MICHALSKI, Krzysztof. Logic and Time. An Essay on Husserl's Theory of Meaning. Translated from the Polish by Adam Czemiawski. Translation revised by James Dodd. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. viii + 162 pp. Cloth, $97.00--Logic and Time deals with Husserl's response to "psychologism" in chapter 1. Chapter 2 explores the difference between Husserl's and Descartes's understanding of meaning. Chapter 3 discusses Husserrs categorization of time and its importance for consciousness. Throughout the book Michalski describes Husserl's philosophical development with regard to the discussed themes. Logic and Time concludes with a short Postscript stating the inclusion of historicity by the late Husserl. Michalski first explores Husserl's response in Logical Investigations to psychologism. Psychologism assumes that knowledge is grounded in empirical psychology. Husserl criticizes psychologism for not distinguishing the content of judgment (meaning) from the act of judging. For Husserl, meaning must be differentiated from the object. The object appears to the mind through sense-bestowing acts. Meaning is thus based on logical consciousness. In these respects Husserl follows psychologism. Michalski then argues that Husserl moves beyond psychologism by grounding meaning in the "real, factual processes of consciousness" (p. 10). Consequently, Husserl distinguishes the act of representing, the object, and its sense, establishing the universality of that which is represented and the mode of representation (p. 12). He thus finds a middle way between logicism and psychologism. In chapter 2 Michalski first employs Husserl's The Idea of Phenomenology. Initially, he characterizes Husserl as a Cartesian because he identifies Husserl's starting point for all meaning as the direct cognition of one's own cognition. Husserl then makes the distinction between transcendence and immanence. Transcendence embraces indirect cognition, that is, relating to an object, whereas immanence means direct cognition, that is, cognition without mediation. For Husserl only immanent knowledge is certain, thus a theory of cognition requires a reduction to immanence or a phenomenological reduction. This also implies that one has to differentiate the I from consciousness, whereby only the latter is immanent (this is, in turn, a rebuttal of Descartes's cogito ergo sum). After outlining Husserl's sophisticated reworking of Descartes's position, Michalski moves to Ideas I to present Husserl's theory of meaning. …


Observing a speaker's mouth profoundly influences speech perception. For example, listeners perceive an ''illusory'' ''ta'' when the video of a face producing /ka/ is dubbed onto an audio /pa/. Here, we show how cortical areas supporting speech production mediate this illusory percept and audiovisual (AV) speech perception more generally. Specifically, cortical activity during AV speech perception occurs in many of the same areas that are active during speech production. We find that different perceptions of the same syllable and the perception of different syllables are associated with different distributions of activity in frontal motor areas involved in speech production. Activity patterns in these frontal motor areas resulting from the illusory ''ta'' percept are more similar to the activity patterns evoked by AV/ta/ than they are to patterns evoked by AV/pa/ or AV/ka/. In contrast to the activity in frontal motor areas, stimulus-evoked activity for the illusory ''ta'' in auditory and somatosensory areas and visual areas initially resembles activity evoked by AV/pa/ and AV/ka/, respectively. Ultimately, though, activity in these regions comes to resemble activity evoked by AV/ta/. Together, these results suggest that AV speech elicits in the listener a motor plan for the production of the phoneme that the speaker might have been attempting to produce, and that feedback in the form of efference copy from the motor system ultimately influences the phonetic interpretation.


In periods of unusual weather, forecasters face a problem of interpreting economic data: Which part goes back to the underlying economic trend and which part arises from a special weather effect? In this paper, we discuss ways to disentangle weather-related from business cycle-related influences on economic indicators. We find a significant influence of weather variables at least on a number of monthly indicators. Controlling for weather effects within these indicators should thus create opportunities to increase the accuracy of indicator-based forecasts. Focusing on quarterly GDP growth in Germany, we find that the accuracy of the RWI short term forecasting model improves but advances are small and not significant.


Though the United States is not the first state to have suffered from the effects of hubris, it suffers the most. No other country believes that it is the "indispensible nation," established by God to bring freedom, democracy and open trading systems to the rest of the world. The rhetoric of the exceptionalism narrative sells with the public, and is a sine qua non for high leadership posts. If hubris only led to an inflated sense of self-worth, it would not be pathological; unfortunately, it has more pernicious effects. Leaders under its spell tend to overestimate their capabilities, and those of their country. They engage in counterproductive interventions as well as quixotic adventures in nation-building and public diplomacy; they also are rendered averse to apology and tend to believe that their power is vital to world peace and security. This paper is a discussion of the beliefs spawned by hubris and narcissism in U.S. foreign policy. Where does this pathology come from? What are its effects?


Merger litigation has changed dramatically. Today, nearly every announcement of a significant merger sparks litigation, and these cases look quite different from merger cases in the past. These cases are now filed primarily outside of Delaware, they typically settle without shareholders receiving any financial consideration, and corporate boards now have far more ex ante power to shape these cases. Although these changes are often heralded as unprecedented, they are not. Over the past several decades, derivative suits experienced many of the same changes. This Article explores the similarities between the recent changes in merger litigation and the longer history of derivative suits. The trajectories of these lawsuits are not identical, but they nonetheless suggest larger lessons about shareholder litigation, including the predictable ways in which agency costs play out in the courtroom and at the settlement table. By uncovering the lost lessons of derivative suits, corporate law can finally tackle the deeper issues facing shareholder litigation.


B-mode ultrasound is a very well established imaging modality and is widely used in many of today's clinical routines. However, acquiring good images and interpreting them correctly is a challenging task due to the complex ultrasound image formation process depending on a large number of parameters. To facilitate ultrasound acquisitions, we introduce a novel framework for real-time uncertainty visualization in B-mode images. We compute real-time per-pixel ultrasound Confidence Maps, which we fuse with the original ultrasound image in order to provide the user with an interactive feedback on the quality and credibility of the image. In addition to a standard color overlay mode, primarily intended for educational purposes, we propose two perceptional visualization schemes to be used in clinical practice. Our mapping of uncertainty to chroma uses the perceptionally uniform L*a*b* color space to ensure that the perceived brightness of B-mode ultrasound remains the same. The alternative mapping of uncertainty to fuzziness keeps the B-mode image in its original grayscale domain and locally blurs or sharpens the image based on the uncertainty distribution. An elaborate evaluation of our system and user studies on both medical students and expert sonographers demonstrate the usefulness of our proposed technique. In particular for ultrasound novices, such as medical students, our technique yields powerful visual cues to evaluate the image quality and thereby learn the ultrasound image formation process. Furthermore, seeing the distribution of uncertainty adjust to the transducer positioning in real-time, provides also expert clinicians with a strong visual feedback on their actions. This helps them to optimize the acoustic window and can improve the general clinical value of ultrasound.


This regular feature of the journal includes a section on each of the following four topics: community hospital statistics; employment, hours, and earnings in the private health sector; health care prices; and national economic indicators. These statistics are valuable in their own right for understanding the relationship between the health care sector and the overall economy. In addition, they provide indicators of the direction and magnitude of health care costs prior to the availability of more comprehensive data.


Title of Dissertation: A PREDICTIVE MODEL OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT CREW DECISION-MAKING AND PERFORMANCE IN A DYNAMIC SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT Kevin A. Coyne, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Dissertation directed by: Professor Ali Mosleh, Department of Mechanical Engineering The safe operation of complex systems such as nuclear power plants requires close coordination between the human operators and plant systems. In order to maintain an adequate level of safety following an accident or other off-normal event, the operators often are called upon to perform complex tasks during dynamic situations with incomplete information. The safety of such complex systems can be greatly improved if the conditions that could lead operators to make poor decisions and commit erroneous actions during these situations can be predicted and mitigated. The primary goal of this research project was the development and validation of a cognitive model capable of simulating nuclear plant operator decision-making during accident conditions. Dynamic probabilistic risk assessment methods can improve the prediction of human error events by providing rich contextual information and an explicit consideration of feedback arising from man-machine interactions. The Accident Dynamics Simulator paired with the Information, Decision, and Action in a Crew context cognitive model (ADS-IDAC) shows promise for predicting situational contexts that might lead to human error events, particularly knowledge driven errors of commission. ADS-IDAC generates a discrete dynamic event tree (DDET) by applying simple branching rules that reflect variations in crew responses to plant events and system status changes. Branches can be generated to simulate slow or fast procedure execution speed, skipping of procedure steps, reliance on memorized information, activation of mental beliefs, variations in control inputs, and equipment failures. Complex operator mental models of plant behavior that guide crew actions can be represented within the ADS-IDAC mental belief framework and used to identify situational contexts that may lead to human error events. This research increased the capabilities of ADS-IDAC in several key areas. The ADS-IDAC computer code was improved to support additional branching events and provide a better representation of the IDAC cognitive model. An operator decisionmaking engine capable of responding to dynamic changes in situational context was implemented. The IDAC human performance model was fully integrated with a detailed nuclear plant model in order to realistically simulate plant accident scenarios. Finally, the improved ADS-IDAC model was calibrated, validated, and updated using actual nuclear plant crew performance data. This research led to the following general conclusions:  A relatively small number of branching rules are capable of efficiently capturing a wide spectrum of crew-to-crew variabilities.  Compared to traditional static risk assessment methods, ADS-IDAC can provide a more realistic and integrated assessment of human error events by directly determining the effect of operator behaviors on plant thermal hydraulic parameters.  The ADS-IDAC approach provides an efficient framework for capturing actual operator performance data such as timing of operator actions, mental models, and decision-making activities.


Financial inclusion is receiving increasing attention as having the potential to contribute to economic and financial development while at the same time fostering more inclusive growth and greater income equality. However, although substantial progress has been made, there is still much to achieve. East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia combined account for 55% of the world's unbanked adults, mainly in India and the People's Republic of China (PRC). This paper surveys the experience of a number of advanced and Asian emerging economies to assess factors affecting the ability of low-income households and small firms to access financial services, including financial literacy, financial education programs and financial regulatory frameworks, and identify policies that can improve their financial access while maintaining financial stability. It aims to identify successful experiences and important lessons that can be adopted by other emerging economies. This analysis is based on studies of the experiences of Germany, the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The study aims to take a practical and holistic approach to issues related to financial inclusion. For example, innovative methods of promoting financial access, such as mobile phone banking and micro-finance, require corresponding innovations in regulatory frameworks, perimeters and capacity. Moreover, programs in the areas of financial education and consumer protection are needed to enable households and small firms to take full advantage of improvements in financial access.


The constraints of news production and the consequent limitations of news result directly in dissatisfaction throughout news audiences. News stories are frequently found to be inadequately informative to the extent that journalism is more inclined to generate political disenchantment, rather than prompt its audiences to pursue a fully engaged level of political participation in their societies. Journalism and Political Exclusion provides a multi-method, integrated analysis of news production and news audiences, including a long-term study of community activists in a central Canadian city. During the seven-year fieldwork period, different groups of research participants completed questionnaires, wrote news diaries, and were interviewed in their homes while viewing network television newscasts. Clarke shows that frustrations with the informational limitations of television and other news media are accelerated among women and the working-class often lack opportunities to access alternative information sources. The critical contribution of journalism to the production and reproduction of ideas about social reality is frequently acknowledged and assumed yet rarely investigated and demonstrated. Through an examination of the everyday realities of both news production and news reception, Journalism and Political Exclusion also shows how the current "crises" of professional journalism heighten the level of political exclusion experienced by various social groups.


In this paper, we demonstrate that the previously proposed arrangements of serially concatenated codes have extrinsic-information-transfer (EXIT) functions that intersect each other at points that are near but not at the (1, 1) point in the top-right-hand corner of the EXIT chart, which is typically associated with elevated error floors. We propose a novel arrangement having EXIT functions that do not intersect before the (1, 1) point, which is typically associated with approaching the maximum-likelihood (ML) bit-error-ratio (BER) performance. Our method employs an inner recursive code that is terminated using specifically designed termination sequences, which have a minimum Hamming distance of at least two between each other. Additionally, we provide optimal termination sequences for a range of inner code designs. Finally, we demonstrate that our novel approach can facilitate useful BER reductions in the challenging application scenario when employing short frame lengths on the order of 100 bits, which are typical in wireless sensor networks, for example.


IT services realized within cloud environments often suffer from a lack of transparency. On the one hand this opacity with respect to operational practices protects business secrets of a cloud provider. On the other hand, if services from critical infrastructures run within clouds this opacity becomes a severe problem, e.g., for a later root cause analysis in case of failures. This paper presents approaches for auditing the mapping of virtual resources to physical resources while preserving corporate confidentiality of the cloud providers. We also make sure that the resulting auditing information is useful for a later root cause analysis. Our research concludes that statistical binding and computational hiding commitment schemes are a suitable solution. Moreover, our approach enables a trusted third party to perform audits on behalf of tenants.


The unique challenges posed by the Anthropocene require creative ways of engaging with the future and bringing about transformative change. Envisioning positive futures is a first step in creating a shared understanding and commitment that enables radical transformations toward sustainability in a world defined by complexity, diversity, and uncertainty. However, to create a transformative space in which truly unknowable futures can be explored, new experimental approaches are needed that go beyond merely extrapolating from the present into archetypal scenarios of the future. Here, we present a process of creative visioning where participatory methods and tools from the field of futures studies were combined in a novel way to create and facilitate a transformative space, with the aim of generating positive narrative visions for southern Africa. We convened a diverse group of participants in a workshop designed to develop radically different scenarios of good Anthropocenes, based on existing "seeds" of the future in the present. These seeds are innovative initiatives, practices, and ideas that are present in the world today, but are not currently widespread or dominant. As a result of a carefully facilitated process that encouraged a multiplicity of perspectives, creative immersion, and grappling with deeply held assumptions, four radical visions for southern Africa were produced. Although these futures are highly innovative and exploratory, they still link back to current real-world initiatives and contexts. The key learning that arose from this experience was the importance of the imagination for transformative thinking, the need to capitalize on diversity to push boundaries, and finally, the importance of creating a space that enables participants to engage with emotions, beliefs, and complexity. This method of engagement with the future has the potential to create transformative spaces that inspire and empower people to act toward positive Anthropocene visions despite the complexity of the sustainability challenge.


Whey protein concentrate (WPC), which contains α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin, is utilized widely in the food industry. The Maillard reaction is a complex reaction that produces Maillard reaction products (MRPs), which are associated with the formation of antioxidant compounds. In this study, the hepatoprotection activity of MRPs of WPC against oxidative stress through the nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent antioxidant pathway in HepG2 cells was examined. Glucose-whey protein concentrate conjugate (Glc-WPC) was obtained from Maillard reaction between WPC and glucose. The fluorescence intensity of Glc-WPC increased after 7 d compared to native WPC, and resulted in loss of 48% of the free amino groups of WPC. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) patterns of Glc-WPC showed the presence of a high-molecular-weight portion. Treatment of HepG2 cells with Glc-WPC increased cell viability in the presence of oxidative stress, inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), and increased the glutathione level. Nrf2 translocation and Nrf2, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NOQ1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutamate-L-cysteine ligase (GCL)M and GCLC mRNA levels were increased by Glc-WPC. Also, Glc-WPC increased the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The results of this study demonstrate that Glc-WPC activates the Nrf2-dependent pathway through the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK in HepG2 cells, and induces production of antioxidant enzymes and phase II enzymes.


The Chicxulub impact crater, México, is unique. It is the only known terrestrial impact structure that has been directly linked to a mass extinction event and the only terrestrial impact with a global ejecta layer. Of the three largest impact structures on Earth, Chicxulub is the best preserved. Chicxulub is also the only known terrestrial impact structure with an intact, unequivocal topographic peak ring. Chicxulub's role in the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction and its exceptional state of preservation make it an important natural laboratory for the study of both large impact crater formation on Earth and other planets and the effects of large impacts on the Earth's environment and ecology. Our understanding of the impact process is far from complete, and despite more than 30 years of intense debate, we are still striving to answer the question as to why this impact was so catastrophic. During International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 364, Paleogene sediments and lithologies that make up the Chicxulub peak ring were cored to investigate (1) the nature and formational mechanism of peak rings, (2) how rocks are weakened during large impacts, (3) the nature and extent of post-impact hydrothermal circulation, (4) the deep biosphere and habitability of the peak ring, and (5) the recovery of life in a sterile zone. Other key targets included sampling the transition through a rare midlatitude section that might include Eocene and Paleocene hyperthermals and/or the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM); the composition and character of the impact breccias, melt rocks, and peak-ring rocks; the sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Paleocene–Eocene Chicxulub impact basin infill; the chronology of the peak-ring rocks; and any observations from the core that may help us constrain the volume of dust and climatically active gases released into the stratosphere by this impact. Petrophysical property measurements on the core and wireline logs acquired during Expedition 364 will be used to calibrate geophysical models, including seismic reflection and potential field data, and the integration of all the data will calibrate impact crater models for crater formation and environmental effects. The proposed drilling directly contributes to IODP Science Plan goals: Climate and Ocean Change: How resilient is the ocean to chemical perturbations? The Chicxulub impact represents an external forcing event that caused a 75% level mass extinction. The impact basin may also record key hyperthermals within the Paleogene. Biosphere Frontiers: What are the origin, composition, and global significance of subseafloor communities? What are the limits of life in the subseafloor? How sensitive are ecosystems and biodiversity to environmental change? Impact craters can create habitats for subsurface life, and Chicxulub may provide information on potential habitats for life, including extremophiles, on the early Earth and other planetary bodies. Paleontological and geochemical studies at ground zero will document how large impacts affect ecosystems and effects on biodiversity. Earth Connections/Earth in Motion: What are the composition, structure and dynamics of Earth's upper mantle? What mechanisms control the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami? Mantle uplift in response to impacts provides insight into dynamics that differ between Earth and other rocky planets. Impacts generate earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami, and scales that generally exceed plate tectonic processes yield insight into effects, the geologic record, and potential hazards. IODP Expedition 364 was a Mission Specific Platform expedition to obtain subseabed samples and downhole logging measurements from the sedimentary cover sequence and peak ring of the Chicxulub impact crater. A single borehole was drilled into the Chicxulub impact crater on the Yucatán continental shelf, recovering core from 505.7 to 1334.73 m below seafloor with ~99% core recovery and acquiring downhole logs for the entire depth.


Data presented in this PSM describe the supply and disposition of petroleum products in the United States and major US geographic regions. The data series describe production, imports and exports, inter-Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) District movements, and inventories by the primary suppliers of petroleum products in the United States (50 States and the District of Columbia). The reporting universe includes those petroleum sectors in Primary Supply. Included are: petroleum refiners, motor gasoline blenders, operators of natural gas processing plants and fractionators, inter-PAD transporters, importers, and major inventory holders of petroleum products and crude oil. When aggregated, the data reported by these sectors approximately represent the consumption of petroleum products in the United States. 12 figs., 46 tabs.


As an emerging technology to support scalable content-based image retrieval (CBIR), hashing has recently received great attention and became a very active research domain. In this study, we propose a novel unsupervised visual hashing approach called semantic-assisted visual hashing (SAVH). Distinguished from semi-supervised and supervised visual hashing, its core idea is to effectively extract the rich semantics latently embedded in auxiliary texts of images to boost the effectiveness of visual hashing without any explicit semantic labels. To achieve the target, a unified unsupervised framework is developed to learn hash codes by simultaneously preserving visual similarities of images, integrating the semantic assistance from auxiliary texts on modeling high-order relationships of inter-images, and characterizing the correlations between images and shared topics. Our performance study on three publicly available image collections: Wiki, MIR Flickr, and NUS-WIDE indicates that SAVH can achieve superior performance over several state-of-the-art techniques.


In this paper, we argue that one can understand the adoption and routine use of enterprise systems by examining the fit between the system and the social structures of the organization. We develop a model of the adoption and longterm use of enterprise systems based on sociological concepts (Lord Anthony Giddens' structuration theory) rather than the usual cognitive psychology concepts. We focus on the adoption and use of three versions of an enterprise KMS to support sales representatives at a multinational pharmaceutical firm. Our first study (a five-year case study of the KMS that went through one failed deployment and two successful ones) shows that the structures of signification, legitimation, and domination all influence loyal use, although domination may be less important. Our second study (a survey of 893 users at the firm) shows that the structures of signification, legitimation, and domination explain about 50 percent of the variance in ongoing loyal use but that their relative importance depends on the job experience of the users: signification and legitimation influence novices more, and signification and domination influence experts more. We believe that this parsimonious three-factor model offers a useful approach for future research and practice.


Small-scale fisheries in Africa employ over 95% of fishers and provide more than 90% of the fish consumed across the continent. In Mozambique, as elsewhere on the continent, small-scale fisheries are a crucial component of the rural economy, supporting food security and livelihoods. These fisheries, however, face a range of pressures arising both from dynamics within the sector itself, such as overfishing and illegal fishing, as well as external forces related to the development of other sectors of the economy and geophysical changes associated with climate change. Although governance efforts related to small-scale fisheries have tended to focus on strengthening fishers' access to markets, credit and improved fishing technologies, the emergent challenges facing the sector in a modernising economy such as Mozambique require greater focus on ensuring the sustainability of fish stocks targeted by small-scale fishers and strengthening the resilience of small-scale fishing communities.


Shore protection in confined water bodies is of major importance in Switzerland where many lakes suffer severe shore erosion. It occurs mainly in shallow zones due to several reasons such as: the fluctuations of the water level , the wind-wave impact during major wind events, and the increasing effect of incident waves due to solid reenforcement by non-adapted protection measures. In order mitigate this increased erosion and enhance the shore stability by sustainable coastal structures, pioneer and soft measures have been built during the past decades. Although such solutions proved their efficiency, they raised a new challenge for engineers: how to build soft and porous media that take into consideration the hydraulic and hydrodynamic conditions of the project site, and enhance its efficiency in sand trapping and shoreline accretion. By means of experimental and numerical modelling, the performance of a typical soft measure, called brushwood fence, was investigated in hydrodynamic conditions similar to those found in reality. A downscaled model of 1 : 10 was built on a fixed bed, and then tested in a wave tank of 10 m length and 6 m width under incoming perpendicular and regular waves. The response of the structure regarding the transmission coefficient has been analyzed for five dimensionless variables: 1) the relative freeboard of the structure Rc/Hi, 2) its relative height h/Hi, 3) the relative wave number kd, 4) the wave steepness Hi /gT2, and 5) the porosity of the structure p. The analysis of their effect on the performance of the protection structure allowed the establishment of an empirical relationship for the transmission coefficient. It takes into account the geometrical characteristics of the structure as well as the local hydrodynamic conditions. The response of the structure has to be treated separately in relation to its immersion condition. When the structure is submerged, every dimensionless variable has a differentiated effect on the transmission coefficient in comparison to the condition when the structure is emerging. The relative freeboard, wave steepness and the porosity are the three key variables in the response of the structure regarding wave damping. The efficiency of detached brushwood fences built on a movable bed was tested under the action of waves with fixed characteristics. The bed material was made of a granular, fine sand with a diameter d50 = 0.18 mm. The evolution of the shoreline and the transmission coefficient of the structure were determined using a first series of tests. It was demonstrated that time has negative impact on wave damping, at least during the period where the bed in the vicinity of the structure evolves to its equilibrium state. A second series of tests established the effect of the distance S of the detached structure (length B) from the shoreline on its evolution and on the deposited and eroded sand volumes at the leeside of the structure. It was proven that the wave motion through the porous media hinders the formation of significant salients and prevents the formation of tombolos when the structure was very close to the shoreline. Thus, for high ratio B/S = 1.48 no tombolo was formed in line with non porous breakwaters. The deposited and eroded volumes were also evaluated in a third series of tests with the presence of a single gap in the brushwood fences. The effect of the width of the gap on these volumes was analyzed. The results proved that the main deposition area is located between the gap and the shoreline where sediments are transported by the diffracted waves at the edges of the brushwood fences. The highest deposition rate at this location corresponds to the ratio B/S = 0.25. Using the solver of the elliptic mild slope equation developed under Mike 21, the wave field in an enclosed area surrounded by a porous structure was numerically investigated. The calibration of some major variables in the numerical model such as wave breaking and bottom friction parameters, based on the experimental results, proved the adequacy of the selected numerical scheme. The effect of a single and double gap in a linear infinite porous media was afterwards evaluated and diffraction diagrams were built for the enclosed wave field. A rule was proposed to use a relative gap width G/Wmax less then 0.12. The wave field for two gaps is different and significantly influenced by the spacing between the gaps. For low spacing values (Es/G = 2), waves in the middle of the protected area are high along the structure and very low close to the shore. For high spacing values (Es/G = 5), the wave field is also significantly deformed. However, values of Es/G comprised between 3 and 4 seem to be most appropriate since the corresponding wave field is less deformed. The two gaps configuration does not significantly increase the residual total energy behind the structure. It is relatively constant with spacing variations between two gaps and increased slowly with the increase of a single gap width. The experimental observations and the numerical results were successfully applied in Morigen bordering Lake Biel. The wave fields were calculated numerically behind a series of segmented brushwood fences. Several wind-wave regimes and varying water levels were analyzed to optimize the performance of the porous protection structures.


Following the positive response from readers, the study has been updated to reflect the dynamic process made in operationalizing Article 6. It contains additional information and highlights ongoing developments in Article 6 pilot activities supported through bilateral channels, regional organizations and multilateral development banks. The authors analyse emerging trends and early experience with Article 6 implementation and look particularly at how the pilots are responding to the new challenges posed by the Paris Agreement. This includes a discussion of the stronger role of governments in Article 6 cooperation, the relationship with NDC commitments, e.g. for challenges related to determining additionality and baselines, the need for tracking and accounting of ITMOs, sustainable development impacts and overall mitigation in global emissions.


In the game of hide-and-seek played between two players, a Hider picks a hiding place and a Searcher tries to find him in the least possible time. Since Isaacs had the idea of formulating this mathematically as a zero-sum game almost fifty years ago in his book, Differential Games, the
theory of search games has been studied and developed extensively. In the classic model of search games on networks, first formalised by Gal in 1979, a Hider strategy is a point on the network and a Searcher strategy is a
constant speed path starting from a designated point of the network. The Searcher wishes to minimise the time to find the Hider (the payoff), and the Hider wishes to maximise it. Gal solved this game for certain classes of networks: that is, he found optimal strategies and the payoff assuming
best play on both sides. Here we study new formulations of search games, starting with a model proposed by Alpern where the speed of the Searcher depends on which direction he is traveling. We give a solution of this game on a class of networks called trees, generalising Gal's work. We also show how the game relates to another new model of search studied by Baston and Kikuta, where the Searcher must pay extra search costs to search the network's nodes (or vertices). We go on to study another new model of search called expanding search, which models coal mining. We solve
this game on trees and also study the related problem where the Hider's strategy is known to the Searcher. We extend the expanding search game to consider what happens if there are several hidden objects and solve this game for certain classes of networks. Finally we study a game in which a
squirrel hides nuts from a pilferer.


The analyses of rain models for satellite communication links of Ku and Ka bands in Lagos, Nigeria is the focus of this paper. The choice of these frequency bands was informed by the acknowledged fact that satellite signal fading and outages are predominant at those bands. The ITU-R P. 618-12 is the globally adopted prediction model; temperate, equatorial and tropical regions, inclusive. However, there was need to review the suitability of this model especially as it concerned equatorial and tropical stations. Rainfall data spanning a period of three years were collected from Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). The ITU-R P. 618-12 model along with some renowned prediction models were analyzed and their performances with the locally recorded measurement data were compared to establish their suitability or otherwise. The results obtained suggested ITU-R P. 618-12 exhibited the overall best performance at 12 GHz while DAH showed best performance at 26 GHz, even as both models underestimated and overestimated the measurement at Ku and Ka bands respectively. Again, at both frequencies, SST presented the worst performances.


Pancreatic islet transplantation represents a fascinating procedure that, at the moment, can be considered as alternative to standard insulin treatment or pancreas transplantation only for selected categories of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Among the factors responsible for leading to poor islet engraftment, hypoxia plays an important role.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were recently used in animal models of islet transplantation not only to reduce allograft rejection, but also to promote revascularization. Currently adipose tissue represents a novel and good source of MSCs. Moreover, the capability of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) to improve islet graft revascularization was recently reported after hybrid transplantation in mice.
Within this context, we have previously shown that hyaluronan esters of butyric and retinoic acids can significantly enhance the rescuing potential of human MSCs. Here we evaluated whether ex vivo preconditioning of human ASCs (hASCs) with a mixture of hyaluronic (HA), butyric (BU), and retinoic (RA) acids may result in optimization of graft revascularization after islet/stem cell intrahepatic cotransplantation in syngeneic diabetic rats. We demonstrated that hASCs exposed to the mixture of molecules are able to increase the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), as well as the transcription of angiogenic genes, including VEGF, KDR (kinase insert domain receptor), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Rats transplanted with islets cocultured with preconditioned hASCs exhibited a better glycemic control than rats transplanted with an equal volume of islets and control hASCs. Cotransplantation with preconditioned hASCs was also associated with enhanced islet revascularization in vivo, as highlighted by graft morphological analysis. The observed increase in islet graft revascularization and function suggests that our method of stem cell preconditioning may represent a novel strategy to remarkably improve the efficacy of islets-hMSCs cotransplantation.


Each power system built in the industry requires a protection plan. Undetected faults in a power system can contribute to hazardous conditions, overheating of power devices, low or high system voltages, unbalanced conditions, and blackouts [4]. This senior project is the design of a protection plan for a power system using the software Electric Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP). With ten buses, five transformers, two generators, two motors, and six transmission lines, there are many possibilities for a fault to occur. The Load flow and fault analysis are studied before the system is protected. All components of the system are protected using methods such as differential and overcurrent protection. Without a proper power protection plan, any disturbance within the network has a chance of rendering the network inoperable. This project illustrates the protection styles and techniques used by professional engineers in the field of power.


Private regulation has become a highly debated phenomenon. Previous research has focused mostly on the effectiveness, legitimacy, and governance structure of private regulators at the global level. Few existing analyses have focused on private regulation at the European level, where only questions of interest representation have attracted attention. Analyses of the contribution of private regulation to the process of European legal integration, in particular, are lacking. We seek to fill this gap. From private rules for product safety and for financial markets, such as the Single Euro Payments Area standards, to private rules governing the professions, we observe that private regulation has facilitated and accelerated European legal integration. We argue that in some cases this effect was anticipated, especially by the European Commission, and in those cases the intended effect on European legal integration at least partly explains the rise of private regulation. I other cases, it was an incidental by-product of attempts to address market failures or achieve network legitimacy. In the conclusion, we turn to questions of accountability and legitimacy raised by the increasing importance of private regulators in the Common Market of the EU. Although the EU lacks a body of rules that imposes democratic controls on private regulators, we identify components of European law that can be used as control mechanisms.


The increasingly complex environment, development of technology-based products, and customization of demand challenge the reaction speed of the enterprise; for the success of organizational management, the teams usually reform the enterprise, create new ideas, produce innovative models with better results, and thus make important contributions to the organization through the use of internal operations and organizational culture attribution. Through a literature review and statistical analysis, this study has developed a team innovation scale, organizational culture scale, and organizational innovation scale with good reliability and validity; the high-tech industry employees in Taiwan were used as subjects, and 215 questionnaires were issued through purposive sampling. In total, 175 valid questionnaires were collected (81%). Statistical methods such as regression analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, and others were used to verify the assumptions in this study. The study concluded the following: 1) team innovation has a significant and positive relationship with organizational innovation, 2) organizational culture has a significant and positive relationship with organizational innovation, and 3) team innovation has a significant and positive impact on organizational innovation due to the moderating effects of the organizational culture.


Abstract. As the most widely used crop-specific land use data, the Cropland Data Layer (CDL) product covers the entire Contiguous United States (CONUS) at 30-meter spatial resolution with very high accuracy up to 95% for major crop types (i.e., Corn, Soybean) in major crop area. However, the quality of early-year CDL products were not as good as the recent ones. There are many erroneous pixels in the early-year CDL product due to the cloud cover of the original Landsat images, which affect many follow-on researches and applications. To address this issue, we explore the feasibility of using machine learning technology to refine and correct misclassified pixels in the historical CDLs in this study. An end-to-end deep learning-based framework for restoration of misclassified pixels in CDL image is developed and tested. By feeding the CDL time series into the artificial neural network, a crop sequence model is trained and the misclassified pixels in an original CDL map can be restored. In the experiment with the 2005 CDL data of the State of Illinois, the misclassified pixels over Agricultural Statistics Districts (ASD) #1760 were corrected with a reasonable accuracy (> 85%). The findings suggest that the proposed method provides a low-cost and reliable way to refine the historical CDL data, which can be potentially scaled up to the entire CONUS.


The purpose of current study was to investigate the spatio-temporal gait parameters and knee varus angle during walking at different speeds in young with knee varus. 18 subjects with varus deformity classified at grade 3 of bowleg and 17 healthy subjects, volunteered to participate in this study. The following variables include stance, swing, double support and cycle time, cadence, stride length, angle of varus at the heel contact, midstance and toe off when walking on the treadmill at speeds of 80, 100 and 120 percent of preferred walking speed, were measured from using the three-dimensional motion analysis system with six optoelectronic cameras. The results of between-group tests showed that spatio-temporal gait parameters in the varus group is similar to the normal group. Also varus angular variables in varus group, was indicate higher values in comparison to the healthy group, but there were no significant differences. The results of inter-group tests also showed the knee varus angle generally increases with increasing speed, that none of the differences were not significant. According to the results, the increase in walking speed will caused to increase knee varus angle. Therefore, walking with speed less than the normal walking speed, probably is a suitable solution to reduce the loads exerted on the knee joint and prevention of premature osteoarthritis in young with knee varus.


Circular Bragg resonators (CBRs) are analyzed in both the frequency domain and the time domain based on the scattering matrix method and the numerical model. The CBR with the same size as a dielectric ring can be designed to have denser resonant mode distributions in the frequency domain, and the expansion of the slow light band is imposed by the combination of multiresonant modes. Thus the expansion is independent of group velocity and is not limited by the delay-bandwidth product constraint in static photonic structures, which is deduced for a single resonant mode. Hence, the CBR can store more bits than a dielectric ring. For certain parameters, clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) modes in the CBR are quite sensitive to dielectric perturbations, which are weak enough that they have little effect on the CW mode and CCW mode in a dielectric ring. When light propagates along a line waveguide coupled with the CBR, and if there are weak dielectric perturbations in the CBRs, extraordinary reflections could be produced and there exists strong coupling and conversion between CW and CCW modes in the CBR. The optical property indicates that extremely weak dielectric perturbations in the CBR play an important role in mode conversion. These unique properties of CBRs may find applications in the design of practical optical delay line buffers, and they also provide a new method to achieve light control by mode conversion in passive optical resonators.


The new edition of the best-selling Designing for Accessibility is a completely up-to-date and user-friendly good practice guide based on Approved Document M and BS 8300:2009 in the context of the Equality Act 2010. Aimed at all those seeking to fulfil their service provider duties under the Equality Act as well as architects, designers, facilities managers and a range of consumers (including disabled people), Designing for Accessibility includes extensive plans and dimensional data illustrating internal and external features that commonly need attention in public buildings. The design recommendations occasionally go beyond those specified in the Part M and BS 8300, reflecting good practice derived from user experience, successful design and, where possible, empirical research. The third edition has been extensively updated, improved, extended and redesigned. It now accounts for the Equality Act (which, among other things, replaced the Disability Discrimination Act) and the 2009 edition of BS 8300. Completely new sections cover shared spaces, Changing Places toilets, accessible baby changing facilities, and light reflectance values. The sections for external ramps and steps, door vision panels and sanitary facilities have been updated. Finally, the sections on hazard warning, entrance and internal doors, seating layouts, platform lifts, communication systems, signage, building management and means of escape have all been extended. Designing for Accessibility is an authoritative guide to the increasingly important concept of inclusive design, providing information that no designer or service provider can afford to ignore.


Self-regulation of the Orthodox ecciesiology As the majority of the Orthodox churches live in the eastern part of Europe and Russia, in the geographical area of the ex-communist countries, it is necessary that in any description of Orthodoxy the experiences of these churches should be taken into account. The meaning of their experience, in the midst of heavy restrictions and persecutions, remains to be explored and articulated. The end of the cold war, the reunification of the old continent, and the confrontation with a new liberal capitalist society raised new issues. The churches today look for new orientations and programmes in order to meet the challenge of a hybrid post-communist society. Nobody is in a position to propose a synthesis of the post-communist heritage. The fact is that historians did not pay serious attention to it. Even the church authorities do not know how to situate the temptations and weaknesses they suffered and resisted during recent decades. Several conservative positions taken recently by church authorities (on moral and sexu al issues, place and ministry of women, ecumenism) are formulated as if nothing has happened in the evolution of the life and mission of the churches. They try to say that the institutional image of the church as such remained untouched, thus giving a false description of human and historical realities in the post-communist counties. However, the hermeneutical value of this experience is not lost. Many are the voices, inside and outside the church, who say that the Orthodox cannot continue to operate with an old ecclesiological model, if the realities of the world in which they now live are accepted and evaluated, and especially if they want to prepare the people for a new era of evangelization (in their countries and in Europe) and for the new millennium. The point in this critique is to avoid any generalizations or abstractions about present history and the image of Orthodoxy. A lot of new orientations, projects and reforms are taking place, but without being conceived in a coherent way, and as an integral part of a new fundamental understanding of the church. The traditional profile of the church at the end of a long period of tribulations cannot remain beyond question and criticism. As a matter of illustration, I will indicate several areas where some methodological change should take place. Many Orthodox still accept an ecclesiology which makes a sharp distinction between the sinfulness of the individual members of the church, i.e. the faithful who are in need of forgiveness of sins and renewal, and the Church itself, with a capital 'C', which is the body of Christ, holy by her nature, infallible in her doctrinal and moral teachings (ecclesia non potest errare), and the historical manifestation of the coming reign of God (the doctrine on holy/sinful church is at the centre of Reformation-Catholicism confrontation). There are quasi-magical understandings of apostolic succession and of Tradition, with a capital 'T', conceived as sacred entities overflowing from generation to generation. The vocation of the church is to preserve and defend the binding doctrines, and official interpretations and communications of the tradition. The recent experience of the people is rarely theologically and hermeneutically evaluated. Many Orthodox have also an understanding of the efficaciousness of the sacraments that reflects scholastic thinking, i.e. the effect depends on the sacraments being celebrated (ex opere operato), and not on the worthiness of the celebrant and/or recipient. The purpose of this presentation is not to open a debate about a traditional ecclesiology with its component elements, but to name a problem, i.e. to take seriously the credibility of a church institution without by-passing or ignoring the actual history of the people. The recent experience of the Orthodox churches in Eastern Europe confirms some of the grounds of our ecclesiology, but it also challenges several of its claims: "We, Orthodox must be ready to be questioned and challenged concerning our claims. …


AJAX is an asynchronous client-side technology that enables feature-rich, interactive Web 2.0 applications. AJAX applications and technologies are very complex compared to classic web applications, having to cope with asynchronous communication over (unstable) network connections. Yet, AJAX developers still rely on the ad hoc development processes and techniques of the early '00s. To determine how the inherent complexity of AJAX impacts the design and maintenance of AJAX applications, this paper studies the amount of code reuse across the different features of an AJAX application. Furthermore, we analyze how the design of existing AJAX systems deal with AJAX-specific crosscutting concerns, such as handling the loss of network connectivity. We use dynamic analysis to recover the run-time behaviour of AJAX applications in the form of sequence diagrams that are indexed by the different asynchronous communication states that the application can be in. Exploratory case studies on three AJAX applications show that (1) a majority (60–90%) of the run-time behaviour is shared, theoretically simplifying maintenance, and (2) that the studied projects seem unprepared for loss of network connectivity, often presenting the user with an incorrect view of the application state.


The Mel Frequency cepstral coefficients are the most widely used feature in speech recognition but they are very sensitive to noise. In this paper to achieve a satisfactorily performance in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) applications we introduce a noise robust new set of MFCC vector estimated through following steps. First, spectral mean normalization is a pre-processing which applies to the noisy original speech signal. The pre-emphasized original  speech segmented into overlapping time frames, then it is windowed by a modified hamming window .Higher order autocorrelation coefficients are extracted. The next step is to eliminate the lower order of the autocorrelation coefficients. The consequence pass from FFT block and then power spectrum of output is calculated. A Gaussian shape filter bank is applied to the results. Logarithm and two compensator blocks form which one is mean subtraction and the other one are root block applied to the results and DCT transformation is the last step. We use MLP neural network to evaluate the performance of proposed MFCC method and to classify the results. Some speech recognition experiments for various tasks indicate that the proposed algorithm is more robust than traditional ones in noisy condition.


Sarathy, Vivek. M.S. Egr., Department of Electrical Engineering, Wright State University, 2007. High Spurious-Free Dynamic Range Digital Wideband Receiver for Multiple Signal Detection and Tracking The advent of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) has provided an excellent platform to market prototyping of full receiver-on-chip designs in a short time. The design of multi-tone wideband receiver has always been a challenge because of the difficulty to detect weak signals in the presence of noise in the frequency spectrum and also the presence of general spurs generated by the receiver. In this research, architecture for a FPGA-based 2.56-GSPS digital wideband receiver with multi-tone signal detection and tracking is designed to demonstrate the capability of replacing more expensive analog components into their cheaper digital design counterparts. Novel hardware implementations of a Hamming window function, a fast Fourier transform (FFT), and an encoder algorithm is presented. This receiver can distinguish four-tone signals for a bandwidth of 1.20 GHz at a 20 MHz interval, has an average of four-tone signal spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 22 dB, two-tone signal SFDR of 39 dB, and single signal SFDR of 45.5 dB. The digital receiver can also track the input signals and distinguish if they are continuous or a pulse wave signals.


Humans and animals have the ability to quickly learn new tasks, a rapidity that is
unlikely to be manageable by pure trial and error learning on each task separately.
Instead, key to this rapid adaptability appears to be the ability to integrate skills and
knowledge obtained from previous tasks. This is assumed for example in the sequential
build-up of curricula in education, and has been employed in training animals for
behavioural experiments at least since the initial work on shaping by Skinner in 1938.
Despite its importance to natural learning, from a computational neuroscience point
of view the question of sequential learning of tasks has largely been ignored. Instead,
learning algorithms have often been devised that are capable of learning from an initial
naive state. However, it is known that simply training sequentially with the same
algorithms can often harm learning through interference, rather than enhance it.
In this thesis, we explore the e�ffects of sequential training in the form of shaping in
the cognitive domain. We consider abstract, yet neurally inspired, learning models and
propose extensions and requirements to ensure that shaping is bene�ficial.
We take the 12-AX task, a hierarchical working memory task with rich structure, de�fine
a shaping sequence to break the hierarchical structure of the task into separate smaller
and simpler tasks, and compare performance between learning the task in one fell swoop
to that of learning it with the help of shaping.
Using a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network model, we show that learning
times can be reduced substantially through shaping. Furthermore, other metrics such
as forms of abstraction and generalisation may also show differential e�ffects. Crucial
to this, though, is the ability to prevent interference, which we achieve through an
architectural extension in the form of "resource allocation".
Finally, we present initial, human behavioural data on the 12-AX task, showing that
humans can learn it in a single session. Nevertheless, the task is sufficiently challenging
to reveal interesting behavioural structure. This supports its use as a candidate to
probe computational aspects of cognitive learning, including shaping. Furthermore,
our data show that the shaping protocol used in the modelling studies can also improve
averaged asymptotic performance in humans.
Overall, we show the importance of taking sequential task learning into account, provided
there is additional architectural support. We propose and demonstrate candidates
for this support.


Importance Given the rapidly increasing use of stimulant medications during pregnancy and among women of reproductive age who may become pregnant inadvertently, there is a need to better understand their safety. Objective To examine the risk of congenital malformations associated with intrauterine exposure to stimulants. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort study of the Medicaid-insured population in the United States nested in the 2000-2013 US Medicaid Analytic eXtract, with follow-up of safety signals detected in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract data using the Nordic Health registries (2003-2013) (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). A total of 1 813 894 publicly insured pregnancies in the United States and 2 560 069 singleton pregnancies in the 5 Nordic countries ending in live births were included. Relative risks were estimated accounting for underlying psychiatric disorders and other potential confounders. Relative risk estimates for the US and Nordic data were pooled using a fixed-effects meta-analytic approach. The study was conducted from July 1, 2015, to March 31, 2017. Exposures Methylphenidate and amphetamines dispensed during the first trimester. Main Outcomes and Measures Major congenital malformations and subgroup of cardiac malformations. Results In the US data, of the 1 813 894 pregnancies evaluated, 35.0 per 1000 infants not exposed to stimulants were diagnosed as having congenital malformations, compared with 45.9 per 1000 infants for methylphenidate and 45.4 for amphetamines. For cardiac malformations, the risks were 12.7 (95% CI, 12.6-12.9), 18.8 (95% CI, 13.8-25.6), and 15.4 (95% CI, 12.5-19.0) per 1000 infants, respectively. The adjusted relative risks for methylphenidate were 1.11 (95% CI, 0.91-1.35) for any malformation and 1.28 (95% CI, 0.94-1.74) for cardiac malformations. No increased risks were observed for amphetamines: 1.05 (95% CI, 0.93-1.19) for any malformations and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.78-1.19) for cardiac malformations. Findings were confirmed in sensitivity analyses accounting for proxies of unmeasured confounders and increasing the specificity of the exposure and outcome definitions. Replication of the analyses for methylphenidate using the Nordic data including 2 560 069 pregnancies yielded a relative risk of 1.28 (95% CI, 0.83-1.97) for cardiac malformations, resulting in a pooled estimate of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.00-1.64). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest a small increase in the risk of cardiac malformations associated with intrauterine exposure to methylphenidate but not to amphetamines. This information is important when weighing the risks and benefits of alternative treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in women of reproductive age and during early pregnancy.


Galvanic coupling is a promising approach for wireless intrabody data transmission between sensors. Using the human body as a transmission medium for electrical signals becomes a novel data communication technique in biomedical monitoring systems. In this paper, special attention is given to the coupling of the current into the human body. Safety requirements have to be fulfilled, and optimal signal coupling is of essence. Therefore, different electrodes are compared. A test system offers up to 1 mA contact current modulated in the frequency range of 10 kHz to 1 MHz. The injected current is up to 20 times below the maximum allowed contact current. Such a low-current approach enables data communication that is more energy saving than other wireless technologies.


The function of the participle within the Hebrew tense system has considerably changed between biblical and postbiblical Hebrew. This investigation studies the participle in the Hebrew manuscripts from the Judaean Desert, its formation, its usage, and its meaning, compared with those in other Hebrew traditions and dialects, especially the language of the Hebrew Bible. The biblical Hebrew tense system continues to be used in the Scrolls, while there is a clear difference between the tense system of the Scrolls and that of mishnaic Hebrew. This fact allows us to draw conclusions in the field of language studies; but it also provides us with a piece of the puzzle in our understanding of the sociology and religion of the Qumran community.


Soil salinisation is a major problem in coastal and inland Australia. This thesis focuses on the use of airborne multi frequency quadpolarised synthetic aperture radar data for mapping soil salinity. Four major contributions have been made. The first is the application of known soil moisture inversion algorithms to the tropical wetlands in northern Australia. This required the development of an appropriate filter for selecting data, from a highly heterogeneous environment, that satisfy the known validity region of the models. The second is a new methodology developed for isolating the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, which is correlated to the electrical conductivity of the target. The third is a non-linear model for vegetation correction of the airborne radar data for mapping soil salinity. The fourth is a highly accurate methodology for mapping bio-indicators of saltwater intrusion using a data fusion process. The first contribution provides an analysis of the application of existing inversion algorithms to the tropical wetlands. This is a significant step from their common application, primarily homogeneous agricultural environments. This lead to the development of the data selection filter which also allowed assessment of the degree of vegetation cover and density beneath which soil parameters could be assessed. These contributions demonstrate the transportability of the algorithms to the natural tropical wetlands of northern Australia. However, these algorithms are not able to determine soil salinity. Soil salinity information is known to affect the radar backscatter data. The second contribution outlines the development of the Combined Model (CM), providing a methodology to extract the soil salinity information from these data. However, vegetation cover proved to be a problem for this model. The third contribution deals with vegetation cover problems experienced in the development of the Combined Model. Vegetation cover is known to attenuate the radar backscatter resulting in an underestimation of the dielectric constant. The development of a non-linear regression model for vegetation correction significantly improved the results of the Combined Model inversion for all cover types and densities that were accepted by the data selection filter. The fourth contribution further improves the salinity mapping procedure by analysis of recent saltwater intrusion. Recent Saltwater intrusion is often characterised by dead trees, which are excluded from assessment using the vegetation corrected combined model by the data selection filter. Melaleuca spp. are known to be excellent bio-indicators of wetland health and are particularly good indicators of recent saltwater intrusion. The developed classification methodology of the fused Landsat Thematic Mapper data with Cloude decomposed radar data achieved highly accurate results. The location and spatial extent of dead Melaleuca, assessed using this methodology, is extrapolated as a measure of recent saltwater intrusion. A synergism of the vegetation corrected combined model results, with the results obtained from the data fusion process, provides a map of classified saline soils and clearly identifies recent saltwater intrusion.


Field-experimental studies have shown that people litter more in more littered environments. Inspired by these findings, many cities around the world have adopted policies to quickly remove litter. While such policies may prevent people from following the bad example of litterers, they may also invite free riding on public cleaning services. We are the first to show that both forces are at play. We conduct a natural field experiment where, in a randomly assigned part of a residential area, the frequency of cleaning was drastically reduced during a 3-month period. We find evidence that some people start to clean up after themselves when public cleaning services are diminished. However, the tendency to litter more dominates. We also find that these responses continue to exist for some time after the treatment has ended.


Most people in low-income countries contribute substantially to the financing of local public goods through informal revenue generation (IRG). However, very little is known about how IRG works in practice. We produce novel evidence on the magnitude and regressivity of IRG and its relationship with the state in a fragile context, Somalia. We rely on original data from surveys with over 2,300 households and 117 community leaders in Gedo region, as well as on extensive qualitative research. We first show that IRG is prevalent. Over 70 per cent of households report paying at least one informal tax or fee in the previous year, representing on average 9.5 per cent of annual income. We also find that, among households that contribute, poorer ones contribute larger amounts than richer ones, with higher incidence in relation to their income. Further, in line with theory and expectations, informal payments have inequitable community-level effects, with individuals in wealthier communities making more informal payments than in poorer ones and, correspondingly, having access to a greater number of public goods. We then consider four explanations for the prevalence of IRG. First, IRG clearly fills gaps left by weak state capacity. Relatedly, we show that IRG can bolster perceptions and legitimacy of the state, indicating that sub-national governments may actually benefit from informal taxation. Second, informal taxing authorities are more effective tax collectors than the state, with informal taxing authorities having greater legitimacy and taxpayers perceiving informal payments to be fairer than those levied by the state. Third, dispelling the possibility that informal payments should be classified as user fees, taxpayers overwhelmingly expect nothing in return for their contributions. Fourth, in contrast to hypotheses that informal payments may be voluntary, taxpayers associate informal payments with punishment and informal institutions of enforcement. Our research reinforces the importance of IRG to public goods provision in weak formal institutional contexts, to everyday citizens, and to policymakers attempting to extend the influence of the federal state in south-central Somalia. Foremost, informal tax institutions need to be incorporated within analyses of taxation, service delivery, social protection, and equity. At the same time, our findings of the complementary nature of IRG and district-level governance and of the relative efficiency of revenue generation by local leaders have important implications for understanding statebuilding processes from below. Indeed, our findings suggest that governments may have little incentive to extend their taxing authority in some fragile contexts.


I've only been here three years, so what would I know? I've only worked in four areas, how much have I seen? Enough, surely—if the average tenure is eighteen months, as they said when I joined, then I'm practically an old hand. Enough to tell my story like any traveller, write up my notes like a true anthropologist. Or so I thought, until I started. Then I began to wonder. You could spend your whole life here and never get your head around how it works. Indeed, if you spent your life here you'd have no hope of ever getting your head around it: the longer you're inside the Matrix, the harder it is to see.


The Myth of Aunt Jemima is a bold and exciting look at the way three centuries of white women writers have tackled the subject of race in both Britain and America. Diane Roberts challenges the widely-held belief that white women writers have simply acquiesed in majority cultural inscriptions of race. The Myth of Aunt Jemima shows how 'the mythic spheres of race, of the separation of black and white into low and high, other and originary, tainted and pure, remain to trouble a society struggling still to free itself from debilitating racial representations.' Beautifully written with a powerful series of textual readings, The Myth of Aunt Jemima pushes at the boundaries of thought around the issues of race and gender. An important and innovative book.


South Africa's post-apartheid era has been marked by the continuation
of racialized socioeconomic inequality, a social situation produced by earlier periods
of settlement, colonization, and apartheid. While the ruling African National
Congress has pursued a transformative political agenda, it has done so within the
confines of neoliberal macroeconomic policy, including a period of fiscal austerity,
which has had limited impact on poverty and inequality. Here, I explore how
policy principles associated with austerity travel across time, space, and the levels
of the state in South Africa, eventually manifesting in a public health policy that
produced cuts to public health services. In assessing these sociopolitical dynamics,
I utilize policy process as a chronotope to unify diverse experiences of temporality
relative to austerity-inspired public health policy.


The authors introduce a novel coding technique which significantly improves the performance of the traditional vector quantisation (VQ) schemes at low bit rates. High interblock correlation in natural images results in a high probability that neighbouring image blocks are mapped to small subsets of the VQ codebook, which contains highly correlated codevectors. If, instead of the whole VQ codebook, a small subset is considered for the purpose of encoding neighbouring blocks, it is possible to improve the performance of traditional VQ schemes significantly. The performance improvement obtained with the new method is about 3 dB on average when compared with traditional VQ schemes at low bit rates. The method provides better performance than the JPEG coding standard at low bit rates, and gives comparable results with much less complexity than address VQ.


A room-temperature Tm:YVO4 laser at 1.94 μm has been demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. This laser is characterized by a broad bandwidth and a large absorption cross section for the 800-nm pump band. A slope efficiency of 25% was obtained under nonoptimal conditions.


R Wiener

Dr R Wiener, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, VT, USA; email@example.com

What are the benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults?

Included studies compared tight glucose control (glucose goal <150 mg/dl [8.3 mmol/l] using an insulin infusion) with usual care in patients in adult intensive care units (ICUs) and had one of the outcomes of interest as a primary or secondary end point. Studies of primarily intraoperative interventions or that could not provide adequate outcome or methodological data were excluded. Outcomes of interest were hospital or 30-day mortality, septicaemia (sepsis, septicaemia, bacteraemia, or positive blood cultures), need for dialysis in patients without a pre-existing need, and …


On April 26, 1865, as Abraham Lincoln's funeral cortege paused in Union Square, New York, before being taken by rail to Springfield, Illinois, William Cullen Bryant listened as his own verse elegy for the slain president was read to a great concourse of mourners by the Reverend Samuel Osgood. Only five years earlier and a few blocks downtown, at Cooper Union, Bryant had introduced the prairie candidate to his first eastern audience. There his masterful appeal to the conscience of the nation prepared the way for his election to the presidency on the verge of the Civil War. Now, Bryant stood below Henry Kirke Brown's equestrian statue of George Washington, impressing Osgood as if he were the 19tth Century itself thinking over the nation and the age in that presence.Bryant's staunch support of the Union cause throughout the war, and of Lincoln's war efforts, no less than his known influence with the president, led several prominent public figures to urge that he write Lincoln's biography. Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote him, No man combines the qualities for his biographer so completely as yourself and the finished task would be a noble crown to a noble literary life.But Bryant declined, declaring his inability to record impartially critical events in which he had taken so central a part. Furthermore, while preoccupied with the editorial direction of the New York Evening Post, he was just then repossessing and enlarging his family's homestead at Cummington, Massachusetts, where he hoped his ailing wife might, during long summers in mountain air, regain her health. But in July 1866, Frances died of recurrent rheumatic fever, and, Bryant confessed to Richard Dana, he felt as one cast out of Paradise.After France's death Bryant traveled with his daughter Julia for nearly a year through Great Britain and the Continent, where he met British statesman and novelist Edward Bulwer Lytton and French literary critic Hyppolyte Taine, renewed his friendship with Spanish poet Carolina Coronado, Italian liberator Giuseppe Garibaldi, and British and American artists, and visited the family of the young French journalist Georges Clemenceau, as well as the graves of earlier acquaintances Francis Lord Jeffrey and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. In his spare moments Bryant sought solace by beginning the translation of Homer, and Longfellow had found relief after his wife's tragic death by rendering into English Dante's Divine Comedy. Home again in New York, Bryant bought and settled in a house at 24 West 16th Street which would be his city home for the rest of his life. Here he completed major publications, including the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer and an exhaustive Library of Poetry and Song, and added to published tributes to earlier friends, such as Thomas Cole, Fenimore Cooper, and Washington Irving, memorial discourses on Fitz-Greene Halleck and Gulian Verplanck. In addition to his continued direction of the New York Homeopathic Medical college and the American Free Trade League, he was elected to the presidency of the Williams College Alumni Association, the International Copyright Association, and the Century Association, the club of artists and writers of which, twenty years earlier, he had been a principal founder and which he would direct for the last decade of his life.


The world of public media has much in common with the world of libraries. Both are made up of outward-facing, civic-minded people and systems, mission-driven to educate, serve, and engage a diverse community of users. This paper examines the current state of public media, both radio and television, to outline the problems being faced, the debates within the profession, and the strategies being pursued to ensure relevance and effectiveness for the industry. Understanding how public media is adapting and innovating in response to changing user behaviors and technological disruption can help inform decision-making in libraries of all types. This paper also pinpoints areas where the mission of libraries and public media overlap, revealing opportunities for collaboration.


As we approach the fifteenth anniversary of the demise of the Soviet Union, its sudden collapse remains mysterious. At the time, virtually no Western experts, Soviet or foreign officials, or even Soviet reformers foresaw the impending collapse of the system of one-party dictatorship, state ownership of the economy, and Kremlin control over its domestic and East European empires. Structuralism alone does not provide a satisfactory account of the chain of events. One must also consider the central role of intentionalism—that is, individuals inspired by ideas, which they impart to others—in the inception and course of the change. One such individual was the "godfather of glasnost" Aleksandr Yakovlev.


Brazil's northern region supplied 40 per cent of the cotton imported in Liverpool during the last decade of the eighteenth century. The following decades, however, cotton exports stagnated and Brazil became the only major international cotton producer that decreased its exports to European countries. This paper shows that fiscal policies of the Brazil's central government had a significant role on the decline of cotton exports. The central government set export taxes to increase revenue from higher quality long-staple cotton, decreasing the profitability of short staples, which saw the largest increase in demand during the nineteenth century.


A collection of crabs assembled during the KUW 2009 expedition to Mayotte Island and deposited in the Museum national d'Histoire naturelle Paris is studied. In total 202 species are recognized, 138 of them being new records for the Island and a list of brachyuran crabs is documented and illustrated with photographs. A complementary list of all crabs previously in taxonomic literature from Mayotte and its nearest Islands (Comoros Islands, Glorieuses Islands and marine banks of Zelee, Geyser and Leven) is also provided. In total 298 crabs are identified from the region, the richness of this fauna is discussed with zoogeographic considerations and the prospects for further studies are outlined.


The computational challenges of producing realistic biomedical simulations are reviewed. Techniques for applying classical mechanics simulation methods to proteins and ways to solve Newton's equations are discussed. Two recent applications of these methods are examined. The first considers the rate at which molecular oxygen binds to myoglobin, an oxygen-storage protein found in muscle. The second application involves the thermodynamics of the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, a protein that is the major component of red blood cells. The comparison of this biochemical event to one in which oxygen is bound to an unusual variant of hemoglobin illustrates many of the simulation methods commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to aid in the drug discovery process.<<ETX>>


We consider the accuracy of modeling ultrashort pulse propagation and supercontinuum generation in optical fibers based on the assumption of a material Raman response that varies linearly with frequency. Numerical simulations in silica fiber using the linear Raman gain approximation are compared with simulations using the full Raman response, and differences in the spectral, temporal and stability characteristics are considered. A major finding is that for conditions typical of many experiments, although the input pulses may satisfy the criteria where the linear gain approximation is valid, the subsequent evolution and breakup of the input pulse can rapidly lead to a situation where the linear model leads to severe inaccuracies. Numerical artifacts within the linear model inducing unphysical pulse collapse are also identified.


Universal codes/models can be used for data compression and model selection by the minimum description length (MDL) principle. For many interesting model classes, such as Bayesian networks, the minimax regret optimal normalized maximum likelihood (NML) universal model is computationally very demanding. We suggest a computationally feasible alternative to NML for Bayesian networks, the factorized NML universal model, where the normalization is done locally for each variable. This can be seen as an approximate sum-product algorithm. We show that this new universal model performs extremely well in model selection, compared to the existing state-of-the-art, even for small sample sizes.


Deterministic record and replay is fast becoming a vital technology in desktop and server computing environments. Yet, the applicability of this technology to computation run on small, mobile devices such as cell phones has not yet been explored. We argue that there are several potential uses of replay that are especially beneficial when applied to mobile phones: dual execution on cloud or cloudlet computers to reduce latency and possibly phone energy use, operation shipping for file synchronization, and offloading of expensive security and reliability checks to remote servers. In this paper, we explore these potential uses, as well as some of the unique challenges posed by implementing replay on phones.


We develop a simple model to examine the implications of prohibiting the use of credit histories in hiring practices. We empirically test the model using a recent law implemented in Chile. This law extended periods of unemployment for low-income workers, consistent with the pooling equilibrium in the market for talent predicted by our model. Moreover, these effects are particularly large for younger workers and female workers. While laws that ban credit checks for hiring purposes continue to gain traction, our paper highlights that these laws may not benefit all low-income workers and may instead lead to cross-subsidization within this group.


Provision of NHS hospital pharmacy services has historically been delivered during typical 'office' hours. During these hours most pharmacy departments provide a medicines information (MI) service where any healthcare professional can ask for medicines advice. Outside of these hours questions are handled by an on-call pharmacist. This study aimed to investigate the provision of pharmacy services and medicines advice out of hours, from the perspective of pharmacists and other healthcare professionals, in NHS England.
A mixed methods approach was used: an online survey of all Chief Pharmacists in England (2012: n=220) and semi-structured interviews of on-call pharmacists (2014: n=8) and doctors and nurses (2015: n=3 & n=4 respectively) in the East of England. The online survey provided information about the provision of on-call pharmacy services in England, documentation of calls handled, and provision of relevant training. Semi-structured interviews generated 19 themes, grouped into 5 meta themes: documentation, individual's knowledge and experience, information accessibility, use of service, and awareness of service.
On-call pharmacy services were provided by most hospitals, predominantly by less senior staff with limited years' experience. Documentation of questions was variable, and less than half of Trusts had a documentation policy. Documentation by on-call pharmacists was found to be affected by their knowledge and experience, if they had any concerns about the enquirer's understanding, the time the call was received, and remuneration and Information Technology (IT) issues. Both Chief Pharmacists and on-call pharmacists identified that training mainly consisted of operational issues, with on-call pharmacists believing a greater role could be played by MI staff in this training. Drug administration and 'medication safety check' were the main types of medicines advice questions sought out of hours. Chief Pharmacists stated on-call pharmacy services were well advertised but doctors and nurses seemed unaware of its provision and means of access; on-call pharmacists perceived this to be due to a lack of promotion. Access to information out of hours, particularly patients' drug and clinical information, by on-call pharmacists was a barrier to providing medicines advice.
This is the first insight into the national landscape of on-call pharmacy services. There is a clear role for MI services to support on-call pharmacy services, and national standards should be developed for provision, information accessibility, documentation and training. National pharmacy policy makers could also consider structured training, repeated on a regular basis, for all on-call pharmacists.


The Leprosy Hospital has to receive general patient after changing the status to be the Public Hospital. To improve quality of services to a patient at Inpatient unit, many efforts have been done. The problems that are still faced are as follows: 1) Achievement of BOR, ALOS, and TOI is still under the target; 2) Number of the old patient who revisit to Inpatient services is as little as 10%; Many of complain letters are sent to the hospital. This condition shows that patient's perception to quality of services at Inpatient unit is still low.
The aim of this research was to describe the patient's perception to a quality of services and to identify relationship with desire of revisit at Inpatient services at the Kelet Leprosy Hospital in Jepara. This was an observational research using a survey method and a cross sectional approach. Collecting of data used the questionnaires. The number of respondents were 60 persons. They were patients who ever visited Inpatient Services at Kelet Leprosy Hospital. Processing and analyzing of data used univariate, bivariate, and multivariate method by Chi Square and Logistic Regression test with a significance level on 0,05.
The results of this research shows that the factors, which have a significant relationship with a desire of revisit at Inpatient Services at Kelet Leprosy Hospital, are patient's perception to good services (p value = 0,000), and patient's perception to receptivity of services (p value = 0,000). Beside that, factors that have a significant relationship with a desire of revisit are patient's perception to empathy of services (p value = 0,001), patient's perception to guarantee of services (p value = 0,001), and patient's perception to direct evidence of services (p value = 0,011). Variables that influence desire of revisit at Inpatient Services at Kelet Leprosy Hospital together are patient's perception to guarantee of services, patient's perception to empathy of services, and patient's perception to good services.

Sumber Utama : www.mikm.undip.ac.id


Introduction
In this presentation, we want to discuss the essential and disconcerting role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the current military doctrines and strategies establishing a "Revolution in Military Affairs".
Life is going to be digital, so is warfare. The concept of Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) describes how military doctrines and strategies change fundamentally if new military technologies arise. Under President George W. Bush, RMA has become the baseline of defense policy and armament planning of the Unites States (cf. Joint Vision 2010 [1] and Joint Vision 2020 [2]). Its objectives are a global network of battle units including unmanned combat vehicles, precision strikes to minimize collateral effects and remote operations to spare own soldiers lives. The necessary key technologies are computers (synonym for ICT) with ICT–driven weapon development and the further establishment of command-control-communication-intelligence infrastructures (C3I).
Computers and weapon technology: a quick walk through history
First computers came up in the 1940s: Konrad Zuse´s developments financed by Deutsche Wehrmacht; similar military developments in Great Britain and the United States. In the following three decades after World War 2, the classical case of dual-use dominates: military-driven develop–ment of ICT with rapid evolvement of civil computer applications. Computer professionals became aware of the massive use of computers in weapons not before the 1980s. The political situation in Germany and, in particular, the deployment of Tomahawk (cruise missile, early kind of drone) and Pershing II (ballistic missile) triggered the foundation of FIfF (Forum Computer Professionals for Peace and Social responsibility) in 1984. (See [3,4] for more details.)
Dual-use reversed into its contrary
Today´s military computers and communication systems are mainly based on civil technology. Hardware and software technologies are too complex to be designed from scratch, they need a kind of evolution. The maturing of technology has been based on a myriad of civil applications. ICT–driven weapon technology is inevitably based on civil research and development, resulting in a spreading grey area:
Example 1: drones, controlled via global communication networks, vision sensor technology, etc.,
Example 2: autonomous unmanned combat vehicles (popularly called killer robots), driving force for RoboCup etc.
Concerning the security euphemism (security research, security architecture, security technology, etc.), industrial strategies and government policies support that the demarcations between civil and military security become blurred:
Example 1: integration of the Forschungsgesellschaft fur Angewandte Naturwissenschaften (FGAN) in die Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (FhG) with the establishment of the Fraunhofer Group for Defense and Security, civil and military security research now under one roof, cross-fertilization explicitly intended,
Example 2: BMBF (Ministry of Education and Research) research strategy, BMBF and BMVg (Ministry of Defense) minister`s recent statements,
Example 3: the European Commission's security research program (1 400 000 000 €).
The consequences for universities and federal research facilities are that they make profit from trickle–down effect simultaneously undermining civil clauses due to loss of transparency. The consequences for the individual computer professional are the difficulty of reasoning and the uncertainty of taking bearing in their professional environment. (Confer [5,6].)
Intrinsic challenges of ICT-based weapon systems and military infrastructures
Complexity and invisibility of embedded ICT tends to blur public conscience by misinformation and disinformation. Hiding real warfare behind computer screens lowers the threshold for approval. The consequence for global political developments is that weapons with effects remaining under the public perception threshold constitute a grey area of proliferating non-declared wars (e.g. cyber attacks, drone strikes).
Example 1: cyber weapons in face of the vulnerability of civil life due to increasing penetration by ICT infrastructures,
Example 2: drones from 'civil' applications to stealth missions; excessive pool of ICT inside and behind, inexorable development towards autonomous combat air vehicles.
Evolving technology, driven by research in Artificial Intelligence, is a core business of computer science. The further development of armed robots and robot arms will lead to weapons that decide autonomously what they destroy and whom they kill. Therefore, a debate on ethics arises unavoidably: Who is responsible? How can the laws of war (like the Geneva Convention) be respected by machines? Is 'computer ethics' an option? (Confer [7,8].)
Message to the concerned computer professional
Stop sleepwalking into a technology-driven "defense" policy, and try to recognize a potential involvement in weapon development, military budget resources etc., contribute to public awareness. Consider to foster a rigorous ban of all weapon systems which shirk public control like is demanded for autonomous combat vehicles by the International Committee for Robot Arms Control (ICRAC). Unveil the abuse of the dual-use term, and employ your expert knowledge to enhance public awareness.
A more elaborated discussion can be found in [9].
References

Department of Defense (USA): Joint Vision 2010, 1996, http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/jv2010.pdf
Department of Defense (USA): Joint Vision 2020, 2000, http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/concepts/ccjo_jointforce2020.pdf
Bickenbach, J., Keil-Slawik, R.; Lowe, M.; Wilhelm, R. (Eds.) Militarisierte Informatik, Schriftenreihe Wissenschaft und Frieden 4, Berlin, 1985.
Kreowski, H.-J. Informatik und Militar: Zusammen in den Abgrund, In Umdenken in der Informatik, 2. Jahrestagung des Forums Informatiker fur Frieden und gesellschaftliche Verantwortung 1986., Lowe, M.; Schmidt, G.; Wilhelm, R., Eds., Verlag fur Ausbildung und Studium in der Elefanten Press, Berlin, 1987, pp. 37-42, reprint in FIfF-Kommunikation 2011, 4, pp. 51–54.
Meyer-Ebrecht, D.: Dual-use und die Zivilklausel: 'Sicherheitsforschung' – oder wie Rustungsforschung zivile Forschung vereinnahmt. FIfF-Kommunikation 2012, 4, pp. 56–58.
Topfer, E. Zivil-militarische Sicherheitsforschung. Wissenschaft und Frieden 2012, 4, pp. 16–19
Arkin, R.C. Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots, Chapman & Hall/CRC 2009
Kreowski, H.-J.: Gehoren Killerroboter vor ein Kriegsgericht?, FIfF-Kommunikation 2011 28,4, pp. 27-29.
Kreowski, H.-J.; Meyer-Ebrecht, D. Der Missbrauch der Informationstechnik fur die 'Revolution' des Kriegsgeschafts. In Gesellschaftliche Verantwortung in der digital vernetzten Welt, Bittner, P.; Hugel, S.; Kreowski, H.-J.; Meyer-Ebrecht, D.; Schinzel, B. , Eds., LIT Verlag, Munster, 1914, pp. 81 – 88.


Diazotrophic marine cyanobacteria in the genus Trichodesmium contribute a large fraction of the new nitrogen entering the oligotrophic oceans, but little is known about how they respond to shifts in global change variables such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature. We compared Trichodesmium dinitrogen (N2) and CO2 fixation rates during steady‐state growth under past, current, and future CO2 scenarios, and at two relevant temperatures. At projected CO2 levels of year 2100 (76 Pa, 750 ppm), N2 fixation rates of Pacific and Atlantic isolates increased 35–100%, and CO2 fixation rates increased 15‐128% relative to present day CO2 conditions (39 Pa, 380 ppm). CO2‐mediated rate increases were of similar relative magnitude in both phosphorus (P)‐replete and P‐limited cultures, suggesting that this effect may be independent of resource limitation. Neither isolate could grow at 15 Pa (150 ppm) CO2, but N2 and CO2 fixation rates, growth rates, and nitrogen : phosophorus (N : P) ratios all increased significantly between 39 Pa and 152 Pa (1500 ppm). In contrast, these parameters were affected only minimally or not at all by a 4°C temperature change. Photosynthesis versus irradiance parameters, however, responded to both CO2 and temperature but in different ways for each isolate. These results suggest that by the end of this century, elevated CO2 could substantially increase global Trichodesmium N2 and CO2 fixation, fundamentally altering the current marine N and C cycles and potentially driving some oceanic regimes towards P limitation. CO2 limitation of Trichodesmium diazotrophy during past glacial periods could also have contributed to setting minimum atmospheric CO2 levels through downregulation of the biological pump. The relationship between marine N2 fixation and atmospheric CO2 concentration appears to be more complex than previously realized and needs to be considered in the context of the rapidly changing oligotrophic oceans.