With the constant development in the fields of Greenness, Environmental Protection and Energy Conservation all over the world, the improvement of foam cement technology is to bring about a revolution in the architectural material industry. The main component of the cement foaming machine is the delivery pump system, in which the peristaltic pump is the most important part. In this thesis, on the bases of study of peristaltic pump in imported machines, mathematical models are made and an approximate calculation of flow rate of the peristaltic pump is given through exhaustive analyses of the structure and the changes in the cross section before and after compression rolling. This research will also make it possible to analyze the pressure in the exit of the pump and deduce the power needed by the driven peristaltic pump according to the factors like the calculation of on-way pressure loss with the consideration of working altitude. This research is expected to provide a theoretic principle for the development of cement foaming technology.


Hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes are not only the major risk factors for stroke, but they tend to cluster in families. It is unknown, however, whether these conditions occur more frequently among relatives of patients with specific types of stroke as compared to non-relatives. The frequencies of stroke and its major risk factors in two groups of subjects were compared. One group consisted of 76 siblings of 41 patients hospitalized with cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attacks in an investigative stroke unit; the other consisted of 55 siblings of the patients' spouses. The occurrence of these conditions in the relatives was determined from a questionnaire completed by the relatives and supported by information from the relatives' family physicians. When considered separately, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke occurred in a small but not statistically significant excess among the relatives in-law. However, various combinations of two or three diseases, (including diabetes), occurred in 20.9% of the patients' siblings as compared to only 3.6% of the relatives in-law (p less than 0.001). These results suggest that living siblings of patients with cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attacks may have an increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease as a result of multiple risk factors operating simultaneously. Prevention programs among this high risk population may be particularly worthwhile.


Basic oxygen furnace (BOF) slags was used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metals from steel processing plant effluent. The effluent had above legal limits content of Fe and Zn. A 0.75% solid loading of BOF slag was found to remove over 97% of Fe and 99%v of Zn. BOF slag was also able to raise the pH of the effluent from 2.5 to 6.8 after 30 mins. The adsorption of Fe and Zn followed Langmuir isotherm and first order kinetics. The metal loaded BOF slag could be used in three cycles of adsorption experiments and was stable against further leaching. This research therefore provides opportunity for the utilisation of the slag as an adsorbent for acidic industrial effluents containing heavy metals.


Score-based generative models are shown to achieve remarkable empirical performances in various applications such as image generation and audio synthesis. However, a theoretical understanding of score-based diffusion models is still incomplete. Recently, Song et al. showed that the training objective of score-based generative models is equivalent to minimizing the Kullback-Leibler divergence of the generated distribution from the data distribution. In this work, we show that score-based models also minimize the Wasserstein distance between them under suitable assumptions on the model. Specifically, we prove that the Wasserstein distance is upper bounded by the square root of the objective function up to multiplicative constants and a fixed constant offset. Our proof is based on a novel application of the theory of optimal transport, which can be of independent interest to the society. Our numerical experiments support our findings. By analyzing our upper bounds, we provide a few techniques to obtain tighter upper bounds.


We consider theories where the Standard Model (SM) neutrinos acquire masses through the seesaw mechanism at the weak scale. We show that in such a scenario, the requirement that any pre-existing baryon asymmetry, regardless of its origin, not be washed out leads to correlations between the pattern of SM neutrino masses and the spectrum of new particles at the weak scale, leading to definite predictions for the LHC. For type I seesaw models with a TeV scale Z' coupled to SM neutrinos, we find that for a normal neutrino mass hierarchy, at least one of the right-handed neutrinos must be `electrophobic', decaying with a strong preference into final states with muons and tauons rather than electrons. For inverted or quasi-degenerate mass patterns, on the other hand, we find upper bounds on the mass of at least one right-handed neutrino. In particular, for an inverted mass hierarchy, this bound is 1 TeV, while the corresponding upper limit in the quasi-degenerate case is 300 GeV. Similar results hold in type III seesaw models, albeit with somewhat more stringent bounds. For the Type II seesaw case with a weak scale SU(2) triplet Higgs, we again find that an interesting range of Higgs triplet masses is disallowed by these considerations.


Three Carboniferous-age detrital muscovites from the Variscan foreland basin of SW Poland and two muscovites from phyllites underlying the basement have been dated by the 40Ar/39Ar step-heating and single-crystal laser fusion method. 40Ar/39Ar analysis of the detrital micas defines step-heating preferred ages of 370.7 ± 1.4, 363.0 ± 1.9 and 355.0 ± 1.3 Ma. Single-crystal laser fusion data indicate little dispersion for the first of three samples, with an integrated age that closely matches the step-heating data, but the latter two describe inhomogeneous populations. The white mica concentrate from one phyllite yields a step-heating preferred age of 358.6 ± 1.8 Ma. The second phyllite sample displays an incremental discordant apparent age spectrum representing a mixture of white mica grains of varying ages. Our most important finding is that the Variscan foreland basin was supplied by source rocks that were exhumed and cooled in the Late Devonian, probably as a result of an early Variscan collisional event, previously largely undocumented. Although accessible exposures of the Variscan basement in SW Poland exhibit only a minor component of rocks exhumed before the Carboniferous, our work suggests that large tracts of rocks with a Devonian cooling signature are preserved at depth beneath the foreland basin.


The normative role of state constitutions, which are simultaneously paramount state law and inferior to the whims of even the most minor federal regulation, is a matter of some uncertainty. In recent years, state constitutions have been significantly affected by another wave of popular constitutionalism. As part of this movement, since 1996, seven states have adopted constitutional provisions guaranteeing a right to hunt and fish. This article explores the constitutionalization of hunting and fishing rights under state constitutions. It begins by tracing hunting and fishing rights through western legal history with a special emphasis on Ancient Rome, England, and the American colonies. It directs attention to the constitutional status of hunting and fishing rights under the federal and state constitutions including the dramatic surge in the constitutionalization of such rights since the mid-1990s. It addresses the reason for this surge as well as the existent legal effect of these state constitutional hunting and fishing rights provisions. With Tennesseans currently debating the adoption of such a provision, the article next turns to addressing the likely legal impact of Tennessee's proposed hunting and fishing rights amendment. The article concludes by discussing the role of state constitutions and whether a hunting and fishing rights provision is the type of right that is appropriate for enshrinement therein.


Photographic mementos are important signifiers of our personal memories. Rather than simply passive representations of memories to "preserve" the past, these photos are actively displayed and consumed in the context of everyday behavior and social practices. Within the context of these settings, these mementos are invoked in particular ways to mobilize particular social relations in the present. Taking this perspective, we explore how photo mementos come to be used in the everyday social setting of sharing meal. Rather than a simple concern with nutritional consumption, the shared meal is a social event and important cultural site in the organization of family and social life with culturally specific rhythms, norms, rights, and responsibilities. We present a system—4 Photos—that situates photo mementos within the social concerns of these settings. The system collates photo mementos from those attending the meal and displays them at the dining table to be interacted with by all. Through a real-world deployment of the system, we explore the social work performed by invoking these personal memory resources in the context of real-world settings of shared eating. We highlight particular features of the system that enable this social work to be achieved.


The Drugs Don't Work - A Penguin Special by Professor Dame Sally Davies, the Chief Medical Officer for England. If we fail to act, we are looking at an almost unthinkable scenario where antibiotics no longer work and we are cast back into the dark ages of medicine where treatable infections and injuries will kill once again (David Cameron, Prime Minister). Antibiotics add, on average, twenty years to our lives. For over seventy years, since the manufacture of penicillin in 1943, we have survived extraordinary operations and life-threatening infections. We are so familiar with these wonder drugs that we take them for granted. The truth is that we have been abusing them: as patients, as doctors, as travellers, in our food. No new class of antibacterial has been discovered for twenty six years and the bugs are fighting back. If we do not take responsibility now, in a few decades we may start dying from the most commonplace of operations and ailments that can today be treated easily. This short book, which will be enjoyed by readers of An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore and Bad Pharma by Ben Goldacre, will be the subject of a TEDex talk given by Professor Dame Sally Davies at the Royal Albert Hall. Professor Dame Sally C. Davies is the Chief Medical Officer for England and the first woman to hold the post. As CMO she is the independent advisor to the Government on medical matters with particular interest in Public Health and Research. She holds a number of international advisory positions and is an Emeritus Professor at Imperial College. Dr Jonathan Grant is a Principal Research Fellow and former President at RAND Europe, a not-for-profit public policy research institute. His main research interests are on health R&D policy and the use of research and evidence in policymaking. He was formerly Head of Policy at The Wellcome Trust. He received his PhD from the Faculty of Medicine, University of London, and his B.Sc. (Econ) from the London School of Economics. Professor Mike Catchpole is an internationally recognized expert in infectious diseases and the Director of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control at Public Health England. He has coordinated many national infectious disease outbreak investigations and is an advisor to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. He is also a visiting professor at Imperial College.


The PIs received an NSF research grant (IIS-#0350754) for a collaborative project and workshop focused on identifying research directions for Continuous (Re)Design of Free/Open Source Software. This report presents the preliminary results from a workshop held in two locations (UCI, 23 Sept 03 and UIUC, 8-9 Oct 03). The aim of this distributed workshop was to explore and organize the sense of the community in this research area, in relation to establishing a new "Science of Design." A total of 46 academic scientists and industrial researchers from across the U.S. came together in the workshop (18 at UCI, 28 at UIUC) to discuss, debate, and identify the critical issues and research directions. This preliminary report summarizes the findings of the workshop in five areas: motivations; areas/topics needing research; needed research collaborations and shared research infrastructure/testbeds; required investment; and other recommendations for action. As critical research in this area proceeds, it will have significant scientific, technological, educational, social, and economic benefits to the U.S.


America's foremost educational philosopher, John Dewey, addressed the question "Why do schools exist" in his seminal work "Democracy and Education". The title of his book reveals his answer to that question for societies "nominally democratic" but hisexcellent argument takes this answer from the realm of the prerogative to what seems to us to be its social imperative. Dewey sees education as a necessity of social life. "Without this communication of ideas, hopes, expectations, standards, opinions, from those members of society who are passing out of the group life to those who are coming into it, social life could not survive" (Dewey, 1996/1916, p. 3).Most of the education writers who have addressed the broad purposes for schooling have arrivedwith Dewey at the conclusion that "...democracy is the most important among all the possible philosophical and political sources from which public school purpose can be derived" (Raywid, Tesconi & Warren, 1987, p. 16). We are persuaded that the term democracy –though subject to varied definitions and perceptions –best embodies the collected concepts, beliefs, and values of modern western culture that should comprise the processes and content of compulsory public schooling. We wonder, however, how much ofthe imperative of schooling for democracy actually resides in the conscious deliberations and intentional activities of educational practitioners.We are currently in the formative stages of an international research collaboration designed to observe schools in a number of European and North American communities to inquire into the perceives purposes and the actual practices of these schools in relation to democracy. We are interested in the convergence of the democratic intention and the practice of democracy in schools –society's most important institution for social transmission. We have been encouraged by the Swedish curriculum for the compulsory school in which democratic assignment is a national objective. This goal embraces the importance of the practice of democracy in schools and classrooms and we think it encourages Swedish schools (municipalities are responsible for schools in Sweden) to go beyond teaching about democracy to become institutions of a fully participatory nature. We think this democratic assignment is crucially important to increased realization of participatory democracy in centuries old political democracies of North America and Western Europe and vital to the transition of former eastern bloc countries.Our research project is conceived as a qualitative inquiry into the perceptions of educators (principally school leaders, classroom teachers and teacher students) relative to the ideals of the democratic assignment.We will use both survey and interview methodologies in uncovering perceptions. In addition, we will use participant observation strategies in selected schools and classrooms to explore the application of stated principles to observed practices in schools and classrooms. We hope to conduct our research in severalcompulsory schools in different communities in each of the participating counties (United States, France, Sweden, United Kingdom and maybe also the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland and Romania).Our intention is not to draw generalizable conclusions about schools or school systems in participant countries, but rather to better understand the relationship between intention and practice in selected environments. We hope our research will enable educators to look at their own schools in light of the democratic assignment in an effort to improve practices leading to more democratic schools and eventually more democratic, just, and peaceful societies.


Self assessment system (SAS) has become the key administrative approach for both personal and corporate taxation in developed countries including the USA, UK and Australia. This approach emphasises both the taxpayers' responsibility to report their income and the need for them to determine their own tax liability. Central to the motivations of self assessment system introduction is an increase in the efficiency of tax collection for the tax authority; however, of more vital importance is the need to enable this without having an unacceptable detrimental effect on the other key characteristics of a well-designed tax system (equity, wider administrative efficiency etc). This requires the development of public awareness of tax laws, and improvements in voluntary compliance. According to prior studies on this topic one of the main facilitating factors in achieving these aims is the development of the level of tax knowledge among taxpayers. The objective of this study is to investigate how facilitating factors interact in the development of a suitable SAS focusing in particular on the role of tax knowledge. To explore the interaction in the real setting the country of Malaysia is used as a case tax system for this study. This country is due to chosen its fairly recent introduction of SAS enabling a specific focus on changes brought about by the move to a SAS with as little time for 'noise' creating factors as possible that may result from longer implemented SAS. It also enables a study of this topic in the context of a developing country where many of the prior studies in this area have had in the context of developed countries. This study focuses on the level of individual Malaysian taxpayers' knowledge and explores how tax knowledge levels influence tax compliance behaviour in a new SAS. Data was collected through a large scale national postal survey resulting in 1,073 responses. Five stages were used to facilitate the analysis. Stage 1, using the t-test and ANOVA, focuses on the characteristics of taxpayers' knowledge including gender, ethnicity, educational level and income level. Stage 2 attempts to describe the relationship between tax knowledge and tax compliance using multiple regressions. Stage 4 examines taxpayers' compliance determinants more widely than tax knowledge. Nine variables were tested in Stage 4. Control variables were added in both Stage 3 and Stage 5 in order to assess whether the inclusion of control variables significantly affects tax compliance behaviour. The results suggested that tax knowledge has a significant impact on tax compliance even though the level of tax knowledge varies significantly among respondents. The results also indicate that tax compliance is influenced specifically by probability of being audited, perceptions of government spending, penalties, personal financial constraints, and the influence of referent groups. Results of this study answer such questions as which various taxpayer characteristics of tax knowledge affect compliant behaviour. The results of this study can inform policymakers on the extent to which tax knowledge is important in a self assessment system and in what ways it can affect compliance. It also provides an indicator for tax administrators of the relative importance of tax knowledge in assisting with the design of tax education programmes, simplifying tax systems and developing a iii wider understanding of taxpayers' behaviour. This study contributes to current global literature in this field of the relative importance of tax knowledge in affecting tax compliance, as well as exploring the factors that make people pay taxes in a self assessment system, and discusses methods of increasing voluntary compliance.


BACKGROUND
Clinically evidenced cardiac involvement in systemic sarcoidosis occurs in approximately 5% of patients, whereas post-mortem examinations identify cardiac sarcoidosis in over 60% of cases.

OBJECTIVE
Given the inconsistency of diagnostic approaches, we took aim at prospectively investigating the prevalence of cardiac sarcoidosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) in a primary Caucasian population and at correlating the results with standard clinical parameters.

METHODS
188 patients with histologically proven sarcoidosis were included, provenient from the local pneumological department and a national sarcoidosis self-help association. All of them underwent CMR-imaging. Complementary 12-lead ECG, Holter monitoring, laboratory and pulmonary function testing were performed.

RESULTS
CMR-based diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis was made in 29 patients (15.4%), of whom 17 patients (9% of total cohort) exhibited increased relative gadolinium enhancement - reflecting acute inflammatory processes -, while 11 patients (5.9% of total cohort) showed late gadolinium enhancement as a marker for nonviable tissue damage. Both abnormalities were present in 1 patient (0.5%). Correlation analysis evinced significant association between CMR-diagnosed cardiac sarcoidosis and reduction in LVEF, increase in diastolic interventricular septal thickness, diastolic dysfunction as well as limited electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neither laboratory values nor pulmonary function parameters correlated with presence or activity of cardiac sarcoidosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Among our predominantly Caucasian sarcoidosis study population, CMR-detected cardiac affection occurred in 15.4% and was missed by internationally valid standard clinical testing in all but one case. It reinforces CMR's diagnostic value as modality of choice to evaluate cardiac sarcoidosis. The estimation of its prognostic potential and its value in assessing the incidence of cardiac sarcoidosis however requires further longitudinal investigation.


A new version of a semi-distributed routing model has been applied to the Bellebeek watershed in Belgium, where runoff data were available for a number of internal gauging stations in addition to the outlet runoff data. The new version has provisions for separately routing the rainfall excess input and the channel inflow input to each unit of area represented in the model by a cell. The cells are interconnected in a tree-like structure reflecting the main drainage pattern of the watershed. The semi-distributed nature of the model makes it possible to simulate spatially variable rainfalls or moving storms. The cell model was calibrated by adjusting its three parameters to reproduce, as nearly as possible, the outflow at the main gauging station of the watershed. The direct surface runoff hydrographs for internal points of the model were then compared to the measured runoff at the internal gauging stations.


To assess whether joint pain or radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) of the knee and hand is associated with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in middle-aged women. Methods Four subgroups from the prospective community-based Chingford Cohort Study were identified based on presence/absence of pain and ROA at baseline: (Pain−/ROA−; Pain+/ROA−; Pain−/ROA+; Pain+/ROA+). Pain was defined as side-specific pain in the preceding month, while side-specific ROA was defined as Kellgren–Lawrence grade ≥2. All-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer-related mortality over the 23-year follow-up was based on information collected by the Office for National Statistics. Associations between subgroups and all-cause/cause-specific mortality were assessed using Cox regression, adjusting for age, body mass index, typical cardiovascular risk factors, occupation, past physical activity, existing CVD disease, glucose levels and medication use. Results 821 and 808 women were included for knee and hand analyses, respectively. Compared with the knee Pain−/ROA− group, the Pain+/ROA− group had an increased risk of CVD-specific mortality (HR 2.93 (95% CI 1.47 to 5.85)), while the knee Pain+/ROA+ group had an increased HR of 1.97 (95% CI 1.23 to 3.17) for all-cause and 3.57 (95% CI 1.53 to 8.34) for CVD-specific mortality. We found no association between hand OA and mortality. Conclusion We found a significantly increased risk of all-cause and CVD-specific mortality in women experiencing knee pain with or without ROA but not ROA alone. No relationship was found between hand OA and mortality risk. This suggests that knee pain, more than structural changes of OA is the main driver of excess mortality in patients with OA.


The history of ideas on the blue of the sky, the rainbow, and the visibility of distant objects is briefly sketched. In particular, it is shown that the theory of the horizontal visual range was largely rediscovered after about 175 years.


Contemporary equal protection doctrine touts the principle of congruence: the notion that equal protection means the same thing whether applied to state or to federal laws. The federalism-tinged equal protection analysis at the heart of Justice Kennedy's opinion in United States v. Windsor, however, necessarily violates the congruence principle. Commentators and courts — especially those deciding how Windsor's federalism should affect the ever-growing number of state same-sex marriage cases — have so far failed to account for Windsor's noncongruent equal protection, much less ask whether noncongruence is generally desirable, and if so, what form it should take. This Article draws answers to those questions from the Supreme Court's alienage discrimination cases, which offer three distinct models of noncongruence, each of which is reflected in Windsor. The alienage cases show that instead of applying different levels of scrutiny to federal and state laws, a better understanding of noncongruence would allow different levels of government to assert different interests in defending their laws. By reconstructing and evaluating the ways that structure and rights intersect in the alienage cases, this Article considers for the first time what the return of noncongruent equal protection could mean both for cases that follow Windsor and for equal protection doctrine more broadly.


Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 % w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.


1. The renal clearance of salicylate has been measured in two groups of patients undergoing treatment by alkaline diuresis for salicylate poisoning. One group received mannitol and sodium lactate, the other acetazolamide and sodium bicarbonate. 2. The relationship between urine pH and salicylate clearance was found to be the same in both groups and similar to that shown at non-toxic concentrations in the blood by previous workers. 3. The influence of the rate of urine flow on the relationship between salicylate clearance and urine pH was also shown to be similar to that found at non-toxic concentrations in the blood.


Impaired clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a major pathogenic event for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ depositions in brain parenchyma as senile plaques and along cerebrovasculature as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are hallmarks of AD. A major pathway that mediates brain Aβ clearance is the cerebrovascular system where Aβ is eliminated through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and/or degraded by cerebrovascular cells along the interstitial fluid drainage pathway. An Aβ clearance receptor, the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), is abundantly expressed in cerebrovasculature, in particular in vascular smooth muscle cells. Previous studies have indicated a role of LRP1 in endothelial cells in transcytosing Aβ out of the brain across the BBB; however, whether this represents a significant pathway for brain Aβ clearance remains controversial. Here, we demonstrate that Aβ can be cleared locally in the cerebrovasculature by an LRP1-dependent endocytic pathway in smooth muscle cells. The uptake and degradation of both endogenous and exogenous Aβ were significantly reduced in LRP1-suppressed human brain vascular smooth muscle cells. Conditional deletion of Lrp1 in vascular smooth muscle cell in amyloid model APP/PS1 mice accelerated brain Aβ accumulation and exacerbated Aβ deposition as amyloid plaques and CAA without affecting Aβ production. Our results demonstrate that LRP1 is a major Aβ clearance receptor in cerebral vascular smooth muscle cell and a disturbance of this pathway contributes to Aβ accumulation. These studies establish critical functions of the cerebrovasculature system in Aβ metabolism and identify a new pathway involved in the pathogenesis of both AD and CAA.


Logical document structure extraction refers to the process of coupling the semantic meanings (logical labels) such as title, authors, affiliation, etc., to physical sections in a document. For example, in scientific papers the first paragraph is usually a title. Logical document structure extraction is a challenging natural language processing problem.
Elsevier, as one of the biggest scientific publishers in the world, is working on recovering logical structure from article submissions in its project called the Apollo project. The current process in this project requires the involvement of human annotators to make sure logical entities in articles are labelled with correct tags, such as title, abstract, heading, reference-item and so on. This process can be more efficient in producing correct tags and in providing high quality and consistent publishable article papers if it is automated. A lot of research has been done to automatically extract the logical structure of documents.
In this thesis, a document is defined as a sequence of paragraphs and recovering the labels for each paragraph yields the logical structure of a document. For this purpose, we proposed a novel approach that combines random forests with conditional random fields (RF-CRFs) and long short-term memory with CRFs (LSTM-CRFs). Two variants of CRFs called linear-chain CRFs (LCRFs) and dynamic CRFs (DCRFs) are used in both of the proposed approaches. These approaches consider the label information of surrounding paragraphs when classifying paragraphs.
Three categories of features namely, textual, linguistic and markup features are extracted to build the RF-CRF models. A word embedding is used as an input to build the LSTM-CRF models.
Our models were evaluated for extracting reference-items on Elsevier's Apollo dataset of 146,333 paragraphs. Our results show that LSTM-CRF models trained on the dataset outperform the RF-CRF models and existing approaches. We show that the LSTM component efficiently uses past feature inputs within a paragraph. The CRF component is able to exploit the contextual information using the tag information of surrounding paragraphs.
It was observed that the feature categories are complementary. They produce the best performance when all the features are used. On the other hand, this manual feature extraction can be replaced with an LSTM, where no handcrafted features are used, achieving a better performance. Additionally, the inclusion of features generated for the previous and next paragraph as part of the feature vector for classifying the current paragraph improved the performance of all the models.


This Article examines the topic of comparative fault in insurance bad faith settings. In the 1980s and 90s, most states adopted a tort or extracontractual remedy for insurer bad faith in first-party or third-party insurance contexts. Courts and scholars now have begun to consider whether to adopt a comparative fault defense for the insured's own conduct. The Article explores whether a comparative fault defense is even necessary. As it turns out, the case for the defense is more complicated and less compelling that one might at first expect. A comparative fault defense would not displace contract defenses; rather, it would be an overlay on those defenses. Thus, the comparative defense warrants adoption only if its marginal benefits outweigh the marginal costs of adding a tort defense to contract defenses that will be relevant in any event. This comparison varies depending on the shape of a jurisdiction's bad faith doctrine. For instance, a comparative defense is not warranted when bad faith, though termed a "tort," essentially allows only damages that fit a contract model. In addition, the case for a comparative defense is weak when the insured's ability to recover for bad faith is closely linked to the insured's ability to recover on the contract; in such cases, the contract defenses would capture most insured conduct that would be relevant to the bad faith claim. The Article then discusses a number of unsettled or unexplored issues about how a comparative fault defense should operate if a jurisdiction adopts it. These issues include coordinating the comparative fault defense with contract defenses, and applying the comparative defense in multi-party and multi-theory claims.


Economic analysis is being applied by scholars to an increasing range of legal problems. This collection brings together some of the main contributions to an important area of this work, the economics of contract law. The essays and illuminating notes, questions, and introductions provided by the editor outline the Law and Economics framework for analyzing contractual relationships. The first two parts of the book present a number of useful concepts - adverse selection, moral hazard, and rent seeking - and a general way of thinking about the economics of contracting and contract law. The remainder of the book considers a wide range of topics and issues. The recurring theme is that contracting parties want to assign the responsibility for adjusting to particular contingencies to the party best able to control the costs of adjustment. The adjustment problem is exacerbated by the fact that the parties might engage in various types of strategic behavior, such as opportunism, moral hazard, and rent-seeking. Many contract law doctrines can best be understood as attempts to replicate how reasonable parties might resolve this adjustment problem.


Any individual's genome contains ~4-5 million genetic variants that differ from reference, and understanding how these variants give rise to trait diversity and disease susceptibility is a central goal of human genetics (Auton et al., 2015). A vast majority (96-99%) of an individual's variants are common, though at the population level the overwhelming majority of variants are rare (Montgomery et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2012; Tennessen et al., 2012; UK10K Consortium et al., 2015). Because of their scarcity in an individual's genome, rare variants that play important roles in complex traits are likely to have large functional effects (Bomba et al., 2017; Gibson, 2012). Mutations that cause an exon to be skipped can have severe functional consequences on gene function, and many known disease-causing mutations reduce or eliminate exon recognition (Baralle and Buratti, 2017). Here we explore the extent to which rare genetic variation in humans results in near complete loss of exon recognition. We developed a Multiplexed Functional Assay of Splicing using Sort-seq (MFASS) that allows us to measure exon inclusion in thousands of human exons and surrounding intronic sequence simultaneously. We assayed 27,733 extant variants in the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) within or adjacent to 2,339 human exons, and found that 3.8% (1,050) of the variants, almost all of which were extremely rare, led to large-effect defects in exon recognition. Importantly, we find that 83% of these splicedisrupting variants (SDVs) are located outside of canonical splice sites, are distributed evenly across distinct exonic and intronic regions, and are difficult to predict a priori. Our results indicate that loss of exon recognition is an important and underappreciated means by which rare variants exert large functional effects, and that MFASS enables their empirical assessment for large-effect splicing defects at scale.


Abstract. The behaviour of perennial ice masses in karst caves in relation to the outside climate is still not well understood, though a significant potential of the cave-ice for paleo-climate reconstructions could be expected. This study investigates the relationship between weather patterns inside and outside the cave Eisriesenwelt (Austrian Alps) and ice-surface changes of the ice-covered part of the cave from meteorological observations at three sites (outside the cave, entrance-near inside and in the middle section of the cave) including atmospheric and ice surface measurements as well as an ablation stake network. Whereas ice loss in summer was a general feature from stake measurements for almost all measurement sites in the cave in 2007, 2008 and 2009 (values up to −15 cm yr−1), a clear seasonal signal of ice accumulation (e.g. in spring as expected from theory) was not observed. It is shown that under recent climate the cave ice mass balance is more sensitive to winter climate for the inner measurement site and sensitive to winter and summer climate for the entrance-near site. Observed ice surface changes can be well explained by cave atmosphere measurements, indicating a clear annual cycle with weak mass loss in winter due to sublimation, stable ice conditions in spring until summer (autumn for the inner measurement site) and significant melt in late summer to autumn (for the entrance-near site). Interestingly, surface ice melt did not contribute to ablation at the inner site. It is obvious from the spatial sample of ice surface height observations that the ice body is currently in rather balanced state, though the influence of show-cave management on ice mass-balance could not be clearly quantified (but a significant input on accumulation for some parts of the cave is rather plausible).


We present D-SPARQ, a distributed RDF query engine that combines the MapReduce processing framework with a NoSQL distributed data store, MongoDB. The performance of processing SPARQL queries mainly depends on the efficiency of handling the join operations between the RDF triple patterns. Our system features two unique characteristics that enable efficiently tackling this challenge: 1) Identifying specific patterns of the input queries that enable improving the performance by running different parts of the query in a parallel mode. 2) Using the triple selectivity information for reordering the individual triples of the input query within the identified query patterns. The preliminary results demonstrate the scalability and efficiency of our distributed RDF query engine.


Abstract. Sete Cidades is an active central volcano with a summit caldera located in the westernmost part of S. Miguel Island (Azores). Since the settlement of the Island, in the 15th century, many landslide events occurred in this volcano, causing extensive damages in buildings and infrastructures. The study of historical records and the observation of new occurrences showed that landslides in the region have been triggered by heavy rainfall periods, earthquakes and erosion. In order to assess landslide susceptibility at Sete Cidades Volcano, landslide scars and associated deposits were mapped through aerial photographs and field surveys. The obtained data were inserted in a GIS to produce a landslide distribution map. It was concluded that the high density landslide areas are related with (1) major scarp faults, (2) the margin of fluvial channels, (3) the sea cliffs and (4) volcanic landforms, namely the caldera wall. About 73% of the mapped events took place in areas where pyroclastic deposits are the dominant lithology and more than 77% occurred where slopes are equal or higher than 20°. These two parameters were integrated and used to generate a preliminary susceptibility map. The incorporation of vulnerability data into the GIS allowed concluding that 30% of dwellings and most of the roads on Sete Cidades Volcano are located in areas where landslide susceptibility is high to very high. Such conclusion should be taken into account for emergency and land use planning.


"Fiduciary political theory" is a burgeoning intellectual project that uses fiduciary principles to analyze public law. This Essay provides a framework for assessing the usefulness and limitations of fiduciary political theory. Our thesis is that fiduciary principles can be fruitfully applied to many domains of public law. However, other domains are incompatible with the basic structure of fiduciary norms. In these domains, fiduciary political theory is less likely to be viable.One contribution of this Essay is to describe the underlying structure of fiduciary norms. We identify three features of these norms that differentiate them from norms of contract, tort, and criminal law. First, fiduciary norms impose deliberative requirements: they make specific types of demands on an agent's deliberation in addition to her behavior. Second, complying with fiduciary norms requires a special conscientiousness. Living up to a fiduciary obligation depends not only on how an agent behaves and deliberates, but also on whether she does so for the right reasons. Third, fiduciary norms impose "robust" demands, which require the fiduciary to seek out and respond appropriately to new information about the interests of her beneficiaries.We use these insights to assess applications of fiduciary principles to theories of judging, administrative governance, and international law. A fiduciary theory of judging can explain certain aspects of the norms of judging better than alternative theories offered by Ronald Dworkin and Judge Richard Posner. The viability of a fiduciary theory of administrative governance is an open question. Whether this kind of fiduciary political theory is superior to alternatives (like the instrumentalist theory of administrative governance developed by Adrian Vermeule) turns on a deeper dispute about whether administrative law reflects a culture of justification. Finally, a fiduciary political theory of international law (like the one defended by Evan Fox-Decent and Evan Criddle) is unlikely to succeed. Fiduciary norms are structurally incompatible with the domain of international law because compliance with international-law norms is a function of how states behave, rather than how they deliberate or why they behave as they do.


I analyze the effects of cooperative research, whereby member firms agree to share the costs and fruits of a research project before they undertake it. In this model industrywide agreements tend to have socially beneficial effects when the degree of product market competition is low, when there are R&D spillovers in the absence of cooperation, when a high degree of sharing is technologically feasible, and when the agreement concerns basic research rather than development activities. I show that a royalty-free cross-licensing agreement among any number of firms lowers the equilibrium level of innovation even though it increases the efficiency of R&D through sharing.


This dissertation examines the participation and regulation of African American and Mexican women in the sex industry during the Progressive period of Texas to complicate ideas of womanhood. Between 1889 and 1925, sex workers survived, resisted, and contended with several shifts to their industry caused by the interventions of religious leaders, civil servants, community members, and reformers. Red light and related vice districts were socially- and legally-sanctioned tolerated forms of amusement and leisure throughout the state. Although black and brown madams, inmates, and prostitutes were not the most visible sex workers, they were often pivotal to that social and cultural fabric of numerous cities such as San Antonio, Fort Worth, Houston, and Laredo. The white slavery and antivice campaigns reshaped the discussions and reforms from the local to federal level. They created a social, economic, and political climate of stringent policing of vices that led to the eventual abolition of commercialized sex, where prostitutes of color embodied the worst tenets of womanhood. In contrast, the Mexican anarcho-socialist and African American progressive women's club movements more broadly enhanced the views of women of color, demonstrating the ways that they (re)defined themselves. In this study, I argue that the intersection of prostitution and progressivism in the South/west represents a peculiar juncture in race- and sexual-making. At stake were the contested meanings of sexuality, race, and modernity under the growing vilification of vice by the national government and local groups in the Jim Crow Borderlands.

While this dissertation contributes to the diverse historiographies of progressivism, the New South, and U.S. West, it also has important implications in enriching and facilitating the intersection of the histories of Mexican American and African American women in new and unconventional ways. Its significance is that it advances knowledge in topics of sexuality, race, and gender formation from a transborder and transregional framework. Moreover, it expands conceptual and methodological paradigms that presently exist in the field of the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands, by coupling them with the study of Jim Crow segregation of the Southwest.


1 Treeline ecotones, such as the prairie–forest boundary, represent climatically sensitive regions where the relative abundance of vegetation types is controlled by complex interactions between climate and local factors. Responses of vegetation and fire to climate change may be tightly linked as a result of strong feedbacks among fuel production, vegetation structure and fire frequency/severity, but the importance of these feedbacks for controlling the stability of this ecotone is unclear. 2 In this study, we examined the prairie–forest ecotone in south‐central Minnesota using two lake sediment cores to reconstruct independent records of climate, vegetation and fire over the past 12 500 years. Using pollen, charcoal, sediment magnetic analyses and LOI properties, we investigated whether fires were controlled directly by climate or indirectly by fuel production. 3 Sediment magnetic and LOI data suggest four broad climatic periods occurring c. 11 350–8250 BP (cool/humid), c. 8250–4250 BP (warm/dry), c. 4250–2450 BP (warm/humid), and c. 2450–0 BP (cool/humid), indicating that, since the mid‐Holocene, climate has shifted towards wetter conditions favouring greater in‐lake production and fuel production on the landscape. 4 The area surrounding both lakes was characterized by boreal forest c. 12 500–10 000 BP, changing to an Ulmus‐Ostrya forest c. 10 000–9000 BP, changing to a community dominated by prairie (Poaceae‐Ambrosia‐Artemisia) and deciduous forest taxa c. 8000–4250 BP, and finally shifting to a Quercus‐dominated woodland/savanna beginning c. 4250–3000 BP. 5 Charcoal influx increased from an average of 0.11–0.62 mm2 cm−2 year−1 during the early Holocene forest period (c. 11 350–8250 BP) to 1.71–3.36 mm2 cm−2 year−1 during the period of prairie expansion (c. 8250–4250 BP) and again increased to 4.18–4.90 mm2 cm−2 year−1 at the start of the woodland/savanna period (c. 4250 BP). 6 As a result of the influence of climate on community composition and fuel productivity, changes in fire severity may be the result and not the cause of shifts in vegetation.


Following the Second World War, the United States would become the leading 'neoliberal' proponent of international trade liberalization. Yet for nearly a century before, American foreign trade policy was dominated by extreme economic nationalism. What brought about this pronounced ideological, political, and economic about-face? How did it affect Anglo-American imperialism? What were the repercussions for the global capitalist order? In answering these questions, The 'Conspiracy' of Free Trade offers the first detailed account of the controversial Anglo-American struggle over empire and economic globalization in the mid- to late-nineteenth century. The book reinterprets Anglo-American imperialism through the global interplay between Victorian free-trade cosmopolitanism and economic nationalism, uncovering how imperial expansion and economic integration were mired in political and ideological conflict. Beginning in the 1840s, this conspiratorial struggle over political economy would rip apart the Republican Party, reshape the Democratic Party, and redirect Anglo-American imperial expansion for decades to come.


Climate warming and stratospheric ozone depletion increase temperature and ultraviolet (UV) in mid‐ to highlatitude ecosystems; however, little is known about the interactive effects of temperature and UV on organisms. We exposed Daphnia catawba, Leptodiaptomus minutus, and Asplanchna girodi to UV‐B at four different temperatures: 10, 15, 20, and 25°C. Elevated temperatures increased UV tolerance in D. catawba and L. minutus, species that depend heavily on photoenzymatic repair (PER), but decreased UV tolerance in A. girodi, a species that has less PER. Also, body size in Daphnia decreased with increasing UV dose. These results demonstrate that climate change can alter responses to UV through temperature‐mediated effects in aquatic ecosystems, and these effects can be species‐specific and dependent on PER ability.


In the years following the attacks of 9/11, the CIA adopted a program involving the capture, extraordinary rendition, secret detention, and harsh interrogation of suspected terrorists in the war on terror. As the details of this program have become public, a heated debate has ensued, focusing narrowly on whether or not this program "worked" by disrupting terror plots and saving American lives. By embracing such a narrow view of the program's efficacy, this debate has failed to take into account the broader consequences of the CIA program. We move beyond current debates by evaluating the impact of the CIA program on the human rights practices of other states. We show that collaboration in the CIA program is associated with a worsening in the human rights practices of authoritarian countries. This finding illustrates how states learn from and influence one another through covert security cooperation and the importance of democratic institutions in mitigating the adverse consequences of the CIA program. This finding also underscores why a broad perspective is critical when assessing the consequences of counterterrorism policies.


The periodontal pocket probing depths of mandibular incisors of plaque-susceptible (Sus) rats, which spontaneously exhibit gingivitis with accumulation of plaque, were increased 20 days after injection of streptozotocin (70 mglkg, i.v.). The accumulated plaque weights were also increased in Sus rats with streptozotocin diabetes, and a positive correlation was found between the plaque weights and the pocket depths. Histological findings showed that this inflammatory reaction in gingival tissue was higher and more extensive in diabetic Sus rats than in control Sus rats. These findings suggest that the accumulated plaque is the important factor for the severe breakdown of gingival tissue in this experimental model.


Asphaltene molecules, which consist of differently hydrogenated polyaromatic cores grafted with side alkyl chains of different sizes and grafting densities, were simulated with a solvent mixture of heptane and tetralin using coarse-grained force fields. Starting with the initial configuration of randomly distributed asphaltene molecules and solvents, the asphaltene molecules aggregate because of the attractive force between their polyaromatic cores, but their sizes and shapes differ. The average aggregate size decreases with an increase in the hydrogenated polycyclic core, side-chain length, and tetralin concentration, which agree with experimental observations in the hydrocracking process. The number of side chains also influences the aggregate size but only in the presence of tetralin. In particular, the effect of tetralin addition occurs more significantly for asphaltene molecules with more side chains because side chains sterically block the intermolecular interactions between polyaromatic cores, which makes it easier for the aromatic ring of tetralin to bind to the polyaromatic core of asphaltene. These steric effects of side chains yield different shapes of aggregates, showing parallel stacking (face-to-face) for aromatic cores with many side chains, and T-shape (edge-to-face) or offset-parallel stacking for those with fewer side chains. These findings agree with the experimental observation regarding the effect of tetralin on the solubility of asphaltene, and indicate that the extent of the tetralin effect depends on the number of side alkyl chains, implying that tetralin solvents need to be added with consideration for the structural change of asphaltene under hydrogenation or dealkylation conditions.


In this paper, we develop a goal programming model that can be used to construct a magic square of any kind. A magic square is an m x m square array of numbers consisting of the first m 2 distinct positive integers arranged such that the sum of numbers in every row, every column, and every diagonal is the same number known as the magic total (or magic constant). The commonly used method for constructing magic squares are the Siamese method and Lozenge method for odd order square, the LUX method for singly even order square, and the cross diagonals method for doubly even order square.  None of these methods uses a mathematical formula in the construction of the magic squares but uses the rule of thumb. The  model developed in this paper is tested on the 3 x 3  magic square and is found to work perfectly well.


Despite attempts by several investigators to diagnose the instability of the Kosi River flowing in the Bihar state of India, a complete understanding of the river behavior had never been accomplished. The movement of the river, approximately 70 miles in 230 yr, could be explained by the understanding of the phenomenon of the inland delta building activity of the Kosi. The rate of building of the conical delta and of the westward movement of the river, estimated by using this approach, agree well with observed rates. Other characteristics of the river such as sudden change in the slope and systematic changes in the courses can also be satisfactorily explained. To provide relief to the areas affected by the river, the Kosi project consisting of 150 miles of flood embankments, construction of a barrage, provision of irrigation of 2,600,000 acres and power generation of approximately 20,000 kw, has been completed. Prediction of future trends of river regime is attempted and precautionary measures for safety of the project works are indicated.


"An interesting question is, 'Where did the name, dynamic programming, come from?' The 1950s were not good years for mathematical research. We had a very interesting gentleman in Washington name Wilson. He was Secretary of Defense, and he actually had a pathological fear and hatred of the word, research. I'm not using the term lightly; I'm using it precisely. His face would suffuse, he would turn red, and he would get violent if people used the term, research, in his presence. You can imagine how he felt, then, about the term, mathematical. The RAND Corporation was employed by the Air Force, and the Air Force had Wilson as its boss, essentially. Hence, I felt I had to do something to shield Wilson and the Air Force from the fact that I was really doing mathematics inside the RAND Corporation. What title, what name, could I choose? In the first place I was interested in planning, in decision making, in thinking. But planning, is not a good word for various reasons. I decided therefore to use the word, 'programming.' I wanted to get across the idea that this was dynamic, this was multistage, this was time-varying—I thought, let's kill two birds with one stone. Let's take a word that has an absolutely precise meaning, namely dynamic, in the classical physical sense. It also has a very interesting property as an adjective, and that is it's impossible to use the word, dynamic, in a pejorative sense. Try thinking of some combination that will possibly give it a pejorative meaning. It's impossible. This, I thought dynamic programming was a good name. It was something not even a Congressman could object to. So I used it as an umbrella for my activities". Richard Bellman ("Eye of the Hurricane: An autobiography", World Scientific, 1984)


We describe a case of an adolescent male with Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP), presenting with cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations. Endoscopy revealed diffuse ulcerations in the stomach, duodenum, and right colon. Biopsies revealed a leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the skin and gastrointestinal tract. Steroid therapy led to complete resolution of the symptoms. HSP is the most common childhood vasculitis, and is characterized by the classic tetrad of nonthrombocytopenic palpable purpura, arthritis or arthralgias, gastrointestinal and renal involvement. It is a systemic disease where antigen-antibody (IgA) complexes activate the alternate complement pathway, resulting in inflammation and small vessel vasculitis. Mild disease resolves spontaneously, and symptomatic treatment alone is sufficient. Systemic steroids are recommended for moderate to severe HSP. The prognosis depends upon the extent of renal involvement, which requires close followup. Early recognition of multiorgan involvement, especially outside of the typical age group, as in our adolescent patient, and appropriate intervention can mitigate the disease and limit organ damage.


This paper analyses the welfare effects of price restrictions on private contracting in a world where agents have a limited cognitive ability. People compute the costs and benefits of entering a transaction with an error. The government knows the distribution of true costs and benefits as well as that of errors. By imposing constraints on transaction prices, the government eliminates some that are on average inefficient--because the price signals that one of the parties has typically grossly overestimated its benefit from participation. This policy may increase aggregate welfare even though some of the transactions being blocked are actually efficient. The paper also studies the extent to which the use of private consultants with sufficient intelligence by people with limited intelligence may dominate government regulation.


ABSTRACT In two recently published reports, hazards posed by dietary exposure to organophosphate and neonicotinoid plant protection products on the European honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) in Egypt were investigated. Using concentrations reported in those studies, an assessment of hazards posed by these two classes of insecticides to humans due to consumption of Egyptian honey from the Nile Delta during both spring and summer was performed. Twenty-eight compounds including metabolites were assessed for exposure of adult Egyptians based on the best- and worst-case scenarios. Even for the worst-case scenario, exposure to these two classes of pesticides in honey was 15-fold less than hazard index value of 1.0 for adverse effects on humans. Based upon this analysis, people exposed to these insecticides through consumption of honey products would be unlikely to exhibit adverse health outcomes.


The most commonly accepted strategy for delaying insect resistance to transgenic crops is the high-dose plus refuge strategy. To augment this strategy and further reduce the likelihood of insect resistance developing, current and future transgenic insecticidal crops, such as VipCotTM, routinely express two or more insecticidal proteins targeting a similar pest spectrum. In the present study, we have evaluated the relative efficacy of two transgenic cotton events, COT67B (which expresses a Cry1Ab protein) and COT102 (producing Vip3A protein), against the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea). Our data indicate that both COT67B and COT102 have high levels of activity against both species. COT102 and COT67B have been combined in our new insect-resistant cotton product, VipCotTM. The combined activity of the two component events in VipCotTM and Vip3A's unique mode of action will provide substantial benefit to cotton insect control and resistance management strategies.


Procedural tasks involve people performing established sequences of activities while interacting with objects in the physical environment to accomplish particular goals. These tasks span almost all aspects of human life and vary greatly in their complexity. For some simple tasks, little cognitive assistance is required beyond an initial learning session in which a person follows one-time compact directions, or even intuition, to master a sequence of activities. In the case of complex tasks, procedural assistance may be continually required, even for the most experienced users. Approaches for rendering this assistance employ a wide range of written, audible, and computer-based technologies.
This dissertation explores an approach in which procedural task assistance is rendered using augmented reality. Augmented reality integrates virtual content with a user's natural view of the environment, combining real and virtual objects interactively, and aligning them with each other. Our thesis is that an augmented reality interface can allow individuals to perform procedural tasks more quickly while exerting less effort and making fewer errors than other forms of assistance. This thesis is supported by several significant contributions yielded during the exploration of the following research themes:
What aspects of AR are applicable and beneficial to the procedural task problem? In answering this question, we developed two prototype AR interfaces that improve procedural task accomplishment. The first prototype was designed to assist mechanics carrying out maintenance procedures under field conditions. An evaluation involving professional mechanics showed our prototype reduced the time required to locate procedural tasks and resulted in fewer head movements while transitioning between tasks. Following up on this work, we constructed another prototype that focuses on providing assistance in the underexplored psychomotor phases of procedural tasks. This prototype presents dynamic and prescriptive forms of instruction and was evaluated using a demanding and realistic alignment task. This evaluation revealed that the AR prototype allowed participants to complete the alignment more quickly and accurately than when using an enhanced version of currently employed documentation systems.
How does the user interact with an AR application assisting with procedural tasks? The application of AR to the procedural task problem poses unique user interaction challenges. To meet these challenges, we present and evaluate a novel class of user interfaces that leverage naturally occurring and otherwise unused affordances in the native environment to provide a tangible user interface for augmented reality applications. This class of techniques, which we call Opportunistic Controls, combines hand gestures, overlaid virtual widgets, and passive haptics to form an interface that was proven effective and intuitive during quantitative evaluation. Our evaluation of these techniques includes a qualitative exploration of various preferences and heuristics for Opportunistic Control-based designs.


Over the last decade Latin America and the Caribbean region has achieved important progress towards the World Bank Group's goals of eradicating extreme poverty and boosting income growth of the bottom 40 percent, propelled by remarkable economic growth and falling income inequality. Despite this impressive performance, social progress has not been uniform over this period, and certain countries, subregions and even socioeconomic groups participated less in the growth process. As of today, more than 75 million people still live in extreme poverty in the region using $2.50/day/capita), half of them in Brazil and Mexico, and extreme poverty rates top 40 percent in Guatemala and reach nearly 60 percent in Haiti. This means that extreme poverty is still an important issue in both low- and middle-income countries in the region. As growth wanes and progress in reducing the still high levels of inequality in the region slows, it will be more important than ever for governments to focus policies on inclusive growth. The book includes an overview that highlights progress towards the goals of poverty eradication and shared prosperity between 2003 and 2012, unpacks recent gains at the household level using an income-based asset model, and examines some of the policy levers used to affect social outcomes in the region. It draws on 13 country studies, eight of which are featured in this volume: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. The other case studies include: Bolivia, Chile, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, and Honduras, which will be included in the web version of the book.


Whole-farm decision making is complex as many factors influence the profitability of pasture-based lamb production systems and other influences such as skills and attitudes also affect the behaviours of individual farmers. In this paper we used bioeconomic modelling to identify the relative importance of manipulating components of lamb production systems in south-west Victoria and quantified their likely impacts on whole-farm profitability. Four lamb production systems that varied in relation to the genotype of the ewes and the time of sale of the lambs were examined in the analysis. Two 'systems' were based on first-cross Border Leicester × Merino ewes that were mated to a terminal sire and the lambs were either sold as finished slaughter lambs at 45 kg liveweight or as stores at weaning at 30 kg liveweight. The other two 'systems' were based on a self-replacing composite breed (Romney × Coopworth base) and the lambs were sold as finished slaughter lambs or stores.

Based on the assumptions used the analysis highlighted that the potential economic gain per unit change was high for several factors examined and the relative importance of these critical control points differed between production systems. Matching lamb turn-off (finished or store) to existing ewe genotype improved profitability by more than $100/ha or 50% and optimising pasture utilisation was also important regardless of production system. A 20% increase in pasture utilisation up to the optimum increased whole-farm profit by more than $100/ha. The impacts of improving pasture growth just after the break of season and through early winter on whole-farm profit were even greater. An extra 20 kg of pasture growth per day at this time of the year is potentially worth about $200/ha due to increases in whole-farm stocking rate. Extra pasture growth in early summer also has significant value for later lambing flocks. When farmers have optimised these factors the second-order control points were cost of replacement ewes for the first-cross system, age at first mating and reproduction efficiency in adult ewes.

The management and production factors that will provide the greatest return on effort for individual farmers will depend on the potential economic gain per unit change in the target factor, their current management and production levels and the ease with which the management change or increase in production potential can be achieved in the farming system.


Noelle Bisinger AN INVESTIGATION OF TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS 2008/2009 Dr. Roberta Dihoff Master of Arts in School Psychology The purpose of this study was to investigate public school teachers' general knowledge and perceptions of school psychologists. This research examined 144 Kindergarten to 12th grade teachers' familiarity and interaction with school psychologists. Self-reported measures of school psychologists' helpfulness, performance, and general knowledge of school psychologists' duties and responsibilities were evaluated. Information pertaining to teachers' specialization, employment history, student population characteristics, and school size were also considered. It was hypothesized that years of teaching experience, teacher type (whether special or general education), and school population size would effect the ratings of school psychologists on all three subscales. A few significant correlations emerged: 1) Teachers with special education students in their classrooms rated school psychologists higher in the area of helpfulness than teachers with general education students in their classrooms, 2) Teachers with more years of experience reported higher ratings of school psychologists' helpfulness and performance. The responses provided by teachers suggest implications for administrators, teachers, and school psychologists. Table of


The Hungarian tobacco sector went through significant changes in the last decades. The reason of the changes were our accession to the EU, then the changes in subsidiary system, the effect of the world and within the EU's strict tobacco policy. The number of tobacco farms declined and the future became uncertain for the farmers. Size of the farms increased and there were a concentration in the sector, so the smaller scale farmers' activity ceased. It causes several problems in rural areas, because one of the main strengths of the sector was its significant role in rural development, as the tobacco in small scales was able to produce an acceptable income in such areas where due to the poor soil quality economically successfully growing for other plants are not suitable. The main goal of this paper is to present the Hungarian tobacco sector and its main strengths, weaknesses, possibilities and threats compared to the European Union's situation.


Exploration of the way in which students interacted with the software package, TinkerPlots
Dynamic Data Exploration, to answer questions about a data set using different forms of graphical
representations, revealed that the students used three dominant strategies – Snatch and Grab,
Proceed and Falter, and Explore and Complete. The participants in the study were 12 year 5-
and-6 students (11-12 years old) who completed data analysis activities and answered questions
about the data analysis process undertaken. The data for the inquiry were collected by on-screen
capture video as the students worked at the computer with TinkerPlots. Thematic analysis was
used to explore the data to determine the students' strategies when conducting data analysis
within the software environment.


One of the most important issues in training, diagnosis, and treatment in
orthodontics is a thorough understanding of patient's growth pattern. Imbalances in this pattern can
cause malocclusion which is one of the most important causes of referring patients for treatment. At the
first step, dentist's responsibility is the diagnosis and monitoring of the growth pattern in aberrant cases.
The aim of this study was to find panoramic indices in the diagnosis of facial vertical growth pattern
and comparing them with standard lateral cephalometric radiographs.
Materials & Methods: Current research is a descriptive, cross-sectional study that was carried out on 30
patient's pretreatment lateral cephalometric and panoramic radiographs. Gonial, FMA, Basal, Schudy
and Or Go Me angles were used to measure both radiographs. Pearson's correlation coefficient and
independent t-test were used for data analysis.
Results: Results showed that the value of all variables on panoramic radiographs was smaller than their
counterparts on lateral cephalograms. Gonial angles had the highest correlation coefficient (r=0.89,
p<0.001) when comparing the two methods. And Or Go Me angle had the lowest (r=0.41, p<0.05).
Conclusion: Gonial angles can be detected on panoramic views along with lateral cephalograms with
high accuracy that can show facial vertical growth pattern to some extent; however, for accurate
diagnosis cephalometric analysis is also needed.


Congress attempted to encourage the growth of private employee benefit plans by drafting the preemption provision in ERISA in an effort to develop the federal common law of employee benefits and discourage varied jurisdictional interpretations. States and federal courts have addressed the issue of preemption waivability with differing results. Some interpret the preemption clause as a waivable defense under a choice of law argument, while others treated preemption as a subject matter jurisdiction issue which cannot be waived.

ERISA's express language clearly precludes state law causes of action under qualified ERISA plans. Furthermore, the legislative intent of the statute reiterates that it was the drafters' intention to preempt state law claims as documented throughout the legislative history of ERISA. Several jurisdictions compared the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Labor Management Relations Act's implied preemption of state law claims to the interpretation of ERISA. However, ERISA expressly preempts all state law claims in clear language within the federal statute. Federal preemption of state law claims serves the intent and purpose of the Act, encourages settlement of claims as opposed to expensive litigation, fosters a uniformity of interpretation nationally, and encourages the growth of private employee benefit plans.


Introduction The provision of active parks/public open space is the key factor in promoting active living, because people and specially low-income and elderlies are being more interested in doing non-organized/informal, and no-cost sports/physical activities in outdoor spaces in recent decades (Borgers et al, 2013; Thiesen-Raaphorst, 2015; Sallis, Owen & Fisher, 2008; Humpel, Owen & Leslie, 2002). Giving the concern about low rate of physical activities among low-income minority, elderlies and over weighted people, the municipality of Groningen invested in renovation of parks/ open spaces, in order to encourage all people to become more physically active. To what degree park renovations accomplish this goal is unknown. Method We used the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC), to measure open space/park users and their physical activity levels after the renovation. We also surveyed parks users before and after renovation, and local residents about their use of the parks. Results All respondents were happy with the renovation that is increasing the social cohesion of the neighborhood. The users are mainly active young athletes and children, and the renovation significantly increased their park use. However, the improved parks/spaces do not attract inactive people. Weather condition and the different time of the day were not associated with using the park. Conclusion Park's improvements can have a significant impact on increasing the frequency of park use, however, it is not enough to encourage inactive people to be physically active. Key words Physical activity, active living, open spaces, Groningen Reverences Borgers, J., Thibaut, E., Van der Meerschen, H., Van Reusel, B., Vos, S., & Scheerder, J. (2015). Sports participation styles revisited: A time-trend study in Belgium from the 1970s to the 2000s. International review for the sociology of sport, 50(1), 45-63. Bouckaert, G. (2006). Prestaties en prestatiemanagement in de publieke sector. Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management, 51(3), 237. Humpel, N., Owen, N., & Leslie, E. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults' participation in physical activity: a review. American journal of preventive medicine, 22(3), 188-199. Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., ... & Davey, R. (2016). Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet. Tiessen-Raaporst, A. (2015). Rapportage sport 2014. The Hague, SCP.


Designed with little more than a passing nod to the international naval treaties of the inter-war period, the Imperial Japanese Navy's heavy cruisers were fast and heavily armed. Like the other vessels of the Japanese Navy, the heavy cruisers were technologically superior to and far more innovative than their Allied rivals, whom they met in many of the major Pacific Theater battles, including Midway and Leyte Gulf. Mark Stille continues his study of the IJN of WWII with this fascinating topic, addressing the design and development of all 18 ships in the six heavy cruiser classes, from pre-war construction and mid-war alterations, their operational histories and eventual fates.


In this paper, a formal model of the software manloading pattern, the Rayleigh model, is described and then applied to four Bankers Trust Company (BTCo.) new development projects possessing complete life cycle manloading data (maintenance phase included). To fit the Rayleigh curve to a project's manloading scores, (nonlinear) regression was used to obtain least squares estimates of the Rayleigh parameters, which, in turn, were used to generate the Rayleigh manloading curve. For all four projects, deviation from the Rayleigh curve was small and constant throughout the software development phases (i.e., preliminary design through implementation); however, the Rayleigh curve consistently deviated from the actual manloading during system maintenance, underestimating the amount of maneffort expended. Restricting maintenance maneffort to manpower expended on repair of system faults (``corrective'' maintenance) resulted in a single Rayleigh curve that could be applied over the entire BTCo. life cycle. Furthermore, this corrective portion of the maintenance effort could be accurately forecasted from the Rayleigh curve fit to software development. Implications of these findings for software management are discussed.


Recent literature reviewed by the author, particularly in German and English, leads him to conclude that there is a growing awareness, primarily in Europe, that the progressive establishment of English in the medium term as an international auxiliary language increasingly endangers the very survival of languages and cultures other than English, with the progressive effect of increasing political domination. On the other hand, it is not at all clear to any of the authors of these studies that the phenomenon is a necessary consequence of the political weight of international domination by the United States and the English-language world, and that accordingly a remedy must be found — above all the creation of a political power with a consistency at least comparable to that of the English-speaking world, and, secondarily, the adoption of a European federal language — and future world language — in the form of a planned language (Esperanto is the only one that is ready to use), which, not being the native language of any single people, nor the official tongue of a great power, would not have the "glottophagic" effect of English. Entirely utopian are those alternatives — merely apparent alternatives — currently being proposed in the face of the hegemony of English, such as mass multilingualism, which is neither realizable in practice nor capable of constituting a valid substitute for a single, worldwide language of communication. Such alternatives, almost certainly doomed to failure, will only confirm the conclusive victory of English and the progressive disappearance of other languages.


The previously published atmospheric neutrino data did not distinguish whether muon neutrinos were oscillating into tau neutrinos or sterile neutrinos, as both hypotheses fit the data. Using data recorded in 1100 live days of the Super-Kamiokande detector, we use three complementary data samples to study the difference in zenith angle distribution due to neutral currents and matter effects. We find no evidence favoring sterile neutrinos, and reject the hypothesis at the 99% confidence level. On the other hand, we find that oscillation between muon and tau neutrinos suffices to explain all the results in hand.


Since the introduction of immersive virtual reality (VR) equipment, a number of
studies have found that users can experience unpleasant side effects. A major focus
of VR research and development has been on head-mounted display (HMD) based
systems. Incorporation of an HMD provides the user with a sensation of immersion
and presence in the virtual environment (VE), and it has been these systems that have
attracted the most attention from both the media and human factors researchers over
the last ten to fifteen years. Health and safety concerns associated with the use of this
technology include symptoms experienced by users which resemble those of motion
sickness (for example, disorientation, pallor, stomach awareness and nausea) and
reports of visual discomfort, particularly eyestrain. The motion sickness-like
symptoms have been referred to as virtual simulation sickness (VSS), and VSS is
considered to be a form of visually-induced motion sickness.
Susceptibility to motion sickness varies immensely, however females are generally
regarded as being more susceptible than males to all forms of motion sickness, and it
has been suggested that this heightened susceptibility in females could be attributed to
the functioning of the female endocrine system. Changes to many of the body's
systems have been reported to occur over the menstrual cycle, and it is reasonable to
suggest that changes in susceptibility to nauseogenic visual stimuli may also occur.
The first piece of research conducted in this thesis examined the influence of the
menstrual cycle on susceptibility to VSS. 16 naturally cycling females were
immersed in a nauseogenic YE on specific days (5, 12, 19 and 26) of their menstrual
cycle, these days were chosen because they fall in line with peaks and troughs of
ovarian hormone levels. The menstrual cycle phase of participants was confirmed by
the measurement of salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels. The responses from
the naturally cycling females (the experimental group) were compared to those from
two control groups, consisting of 16 pre-menopausal females taking a combined
monophasic oral contraceptive, and 16 men. Susceptibility to VSS did vary over the
menstrual cycle, with susceptibility increasing on day 12, this was seen as both an
increase in symptom severity and a decrease in symptom onset time. No consistent
variation was seen in the females taking a combined monophasic oral contraceptive.
In addition to susceptibility to VSS changing over the menstrual cycle, variations in
reports of visual discomfort were also apparent, with visual discomfort also increasing
on day 12. As no previous research has investigated the influence of the menstrual
cycle on susceptibility to visual discomfort, two studies were conducted to determine
whether such a relationship exists in other situations. The first was a laboratory based
experiment whereby visual discomfort was induced by prolonged accommodative effort, and the second was a field study whereby reports of visual discomfort were
examined in individuals performing intensive VDU work. Unlike the changes in
visual discomfort seen over the menstrual cycle in females viewing a nauseogenic VE
through an HMD, no changes in visual discomfort were found over the menstruaJ
cycle when visual discomfort was induced by prolonged accommodative effort, or by
intensive VDU work. It was concluded from this research that the previously seen
changes in susceptibility to visual discomfort over the cycle, in females viewing a
nauseogenic VE, were not a consequence of susceptibility to visual discomfort
changing over the cycle. In the first experiment, susceptibility to VSS was seen to
increase on day 12, as manifest by an increase in the severity of nausea reported on
this day, and increases in general bodily discomfort. It is suggested that the change in
visual discomfort reported over the cycle is a consequence of these general changes
rather than having a specific ocular origin. This idea was supported in a fourth
experiment which examined symptom reports collected from 88 participants
immersed in a nauseogenic virtual environment at weekly intervals. A relationship
was found between the severity of symptoms of VSS reported and the amount of
visual discomfort reported.


The paper attempts to fulfil the research gap concerning the mutual relation between company innovation and its corporate social responsibility practices, by determining the conditions in which the innovation/CSR relation appears and develops. The research was based on systematic literature studies performed using SALSA and backwards-snowballing methods. The data was examined with the use of the meta-synthesis approach. The authors' model explaining the studied relation was proposed. The research suggested that the impact of innovation on the CSR practices depended on the type of innovation and degree of novelty involved; while the way CSR affected innovation depended on such CSR features as: type of reaction, degree of development, and field of activity. The relation was also moderated by a series of six exogenous factors: external factors, industry, company characteristics, attitude, performance, and R&D.


Maternal homozygosity for three independent mutant hecate alleles results in embryos with reduced expression of dorsal organizer genes and defects in the formation of dorsoanterior structures. A positional cloning approach identified all hecate mutations as stop codons affecting the same gene, revealing that hecate encodes the Glutamate receptor interacting protein 2a (Grip2a), a protein containing multiple PDZ domains known to interact with membrane-associated factors including components of the Wnt signaling pathway. We find that grip2a mRNA is localized to the vegetal pole of the oocyte and early embryo, and that during egg activation this mRNA shifts to an off-center vegetal position corresponding to the previously proposed teleost cortical rotation. hecate mutants show defects in the alignment and bundling of microtubules at the vegetal cortex, which result in defects in the asymmetric movement of wnt8a mRNA as well as anchoring of the kinesin-associated cargo adaptor Syntabulin. We also find that, although short-range shifts in vegetal signals are affected in hecate mutant embryos, these mutants exhibit normal long-range, animally directed translocation of cortically injected dorsal beads that occurs in lateral regions of the yolk cortex. Furthermore, we show that such animally-directed movement along the lateral cortex is not restricted to a single arc corresponding to the prospective dorsal region, but occur in multiple meridional arcs even in opposite regions of the embryo. Together, our results reveal a role for Grip2a function in the reorganization and bundling of microtubules at the vegetal cortex to mediate a symmetry-breaking short-range shift corresponding to the teleost cortical rotation. The slight asymmetry achieved by this directed process is subsequently amplified by a general cortical animally-directed transport mechanism that is neither dependent on hecate function nor restricted to the prospective dorsal axis.


In this research by analyzing the signals of ultrasonic waves and obtaining the ultrasonic parameters in nine carbonate rocks from different parts of Iran, the ability of these parameters to assess the physical and mechanical properties and durability of rocks was investigated. For this purpose, firstly the petrographic, physical and mechanical properties of studied rocks were determined and then, in order to determine the durability of samples, long-term weathering tests of slake durability and wetting-drying up to 15 and 50 cycles were carried out, respectively. Moreover, a precise ultrasonic device capable to record wave signal was used and ultrasonic parameters of compressional wave velocity (VP), maximum amplitude (Amax), spatial attenuation (αs), and temporal attenuation (αt) were determined from recorded signals, before and after wetting-drying cycles. Results indicated that each of the ultrasonic parameters has different capabilities in rock characterization, such as VP can assess both physical and mechanical properties more accurate in comparison with other ultrasonic parameters. Results also indicated that Amax and αs detect the development of the microcracks resulted from wetting-drying cycles and the development of weathering within rocks more better than VP. On the other hand, αt is not sensitive to the weathering development in rock, while if this parameter is corrected and converted to αtc, it can detect the development of weathering within rocks.


Introduction Dairy farming has borne the brunt of recent public criticism from anglers and others regarding the desire we all share to keep our country green and our rivers and lakes clear. Much of the focus has been on nitrogen and especially the leaching of nitrate into rivers, lakes and groundwater. Nitrate contamination of rivers and lakes, termed 'eutrophication', may cause an increase in weed and algae growth. This can make it difficult for boating or swimming and will also require more frequent cleaning of ditches. Fishing may also be affected because fish cannot survive in water that is overloaded with weed and algae growth. The other main risk of nitrate pollution of surface and groundwater is to human health. A high concentration of nitrate in drinking water is a health hazard, particularly for infants. The Ministry of Health has therefore set a maximum acceptable value of 11.3 mg N/L for drinking water in New Zealand. This paper will address four key questions: • Is nitrogen pollution solely a dairy farming (or SIDE) issue? • Is fertiliser use or animal waste the main nitrogen problem in dairying? • How does New Zealand's nitrogen use compare internationally? • How do we use nitrogen without risk to the environment?


With the threat of wildfire hanging over many communities in the Western and Southern United States, wildfire mitigation is evolving into a significant public responsibility for rural and urban edge county governments. Regional governance is an important piece of the effort to reduce wildfire risks although still weakly developed as a policy arena. This project explores two dimensions in which planning support systems can support regional governance: assessing patterns of wildfire risk accumulation; and, evaluating land use planning alternatives and their effects on cumulative risk levels. These tools are examined for regional governance using a prototype planning information system, the Alternative Growth Futures (AGF) tool, a scenario-building approach developed at the University of Colorado Denver. The project develops a hybrid urban growth model that integrates logistic regression techniques and methods for simulation of growth alternatives. This model is used to evaluate the attractiveness of undeveloped building sites with respect to natural amenities, distance to primary urban services and site characteristics such as slope. The model and scenario-testing framework are reasonably robust and suggest that regional spatial accounting methods have potential as a framework for inter-governmental and public discussion around wildfire planning.


SPOT HRV (XS and PAN) images acquired on 17 July 1999 and 20 August 1999 were used to detect earthquake-induced changes on 17 August 1999 in Izmit, Turkey. The pre-event and post-event images were geometrically and radiometrically calibrated to each other. In order to preserve the spatial and spectral information of the two data-sets the multispectral and panchromatic images were merged. The change areas were detected by subtracting the image brightness values for the near-infrared channel (Band 3) of the merged July image from that of the August image. The overall accuracy of the change image was found to be 83%. Upon finding the change areas, the emphasis was placed on the detection of the damaged building blocks within a selected urban area in the change image using automated analysis techniques. Our results show that the difference image of the merged pre- and post-event SPOT HRV data can successfully reveal the location of the earthquake induced changes. The procedure also demonstrates that the building blocks that contain collapsed buildings can be detected and categorized according to pre-defined damage conditions through the analysis of the merged SPOT HRV data.


A strategic question for any business is: What value do control frameworks give? The question concerns the costs associated with implementing and maintaining control frameworks compared with the benefits gained. Each control framework contains many controls that may or may not benefit a situation and this research is aimed at testing different selections and combinations of controls to forecast probable impacts on business outcomes. The scope of the research is limited to a representative set of security controls and the lesser question: What are the criteria for selecting the most effective and efficient security control configurations for best business value? We design a decision support tool (DSS), run a pilot study and begin to develop output sets as part of the exploratory research. The conclusion is that in controlled environments the security controls may be optimised to deliver the best business value and that the highest performing sets of controls can be forecasted once the interaction factors are known.


More Criegee Sightings The reaction of ozone with unsaturated hydrocarbons produces short-lived molecules termed Criegee intermediates. The simplest such molecule, H2CO2, was recently detected and monitored in the laboratory. Su et al. (p. 174; see the Perspective by Vereecken) have obtained its vibrational spectrum, which could ultimately enable direct measurements of its reactivity in the atmosphere. Taatjes et al. (p. 177; see the Perspective by Vereecken) report on the laboratory preparation and reactivity of the next heavier Criegee intermediate, which bears a methyl group in place of one of the hydrogen atoms. The vibrational spectrum of an intermediate involved in ozone chemistry may facilitate its direct study in the atmosphere. [Also see Perspective by Vereecken] The Criegee intermediates are carbonyl oxides postulated to play key roles in the reactions of ozone with unsaturated hydrocarbons; these reactions constitute an important mechanism for the removal of unsaturated hydrocarbons and for the production of OH in the atmosphere. Here, we report the transient infrared (IR) absorption spectrum of the simplest Criegee intermediate CH2OO, produced from CH2I + O2 in a flow reactor, using a step-scan Fourier-transform spectrometer. The five observed bands provide definitive identification of this intermediate. The observed vibrational frequencies are more consistent with a zwitterion rather than a diradical structure of CH2OO. The direct IR detection of CH2OO should prove useful for kinetic and mechanistic investigations of the Criegee mechanism.


Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is the leading textbook in its field.

Both interdisciplinary and international, it provides a coherent appraisal of the current state of the field to help researchers, trainees and practicing clinicians in their daily work. Integrating science and clinical practice, it is a comprehensive reference for all aspects of child and adolescent psychiatry.

New to this full color edition are expanded coverage on classification, including the newly revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), and new chapters on systems neuroscience, relationship-based treatments, resilience, global psychiatry, and infant mental health.

From an international team of expert editors and contributors, this sixth edition is essential reading for all professionals working and learning in the fields of child and adolescent mental health and developmental psychopathology as well as for clinicians working in primary care and pediatric settings.

Michael Rutter has contributed a number of new chapters and a Foreword for this edition: "I greatly welcome this new edition as providing both a continuity with the past and a substantial new look."
 -Professor Sir Michael Rutter, extract from Foreword.

Reviews of previous editions:

"This book is by far the best textbook of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry written to date."
 -Dr Judith Rapoport, NIH

"The editors and the authors are to be congratulated for providing us with such a high standard for a textbook on modern child psychiatry. I strongly recommend this book to every child psychiatrist who wants a reliable, up-to-date, comprehensive, informative and very useful textbook. To my mind this is the best book of its kind available today."
-Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry