Plastic waste accumulating in the global ocean is an increasingly threatening environmental issue. To date, the floating and thus most visible fraction of ocean plastic pollution has been mapped at global scale. Yet, large knowledge gaps exist in our current understanding of the transport and transformation processes of positively buoyant plastic debris at the sea surface. Observations at sea typically report an apparent scarcity of microplastics (<5 mm) relative to the expected abundance-size distribution based on fragmentation of larger plastic objects. Here, we provide a comprehensive study on the relative abundance of microplastics (>500 µm) and mesoplastics (0.5–5 cm) in the surface waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean using data from 1136 040 plastic fragments collected by 679 neuston trawl deployments between 2015 and 2019. Our results reveal that the apparent microplastic scarcity is not uniformly distributed across the region. Instead, we show that the relative abundance of floating microplastics increases from the outside to the inside of the North Pacific Garbage Patch. We hypothesize that this observation could be explained by (i) a spatially variable microplastic removal due to spatial differences in ocean productivity, (ii) a differential dispersal of micro- vs. mesoplastics with a preferential accumulation of microplastics in the subtropical gyre, and/or (iii) the timescales associated with transport and fragmentation of plastic objects at the ocean surface with older, more degraded, floating plastic accumulation in subtropical gyres. The results presented here highlight that global estimates of the accumulation and removal of positively buoyant microplastics need to consider spatial aspects such as variations in ocean productivity, the dominant physical transport processes in a given area, as well as the time needed for a plastic object to reach the specific offshore location.


Programming may be more difficult than necessary because it requires solutions to be expressed in ways that are not familiar or natural for beginners. To identify what is natural, this article examines the ways that non-programmers express solutions to problems that were chosen to be representative of common programming tasks. The vocabulary and structure in these solutions is compared with the vocabulary and structure in modern programming languages, to identify the features and paradigms that seem to match these natural tendencies as well as those that do not. This information can be used by the designers of future programming languages to guide the selection and generation of language features. This design technique can result in languages that are easier to learn and use, because the languages will better match beginners' existing problem-solving abilities.


We introduce tree-stack LSTM to model state of a transition based parser with recurrent neural networks. Tree-stack LSTM does not use any parse tree based or hand-crafted features, yet performs better than models with these features. We also develop new set of embeddings from raw features to enhance the performance. There are 4 main components of this model: stack's σ-LSTM, buffer's β-LSTM, actions' LSTM and tree-RNN. All LSTMs use continuous dense feature vectors (embeddings) as an input. Tree-RNN updates these embeddings based on transitions. We show that our model improves performance with low resource languages compared with its predecessors. We participate in CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task as the "KParse" team and ranked 16th in LAS, 15th in BLAS and BLEX metrics, of 27 participants parsing 82 test sets from 57 languages.


... la perception de la couleur n'est pas entierement elucidee quand on en a precise les domaines physiques et physiologiques. Il y a une histoire humaine de la perception . [colour perception cannot be fully explained merely by a precise specification of the relevant physical and physiological domains; perception is itself a product of human history.](Ignace Meyerson 1957: 7)The vernacular of the Maltese archipelago displays a twelve-term colour paradigm comprising 〈abjad〉 "white", 〈iswed〉 "black", 〈aħmar〉 "red", 〈aħdar〉 "green", 〈isfar〉 "yellow", 〈ċelesti〉 "sky blue", 〈blu〉 "dark blue", 〈kannella〉 "brown", 〈roza〉 "pink", 〈griz〉 "grey", 〈oranġjo〉 "orange" and 〈vjola〉 "violet". The dual systemic split of the blue category is a striking feature of Maltese, inviting comparison with the situation obtaining in Italian and other Mediterranean languages. The hybrid (basically Arabic/Italian) composition of the Maltese colour system presents the linguistic researcher with an intriguing cultural synthesis reached by an erstwhile medieval vernacular of Arabic spoken by a small island community exposed to complex linguistic and cultural currents endemic in its regional and local history. The case of Maltese – a Europeanized Arabic vernacular – highlights the crucial role of external influences on cognitive processes monitoring the acquisition of colour categories, and evokes the need for a linguistic model incorporating an elaborate cultural dimension restricting universalist claims commonly associated with the Berlin and Kay paradigm.


In recent decades, computational procedures have been continuously advanced and been applied to an increasing extent in engineering and the physical sciences. Mostly, two separate fields have been considered, namely, the analysis of solids and structures and the analysis of fluid flows. These continuous advances in analyses are of much interest to physicists, mathematicians and in particular, engineers. Also, computational fluid and solid mechanics are no longer treated as entirely separate fields of applications, coupled fluid and solid analysis is being pursued. The objective of the book series is to publish monographs, textbooks, and reference books, on any subject of computational fluid dynamics, computational solid and structural mechanics, and computational multiphysics dynamics. The publications are written by and for physicists, mathematicians and engineers and are to emphasize the modeling, analysis and solution of problems in engineering.


[1] Water stress is one of the most important limiting factors controlling terrestrial primary production, and the performance of a primary production model is largely determined by its capacity to capture environmental water stress. The algorithm that generates the global near-real-time MODIS GPP/NPP products (MOD17) uses VPD (vapor pressure deficit) alone to estimate the environmental water stress. This paper compares the water stress calculation in the MOD17 algorithm with results simulated using a process-based biogeochemical model (Biome-BGC) to evaluate the performance of the water stress determined using the MOD17 algorithm. The investigation study areas include China and the conterminous United States because of the availability of daily meteorological observation data. Our study shows that VPD alone can capture interannual variability of the full water stress nearly over all the study areas. In wet regions, where annual precipitation is greater than 400 mm/yr, the VPD-based water stress estimate in MOD17 is adequate to explain the magnitude and variability of water stress determined from atmospheric VPD and soil water in Biome-BGC. In some dry regions, where soil water is severely limiting, MOD17 underestimates water stress, overestimates GPP, and fails to capture the intraannual variability of water stress. The MOD17 algorithm should add soil water stress to its calculations in these dry regions, thereby improving GPP estimates. Interannual variability in water stress is simpler to capture than the seasonality, but it is more difficult to capture this interannual variability in GPP. The MOD17 algorithm captures interannual and intraannual variability of both the Biome-BGC-calculated water stress and GPP better in the conterminous United States than in the strongly monsoon-controlled China.


Visual semantics provide spatial information like size, shape, and position, which are necessary to understand and efficiently use interfaces and documents. Yet little is known about whether blind and low-vision (BLV) technology users want to interact with visual affordances, and, if so, for which task scenarios. In this work, through semi-structured and task-based interviews, we explore preferences, interest levels, and use of visual semantics among BLV technology users across two device platforms (smartphones and laptops), and information seeking and interactions common in apps and web browsing. Findings show that participants could benefit from access to visual semantics for collaboration, navigation, and design. To learn this information, our participants used trial and error, sighted assistance, and features in existing screen reading technology like touch exploration. Finally, we found that missing information and inconsistent screen reader representations of user interfaces hinder learning. We discuss potential applications and future work to equip BLV users with necessary information to engage with visual semantics.


We exploited the solvatochromic spin-state switching in a spin crossover (SCO) compound based on the FeII complex and the simultaneous change of spectroscopic properties for selective multimodal sensing of methanol and ethanol. We demonstrate that sensing capabilities are due to the inclusion of methanol or ethanol molecules into the crystalline structure, which tailors simultaneously the transition temperature, colour, birefringence and vibrational modes. We exploited this capability by integrating a neutral compound, switchable at room temperature, into a micrometric TAG sensitive to the colour and birefringence. The system was characterised by optical microscopy, magnetic susceptibility, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.


This paper addresses the question, what does the spectrum of a typical quasar reveal about the velocity structure within its broad emission line region clouds? Turbulent (i.e., nonthermal) broadening of spectral lines can be due to macroturbulence or microturbulence. Microturbulence affects line formation and the emitted spectrum and may be required to account for the observed smoothness of the line profiles. The velocity field is crucial since it addresses the fundamental nature of the individual clouds and the global structure of the active galactic nuclei (AGNs) environment. For example, stellar winds or magnetically confined blobs might be highly microturbulent, requiring only a few internally broadened clouds to account for the observed smooth line profiles in AGNs. On the other hand, clouds in pressure confinement would have only thermal line widths, requiring many clouds moving in a large-scale velocity field to achieve the same effect. There are almost no previous studies of the effects of microturbulence, even though the observation that AGN lines are very smooth seems to require additional line broadening mechanisms. We present a broad range of photoionization calculations in which the microturbulence is varied between 0 km s-1 (thermal broadening only) and 104 km s-1, an upper limit set by the observed line width. In general, the line spectrum grows stronger relative to the continuum as turbulence increases. This is because lines more easily escape due to diminished line optical depth and permitted lines are selectively strengthened by continuum pumping. Comparisons with observations reveal two cases. The predicted relative intensities of the majority of the strong lines in typical objects do not depend strongly on the microturbulent field. A turbulence of ~103 km s-1 does not violate observations, but is not required either. However, in the sharp-lined quasars, some lines require a turbulence of the same order as the observed line width to reproduce the spectrum.


Environmental context Reactions in natural waters such as lakes and streams are thought to be extremely slow in the absence of sunlight (e.g. at night). We demonstrate that in the presence of iron, hydrogen peroxide and certain bacteria (all of which are common in natural waters), certain reactions may occur surprisingly quickly. These findings will help us predict the fate of many compounds, including pollutants, in natural waters at night. Abstract Dark Fenton chemistry is an important source of hydroxyl radicals (OH•) in natural waters in the absence of sunlight. Hydroxyl radical production by this process is very slow in many bodies of water, owing to slow reduction and low solubility of FeIII at neutral and near-neutral pH. We have investigated the effects of the iron-reducing bacteria Shewanella oneidensis (SO) on OH• production rates from Fenton chemistry at environmentally relevant hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iron concentrations at neutral pH. In the presence of 2.0 × 10–4M H2O2, OH• production rates increased from 1.3 × 10–10 to 2.0 × 10–10Ms–1 in the presence of 7.0 × 106cellsmL–1 SO when iron (at a concentration of 100μM) was in the form of FeII, and from 3.6 × 10–11 to 2.2 × 10–10Ms–1 when iron was in the form of FeIII. This represents rate increases of factors of 1.5 and 6 respectively. We measured OH• production rates at a range of H2O2 concentrations and SO cell densities. Production rates depended linearly on both variables. We also demonstrate that bacteria-assisted Fenton chemistry can result in rapid degradation of aromatic pollutants such as anthracene. Our results suggest that iron-reducing bacteria such as SO may be important contributors to radical formation in dark natural waters.


Abstract This article will address the question of how fiction films are individuated in terms of image quality on the grounds of the recording technology used. As new cost-effective digital recording technologies are introduced to the marketplace, this becomes a salient issue to understand for producers and production teams. In order to define cameras' image quality capacities, three almost identical short fiction film sequences were tested on a young audience in a comparative blind test. Surprisingly, the result unambiguously showed that most viewers preferred the film recorded on an iPhone. Based on Barbara Maria Stafford's theoretical framework on the cognitive work of images and theories that concern ecological moving image theory, the analysis of this article aims to explain the reception study's result by illuminating the sublime and ambiguous figure–ground constellation of the iPhone video and its cognitive ramifications.


This paper presents the experimental evaluation of two packaged prototype single-effect ammonia-water absorption heat pump systems designed to provide 23.45 kW of space heating with a cycle COP of 1.65 at ambient air and hydronic return temperatures of 8.3°C and 37.8°C, respectively. These prototypes were fabricated with materials and methods that would allow for mass production and significantly reduce total system cost when compared to commercially available absorption heat pump systems. Both prototypes were investigated at their design ambient and hydronic return temperatures, and performed within 94% of their target. Their performance was investigated for a range of ambient and hydronic return temperatures to allow for characterization of system performance. The impact of parasitic power on overall system COP and reduction strategies were investigated. The ability to modulate system output was investigated and both units were able to achieve 4:1 modulation. Performance of the single-effect prototypes was compared to that of a commercially available GAX absorption heat pump system and was found to be comparable. Additional testing on one of the prototypes was performed to estimate the Annualized Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) for the climate region IV. An economic payback of 3-5 years compared to a condensing boiler was predicted based on the projected cost and measured performance of the prototypes.


The Lochinver district contains gneisses, pegmatites and dykes generated in five main episodes: (1) pre-2600 m.y, garnet pyroxene granulite facies gneisses with low angle dips, formed in their final state by the Badcallian metamorphism; (2) potash-rich pegmatites of age range 2540 to 2310 m.y.; (3) 2310–2200 m.y. amphibolite facies gneisses occurring in vertical WNW zones, produced by a broadly isochemical metamorphic event; (4) vertical NW-trending dykes emplaced at 2200 m.y. and perhaps down to 1900 m.y. and (5) epidoteamphibolite facies gneisses produced in narrow, discontinuous NW shear zones during the succeeding Laxfordian events. The petrographic and structural features of each sector of the complex are described and new whole rock Rb–Sr ages given for the pegmatite suite, suggesting a maximum age of 2540 m.y. for the suite (plus intrusion of a further suite at 2310 m.y. or recrystallisation of the first suite at 2310 m.y.). Other pegmatite ages confirm the presence of pre-2000 m.y. activity NE of Scourie and at Gruinard. Field and petrographic evidence at Lochinver demonstrates the existence of amphibolite facies metamorphism in post pegmatite pre-dyke times, which produced well-defned rock types and WNW vertical structures, and is defined as the Inverian metamorphic event.


FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is an immunophilin physiologically expressed in lymphocytes. Very recently, aberrant expression of this protein was found in melanoma; FKBP51 expression correlates with melanoma aggressiveness and is maximal in metastatic lesions. FKBP51 promotes NF-κB activation and is involved in the resistance to genotoxic agents, including anthracyclines and ionizing radiation. FKBP51 is a cochaperone with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity that regulates several biological processes through protein-protein interaction. There is increasing evidence that FKBP51 hyperexpression is associated with cancer and this protein has a relevant role in sustaining cell growth, malignancy, and resistance to therapy. There is also evidence that FKBP ligands are potent anticancer agents, in addition to their immunosuppressant activity. In particular, rapamycin and its analogs have shown antitumor activity across a variety of human cancers in clinical trials. Although, classically, rapamycin actions are ascribed to inhibition of mTOR, recent studies indicate FKBP51 is also an important molecular determinant of the drug's anticancer activity. The aim of this article is to review the functions of FKBP51, especially in view of the recent findings that this protein is a potential oncogene when deregulated and a candidate target for signaling therapies against cancer.


The diffusion of evaluation systems based on research excellence has been confronting scholars with the dilemma of how to combine the different activities and roles characterizing the academic profession. Besides research, other types of knowledge transfer and academic citizenship, i.e., the service activities and roles carried out on behalf of the university within and outside organizational boundaries, are in fact cornerstones of universities' functioning that allow for their thriving and need to be valued. This study investigates the complementarity, substitution, and independence effects between the various types of knowledge transfer and academic citizenship in a sample of 752 Italian academics working in business schools. We collected data combining different sources including CVs, publication records, and national datasets. Multivariate path analysis was employed to measure covariances between knowledge transfer and academic citizenship. We contribute to the debate on academic citizenship by showing that public and discipline-based service are complementary to knowledge transfer activities, while institutional service is independent from knowledge transfer. Remarkably, journal papers are research outcomes complementary to most academic activities, and the same holds true for dissemination at workshops and conferences. Running counter dominant rhetoric, this study testifies to the likelihood of faculty being "all-round" professionals. We disclose that activities and roles are influenced by academics' previous pathways and research grants and discuss the need to value academic citizenship in performance measurement systems.


A key challenge in neural architecture search (NAS) is quickly inferring the predictive performance of a broad spectrum of neural networks to discover statistically accurate and computationally efficient ones. We refer to this task as model performance inference (MPI). The current practice for efficient MPI is gradient-based methods that leverage the gradients of a network at initialization to infer its performance. However, existing gradient-based methods rely only on heuristic metrics and lack the necessary theoretical foundations to consolidate their designs. We propose GradSign, an accurate, simple, and flexible metric for model performance inference with theoretical insights. A key idea behind GradSign is a quantity Ψ to analyze the sample-wise optimization landscape of different networks. Theoretically, we show that Ψ is an upper bound for both the training and true population losses of a neural network under reasonable assumptions. However, it is computationally prohibitive to directly calculate Ψ for modern neural networks. To address this challenge, we design GradSign, an accurate and simple approximation of Ψ using the gradients of a network evaluated at a random initialization state. Evaluation on seven NAS benchmarks across three training datasets shows that GradSign generalizes well to real-world neural networks and consistently outperforms state-of-the-art gradient-based methods for MPI evaluated by Spearman's ρ and Kendall's Tau. Additionally, we have integrated GradSign into four existing NAS algorithms and show that the GradSign-assisted NAS algorithms outperform their vanilla counterparts by improving the accuracies of best-discovered networks by up to 0.3%, 1.1%, and 1.0% on three real-world tasks. Code is available at https://github.com/cmu-catalyst/GradSign


Harmonic analysis comes into limelight at this contemporary world as a result of pro- liferation of non-linear loads producing waveform distortions in power systems. It has apparently outshined other important phrases such as power outage, power factor and so on which are known for their devastating impacts. The emergence of distorted waveform has adverse effects which could be slow or rapid damage of key apparatus and equipment, namely power transformers, electric motors and other sensitive computer as well as communication facilities. In fact, it is very easy to assess the menace of power outage or power factor since both the utility and consumers keep watchdog on their bill -ings/operating costs in case of power factor or the economic losses when there is outage. Unfortunately, the detection of harmonics could only be analysed using high-tech power systems harmonic analysers and there is a need to provide stakeholders in the industry compendium of computational tools for fast harmonic analysis. Thus, the harmonic data acquired were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) implemented on MATrix LABoratory (MATLAB 8) software platform to facilitate accurate prediction of harmonic distortions.


Learning control has become an appealing alternative to the derivation of control laws based on classic control theory. However, a major shortcoming of learning control is the lack of performance guarantees which prevents its application in many real-world scenarios. As a step in this direction, we provide a stability analysis tool for controllers acting on dynamics represented by Gaussian processes (GPs). We consider arbitrary Markovian control policies and system dynamics given as (i) the mean of a GP, and (ii) the full GP distribution. For the first case, our tool finds a state space region, where the closed-loop system is provably stable. In the second case, it is well known that infinite horizon stability guarantees cannot exist. Instead, our tool analyzes finite time stability. Empirical evaluations on simulated benchmark problems support our theoretical results.


Many philosophers hold that whether an act is overall morally obligatory is an 'objective' matter, many that it is a 'subjective' matter, and some that it is both. The idea that it is or can be both may seem to promise a helpful answer to the question 'What ought I to do when I do not know what I ought to do?' In this article, three broad views are distinguished regarding what it is that obligation essentially concerns: the maximization of actual value, the maximization of expected value, and the perceived maximization of actual value. The first and third views are rejected; the second view is then refined and defended. The unfortunate upshot is that there may be no very helpful answer to the question just mentioned. As to the question posed in the title of the article, the answer unsurprisingly depends on what 'objective' and 'subjective' are taken to mean.


Episodically throughout the 20th century, practical and scientific inquiries into speech perception by touch have been undertaken. While some extraordinary examples of communication by the natural (uninstrumented) method of Tadoma have suggested that touch has great potential for speech perception, artificial vibrotactile devices have produced relatively modest results. Why at this time, in the light of success (at times verging on spectacular) of auditory implants for people with profound hearing losses, should additional resources be invested in development and testing or sensory aids for speech perception via touch? In answer to this question, this presentation will summarize research on speech perception involving touch, outline important practical and clinical justifications for continued interest, and discuss some theoretical issues in speech perception to which studies involving touch can contribute. [Work supported by NIH DC00695 and DC01577.]


A quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera was carried out on a scientific core from the type locality of the Paratethyan stage Badenian (Middle Miocene) and results were compared to stable isotopes (δ 18 O and δ 13 C) and magnetic susceptibility. Two approaches were applied to reconstruct the paleoenvironment. First, several indices (inbenthics %, oxyphylic %, foraminiferal numbers, diversity) and paleodepth proxies were calculated, second, multivariate statistics (Detrended Correspondence Analysis, cluster analyses combined with the indicator value method) were carried out. High correlations between environmental indices and core-depth manifest some trends. Five biofacies units were recognized, and the lowermost unit I encompasses a laminated interval coinciding with a biofacies subunit. The most indicative and abundant species is Uvigerina semiornata, a dysoxy tolerant inbenthic. The following unit II can be characterized as a stable period of improved oxygenation and lowered nutrient supply. Unit III is distinguished by Trifarina angulosa pre- ferring well-aerated turbulent bottom water and sandy substrate, while accompanied by some low salinity tolerant species. A non-stratified water column with high terrigenous input is accepted for this unit. Unit IV is characterized by low diversities and the deep inbenthic indicator species Bulimina elongata, Fursenkoina acuta, tolerant of oxygen deficiency and benefiting from unlimited food supply in a well-stratified sea. The high foraminiferal numbers are the consequence of low terrigenous input not diluting the highly productive opportunistic species in the sediment. The indicator species of unit V, the reticulate Bolivina viennensis, has ecological needs similar to the previous unit. Environmental changes from unit IV to V are the increased terrigenous input and oscillation, indicating less stable conditions. The biofacies unit boundaries always coincide with major shifts of the isotope and susceptibility record. It is concluded, that the physical environmental parameters controlling benthic foraminiferal distribution are primarily influenced by proximity to land.


Nanographene, a small piece of graphene, has attracted unprecedented interest across diverse scientific disciplines particularly in organic electronics. The biological applications of nanographenes, such as bioimaging, cancer therapies and drug delivery, provide significant opportunities for breakthroughs in the field. However, the intrinsic aggregation behavior and low solubility of nanographenes, which stem from their flat structures, hamper their development for bioapplications. Herein, we report a water-soluble warped nanographene (WNG) that can be easily synthesized by sequential regioselective C-H borylation and cross-coupling reactions of the saddle-shaped WNG core structure. The saddle-shaped structure and hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol chains impart high water solubility to the WNG. The water-soluble WNG possesses a range of promising properties including good photostability and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the water-soluble WNG was successfully internalized into HeLa cells and promoted photoinduced cell death.


Overgrowth is defined as �10 5 potential pathogens per ml of saliva and/or per g of faeces. There are six 'normal' potential pathogens carried by healthy individuals and nine 'abnormal' potential pathogens carried by individuals with underlying disease both chronic and acute. Surveillance cultures of throat and/or rectum are required to identify overgrowth of 'normal' and/or 'abnormal' potential pathogens. There is a qualitative and quantitative relationship between surveillance samples and diagnostic samples of tracheal aspirate and blood, i.e., as soon as potential pathogens reach overgrowth concentrations in the surveillance samples, the diagnostic samples become positive for identical potential pathogens. Digestive tract decontamination aims at the eradication of overgrowth in order to prevent severe infections of lower airways and blood. Parenteral cefotaxime controls overgrowth of 'normal' bacteria, and enteral polyenes control overgrowth of 'normal' Candida species. Enteral polymyxin and tobramycin (with or without) vancomycin control 'abnormal' overgrowth.


Polymer nanocomposites are a constantly evolving material
category due to the ability to engineer the mechanical, thermal, and optical
properties to enhance the efficiency of a variety of systems. While a vast
amount of research has focused on the physical phenomena of nanoparticles and
their contribution to the improvement of such properties, the ability to
implement these materials into existing commercial or newly emerging processing
methods has been studied much less extensively. The primary characteristic that
determines which processing technique is the most viable is the rheology or
viscosity of the material. In this work, we investigate the processing methods
and properties of nanocomposites for thermal interface and radiative cooling
applications. The first polymer nanocomposite examined here is a two-component
PDMS with graphene filler for 3D printing via a direct ink writing approach.
The composite acts as a thermal interface material which can enhance cooling
between a microprocessor and a heat sink by increasing the thermal conductivity
of the gap. Direct ink writing requires
a shear thinning ink with specific viscoelastic properties that allow for the
material to yield through a nozzle as well as retain its shape without a mold
following deposition. No predictive models of viscosity for nanocomposites
exist; therefore, several prominent models from literature are fit with
experimental data to describe the change in viscosity with the addition of
filler for several different PDMS ratios. The result is an understanding of the
relationship between the PDMS component ratio and graphene filler concentration
with respect to viscosity, with the goal of remaining within the acceptable
limits for printing via direct ink writing. The second nanocomposite system
whose processability is determined is paint consisting of acrylic filled with
reflective nanoparticles for radiative cooling paint applications. The paint is
tested with both inkjet and screen-printing procedures with the goal of
producing a thermally invisible ink. Radiative
cooling paint is successfully printed for the first time with solvent
modification. This work evaluates the processability of polymer nanocomposites
through rheological tailoring.


Justice Miller's list in the Slaughter-House Cases of privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States includes a significant number of international ones. This article examines the international dimensions of the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges or immunities clause. These include the ability to engage in international trade and commerce; the protection of person and property abroad; the rights secured to individual citizens by treaties of the United States; and the privileges and immunities available under customary international law to the extent that the federal government behaves consistently with such rights. In addition to describing the privileges or immunities, the article urges development of their substance in the future that focuses on the nature of the privilege.From an international perspective, the federal government is instituted to protect its citizens internationally. This suggests a number of principles in application for the future; for example, states cannot extend boycotts to citizens dealing with disfavored foreign governments unless Congress approves, international travel is limited only by deference to executive and legislative discretion in foreign relations, treaty provisions establishing individual rights should usually be self-executing, and states may not establish a foreign policy in breach of customary international law in the absence of federal indications of support for the state's policy.


Eileen Gray (18781976) is regarded as one of the most important furniture designers and architects of the early 20th century and the most influential woman in those fields. Her work inspired both modernism and Art Deco. Her design style was as distinctive as her way of working, and Gray developed an opulent, luxuriant take on the geometric forms and industrially produced materials used by the International Style designers, such as Le Corbusier, Charlotte Perriand and Mies Van Der Rohe, who shared many of her ideals. Her voluptuous leather and tubular steel Bibendum Chair, and clinically chic E-1027 glass and tubular steel table are now as familiar as icons of the International Style as Le Corbusier and Perriands classic Grand Confort club chairs, yet for most of her career she was relegated to obscurity by the same proud singularity that makes her work so prized today. This stunningly illustrated volume is set to be the definitive biography and survey of her eventful life and groundbreaking career.


The simulation of preferential flow in structured soil using dual‐porosity models requires separate sets of the hydraulic, transport, and mass transfer parameters and of the boundary conditions. Analyses of tracer experiments with two‐domain models are limited by constraints in specifying separate boundary conditions (BCs) for each pore domain. The appropriate boundary conditions for dual‐permeability models have not been systematically studied or addressed in experiments. The objective of this study was to numerically evaluate the effects on Br leaching from a tile‐drained field of different surface boundary conditions for a two‐dimensional dual‐permeability model. For the previously described Br tracer experiment at the Bokhorst site (Germany), effects of irrigation intensities, flux‐ and resident‐type solute BCs, and Br application domain on drain discharge and Br effluent concentrations were compared. The two‐dimensional dual‐permeability numerical model divides the soil into soil matrix (SM) and preferential flow (PF) domains. In case of ponding at the surface of the SM domain, water is redistributed toward the PF domain surface. The combination of detailed irrigation record, flux‐type solute BCs, and solute application to the PF domain resulted in the largest Br leaching. In contrast, the lowest Br leaching was predicted for averaged irrigation rates, flux‐type solute BCs and Br addition to the SM domain. For flux‐type (third‐type) solute BC application to both pore domains, enhanced Br leaching was obtained due to surface redistribution effects. Detailed irrigation patterns with realistic intensities predicted higher Br leaching than averaged intensities. In addition to surface effects, the temporal availability of Br in the preferential pathways seemed to control Br leaching patterns. The results suggest that the formulation of the upper BCs strongly affects two‐dimensional dual‐permeability Br leaching predictions. Proper experimental consideration of domain‐specific BCs may help improve descriptions of preferential flow.


Underdevelopment is thought to be about lack of investment, and many political economy theories can account for this. Yet, there has been much investment in developing countries. The problem has been that investment growth has not led to output growth. We therefore need to explain not simply underinvestment, but also the misallocation of investment. The canonical example of this is the construction of white elephants - investment projects with negative social surplus. In this paper we propose a theory of white elephants. We argue that they are a particular type of inefficient redistribution that is politically attractive when politicians find it difficult to make credible promises to supporters. We show that it is the very inefficiency of such projects that makes them politically appealing. This is so because it allows only some politicians to credibly promise to build them and thus enter into credible redistribution. The fact that not all politicians can credibly undertake such projects gives those who can a strategic advantage. Socially efficient projects do not have this feature since all politicians can commit to build them and they thus have a symmetric effect on political outcomes. We show that white elephants may be preferred to socially efficient projects if the political benefits are large compared to the surplus generated by efficient projects.


A simple analytical solution has been found that enables prediction of the effects of line-of-sight motion of a sensor on clutter leakage after first differencing. The effect of finite footprint size is included, and the crucial importance of the ratio of this quantity to the background correlation length is given. For small motions the clutter leakage as a fraction of the value of background standard deviation is given by the very simple formula 2[1−exp−(L/d)], where L is the footprint size, and d is the background correlation length.


Integration-technology feature shrink increases computing-system susceptibility to single-event effects (SEE). While modeling SEE faults will be critical, an integrated processor's scope makes physically correct modeling computationally intractable. Without useful models, presilicon evaluation of fault-tolerance approaches becomes impossible. To incorporate accurate transistor-level effects at a system scope, we present a multiscale simulation framework. Charge collection at the 1) device level determines 2) circuit-level transient duration and state-upset likelihood. Circuit effects, in turn, impact 3) register-transfer-level architecture-state corruption visible at 4) the system level. Thus, the physically accurate effects of SEEs in large-scale systems, executed on a high-performance computing (HPC) simulator, could be used to drive cross-layer radiation hardening by design. We demonstrate the capabilities of this model with two case studies. First, we determine a D flip-flop's sensitivity at the transistor level on 14-nm FinFet technology, validating the model against published cross sections. Second, we track and estimate faults in a microprocessor without interlocked pipelined stages (MIPS) processor for Adams 90% worst case environment in an isotropic space environment.


Soil fertility decline is one of the prime factors contributing to low productivity of crops and food insecurity in Ethiopia. To alleviate this problem and achieve maximum yield, identifying suitable agronomic inputs such as N and P types in wheat production systems is very important. The aim of this study was therefore, to estimate the effects of different N and P fertilizer types and rates on growth, yield and yield components of wheat at Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. For this purpose a treatments consisting of seven N and P sources (F1=Control, F2=Local recommended Urea 100 kg ha-1 and DAP 100 kg ha-1, F3=Urea 100 kg ha-1 and Enhanced DAP 100 kg ha-1, F4=Black Urea 103.3 kg ha-1and Enhanced DAP 100 kg ha-1, F5=100 kg ha-1 Enhanced Urea-1 and Enhanced DAP 100 kg ha-1, F6=Enhanced Urea-2 100 kg ha-1and Enhanced DAP 100 kg ha-1 and F7=Compound fertilizer 256.25 kg ha-1) were studied using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of the data recorded from the combined application of different N and P treatments revealed that maximum grain yield (3.67 t.ha-1) was obtained from the plots which were supplied with Enhanced Urea-2 and Enhanced DAP at the rate of 100-100 kg ha-1. It can be concluded from the result that wheat crop performed better when fertilized with this treatment. Therefore, the application of enhanced DAP 100 kg ha-1 with Enhanced Urea-2 100 kg ha-1 is recommended to optimize the growth and yield performance of wheat.

 Key words: Enhanced DAP (diammonium phosphate), enhanced urea, growth, yield components, wheat.


On NATO's fiftieth anniversary, we were faced with an unexpected choice: we had to decide whether the notion of common values is only rhetorical flourish or whether it carries real meaning. We made our choice. We decided that values do not only have to be preached, but also upheld. The essay will recount the events leading up to the deteriorating situation in Kosovo and outline the reasons for NATO's decision to take action. Next it will evaluate NATO's success in light of its humanitarian and military goals. Finally it will examine the challenges facing Kosovo and NATO in the future. NATO'S ACTIONS TO UPHOLD HUMAN RIGHTS AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN KOSOVO: A TEST CASE FOR A NEW ALLIANCE


Published simultaneously in Britain and America to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of T. S. Eliot, this major biography traces the life of the twentieth century's most important poet from his childhood in the ragtime city of St Louis right up to the publication of his most famous poem, The Waste Land. Meticulously detailed and incisively written, Young Eliot portrays a brilliant, shy and wounded American who defied his parents' wishes and committed himself to life as an immigrant in England, authoring work astonishing in its scope and hurt. Quoting extensively from poetry and prose as well as drawing on new interviews, archives, and previously undisclosed memoirs, Robert Crawford shows how Eliot's background in Missouri, Massachusetts and Paris made him a lightning conductor for modernity. Most impressively, Young Eliot shows how deeply personal were the experiences underlying masterpieces from 'The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock' to The Waste Land. T. S. Eliot wanted no biography written, but this book reveals him in all his vulnerable complexity as student and lover, stink-bomber, banker and philosopher, but most of all as an epoch-shaping poet struggling to make art among personal disasters.


Changes to forest production drivers (light, water, temperature, and site nutrient) over the last 55 years have been documented in peer‐reviewed literature. The main objective of this paper is to review documented evidence of the impacts of climate change trends on forest productivity since the middle of the 20th century. We first present a concise overview of the climate controls of forest production, provide evidence of how the main controls have changed in the last 55 years, followed by a core section outlining our findings of observed and documented impacts on forest productivity and a brief discussion of the complications of interpreting trends in net primary production (NPP). At finer spatial scales, a trend is difficult to decipher, but globally, based on both satellite and ground‐based data, climatic changes seemed to have a generally positive impact on forest productivity when water was not limiting. Of the 49 papers reporting forest production levels we reviewed, 37 showed a positive growth trend, five a negative trend, three reported both a positive and a negative trend for different time periods, one reported a positive and no trend for different geographic areas, and two reported no trend. Forests occupy ≈52% of the Earth's land surface and tend to occupy more temperature and radiation‐limited environments. Less than 7% of forests are in strongly water‐limited systems. The combined and interacting effects of temperature, radiation, and precipitation changes with the positive effect of CO2, the negative effects of O3 and other pollutants, and the presently positive effects of N will not be elucidated with experimental manipulation of one or a few factors at a time. Assessments of the greening of the biosphere depend on both accurate measurements of rates (net ecosystem exchange, NPP), how much is stored at the ecosystem level (net ecosystem production) and quantification of disturbances rates on final net biome production.


The same open source philosophy that has been traditionally applied to software development can be applied to the collaborative creation of non-software information products, such as books, music and video. Such products are generically referred to as open content. Due largely to the success of large projects such as Wikipedia and the Creative Commons, open content has gained increasing attention not only in the popular media, but also in scholarly research. It is important to investigate the workings of the open source process in these new media of expression. This paper introduces the scope of emerging research on the open content phenomenon beyond open source software. We develop a framework for categorizing copyrightable works as utilitarian, factual, aesthetic or opinioned works. Based on these categories, we review some key theory-driven findings from open source software research and assess the applicability of extending their implications to open content. We present a research agenda that integrates the findings and proposes a list of research topics that can help lay a solid foundation for open content research.


We present first-time-ever results of active seismic measurements on an ice shelf with a vibroseismic source. The overall goal of this pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of vibroseismic operations on a porous firn layer to image ice and sedimentary structures and stratigraphies. Conventional explosive seismic surveys require the time- and energy-intensive drilling of 10-20 m deep boreholes to reach denser firn to avoid strong attenuation and ground roll. In contrast, vibroseismics can be operated directly from the surface. Vibro- and explosive seismic measurements were conducted in the 2009/10 field season in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, within the LIMPICS project. A Failing Y-1100 vibrator mounted on a truck on skis with a total mass of 16 t was used on the Ekstromisen ice shelf near Neumayer III, where ice is about 100-200 m thick and overlies about the same amount of water. A 60 channel snowstreamer was used for data acquisition. Measurement geometry yields 120 channels with 6.25 m group spacing. Moreover, calibrated hydrophones deployed in the water column underneath the ice shelf at PALAOA were used for quantifying propagating energy and wave characteristics. This enables us to determine absolute amplitudes of the two sources, reflection and absorption coefficients. Within several days, a total of 28.3 km of vibroseismic and 5.6 km of explosive seismic profiles were acquired. Our results show that the vibroseismic source is at least equal to the explosive source in terms of stratigraphic imaging capabilities. The explosive charge (300 g) yields higher frequencies than the employed vibroseismic 10-100 Hz, 10 s linear sweep but generates stronger ground roll. In combination with a snow streamer the vibroseismic operation with its known source characteristics enables us to easily obtain multi-fold coverage for sophisticated data processing along seismic over-ice traverses in comparably short time periods. We believe that this technique has the potential to considerably advance the utilization of seismic methods for glaciological and geological studies alike. Applications would include the determination of intra-ice properties, conditions at the basal interface and sub-ice geology, e.g. for pre-site surveys for sediment coring such as ANDRILL or the characterisation of subglacial lake environments.


Negative responses of biotic communities as trackers of pollutant dispersion has shown that microfaunal distribution can play a useful role in investigating marine coastal ecosystems. A detailed study was carried out on Ostracoda and benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the contaminated environment of the Ex-Military Arsenal of the La Maddalena Harbour, located on the south-eastern coast of La Maddalena Island (Sardinia, Italy), to investigate the responses to pollution of these micro-organisms in this area using integrated multidisciplinary approaches. The area is affected by industrial waste, mainly heavy metals, as well as by seasonally intense maritime traffic. The analysis of surficial sediment shows enrichment in pollutants including As, Hg, Zn, Cu, Pd, Cd and hydrocarbon (chain length C>12). Variability of the assemblages, population density, species diversity and frequency of deformity suggest that these microorganisms are promising monitoring groups for contaminated marine areas. A total of 28 genera and 42 species of ostracods (three species were found alive; 17 species are autochthonous in at least one sampling station, while 28 are always allochthonous), were collected, while only 9 genera and 16 species of living benthic foraminifera were recognized. The biocoenosis is poorly represented, and shows low values of biotic indices. On the other hand, the foraminiferal thanatocoenosis is diverse and rich, but a high percentage of abnormal tests indicates degraded environmental conditions in almost the entire area. Changes in biotic indices, presence of tolerant species and development of abnormal tests constitute the main responses of Foraminifera and Ostracoda to pollution in the examined area.


Despite the large number of writings on the Vitruvian theory relating to the mythical wood-worked origins of the Greek temple, there has been no recent writing on Ancient Greek buildings before De Architectura was published, in the period between the appearance of the first dwelling-houses and the definitive affirmation of the use of stone in the building of temples. Taking into consideration the fundamental constructive and symbolic element of the Greek temple, the column, this research analyses the evolution from the first rudimentary punctiform vertical structures used in Neolithic houses to the arrival of the complete transformation of the simple vertical support into a column, first realized in perishable materials and later in stone. The definitive statement of the architecture of whole temples entirely in stone constitutes the finishing post of this research. This study brings to light the principal firm data on which the reconstruction of the look of vertical punctiform structures rests, that is the column base. Such a construction element has been archaeologically documented from Neolithic buildings to those of the seventh century B.C. The column base will be interpreted with a wider meaning, including not only all the architectural supports on which a vertical support rests, but also the materials into which a support is driven. In this way, it has been possible to define as column supports all the natural dips in the land used to hold vertical supports, as well as stone foundations. Consequently, different sorts of columns bases, often in close relationship to the kinds of buildings adopted into them, have been singled out. Following the guiding thread of column-base development in different periods and geographical contexts, a line of development of the column base and its relative support takes us progressively towards the creation of the stone column.


It has previously been shown by the authors that the pre-chamber ignition technique operating with fuel-rich pre-chamber combustion strategy is a very effective means of extending the lean limit of combustion with excess air in heavy duty natural gas engines in order to improve indicated efficiency and reduce emissions. This article presents a study of the influence of pre-chamber volume and nozzle diameter on the resultant ignition characteristics. The two parameters varied are the ratio of pre-chamber volume to engine's clearance volume and the ratio of total area of connecting nozzle to the pre-chamber volume. Each parameter is varied in 3 steps hence forming a 3 by 3 test matrix. The experiments are performed on a single cylinder 2L engine fitted with a custom made pre-chamber capable of spark ignition, fuel injection and pressure measurement. The measured main and pre-chamber pressure data is then used to perform heat release analysis to understand combustion phenomenon in pre-chamber and the ignition and combustion of fuel-lean charge in main chamber that follows. Within the span of parameter variation, it has been observed that a larger pre-chamber provides higher ignition energy which results in shortened flame development angle and combustion duration. It is also observed that at a given pre-chamber volume, nozzle diameter mainly affects the combustion duration which may be due to difference in penetration depths of pre-chamber jets. The varied parameters seemed to have minor effect on NOx emissions. (Less)


Seed samples of wheat, corn, millet, sorghum and barley obtained from various parts of Pakistan were studied for seed-borne mycoflora by simple blotter method and deep freezing method. Of the seed-home fungi, 12 genera and 21 species from 19 samples of wheat, 10 genera and 20 species from 35 samples of corn, 15 genera and 31 species from 25 samples of mille., 14 genera and 23 species on 27 samples of sorghum and 11 genera and 17 species from 14 samples of barley were isolated and identified. Fusarium proliferatum, F.subglutinans, Stemphylium sp., Aspergillus sulphureus, A.candidus and Drechslera halodes on corn; Rhizoctonia solani and F.subglutinans on wheat; D.halodes, F.equiseti, F.clamydosporum, F.longipes, F.proliferatum, F.subglutinans, F.pallidoroseum, F.solani, Chalara sp., Choanephora sp., D.tetramera, Trichothecium sp., Cladosporium herbarum, Trichoderma sp., Cephalosporium sp, and Stemphylium sp., on millet; F.subglutinans, Piptocephalis sp., and Syncephalastrum recemosum on sorghum and Aspergillus niger, Cephalosporium sp., Cladosporium herbarum, Drechslera dematioidea, Stemphylium sp., and Ulocladium sp., on barley are new records from Pakistan. Phytotoxic effect of Fusarium spp., on seedling growth of wheat, corn, millet and sorghum, and on leaves and roots of wheat seedlings was observed. Effect of Fusarium culture filterates decreased growth of seedlings. The effect of temperature, moisture content and storage period on seed-borne mycoflora was examined where 19% moisture content of barley and 13% of wheat, corn and sorghum at 20oC was found to be most favourable for the growth of storage fungi. Interaction of Fusarium spp., with other fungi in vitro was also studied. In dual culture plate assays, Trichoderma hamatum showed inhibition in growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fpallidoroseum F.sporotrichioides, F.moniliforme, Fsubglutinans, F.proliferatum, F.equiseti, F.longipes, F.scirpi and F.solani producing zone of inhibition. Trichoderma hamatum showed antagonistic activity against Fusarium spp., in vivo.


The modeling platform µic has been extended to study the hydration of cement based systems. It is shown that the hydration kinetics of alite can be described through the implementation of two mechanisms: a solution controlled dissolution (SCD) mechanism for the first two stages of hydration and nucleation and densifying growth (NDG) of products for the last three stages of hydration. The dissolution rate is varied according to the ratio between the ion activity product and the equilibrium solubility product. The solution concentrations are computed directly from the amount of alite dissolved taking into account the amount of water present and the amount of products formed, with activities and complex ions formation according to standard thermodynamic rules. Saturation index calculations are implemented to compute the time of precipitation of C-S-H and portlandite individually. After the precipitation of portlandite, the rate controlling mechanism is switched to nucleation and densifying growth. C-S-H grown in a diffuse manner in which the packing density increases with hydration. The overall heat-evolution profile is obtained by combination of heat evolved as obtained from the SCD and NDG mechanisms. The approach is used to describe the influence of particle sizes, thermal treatment, mixing conditions and additions of alkali hydroxides, alkali sulfates and gypsum on hydration of alite. Through a study of systems with wide variations in the process parameters, it is shown that the hydration kinetics of alite can be generically described using the combination of SCD and NDG mechanisms and a limited number of fit parameters. The results obtained from simulations were found to be in good agreement with a variety of experimental results. The various simulations parameters are shown to be strongly correlated to the initial states of the systems. A model is presented to describe the hydration of aluminate+gypsum systems. It is shown that the reaction rate profile can be numerically reproduced by using two mechanisms: dissolution of the aluminate phase in the first stage and boundary nucleation and growth of monosulfate phase in the second stage of reaction. It is shown that the effects of particle sizes and composition on hydration of aluminate can be described using just one fit variable, isotropic growth rate of monosulfate phase, which correlates well the space available in the microstructural volume. Using the combination of mechanisms that describe hydration of alite and aluminate, a model is presented to describe the hydration of multi-phase systems. Preliminary simulations of the heat-evolution profiles of alite-aluminate-gypsum and commerical cementitous systems are presented. Good agreement was found between the simulated and measured results. The current study demonstrates the versatility of µic and shows that the use of mechanistic, rather than empirical, rules can be an important tool to achieve better understanding of cement hydration.


$Context$: Vela X-1 is the prototype of the classical sgHMXB systems. Recent continuous and long monitoring campaigns revealed a large hard X-rays variability amplitude with strong flares and off-states. This activity has been interpreted invoking clumpy stellar winds and/or magnetic gating mechanisms.
$Aims$: We are probing if the observed behaviour could be explained by unstable hydrodynamic flows close to the neutron star rather than the more exotic phenomena.
$Methods$: We have used the hydrodynamic code VH-1 to simulate the flow of the stellar wind with high temporal resolution and to compare the predicted accretion rate with the observed light-curves.
$Results$: The simulation results are similar to the observed variability. Off-states are predicted with a duration of 5 to 120 minutes corresponding to transient low density bubbles forming around the neutron star. Oscillations of the accretion rate with a typical period of $\sim$ 6800 sec are generated in our simulations and observed. They correspond to the complex motion of a bow shock, moving either towards or away from the neutron star. Flares are also produced by the simulations up to a level of $10^{37}$ erg/s.
$Conclusions$: We have qualitatively reproduced the hard X-ray variations observed in Vela X-1 with hydrodynamic instabilities predicted by a simple model. More sophisticated phenomena, such as clumpy winds or the magnetic gating mechanism, are not excluded but not required to explain the basic phenomenology.


Studies on hydrology, biogeochemistry, or mineral weathering often rely on assumptions about flow paths, water storage dynamics, and transit times. Testing these assumptions requires detailed hydrometric data that are usually unavailable at the catchment scale. Hillslope studies provide an alternative for obtaining a better understanding, but even on such well‐defined and delimited scales, it is rare to have a comprehensive set of hydrometric observations from the water divide down to the stream that can constrain efforts to quantify water storage, movement, and turnover time. Here, we quantified water storage with daily resolution in a hillslope during the course of almost an entire year using hydrological measurements at the study site and an extended version of the vertical equilibrium model. We used an exponential function to simulate the relationship between hillslope discharge and water table; this was used to derive transmissivity profiles along the hillslope and map mean pore water velocities in the saturated zone. Based on the transmissivity profiles, the soil layer transmitting 99% of lateral flow to the stream had a depth that ranged from 8.9 m at the water divide to under 1 m closer to the stream. During the study period, the total storage of this layer varied from 1189 to 1485 mm, resulting in a turnover time of 2172 days. From the pore water velocities, we mapped the time it would take a water particle situated at any point of the saturated zone anywhere along the hillslope to exit as runoff. Our calculations point to the strengths as well as limitations of simple hydrometric data for inferring hydrological properties and water travel times in the subsurface.


Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) can be successfully applied to a wide number of organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials regarding cultural heritage. High-resolution solid-state NMR provides information on the structure of materials, and portable NMR devices allow non-destructive and non-invasive in situ investigation of variably sized objects. This result is possible by combining open magnets and surface radiofrequency coils to generate a sensitive volume external to the sensor and inside the object under investigation. In this paper we focus on the application of NMR to investigate inorganic porous materials such as pottery, plasters, and stones from cultural heritage sites. 27 Al MAS and 3QMAS, and 29 Si MAS high-resolution solid-state NMR along with spectral deconvolution allowed for the investigation of the chemical structure of ancient pottery. Portable unilateral NMR was used to investigate, in a non-invasive and non-destructive way, the porous structure of pottery. The effect of protective-consolidating treatments on plaster was carefully investigated by 1 H NMR depth profiles that allowed for scanning with micrometric resolution of plaster specimens. Changes occurring in the total open porosity after treatments were also evaluated. NMR diffusion measurements provided information on the restricted geometry of the porous structure of two types of biocalcarenite and tuff. A suitable processing of collected data enabled us to define the average pore radius and pores' interconnection in these materials.


Three peruvian flood plain forests adjacent to the Ucayali river were sampled using nine one hectare permanent sample plots in which stems exceeding 10 cm DBH were identified and measured. These plots have been measured 4 times during 1993-1997, and provide the basis for the results reported here. Three plots were established in each of the three forest types high restinga, low restinga, and tahuampa, characterized in part by and annual inundation of 1, 2 and 4 months per year, respectively. Stem density varies from 446 to 601 per ha, and the basal area ranges between 20-29 m2/ha. A total of 321 species were recorded in the nine hectare sample, with 88-141 species in each one hectare plot. Species composition indicated a relatively low similarity between the forest types. Plots with the longest flooding contained the most species, expressed both as per unit area as well as per 1 000 stems. The flood plain forests contain fewer tree species than the non-flooded terra firme forest. In all three forests Legminosae, Euphorbiaceae, Annonaceae and Lauraceae, are important. The Moraceae family is conspicuous in both high restinga, as is Rubiaceae in low restinga. Lecythidaceae, Sapotaceae, and Chrysobalanaceae exhibit relatively high values in the tahuampa forest. High species importance values are obtained for Maquira coriacea, Guarea macrophylla, Terminalia oblonga, Spondias mombin, Ceiba pentandra, Hura crepitans, Schweilera spp., Campsiandra angustifolia, Pouteria spp., Licania micrantha, Parinari excelsa, and Calycophyllum spruceanum. Among the species of smaller stature, Drypetes amazonica, Leonia glycicarpa, Theobroma cacao, and Protium nodulosum attain high values.


This book, the sixth in the series "Collected Papers of John Milnor", contains all of Milnor's work on Real and Complex Dynamics from 1953 to 1999, plus one paper from 2000. These papers provide important and fundamental material in real and complex dynamical systems. Many of them have become classics in the field. Several questions addressed in them continue to be important in current research. Having them together in the same volume gives readers a taste of all the great mathematics developed by the author in the different areas of dynamics. In some cases, there have been minor corrections or clarifications, as well as references to more recent work which answers questions raised by the author. John Milnor's papers are accompanied by introductions that put them in perspective with respect to the current state of the field. There is also an index to facilitate searching the book for specific topics.


Neocolonialism and neoliberalism are all offshoots or veiled forms of colonialism. The history of independence for colonized peoples in the late 1950s to mid1960s was a farce. In this work, I argue that colonialism only changed phase, switching into its more insidious form. This has had a very negative effect on education and culture in Cameroon, which has largely remained dependent on the West, singularly France, Britain, Portugal, Spain, Belgium, and Italy. Neoliberalism has brought destitution and deprived the people of their right to dignity as human beings. While I request that the West and America take their hands off the African continent, I challenge the Cameroonian to "SANKOFA", an Akan (a tribe in Ghana) word which means to go back to the past, to learn from the wisdom of ancestors in order to move forward. Such a move will help sustain their hope in this time of utter misery.


ABSTRACT This work examines a schooling expansion in Romania that increased educational attainment for successive cohorts born between 1945 and 1950. We use a difference-in-regression discontinuities (D-RD) design based on school entry cutoff dates to estimate impacts on mortality using 1994–2016 Vital Statistics data, self-reported health in the 2011 Romanian Census, and hospitalizations from 1997–2017 in-patient registers. We find that the schooling reform led to significant increases in years of schooling but did not affect mortality, hospitalizations, or self-reported health. These estimates provide new evidence for the causal effect of education on mortality and health outside of high-income countries and at lower margins of educational attainment.


In the now famous case of Vosburg v. Putney, the Wisconsin Court enunciated the common law doctrine since known as the "eggshell skull" or "thin skull" rule: you take your victim as you find him. The thin skull rule is a productive starting point for a dialogue on the place of law in any effort to control (or reverse) the cumulative damage to the planet's ecosystem. Any such dialogue requires a global perspective that fuses international and domestic approaches to law. Environmental law must assess not only the level of assault against the earth, but also the risk of the planet's hypervulnerability to further injury. As in Vosburg v. Putney, some of the insult to the planet has been the result of unintended consequences, whose significance we are only now beginning to understand. The planet has become an eggshell victim of industrialization, population growth and the expansion of the consumer society. The purpose of this essay is three-fold: (1) to link the relationship of international trade and domestic environmental regulation to a broader global discourse; (2) to outline this global discourse, which includes both international and domestic elements; and (3) to articulate some additional factors (beyond trade) that are now integral to the relationship between domestic environmental law and the global regulatory discourse.


Behavior analysts are familiar with the use of electrodermal activity as a dependent measure of central nervous system activation. In addition, behavior analysts have increasingly turned to direct measures of brain activation, such as electroencephalography and event-related potentials. Recent developments in the field of bioengineering, however, have produced a new and exciting brain-activation recording device known as near infrared spectrometry, or NIRS. The current paper reports a demonstration of its use in a traditional respondent conditioning paradigm. Specifically, a male volunteer was exposed to a conditioning paradigm designed to produce both an eliciting stimulus for fear and a relief stimulus. Conditioning effects were assessed using electrodermal activation as well as blood volume changes in the frontal lobe, recorded by NIRS. The results of the demonstration show that both electrodermal and NIRS measures can successfully identify conditioning effects without necessarily tracking each other on a trial-by-trial basis. It is suggested that NIRS is an inexpensive, non-invasive technique for the assessment of learning and behavior at the neural level. Key words: central nervous system, NIRS, electrodermal activation, learning and behavior assessment ********** Electrodermal activity (EDA; otherwise known as the Galvanic Skin Response) represents perhaps the most reliable index of general autonomic arousal (Dawson, Schell, & Fillon, 1990). The system was discovered by Fere (1888), who found that by passing a small current across two electrodes, through the body of a human subject, he could measure fluctuations in skin resistance in response to a variety of external stimuli. Thus, the EDA method was essentially a measure of potential electrical difference across any two points in the human body, measured in millivolts. The EDA method proved so reliable as a measure of sympathetic nervous system activity that such figures as C. G. Jung (1906) used it in assessing the emotional content of verbal stimuli for his patients. It has now been well established experimentally that EDA is an excellent index of physiological responses to discrete and tonic stimuli and a good correlate of most other psycho-physiological measures (see Cacioppo & Tassinory, 2000). It is often thought that EDA is caused by the increased sweating that occurs during periods of autonomic activity. The truth is a little more complicated. Specifically, it has been known for almost a century that the EDA response occurs about 1 second before the appearance of sweat at the electrode placement site on the epidermis (Darrow, 1927). Early research also established that increased blood flow and blood pressure are not direct causes of EDA insofar as electrodermal responses can be shown to diverge from both of these measures under certain conditions (Darrow, 1927). Further complication is added by the fact that different types of sweat glands function in different ways to affect the EDA response. Specifically, eccrine glands respond largely to thermoregulatory stimuli, with the exception of those eccrine glands on the palm of the hands (Fowles, 1986). Appocrine glands, which are dense in the genital areas and armpits and less dense on the palms of the hands, are less well understood but are thought to respond largely to emotional stimuli. The stimuli that trigger apocrine sweating are still debated but are usually of emotional/psychological significance and do not usually occasion thermoregulatory activity (Shields, MacDowell, Fairchild, & Campbell, 1987). While palmar sweating certainly contributes to the EDA response, it is now widely accepted that the sympathetic nervous system primarily controls EDA (rather than sweating itself). This view is supported by the strong correlation between sympathetic action potentials and skin conductance responses (SCRs) at normal room temperatures (Wallin, 1981). Thus, electrodermal activity is a complex function of the activity of the central and peripheral nervous systems and sweat gland activity. …


he development of terrestrial lichen communities used as forage by woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in boreal and subboreal forests is strongly linked to changes in canopy structure and associated changes in canopy microclimate that occur during stand succession. Additionally, substrate type and proximity to propagule sources can have a major inluence on lichen establishment. Increasingly, the development of lichen communities now occurs within managed landscapes where the scale and intensity of disturbance events can be very diferent from those that historically shaped lichen community development. Nonetheless, our knowledge of factors that previously mediated the establishment and development of lichen communities may provide important clues to understanding the success of terrestrial lichens in managed landscapes, and help guide forest managers in designing practices that promote conservation of woodland caribou habitat. Evidence from recent harvesting trials suggests that partial-cut harvesting may be a silvicultural system that can provide forest managers with tools for conserving terrestrial forage lichens in caribou winter range. Best practices and limitations on the use of partial-cut harvesting techniques to conserve terrestrial lichen communities are reviewed, including a consideration of secondary impacts on caribou from factors such as the construction of forestry access roads and disposal of logging debris and slash. 1 Ecosystem Science and Management Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada. Email: email@example.com


Most work on the so-called 'Jespersen Cycle' has been done on the languages of Europe, less on languages of Africa. In this paper the authors look at Austronesian languages, with the aim to determine to what extent Austronesian doubling is compatible with a Jespersen cycle scenario. The properties of the potential Austronesian manifestations of Jespersenian double, triple and even quadruple negation are highlighted, and the role of word order, etyma, emphasis and contact interference are investigated. However difficult it is to discuss a hypothesis about the diachrony of negation on data from 410 languages, most of which do not have a recorded history, still, it is clear that the multiple exponence of negation in Austronesian is in some cases clearly interpretable in terms of the Jespersen cycle hypothesis and in many more cases at least compatible with it, the clearest evidence concerning the partitive negative polysemy, attested in Melanesia.


One of the latest discoveries in the world oceans are carbonate structures in the North-East Atlantic. In the frameworks of several European projects, the research vessel POLARSTERN and underwater robot VICTOR 6000 were engaged to explore these areas. The data described in this thesis were collected during the expedition ARK XIX/3 between 16 - 19th June 2003. Bathymetric and microbathymetric data in parts of the Pelagia Province, located on the northern Porcupine Bank, west of Ireland, were measured with two multibeam sonar systems deployed at different distances from the bottom. The four compared models come from a KONGSBERG SIMRAD EM 2000 multibeam sonar system and an ATLAS ELEKTRONIK HYDROSWEEP DS-2 multibeam sonar system. After necessary corrections of the data, digital terrain models were created, subtracted and correlated using appropriate software.
This thesis begins with a description of the historical background of bathymetry, followed by a description of the principles of navigation and underwater navigation, inertial navigation systems, and the calibration of these systems. Systematic errors will be pointed out. It examines the measurement principles of the echo sounders used on the ARK XIX/3a expedition and accompanying necessary procedures, such as CTD measurements. A
discussion of how the data are processed from raw data to edited results, and the effects of the errors, follows. One chapter is dedicated to a comparison and interpretation of the data. Sidescan, mosaic and PARASOUND data from the Hedge and Scarp Mounds are introduced as complementary information.


In this paper, a new model for social systems is introduced, one that aims to inform all decision makers in schools and workplaces. The need for such a model is great, given the failure of modern well-intentioned reform efforts and wide variety of decision-makers. The new model is gleaned out of Boulding's nine-level typology of system complexity, and named TPO for the three key domains that are clarified: technical, personal and organizational, for specialists; and things, people, and outcomes, for non-specialist decision-makers. These three key parts of a social system have very different properties. First, things (technical) are of three kinds--level 1: frameworks (e.g., buildings, books and equipment); level 2: clockworks (e.g., school routines, schedules and calendars); and level 3: thermostat-like systems (e.g., school goals which people--students and educators--self-regulate to attain.) Things are predictable and designable. Second, people (personal) in a social system are not designable. While things like thermostats self-regulate to externally prescribed criteria, living systems self-regulate to internally prescribed criteria (level 4: open; e.g., a living cell). Living systems (levels 4-7) act to meet their own basic needs first, then, in people, higher needs—generally predictable by Maslow's hierarchy of human needs: survival, safety, belonging, achievement, self-actualization and transcendence. People's behavior decreases in predictability due to inherent individual differences (level 5: blueprint; e.g., plant); differing immediate perceptions from among competing stimuli (level 6: image-aware; e.g., animal), and their own long term reflections, prior knowledge, choices, and abilities (level 7: symbol processing; e.g., human). The third part of a social system is labeled outcomes (organizational). Outcomes depend on people's behavior. If people easily meet their basic needs, they will act to meet the organization's needs. This principle is not a question of ethics, but a question of physics. It is natural, biological, and scientific law that people will behave to meet their individual and personal needs (level 7: human) before their social system or organization's needs (levels 8 and 9). Level 8 systems (social) are optional. Level 7 functioning is mandatory. A person can transfer schools (level 8), but cannot transfer bodies (level 7). The TPO model of a social system clarifies that effective designers put all their attention to things, the designable components of a social system: frameworks; clockworks; and thermostat-like systems (e.g., school and classroom goals and ratios and flows of resources). Effective designers fashion these designable components as attractors, to allow system members to meet individual/ personal goals as first priority, and organization goals as second priority. Goals of the TPO approach are termed here systemic renewal, or systemic change efforts designed to increase opportunities for each social system member to meet his/her own self-perceived goals at his/her own pace. The ISSS Morning RoundTable corresponds to the goals of systemic renewal and the TPO model.


Tactile suppression significantly affects perception on the moving effector of a goal-directed movement. However, it is unclear whether the movement of one hand affects touch at the other, resting, hand. Here, participants had to discriminate between the intensity of two vibrations delivered to their left forearm. They performed the task during a rest condition (both hands at rest) and a movement condition (left hand at rest, right hand moving). Tactile stimulation was delivered during the specific movement execution time-window in which sensory suppression has been reported previously. Stimulation was only delivered to the resting hand. The hypothesis was that if attentional capture were to be responsible for suppression, then this effect should evidence itself as a significant difference in tactile thresholds measured at the resting hand for conditions of rest versus movement. Comparable sensitivity between the two conditions would, in turn, argue against the attentional capture account. Our results support the latter view, indicating that tactile suppression is, in fact, not reducible to attentional capture. The implications of these results for our understanding of attentional capture in the various senses under conditions of rest/movement, as well as with respect to the rapidly-growing body-mounted haptic interface industry, are highlighted.


This essay - from a forthcoming symposium on "teaching from the left" in the NYU Review of Law & Social Change - offers an account of the successful union organizing campaign among custodial and landscaping workers at the University of Miami during the 2005-06 academic year, focusing in particular on the role played by faculty during the course of the campaign. It examines a fractious debate generated by faculty who held classes off campus in order to support the striking workers and the author's own decision to put the question of whether to honor the picket line to a vote of his students. It offers an analysis of the pattern of argument that emerged - with opponents of off-campus classes invoking the rhetoric of contract and supporters invoking the rhetoric of democracy - and of what that pattern may reveal about the nature of ideological conflict in contemporary campus culture.


In this paper, we propose the Self-Attention Generative Adversarial Network (SAGAN) which allows attention-driven, long-range dependency modeling for image generation tasks. Traditional convolutional GANs generate high-resolution details as a function of only spatially local points in lower-resolution feature maps. In SAGAN, details can be generated using cues from all feature locations. Moreover, the discriminator can check that highly detailed features in distant portions of the image are consistent with each other. Furthermore, recent work has shown that generator conditioning affects GAN performance. Leveraging this insight, we apply spectral normalization to the GAN generator and find that this improves training dynamics. The proposed SAGAN achieves the state-of-the-art results, boosting the best published Inception score from 36.8 to 52.52 and reducing Frechet Inception distance from 27.62 to 18.65 on the challenging ImageNet dataset. Visualization of the attention layers shows that the generator leverages neighborhoods that correspond to object shapes rather than local regions of fixed shape.


We give a new notion of angle in general metric spaces; more precisely, given a triple a points $p,x,q$ in a metric space $(X,d)$, we introduce the notion of angle cone ${\angle_{pxq}}$ as being an interval ${\angle_{pxq}}:=[\angle^-_{pxq},\angle^+_{pxq}]$, where the quantities $\angle^\pm_{pxq}$ are defined in terms of the distance functions from $p$ and $q$ via a duality construction of differentials and gradients holding for locally Lipschitz functions on a general metric space. Our definition in the Euclidean plane gives the standard angle between three points and in a Riemannian manifold coincides with the usual angle between the geodesics, if $x$ is not in the cut locus of $p$ or $q$. We show that in general the angle cone is not single valued (even in case the metric space is a smooth Riemannian manifold, if $x$ is in the cut locus of $p$ or $q$), but if we endow the metric space with a positive Borel measure $m$ obtaining the metric measure space $(X,d,m)$ then under quite general assumptions (which include many fundamental examples as Riemannian manifolds, finite dimensional Alexandrov spaces with curvature bounded from below, Gromov-Hausdorff limits of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below, and normed spaces with strictly convex norm), fixed $p,q \in X$, the angle cone at $x$ is single valued for $m$-a.e. $x \in X$. We prove some basic properties of the angle cone (such as the invariance under homotheties of the space) and we analyze in detail the case $(X,d,m)$ is a measured-Gromov-Hausdorff limit of a sequence of Riemannian manifolds with Ricci curvature bounded from below, showing the consistency of our definition with a recent construction of Honda.


We present a formalism for representing the intentions of agents engaged in cooperative planning and acting. We focus on cases where one agent alone cannot accomplish a complex task and must subcontract with other agents. Evolving intentions over time during the planning and acting, and the conditions under which an agent can adopt and maintain an intention, are central. In particular, the time taken to plan and to subcontract are modeled explicitly in the logic. This explicit time-representation is used to account for the time it takes an agent to adopt an intention. We use a syntactic approach presenting a formal logical calculus that can be regarded as a meta-logic that describes the reasoning and activities of the agents. We write some of the axioms of this metalanguage and explain the minimal model semantics, in which one model, the intended model, represents the actual beliefs, intentions, and actions of the agents. We also prove several results showing that under the appropriate conditions the agents will act as expected.


In this paper we describe a supervised learning algorithm that uses selective memory to track concept drift. Unlike previous methods to track concept drift that use window heuristics to adapt to changes, we present an improved approach that discriminates between the instances observed. The advantage of this method is that it allows the system to both adapt to and track drift more accurately as well as filter the noise in the data more effectively. We present the algorithm and compare its performance with FLORA a well known concept drift tracking algorithm.


A growing number of people choose to live their final weeks or months at home. For patients who cannot benefit from acute care in the hospital, home care offers an alternative to a nursing home or hospice. Advances in medical technology and pharmacology allow even those with serious illnesses to remain at home relatively free of pain and symptoms, and professional services are increasingly available to assist family caregivers with work that is often physically and emotionally exhausting. First published in 1991, Dying at Home examined the reasons behind this trend and offered practical advice about assuming as much control as possible over the process of dying. In this thoroughly updated edition, medical anthropologist and gerontologist Andrea Sankar keeps her focus on the patient and loved ones while providing the latest information on hospice home care teams, pain medications, HIV and AIDS, legislation on death with dignity, physician-assisted suicide, and sources of information and support for patients and families. Dying at Home is an intimate account based on extensive interviews with family and professional caregivers as well as with other family members, friends, and patients. The author addresses the concerns and problems of those who face the decision of whether to care for a dying loved one at home, including preparing the home environment for caregiving; how to use professional caregivers in the home setting; managing the patient's pain, agitation, and other conditions; and how to recognize impending death and what to do immediately after death. She draws from stories that represent a wide range of circumstances and causes of death. At home, surrounded by family and friends in a comforting environment, patients have some control over what remains of their lives. "Home death is a powerfully significant experience," the author writes, "despite the strain, exhaustion, and conflict that sometimes accompany it. Its power lies in the fact that in the face of certain death, the caregiver can give the person life, that is, the continuation of life as a social being."


The number and magnitude of devastating natural and human events make it imperative that we actively and systematically estimate the costs and benefits of policy decisions in affected localities, regions, states, and nations. Such strategic risk management preparedness efforts should forecast well into the future and include scenarios with and without enhanced engineered structures; with reduced vulnerability through land‐use planning and design; with the impact of resiliency and mitigation; with evacuation and relocation; and with the costs and benefits of recovery and restoration. We describe different kinds of regional economic models that can be used in these preparedness planning efforts, explore critical data needs, and advocate a shared federal‐state‐local strategic planning effort to accomplish the objective.


This paper examines the effect of Walmart Supercenters, which lower food prices and expand food availability, on household and child food insecurity. Our food insecurity-related outcomes come from the 2001-2012 waves of the December Current Population Study Food Security Supplement. Using narrow geographic identifiers available in the restricted version of these data, we compute the distance between each household's census tract of residence and the nearest Walmart Supercenter. We estimate instrumental variables models that leverage the predictable geographic expansion patterns of Walmart Supercenters outward from Walmart's corporate headquarters. Results suggest that closer proximity to a Walmart Supercenter improves the food security of households and children, as measured by number of affirmative responses to a food insecurity questionnaire and an indicator for food insecurity. The effects are largest among low-income households and children, but are also sizeable for middle-income children.


After Word War II, universities in Hungary were split, and their respective faculties became independent institutions. In the 1980s, even before integration became a government priority, negotiations began regarding the reunification of the segregated institutions of higher education in Debrecen. The Debrecen Universities Association (DUA) was founded officially in 1991. On January 2000, the most respectable and complex educational organization in Debrecen came into existence. Fifteen faculties covering a wide range of disciplines and a 35,000-member student body make the University of Debrecen one of the largest universities in Hungary. Since that time, the University and National Library, with an integrated management and organization, has been a central unit of the University.


Abstract Waterbirds are key indicators of wetland health and recent declines in their abundance have renewed focus on conservation of their habitats in Australia. Yet conservation efforts have mostly ignored the identification of habitats used at night. In this study we assessed three common species, Grey Teal (Anas gracilis), Chestnut Teal (Anas castanea) and Australian Wood Duck (Chenonetta chubata), during day and night. Thermal imaging technologies were utilised to identify individuals to species, count abundances and observe habitat requirements. We found major differences in abundance between night and day of all three species at our study sites. Further, habitat use of teals differed between nocturnal and diurnal hours, with birds aggregating on the bank during daylight hours and moving onto the water during the night. Our findings suggest that nocturnal waterbird surveys can assist conservation efforts. By monitoring bird numbers by night, the significance of a habitat for feeding and shelter purposes can be determined. Additionally, by studying nocturnal behaviour and habitat use, identification and conservation of important wetlands will be increased.


This paper provides elementary analyses of the regret and generalization of minimum-norm interpolating classifiers (MNIC). The MNIC is the function of smallest Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space norm that perfectly interpolates a label pattern on a finite data set. We derive a mistake bound for MNIC and a regularized variant that holds for all data sets. This bound follows from elementary properties of matrix inverses. Under the assumption that the data is independently and identically distributed, the mistake bound implies that MNIC generalizes at a rate proportional to the norm of the interpolating solution and inversely proportional to the number of data points. This rate matches similar rates derived for margin classifiers and perceptrons. We derive several plausible generative models where the norm of the interpolating classifier is bounded or grows at a rate sublinear in $n$. We also show that as long as the population class conditional distributions are sufficiently separable in total variation, then MNIC generalizes with a fast rate.


Little attention is given to the state of nature and natural resources in situations of armed conflict. Because of the human disaster involved, three is often a reluctance to focus on the environmental consequences. Nevertheless, there is no reason to assume that nothing can de done to conserve natural resources and biodiversity. Various stakeholders write about their experiences with nature conservation in regions in conflict and various international and Dutch organisations elaborate on their various roles in conflicts and their contribution to the conservation of nature.


OBJECTIVE
To assess vascular changes induced by hyperadrenocorticism of hyperplastic adrenal glands in dogs via contrast-enhanced ultrasonography.

ANIMALS
12 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) and 7 healthy control dogs ≥ 7 years old.

PROCEDURES
Dogs were assigned to the PDH and control groups and to small-breed (n = 6), medium-breed (4), and large-breed (9) subgroups. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of both adrenal glands in each dog was performed with IV injections of contrast agent. Time-intensity curves for the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and ipsilateral renal artery of both adrenal glands were generated. Perfusion variables (time to peak [TTP], upslope of wash-in phase, and downslope of washout phase) were calculated.

RESULTS
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed no qualitative difference between PDH and control groups. Quantitatively, TTPs were longer in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla of the PDH group, compared with values for the control group, particularly in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla of the small-breed subgroup. Washout downslopes were lower for the renal artery, adrenal cortex, and adrenal medulla of the small-breed subgroup between the PDH and control groups. No other perfusion variables differed between groups.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the adrenal glands in dogs with PDH revealed a delayed TTP in the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla, compared with values for control dogs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography was able to detect vascular changes induced by hyperadrenocorticism. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether reference ranges for clinically normal dogs and dogs with PDH can be determined and applied in clinical settings.


As digital image technology proliferates in camera phones, iPhones, and PDAs, almost any image we observe can be costlessly recorded, freely reproduced and instantly transmitted. We live, relate, work, and decide in an environment in which pervasive image capture from life is routine. During the last half decade, captured images have come to underpin crucial elements of ongoing private and public discourse; digital image capture has become a ubiquitous adjunct to memory and a pervasively accepted mode of connection and correspondence. Digitally captured images precipitate conflicts between government authority and free expression. From efforts to suppress cell phone videos of official abuse or private malfeasance to prosecutions of "sexting," the proliferation of digital image technology will require legal decision makers to come to grips with the First Amendment status of pervasive image capture. This Article commences the task. I begin by parsing the technological trends that have set the stage for pervasive image capture as a social practice, and proceed to sketch the emerging ecology of visual memory and discourse. I then canvass legal developments that threaten to shadow the promise of the new medium, and their proper analysis under the First Amendment. I argue against the claims of earlier legal analysts that the process of recording images is unprotected action; in contemporary social practice, image capture is part of a protected medium of expression. I close with an initial account of the proper scope of First Amendment shelter for the promise of pervasive image capture.