Public broadcasting has been in critics' crosshairs since its creation in 1967. Assailed from all sides with allegations of bias, charges of political influence, and threats to defund their operations, public broadcasters have responded with everything from outright denial to personnel changes, but never have they squarely faced the fundamental problem: government-funded media companies are inherently problematic and impossible to reconcile with either the First Amendment or a government of constitutionally limited powers. The Constitution does not give Congress the power to create media companies, and we should heed the Founders' wisdom on this matter. In fact, consistent with that wisdom, before the Corporation for Public Broadcasting was created, nonprofit, noncommercial media stations enjoyed a vibrant existence, remaining free to criticize current policies and exhibit whatever bias they wished. Yet today the taxpayer contribution to public broadcasting, although relatively small, clearly influences the decisions of public broadcasting officials. In fact, public broadcasting suffers the main downside of public funding — political influence and control — yet enjoys little of the upside — a significant taxpayer contribution that would relieve it of the need to seek corporate underwriting and listener donations. But the limited taxpayer funding also shows that defunding can be relatively painless. Public broadcasting not only can survive on its own, it can thrive — and be free.


Rice crops are important in the global food economy, and new techniques are being implemented for their effective management. These techniques rely mainly on the changes in the phenological cycle, which can be investigated by remote sensing systems. High frequency and high spatial resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors have great potential in all-weather conditions for detecting temporal phenological changes. This study focuses on a novel approach for growth stage determination of rice fields from SAR data using a parameter space search algorithm. The method employs an inversion scheme for a morphology-based electromagnetic backscattering model. Since such a morphology-based model is complicated and computationally expensive, a surrogate metamodel-based inversion algorithm is proposed for the growth stage estimation. The approach is designed to provide estimates of crop morphology and corresponding growth stage from a continuous growth scale. The accuracy of the proposed method is tested with ground measurements from Turkey and Spain using the images acquired by the TerraSAR-X (TSX) sensor during a full growth cycle of rice crops. The analysis shows good agreement for both datasets. The results of the proposed method emphasize the effectiveness of X-band PolSAR data for morphology-based growth stage determination of rice crops.


INTRODUCTION This is an account of the forces of race and power and how students and community members used their race to gain power from a white American institution. More specifically, this is a story about black students on the campus of Columbia University in the City of New York allying themselves with local black politicians as well as black working class and poor residents from Harlem, the black enclave just adjacent to the school. Taking place on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia, this tale's primary theme deals with the achievement of Black Power, which, in the late 1960s, was the goal of many young African Americans across the nation. In essence, the second generation of the black bourgeoisie that sociologist E. Franklin Frazier described in his classic piece, Black Bourgeoisie, met with what may be called the "black proletariat." (2) Attempting to move away from the trappings of Frazier's first generation of black bourgeoisie members, black students (or members of the intelligentsia), who attended an Ivy League school, employed what this historian refers to as "Black Student Power." (3) The practice of Black Student Power included (but was not exclusive to) the use of the philosophies and strategies of Black Power to force predominantly white universities to capitulate to a variety of demands. According to Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) and Charles V. Hamilton, authors of Black Power, the achievement of Black Power for black people meant going through the processes of "self definition" and "political modernization." (4) In order to attain self-definition, black people would have to take pride in their blackness and take ownership of the issues that confronted the race. In an effort to define themselves, some black organizations in the late 1960s purged their ranks of white members and leaders, leaving black people to decide on black matters. The process of political modernization involved three steps: "(1) questioning old values and institutions of society; (2) searching for new and different forms of political structure to solve political and economic problems; and (3) broadening the base of political participation to include more people in the decision-making process." (5) Indeed, in 1968, black students questioned white institutions and made an attempt to keep institutions of higher education from inhibiting the economic and political rights of black people. Furthermore, at places like Columbia, black students sought to give more representation and power to those whom white American institutions had previously used and neglected. On American college campuses, some of the more popular demands of those protesters who applied the principles of Black Student Power typically involved increases in the number of black students and faculty members on campus, black studies courses and programs, black culture centers, and in the case of Columbia's protesting black students, respect and power for the neighboring black community. (6) The ultimate goal of Black Student Power was the cessation of the institutional racism that schools, colleges, and universities perpetuated as white institutions in America. In the late 1960s, black protesters like those on Columbia's campus used their status as students as a means to advance the Black Freedom struggle. The study of black student protesters and Black Power is in no way new. Clayborne Carson, in his coverage of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), did quite well to denote the changing philosophies of black college activists in the 1960s. (7) Similarly, William Van Deburg made a good contribution to the field in his work on the cultural victories of Black Power. In New Day in Babylon, Van Deburg offered useful empirical data regarding black militancy on college campuses. (8) In the 1970 work, Black Students, sociologist Harry Edwards also chronicled the infusion of Black Power strategies into campus life. …


Thioacetamide (TA) is a well-known hepatotoxin in rats. Acute doses cause centrilobular necrosis and hyperbilirubinemia while chronic administration leads to biliary hyperplasia and cholangiocarcinoma. Its acute toxicity requires its oxidation to a stable S-oxide (TASO) that is oxidized further to a highly reactive S,S-dioxide (TASO(2)). To explore possible parallels among the metabolism, covalent binding, and toxicity of TA and thiobenzamide (TB), we exposed freshly isolated rat hepatocytes to [(14)C]-TASO or [(13)C(2)D(3)]-TASO. TLC analysis of the cellular lipids showed a single major spot of radioactivity that mass spectral analysis showed to consist of N-acetimidoyl PE lipids having the same side chain composition as the PE fraction from untreated cells; no carbons or hydrogens from TASO were incorporated into the fatty acyl chains. Many cellular proteins contained N-acetyl- or N-acetimidoyl lysine residues in a 3:1 ratio (details to be reported separately). We also oxidized TASO with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylenthanolamine (DPPE) or lysozyme. Lysozyme was covalently modified at five of its six lysine side chains; only acetamide-type adducts were formed. DPPE in liposomes also gave only amide-type adducts, even when the reaction was carried out in tetrahydrofuran with only 10% water added. The exclusive formation of N-acetimidoyl PE in hepatocytes means that the concentration or activity of water must be extremely low in the region where TASO(2) is formed, whereas at least some of the TASO(2) can hydrolyze to acetylsulfinic acid before it reacts with cellular proteins. The requirement for two sequential oxidations to produce a reactive metabolite is unusual, but it is even more unusual that a reactive metabolite would react with water to form a new compound that retains a high degree of chemical reactivity toward biological nucleophiles. The possible contribution of lipid modification to the hepatotoxicity of TA/TASO remains to be determined.


Medical datasets have reached enormous capacities. This data may contain valuable information that awaits extraction. The knowledge may be encapsulated in various patterns and regularities that may be hidden in the data. Such knowledge may prove to be priceless in future medical decision making. The data which is analyzed comes from the Polish National Breast Cancer Prevention Program ran in Poland in 2006. The aim of this master's thesis is the evaluation of the analytical data from the Program to see if the domain can be a subject to data mining. The next step is to evaluate several data mining methods with respect to their applicability to the given data. This is to show which of the techniques are particularly usable for the given dataset. Finally, the research aims at extracting some tangible medical knowledge from the set. The research utilizes a data warehouse to store the data. The data is assessed via the ETL process. The performance of the data mining models is measured with the use of the lift charts and confusion (classification) matrices. The medical knowledge is extracted based on the indications of the majority of the models. The experiments are conducted in the Microsoft SQL Server 2005. The results of the analyses have shown that the Program did not deliver good-quality data. A lot of missing values and various discrepancies make it especially difficult to build good models and draw any medical conclusions. It is very hard to unequivocally decide which is particularly suitable for the given data. It is advisable to test a set of methods prior to their application in real systems. The data mining models were not unanimous about patterns in the data. Thus the medical knowledge is not certain and requires verification from the medical people. However, most of the models strongly associated patient's age, tissue type, hormonal therapies and disease in family with the malignancy of cancers. The next step of the research is to present the findings to the medical people for verification. In the future the outcomes may constitute a good background for development of a Medical Decision Support System.


Buoyant bubbles of relativistic plasma in cluster cores plausibly play a key role in conveying the energy from a supermassive black hole to the intracluster medium (ICM) - the process known as radio-mode AGN feedback. Energy conservation guarantees that a bubble loses most of its energy to the ICM after crossing several pressure scale heights. However, actual processes responsible for transferring the energy to the ICM are still being debated. One attractive possibility is the excitation of internal waves, which are trapped in the cluster's core and eventually dissipate. Here we show that a sufficient condition for efficient excitation of these waves in stratified cluster atmospheres is flattening of the bubbles in the radial direction. In our numerical simulations, we model the bubbles phenomenologically as rigid bodies buoyantly rising in the stratified cluster atmosphere. We find that the terminal velocities of the flattened bubbles are small enough so that the Froude number Fr ≲ 1. The effects of stratification make the dominant contribution to the total drag force balancing the buoyancy force. Clear signs of internal waves are seen in the simulations. These waves propagate horizontally and downwards from the rising bubble, spreading their energy over large volumes of the ICM. If our findings are scaled to the conditions of the Perseus cluster, the expected terminal velocity is ∼100 − 200 km s−1 near the cluster cores, which is in broad agreement with direct measurements by the Hitomi satellite.


Our studies examined the acute toxicity, the natural bioactive compounds contained in the aqueous leaf extract (ESera) and its actions on the electrocardiogram. They were therefore aimed to confirm the use in traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and childbirth complications. After the revelation of the phytochemical compounds in S. radiatum leaves by general reactions, the determination of LD50 of acute toxicity in mice was achieved after treatment with the aqueous leaf extract (ESera). ESera was administrated intraveinously to the animal via the saphenous vein for ECG registration. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of quinones, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, terpens, polyphenols, saponosides and reducing compounds. Short treatments (24 hours) of mice with the leaves aqueous extract gave LD50 values of 169.7 ± 15 mg/kg of b.w. and of 184.2 ± 21 mg/kg of b.w., respectively by the method of Miller and Tainter and the method of Dragstedt and Lang. ESera induced negative inotrope and chronotrope actions on the global electric activity of rabbit. In Conclusion: 1. The aqueous leaf extract has a low toxicity which permits its uses by populations. 2. As shown by the electrocardiac investigation and the phytochemical study of the leaves, S. radiatum could have many pharmacological properties justifying its traditional use to treat many diseases including cardiovascular diseases and childbirth complications..


Accurate and efficient numerical solutions have been described for a selection of financial options pricing problems. The methods are based on finite difference discretisation coupled with optimal solvers of the resulting discrete systems. Regular Cartesian meshes have been combined with orthogonal co-ordinate transformations chosen for numerical accuracy rather than reduction of the differential operator to constant coefficient form. They allow detailed resolution in the regions of interest where accuracy is most desired, and grid coarsening where there is least interest. These transformations are shown to be effective in producing accurate solutions on modest computational grids. The spatial discretisation strategy is chosen to meet accuracy requirements as sell as to produce coefficient matrices with favourable sparsity and stability properties.

In the case of single factor European options, a modified Crank-Nicolson, second order accurate finite difference scheme is presented, which uses adaptive upwind differences when the mesh Peclet conditions are violated. The resulting tridiagonal system of equations is solved using a direct solver. A careful study of grid refinement displays convergence towards the true solution and demonstrates a high level of accuracy can be obtained with this approach. Laplace inversion methods are also implemented as an alternative solution approach for the one-factor European option. Results are compared to those produced by the direct solver algorithm and are shown to be favourable.

It is shown how Semi-Lagrange time-integration can solve the path-dependent Asian pricing problem, by integrating out the average price term and simplifying the finite difference equations into a parameterised Black-Scholes form. The implicit equations that result are unconditionally stable, second order accurate and can be solved using standard tridiagonal solvers. The Semi-Lagrange method is shown to be easily used in conjunction with co-ordinate transformations applied in both spatial directions. A variable time-stepping scheme is implemented in the algorithm. Early exercise is also easily incorporated, the resulting linear complementarity problem can be solved using a projection or penalty method (the penalty method is shown to be slightly more efficient). Second order accuracy has been confirmed for Asian options that must be held to maturity. A comparison with published results for continuous-average-rate put and call options, with and without early exercise, shows that the method achieves basis point accuracy and that Richardson extrapolation can also be applied.


Background: Research into the potential mental health consequences of abortion yields inconsistent results and is characterized by methodological limitations. Aim: To offer a more conclusive insight into women's mental health after an abortion by stringently taking both pre-abortion mental health and confounding covariates into account. Method: A prospective longitudinal cohort study, the Dutch Abortion and Mental Health Study (damhs), through which women with and without abortion experiences could be compared.The study was designed in a similar way to the large scale Dutch population study into mental health of the Trimbos Institute, the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study-2 (nemesis-2). Results: Women who had an abortion were significantly more likely to have had previous dsm-iv mental disorders. Psychiatric history appeared to be associated with how women experienced and handled the unwanted pregnancy and abortion. A prior history of mental disorders, averse recent life events or an unstable partner relationship increased the risk of developing post abortion mental disorders, while experiencing an abortion did not. Conclusion: Women who have had an abortion more often have a history of mental disorders, yet there is no evidence that an abortion in itself would increase the risk of developing a mental disorder.


This study discusses two key technologies used in radio-over-fiber (RoF) systems, namely, the generation and transmission of millimeter-wave signals and optical modulation schemes capable of carrying vector signal formats and utilizing the continuous performance improvements offered by digital signal processing. A cost-effective frequency-quadrupling technique capable of generating millimeter-wave signals up to 72 GHz is proposed. The generated optical millimeter-wave signals have very high quality, with an optical carrier and harmonic distortion suppression ratio exceeding 36 dB. An optical modulation scheme that can support a 64-QAM, 16 Gbits/s orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing RoF system is also demonstrated. Results of this study demonstrate that both methods offer realistic solutions to support future wireless systems.


Abstract. Observation shows that eastern China experienced an interdecadal shift in the summer precipitation during the second half of the 20th century. The summer precipitation increased in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley, whereas it decreased in northern China. Here we use a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model and multi-ensemble simulations to show that the interdecadal shift is mainly caused by the anthropogenic forcing. The rapidly increasing greenhouse gases induce a notable Indian Ocean warming, causing a westward shift of the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and a southward displacement of the East Asia westerly jet (EAJ) on an interdecadal timescale, leading to more precipitation in Yangtze River valley. At the same time the surface cooling effects from the stronger convection, higher precipitation and rapidly increasing anthropogenic aerosols contribute to a reduced summer land–sea thermal contrast. Due to the changes in the WPSH, the EAJ and the land–sea thermal contrast, the East Asian summer monsoon weakened resulting in drought in northern China. Consequently, an anomalous precipitation pattern started to emerge over eastern China in the late 1970s. According to the model, the natural forcing played an opposite role in regulating the changes in WPSH and EAJ, and postponed the anthropogenically forced climate changes in eastern China. The Indian Ocean sea surface temperature is crucial to the response, and acts as a bridge to link the external forcings and East Asian summer climate together on a decadal and longer timescales. Our results further highlight the dominant roles of anthropogenic forcing agents in shaping interdecadal changes of the East Asian climate during the second half of the 20th century.


This paper describes a new solution method applied to the problem initializing DAEs using the Modelica lan-guage. Modelica is primarily an ob- ject-oriented equa-tion-based modeling language that allows specification of mathematical models of complex natural or man-made systems. Major features of Modelica are the mul-tidomain modeling capability and the reusability of model components corresponding to physical objects, which allow to build and simulate highly complex sys-tems. However, initializing such models has been quite cumbersome, since initial equations have to be pro-vided at the system level, where the user needs to know details on the underlying transformation and index-reduction algorithms, that in general are applied to simulate a Mode- lica model. .


© Oxford University Press, 2014.The Nakh-Daghestanian language Archi has several types of verbal constructions: periphrases, complex predicates, and phenomena very similar to serial verb constructions. This chapter investigates these constructions, using the approach of canonical typology; this allows different constructions to be ranked in terms of their proximity to the canonical centre. The analysis suggested is relevant for the general typology of multiword constructions, since it identifies tests for distinguishing them: for complex predicates the test will be their syntactic behaviour, for constructions close to serialization it is the fact that they are only available for a subset of verbs, while periphrasis is exhaustive. The chapter also has a descriptive purpose: published research on Archi does not describe all the available meanings for the periphrastic constructions nor their syntactic behaviour, and so an attempt is made to fill these gaps.


Malaria remains the deadliest vector-borne disease in the world. With nearly half of the world ' s population at risk, 216 million people suffered from malaria in 2016, with over 400,000 deaths, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Important global efforts have been made to eliminate malaria leading to significant reduction in malaria cases and mortality in Africa by 42% and 66%, respectively. Early diagnosis, improved drug therapies and better health infrastructure are key components, but this extraordinary success is mainly due the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprayings (IRS) of insecticide. Unfortunately, the emergence and spread of resistance in mosquito populations against insecticides is jeopardising the effectiveness of the most efficient malaria control interven- tions. To help establish suitable resistance management strategies, it is vital to better understand the distribution of resistance, its mechanisms and impact on effectiveness of control interventions and malaria transmission. In this chapter, we present the current status of insecticide resistance worldwide in main malaria vectors as well as its impact on malaria transmission, and discuss the molecular mechanisms and future perspectives.


Gene targeting by homologous recombination is a powerful tool to precisely manipulate the genome in order to study the function of a gene of interest (GOI). Indeed, it has become a routine methodology in yeasts, murine embryonic stem cells, and a chicken DT40 cell line. However, gene targeting has not been used often in human somatic cells to date since the relative efficiency of gene targeting (the ratio of homologous integrations to random integrations) is remarkably low. In this review, we introduce a fundamental strategy and a protocol to generate a null allele and/or 'tetracycline-inducible conditional gene knochout' for the GOI by gene targeting in the human Nalm-6 pre-B cell line. The Nalm-6 is a rare cell line in which gene targeting by homologous recombination takes place efficiently, and it carries a stable near-diploid karyotype with a doubling time of around 20 h. In addition, the tetracycline-regulated gene depletion (Tet-Off) system is steadily applicable to this cell line. Therefore, gene targeting systems using the Nalm-6 cell are used increasingly and offer promise in the study of human gene functions. This review should prove useful to researchers in a wide rage of fields.


A new national energy technology programme, Wood Energy, has been launched in Finland by the National Technology Agency (Tekes). The programme's total budget for 1999-2003 is FIM250 million (US$45 million), Tekes' share of which amounts to FIM50 million. The programme is co-ordinated by VTT Energy. In 1998, the energy use of forest chips amounted to 0.5 million m solid. The target of the Wood Energy Technology Programme is to increase the annual use of forest chips to 2.5 million m solid in 2003, i.e., five-fold in 5 years. It is obvious that the target can be achieved mainly by increasing the use of logging residues from final cuttings, since salvaging residues from cut-over areas is more cost competitive than harvesting smallwood from young sapling stands and early commercial thinnings. Nevertheless, chip production from thinning of young stands will be developed as well. Increasing the use of forest chips requires that the cost of production is reduced still further, and that is naturally one of the main objectives of the programme. The programme is also helping to develop quality control and storage of wood chips. The quality of chips can be seen as an important cost factor, since the amount of heat obtained from the wood chips, the emissions produced, and the reliability of delivery and use all depend upon it. Improvement of chip quality is not confined solely to forest chips, but it is just as important for wood residues from primary timber processing at mills. For this reason the scope of the programme also includes bark, sawdust, and other solid wood residues from the forest products industry that are suitable for fuel.


The phase behavior of binary blends composed of AB diblock and (A'B)n star copolymers is studied using the polymeric self-consistent field theory, focusing on the formation and stability of the stable tetragonal phase of cylinders. In general, cylindrical domains self-assembled from AB-type block copolymers are packed into a hexagonal array, although a tetragonal array of cylinders could be more favourable for lithography applications in microelectronics. The polymer blends are designed such that there is an attractive interaction between the A and A' blocks, which increases the compatibility between the two copolymers and thus suppresses the macroscopic phase separation of the blends. With an appropriate choice of system parameters, a considerable stability window for the targeted tetragonal phase is identified in the blends. Importantly, the transition mechanism between the hexagonal and tetragonal phases is elucidated by examining the distribution of the two types of copolymers in the unit cell of the structure. The results reveal that the short (A'B)n star copolymers are preferentially located in the bonding area connecting two neighboring domains in order to reduce extra stretching, whereas the long AB diblock copolymers are extended to further space of the unit cell.


Abstract This article examines the relationship among the new lex mercatoria, international commercial arbitration, and independent contract guarantees. It will try to show that, from a substantive viewpoint, an international contract may be governed solely on the basis of the lex mercatoria, without reference to national law. It will also attempt to demonstrate that, from a jurisdictional point of view, a dispute regarding a contract governed by the lex mercatoria may be resolved by arbitrators, without reference to any national law or court. Finally, the article will attempt to show that parties to a contract may also agree on an independent contract guarantee as a warrant for the execution of the award. Hence, the arbitral award may be enforced without the intervention of a national court, and without reference to national law. In this regard, this study will discuss whether we are in the presence of a new truly transnational legal system that is independent from the national legal order, since not even at the enforcement stage would assistance from the nation-state be required. This study will conclude by considering the impact that this situation produces in the general theory (and practice) of law and state, particularly regarding the quest for the democratic legitimacy of the transnational law-making process.


Phenomenographic studies have shown clear links between the approach students take to learning and the achievement of deep versus surface learning outcomes in higher education. The context in which learning takes place is a key factor in these studies. The purpose of this research is to discover the conceptions of learning, teaching and information systems design held by a diverse group of 60 second-year university students and to determine whether there are differences between fielddependent and field-independent students. Our context-dependent findings on student conceptions of teaching and learning are descriptive in nature. These findings were integrated into an outcome space of student conceptions of information systems design, which is interpreted with respect to existing theory on differences between field-dependent and field-independent students and the cognitive demands of learning information systems design. The results have implications for teaching practice and further research on the effects of qualitative variations in student conceptions on the achievement of deep versus surface levels of learning about information systems design.


A search is described for the neutral Higgs bosons h 0 and A 0 predicted by models with two scalar field doublets and, in particular, the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The search in the Z 0 h 0 and h 0 A 0 production channels is based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 25 pb −1 from e + e − collisions at centre-of-mass energies between 130 and 172 GeV collected with the OPAL detector at LEP. The observation of a number of candidates consistent with Standard Model background expectations is used in combination with earlier results from data collected at the Z 0 resonance to set limits on m h and m A in general models with two scalar field doublets and in the MSSM. For example, in the MSSM, for tan β > 1, minimal and maximal scalar top quark mixing and soft SUSY-breaking masses of 1 TeV, the 95% confidence level limits m h > 59.0 GeV and m A > 59.5 GeV are obtained. For the first time, the MSSM parameter space is explored in a detailed scan.


Gnocchi is a typical Italian potato-based fresh pasta that can be either homemade or industrially manufactured. The homemade traditional product is consumed fresh on the day it is produced, whereas the industrially manufactured one is vacuum-packed in polyethylene and usually stored at refrigerated conditions. At industrial level, most kinds of gnocchi are usually produced by using some potato derivatives (i.e. flakes, dehydrated products or flour) to which soft wheat flour, salt, some emulsifiers and aromas are added. Recently, a novel type of gnocchi emerged on the Italian pasta market, since it would be as much similar as possible to the traditional homemade one. It is industrially produced from fresh potatoes as main ingredient and soft wheat flour, pasteurized liquid eggs and salt, moreover this product undergoes steam cooking and mashing industrial treatments. Neither preservatives nor emulsifiers are included in the recipe.
The main aim of this work was to get inside the industrial manufacture of gnocchi, in order to improve the quality characteristics of the final product, by the study of the main steps of the production, starting from the raw and steam cooked tubers, through the semi-finished materials, such as the potato puree and the formulated dough. For this purpose the investigation of the enzymatic activity of the raw and steam cooked potatoes, the main characteristics of the puree (colour, texture and starch), the interaction among ingredients of differently formulated doughs and the basic quality aspects of the final product have been performed.
Results obtained in this work indicated that steam cooking influenced the analysed enzymes (Pectin methylesterase and α- and β-amylases) in different tissues of the tuber. PME resulted still active in the cortex, it therefore may affect the texture of cooked potatoes to be used as main ingredient in the production of gnocchi. Starch degrading enzymes (α- and β-amylases) were inactivated both in the cortex and in the pith of the tuber.
The study performed on the potato puree showed that, between the two analysed samples, the product which employed dual lower pressure treatments seemed to be the most suitable to the production of gnocchi, in terms of its better physicochemical and textural properties. It did not evidence aggregation phenomena responsible of hard lumps, which may occur in this kind of semi-finished product.
The textural properties of gnocchi doughs were not influenced by the different formulation as expected. Among the ingredients involved in the preparation of the different samples, soft wheat flour seemed to be the most crucial in affecting the quality features of gnocchi doughs. As a consequence of the interactive effect of the ingredients on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of the different doughs, a uniform and well-defined split-up among samples was not obtained.
In the comparison of different kinds of gnocchi, the optimal physicochemical and textural properties were detected in the sample made with fresh tubers. This was probably caused not only by the use of fresh steam cooked potatoes, but also by the pasteurized liquid eggs and by the absence of any kind of emulsifier, additive or preserving substance.


This paper offers a model of the spatial behaviour of arsonists based on motivational aspects of the offence. The relationships between the distances travelled to set fires and both crime-scene features and offender background characteristics were tested using Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). This showed that arsonists whose behaviour contained a strong emotional component tended to travel much shorter distances, on average, than arsonists who sought direct instrumental benefits from setting fires. Where a specific individual was targeted in a revenge attack, the arsonist was prepared to travel the greatest distance overall. A three-dimensional projection of the SSA revealed that these differences in distances travelled exist empirically as distinct regions in the SSA space. An analysis of associations between distance travelled and the personal characteristics of arsonists revealed that similar patterns exist. Arsonists who had recently separated from a partner were more likely to travel greater distances, due to the target-specific nature of these fires. There were also trends associated with the age of the arsonist, with the relationship between age and distance travelled being represented by an inverse U-curve. The findings of this study support previous research findings, namely that expressive crimes occur closer to home than instrumental crimes. However, this study also enriches our understanding of specific features of arsons that particularly influence the spatial behaviour of the individuals committing them.


The older adults present different combinations of chronic multi-morbidity and functional limitations which determines health and social problems. The aim of the study was to assess the health status (general and oral) of the older adults because it can offer valuable information for estimation of the necessary health services. The targeted objectives were: the evaluation of oral morbidity, oral health related behaviors and attitudes towards oral health; evaluation of general morbidity; study of the addressability to health services and evaluation supplying medicines for rural area. From January–December 2016, we conducted a prevalence study focused on the main indicators of morbidity (general and oral). In our study were included 196 subjects, aged 65-74 years, 45.41% males, 54.59% females, from the rural community of Iasi County, in North Eastern region of Romania. In the studied group, the general morbidity model was the same for both male and female gender: in male gender, the morbidity was dominated by the cardiovascular diseases (63.24%), chronic digestive diseases (33.82%), diabetes mellitus (29.41%), osteoarticular diseases (27.94%), accidents and traumatisms (26.47%) and chronic respiratory diseases (23.53%); in female gender, it was also dominated by the cardiovascular diseases (67.82%), followed by diabetes mellitus (32.18%), osteoarticular diseases (31.03%) and chronic digestive diseases (24.14%). The oral morbidity model was relatively different between genders. At male gender, the predominant diseases were: dental caries (57.30%), lip and mucosal diseases (28.09%, OR=1.51, p<0.05), trauma (24.24%, OR=2.68, p<0.05) and total edentulism (25.84%). At female gender, the predominant diseases were: caries disease (59.81%), non-carious dental disorders (42.67%), periodontal disease (41.33%, OR=1.48, p<0.05) and total edentulism (29.91%.


The ability of the adaptive immune system to discriminate between self and non-self mainly stems from the ontogenic clonal-deletion of lymphocytes expressing strong binding affinity with self-peptides. However, some self-directed lymphocytes may evade selection and still be harmless due to a mechanism called clonal anergy. As for B lymphocytes, two major explanations for anergy developed over three decades: according to "Varela theory", it stems from a proper orchestration of the whole B-repertoire, in such a way that self-reactive clones, due to intensive interactions and feed-back from other clones, display more inertia to mount a response. On the other hand, according to the `two-signal model", which has prevailed nowadays, self-reacting cells are not stimulated by helper lymphocytes and the absence of such signaling yields anergy. The first result we present, achieved through disordered statistical mechanics, shows that helper cells do not prompt the activation and proliferation of a certain sub-group of B cells, which turn out to be just those broadly interacting, hence it merges the two approaches as a whole (in particular, Varela theory is then contained into the two-signal model). As a second result, we outline a minimal topological architecture for the B-world, where highly connected clones are self-directed as a natural consequence of an ontogenetic learning; this provides a mathematical framework to Varela perspective. As a consequence of these two achievements, clonal deletion and clonal anergy can be seen as two inter-playing aspects of the same phenomenon too.


IGF-I shares structural homology and in vitro metabolic activity with insulin. Laboratory models suggest that IGF-I and its binding proteins IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 have potentially beneficial effects on diabetes risk, whereas IGFBP-3 may have adverse effects. We therefore conducted a prospective nested case-control investigation of incident diabetes (n = 742 case subjects matched 1:1 to control subjects) and its associations with IGF-axis protein levels in the Nurses' Health Study, a cohort of middle-aged women. The median time to diabetes was 9 years. Statistical analyses were adjusted for multiple risk factors, including insulin and C-reactive protein. Diabetes risk was fivefold lower among women with baseline IGFBP-2 levels in the top versus bottom quintile (odds ratio [OR]q5–q1 = 0.17 [95% CI 0.08–0.35]; P trend < 0.0001) and was also negatively associated with IGFBP-1 levels (ORq5–q1 = 0.37 [0.18–0.73]; P trend = 0.0009). IGFBP-3 was positively associated with diabetes (ORq5–q1 = 2.05 [1.20–3.51]; P trend = 0.002). Diabetes was not associated with total IGF-I levels, but free IGF-I and diabetes had a significant association that varied (P interaction = 0.003) by insulin levels above the median (ORq5–q1 = 0.48 [0.26–0.90]; P trend = 0.0001) versus below the median (ORq5–q1 = 2.52 [1.05–6.06]; P trend < 0.05). Thus, this prospective study found strong associations of incident diabetes with baseline levels of three IGFBPs and free IGF-I, consistent with hypotheses that the IGF axis might influence diabetes risk.


Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) dual-store model of memory includes a structural memory store along with control processes conceptualized as a rehearsal buffer. I present a variant of Atkinson and Shiffrin's buffer model within a global memory framework that accounts for findings previously thought to be difficult for it to explain. This model assumes a limited capacity buffer where information is stored about items, along with information about associations between items and between items and the context in which they are studied. The strength of association between items and context is limited by the number of items simultaneously occupying the buffer. New findings that directly test the buffer assumptions are presented, including serial position effects, and conditional and first recall probabilities in immediate and delayed free recall, in a continuous distractor paradigm, and in experiments using list length manipulations of single item and paired item study lists. Overall, the model's predictions are supported by the data from these experiments, suggesting that control processes, conceptualized as a rehearsal buffer, are a necessary component of memory models.


Proffering context awareness facilities to end-users is a long-term objective of Ambient Intelligence (AmI). A context-aware system has to know the context information and understand what exactly is happening in a particular environment in order to build and provide distinct capabilities to the users and the occupants of the environment. However there are multiple challenges in precisely capturing the context or activity details from sensors and actuators deployed in the environment. There are possibilities for aggregating wrong data due to various reasons at different levels (sensor, network, etc.). Several technologies and mathematical concepts are being recommended to substantially enhance the quality of the sensor/actuator data so that the decisions being derived out of the data collected are right. The concept of fuzzy finite automata is used by most of the researchers to solve these issues (trustworthiness and timeliness of the sensor data). But it has turned out to be a complex affair. In this paper, we have empowered Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) with threading to enable correct decision-making out of data from multiple sensors/devices in any environment. In short, considering the multiplicity and heterogeneity of devices in our personal as well as professional environments, DFA with the parallelization capability is going to be the novelty and game-changer for precision-centric contextaware computing. The suggested method is verified and validated through a freely obtainable data set and the results obtained prove the simplicity and the correctness of our solution approach.


Trademark distinctiveness — the extent to which consumers view a mark as identifying a particular source — is the key factual issue in assessing whether a mark is protectable and what the scope of that protection should be. But distinctiveness is difficult to evaluate in practice: assessments of "inherent distinctiveness" are highly subjective, survey evidence is expensive and unreliable, and other measures of "acquired distinctiveness" such as advertising spending are poor proxies for consumer perceptions. But there is now a simpler way to determine whether consumers associate a word or phrase with a certain product: Google. Through a study of trademark cases and contemporaneous search results, I argue that Google can generally capture both prongs of the test for trademark distinctiveness: if a mark is strong — either inherently distinctive or commercially strong — then many top search results for that mark relate to the source it identifies. The extent of results overlap between searches for two different marks can also be relevant for assessing the likelihood of confusion of those marks. In the cases where Google and the court disagree, I argue that Google more accurately reflects how consumers view a given mark. Courts have generally given online search results little weight in offline trademark disputes. But the key factual questions in these cases depend on the wisdom of the crowds, making Google's "algorithmic authority" highly probative.


South Korea underwent rapid economic development under a semi-military, virulently anti-communist government which banned trade unions and kept close checks on the economy. President Roe Tae Woo has, however, since 1987, introduced electoral and social reforms. Strikes and wage rises have followed, leading to a loss of competitive edge, and the growth of opposition parties has resulted in political stalemate. Robert E. Bedeski provides a thorough analysis of the institutions of government in South Korea and how they have been transformed by the introduction of political pluralism, and of the attempt to liberalize without undermining economic success. He also examines the new political parties and their role within the framework of the South Korean political system, as well as their social context. State reforms are compared with developments in Taiwan, the Phillipines, North Korea, China and the former Soviet Union. The major themes of state-building an deconomic development are thoroughly explored. The author also deals with South Korea's international environment and changing foreign policy.


Navigation through large multimedia collections that include videos and images still remains cumbersome. In this paper, we introduce a novel method to visualize and navigate through the collection by creating a mosaic image that visually represents the compilation. This image is generated by a labeling-based layout algorithm using various sizes of sample tile images from the collection. Each tile represents both the photographs and video files representing scenes selected by matching algorithms. This generated mosaic image provides a new way for thematic video and visually summarizes the videos. Users can generate these mosaics with some predefined themes and layouts, or base it on the results of their queries. Our approach supports automatic generation of these layouts by using meta-information such as color, time-line and existence of faces or manually generated annotated information from existing systems (e.g., the Family Video Archive).


This Synthesis and Assessment Product focuses on the connection between the scientific ability to predict climate on seasonal scales and the opportunity to incorporate such understanding into water resource management decisions. It directly addresses decision support experiments and evaluations that have used seasonal-to-interannual forecasts and observational data, and is expected to inform (1) decision makers about the relative success of experiences of others who have experimented with these forecasts and data in resource management; (2) climatologists, hydrologists, and social scientists on how to advance the delivery of decision-support resources that use the most recent forecast products, methodologies, and tools; and (3) science and resource managers as they plan for future investments in research related to forecasts and their role in decision support. It is important to note, however, that while the focus of this Product is on the water resources management sector, the findings within this Synthesis and Assessment Product may be directly transferred to other sectors.


The biogeographic pattern of single‐celled eukaryotes (protists), including ciliates, is poorly understood. Most marine species are believed to have a relatively high dispersal potential, such that both globally distributed and geographically isolated taxa exist. Primary occurrence data for three large, easily identified ciliate species, Parafavella gigantea, Schmidingerella serrata, and Zoothamnium pelagicum, and environmental data drawn from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's World Ocean Atlas were used to estimate each species' spatial and environmental distributions using Maxent v3.3.3k. The predictive power of the models was tested with a series of spatial stratification studies, which were evaluated using partial receiver operating characteristic (ROC) statistics. Differences between niches occupied by each taxon were evaluated using background similarity tests. All predictions showed significant ability to anticipate test points. The null hypotheses of niche similarity were rejected in all background similarity tests comparing the niches among the three species. This article provides the first quantitative assessment of environmental conditions associated with three species of ciliates and a first estimate of their spatial distributions in the North Atlantic, which can serve as a benchmark against which to document distributional shifts. These species follow consistent, predictable patterns related to climate and environmental biochemistry; the importance of climatic conditions as regards protist distributions is noteworthy considering the effects of global climate change.


In A Common Faith, eminent American philosopher John Dewey calls for the "emancipation of the true religious quality" from the heritage of dogmatism and supernaturalism that he believes characterizes historical religions. He describes how the depth of religious experience and the creative role of faith in the resources of experience to generate meaning and value can be cultivated without making cognitive claims that compete with or contend with scientific ones. In a new introduction, Dewey scholar Thomas M. Alexander contextualizes the text for students and scholars by providing an overview of Dewey and his philosophy, key concepts in A Common Faith, and reactions to the text.


Magnetic levitation is an interesting concept in applications where friction and wear-particle contamination should be avoided. In this respect, a former study has shown that diamagnetic levitation, in conjunction with an electrodynamic impulse drive, is a promising solution for the design of a linear conveyor to be used in a micro-factory. In the present article the authors propose a contact-free position controlled diamagnetic linear drive optimized with regards to the power consumption and the load carrying capacity.


Controlling the absorption of dietary cholesterol from the digestive tract is an integral part of maintaining whole-body cholesterol homeostasis. Repa et al. (see the news story by Ferber) report that certain nuclear steroid receptors regulate this process. One nuclear receptor heterodimer stimulates the expression of a transmembrane protein of the ABC-binding cassette family and facilitates cholesterol efflux from intestinal cells. Another receptor heterodimer decreases the pool of bile acids in the liver, molecules that are needed to absorb free cholesterol. These activities serve to reverse cholesterol transport and to decrease absorption of cholesterol and further expand the roles of nuclear steroid receptors in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Repa, J.J., Turley, S.D., Lobaccaro, J.-M. A., Median, J., Li, L., Lustig, K., Shan, B., Heyman, R.A., Dietschy, J.M., and Mangelsdorf, D.J. (2000) Regulation of absorption and ABC1-mediated efflux of cholesterol by RXR heterodimers. Science 289: 1524-1529. [Abstract] [Full Text] Ferber, D. (2000) Possible new way to lower cholesterol. Science 289: 1446-1447. [Full Text]


It is well known that Mary Todd Lincoln was a member of the Presbyterian Church. There is no recorded evidence, however, that Abraham Lincoln formally joined the church. However, during the years 1850 through 1860 he regularly attended the First Presbyterian Church in Springfield with his wife and children. During the early period of his attendance, under the guiding hand of the Reverend Dr. James A. Smith, he became involved in congregational activities and appeared close to becoming a member, but it never was accomplished. This paper narrates some of Lincoln's Springfield, Illinois, Presbyterian Church-related activities, and his relationship with the Reverend Dr. James Smith, who, years after Lincoln's death, defended him against William Herndon's attack on his religious sincerity. It may also shed some fight on various questions scholars have had regarding the influence this Presbyterian experience had upon him. When Lincoln's second son, Edward Baker Lincoln died on Friday, February 1, 1850, funeral arrangements for the child were to be held at the Lincoln residence, under the direction of the Reverend Charles Dresser (1800-1865). Dresser was minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Springfield. He had officiated at the wedding of Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd on November 4,1842 and on May 2, 1844 the Lincolns had bought his house on Eighth and Jackson Streets in Springfield! It so happened that on the date for the child's funeral, Dresser was out of town. Dr. James Smith (May 11, 1801-july 3, 1871), the new minister of the First Presbyterian Church in Springfield, was asked to conduct the service at the Lincoln home in his place.' This began a relationship with the Lincoln family that lasted beyond the death of President Lincoln. Dr. Smith defined himself as an Old Light Presbyterian. He was a native of Glasgow, Scotland. After receiving an excellent education in Scotland, he came to the United States. He became converted and was licensed to preach in the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in Kentucky in 1825. Later he emigrated to Tennessee where he became an owner and editor of a newspaper and became active in the General Assembly and served as a Trustee of Cumberland College. In 1844, when the newspaper failed, he returned to the ministry, joined the regular Presbyterians in Nashville and was put in charge of the Presbyterian Church in Shelbyville, Kentucky.' In 1849 he moved to Springfield, Illinois, becoming the second pastor of the First Presbyterian Church.' Dr. Smith had the reputation of preaching good sermons and being a temperance advocate.' He was also noted for publishing a book called, The Christian's Defense I in 1843. The First Presbyterian Church in Springfield, Illinois was built in 1842. It was located at the Southeast corner of Third and Washington Streets, just South of the present G. M.& 0 passenger station. It had been founded in the 1830s with the help of John Todd, Mary Todd Lincoln's uncle.' The present church, which is located on the comer of Seventh Street and Capitol Avenue, was built in 1886, three years after Mary Lincoln's death. Mary Lincoln was so comforted by the new minister, that she soon left the Episcopal Church and the Lincolns began attending the Presbyterian Church.' Mrs. Lincoln was friends with several women in the neighborhood and attended church with them when Lincoln was on the Circuit.9 Apparently with Lincoln's approval, Mary Lincoln was admitted to membership on Wednesday, October 13, 1852.10 Mary Lincoln stated that she had been confirmed in the Episcopal Church at twelve years of age, but did not wish to join the church by letter, but instead upon profession of faith. Their fourth son, Thomas (Tad) Lincoln was baptized in the Church on Saturday, April 4, 1856. The family continued to attend services there until they left for Washington in February, 1861." Some writers have questioned the fact that Lincoln was not present at his wife's admission to membership in the Church. …


The impact of the environmental flow on the development of secondary frontal cyclones is investigated. Several case‐studies are examined as examples of secondary frontal‐cyclone events observed in the North Atlantic‐western Europe sector. A simple measure of growth is defined to chart their development. The vorticity attribution technique of Bishop is utilized to calculate the action of the large‐scale (environmental) flow on the fronts. In particular the environmental along‐front stretching—shown to be important in theoretical models of frontal instabilities—is calculated. The role of the environmental deformation appears to be crucial: as part of a baroclinic life cycle, stretching deformation acts to build up a front but suppress along‐front waves; if the stretching rate diminishes, barotropic instabilities may then break out. Diagnostics are examined to try to ascertain the growth mechanisms at work in each frontal‐cyclone case. A range of values for the commonly prescribed deformation‐frontogenesis and shearing‐frontogenesis parameters are calculated.


Objective The incidence of both severe and asymptomatic hypoglycemia is increased threefold in intensively treated diabetic patients. To examine whether this reflects cerebral adaptation to low blood glucose levels, we investigated the effect of preceding glycemic experience on hormonal, EEG, and evoked potential responses to experimentally induced hypoglycemia with the slow-fall clamp. Research Design and Methods Three groups were examined: well-controlled diabetic patients and patients with insulinoma (group 1), poorly controlled diabetic patients (group 2), and nondiabetic subjects (group 3). Results The glucose threshold for epinephrine release was lower in group 1 (2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 3.0 ± 0.3 and 3.1 ± 0.1 mM, P < 0.02), and the peak epinephrine response was reduced (1.29 ± 0.36 vs. 5.48 ± 1 and 5.62 ± 1.2 nM, P < 0.01) compared with groups 2 and 3, whereas symptoms were not perceived until a lower blood glucose level had been reached (2.0 ± 0.2 vs. 3.3 ± 0.4 and 2.6 ± 0.2 mM, P < 0.01). Other counterregulatory responses were similarly delayed and diminished. In contrast, EEG changes that were compatible with hypoglycemia were detected in all subjects in group 1 (blood glucose 1.9 ± 0.1 mM) but in only two in group 2 and none in group 3, despite similar blood glucose nadirs. Conclusions The glycemic threshold for hormonal responses to hypoglycemia falls in individuals with intensively treated diabetes or insulinomas, but these patients are more likely to develop EEG abnormalities during hypoglycemia. This disparity helps explain the increased vulnerability of intensively treated patients to severe hypoglycemia.


Abstract. The most marked step in the global climate transition from "Greenhouse" to "Icehouse" Earth occurred at the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O) boundary, 33.7 Ma. Evidence for climatic changes comes from many sources, including the marine benthic δ18O record, showing an increase by 1.2–1.5‰ at this time. This positive excursion is characterised by two steps, separated by a plateau. The increase in δ18O values has been attributed to rapid glaciation of the Antarctic continent, previously ice-free. Simultaneous changes in the δ13C record are suggestive of a greenhouse gas control on climate. Previous modelling studies show that a decline in pCO2 beyond a certain threshold value may have initiated the growth of a Southern Hemispheric ice sheet. These studies were not able to conclusively explain the remarkable two-step profile in δ18O. Furthermore, they considered changes in the ocean circulation only regionally, or indirectly through the oceanic heat transport. The potential role of global changes in ocean circulation in the E-O transition has not been addressed yet. Here a new interpretation of the δ18O signal is presented, based on model simulations using a simple coupled 8-box-ocean, 4-box-atmosphere model with an added land ice component. The model was forced with a slowly decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. It is argued that the first step in the δ18O record reflects a shift in meridional overturning circulation from a Southern Ocean to a bipolar source of deep-water formation, which is associated with a cooling of the deep sea. The second step in the δ18O profile occurs due to a rapid glaciation of the Antarctic continent. This new mechanism is a robust outcome of our model and is qualitatively in close agreement with proxy data.


The term hereditary spastic paraplegia describes a group of rare, clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders. Until today more than 48 different genes have been identified whose variant forms lead to this clinical picture. One of these genes is the REEP1-gene (SPG31). Mutations in this gene are regarded as being the third most common cause of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia, with an incidence of 2-6 %.
In our study, genetic testing of the REEP1-gene was performed on a group of 64 unrelated patients with autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia. Patients with mutations in the two most commonly affected genes (SPG4 and SPG3A) had been previously excluded. In two patients, three different genetic changes were detected overall. The incidence rate described could be confirmed with a frequency of 3.13 %. As the literature shows, the onset of the illness manifested itself in the patient cohort of the present paper in childhood and adolescence. We were able to detect a splice site mutation at the junction of intron-exon 4, a missense mutation within a stop codon and a mutation affecting the regulatory 3'UTR. Two of these changes have already been described. Due to the small number of patients with identical genetic changes, an exact genotype-phenotype correlation is not yet possible.
To investigate the effect of splice site mutations we performed an expression analysis on different human materials obtained non-invasively. It was shown that the roots of human hair are well suited for the isolation of REEP1-mRNA. However, the process must be further standardized before patient studies can be conducted.
To investigate the effect of mutations in the 3'UTR of SPG31, a luciferase assay was established. There were indications that due to these mutations the translation is down-regulated, and thus it reinforces the predicted loss of function-phenomenon. Further investigations may allow statements on the impact of changes not only in the 3'UTR miRNA binding sites but also in the 5'UTR in spastic paraplegia type 31 and other diseases.


Tripency is a system that allows tourists to quickly match attractions in a particular location to their interests and disinterests. The methodology of Tripency is to apply the same technology and algorithmic logic used to match couples in dating websites to match travellers with attractions that best suit their interests. The benefit of this system is that users are able to quickly and efficiently build their travel dynamic itinerary rather than relying on "out of the box" itineraries found on other travel websites or print media.

Tripency will enjoy full functionality that one would expect from a modern website including social media connectivity and the ability for users to view their itineraries on-the-go through the use of a small mobile app, even without internet connection. Tripency also has a strong community aspect to the website whereby user generated content such as review and rating are encouraged, and are an important part of matching users to their desired attractions. Users will also have the ability to update attraction details so that the information on the website can remain current and up-to-date.

The backend will be written in Java, using the Spring framework, a PostGreSQL database, and the Hibernate library providing ORM support. The front end will comprise of HTML/CSS pages with an angularJS client server providing a sleek modern single page user experience. The mobile app will also be written in Java and initially deployed to the Android platform.


In this article the cross section nature of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the new homogenized European panel survey, is exploited to check for unobserved heteroskedasticity due to gender in the adult learning. We focus our analysis on a whole sample of 21 European countries. We find a significant heteroskedasticity due to sex in the adult learning in Europe.


The ultimatum game (UG) is widely used to study human bargaining behavior and fairness norms. In this game, two players have to agree on how to split a sum of money. The proposer makes an offer, which the responder can accept or reject. If the responder rejects, neither player gets anything. The prevailing view is that, beyond self-interest, the desire to equalize both players' payoffs (i.e., fairness) is the crucial motivation in the UG. Based on this view, previous research suggests that responders follow short-run psychological incentives when imposing fairness through the rejection of low offers. However, competitive spite, which reflects the desire to reduce others' payoffs, can also account for the behavior observed in the UG, and has been linked to short-run, present-oriented aspirations as well. In this paper, we explore the relationship between individuals' inter-temporal preferences and their behavior in a large-scale dual-role UG experiment. We find that impatience (present orientation) predicts the rejection of low, "unfair" offers as responders and the proposal of low, "unfair" offers as proposers, which is consistent with spite but inconsistent with fairness motivations. This behavior systematically reduces the payoffs of those who interact with impatient individuals. Thus, impatient individuals appear to be keen on reducing their partners' share of the pie, even at the risk of destroying it. These findings indicate that competitive spite, rather than fairness, is the short-run motivation in ultimatum bargaining.


Despite lack of survival benefit, an increasing number of women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) opt for removal of the unaffected breast in addition to the breast with known pathology, i.e. contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM). Little is known about women's decision-making processes that contribute to this rising trend, particularly for DCIS. Further obscuring the decision is the highly variable terminology used to discuss breast cancer pathologies and treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors impacting risk comprehension and decision-making related to increased risk for breast cancer or DCIS. We conducted a retrospective and prospective pilot study to evaluate women's perceived contralateral breast cancer risk, health literacy, numeracy, and comprehension of terms used in genetics and breast cancer. Clinical data such as breast MRI, genetic testing, family history, and breast cancer risk derived from predictive models were also collected. Women with DCIS and those high-risk for development of invasive breast cancer were eligible, and 68 patients participated. Of the cohort, 33 (48.5%) women considered pursuing CPM and 11 (16.2%) underwent CPM. Anxiety about cancer recurrence was the top reason for considering CPM. Undergoing CPM was significantly associated with plastic surgery consultation, increased 10-year breast cancer risk, genetic counseling, and genetic testing. The consideration of CPM was also associated with higher incomes. Numeracy, health and genetic literacy, and terminology scores were not significant predictors of CPM. Lastly, 83.8% of respondents stated DCIS qualified as breast cancer, but only 39.7% of patients correctly defined DCIS. When asked to interpret the phrase "indolent lesion of epithelial origin" (new terminology advocated to replace "DCIS"), 27.9% of respondents believed it referred to cancer, 47.1% did not, and 23.5% were unsure. Patients commonly thought "lesion" meant "skin wound" or "sore". Decision-making related to DCIS remains complex. Although CPM has not shown a survival advantage and can have significant complications, CPM rates continue to rise. Recognizing patients' knowledge of risk communication and terminology is vital to support shared and informed surgical decisions.


This research evaluated the influence of land use and soil classification, as stratified by taxonomic soil order, on the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil organic nitrogen (SON) of the Rio Grande de Arecibo (RGA) watershed, Puerto Rico. The objectives were to quantify the present state of SOC and of SON stocks and potential C sequestration capability of the watershed to 1 -m depth. Samples were taken from representative soils of the watershed occupying 39,361 ha (or 87.3% of the total watershed area) under secondary forest, pasture, or agricultural land use. Soils of the watershed store 5.02 x 106 Mg of SOC and 0.48 x 106 Mg of SON at a depth of 100 cm. The weighted mean SOC and SON contents of the 0- to 15-cm layer of the watershed were 4.33 kg C/m2 and 0.390 kg N/m2, respectively, whereas at 0 to 100 cm it was 11.13 kg C/m2 and 1.08 kg N/m2, respectively. The soil mapping unit x land use interaction represented the best area-wide estimates of soil organic matter because there was improved resolution on a spatial scale. Forest and pasture soils contained higher amounts of SOC (12.8 and 9.79 kg C/m2, respectively) (P Inceptisols, with values of 5.85, 4.77, and 3.18 kg C/m2, respectively (P Ultisols > Inceptisols, with values of 18.3,13.3, and 6.71 kg C/m2, respectively. We estimate that an additional amount of 46,627 Mg C could be sequestered within the watershed if 50% of the agricultural or pasture land were reverted to forest. This estimate represents a modest 1.0% increase above the current watershed C level.


The author examines theories of citizenship, capacity and choice when supporting vulnerable adults and uses the impact of the early implementation of the Adult Support and Protection (Scotland) Act 2007 as a model. Her main themes are the extent of the reach of the state and the appropriateness of this with; a discussion of the tension between autonomy and protection and consideration of whether or not vulnerability impacts on the human rights of individuals. Concepts of harm and abuse are explored. Key questions answered include: does diminished intellectual capacity limit your rights as a citizen? Does vulnerability, and being at risk of harm or abuse, limit capacity? The author also explores whether the introduction of such legislation compromises individuals' free will and choice. The book bases itself around the Scottish legislation and draws on the emerging results of empirical research undertaken by the author over the first two years following its implementation, the first of its kind in the UK. This provides a unique focus for the central debate on autonomy and protection and the link to citizenship and capacity. Supporting Vulnerable Adults provides an excellent overview of the tensions inherent in these policies for students and for those health and social care workers, policy makers and other practitioners whose work involves the vulnerable. Ailsa Stewart is a Lecturer in the Glasgow School of Social Work, a joint school of the Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde.


Vocabulary is an essential component of study, of reading and writing skills. At present, English is the primary language of tertiary education in South Africa, and this puts students from other language backgrounds at a disadvantage. The proposed dictionary will therefore be aimed at second language English users who are entry level students at university. It will be in four languages: English, Afrikaans, Zulu and Sepedi. I.S.P. Nation and J. Coady have compiled an academic core vocabulary which tertiary students in all subject fields need to master in order to be able to encode and decode tertiary level texts, and this has been the basis for the planned dictionary. However, this list needs to be compared to and updated with material from a South African academic corpus. A preliminary comparative study has been conducted on the basis of authentic South African data, and a revised list has been created. The dictionary will not be subject-specific, but will deal with a general subtechnical vocabulary. Full definitions will be provided in all four languages, as well as translation equivalents, with English as the pivot language. Where a lexical gap occurs, translation equivalents will be coined with the help of the relevant experts. Thus the dictionary will also participate in much-needed corpus development of the African languages. It should become a valuable reference tool for both teacher and student.


We describe a flow cytometric assay that enables one to follow conjugate formation between cytotoxic cells and their target cells during the cytotoxic process. In addition, the internal calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and internal pH (pHi) of the conjugated cells can be monitored and directly compared to the nonconjugated cells. This is achieved by labeling one cell type with the Ca(2+)-specific dye Fluo-3, while the other cell type is labeled with the pH-sensitive dye SNARF-1. As these fluorochromes have different emission spectra, events positive for both fluorochromes are identified as conjugates. The results show that the conjugates can be clearly distinguished from single cytotoxic cells [natural killer (NK) cells] and target cells [K562 cells, (TC)]. Upon binding, [Ca2+]i is increased in the NK cells as well as in the TC. In conjugated NK cells this increase of [Ca2+]i is temperature dependent and is followed by a decrease to a normal [Ca2+]i value later on. The [Ca2+]i in NK cells increases in 2 steps, which may be related to the binding--and lethal hit phase. Upon conjugate formation, NK cells show a slight increase in pHi (0.2-0.3 pH units). TC do not reveal a significant change in pHi.


Conventional suspension system is now considered to have an unsatisfying limitation in terms of all-condition performance. Selection of certain spring and damper value is preferred to fail giving the admired response. Active suspension has been studied intensively in many years to diminish this problem. Low Bandwidth Active Suspension (LBAS) is shown to be more competitive to high bandwidth one when energy and cost aspects are taken into account. In this study, the effect of the measurement which is used for feedback in the LQG control of LBAS performance is analyzed. The achievable performance of the LBAS is shown by means of carpet plot and the simulation is conducted considering the road disturbance as a stationary random process.


This paper describes a 10-bit 300 kS/s analog-to-digital converter fabricated in a 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The main objective was to minimise the power consumption of the circuit. This was achieved by using an interleaved pipeline structure with only one operational amplifier per stage. The current consumption of the converter circuit is 2 mA from a 2.7 V power supply when using a power saving scheme in which the resolution per stage is moderately relaxed towards the LSB. The digital RSD (Redundant Signed Digit) principle is used to correct the errors caused by the mismatch in the gain factor 2 and the comparator offsets. The measured SNR was 58.5 dB, ENOB 9.4 bits, typical INL +- 1.5 LSB and DNL +/- 0.5 LSB. The active chip area is 1.3 mm/sup 2/, excluding pads.


Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase (MAP kinase), which exists in several forms, is a protein serine/threonine kinase that participates in a growth factor-activated protein kinase cascade in which it activates a ribosomal protein S6 kinase (pp90rsk) while being regulated itself by a cytoplasmic factor (MAP kinase activator). Experiments with recombinant MAP kinase, ERK2, purified from Escherichia coli in a nonactivated form revealed a self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation into both tyrosine and threonine residues. Another MAP kinase, ERK1, purified from insulin-stimulated cells also autophosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylation of ERK2 correlated with its autoactivation, although both autophosphorylation and autoactivation were slow compared to that occurring in the presence of MAP kinase activator. Therefore, we propose that autophosphorylation is probably involved in the MAP kinase activation process in vitro, but it may not be sufficient for full activation. The specificity toward tyrosine and threonine residues indicates that the MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are members of a group of kinases with specificity for tyrosine as well as serine and threonine residues.


In this study, the relationships between cyber bullying and involvement in traditional bullying, with reference to social support and gender differences, was examined. Social support plays an important role in empowering victims of cyber bullying and has a significant influence on children and teenagers' well-being. A sample made up of 458 Israeli junior high students (242 female, 216 male) in the age range of 11 to 13 completed 4 questionnaires. Results indicated that there is an overlap between involvement in cyber bullying and involvement in traditional bullying. The findings indicate that girls were more likely to be cyber victims than boys and that boys were more likely to be cyber bullies than girls. Examination of the relationships between gender and social support variables such as friends, family, and others, shows that girls who were cyber victims reported having more support in all 3 types than cyber bullied boys. These findings can serve as a basis for prevention and intervention programs to cope with cyber bullying.


Objective:To estimate in-hospital, 1-yr, and long-term mortality and to assess time trends in incidence and outcomes of sepsis admissions in the intensive care unit. Design:A population-based, multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Patients:Patients hospitalized with sepsis in the intensive care unit in seven general hospitals in Israel during 2002–2008. Interventions:None. Measurements:Survival data were collected and analyzed according to demographic and background clinical characteristics, as well as features of the sepsis episode, using Kaplan-Meier approach for long-term survival. Main Results:A total of 5,155 patients were included in the cohort (median age: 70, 56.3% males; median Charlson comorbidity index: 4). The mean number of intensive care unit admissions per month increased over time, while no change in in-hospital mortality was observed. The proportion of patients surviving to hospital discharge was 43.9%. The 1-, 2-, 5-, and 8-yr survival rates were 33.0%, 29.8%, 23.3%, and 19.8%, respectively. Mortality was higher in older patients, patients with a higher Charlson comorbidity index, and those with multiorgan failure, and similar in males and females. One-year age-standardized mortality ratio was 21-fold higher than expected, based on the general population rates. Conclusions:Mortality following intensive care unit sepsis admission remains high and is correlated with underlying patients' characteristics, including age, comorbidities, and the number of failing organ systems.


Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass from bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris) to butanol is an important alternative energy source. In this work, bamboo was used as biomass feedstock for the production of butanol by the fermentation of sugars. Mechanical grinding was carried out, followed by pre-treatment with dilute sulfuric acid concentration of 0.5 and 1.0 (%v/v). This was done at temperatures of 25, 110, 120, 150 and 200°C at time intervals of 2 and 4 hours. Pre-hydrolysate was later analyzed for total sugars by the use of UV-Visible Spectrophotometer. For the conditions considered, the maximum glucose yields were obtained at 200°C. The yields after pre-treatment were 244.80 mg/g, at pre-treatment conditions of 200°C and acid concentrations of 1% for 4 hours. Water insoluble solids obtained were subsequently hydrolysed with Celluclast (Trichoderma reesi) and β-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) for 72 hrs. Bacteria (Clostridium acetobutylicum) were then used to ferment the solubilized sugar into butanol. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the butanol yield. Optical Microscope images of bamboo samples were obtained at various stages of pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. These revealed the morphological changes that occur in the cellular structure of the bamboo during exposure to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis. The results show that, increasing temperature, time and acid concentration are associated with higher total sugar yields and cellulose conversion rates. 10.4mg/mL of butanol was produced in sample treated at 1% H2SO4 for 110°C.


OBJECTIVE
This study has two objectives: first, to identify and characterize consumer health terms not found in the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) Metathesaurus (2007 AB); second, to describe the procedure for creating new concepts in the process of building a consumer health vocabulary. How do the unmapped consumer health concepts relate to the existing UMLS concepts? What is the place of these new concepts in professional medical discourse?

DESIGN
The consumer health terms were extracted from two large corpora derived in the process of Open Access Collaboratory Consumer Health Vocabulary (OAC CHV) building. Terms that could not be mapped to existing UMLS concepts via machine and manual methods prompted creation of new concepts, which were then ascribed semantic types, related to existing UMLS concepts, and coded according to specified criteria.

RESULTS
This approach identified 64 unmapped concepts, 17 of which were labeled as uniquely "lay" and not feasible for inclusion in professional health terminologies. The remaining terms constituted potential candidates for inclusion in professional vocabularies, or could be constructed by post-coordinating existing UMLS terms. The relationship between new and existing concepts differed depending on the corpora from which they were extracted.

CONCLUSION
Non-mapping concepts constitute a small proportion of consumer health terms, but a proportion that is likely to affect the process of consumer health vocabulary building. We have identified a novel approach for identifying such concepts.


Background and Aim: Health information System (HIS) is a comprehensive software used to unify and transfer hospital data effectively. It is vastly employed to improve input quality, decrease data-transfer time, increase satisfaction level, promote health services quality, and minimize hospital costs. Materials and Methods: This is an applied-descriptive study. The research population consisted of 120 HIS users who worked before and after the HIS application at Masih-Daneshvari Hospital. For data collection purposes, a questionnaire was used. The data were then analyzed with SPSS software, and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: According to data analysis, the application of the existing communication system among the different sections and wards was very good (81%), the accessibility to patient medical information and facilitating treatment processes were good (44% and 61%, respectively), and the analysis of budgeting data (11%), the possibility of clinical researches (19%), the presentation of guides for operators (18%), and the accessibility to statistical and financial data (17% and 22%, respectively) were assessed as poor. Conclusion: The results of this survey show that the application of Hospital Information System has a positive effect on accuracy, facility, and treatment processes, and emphasize the importance of programming to enhance the quality of hospital services.


James A. (2005) Demystifying the role of culture in innovative regional economies, Regional Studies 39 , 1197–1216. Within the regional learning and innovation literature, the precise impact of regional 'culture' on firms' competitive performance remains unspecified. In response, this paper draws on research on Utah's high-tech industrial agglomeration, embedded in a highly visible regional culture: Mormonism. Focusing specifically on computer software firms, the paper first shows how the cultural embeddedness of firms in the region is best understood as a series of sustained tensions between: (1) self-identified regional cultural traits imported into the firm; versus (2) key elements of corporate cultures known to underpin innovation. Second, the paper measures the material impact of that regional cultural embedding on firms' innovative capacities and hence abilities to compete. Finally, it outlines the wider relevance of the author's work with regard to the spatial limits imposed on high-tech cluster policy by cultural context.


An Ultrafine Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser (UF-TDMA) has been used in several field campaigns over the last few years. The investigations were focused on the origin and properties of nucleation event aerosols, which are observed frequently in various environments. This paper gives a summary of the results of 10 nm and 20 nm particle hygroscopic properties from different measurement sites: an urban site, an urban background site and a forest site in Finland and a coastal site in western Ireland. The data can be classified in four hygroscopic growth classes: hydrofobic, less-hygroscopic, more-hygroscopic and sea-salt. Similar classification has been earlier presented for Aitken and accumulation mode particles. In urban air, the summertime 10 nm particles showed varying less-hygroscopic growth behaviour, while winter time 10 nm and 20 nm particles were externally mixed with two different hygroscopic growth modes. The forest measurements revealed diurnal behaviour of hygroscopic growth, with high growth factors at day time and lower during night. The urban background particles had growth behaviour similar to the urban and forest measurement sites depending on the origin of the observed particles. The coastal measurements were strongly affected by air mass history. Both 10 nm and 20 nm particles were hygroscopic in marine background air. The 10 nm particles produced during clean nucleation burst periods were hydrofobic. Diurnal variation and higher growth factors of 10 nm particles were observed in air affected by other source regions. External mixing was occasionally observed at all the sites, but incidents with more than two growth modes were extremely rare.


"Budget support is coming under increasing scrutiny as a means of providing aid. Unfortunately, many of the common criticisms owe more to donor risk aversion than to flaws in budget support, while other more valid criticisms are not being adequately researched and discussed." Geoff Handley's comments are as valid now as they were two years ago. The use of budget support is under pressure because of questions about the impact and results of this aid modality, questions also about quality and value for money. The Court of Auditors, the European Parliament, and civil society have all raised critical questions about budget support, with some EU Member States interrupting or reducing their budget support programmes or shifting to other aid modalities when political or other crises emerge in partner countries. To respond to these questions, and to open the debate about how to improve the approaches to budget support, the European Commission (EC) has launched a consultation process on the future of budget support.


Frataxin is a small conserved mitochondrial protein; in humans, mutations affecting frataxin expression or function result in Friedreich's ataxia. Much of the current understanding of frataxin function comes from informative studies with yeast models, but considerable debates remain with regard to the primary functions of this ubiquitous protein. We exploit the tractable reverse genetics of Trypanosoma brucei in order to specifically consider the importance of frataxin in an early branching lineage. Using inducible RNAi, we show that frataxin is essential in T. brucei and that its loss results in reduced activity of the marker Fe–S cluster‐containing enzyme aconitase in both the mitochondrion and cytosol. Activities of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and fumarase also decreased, but the concentration of reactive oxygen species increased. Trypanosomes lacking frataxin also exhibited a low mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced oxygen consumption. Crucially, however, iron did not accumulate in frataxin‐depleted mitochondria, and as T. brucei frataxin does not form large complexes, it suggests that it plays no role in iron storage. Interestingly, RNAi phenotypes were ameliorated by expression of frataxin homologues from hydrogenosomes of another divergent protist Trichomonas vaginalis. Collectively, the data suggest trypanosome frataxin functions primarily only in Fe–S cluster biogenesis and protection from reactive oxygen species.


In response to the increased early workflow implied by BIM processes it is important for design consultants to focus on creating and communicating information that is critical for its purpose (Jernigan 2008) - be it model content for 3d Design Coordination at scheme design stage, or Cost Estimation at Design Development stage, or generation of a suitable Record Model for Facilities Management. Today, with many of the technological matters of integrated information management dealt with (perhaps excluding the matter of interoperability), defining the content and status of BIM information deliveries remains both a practical and theoretical problem. A development of a participant-friendly method of articulating BIM content is required to clarify what information is needed when and conversely what information is indeed not needed to implement a BIM process at a particular stage in a construction project. Priority must be placed on the information that is vital for current tasks without getting distracted by desires to populate models with additional or other information or objects masking the absence of key information. Here there is a lack of existing knowledge to solve this practical problem. New BIM tools and new design processes and procedures have led to a certain confusion of what information is needed when for particular BIM uses. This report seeks to explore and enable a method of defining the content of model information deliverables through a review of 2 key primary specific BIM uses: 3d Design Coordination and Early Energy Appraisal through an analysis of practical application. The scope of this study is limited to a review of information flow within residential projects in a Swedish context and looks at two case projects with a view to identifying and establishing a common definition of the key BIM objects and properties necessary for particular tasks. The study follows a case construction project together with an experimental pilot design project with the purpose of extracting and recording what data is needed to carry out parallel and sequential BIM uses with optimised efficiency. By mapping both processes and the precise information needed to successfully carry out tasks, improved productivity can be realised and a greater quality of design output produced. The key deliverable from this study is the BIM-Info Delivery Protocol (IDP) which attempts to align consultant BIM-Info delivery expectations and represents a tangible solution to assist consultant disciplines manage BIM-Info.


In When Things Don't Fall Apart, Ilene Grabel challenges the dominant view that the global financial crisis had little effect on global financial governance and developmental finance. Most observers discount all but grand, systemic ruptures in institutions and policy. Grabel argues instead that the global crisis induced inconsistent and ad hoc discontinuities in global financial governance and developmental finance that are now having profound effects on emerging market and developing economies. Grabel's chief normative claim is that the resulting incoherence in global financial governance is productive rather than debilitating. In the age of productive incoherence, a more complex, dense, fragmented, and pluripolar form of global financial governance is expanding possibilities for policy and institutional experimentation, policy space for economic and human development, financial stability and resilience, and financial inclusion. Grabel draws on key theoretical commitments of Albert Hirschman to cement the case for the productivity of incoherence. Inspired by Hirschman, Grabel demonstrates that meaningful change often emerges from disconnected, erratic, experimental, and inconsistent adjustments in institutions and policies as actors pragmatically manage in an evolving world. Grabel substantiates her claims with empirically rich case studies that explore the effects of recent crises on networks of financial governance (such as the G-20); transformations within the IMF; institutional innovations in liquidity support and project finance from the national to the transregional levels; and the "rebranding" of capital controls. Grabel concludes with a careful examination of the opportunities and risks associated with the evolutionary transformations underway.


Article history: Received August 31 2015 Received in Revised Format Septmber 26 2015 Accepted December 8 2015 Available online December 14 2015 In this paper we introduce the concept of equilibrium for a non-cooperative multiobjective bimatrix game with payoff matrices and goals of Z-Numbers. In the recent studies of the authors, the problem of finding equilibrium for a non-cooperative bimatrix of Z-Numbers are investigated. Multiple payoffs are often dealt with in games because a decision making problem under conflict usually involves multiple objectives or attributes such as cost, time and productivity. We let each of the objectives of the problem correspond to each of the payoffs of the game. To aggregate multiple goals, we employ two basic methods, one by weighting coefficients and the other by a minimum component. In order to find the equilibrium solution in such circumstances, we developed a mathematical programming problem to maximize the aggregated goal subject to constraint of satisfying an aspiration level of confidence in the equilibrium solution. Finally a method is presented to determine the equilibrium solution with respect to the level of achievement to the aggregated goal. © 2016 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved


Reciprocal radicalisation is the theory that extremist organisations are connected and feed on one another's rhetoric and actions to justify violent escalation. Recent empirical work has suggested that reciprocal radicalisation is a good deal more subtle than is often assumed, and is nuanced by organisational, social and political context. This study seeks to apply the theory of reciprocal radicalisation to the far-right digital milieu, an online space conceptualised as underpinning the varying physical manifestations of the far-right. Based on a qualitative thematic analysis of user posts in three far-right web forums, the study concludes that responses to ideologically opposed terrorism within the far-right milieu are often at odds with the assumed radicalising effects of terrorist attacks. While responses were not uniform, for many users in the far-right digital milieu, jihadist terrorism was an obvious and expected result of the wider failures of politics and society. Although there were some calls for violent reprisal, they were juxtaposed by non-violent responses which interpreted jihadist terror as a consequence and sign of societal decadence and political weakness around issues of migration and rights.


A time-dependent global model of the polar wind was used to study transient polar wind perturbations during changing magnetospheric conditions. The model calculates three-dimensional distributions for the NO+, O2+, N2+, N+ and O+ densities and the ion and electron temperatures from diffusion and heat conduction equations at altitudes between 120 and 800 km. At altitudes above 500 km, the time-dependent nonlinear hydrodynamic equations for O+ and H+ are solved self-consistently with the ionospheric equations. The model takes account of supersonic ion outflow, shock formation, and ion energization during a plasma expansion event. During the simulation, the magnetic activity level changed from quiet to active and back to quiet again over a 4.5-hour period. The study indicates the following: (1) Plasma pressure changes due to Te, Ti or electron density variations produce perturbations in the polar wind. In particular, plasma flux tube motion through the auroral oval and high electric field regions produces transient large-scale ion upflows and downflows. At certain times and in certain regions both inside and outside the auroral oval, H+-O+ counterstreaming can occur, (2) The density structure in the polar wind is considerably more complicated than in the ionosphere because of both horizontal plasma convection and changing vertical propagation speeds due to spatially varying ionospheric temperatures, (3) During increasing magnetic activity, there is an overall increase in Te, Ti and the electron density in the F-region, but there is a time delay in the buildup of the electron density that is as long as five hours at high altitudes, (4) During increasing magnetic activity, there is an overall increase in the polar wind outflow from the ionosphere, while the reverse is true for declining activity, (5) In certain regions, however, localized ionospheric holes can develop during increasing magnetic activity, and in these regions the polar wind outflow rate is reduced, (6) During changing magnetic activity, the temporal evolution of the ion density morphology at high altitudes can be different from, and even opposite to, that at low altitudes.


This article examines the convergence of new media and archaeology, specifically cultural heritage management. I examine the events involving Yahoo!'s creation of a global, "electric anthropology archive." This archive was part of the company's "mixed reality" time capsule project to transmit user-generated digital contributions from the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Working through the specifics of how this new media mogul operationalized the functionality of Web 2.0 at a cultural heritage site, I identify the salient components of what is new about this emerging technology (a "platform shift") and how it parallels ethical and legal demands to open archaeology to greater public involvement (a "paradigm shift"). Considering the emerging centrality of users in new media, I examine the potential of new media for academic projects by discussing the integration of a wiki, a particular and defining type of new media, into the investigation of what constitutes heritage for locals at Teotihuacan. Current concerns in archaeology, such as the need to create and maintain digital databases as well as the granting of restrictive Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) over the material of the discipline, may be creatively and productively worked through by using such new media.