A Review of:
Chang, Y-W. (2017). Comparative study of characteristics of authors between open access and non-open access journals in library and information science. Library & Information Science Research, 39(1), 8-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2017.01.002

Abstract
Objective – To examine the occupational characteristics and publication habits of library and information science (LIS) authors regarding traditional journals and open access journals.
Design – Content analysis.
Setting – English language research articles published in open access (OA) journals and non-open access (non-OA) journals from 2008 to 2013 that are indexed in LIS databases.
Subjects – The authorship characteristics for 3,472 peer-reviewed articles.
Methods – This researcher identified 33 total journals meeting the inclusion criteria by using the LIS categories within 2012 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) to find 13 appropriate non-OA journals, and within the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) to identify 20 appropriate OA journals. They found 1,665 articles by 3,186 authors published in the non-OA journals, and another 1,807 articles by 3,446 authors within the OA journals.
The researcher used author affiliation to determine article authors' occupations using information included in the articles themselves or by looking for information on the Internet, and excluded articles when occupational information could not be located. Authors were categorized into four occupational categories: Librarians (practitioners), Academics (faculty and researchers), Students (graduate or undergraduate), and Others. Using these categories, the author identified 10 different types of collaborations for co-authored articles.
Main Results – This research involves three primary research questions. The first examined the occupational differences between authors publishing in OA journals versus non-OA journals. Academics (faculty and researchers) more commonly published in non-OA journals (58.1%) compared to OA journals (35.6%). The inverse was true for librarian practitioners, who were more likely to publish in OA journals (53.9%) compared to non-OA journals (25.5%). Student authors, a combined category that included both graduate and undergraduate students, published more in non-OA journals (10.1%) versus in OA journals (5.0%). The final category of "other" saw only a slight difference between non-OA (6.3%) and OA (5.5%) publication venues.
This second research question explored the difference in the proportion of LIS authors who published in OA and non-OA journals. Overall, authors were more likely to publish in OA journals (72.4%) vs. non-OA (64.3%). Librarians tended to be primary authors in OA journals, while LIS academics tend to be primary authors for articles in non-OA publications. Academics from outside the LIS discipline but contributing to the disciplinary literature were more likely to publish in non-OA journals. Regarding trends over time, this research showed a decrease in the percentage of librarian practitioners and "other" authors publishing in OA journals, while academics and students increased their OA contributions rates during the same period.
Finally, the research explored whether authors formed different types of collaborations when publishing in OA journals as compared to non-OA journals. When examining co-authorship of articles, just over half of all articles published in OA journals (54.4%) and non-OA journals (53.2%) were co-authored. Overall the researcher identified 10 types of collaborative relationships and examined the rates for publishing in OA versus non-OA journals for these relationships. OA journals saw three main relationships, with high levels of collaborations between practitioner librarians (38.6% of collaborations), between librarians and academics (20.5%), and between academics only (18.0%). Non-OA journals saw four main relationships, with collaborations between academics appearing most often (34.1%), along with academic-student collaborations (21.5%), practitioner librarian collaborations (15.5%), and librarian-academic collaborations (13.2%).
Conclusion – LIS practitioner-focused research tends to appear more often in open access journals, while academic-focused researcher tends to appear more often in non-OA journals. These trends also appear in research collaborations, with co-authored works involving librarians appearing more often in OA journals, and collaborations that include academics more likely to appear in non-OA journals.


The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role not only in physiological situations, but also in various pathological settings such as diabetic neuropathy, myocardial infarction (MI) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Autonomic imbalance associating increased sympathetic activity and reduced vagal tone has been been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death. Among the different available noninvasive techniques for assessing the autonomic status heart rate variability (HRV) has emerged as a simple, noninvasive method to evaluate the sympathovagal balance at the sinoatrial level. It has been used in a variety of clinical situations including diabetic neuropathy, MI, sudden death and CHF. The standard measurements intervening in the analysis of HRV comprise time domain indices, geometric methods and components of the frequency domain. Measurements of HRV are generally performed on the basis of 24 hour Holter recordings (long-term recordings) or on shorter periods ranging from 0.5 to 5 minutes (short-term recordings). The use of long or short-term recordings depends on the type of study that has to be realised. Established clinical data based on numerous studies published during the last decade consider decreased global HRV as a strong predictor of increased all-cause cardiac and/or arrhythmic mortality, particularly in patients at risk after MI or with CHF. This article reviews the mechanism, the parameters and the use of HRV as a marker reflecting the activity of the sympathetic and vagal components of the ANS on the sinus node, and as a clinical tool for screening and identifying patients particularly at risk for cardiac mortality.


One of the first examples of "new journalism" daringly combines reportage with a novelistic style and garnered Mailer his first Pulitzer Prize and a National Book Award. "Armies of the Night" centers on the March on the Pentagon, the most famous anti-Vietnam War rally in Washington DC, and the characters that occupy this opposition the intellectuals, students, African Americans, liberals, and marching women. Mailer, a novelist-as-character, sculpts this impressionably fragile world of the Left versus Authority and Peace versus War, prodding at the Vietnam generation s deepest anxieties. In the same way Truman Capote's "In Cold Blood" introduced the "non-fiction novel," "Armies of the Night" renders this form, with turns historical and fictional."


High-resolution pollen and charcoal records from Chenghai Lake, northwestern Yunnan Province of China, are presented in this study. These records reveal changes in climate and human activity since 8220 cal. yr BP, and the drivers of climatic change are further discussed based on spectral analysis of Tsuga and evergreen oak pollen percentages. The pollen record indicated that the climate in the low altitude area was relatively warm and moderately dry, whereas the climate in the high altitude area was relatively cool and humid during the period 8220–4670 cal. yr BP, corresponding to the Holocene climate optimum, although the seasonality of precipitation increased between 5180 and 4670 cal. yr BP. From 4670 to 3470 cal. yr BP, the temperature declined, and the precipitation and its seasonality decreased. Between 3470 and 1860 cal. yr BP, the temperature was still relatively low, and precipitation appeared to decrease further. At the same time, human activity represented by agricultural planting began to influence this study area, but the intensity of human activity was relatively weak. After 1860 cal. yr BP, the climate was gradually becoming drier and the intensity of human activity such as deforestation and slash-and-burn agriculture increased. Spectral analysis of Tsuga and evergreen oak pollen percentages shows statistically significant periodicities of ~1500 and ~200 years at the ≥95% confidence level, which suggests that insolation and feedback interactions on millennial to centennial scales are the primary forcing mechanisms of the southwest monsoon and past climatic change during the Holocene in northwestern Yunnan Province, southwestern China.


The fundamental process of scientific research, from initial observation to publication, is a time-consuming one in ecology making it challenging to teach in a way students can experience authentically. However, this process can be condensed in activities where students investigate new phenomena through the lens of a recent publication: a simultaneous immersion in research and published output that extends the original work. An exercise based on this approach is presented here. In 2014, thousands of green algal balls washed up unexpectedly on a Sydney beach and a possible scenario to explain their source, creation and beach wash up was described in a short paper (Cooke et al 2015). First year HE students are given a gentle, but genuine introduction into the scientific process by investigating a second (post-publication) algal ball wash-up to test outstanding hypotheses. Students use the same resources as the original authors of the paper: environmental records available online. This exercise was designed for distance learners, but the concept is appropriate for field or experimental ecology work also. The approach also offers students the opportunity to contribute their findings to future research and publications.


A new method is proposed to estimate wet surface evaporation by means of measurements of sensible heat flux and of air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed at one level only. This formulation is made possible by the linearization of the Bowen ratio, a common assumption in other methods, such as Penman's model and its derivatives. The method will be useful in those cases where the sensible heat flux is more reliably acquired at field scales than the net radiation and the ground heat flux, which are needed in many operational methods because of energy budget considerations. Indeed, the ground heat flux is a notoriously difficult variable to measure on wet surfaces, such as lakes or wetlands, especially at the appropriate length scales, whereas sensible heat flux can be obtained from standard temperature variance methods or other instruments such as scintillometers. The proposed method was tested with field experimental data taken over Lake Geneva in Switzerland, where it showed excellent agreement with evaporation rates measured using eddy covariance techniques.


Mycophagous (=fungus feeding) soil bacteria of the genus Collimonas have been shown to colonize and grow on hyphae of different fungal hosts as the only source of energy and carbon. The ability to exploit fungal nutrient resources might require a strategy for collimonads to sense fungi in the soil matrix. Oxalic acid is ubiquitously secreted by soil fungi, serving different purposes. In this study, we investigated the possibility that collimonads might use oxalic acid secretion to localize a fungal host and move towards it. We first confirmed earlier indications that collimonads have a very limited ability to use oxalic acid as growth substrate. In a second step, with using different assays, we show that oxalic acid triggers bacterial movement in such a way that accumulation of cells can be expected at micro-sites with high free oxalic acid concentrations. Based on these observations we propose that oxalic acid functions as a signal molecule to guide collimonads to hyphal tips, the mycelial zones that are most sensitive for mycophagous bacterial attack.


This paper investigates the effect of two soft magnetic materials on a high-speed machine design, namely, 6.5% silicon steel and cobalt–iron alloy. The effect of design parameters on the machine performance as an aircraft starter-generator is analyzed. The material properties which include B-H characteristics and the losses are obtained at different frequencies under an experiment and used to predict the machine performance accurately. In the investigation presented in this paper, it is shown that machines designed with 6.5% silicon steel at a high core flux density has lower weight and lower losses than the cobalt–iron alloy designs. This is mainly due to the extra weight contributed by the copper content especially in the end-windings. Due to the high operating frequencies, the core losses in the cobalt–iron machine designs are found to outweigh the copper losses incurred in the silicon steel machines. It is also shown that change in stack length/number of turns has a considerable effect on the copper losses at starting, however has no significant advantage on rated efficiency which happens to be in a field-weakening operating point. It is also shown that the performance of the machine designs depends significantly on material selection and the operating point of the core. The implications of the variation of design parameters on the machine performance is discussed and provide insight into the influence of parameters that effect overall power density.


This paper investigates the role of financial stucture on he financial fragility of the economy. It argues that while strucures is indipendent of the degree of what Misky calls financial fragility, it will have an impact on the rate of contagion by which financial fragility produces general economic instability. This is independent of the traditional view of instability as being caused by financial intermediation creating a mismatch of maturities of financial institutions' asset and liabilities, but is linked to the quality of the assets against which banks lend when there is a rapid increase in resources intermediated by banks. It concludes by arguing that the present system has become more prone to financial crises because of an increase in the speed of contagion due to a change in the financial structure.


Drug-associated stimuli trigger craving and relapse in addiction. Murine morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) was used to model learning of opioid associations. We examined how morphine and learning interact to alter neuron morphology in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core and shell after acquisition and extinction of CPP. Conditioning with morphine dose-dependently increased place preference compared to saline. In comparison to those from saline conditioned and morphine non-conditioned controls, neurons from the NAc core of morphine conditioned mice had increased dendritic complexity, as defined by increased dendritic length, number, and Sholl intersections. This effect is due to the combination of morphine and learning, which is different from effects of morphine or conditioning alone. Morphine administration without conditioning was associated with increased spine density in the core, which was reversed by CPP acquisition. Control ix conditioning with saline produced no morphology changes. Morphine CPP extinction was associated with decreased dendritic complexity, reversing the increased complexity seen after acquisition. Mice that extinguished CPP had similar dendritic complexity to saline conditioned mice, in terms of dendritic count and intersections, but less dendritic complexity than non-extinguished mice that retained CPP. Since dopamine release imbues salience to stimuli that coincide with drug use, and the dopamine D1 receptor mediates CPP acquisition, we tested the effect of SKF81297 D1 receptor agonist on CPP extinction and associated accumbal neuron morphology. SKF81297 (0.8 mg/kg) injected after each extinction training session impeded extinction, and produced increased dendritic complexity compared to controls. SKF81297 may have sustained conditioned associations, disrupted consolidation of extinction, and/or disrupted the decline in dopamine levels that may occur throughout extinction sessions. We hypothesize that changes occurred in the NAc core because this region mediates how stimuli and drug effects direct motor action. Since D1 receptors oppose extinction of drug-cue-induced behavior, they play a role in reinforcing opioid addiction. Acquisition and extinction may be opposite processes in the brain, as in behavior. Extinction may include some reversal of acquisition learning as well as being new learning with its own pathway. Interventions that target D1 receptors or that selectively reduce NAc core dendritic complexity may contribute to opioid addiction treatment.


Land-use information is required for a number of purposes such as to address food security issues, to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources and to support decisions regarding food trade and crop insurance. Suitable land-use maps often either do not exist or are not readily available. This article presents a novel method to compile spatial and temporal land-use data sets using multi-temporal remote sensing in combination with existing data sources. Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre (SPOT)-Vegetation 10-day composite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images (1998–2002) at 1km2 resolution for a part of the Nizamabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India, were linked with available crop calendars and information about cropping patterns. The NDVI images were used to stratify the study area into map units represented by 11 distinct NDVI classes. These were then related to an existing land-cover map compiled from high resolution Indian Remote Sensing (IRS)-images (Liss-III on IRS-1C), reported crop areas by sub-district and practised crop calendar information. This resulted in an improved map containing baseline information on both land cover and land use. It is concluded that each defined NDVI class represents a varying but distinct mix of land-cover classes and that the existing land-cover map consists of too many detailed 'year-specific' features. Four groups of the NDVI classes present in agricultural areas match well with four categories of practised crop calendars. Differences within a group of NDVI classes reveal area specific variations in cropping intensities. The remaining groups of NDVI classes represent other land-cover complexes. The method illustrated in this article has the potential to be incorporated into remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS)-based drought monitoring systems.


This work defines a new reactivity coal combustion parameter called intrinsic reactivity index (IRI), combining reactive maceral fraction (vitrinite/liptinite), non-reactive maceral fraction (inertinite/intrinsic mineral matter) and vitirinite reflectance averages. Coal samples from La Yolanda and Guachinte (Valle del Cauca) collieries were used to evaluate the IRI; samples consisted of original and vitrinite concentrated fractions obtained from froth flotation column. This new parameter was compared to three conventional parameters: weighted mean activation energy (WMAE), peak temperature (PT) and final temperature (FT). Results revealed that vitrinite concentrated fractions had higher IRI figures than original coal. This meant that vitrinite concentrated fractions presented higher reactivity to combustion than original coal. Results also showed that EAMP, TP and TF decreased with an increase in IRI, suggesting that coal combustion reactivity becomes improved when vitirinite concentration in coal is increased.


It is argued that it is the intent behind the electromagnetic interference in intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) that causes problems to large distributed systems and facilities even if they are designed by traditional zoning concept rules. Hardening such facilities against IEMI requires a correspondence between the electromagnetic zone boundary and the physical access control boundary. The three characteristics of a facility, the accessibility, susceptibility , and consequence, are discussed in the context of vulnerability to IEMI. A methodology for classification of facilities with respect to IEMI is presented.


Anxiety and related disorders are the most common mental conditions affecting the North American population. Despite their established efficacy, first‐line antidepressant treatments are associated with significant side effects, leading many afflicted individuals to seek alternative treatments. Cannabis is commonly viewed as a natural alternative for a variety of medical and mental health conditions. Currently, anxiety ranks among the top five medical symptoms for which North Americans report using medical marijuana. However, upon careful review of the extant treatment literature, the anxiolytic effects of cannabis in clinical populations are surprisingly not well‐documented. The effects of cannabis on anxiety and mood symptoms have been examined in healthy populations and in several small studies of synthetic cannabinoid agents but there are currently no studies which have examined the effects of the cannabis plant on anxiety and related disorders. In light of the rapidly shifting landscape regarding the legalization of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes, it is important to highlight the significant disconnect between the scientific literature, public opinion, and related policies. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the current cannabis treatment literature, and to identify the potential for cannabis to be used as a therapeutic intervention for anxiety, mood, and related disorders. Searches of five electronic databases were conducted (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsychINFO, and Google Scholar), with the most recent in February 2017. The effects of cannabis on healthy populations and clinical psychiatric samples will be discussed, focusing primarily on anxiety and mood disorders.


Crash Severity Distributions for Life-Cycle Benefit-Cost Analysis of Safety-Related Improvements on Utah Roadways Conor Judd Seat Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, BYU Master of Science The Utah Department of Transportation developed life-cycle benefit-cost analysis spreadsheets that allow engineers and analysts to evaluate multiple safety countermeasures. The spreadsheets have included the functionality to evaluate a roadway based on the 11 facility types from the Highway Safety Manual (HSM) with the use of crash severity distributions. The HSM suggests that local agencies develop crash severity distributions based on their local crash data. The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Brigham Young University worked with the Statistics Department to develop crash severity distributions for the facility types from the HSM. The primary objective of this research was to utilize available roadway characteristic and crash data to develop crash severity distributions for the 11 facility types in the HSM. These objectives were accomplished by segmenting the roadway data based on homogeneity and developing statistical models to determine the distributions. Due to insufficient data, the facility types of freeway speed change lanes and freeway ramps were excluded from the scope of this research. In order to accommodate more roadways within the research, the facility type definitions were expanded to include more through lanes. The statistical models that were developed for this research include multivariate regression, frequentist binomial regression, frequentist multinomial, and Bayesian multinomial regression models. A cross-validation study was conducted to determine the models that best described the data. Bayesian Information Criterion, Deviance Information Criterion, and RootMean-Square Error values were compared to conduct the comparison. Based on the crossvalidation study, it was determined that the Bayesian multinomial regression model is the most effective model to describe the crash severity distributions for the nine facility types evaluated.


The development and application of new sources of lubricant/hydraulic oils for industrial use are rapidly increasing. This study investigated the lubricant and hydraulic properties of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as a new, environmental-friendly and renewable source of lubricant and hydraulic oil in different loads and in a standard industrial manufacturing condition. A four-ball tribotester, digital microscope, charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and viscosity meter were used for the investigation. The experiments were done at constant speed (1200 rpm), temperature (75°C) and at running time (60 min), and under five different loading means, 200, 300, 392, 500 and 600 N. The main physical properties of PFAD: antiwear, anti-friction, flash temperature parameter, the coefficient of friction, wear scar diameter, viscosity and extreme pressure condition, were measured and the results obtained were compared to the physical properties of mineral lubricant/hydraulic oil. The results show that the PFAD oil has more lubricant abilities with regard to friction and wear than the commercial engine and hydraulic oils at various loadings.


Chlorella vulgaris (CV) has been reported to have antioxidant and anticancer properties. We evaluated the effect of CV on apoptotic regulator protein expression in liver cancer-induced rats. Male Wistar rats (200∼250 g) were divided into eight groups: control group (normal diet), CDE group (choline deficient diet supplemented with ethionine in drinking water to induce hepatocarcinogenesis), CV groups with three different doses of CV (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg body weight), and CDE groups treated with different doses of CV (50, 150, and 300 mg/kg body weight). Rats were sacrificed at various weeks and liver tissues were embedded in paraffin blocks for immunohistochemistry studies. CV, at increasing doses, decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, but increased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein, caspase 8, in CDE rats, which was correlated with decreased hepatoctyes proliferation and increased apoptosis as determined by bromodeoxy-uridine (BrdU) labeling and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, respectively. Our study shows that CV has definite chemopreventive effect by inducing apoptosis via decreasing the expression of Bcl-2 and increasing the expression of caspase 8 in hepatocarcinogenesis-induced rats.


Objective Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is associated with a higher risk of type A aortic dissection (AD) compared with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). We sought to study differences between patients with BAV and TAV with AD. Design and setting Observational descriptive analysis of clinical, imaging and pathological characteristics of all patients with confirmed BAV and AD from 1980–2010, compared with a consecutive TAV group with AD. Results Of 47 patients with BAV (mean age 58±14, 77% male), 31 (66%) had acute AD, 16 (34%) had chronic AD, 40 (85%) had typical BAV, 32 (68%) had hypertension and 11 (23%) had previous aortic coarctation repair. Of 53 patients with TAV (mean age 66±13 (p=0.007), 76% male), 34 (66%) had acute AD (p=1.0) and 46 (87%) had hypertension (p=0.03). More patients with BAV had known aortic dilatation prior to AD (49% versus 17%, p=0.001). Presentation symptoms were identical between groups (p=NS). Maximal ascending aortic diameter at AD was higher in patients with BAV (66±15 mm vs 56±11 mm, p=0.0004). Previous aortic valve replacement (AVR) was more common in BAV (23% vs 6%, p=0.02). Of 11 patients with BAV with previous isolated AVR, 7 had ≥moderate ascending aorta dilatation at the time of surgery. Patients with BAV had increased aortic jet velocity (28% vs 10%) and more severe aortic stenosis (19% vs 0%) at presentation (p=0.04 and 0.002, respectively). In acute AD, aortic medial degeneration affected 75% of BAV specimens and 41% TAV specimens (p=0.01) while aortic atherosclerosis was more frequent in TAV (56% vs 26%, p=0.02). Conclusions Compared with patients with TAV, patients with BAV with type A AD are younger, have less hypertension, more valve stenosis and previous AVR, higher maximal aortic dimension, worse aortic medial degeneration, high prevalence of aortic coarctation, and 1 out of 2 have known aortic dilatation prior to AD. Implementation of current guidelines could have theoretically prevented AD in several patients with BAV.


The experimental literature and studies using survey data have established that people care a great deal about their relative economic position and not solely, as standard economic theory assumes, about their absolute economic position. Individuals are concerned about social comparisons. However, behavioral evidence in the field is rare. This paper provides an empirical analysis, testing the model of inequality aversion using two unique panel data sets for basketball and soccer players. We find support that the concept of inequality aversion helps to understand how the relative income situation affects performance in a real competitive environment with real tasks and real incentives.


"Environment Reporters in the 21st Century" is the story of specialized journalists who, because of their expertise, their experience, or their willingness, regularly write about environmental issues. This is the story of a relatively new journalistic beat, one that developed during the lifetime of the authors. This book provides a view of American journalism in the first decade of the new century, when newspapers and television were the major source of news in America. The authors have divided the work into three parts. The first, Environment Reporting, includes a review of the literature and a detailed explanation of the methodology of the current study. Part II, The Environment Reporters of the 21st Century, describes the results of the present research. Part III, The Craft: Telling the Environment Story, provides in-depth accounts of environment reporters at work. Was the first decade of the 21st century a golden age of environmental reporting? The final chapter puts this research in historical perspective, viewing it in terms of the economic decline of the newspaper business and of local television news. Environment reporters and their sources are eager to get news out, but not always in the same way, or at the same time. There is a constant struggle among the thousands of environmental activists, corporate public relations people, government officials, and scientists to frame the message in a way that is advantageous to their point of view. This has been called the great ecological communication war, the war between conflicting public relations forces to influence public policy. These competing interests need to understand how journalists think and function. This volume tells the story of environmental reporting imaginatively and innovatively.


CONTEXT
Stillbirths account for almost half of US deaths from 20 weeks' gestation to 1 year of life. Most large studies of risk factors for stillbirth use vital statistics with limited data.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the relation between stillbirths and risk factors that could be ascertained at the start of pregnancy, particularly the contribution of these factors to racial disparities.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Multisite population-based case-control study conducted between March 2006 and September 2008. Fifty-nine US tertiary care and community hospitals, with access to at least 90% of deliveries within 5 catchment areas defined by state and county lines, enrolled residents with deliveries of 1 or more stillborn fetuses and a representative sample of deliveries of only live-born infants, oversampled for those at less than 32 weeks' gestation and those of African descent.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Stillbirth.

RESULTS
Analysis included 614 case and 1816 control deliveries. In multivariate analyses, the following factors were independently associated with stillbirth: non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (23.1% stillbirths, 11.2% live births) (vs non-Hispanic whites; adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 2.12 [95% CI, 1.41-3.20]); previous stillbirth (6.7% stillbirths, 1.4% live births); nulliparity with (10.5% stillbirths, 5.2% live births) and without (34.0% stillbirths, 29.7% live births) previous losses at fewer than 20 weeks' gestation (vs multiparity without stillbirth or previous losses; AOR, 5.91 [95% CI, 3.18-11.00]; AOR, 3.13 [95% CI, 2.06-4.75]; and AOR, 1.98 [95% CI, 1.51-2.60], respectively); diabetes (5.6% stillbirths, 1.6% live births) (vs no diabetes; AOR, 2.50 [95% CI, 1.39-4.48]); maternal age 40 years or older (4.5% stillbirths, 2.1% live births) (vs age 20-34 years; AOR, 2.41 [95% CI, 1.24-4.70]); maternal AB blood type (4.9% stillbirths, 3.0% live births) (vs type O; AOR, 1.96 [95% CI, 1.16-3.30]); history of drug addiction (4.5% stillbirths, 2.1% live births) (vs never use; AOR, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.12-3.88]); smoking during the 3 months prior to pregnancy (<10 cigarettes/d, 10.0% stillbirths, 6.5% live births) (vs none; AOR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.02-2.35]); obesity/overweight (15.5% stillbirths, 12.4% live births) (vs normal weight; AOR, 1.72 [95% CI, 1.22-2.43]); not living with a partner (25.4% stillbirths, 15.3% live births) (vs married; AOR, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.15-2.27]); and plurality (6.4% stillbirths, 1.9% live births) (vs singleton; AOR, 4.59 [95% CI, 2.63-8.00]). The generalized R(2) was 0.19, explaining little of the variance.

CONCLUSION
Multiple risk factors that would have been known at the time of pregnancy confirmation were associated with stillbirth but accounted for only a small amount of the variance in this outcome.


1. There is an important argument which can be traced back to Kant's second and third Critiques, and which has been defended by a number of distinguished modern philosophers.1 It goes as follows. Moral judgments are universalizable; that is, I am logically committed to making the same moral judgment about all relevantly similar cases. If I refuse to make the same moral judgment about two relevantly similar cases, then either I believe that they are relevantly different, or I have changed my moral views between examining the first case and examining the second, or I am simply irrational and not a proper subject for discussion. In contrast, however, aesthetic judgments are not universalizable; works of art are necessarily unique. If I say that a painting is aesthetically pleasing or successful or important or striking or whatever, I am not committed to making the same judgment about any relevantly similar work. Occasionally no doubt I might make the same judgment about a relevantly similar work, but I am in no way logically committed to doing so. Indeed in certain cases—the cases which are the topic of this paper—I am logically committed to making an entirely different aesthetic judgment of a relevantly similar work. Since works of art are necessarily unique, copies, fakes, forgeries, pastiches and 'works in the style of …', however plausible, however skilful, however close to the original, can never have the same aesthetic merit. Even if my Athena print of a Canaletto were qualitatively identical with the original, it could not have the same aesthetic merit. Even if a modern symphony reproduced perfectly the style of Mozart and even if it were in general of comparable musical quality, it could not have the same aesthetic merit as (most of) the forty-one originals.


GDP in constant prices of ASEAN countries suffers from substitution bias by ignoring relative price changes and makes GDP growth and shares dependent on the base year. These analytical deficiencies led the US since the mid-1990s to convert GDP from constant to chained prices. Thus, cross-country comparisons in constant prices are analytically shaky even with the same base year. Therefore, this paper implements US GDP in chained prices in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand to alleviate substitution bias and prevent baseyear dependence of GDP growth and shares for valid cross-country comparisons. Converting UN GDP data from constant 1990 prices to chained prices affected Malaysia and the Philippines more than Indonesia and Thailand. Shares of GDP level during 2002-06 show Malaysias industry sector expanded (43.6 to 47.6 percent) while its service sector shrunk (49.1 to 43.7 percent). In the Philippines, the agriculture sector shrunk (19.2 to 14.7 percent) while the service sector expanded (48.6 to 53.6 percent). Shares of GDP growth during 2002-06 show the industry sector drove Thailands GDP growth, contributing around 54 percent, while the service sector drove GDP growth in Indonesia, Malaysia, and in the Philippines, contributing around 49, 49, and 60 percent, respectively, before and after conversion.


We report neutron inelastic scattering measurements on the normal and superconducting states of single-crystalline Cs0.8Fe1.9Se2. Consistent with previous measurements on RbxFe2−ySe2, we observe two distinct spin excitation signals: (i) spin-wave excitations characteristic of the block antiferromagnetic order found in insulating AxFe2−ySe2 compounds, and (ii) a resonance-like magnetic peak localized in energy at 11 meV and at an in-plane wave-vector of (0.25,0.5). The resonance peak increases below Tc=27 K, and has a similar absolute intensity to the resonance peaks observed in other Fe-based superconductors. The existence of a magnetic resonance in the spectrum of RbxFe2−ySe2 and now of CsxFe2−ySe2 suggests that this is a common feature of superconductivity in this family. The low-energy spin-wave excitations in Cs0.8Fe1.9Se2 show no measurable response to superconductivity, consistent with the notion of spatially separate magnetic and superconducting phases.


The right to an impartial jury and the right to serve on a jury are defining aspects of the American legal system. However, this nation has yet to fully make good on these guarantees to African Americans. Black people are routinely underrepresented in jury pools and Black defendants often face juries that fail to reflect the communities in which they are prosecuted. Despite laws prohibiting racial discrimination in jury selection and legislation to improve jury representation, the under-representation of Black people on juries persists.

This article draws an unbroken thread from the history of total exclusion of Black people from juries to the contemporary under-representation of Black people in jury pools. Historically, the framers excluded Black people from citizenship, and by extension from serving on juries. Although the Reconstruction Amendments extended citizenship rights to African Americans, racially neutral, but vague juror qualifications enabled state officials to continue excluding Black people from juries well into the Twentieth Century. Today, felony disenfranchisement prevents millions of Americans from being eligible to serve on juries, including a disproportionate number of African Americans.

This article argues that policies to increase racial diversity on juries must account for the centuries' long exclusion of Black people. Such reforms must be large scale and transformational, addressing juror eligibility standards, fair cross section jurisprudence, and policies governing juror summons. Only then can America's promise to Black people of an impartial jury selected free from racial discrimination be recognized.


Our knowledge of the potential genetic link between fat metabolism and the reproductive axis dates back to the 1950s when the obese ( ob/ob ) mouse strain was first described. These mice were not only distinctly hyperphagic and rapidly developed obesity associated with hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, but they were also infertile.1 It was not until 1994 when the leptin ( ob ) gene was postionally cloned and a mutation was identified in the coding sequence of murine leptin in ob/ob mice that the cause of their obesity was recognised.2 As predicted from the phenotype of ob/ob mice, leptin, which is principally expressed in adipocytes, had potent actions to suppress appetite and stimulate energy expenditure. It rapidly became clear that leptin could also influence the reproductive system. The sterility of male and female ob/ob mice could be reversed when recombinant leptin was administered.3 4

In humans, initial studies focused on the possible role that leptin may play in obesity. The hypothesis that leptin deficiency may contribute to common human obesity was soon rejected. An exponential relation between serum leptin concentration and body mass index or percentage body fat was described,5 implying that, as a person became fatter, so insensitivity to the anorexigenic action of leptin developed. However, the relation between body fat and reproductive ability in humans has long been recognised. Both anorexia nervosa and intense physical training are associated with reduced gonadotrophin levels,6 while Frisch had proposed that a certain amount of body fat must be accrued to achieve regular menstruation.7 There is therefore a clear link between peripheral energy stores (in fat) and central regulation of physical development and reproductive capacity. Studies in animals and humans over the last four years have provided compelling evidence that leptin may be a neurohumoral mediator capable of signalling between …


QUANTIFICATION OF LONG -RANGE POWER LAW CORRELATIONS AMONG HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGY SUBJECTS USING DETRENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS AND MULTIFRACTAL DETRENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS by Hardik Raval The healthy heartbeat is traditionally thought to be regulated according to the classical principle of homeostasis whereby physiologic systems operate to reduce variability and achieve an equilibrium-like state. However recent studies reveal that under normal conditions, beat-to-beat fluctuation in heart rate display the kind of long-range correlations typically exhibited by the dynamical system far away from equilibrium. In contrast, heart rate time series from patients with severe congestive heart failure show a breakdown of this long-range correlation behavior. Two different non-linear dynamic methods namely Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) and Multifractal (MF) DFA are used for the quantification of this correlation property in non-stationary physiological time series and it revealed the presence of long-range power law correlation for the group of healthy subjects while breakdown in the long-range power law correlation for the group of subjects with cardiac heart failure. Application of DFA analysis shows evidence for a crossover phenomenon associated with a change in short(α1) and lοng(α2) range scaling exponents. For healthy subjects, calculated value of αl and α2 (mean value ± S.D.) are 1.31 ± 0.17 and 1.00 ± 0.07 respectively. For subjects with cardiac heart failure calculated value of αl and α2 is 0.71 ± 0.20 and 1.24 ± 0.07 respectively i.e. only one scaling exponent is not sufficient to characterize the entire heart-rate time series which resulted into MF-DFA approach. This suggested that there is more than one exponent values needed to characterize the heart rate time series. multifractality DFA is based on generalization of DFA and a MATLAB code is developed to implement the MF-DFA algorithm and to identify whether the given time series under analysis exhibits multifractal or not by generating more than one exponent values for multifractality signal. The value of a for q>0 for healthy is 1.04 ± 0.02 and for CHEF is found to be 1.32 ± 0.02 and the value of α for q<0 for healthy subjects is 3.01 ± 0.26 and for CHF subjects is found to be 3.53 ± 0.14 (mean value ± S.D.) The student's ttest suggests that devalue is 0.00001 which is less than 0.05 thus the value of α for q <0 and q>0 among healthy subjects and CHEF subjects are statistically different. Value of a for q>0 is less than that for q<0. And for q =2 MF-DFA retains multifractal DFA. Thus, MF-DFA is clearly able to discriminate among the healthy and CHF for q<0 as well for q>0. MF-DFA also determines which fluctuations i.e. (small or large) dominate for the given interbeat interval time series because for q<0 the slow fluctuations dominate whereas for q>0 large fluctuations dominate. DFA and MF-DFA were able to discriminate 23 Healthy subjects out of 26 Healthy subjects data sets i.e. true positive specificity is 0.89 and false negative specificity is 0.12 and 9 CHF subjects out of 11 CHEF subjects data sets i.e. true positive specificity is 0.82 and false negative specificity is 0.19. These methods may be of use in distinguishing healthy from pathologic data sets based on the difference in the scaling properties. QUANTIFICATION OF LONG -RANGE POWER LAW CORRELATIONS AMONG HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGIC SUBJECTS USING DESCENDED FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS AND MULTIFRACTAL DESCENDER FLUCTUATION ANALYSIS


Models such as latent semantic analysis and those based on neural embeddings learn distributed representations of text, and match the query against the document in the latent semantic space. In traditional information retrieval models, on the other hand, terms have discrete or local representations, and the relevance of a document is determined by the exact matches of query terms in the body text. We hypothesize that matching with distributed representations complements matching with traditional local representations, and that a combination of the two is favourable. We propose a novel document ranking model composed of two separate deep neural networks, one that matches the query and the document using a local representation, and another that matches the query and the document using learned distributed representations. The two networks are jointly trained as part of a single neural network. We show that this combination or 'duet' performs significantly better than either neural network individually on a Web page ranking task, and significantly outperforms traditional baselines and other recently proposed models based on neural networks.


A methodology and related software design environment for the development of performance-engineered object-oriented systems is essential. In the absence of such environments, engineers must design and implement systems before detecting critical performance defects. Waiting to identify performance defects until implementation/integration results in reduced productivity, increased project costs, slipped schedules, and the redesign of software that may cause functional defects to be injected into the system. An approach for performance modeling and evaluation that is in concert with current object-oriented design methodologies needs to be specified in which the object-oriented design and performance model generation efforts are performed simultaneously during software development.
In this research, a performance-engineered object-oriented design framework that utilizes the object-oriented design techniques of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the architecture of the Hierarchical Performance Model (HPM) is developed to assist designers in evaluating alternatives for performance enhancement.
The methodology integrates the solution to performance modeling into the design and development process. The developed object-oriented performance modeling framework coalesces the object-oriented software constructs (defined within the Class, Deployment and Activity Diagrams of UML) with the performance parameters required for performance model generation. This framework integrates the architectural, structural and behavioral components of an application and interrelates the object-oriented design structure of UML with the Hierarchical Performance Model.
Performance model generation techniques to support one-moment and two-moment analyses at each level of the Hierarchical Performance Model are specified along with the primary extensions required for the performance modeling of object-oriented systems. Performance Views are constructed for the presentation of model generation results for (critical) path scenarios, at various levels of abstraction. Sequence Diagrams are utilized to represent the path or sub-path that is selected from within the Performance View. The performance modeling framework, Performance Views and scenarios together support the evaluation of architectural, behavioral and structural strategies. This approach can enable an engineer to explore software restructuring, partitioning, refactoring, software process allocation and hardware architecture alternatives, during the software design process.


In the past few years, there has been substantial progress in the application of the economic theory of household decision making to human fertility behavior. Theoretical emphasis has been given to the effects of the costs of parental tine and money resources devoted to rearing children on the demand for the total number of children in a static framework under conditions of certainty. Empirical work has focused on explaining variation in the number of children ever born to women, who have completed their childbearing, as a function of measures of the household's total resources and the opportunity cost of time, especially the value of the wife's time. One important objection to static theories of fertility is their failure to deal with the implications of the simple fact that reproduction is a stochastic biological process in which the number and timing of births and the traits of children (e.g. sex, intelligence, health, etc.) are uncertain and not subject to direct control. In this paper, we report some initial results of a study in progress whose goal is to develop an integrated theoretical and econometric model of fertility behavior within a sequential stochastic framework. The principal contribution of the paper is to the development of an appropriate econometric methodology for dealing with some new econometric problems that arise in such models.


Incremental Programming (IP) is a programming style in which new program components are defined as increments of other components. Examples of IP mechanisms include Object-oriented programming inheritance, aspect-oriented programming advice, and feature-oriented programming. A characteristic of IP mechanisms is that, while individual components can be independently defined, the composition of components makes those components become tightly coupled, sharing both control and data flows. This makes reasoning about IP mechanisms a notoriously hard problem: modular reasoning about a component becomes very difficult; and it is very hard to tell if two tightly coupled components interfere with each other's control and data flows. This paper presents modular reasoning about interference (MRI), a purely functional model of IP embedded in Haskell. MRI models inheritance with mixins and side effects with monads. It comes with a range of powerful reasoning techniques: equational reasoning, parametricity, and reasoning with algebraic laws about effectful operations. These techniques enable MRI in the presence of side effects. MRI formally captures harmlessness, a hard-to-formalize notion in the interference literature, in two theorems. We prove these theorems with a non-trivial combination of all three reasoning techniques.


This study endeavours to evaluate the measurement of lipid peroxidation in patient with cerebral thrombosis and haemorrhage and also to correlate its level with the lesion size in these patients. Seventy five subjects were included in the study comprising 25 each of cerebral thrombosis and haemorrhage while 25 comparable subjects scored as control. Serum malondialdehyde (SMDA) as a measure of lipid peroxidation was estimated on first day of admission. The study emphasizes that SMDA levels were raised significantly (p < 0.001) in the study groups compared to control and varies according to size of lesion with significant correlation (P < 0.01). However, no correlation was found between large and small lesion of thrombotic and haemorrhagic study group, when compared between themselves. Therefore, it is concluded that SMDA is involved in the pathophysiology of these lesions and has definete corelation with the lesion size.


With the growing capabilities of miniature components and systems, scientific and exploration missions making use of small spacecraft (<100kg) are becoming increasingly promising. The realization of these missions would launch a new era of space exploration, no longer the preserve of large space agencies. Unfortunately, such missions are held back by the lack of a critical technology, a small and efficient propulsion system capable of delivering sufficient velocity changes (ΔV) to complete orbital manoeuvres. This thesis describes the development of such a system, focusing on the microfabricated electrospray emitter arrays at the core of the thruster. Each emitter aims to operate in the Purely Ionic Regime (PIR), electrically generating a spray of charged molecules and optimizing the propellant usage (specific impulse). Micromachined in silicon, the thrusters boast unmatched precision and integration, with up to 1527 emitters/cm2 achieved. For the first time, two-level electrodes are integrated at wafer level, individually providing extraction and post-acceleration to each emission site. In addition to significantly increased performance, the post-acceleration electrodes enable several new system features (tunable power consumption, thrust and specific impulse) essential to the system. The emitters themselves, 100µm tall capillaries fabricated by Deep Reactive Ion Etch, have inner diameters as low as 6.9 ± 0.19µm, the smallest to date. The thrusters were characterized with specific attention to the sprayed beam composition and the effect of the accelerator electrodes. Upwards of 90% ionic content was measured, a record for this type of devices. Operation of the accelerator electrodes was also validated, showing that, as expected, the accelerators did not affect the emission process but successfully improved the performance of the thruster by focusing the beam and increasing the energy of the particles. In addition to the thruster development, several fundamental aspects of the electrospray emitters were studied. In-situ Scanning Electron Microscope experiments were carried out to understand the spray formation mechanisms and a detailed study of the propellant transport in the capillaries was presented. Finally, a new type of emitters, fabricated entirely of insulating materials and applied to mass spectrometry was investigated, providing an Earth-based application to the thruster technology.


Severe weather forecasting is one of the most important and urgent tasks in the meteorology field. This thesis builds on previous work by Barron and Mercer and their graduate students, concerning the use of 3D optical flow to retrieve 3D wind velocity from 3D Doppler radial velocity datasets and tracking 3D severe weather storms using fuzzy points realized as ellipsoids to represent storms and a fuzzy algebra machinery in a relaxation labeling framework to track storms in Doppler precipitation datasets. We first extend the original 3D optical flow (both least squares and regularization methods) for recovering 3D wind velocity from the multiple overlapping Doppler radial velocity fields. The enhanced methods exhibit improved performance, especially in overlapping radar areas. We also add 3D windprofiler data into our framework. We show that windprofiler data allows the vertical component of 3D velocity to be more accurately recovered. We perform a quantitative analysis on synthetic Doppler data and a qualitative analysis on real Great Lakes Doppler datasets and show that both multiple Doppler data and windprofiler data significantly improve the performance. Our optical flow general frameworks lends itself to adding new sources of data and new constraints on that data. We also use a "pseudo" storm concept to solve the tracking problems caused by merging and splitting of severe weather storms over time. We first modify the original tracking algorithm to add a pseudo storm definition to it. Then, an advanced storm tracking algorithm taking full advantage of pseudo storms is presented. We compare the results using the original storm tracking algorithm, the original storm tracking algorithm with pseudo storms added and the final advanced pseudo storm tracking algorithm. The advanced pseudo storm tracking algorithm outperforms the other storm tracking algorithms for Great Lakes Doppler precipitation datasets.


A speech written and delivered by Dean John Feerick on April 17, 2009 at the Fordham Law School Sports Law Symposium gives us an insightful look into what sports mean to the world around them. Dean Feerick has been involved first hand in a number of influential sports law decisions in his time as a practitioner and this speech serves as a reminder as to the meaningful role that sports play in each one of our lives. Feerick draws from life experiences of his own as well as that of colleagues and family members to observe the timeless and universal nature of Sports.


We measured denitrification, immobilization, and respiration in microcosms that simulated groundwater conditions in a riparian forest in Rhode Island. Measured rates were compared with rates of NO 3 - removal measured in a companion study using a groundwater monitoring well network and 10-mo injection of NO 3 - and a bromide tracer to groundwater in the same riparian forest. Limiting factors for denitrification were assessed, and microbial and root biomass and potential net N mineralization and nitrification were compared in aquifer material exposed to the 10 mo of NO 3 - dosing and unexposed control material. While there was significant variation in water table levels, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic C, and total C within the aquifer in the riparian forest, there was little spatial variation in denitrification or respiration rates. Rates were higher in summer than in winter and were nearly always limited by a lack of organic C. Limited evidence suggested that immobilization was not a significant sink for NO 3 - . Measured groundwater denitrification rates were high enough to eliminate 27% of an incoming NO 3 - concentration of 10 mg N L -1 over a riparian zone width of 60 m, with a travel time of 1600 d, and equaled 6.0 kg N ha -1 yr -1 . The measured denitrification rates were much lower than rates of groundwater NO 3 - removal directly measured in the companion hydrologic study at the same time (120 kg N ha -1 yr -1 ), suggesting that there is still considerable uncertainty about the mechanisms of NO 3 - removal from groundwater in riparian forests.


This study examines the impact of effective credit policy on liquidity of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Credit policy from this perspective was viewed from the angle of controlling or regulating credit sales. The study looked into the problems of non- monitoring and the non-review of the credit policy of organizations as a cause of the liquidity problems associated with credit sales. The study centered mainly on the effects of each of the individual components of credit period, the cash discount and the collection period on an organization's liquidity. Also to ascertained the type of effects that a company's credit policy has on its liquidity. The study involved a survey of four manufacturing companies which include Unilever Nigeria PLC, Cadbury Nigeria PLC, Nestle Nigeria PLC and Nigerian Bottling Company PLC. The Annual Reports and Accounts of year 2007-2011 of the selected companies as well as a questionnaire were subjected to statistical analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis were used in the hypothesis testing. The study revealed that when a company's credit policy is favourable, liquidity is at a desirable level. And also, that manufacturing companies do not monitor and review their credit policy regularly and as a result the allowance of cash discounts could not be minimized as much as expected. We therefore recommended that companies should consider their mission, the nature of business and business environment before setting up a credit policy.


MUCH SCHOLARLY INK HAS BEEN SPILLED OVER THE QUESTION OF WHAT constitutes dance in different societies. Several attempts have been made to create a universal category for dance that would enable dance scholars to transcend this fundamental question and get down to the business of conducting research, secure in the knowledge that all of their colleagues understand the basic definitions of "dance." None of the current definitions takes into account dance and dance events in societies such as those of the Islamic areas of the Middle East, Central Asia, and North Africa where the term for dance (usually the Arabic word raqs) can possibly bear powerfully negative or, at least, ambiguous connotations. While dance, and a word to denote that activity, exists and we can perhaps come to an agreement over what constitutes dance, an even more crucial issue is what dance is not in an Islamic environment. This question is important because many activities in which the participants perform patterned movements are devotional or spiritual in their own view, while some observers from outside-and sometimes inside-the society unquestioningly term this type of activity dance because it is patterned, rhythmical movement. This paper will address this issue and argue for the viewpoint that dance scholars need to consider native categories to identify what constitutes dance and what constitutes other kinds of patterned movement in Islamic societies. Dance ethnology is a relatively new discipline. It was stated as recently as 1969:


A planar point set $X$ in the Euclidean plane is called a $k$-distance set if there are exactly $k$ distances between two distinct points in $X$. An interesting problem is to find the largest possible cardinality of a $k$-distance set. This problem was introduced by Erdős and Fishburn (1996). Maximum planar sets that determine $k$ distances for $k$ less than 5 have been identified. The 6-distance conjecture of Erdős and Fishburn states that 13 is the maximum number of points in the plane that determine exactly 6 different distances. In this paper, we prove the conjecture.


New Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) observations of the solar corona, obtained by the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) instrument on board the NASA/ESA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are presented. The CDS instrument for the first time has provided the opportunity of observing a large number of emission lines from a wide range of ions of different elements. The spectral and spatial resolution of the CDS instrument has allowed the simultaneous application of a wide range of spectroscopic diagnostic techniques to determine the temperature distribution, densities and elemental abundances in the solar plasma. A differential emission measure (DEM) diagnostic technique has been used to infer the temperature structure and the element abundances. The importance of including DEM effects in the element abundance analysis is demonstrated. A complete in-flight cross-calibration between all the CDS detectors (NIS and €115, 150-785 A), is presented here for the first time. The level of accuracy and completeness of the CHIANTI atomic database, used throughout this thesis, has allowed the identification of the many hundreds of spectral lines observed in the CDS spectra, resulting in several new line identifications.

An assessment of the €115 solar spectra is presented, showing that, in spite of complexities, €115 spectra are useful for diagnostic analyses. Many discrepancies (in particular with the Li-like ions) between theory and CDS observations are highlighted.

It is shown that some of these may be explained by inaccurate ionization equilibrium calculations. Coronal hole densities, temperatures, DEMs, and relative element abundances from both off-limb (plume and inter-plume regions) and on-disc observations are derived and compared with quiet sun values. These included (August 1996) a large equatorial hole, the Elephant's Trunk, probably the best example of a coronal hole observed by SOHO. Coronal hole densities in both coronal (N 1x10 8 cm 3 ) and transition region (Ne = lxlO'° cm 3 ) plasma were found to be about a factor of 2 lower than in the quiet sun, with much lower emission measures at temperatures above 106 K. Moreover, in the transition region, the cell-centres in both coronal holes and quiet sun regions show consistently higher densities (factor of 2) compared to those in the network. Relative element abundances show approximately photospheric values for the coronal holes, with an indication of element abundance variation .(neon in particular) with the supergranular structure. On-disc EUV observations of coronal hole plumes have been performed. This allowed a spectroscopic characterisation of plumes to be obtained for the first time, leading to the first identification of a low-latitude plume near sun-centre. Plumes are shown to be quasi-isothermal structures, with temperatures T 7 - 8x10 5 K. Abundance analyses (using transition region lines) reveal a small FIP effect in these plumes, together with a decreased Ne/O abundance ratio (compared to photospheric).


Shape memory polymers, SMP, are gaining considerable interest in research and industry due to their novel properties and vast potential. SMP belong to an emerging class of materials known as 'smart polymers', and have the intriguing ability to be moulded into a temporary shape, store that temporary shape and, when activated by an external stimulus, recover its original shape. SMP have currently been used for a wide range of applications including SMP stents, catheters, smart clothing, composite tooling and biodegradable sutures. This project aims to develop an understanding of how SMP can be of use in the packaging industry, exploring several types of thermoset and thermoplastic based SMP for packaging applications. The fundamental aspects of SMP, the methods to tailor the mechanical and thermal properties and the quantification of the shape memory effect are also considered. Initially photopolymerised thermoset shape-memory networks, class I SMP, with tailorable thermomechanics were investigated. Tertiary butylacrylate (tBA) and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) were copolymerized to create networks with adjustable glass transition temperatures (Tg) and rubbery modulus values ranging from -18 to 39 °C and 0.7 to 25.0 MPa, respectively. The networks were characterised for homogeneity, thermal, mechanical and shape memory properties. The adjustable Tg had a great impact on the shape memory effect however the varying rubbery modulus had no significant effect. Previously incorporation of clay into polymers has shown to dramatically increase the mechanical, barrier and fire resistant properties of a wide range of polymers. At addition levels of 1 to 5 wt% no significant changes occurred to the mechanical abilities of the tBA-co-PEGDMA networks, although there was a minor improvement of the rubbery modulus at 1 wt% clay loading. There was a significant increase in initial shape memory recovery, at 1 wt% clay loading, but no improvement in total shape memory recovery. Alternatives to tBA-co-PEGDMA were also studied; these include i-bornylacrylate, IBoA, i-bornylmethacrylate, IBoMA, and tertiary butylmethacrylate, tBMA, in co-PEGDMA networks, which were also explored for their SMP packaging potential. The IBoA, IBoMA and tBMA-co-PEGDMA networks also had adjustable Tg and rubbery modulus values ranging from -20 to 53 °C and 2.0 to 22.0 MPa, -11 to 93 °C and 4.0 to 30.0 MPa and -11 to 74 °C and 1.0 to 30.0 MPa, respectively.Thermoplastic polyurethane, PU, PU-co-PVC blends, class IV SMP, and their nanocomposites were also evaluated as SMP packaging materials. As clay content was increased, 1 to 5 wt%, in the SMP PU, there was a significant shift of the soft segment (SS) Tg from -29 to -10 °C, respectively, but only a minor improvement in the rubbery modulus. There was no significant effect on the shape memory ability. As PVC was blended with PU the SS Tg shifted from -29 to 1 °C, and the PU initial modulus dropped dramatically from 2414 to 493 MPa. On any addition of PVC the shape memory recovery time was extended. As clay was increased, 1 to 5 wt%, in the PU-co-PVC blend the overall modulus was reduced with no other significant effects apart from a minor increase in intensity and shift to lower temperatures of the PU/PVC/Lap 1 tan 6 peak. As clay increased the time for the initial shape recovery of the polymer blends decreased, from 12.5 to 8.0 seconds, however there was no effect on the overall return time, ca. 15 seconds.


The differences between the fields of Human-Computer Interaction and Security (HCISec) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) have not been investigated very closely. Many HCI methods and procedures have been adopted by HCISec researchers, however the extent to which these apply to the field of HCISec is arguable given the fine balance between improving the ease of use of a secure system and potentially weakening its security. That is to say that the techniques prevalent in HCI are aimed at improving users' effectiveness, efficiency or satisfaction, but they do not take into account the potential threats and vulnerabilities that they can introduce. To address this problem, we propose a security and usability threat model detailing the different factors that are pertinent to the security and usability of secure systems, together with a process for assessing these.


This paper looks at social mobility in the context of a growing economy. The nature and extent of Black affluence in South Africa provides an indicator of the impact of efforts to eradicate the remnants of apartheid-era racial discrimination in the South African education system and labour market. Most studies examining social mobility and inequality in South Africa have looked at the bottom of the income distribution, investigating changes in the severity and also the racial incidence of poverty. This paper explores the same topic by studying the top of the income distribution. Focusing on the Black members of this group of affluent, this paper hopes to make some contribution towards an improved understanding of social mobility and inequality in South Africa Firstly, we attempt to identify the features that distinguish the Black upwardly mobile from those parts of the Black population seemingly trapped in poverty, starting with a descriptive analysis of the affluent. Using the 2000 LFS/IES and the 1995 OHS/IES, the study examines the profile of the richest 15% of household in South Africa. In the second section of the paper logit and multinomial logit models are used to consider the impact of spatial features, household characteristics and the age, education and occupation of the household head on affluence. We also investigate how affluence predictors vary between different race groups. The third and last section is devoted to exploring the spending patterns of the Black affluent. The analysis here confirms many of the traditional views of social mobility. The paper finds a strong association between geography, demographic profile and social mobility that is robust across population groups. The empirical evidence cited is consistent with convex returns to education and a substantial role for quality of education. Also, we find that the Black affluent exhibit distinctive spending patterns. Compared to the affluent from other population groups, the Black affluent spend more on appliances and furniture and less on personal computers, telecommunications and domestic workers. This may be due to their relatively new status among the affluent. Emergent Black affluence and social mobility


Build-to-order was once the only way in which products were made, but limited the market to only the rich buyers. Mass production contributed to a wider access to products, however with losses in individuality. Finally, mass customization aimed at holding out the promise of both, and "lean" concepts helped to (partly) make it a reality. However, the world has changed significantly since the first introduction of "lean" – especially in the most recent years. European companies are facing a growing international competition in volume markets due to the increasing economical and technical emancipation of low labour cost countries. While multinational enterprises are shifting their manufacturing activities to Far East to keep competitive in terms of costs, small and medium sized companies often have to leave their traditional market segments and retreat into niches. However, smaller production lot sizes and the increasing complexity of product programmes require innovative manufacturing strategies. According to several studies and empirical proves, less than 0,5% of a company's production lead time is value adding, the bigger part of it is dedicated to waiting, handling and internal transport. This paper presents a new approach for the design of lean manufacturing support systems in make-to-order production systems that have to deal with a huge variety of product types and with high variations in demand. A special focus is given to the design of manual material handling and transport (MMHT) solutions. With the help of axiomatic design principles, a tree of design parameters is derived and translated into generally applicable design rules. With the help of a practical example from make-to-order industry, the validity of the methodology is illustrated.


To predict how crop yields of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] respond to management practices, we need a reliable understanding of how environmental factors affect ontogeny of the many soybean cultivars grown. The objective of this work was to use field observations to develop equations relating reproductive development to environmental variables for several cultivars grown commercially in the southern USA. We used data on five soybean cultivars, recorded during farm testing of the soybean crop model GLYCIM in 1993, 1994, and 1995. Crop development stages were determined by averaging the Fehr and Caviness development stages of individual plants. We inspected the data and found that it could be fitted using a piecewise linear regression with alternating horizontal and sloping segments. The progress in crop reproductive development stages was expressed as a function of time after emergence for the period before flowering, and as a function of thermal time for the period after flowering. Horizontal segments that occurred near R2, R5, and R6 were interpreted as developmental plateaus (i.e., a period when the crop remains at a given stage). The length of the R2 plateau was a function of date of emergence, and the length of the R6 plateau was a linear function of soil surface water balance. In our dataset, there was no effect of soil properties, irrigation, or plant population density on reproductive development. The technique developed in this study will facilitate the application of crop simulation models on farms by providing a way to develop a set of parameters for reproductive development for any cultivar being grown.


The rapid development of technology has a big impact on human life, especially in shaping the character of the young generation as the nation's successors. It takes a wise attitude in the use of appropriate technology to encourage children's creativity positively. Parents, especially mothers as the most important part of the family give a big role in the pattern of children's education. For this reason, harmonious family communication is needed in creating children's independence. To realize this, the DKI Jakarta regional government is responsible for creating a friendly social environment. One of the efforts carried out by building a Child-Friendly Integrated Public Space (RPTRA). Through the RPTRA it is expected that the community will carry out various social interactions that can encourage community socio-economic independence.The location of community service is carried out in the Rasamala RPTRA located in the Menteng Dalam village. The activity was carried out by involving the PKK of Menteng Dalam Village as a partner, as well as the manager of the RPTRA. Education about using family-friendly digital media will give parents an understanding of the right education patterns for children. This is expected to encourage children to be creative in utilizing digital media to provide added value for children. Awareness of the importance of utilizing digital media must be supported by the efforts of allparties not given entirely to children. Harmonious family communication will provide comfortable support for children in living their lives. So that child is encouraged to do positive things that support their activities. For this reason, digital media education is inevitable in shaping the nation's character.


Equitable access to social mobility and advancement through education were among the intended outcomes of the Brown v. Board of Education case and related legislation. Despite this, scholars have illuminated the ways in which colleges, universities, and schools continually disadvantage African American male students. Although the evidence overwhelmingly confirms that many of the goals and promises of Brown remain unfulfilled, a different perspective is offered in this article. Specifically, ways in which high-achieving African American male undergraduates gain, negotiate, and benefit from access to powerful social networks on predominantly White campuses are presented herein. Findings from interviews with 32 high achievers at six large public research universities show a clear nexus between campus leadership, active out-of-class engagement, and the acquisition of social capital. The ways in which the participants leveraged their access to social networks and activated their social capital for goal actualization during and immediately after college are also discussed.


Background: As evolving desktop applications continuously accrue new features and grow more complex with denser user interfaces and deeply-nested commands, it becomes inefficient to use simple heuristic processes for grouping gui commands in multilevel menus. Existing search-based software engineering studies on user performance prediction and command grouping optimization lack evidence-based answers on choosing a systematic grouping method. Research Questions: We investigate the scope of command grouping optimization methods to reduce a user's average task completion time and improve their relative performance, as well as the benefit of using detailed interaction logs compared to sampling. Method: We introduce seven grouping methods and compare their performance based on extensive telemetry data, collected from program runs of a cad application. Results: We find that methods using global frequencies, user specific frequencies, deterministic and stochastic optimization, and clustering perform the best. Conclusions: We reduce the average user task completion time by more than 17%, by running a Knapsack Problem algorithm on clustered users, training only on a small sample of the available data. We show that with most methods using just a 1% sample of the data is enough to obtain nearly the same results as those obtained from all the data. Additionally, we map the methods to specific problems and applications where they would perform better. Overall, we provide a guide on how practitioners can use search-based software engineering techniques when grouping commands in menus and interfaces, to maximize users' task execution efficiency.


Germany's energy transition has been accompanied by a near doubling of power prices for private households since the outset of the new millennium. Millions of poor households and those that are close to the poverty threshold are likely to suffer from these increases in electricity cost. Focusing on low-income households, this paper illustrates the distributional implications of Germany's energy transition by investigating their electricity cost burden between 2006 and 2012, using data from the German Residential Energy Consumption Survey (GRECS). Our estimates suggest that in 2012, on average, households at poverty risk allocated 5.5% of their income to power and, hence, paid nearly as much for covering their electricity consumption as for heating purposes. Given Germany's ambitious targets to expand the share of costly renewable technologies in electricity consumption, which has broad support among the electorate, it is to be expected that households' expenditure for power will increase in the upcoming years. This raises the urgent question of how to mitigate the regressive impact of further increasing electricity prices on poor households. Direct cash transfers are suggested here as a non-distortionary instrument for easing the burden of high prices, one that is directly targeted at those endangered by energy poverty.


Abstract. The prediction of cohesive sediment transport requires numerical models which include the dominant physico-chemical processes of fine sediments. Mainly in terms of simulating small scale processes, flocculation of fine particles plays an important role since aggregation processes affect the transport and settling of fine-grained particles. Flocculation algorithms used in numerical models are based on and calibrated using experimental data. A good agreement between the results of the simulation and the measurements is a prerequisite for further applications of the transport functions. In this work, the sediment transport model (SSIIM) was extended by implementing a physics-based aggregation process model based on McAnally (1999). SSIIM solves the Navier-Stokes-Equations in a three-dimensional, non-orthogonal grid using the k-e turbulence model. The program calculates the suspended load with the convection-diffusion equation for the sediment concentration. Experimental data from studies in annular flumes (Hillebrand, 2008; Klassen, 2009) is used to test the flocculation algorithm. Annular flumes are commonly used as a test rig for laboratory studies on cohesive sediments since the flocculation processes are not interfered with by pumps etc. We use the experiments to model measured floc sizes, affected by aggregation processes, as well as the sediment concentration of the experiment. Within the simulation of the settling behavior, we use different formulas for calculating the settling velocity (Stokes, 1850 vs. Winterwerp, 1998) and include the fractal dimension to take into account the structure of flocs. The aim of the numerical calculations is to evaluate the flocculation algorithm by comparison with the experimental data. The results from these studies have shown, that the flocculation process and the settling behaviour are very sensitive to variations in the fractal dimension. We get the best agreement with measured data by adopting a characteristic fractal dimension nfc to 1.4. Insufficient results were obtained when neglecting flocculation processes and using Stokes settling velocity equation, as it is often done in numerical models which do not include a flocculation algorithm. These numerical studies will be used for further applications of the transport functions to the SSIIM model of reservoirs of the Upper Rhine River, Germany.


Whilst naturally ventilated buildings are currently considered to be the ideal solution to low energy design there remain a large proportion of buildings for which air conditioning offers the only practical solution. This project is intended to provide a means to assess design options for such buildings at a very early stage in the design and in particular address the selection of the most appropriate system. The form of the interface is still developing and while it has been demonstrated to designers no third party tests have yet been carried out. This paper reports on a project that aims to show that a general description of the building can be used to generate sufficient data to drive a valid analysis using a detailed thermal model at the early sketch stage of the design process. It describes the philosophy, methodology and the interface developed to achieve this aim. The interface guides the user through the input process using a series of screens giving options for keywords used to describe the building; comprehensive default data built into the software are then attached to these keywords. The resulting data file is a building description that is the best possible interpretation of the design intent. This can then be used to assess options and guide towards a final design.


Some people have supposed that utility is good in itself, non-in-strumentally good, as distinct from good because conducive to other good things. And in modern versions of this view, utility often means want-satisfaction, as distinct from pleasure or happiness. For your want that p to be satisfied, is it necessary that you know or believe that p, or sufficient merely that p is true? However that question is answered, there are problems with the view that want-satisfaction is a non-instrumental good. What if you want something only because you have a false belief? What if the time at which you want that p is fifty or five hundred years before the time to which p itself refers? To meet these difficulties, qualifications have to be introduced, and much has been written about how exactly these qualifications are to be framed.1 There is however what may be a rather more serious objection to the view that want-satisfaction is a non-instrumental good, or rather to the combination of that view with the principle that it is sufficient for your want that p to be satisfied simply that p is true. The objection is that this combination forces you to give undue weight to the mere acquisition of desires when you come to make judgements about changes in the value of things. It forces you to say that for any true proposition p, which initially you do not want to be true, your mere acquisition of a desire that p will, other things being equal, make the world better. Non-instrumental value can be increased merely by multiplying desires, even though everything else remains the same. Surely, however, improving the world is not as easy as that.


Road pricing systems, their subsystems and components use national and international standards in various areas, like telecommunications, mechanical, payment systems, safety, construction and many others. They all serve specific needs for specific areas. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the framework of standards that have been developed explicitly and primarily for use in road pricing systems. These are standards for the field of Electronic Fee Collection (EFC).


This research is in the area of geostatistics and consists essentially of two parts. The first is an investigation of the variogram and cross variogram and the associated kriging and cokriging methods of spatial prediction and the second is an application of these in the analysis of two (original) data sets. In the first part (chapter 1 to chapter 5), the focus is on summarising and illustrating the various techniques of Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and some methods used to estimate and model the experimental variograms and cross variograms for a given data set, together with some of the geostatistical methods of ktiging and cokriging used for prediction purposes. The research also illustrates some of the many applications of this theory in the earth and environmental sciences. The second part of the thesis (chapter 6) is an application of these geostatistical techniques to the analysis of two (new) data sets. The first data set consists of the Available Phosphate (in ppm) and Potassium (in ppm) from two fields (one cropped and one uncropped) in the Jimperding Brook area of Westem Australia. The second data set consists of the number of species of Banksia at various locations within a region of Southwestern Australia.


Chemical pest control is currently the dominant form of pest management against insect pests in agroecosystems, but has negative side effects. Biological control by specialist predators has been successful in greenhouses, but has not been successfully applied in agroecosystems. Generalist predators have features constraining them as control agents, but have one advantage: they can survive when pests are absent by feeding on alternative prey. In this thesis I have studied the influence of landscape structures and farm management on generalist predators and their predation on an aphid pest on cereals, Rhopalosiphum padi. In accordance with theoretical predictions, predation on establishing aphids in spring was more important for the total aphid attack than predation during the aphid population growth phase. Predation on establishing aphids was higher on organic than conventional farms and highest in landscapes with abundant field margins and perennial crops. Predation during the population growth phase was, surprisingly, highest in simple landscapes, with no differences between organic and conventional farms. The presence of alternative prey can result in decreasing predation of generalist predators on pests, and I show that this effect is scale-dependent. On a field scale, generalist predators were aggregated at high prey densities, and predator abundance was more important for predation on aphids than alternative prey abundance. Thus, the effect of alternative prey was larger on the generalist predator abundance than on the predators' diet. However, higher alternative prey abundance in complex landscapes may still have resulted in the observed lower predation rates on aphids in these landscapes during aphid population growth. Condition of generalist predators, which often is food-limited, was better on organic farms and in landscapes with abundant field margins in a non-aphid year. Possibly because of an aphid outbreak, condition changed asynchronously between farms over three study years. The temporal and spatial environmental variation affected the condition of different species differently, which can be explained by the species' diet and habitat selectivity. This thesis provides further evidence for earlier suggestions that more field margins and perennial crops in relation to annual crops increase alternative prey abundance and overwintering sites for the generalist predators and thereby their abundance, which can enhance biological control of cereal aphids.


Conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs) have gained a considerable attention in recent years due to its class-wise controllability and superior quality for complex generation tasks. We introduce a simple yet effective approach to improving cGANs by measuring the discrepancy between the data distribution and the model distribution on given samples. The proposed measure, coined the gap of log-densities (GOLD), provides an effective self-diagnosis for cGANs while being efficiently, computed from the discriminator. We propose three applications of the GOLD: example re-weighting, rejection sampling, and active learning, which improve the training, inference, and data selection of cGANs, respectively. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methods outperform corresponding baselines for all three applications on different image datasets.


We consider the problem of reliably selecting an optimal subset of fixed size from a given set of choice alternatives, based on noisy information about the quality of these alternatives. Problems of similar kind have been tackled by means of adaptive sampling schemes called racing algorithms. However, in contrast to existing approaches, we do not assume that each alternative is characterized by a real-valued random variable, and that samples are taken from the corresponding distributions. Instead, we only assume that alternatives can be compared in terms of pairwise preferences. We propose and formally analyze a general preference-based racing algorithm that we instantiate with three specific ranking procedures and corresponding sampling schemes. Experiments with real and synthetic data are presented to show the efficiency of our approach.


The biochemistry of glycogen metabolism is well characterised, having been extensively studied in laboratory rodents and humans, and from this stems the bulk of our knowledge regarding the metabolism of glycogen in ruminants. With respect to intermediary metabolism, the key tissues include the liver and muscle. The liver glycogen depot plays a central role in intermediary metabolism, storing and mobilising glycogen during the fed and fasted metabolic states, with these responses modulated during pregnancy, lactation, and exercise. Alternatively, the muscle glycogen depot is particularly important for local energy homeostasis, and is likely to be less important as a key post-prandial sink for blood glucose given the reduced absorption of glucose from the gut in ruminant animals. Yet similar to the liver, this depot is also in a constant state of turnover, with the muscle glycogen concentration at any point in time a reflection of the rates of glycogen synthesis and degradation. Muscle glycogen metabolism attracts particular attention given its importance for post-mortem acidification of muscle tissue, with a shortage at slaughter leading to dark cutting meat. Simplistically the concentration of muscle glycogen at slaughter is a function of two key factors, the on-farm starting levels of glycogen minus the amount depleted during the pre-slaughter phase. On-farm concentrations of muscle glycogen are largely a reflection of metabolisable energy intake driving increased rates of muscle glycogen synthesis. Compared with simple-stomached species the rate of glycogen synthesis within ruminants is relatively low. Yet there also appears to be differences between sheep and cattle when fed diets of similar metabolisable energy, with cattle repleting muscle glycogen more slowly after depletion through exercise. While metabolisable energy intake is the key driver, genetic and age-related factors have also been shown to influence glycogen repletion. The amount of muscle glycogen depleted during the pre-slaughter phase is largely associated with stress and adrenaline release, and several recent studies have characterised the importance of factors such as exercise, age and genetics which modulate this stress response. This paper presents a summary of recent experiments in both cattle and sheep that highlight current developments in the understanding of this trait.


A method for solving systems of linear inequalities, consistent and inconsistent, corresponding to the separable and nonseparable cases in pattern recognition is presented. Attempts are made to evaluate the speed and efficiency of the algorithm. It seems to compare in speed with the best algorithms for consistent systems of inequalities in the consistent case and retains remarkable speed in the inconsistent case. There are indications that in many cases it may be relied on to find a complete solution if several runs are taken, most runs achieving a nearly complete solution. The experimental evidence suggests that this is the most efficient and powerful method currently available for finding a solution which satisfies as many cases as possible in a set of linear inequalities.


A line-length balanced palinspastic reconstruction across the Himachal Himalaya is presented, highlighting different phases of Himalayan tectonic development: Eocene shortening of the north Indian margin, Early–Middle Miocene emplacement of the crystalline core, and subsequent growth of the range by underplating. The total preserved shortening is 518 km (72%). The reconstruction demonstrates geometric feasibility of crystalline core emplacement via tectonic wedging, i.e., between a south-directed thrust (the Main Central thrust) and a north-directed backthrust (the South Tibet detachment). Crystalline core exposure between these faults occurs ca. 5 Ma in the reconstruction; initial exposure of these crystalline rocks ca. 11 Ma probably occurred in the hinterland within core complexes accommodating east-west extension. After Early–Middle Miocene crystalline core emplacement, ongoing orogenic growth is dominated by underplating processes. Out-of-sequence faulting accomplishes <5% of this shortening; frontal accretion of foreland rocks occurs, but the resulting imbricate fan is largely eroded away. Over the past 3–5 m.y., an antiformal stack of mid-crustal horses and a hinterland-dipping duplex of upper crustal horses develop simultaneously. Minimum total shortening across the western Himalaya (from undeformed foreland to the India-Asia suture) is estimated by adding the new results and results from prior work to the north; an estimate of ∼703–773 km of assessed shortening is calculated. However, because large portions of the regional deformation remain unassessed, estimates of ∼900–1100 km may more accurately reflect the minimum preserved shortening here. This range is comparable to the ∼1350 km of shortening estimated by plate circuit reconstructions for this region. Apparent mismatch between geologic and plate circuit shortening estimates has recently instigated the new Greater India Basin hypothesis for two Cenozoic collisions along Asia's southern margin, but the new results suggest that this mismatch may not exist.


The New York State Department of Health developed regulations for the design and operation of spray grounds to address the potential for recreational water illnesses associated with this type of venue. The water treatment component of the new regulation was based on a first-principles approach to address the unique challenges of spray grounds. The regulation departs from traditional recreational water treatment methods by requiring a novel filtration approach and the installation of UV disinfection. The water treatment system was also required to incorporate automatic control systems to ensure the water quality is maintained with a minimum of operator involvement. The treatment process specifications were based on pathogen and contaminant loadings that are likely to be encountered at spray grounds. The regulation was finalized in 2007, giving New York State a reliable means of protecting the health of spray ground patrons.