Previous reports have shown that 25 ppm is still detrimental to livestock, especially the gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract, but the negative relationship between ammonia exposure and the tissue of breast muscle of broilers is still unknown. In the present study, 25 ppm ammonia in poultry houses was found to lower slaughter performance and breast yield. Then, high-throughput RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes in breast muscle of broiler chickens exposed to high (25 ppm) or low (3 ppm) levels of atmospheric ammonia. The transcriptome analysis showed that 163 genes (fold change ≥ 2 or ≤ 0.5; P-value < 0.05) were differentially expressed between Ammonia25 (treatment group) and Ammonia3 (control group), including 96 down-regulated and 67 up-regulated genes. qRT-PCR analysis validated the transcriptomic results of RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation analysis revealed potential genes, processes and pathways with putative involvement in growth and development inhibition of breast muscle in broilers caused by aerial ammonia exposure. This study facilitates understanding of the genetic architecture of the chicken breast muscle transcriptome, and has identified candidate genes for breast muscle response to atmospheric ammonia exposure.


This Report presents the findings from two surveys conducted by the Queensland Domestic Violence Services Networkover a ten-day period in April (15 April to 24 April) and a two-week period in May 2020 (8 May to 22 May). The surveys sought to capture the professional views and experiences of practitioners responding to women experiencing violence during the period of COVID-19 restrictions in Queensland, Australia. Data collection for the Second Survey occurred during the Stage 1 easing of restrictions which began on 15 May, 2020. The findings mirror and lend further support to Victorian research published in early June (Pfitzner, Fitz-Gibbon and True, 2020), and contribute to a growing evidence base in Australia and elsewhere which documents the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and children's safety, freedom from violence and help-seeking capabilities (see also Piquero et al., 2020; True, Davies and Stone, 2020). The Report also draws further attention to the innovations that have been required of practitioners responding to women experiencing violence during this period and the need to ensure that additional resources are devoted to supporting this work during the easing of restrictions and Australia's recovery from the pandemic. In the final section of the Report we discuss the funding and resource implications of these findings.


This volume collects twenty-two major essays by Werner Wolf published between 1992 and 2014, which have contributed to establishing 'intermediality' as an internationally recognized research field, providing a widely accepted typology of the field and opening intermedial perspectives on areas as varied as narratology, metareferentiality and iconicity.


Drawing on a qualitative analysis of 7,506 tweets by state-sponsored accounts from Russia's GRU and the Internet Research Agency (IRA), Iran, and Venezuela, this article examines the gender dimensions of foreign influence operations. By examining the political communication of feminism and women's rights, we find, first, that foreign state actors co-opted intersectional critiques and countermovement narratives about feminism and female empowerment to demobilize civil society activists, spread progovernment propaganda, and generate virality around divisive political topics. Second, 10 amplifier accounts—particularly from the Russian IRA and GRU—drove more than one-third of the Twitter conversations about feminism and women's rights. Third, high-profile feminist politicians, activists, celebrities, and journalists were targeted with character attacks by the Russian GRU. These attacks happened indirectly, reinforcing a culture of hate rather than attempting to stifle or suppress the expression of rights through threats or harassment. This comparative look at the online political communication of women's rights by foreign state actors highlights distinct blueprints for foreign influence operations while enriching the literature about the unique challenges women face online.


Partysafe was a community mobilisation project, conducted in the remote Northwest town of Carnarvon in Western Australia over a period of 18 months. The initial goal was to reduce alcohol-related harm associated with drinking in private settings. However, subsequent to the pre-intervention community survey, greater emphasis was placed on influencing males in the age range 25–45 years, because of the high risk drinking behaviour identified in this group. The intervention comprised a number of components, including local media advertising and advocacy; participation in high profile community collaborative campaigns and use of a peer character cartoon strip to highlight alcohol issues and model behaviour change. Use of local media content was particularly effective in raising community awareness as to the project's message and obtaining support for its aims. On completion of the intervention phase, process and impact data were gathered from a number of community sources. The major impact of the Partysafe project in its own right was heightened awareness of alcohol issues in the community. However, the project also contributed in a major way to institutionalising a collaborative Christmas alcohol harm prevention campaign.


This paper presents a meta-analysis-based technique to estimate the effect of common method variance on the validity of individual theories. The technique explains between-study variance in observed correlations as a function of the susceptibility to common method variance of the methods employed in individual studies. The technique extends to mono-method studies the concept of method variability underpinning the classic multitrait-multimethod technique. The application of the technique is demonstrated by analyzing the effect of common method variance on the observed correlations between perceived usefulness and usage in the technology acceptance model literature. Implications of the technique and the findings for future research are discussed.


The wine market is very heterogeneous and complex, being the knowledge of the behaviour and attitudes of consumers a key tool to design efficient marketing plans, namely in countries that are traditionally wine producers and consumers, such as Portugal. In this country, Port wine is an economic and cultural icon, but, in the last decade, total sales have been decreasing. Despite this trend the domestic consumption has been gaining relevance and therefore a focus to reverse the negative cycle of total sales. The main goal of this paper is to analyse the profile and behaviour of domestic Port wine consumers, identifying homogeneous market segments. For this purpose, an online survey was applied and random sample of 678 Portuguese Port wine consumers was collected. Using multivariate statistical techniques, three profiles of purchasers/consumers emerged: experienced, less experienced and inexperienced consumers. This segmentation shows that Port wine consumers can be grouped according to their involvement with the product, consumption occasion and price they are willing to pay. In addition to the academic contribution of wine market segmentation, the paper provides useful insights to be used in designing marketing plans, both by institutional stakeholders and wineries.


This study describes the development and validation of a three-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test, the atmosphere-related environmental problems diagnostic test (AREPDiT), to reveal common misconceptions of global warming (GW), greenhouse effect (GE), ozone layer depletion (OLD), and acid rain (AR). The development of a two-tier diagnostic test procedure as described by Treagust constitutes the framework for this study. To differentiate a lack of knowledge from a misconception, a certainty response index is added as a third tier to each item. Based on propositional knowledge statements, related literature, and the identified misconceptions gathered initially from 157 pre-service teachers, the AREPDiT was constructed and administered to 256 pre-service teachers. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the pre-service teachers' scores was estimated to be 0.74. Content and face validations were established by senior experts. A moderate positive correlation between the participants' both-tiers scores and their certainty scores indicated evidence for construct validity. Therefore, the AREPDiT is a reliable and valid instrument not only to identify pre-service teachers' misconceptions about GW, GE, OLD, and AR but also to differentiate these misconceptions from lack of knowledge. The results also reveal that a majority of the respondents demonstrated limited understandings about atmosphere-related environmental problems and held six common misconceptions. Future studies could test the AREPDiT as a tool for assessing the misconceptions held by pre-service teachers from different programs as well as in-service teachers and high school students.


Abstract:This article investigates philanthropic practices among Russia's hyper-rich. It ponders whether and to what extent philanthrocapitalist concepts are compatible with traditional Russian approaches to elite philanthropy, which have been shaped and controlled by the country's domineering state. Some of the multimillionaires and billionaires interviewed for this research have married philanthrocapitalist ideas with beliefs molded by their Soviet past and their self-perception as belonging to the intelligentsia. Such distinct and seemingly morally superior identities, together with active engagement in philanthropy, act as a lever with which to foster trust in the new social hierarchies and legitimize them across generations.


Over the last decade, a new global industry has arisen, made up of private firms that sell military services. These companies, known as "privatized military firms" ("PMFs"), sell everything from small teams of commandos to massive military supply operations. PMFs have operated in places as diverse as Sierra Leone and Iraq, and on behalf of many states, including the United States. The rise of PMFs signals an important new development in the way that war is now carried out. Unfortunately, the legal side has not yet caught up to these events. This article examines the applicability of present international laws and definitions to PMFs and finds a gap in effectiveness. It next looks at national attempts at legal regulation and the challenges that they face. Finally, it surveys some of the potential solutions that have been offered to this legal quandary, seeking to offer workable proposals for how the PMF industry might be brought under some standard of regulation.


Recent advances in learning from demonstrations (LfD) with deep neural networks have enabled learning complex robot skills that involve high dimensional perception such as raw image inputs. LfD algorithms generally assume learning from single task demonstrations. In practice, however, it is more efficient for a teacher to demonstrate a multitude of tasks without careful task set up, labeling, and engineering. Unfortunately in such cases, traditional imitation learning techniques fail to represent the multi-modal nature of the data, and often result in sub-optimal behavior. In this paper we present an LfD approach for learning multiple modes of behavior from visual data. Our approach is based on a stochastic deep neural network (SNN), which represents the underlying intention in the demonstration as a stochastic activation in the network. We present an efficient algorithm for training SNNs, and for learning with vision inputs, we also propose an architecture that associates the intention with a stochastic attention module. Furthermore, we demonstrate our method on real robot visual object reaching tasks, and show that it can reliably learn the multiple behavior modes in the demonstration data. Video results are available at https://vimeo.com/240212286/fd401241b9.


A new approach to speaker change detection is proposed and investigated. The method, which is based on a probabilistic framework, provides an effective means for tackling the problem posed by phonetic variation in high-resolution speaker change detection. Additionally, the approach incorporates the capability for dealing with undesired effects of variations in speech characteristics. Using the experimental investigations conduced with clean and broadcast news audio, it is shown that the proposed method is significantly more effective than the currently popular techniques for speaker change detection. To enhance the computational efficiency of the proposed method, modified implementation algorithms are introduced which are based on the exploitation of the redundant operations and a fast scoring procedure. It is shown that, through the use of the proposed fast algorithm, the computational efficiency of the approach can be increased by over 77% without significant reduction in its accuracy. The paper discusses the principles and characteristics of the proposed speaker change detection method, and provides a detailed description of its efficient implementation. The experiments, investigating the performance of the proposed method and its effectiveness in relation to other approaches, are described and an analysis of the results is presented.


Basing on literature data and unpublished releves from Sicily, a survey of the syntaxa belonging to the class Lygeo-Stipetea Rivas-Martinez 1978 is presented. This perennial vegetation is characterized by the dominance of big caespitose hemicryptophytes, and it is widely distributed in Sicily from the sea level up to 1500 m a.s.l. The class is represented in Sicily by two orders, floristically and ecologically well differentiated: Lygeo-Stipetalia, including the sole alliance Moricandio-Lygeion exclusively of clayey substrates, and Hyparrhenietalia hirtae, including five alliances (Hyparrhenion hirtae, Avenulo cincinnatae-Ampelodesmion mauritanici, Thero-Brachypodion ramosi, Bromo-Oryzopsion miliaceae, and Arundion collinae) occurring on various substrates. Within the class, 50 associations have been recognized. To support the syntaxonomic proposal, a multivariate numerical analysis, considering literature and personal data, has been performed. Nomenclature, floristic settlement, ecology, syndynamism and chorology are examined for each syntaxon.


None of the existing models for the future trade policy relationship between the UK and the EU come with a predetermined foreign and security policy relationship. This article assesses how the future EU-UK foreign and security policy relationship might be organised post-Brexit. It provides evaluation of the current EU-UK interrelationship in the fields of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and assesses the degree to which the UK is presently integrated into EU decision-making and implementation. It highlights that the UK needs to determine the degree to which it wants autonomy or even divergence from existing EU policies. The article concludes by rehearsing the costs and benefits of three possible future relationships between the UK and EU foreign, security and defence policy: integrated, associated or detached.


Abstract. MetSim is a freely available, open source Python based model for simulation and disaggregation of meteorological variables with applications in the environmental and Earth sciences. MetSim can be used to generate spatially distributed sub-daily timeseries of incoming shortwave radiation, outgoing longwave radiation, air pressure, specific humidity, relative humidity, vapor pressure, precipitation, and air temperature given daily timeseries of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and precipitation. Based on previously developed algorithms, we demonstrate that MetSim is able to closely reproduce their results while providing a number of advantages and improvements. We implemented automated testing to decrease errors during development and to improve reproducibility, modularized the algorithms to allow for extensions and modifications, and implemented robust single and multi-node parallelism. We describe the overall architecture, algorithms, and capabilities of MetSim by describing its four major modules. These are split into a model driver, solar geometry module, meteorological simulation module, and temporal disaggregation module. We also describe the available options and parameters that MetSim exposes to its users and analyze MetSim's scalability for large datasets.


Background Tardive dyskinesia is important in the side-effect profile of antipsychotic medication. Aims The development of tardive dyskinesia was evaluated in patients treated with double-blind, randomly assigned olanzapine or haloperidol for up to 2.6 years. Methods Tardive dyskinesia was assessed by the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) and Research Diagnostic Criteria for Tardive Dyskinesia (RD-TD); it was defined as meeting RD-TD criteria at two consecutive assessments. The risk of tardive dyskinesia, the relative risk, incidence rate, and incidence rate ratio were estimated. Results The relative risk of tardive dyskinesia for the overall follow-up period for haloperidol (n=522) v. olanzapine (n=1192) was 2.66 (95% CI=1.50–4.70). Based on data following the initial six weeks of observation (during which patients underwent medication change and AIMS assessments as frequently as every three days), the one-year risk was 0.52% with olanzapine (n=513) and 7.45% with haloperidol (n=114). The relative risk throughout this follow-up period was 11.37 (95% Cl=2.21–58.60). Conclusion Our results indicated a significantly lower risk of tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine than with haloperidol.


Abstract Lakadongia indica n. gen., n. sp. erected by Matsumaru and Jauhri (2003) is a junior synonym of Setia tibetica Ferràndez-Cañadell 2002. The genus Lakadongia is based on ambiguous characters and misinterpretation of oblique sections, and it is considered invalid. The postulated evolutionary relationship of these Paleocene orbitoidiform foraminifera with those of Cretaceous age is not justified by structural similarities and inconsistent with the stratigraphical record.


GDP per inhabitant is the most commonly used indicator for making international comparisons between standards of living. Yet it ignores the non-monetary components which may differ widely from one country to another. Here, on the contrary, we start from the premise that there is no exclusive preference for monetary income but that choices are made between the different components of the standard of living which can then be expressed in terms of "equivalent income". Corrections are made to the GDP per head of 24 OECD countries to obtain a standard of living indicator that includes several aspects of individual and social well-being (leisure, health, inequalities, sustainability etc.). In the classification by country, Japan and France, in particular, move up places whereas the United States moves down.


This research sets out to examine the sales management practices of the Irish ethical pharmaceutical managers. In addition, the author aims to establish both a literature and a documentation of the role of the dual-mandated sales and marketing manager, as this position had not previously been documented in the academic literature.

This sector was chosen for research because of the great importance it places on personal selling in the bringing of its products to the marketplace. In addition, these are the only grouping of Irish sales managers who have come together and formed a professional sales manager association, namely the Pharmaceutical Managers Association.

The author earned out a census of the Insh pharmaceutical companies, using the mail questionnaire as her primary research instrument With a response rate of seventy-four per cent, extensive data were collected and subsequently analysed by SPSS.

The author's hypothesis was supported in this industry there indeed exists the position of dual-mandated sales and marketing managers whose title is an accurate descriptor of the work they do, and also, by virtue of being dual-mandated, these managers spend proportionately less time on sales management activities than do their single-mandate sales manager colleagues. In addition, the study provides the first comprehensive data on the work o f the Insh ethical pharmaceutical sales managers.

Similar research in other industries would further both the literature and knowledge base regarding the role and practices of this dual-mandated manager, whose presence is likely to become more prevalent in the future.


The Civil War revealed what united as well as what divided Americans in the nineteenth century - not only in its deadly military conflict, but also in the broader battle of ideas, dueling moral systems, and competing national visions that preceded and followed. This cultural civil war was the clash among North, South, and West, as their leaders sought to shape Manifest Destiny and slavery politics. No site embodied this struggle more completely than St. Louis, the largest city along the border of slavery and freedom. In this sweeping history, Adam Arenson reveals a city at the heart of the cultural civil war. St. Louisans heralded a new future, erasing old patterns as the United States stretched across the continent. They tried to reorient the nation's political landscape, with westerners in the vanguard and St. Louis as the cultural, commercial, and national capital. John C. Calhoun, Frederick Douglass, Walt Whitman, and John Brown tracked the progress of the cultural contest by monitoring events in St. Louis, observing how the city's leaders tried yet ultimately failed to control the national destiny. The interplay of local ambitions and national meanings reveals the wider cultural transformation brought about by westward expansion, political strife, and emancipation in the era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. This vibrant and beautifully written story enriches our understanding of America at a crossroads.


Collection for the pet trade has been considered one of the major threats to the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise Testudo graeca, since it modulates the size and structure of the species' populations and, therefore, their demography. Maamora forest is one of the most suitable habitats for this species. The proximity of the forest to Rabat indicated the possibility of these tortoise populations being particularly sensitive to over-collecting. Population demography was studied in four populations, in protected and unprotected areas in Maamora forest. The results showed significant differences as regards population size and structure between protected and unprotected areas. They specifically highlighted: i) higher density (23-17 indiv · ha−1) balanced populations in the protected areas, in which young adults were predominant, ii) a higher body condition in the protected areas, especially the females, and iii) a low density (5.5 ind · ha−1) more unbalance population in the unprotected areas, in which older females and younger males were predominant. In addition, a survey carried out by interviewing local adults () showed that most people owned tortoises (61%, ), mainly juveniles (65%, ). The respondents stated that their tortoises had been captured in the forest (68%, ). Maamora forest is home to one of the highest density populations of Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoises documented to date, and its conservation is essential if this species is to be maintained. Our social survey suggested that one of the challenges is to change the social perception of the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise as a pet and highlight its intrinsic ecological value.


Transparent patch antennas are microstrip patch antennas that have a certain level of optical transparency. Highly transparent patch antennas are potentially suitable for integration with solar panels of small satellites, which are becoming increasingly important in space exploration. Traditional patch antennas employed on small satellites compete with solar cells for surface area. However, a transparent patch antenna can be placed directly on top of solar cells and resolve the issue of competing for limited surface real estate. For such an integration, a high optical transparency of the patch antenna is required from the solar cells' point of view. On the other hand, the antenna should possess at least acceptable radiation properties at the same time. This dissertation focuses on some of the most important concerns from the perspective of small satellite applications. For example, an optimization method to simultaneously improve both optical transparency and radiation efficiency of the antenna is studied. Active integrated antenna design method is extended to meshed patch applications in an attempt to improve the overall power efficiency of the front end communication subsystem. As is well known, circular polarization is immune from Faraday rotation effect in the ionosphere and thus can avoid a 3-dB loss in geo-satellite communication. Therefore, this research also aims to present design methods for circularly polarized meshed patch antennas. Moreover, a meshed patch antenna capable of supporting a high communication data rate is investigated. Lastly, other types of transparent patch antennas are also analyzed and compared to meshed patches. In summary, many properties of transparent patch antennas are examined in order to meet different design requirements.


The breeder genetic algorithm (BGA) models artificial selection as performed by human breeders. The science of breeding is based on advanced statistical methods. In this paper a connection between genetic algorithm theory and the science of breeding is made. We show how the response to selection equation and the concept of heritability can be applied to predict the behavior of the BGA. Selection, recombination, and mutation are analyzed within this framework. It is shown that recombination and mutation are complementary search operators. The theoretical results are obtained under the assumption of additive gene effects. For general fitness landscapes, regression techniques for estimating the heritability are used to analyze and control the BGA. The method of decomposing the genetic variance into an additive and a nonadditive part connects the case of additive fitness functions with the general case.


PURPOSE
Although predicting outcome for men with clinically localized prostate cancer (PC) has improved, the staging system and nomograms used to do this are based on results from the North American health system. To be internationally applicable, these models require testing in cohorts from a variety of different health systems based on the predominant PC case identification methods used.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We studied 732 men with localized PC treated with radical prostatectomy and no preoperative therapy between 1986 and 1999 at one Australian institution to determine the effect of clinicopathologic features on disease-free survival.

RESULTS
Preoperative serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, Gleason score, pathologic stage, and year of surgery were independent predictors of outcome. Although margin status demonstrated only a trend toward significance in multivariate modeling overall, it proved to be independent in subgroups based on later year of surgery (1986 to 1994 v 1995 to 1998), preoperative PSA of less than 10 ng/mL, and Gleason score > or = 7. Adjuvant radiation therapy improved disease-free survival rates in patients with multiple surgical margin involvement.

CONCLUSION
This work confirms the prognostic significance of pathologic stage, Gleason score, and preoperative serum PSA. In the context of a contemporaneous screening effect in Australia, these findings may have implications for methods that predict outcome following surgery as screening becomes more prevalent in a population. The independent prognostic effect of margin status may alter with an increase in the proportion of screening-identified PCs. Staging systems and nomograms that predict outcome following surgery require validation in cohorts with different health practices before being universally applied.


The distinction between complements and adjuncts plays an important role in syntax and semantics. The purpose of this study is to investigate syntactic and semantic differences between the two in English. Previous studies make use of a group of syntactic tests including the do so test and iterability test and adopt a set of semantic criteria to distinguish complements from adjuncts. Most researchers (Dowty 2000, Aarts 2013, among others) assume that dependents of a predicate can be exhaustively divided into complements and adjuncts. Expanding Grimshaw's (1990) idea, DeArmond & Hedberg (1998, 2009), however, argue that some dependents of predicates are neither complements nor adjuncts. They refer to these as 'secondary complements.' DeArmond & Hedberg (1998, 2009) claim that prepositional phrases (PPs) denoting a location are adjuncts, and PPs denoting a goal or source are primary complements. This study, however, argues that some location-denoting PPs are neither pure complements nor pure adjuncts, but a mixed category (adjunct-complements) sharing the properties of both. Moreover, it shows that a set of syntactic tests and semantic criteria indicate that verbs such as live, stand, and reside require location-denoting PPs as adjunct-complements, and verbs such as appear, step, march, and land take goal-denoting or source-denoting PPs as adjunct-complements.