Seismic microzonation has generally been recognized as the most accepted tool in seismic hazard assessment and risk evaluation. In general, risk reduction can be done by reducing the hazard, the vulnerability or the value at risk. Since the earthquake hazard can not be reduced, one has to concentrate on vulnerability and value at risk. The vulnerability of an urban area / municipalities depends on the vulnerability of infrastructure and redundancies within the infrastructure. The earthquake risk is the damage to buildings along with number of people that are killed / hurt and the economic losses during the event due to an earthquake with a return period corresponding to this time period. The principal approaches one can follow to reduce these losses are to avoid, if possible, high hazard areas for the siting of buildings and infrastructure, and further ensure that the buildings and infrastructure are designed and constructed to resist expected earthquake loads. This can be done if one can assess the hazard at local scales. Seismic microzonation maps provide the basis for scientifically based decision-making to reduce earthquake risk for Govt./public agencies, private owners and the general public. Further, seismic microzonation carried out on an appropriate scale provides a valuable tool for disaster mitigation planning and emergency response planning for urban centers / municipalities. It provides the basis for the identification of the areas of the city / municipality which are most likely to experience serious damage in the event of an earthquake.


Feature Issue on Passive Optical Network Architectures and TechnologiesEver-increasing subscriber demand requires higher-bandwidth passive optical networks (PONs), with attendant fast, automatically provisioned, and dynamic optical connections. Burst-mode receivers (BMRs) are critical components in the design of the optical line terminal in PONs. Here we investigate multigigabit per second, differentiator-based, edge detection by simulation and experiment. The main features include: differentiator resistance-capacitance (RC) constant, comparator holding time, channel bandwidth, and the impact of consecutive identical digits. Our experimental results show excellent functionality in the PON environment with commercially available optical and electronic components. Differentiator edge-detection results compare favorably with the alternative ac- and dc-coupled methods at gigabit data rates. Finally, RC edge detection provides a greatly enhanced clock signal, thus mitigating the well-known BMR synchronization problem.


This research explored the role of place on emotions and behaviors through 2 studies. After establishing the significant role place has on emotions and behavior in Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was conducted to help understand the environmental influences on pro-environmental and pro-social intentions and on donative behavior. In the first experiment, donative behavior was explored following prompts that asked participants to reflect on a nostalgic place, nostalgic event, ordinary place, ordinary event, or favorite place. The first experiment also investigated how feelings of place attachment and nostalgia compare on established functions of nostalgia, including positive affect, self-regard, social-connectedness, and meaning in life. Participants included 253 individuals, 155 females and 97 males (1 not specified), recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Participants who reflected on an ordinary event had significantly lower levels of the 4 functions of nostalgia than did participants who reflected on a favorite place (p <.001), nostalgic place (p = .008), or nostalgic event (p = .003). The effects favorite places have on nostalgic functions may suggest that place attachment provides functions similar to those afforded by nostalgia. It was hypothesized that the nostalgic groups would allocate the most money to charity, however this was not supported. Members of the group who recalled a favorite place gave the most to charity, and the amount donated was significantly different from the nostalgic event (p = .007) and ordinary event conditions (p = .009). Interestingly, the amount donated by the favorite place group was significantly different from the amounts given by members of both event groups, but not by members of the other two place groups, suggesting the significant role of place on donative behavior. The second experiment explored different environmental influences on pro-environmental behavioral intentions, prosocial behavioral intentions, and donative behavior. Participants were assigned to 1 of 5 environmental conditions: threatened nature, nature, urban, childhood home, or no environment. Participants included 252 individuals, 138 females and 114 males, recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. It was hypothesized that participants in the nature and threatened nature conditions would have the highest proenvironmental intentions and allocate the most money to charity, due to the effects nature has on prosociality, empathy, and giving. There were no significant differences between pro-social behavioral


It has been suggested that transcription factor binding is temporally dynamic, and that changes in binding determine transcriptional output. Nonetheless, this model is based on relatively few examples in which transcription factor binding has been assayed at multiple developmental stages. The essential transcription factor Grainy head (Grh) is conserved from fungi to humans, and controls epithelial development and barrier formation in numerous tissues. Drosophila melanogaster, which possess a single grainy head (grh) gene, provide an excellent system to study this conserved factor. To determine whether temporally distinct binding events allow Grh to control cell fate specification in different tissue types, we used a combination of ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to elucidate the gene regulatory network controlled by Grh during four stages of embryonic development (spanning stages 5–17) and in larval tissue. Contrary to expectations, we discovered that Grh remains bound to at least 1146 genomic loci over days of development. In contrast to this stable DNA occupancy, the subset of genes whose expression is regulated by Grh varies. Grh transitions from functioning primarily as a transcriptional repressor early in development to functioning predominantly as an activator later. Our data reveal that Grh binds to target genes well before the Grh-dependent transcriptional program commences, suggesting it sets the stage for subsequent recruitment of additional factors that execute stage-specific Grh functions.


We used insights from machine learning to address an important but contentious question: Is bilingual language experience associated with executive control abilities? Specifically, we assess proactive executive control for over 400 young adult bilinguals via reaction time (RT) on an AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT). We measured bilingual experience as a continuous, multidimensional spectrum (i.e., age of acquisition, language entropy, and sheer second language exposure). Linear mixed effects regression analyses indicated significant associations between bilingual language experience and proactive control, consistent with previous work. Information criteria (e.g., AIC) and cross-validation further suggested that these models are robust in predicting data from novel, unmodeled participants. These results were bolstered by cross-validated LASSO regression, a form of penalized regression. However, the results of both cross-validation procedures also indicated that similar predictive performance could be achieved through simpler models that only included information about the AX-CPT (i.e., trial type). Collectively, these results suggest that the effects of bilingual experience on proactive control, to the extent that they exist in younger adults, are likely small. Thus, future studies will require even larger or qualitatively different samples (e.g., older adults or children) in combination with valid, granular quantifications of language experience to reveal predictive effects on novel participants. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


This book introduces readers to the many arguments and controversies concerning abortion. While it argues for ethical and legal positions on the issues, it focuses on how to think about the issues, not just what to think about them. It is an ideal resource to improve your understanding of what people think, why they think that and whether their (and your) arguments are good or bad, and why. It's ideal for classroom use, discussion groups, organizational learning, and personal reading.

From the Preface

To many people, abortion is an issue for which discussions and debates are frustrating and fruitless: it seems like no progress will ever be made towards any understanding, much less resolution or even compromise.

Judgments like these, however, are premature because some basic techniques from critical thinking, such as carefully defining words and testing definitions, stating the full structure of arguments so each step of the reasoning can be examined, and comparing the strengths and weaknesses of different explanations can help us make progress towards these goals.

When emotions run high, we sometimes need to step back and use a passion for calm, cool, critical thinking. This helps us better understand the positions and arguments of people who see things differently from us, as well as our own positions and arguments. And we can use critical thinking skills help to try to figure out which positions are best, in terms of being supported by good arguments: after all, we might have much to learn from other people, sometimes that our own views should change, for the better.

Here we use basic critical thinking skills to argue that abortion is typically not morally wrong. We begin with less morally-controversial claims: adults, children and babies are wrong to kill and wrong to kill, fundamentally, because they, we, are conscious, aware and have feelings. We argue that since early fetuses entirely lack these characteristics, they are not inherently wrong to kill and so most abortions are not morally wrong, since most abortions are done early in pregnancy, before consciousness and feeling develop in the fetus.

Furthermore, since the right to life is not the right to someone else's body, fetuses might not have the right to the pregnant woman's body — which she has the right to — and so she has the right to not allow the fetus use of her body. This further justifies abortion, at least until technology allows for the removal of fetuses to other wombs. Since morally permissible actions should be legal, abortions should be legal: it is an injustice to criminalize actions that are not wrong.

In the course of arguing for these claims, we:
1. discuss how to best define abortion;
2. dismiss many common "question-begging" arguments that merely assume their conclusions, instead of giving genuine reasons for them;
3. refute some often-heard "everyday arguments" about abortion, on all sides;
4. explain why the most influential philosophical arguments against abortion are unsuccessful;
5. provide some positive arguments that at least early abortions are not wrong;
6. briefly discuss the ethics and legality of later abortions, and more.

This essay is not a "how to win an argument" piece or a tract or any kind of apologetics. It is not designed to help anyone "win" debates: everybody "wins" on this issue when we calmly and respectfully engage arguments with care, charity, honesty and humility. This book is merely a reasoned, systematic introduction to the issues that we hope models these skills and virtues. Its discussion should not be taken as absolute "proof" of anything: much more needs to be understood and carefully discussed — always.


Abstract Marked by high levels of diversity and gentrification, changing demographics in east London highlight the need for new analytical tools to examine how formerly familiar spaces must now be re-negotiated. Conceptual frameworks of habit and affect have informed the contemporary analysis of how encounters with difference unfold within transforming cityscapes. However, findings from a participatory research project with young people suggest a more reflexive management of classed and racialised encounters is occurring as accumulated cultural knowledge is tested and revised from which new practices emerge. Attention to processes of reflexivity highlighted the capacity of young people to consciously weigh options and choose a range of strategies under conditions of 'breach', including: degrees of acceptance of change; re-working space use through avoidance and adapting everyday practices such as dress and food; as well as developing attributes that enable engagement such as empathy. Feelings of judgement appeared as a dominant driver of reflexivity, while disposition and place contextualised and modified responses. Yet, while the possibilities for subjective re-evaluation and adaptation are apparent, the study raises questions of inequality in the expectation that young people are being asked to adapt to new cultural norms not of their making.


Managing Distressing Thoughts in Adults With and Without Autism: The Role of Cognitive Fusion and the Effectiveness of a Brief Defusion Intervention Max Emanuel Maisel Department of Psychology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy In the tradition of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive fusion is a transdiagnostic risk factor and occurs when one becomes overly attached to or "caught up" in their thoughts, leading to a more narrowed behavioral repertoire and difficulty taking effective action in response to life's demands. Cognitive defusion is ACT's curative answer to fusion, and denotes the process of taking a step back, seeing thoughts as "simply thoughts," thereby reducing the negative impact of distressing or anxiety-provoking thoughts. While these components have been widely studied in neurotypical (NT) samples, the purpose of this study was to extend findings to people diagnosed on the autism spectrum (AS). Specifically, this study aimed to examine the impact of cognitive fusion in this population and the effectiveness of a brief defusion technique. Forty-two AS participants and fifty-five neurotypical participants were given a battery of questionnaires measuring psychological distress and dispositional levels of cognitive fusion. Participants were then randomized into either a brief cognitive fusion technique or a brief active distraction technique. In both conditions participants chose a distressing thought and rated it on a visual analogue scale (VAS) in terms of thought discomfort and believability. They were then read a rationale regarding their assigned technique, practiced the technique, and applied the technique to their chosen distressing thought. After the intervention participants immediately rerated the thought on the same VAS. Throughout the study, participants' heart rate and skin conductance were monitored to determine physiological effects of the conditions. Finally, a follow-up survey was sent at a one-week and two-week follow-up, where participants re-rated the believability and discomfort of their thoughts. Results of this study showed that the AS group had higher overall levels of fusion than the NT group, and that fusion was moderately to strongly related to psychological distress in the AS group and the NT group. In terms of the intervention effects, all interpretation statements must be taken with caution, as there were significant pre-group differences despite randomization. Both defusion and distraction worked equally well in immediately reducing thought believability and thought discomfort for AS and NT groups. Furthermore, treatment effects were maintained at the two-week follow-up period for all groups except for the AS group in the defusion condition. There were no treatment effects for physiology. The current study provides evidence that cognitive fusion may be an important factor in the psychiatric comorbidity that people with AS experience, and a brief technique can be effectively used.


In the near future, the USA will be facing constraints on energy availability owing to the heightened demand for both energy and water, especially during droughts and summers. This is especially true in the American Southwest. Increasing stress on the inextricably linked resource availability of both water and energy can be mitigated with integrated planning. Exchanging data is an important component to current and future mitigation approaches within the Energy-Water Nexus (EWN). We describe the types of relationships that are formed in the US EWN, and address the data-sharing obstacles. Approaches to removing such obstacles are presented, based on case studies.


In World Trade Systems of the East and West, Geoffrey C. Gunn profiles Nagasaki's historical role in mediating the Japanese bullion trade, especially silver exchanged against Chinese and Vietnamese silk.


The paper analyses how the concept of sustainable development is defined, its principles and objectives, as well as the role and importance of the sociological dimension in creating a model of sustainable development. The concept of sustainable development is the totality of socioeconomic development forms and methods not only on the short or medium term, but also on the long term. The basis of these methods is the balance between the socio-economic systems and the elements of the natural capital. Sustainable development as a concept has materialized during decades, within the framework of thorough international scientific debates, and has assumed political potential through globalisation. The central principles behind sustainable development are equity and fairness among countries and generations, the long-term vision on the development process, systemic thinking and interconnection between economy, society and the environment. Sustainable development is linked with the concept of quality of life and pursues three objectives: economic welfare, social stability and environment protection. Any project should approach all three dimensions of sustainable development: environment, economy and society. The social dimension is concerned with social inclusion, demographic changes and public health. Environmental programmes will fail unless they set permanent human welfare as their objective. Underestimating the role of social factors in sustainable development will endanger the development programmes and projects. The medium and long-term fair assessment of human capital and the evolution tendencies are crucial for the realistic perspectives of a sustainable development model in all its fundamental components: economy, society-culture, and environment. In Romania, the demographic trends are worrying. On the long run, the trends are negative. According to estimations from national and international sources, and not taking into consideration external migration, however, admitting a significant increase in life expectancy at birth, Romania's population could decrease from 21.4 million in 2008 to 21.2 million in 2013, 20.8 million in 2020, 19.6 million in 2035, and 16.9 million in 2060. The objectives of sustainable development for 2030 cannot leave out the effects of demographic evolution on the long and very long term. Sustainable development involves meeting the necessities of the current generations without compromising the capacity of the coming generations to satisfy their own needs. Sustainable development principles are time-driven and may lead to successful results of current environmental provisions, while serving the interests of human society.


"Hornblower and the Atropos" - Skippering the flagship for Nelson's funeral on the Thames is not Hornblower's idea of thrilling action. But soon his orders come, and he sets sail for the Mediterranean in the Atropos. 'Battle, storm, shipwreck, disease - what were the chances that he would never come back again?' "The Happy Return" - Hornblower sails the South American waters and comes face to face with a mad, messianic revolutionary in a novel that ripples with risk and gripping adventure. "A Ship of the Line" - Commando raids, hurricanes at sea, the glowering menace of Napoleon's onshore gun batteries - Hornblower must deal with them all as he sails his ship to the Spanish station. Throughout his escapades Forester remains gallant, resourceful and courageous - the embodiment of all the most vivid in a great naval tradition.


Iceland is surrounded by a continental shelf of around 100 km in width, sloping gently towards a shelf break at 250–400 m below sea level. Incised into the shelf are numerous cross-shelf troughs positioned radially and mostly reaching the shelf-edge. The troughs are typically about 100 km long and 20 km wide. They vary in depth between 15 and 350 m and are interpreted to have formed by glacial erosion beneath fast-flowing ice streams or outlet glaciers of former Icelandic ice sheets that extended to the shelf-break (Ingolfsson & Norddahl 1994).

Bathymetric images combining interpolated depth-soundings from Olex (multiple single-beam echo-sounder lines; http://www.olex.no/index_e.html) and IBCAO v. 3.0 (Jakobsson et al. 2012) databases show that the Icelandic continental shelf is incised by numerous linear to curvilinear depressions, positioned radially (Fig. 1a). These troughs are generally relatively short, narrow and straight in the eastern and southern areas of the continental shelf, large and long on the western shelf, and deep, long, sinuous and distributive on the northern shelf (Fig. 1). Their locations and geometries are shown in Figure 1a and their dimensions recorded in the table. Cross-profiles of the troughs vary from symmetrical and flat-bottomed to asymmetrical and U- or V-shaped (Fig. 1e). Prominent breaks …


Imitation Learning (IL) is a powerful paradigm to teach robots to perform manipulation tasks by allowing them to learn from human demonstrations collected via teleoperation, but has mostly been limited to single-arm manipulation. However, many real-world tasks require multiple arms, such as lifting a heavy object or assembling a desk. Unfortunately, applying IL to multi-arm manipulation tasks has been challenging –asking a human to control more than one robotic arm can impose significant cognitive burden and is often only possible for a maximum of two robot arms. To address these challenges, we present MULTI-ARM ROBOTURK (MART), a multi-user data collection platform that allows multiple remote users to simultaneously teleoperate a set of robotic arms and collect demonstrations for multi-arm tasks. Using MART, we collected demonstrations for five novel two and three-arm tasks from several geographically separated users. From our data we arrived at a critical insight: most multi-arm tasks do not require global coordination throughout its full duration, but only during specific moments. We show that learning from such data consequently presents challenges for centralized agents that directly attempt to model all robot actions simultaneously, and perform a comprehensive study of different policy architectures with varying levels of centralization on our tasks. Finally, we propose and evaluate a base-residual policy framework that allows trained policies to better adapt to the mixed coordination setting common in multi-arm manipulation, and show that a centralized policy augmented with a decentralized residual model outperforms all other models on our set of benchmark tasks. Additional results and videos at https://roboturk.stanford.edu/multiarm


OLAP (online analytic processing) systems provide valuable insights into organizations; thus, it becomes necessary to integrate legacy OLAP systems into scalable and distributable architectures. This project comprises two important tasks: the first is transferring OLAP cubes to share nothing architectures. The second task is integrating OLAP information with other OLAP systems over distributable and scalable architectures. The main problem is to convert conceptual model OLAP data sources to shared nothing architectures. An additional problem is query execution time on the shared nothing architectures because by default, complete data locality is not considered in these environments. In this paper, Arvand is proposed. This method can transfer multidimensional data sources into shared nothing architectures. Data are captured from multidimensional data sources and converted into a unified format. Through unification, multidimensional data sources can be easily distributed over homogeneous and heterogeneous nodes because the nodes will not need additional information from other nodes. As an added benefit, MapReduce methods can be used properly and with maximum performance for query retrieval. Arvand is implemented by adding some components to Hadoop. In this paper, architectures with different heterogeneous and homogenous nodes are proposed and evaluated using a TPC-DS benchmark.


Background: Due to the dearth of information about the burden of prostate cancer disease in Cameroon, and in respond to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG#3) to prevent non-communicable diseases, a discrete choice clinical study of prostate cancer with the aim to determine the incidence, the associated risk factors and comparative diagnostic tools among males in the North- West region of Cameroon was undertaken.
Methodology: A cross-sectional simple random sampling was conducted on 231 male volunteers from five health communities in Bamenda, aged ≥ 40 years. A structured questionnaire was issued to participants prior to screening through which demographic and lifestyle information was gotten. Serum free Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) was analyzed and digital rectal examination (DRE) performed by a license medical doctor during routine consultation at the Phyto-biotechnology Research Foundation (PRF) integrated centre via an exit poll. The diagnostic criteria stated as PSA value greater than 4 ng/ml or if digital rectal examination was suspicious for cancer. Biopsy was not done.
Results: Out of the 231 men who consented via an exit poll, 45 (19.5%) had a PSA value greater than 4 ng/ml and 68 (28.1%) had a suspicious digital rectal examination. There was a statistical significance between PSA and DRE with a p=0.001. Furthermore, 22 (9.5%) of the males had a PSA of greater than 4 ng/ml and a suspicious DRE. A statistical significance was also established between PSA and DRE with age groups with a p=0.007 and a p=0.001 respectively. No statistical significance was seen with family history of cancer, type of underwear, bicycle riding and physical exercise.
Conclusion: The study indicated less than 50% prevalence rate for the men screened, but the 28.1% prevalence level going by DRE may suggest the growing incidence of prostatitis and or benign prostate hyperplasia. Although biopsies are considered the ideal routine observation, this study suggests that PSA marker and DRE determination can be used in combination with clinical features to make appropriate diagnostic decision on prostate cancer in resource limited communities.
Recommendation: A health promotion framework involving individuals and communities in Cameroon on the awareness and risk factors associated with prostate cancer for men above forty in Cameroon are future preventive measures to embark upon.


Independent Component Analysis (ICA) aims to recover independent latent variables from observed mixtures thereof. Causal Representation Learning (CRL) aims instead to infer causally related (thus often statistically dependent) latent variables, together with the unknown graph encoding their causal relationships. We introduce an intermediate problem termed Causal Component Analysis (CauCA). CauCA can be viewed as a generalization of ICA, modelling the causal dependence among the latent components, and as a special case of CRL. In contrast to CRL, it presupposes knowledge of the causal graph, focusing solely on learning the unmixing function and the causal mechanisms. Any impossibility results regarding the recovery of the ground truth in CauCA also apply for CRL, while possibility results may serve as a stepping stone for extensions to CRL. We characterize CauCA identifiability from multiple datasets generated through different types of interventions on the latent causal variables. As a corollary, this interventional perspective also leads to new identifiability results for nonlinear ICA -- a special case of CauCA with an empty graph -- requiring strictly fewer datasets than previous results. We introduce a likelihood-based approach using normalizing flows to estimate both the unmixing function and the causal mechanisms, and demonstrate its effectiveness through extensive synthetic experiments in the CauCA and ICA setting.


Cervical insufficiency/incompetence occurs in 0.5-1% of all pregnancies, often resulting in significant pregnancy lost. Three women with a history of second trimester miscarriages after failed transvaginal cervical cerclages were reviewed. A laparoscopic cervicoisthmic cerclage (LCC) was placed before pregnancy without any intra-operative or postoperative complications. Two patients have since delivered live babies at term by Caesarean section. This small case series supports the conclusion that LCC is a safe and cost-effective procedure in properly selected patients. Laparoscopic cervicoisthmic cerclage costs less, is less invasive, has fewer complications and should replace the traditional laparotomy technique.


This paper focusses on the current health profile of the state of Maharashtra, and its performance as against other growth driven states like Tamil Nadu and Gujarat. Using parameters such as birth rate, death rate, infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rates, among other, the author also reviews the inter-district performance of Maharashtra in health indicators. The author examines the various aspects of health care services in Maharashtra against the challenge of achieving the desired health outcomes for the population of the state.


This paper reflects on the outcomes of a project undertaken in 1997/98, and examines issues relating to the development of the managerial expertise that underpins the library and information services in Latin America and the Caribbean. It reviews the results of surveys of schools of Librarianship and Information Sciences and a small selection of employers in the region, examining the congruence between the needs of the employers and provision by the schools and possible explanations for an apparent mutual lack of awareness of modern management techniques. Proposals for developing management expertise include: enhancing access to indigenous professional publications and teaching materials; developing a Hispanic language distance-learning programme for library managers; improving research into the job market and skills requirements; and developing an electronic network for communication between the schools. The role of international agencies and technical co-operation projects is assessed, and attention is drawn to the need for a more positive approach to overcome the issues surrounding the transfer of management know-how between different cultures.


by Robert N. Rosen. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2000. 517 pp. $39.95.Robert Rosen's Jewish Confederates represents one of the most provocative treatments ever written about the history of southern Jewry. Its title hardly does it justice, as Rosen relates far more than the story of Jews during the Confederacy's brief history. Rather, drawing upon a wealth of manuscript materials, published memoirs and diaries, encyclopedias and biographical directories, and innumerable secondary sources about Jewish history before 1900 (including temple and community studies), and situating his account within the historiography of the South and the Confederacy, Rosen illuminates southern Jewish history from colonial times into the twentieth century. What makes this book especially engrossing is that he spins out his narrative family by family, community by community. Rosen estimates that there were 20,000-25,000 Jews altogether living in the Confederacy's eleven states on the eve of the Civil War. His coverage is so broad, even reaching families living in obscure towns and villages, that by the end of the book one feels introduced literally to every Jew in Dixie. The book is so generously illustrated that some readers may feel as if they also know what each one of them looked like!Rosen's initial chapters treat the pre-Civil War southern Jewish experience, with Chapter Two being a synopsis of the careers of the antebellum South's two Sephardic Jewish U.S. senators, Judah P. Benjamin and David Levy Yulee (the latter married out of the faith and embraced Christianity, but apparently never converted). The second section of the book covers what Rosen estimates as about 2,000 Jews who served the Confederate military establishment in virtually all branches (and ranks other than general) -- though rarely in the cavalry, since Jewish Confederates generally hailed from urban areas and had limited familiarity with horseback riding. Separate chapters treat Jewish officers and enlisted men. Then Rosen takes up the experience of southern Jewish civilians and congregations on the war's home front, before taming to what happened to southern Jews during and after Reconstruction.Rosen finds that much of the southern Jewish community supported secession from the Union in 1860-1861, and that Dixie's Jews subsequently rallied to the Confederate cause and made significant contributions in terms of military and governmental service, as well as monetary sacrifice. Some Jewish soldiers achieved distinguished combat records. Jewish womenfolk made parallel contributions on the home front, by nursing, smuggling, spying, and other activities for the cause of independent nationhood. One of them, Eugenia Phillips, earned a living martyrdom in southern public opinion after her stridently pro-Confederate attitudes provoked the Union occupation commander in New Orleans to banish her to an island for the balance of the war.Jews served the Confederacy enthusiastically, Rosen tells us, because the antebellum South was relatively free of antisemitism. Not only were the first U.S. senators of Jewish descent southerners, but many southern Jews held other political offices at the state and local levels, and Louisiana produced the first elected Jewish lieutenant governor in American history. Allowed to prosper under Dixie's sun, Jews accumulated wealth (often in mercantile affairs in cities such as New Orleans, Charleston, and Richmond), acquired and occasionally traded in slaves, sometimes became planters, defended the peculiar institution, and prioritized their identities as southerners over their Jewish affiliations. Jews from Sephardic families naturally volunteered for Confederate service in order to defend what they had come to regard as their land and country. …


In nature, the formation of iron sulfide solids is mainly attributed to reductions of sulfate and ferric minerals by microorganisms such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris. In order to evaluate the impacts on microbial activity and optimize iron sulfide production for potential application in uranium remediation, we tested two types of electron donors (lactate and pyruvate) with three synthetic Fe(III) (hydr)oxides (goethite, hematite, and 2-line ferrihydrite). We monitored bacterial metabolism comprehensively, and characterized the biogenic solids using transmission electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM/EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and mass distribution modeling. Despite similar amorphous FeS production when both e− donors were overdosed, D. vulgaris exhibited distinct patterns of metabolism and other solid production with the two electron donors. Once sulfate reduction was complete, further lactate fermentation was inhibited by accumulation of H2, and thus limited FeS production. In contrast, D. vulgaris utilized all pyruvate by diverting electrons from H2 to formate. In addition, the pH decrease due to the proton release during pyruvate utilization facilitated citrate-induced Fe(III) dissolution and consequently enhanced Fe(III) bioavailability. However, higher pH during lactate utilization and excess soluble Fe(II) during pyruvate utilization led to precipitation of Ca3(PO4)2 and Fe3(PO4)2, respectively. Together, these phenomena resulted in a substantial enhancement of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxide reduction and iron sulfide productivity with pyruvate, though the concentrations of calcium and phosphate need to be controlled to avoid precipitation of other minerals.


My paper examines how literary reviews perform not only aesthetic but also social power. In the 1920s and 1930s a quite offensive aesthetic struggle between the traditionalist and the modernist authors took place within the Finland-Swedish literary field. I analyze the ways in which the traditionalist writer Jarl Hemmer (1893-1944) and the modernist Elmer Diktonius (1896-1961) reviewed each other's works in the 1920s and 1930s (altogether 6 reviews). While Diktonius reviews of Hemmers works are often extremely and obviously mocking and parodic, Hemmer uses quite, ironic understatements to question the works of Diktonius and his right to enter the literary field. One could say, that the first one screams, and the second one whispers their critical observations. I look upon the vocabulary and the stylistic strategies used by the authors to describe and evaluate the aesthetics of each other, but also how they portray each others as authors and at times even comment upon each other's bodies. This way I grasp some of the practices used within the critical discourse by the time. I also show the significance of class within the Finland-Swedish literary field of the 1920s. The dominance of the upper class authors within the field has been observed, but no one has yet asked what the consequences of it are for the practices of the literary field and how it was, under the circumstances, actually possible for Diktonius with his very modest cultural and social points of departure to enter the field and to get a position within it? By taking a closer look at the power play exercised in the reviews I will be able to propose at least partial answers to the questions.


Introduction: Public campaigns and interventions are rarely fully evaluated regarding their effectiveness. The analysis of past, successful activities can contribute to the future development of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating. Objectives: The study of public campaigns and interventions for healthier eating aimed at identifying the underlying success factors and describing their relation. Methods: Interviews were conducted with representatives of 11 cases that had been identified as especially successful in an earlier research step. The interviews were analysed with regard to possible success factors and the latter used to develop a model of success factor interrelation. Results: It was found that success of the cases was first, attributed to characteristics of the macro environment or to public private partnerships in the initiation of campaigns, second, to the engagement of social communities, elements of empowerment of the target group and the implementation of social marketing measures, and thirdly, in citizens adoption of the campaign and in accompanying structural changes. Conclusions: The model and identified success factors underline that success can stem from three crucial phases: the set up of a campaign, the conduction and finally, the interrelation with the citizen. The model can serve as a guide in the future development of campaigns.


A parametric signal processing approach for DNA sequence analysis based on autoregressive (AR) modeling is presented. AR model residual errors and AR model parameters are used as features. The AR residual error analysis indicate a high specificity of coding DNA sequences, while AR feature-based analysis helps distinguish between coding and noncoding DNA sequences. An AR model-based string searching algorithm is also proposed. The effect of several types of numerical mapping rules in th proposed method is demonstrated.


Currently most LED components are made with individual chip packaging technology. The main manufacturing processes follow conventional chip-based IC packaging. In the past several years, there is an uprising trend in the IC industry to migrate from chip-based packaging to wafer level packaging. Therefore, there is a need for LEDs to catch up. This presentation will introduce advanced LED wafer level packaging technologies. The contents will cover key enabling processes such as preparation of silicon sub-mount wafer, implementation of interconnection, deposition of phosphor, wafer level encapsulation, and their integration. The emphasis will be placed on how to achieve high throughput, low cost manufacturing through wafer level packaging.


I am not currently associated with any institution. My work is a result of private correspondence with Dr. Marie Louise von Franz, former director of the Jungian Institute in Zurich before her death in 1999. You see a problem is that a large bulk of the subjects of my studies are not taught in our traditional educational systems. My work is a result of independent study related to materials, the basis of which lies outside our standard curricula. The following document addresses the basis of what I had hoped to share and which I have been working on since 1988. It is shown through a novel method of generation that number corresponds to form as a �becoming continuum� indicating specific forms apply to the first ten integers and through the process of explication we are required to consider related issues including dimensionality and growth. The work describes the spatial nature of the �archetypal� characteristics of the natural integers, and it is concluded that there exists what may be understood as a �Universal Number Continuum,� which is represented through a pure projective geometry in a fifth dimensional framework, incorporating one view of a Hypercube or Tesseract and where the basis of the fifth dimension here corresponds precisely to the characteristics of the nature of the fifth dimension as it is explicated in the Kaluza-Klein theory of Relativity. The desire being to lend a mathematically sound basis for the fifth dimension and the qualities it possesses supportive of the Kaluza-Klein theory which is much desired in the scientific community. Please be aware this was written as a preliminary discussion concerning the proposed publication of a document which purports to explicate a new theory related to mathematical philosophy and where overwhelming evidence exists in favor of the proposition, but where remain yet unresolved aspects related to special dimensionality and complex symmetry seen as relational subjects.


BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms are common among post myocardial infarction (MI) patients and may cause negative impacts on cardiac prognosis. Depression is observed in 35-45% of MI patients. While depression is an independent risk factor for MI, post-MI depression has been shown to be a risk factor for mortality, morbidity, and decreased quality of life in patients. The link between depression and MI is bidirectional in which behavioral and biological mechanisms have been proposed to be involved. The combination of these mechanisms is likely to involve in increasing the risk of mortality. Epidemiological studies have shown the link between depression and increased risk for development of cardiovascular disease, MI, and cardiac mortality. The adverse impact of depression on prognosis of heart disease is preventable with the right treatment. A number of therapeutic approaches including cardiac rehabilitation, social support, cognitive behavioral therapy, and antidepressants have been suggested for post-MI depression. However, due to their adverse effects, tricyclic antidepressants are recommended to be avoided for treating post-MI depression. On the other hand, administering selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) shortly after MI would lessen their major side effects. Keywords: Myocardial Infarction, Depression, Mortality, Treatment of Depression, Behavioral Mechanisms, Biological Mechanisms.


In this hefty textbook, running to over 600 pages after its first revision, Frew and Spiegler have managed to produce an excellent resource for students and practitioners curious about contemporary psychotherapy and counselling as they are practised in the USA. Aimed at graduate students in North America, the text comprises elucidations of the histories, theories and practices of 11 new and renewed approaches within contemporary psychotherapy. The approaches are listed according to the chronology of their historical development, respectively: psychoanalytic therapy, Adlerian therapy, existential therapy, person-centered therapy, gestalt therapy, behaviourism (which gets two chapters: 'Traditional Behaviour Therapy' and 'Cognitive-behavioural Therapy'), reality therapy, feminist therapy, family therapy, and narrative therapy. This approach to organising the material provides a clear sense of the evolutions and revolutions in therapy in North America across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. But it is not without contention.


For most young people in the world, sex and relationships have a big impact on their lives. However, various gatekeepers restrict reliable information on sexual health that has a positive take on pleasure and relationships. Therefore, online sex education is of vital importance for young people. Using online traffic data and information on operational realities from Love Matters – an online provider of sex education on web, mobile and social media platforms in China, Egypt, Kenya, Mexico and India – this article attempts to contribute to an understanding of how online information about sexual health education in different national contexts is accessed by users and restricted by gatekeepers. Our findings show the importance of understanding audiences, visible traditional and invisible online gatekeepers, and working with local and supranational commercial organisations for effective outreach and provision of sex education.


We present a study comparing the performance of traditional stemming algorithms based on suffix removal to linguistic methods performing morphological analysis. The results indicate that most conflation algorithms perform about 5% better than no stemming, and there is little difference between methods in terms of average performance. However, a detailed analysis of individual queries indicates that performance on this level is often highly sensitive to the choice of stemming technique. From this analysis, we can suggest a number of different ways to modify linguistic approaches so that they will be better suited to the stemming problem.


In this conceptual study, we dig deeper into the relatively unexplored social aspects of economic P2P transactions that can pose serious implications for peer consumption behavior. As more peers adopt P2P housing accommodation platforms like Airbnb, social interactions among them increase. However, in situations when intermediaries like co-hosts or host-assistants are present, social interactions and subsequent value co-creation for guests and hosts may be affected. This study uses the foundation of social capital theory, which considers relationships as a valuable resource and recognizes its productive value which can be appropriated to an economic form and others as well. We state the formation of social capital in Airbnb and realize it through two different perspectives – resource based and networking targeting the guest-host and host-host relationships respectively. Our analysis of past research on collaborative platforms and social capital theory, leads to the formation of a framework and eight propositions. We define value co-creation separately for the guest-host and host-host relations and pave the way for future theoretical research in this area. From a practical standpoint, we highlight the role of information representation for the hosts which is critical for pairing with compatible guests for accommodation.


for an Invited Paper for the MAR05 Meeting of The American Physical Society Spintronics: Semiconductors, Molecules, and Quantum Information Processing DAVID D. AWSCHALOM, Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 There is a growing interest in exploiting electronic and nuclear spins in semiconductor nanostructures for the manipulation and storage of information in emergent technologies based upon spintronics and quantum logic. Such schemes offer qualitatively new scientific and technological opportunities by combining elements of standard electronics with spin-dependent interactions between electrons, nuclei, electric and magnetic fields. Here we provide an overview of recent developments in the field through a discussion of temporallyand spatially-resolved magneto-optical measurements, initially designed for probing local moment dynamics in magnetically doped semiconductor nanostructures. We demonstrate new electrical schemes for the local generation and manipulation of spins in conventional semiconductor heterostructures, thereby providing a compelling proof-of-concept that quantum spin information can be controlled within high-speed electrical circuits. Furthermore, we discuss a different experimental approach that enables the molecular wiring and assembly of colloidal semiconductor nanostructures to engineer hybrid systems for room temperature coherent spin transport. These experiments explore electronic, photonic, and magnetic control of spin in a variety of nanostructures, and show significant steps towards spin-based quantum information processing in the solid state.


ii Coal fly ash has been studied extensively to understand the environmental impacts associated with its disposal, management and reuse. Although several beneficiation processes have been proposed, there has been little or no emphasis on the environmental safety of such processes, products and wastes. Elemental analysis has revealed that toxic elements and radionuclides are present in coal fly ash. Rare earth elements (REE) such as La, Ce and Y are also present in significant amounts in coal fly ash. The aims of this study were to determine the total elemental composition of coal fly ash using different analytical techniques; to validate the application potentials of fly ash beneficiation processes in terms of their environmental safety; and to valorise coal fly ash with a view of recovering REE either by concentrating or leaching the REE in the coal fly ash, products or waste from the beneficiation processes. The beneficiation processes studied were treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) with fly ash; and the synthesis of geopolymer from fly ash. The fresh fly ash sample used in this study was collected directly from the hoppers at Matla power station and the AMD sample was collected from Carletonville goldmine. A total of 54 major, trace and REE were accurately determined in the ash using different analytical techniques. It was shown that the elemental content of Matla fly ash was of the same order as the SRM NIST coal fly ash 1633b. The comparative study of the four analytical techniques established that ENAA can accurately determine the major, minor and trace elements; that XRF is best suited for the determination of the major and minor elements, whilst the LA ICP-MS is reliable for trace elements determination. The solid residue (AMD/FA) resulting from the AMD interaction with fly ash was characterized with fly ash and the results compared. The results revealed that the amounts of La (141.09 ± 3.85 mg/kg), Ce (27.45 ± 2.04 mg/kg), and Nd (63.73 ± 0.05 mg/kg) in AMD/FA residue was considerably higher than their average abundance in the earth crust that varies from 66 mg/kg in Ce and 40 mg/kg in Nd to 35 mg/kg in La. The results also showed that the AMD/FA residue contained As (11.39 ± 1.21 mg/kg), Cd (3.77 ± 0.02 mg/kg), Cr (72.43 ± 1.27 mg/kg), Hg (10.50 ± 0.85 mg/kg), Ni (124.15 ± 1.6 mg/kg) and Pb (22.46 ± 1.43 mg/kg) which are potentially harmful if leached in to the environment in excessive amounts. The activity concentrations of 238 U and 232 Th in Matla fly ash


SNP rs2294008 in Prostate Stem Cell Antigen (PSCA) and decreased PSCA expression are associated with gastric cancer. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of rs2294008 and PSCA expression in the gastritis-gastric cancer carcinogenic pathway. We conducted a case-control association study of H. pylori-infected gastritis and gastric cancer. rs2294008 was associated with the progression to chronic active gastritis (P = 9.4 × 10–5; odds ratio = 3.88, TT + TC vs CC genotype), but not with H. pylori infection per se nor with the progression from active gastritis to gastric cancer. We also assessed the association of rs2294008 with PSCA mRNA expression in the gastric mucosa at various disease stages and found that rs2294008 was associated with PSCA expression (P = 1.3 × 10–12). H. pylori infection (P = 5.1 × 10–8) and eradication therapy (P < 1 × 10–11) resulted in the reduced and increased PSCA expression, respectively, indicating negative regulation of PSCA expression by H. pylori infection. PSCA expression was decreased in severe gastritis compared with mild gastritis only among T allele carriers. Our findings revealed the regulation of PSCA expression by host genetic variation and bacterial infection might contribute to gastritis progression after H. pylori infection.


In light of one of the longest droughts in South East Queensland's in one hundred years, the Qld Labour Government announced on April 27, 2006 its intention to dam part of the Mary River at Traveston Crossing (South East Queensland). Local Mary Valley residents oppose the dam proposal due to the dislocation of the local community in the proposed inundated area and the adverse environmental impacts as well as the inundation of primary agricultural land. Another major concern is that the unsuitable geomechanics of the proposed site (sandy and flat area for a dam) will not provide thirsty Brisbane with the "promised" water.

Given the circumstances, the present research is posing two basic questions; what is the reality given by the people living in the Mary Valley after this dam proposal (an emic account) and what is the reality given by the researcher (an etic account).

The research exploration has led the people to express their own constructed worldviews which involved some resource, institutional, technical, ethical and finally political dilemmas around the dam proposal. The clearly expressed dilemmas, visions and actions of the people in the Valley have emerged as the result of a learning process throughout the years-that is a learning of what to do in order to co-exist with the Mary River and why is this meaningful to the community. However, Mary Valley residents felt that their engagement to co-manage the river, as well as the indigenous values and knowledge about the river have been disregarded by the Government plannig to build a dam at Traveston.


Tight junctions (TJs) are major components of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that physically obstruct the interendothelial space and restrict paracellular diffusion of blood‐borne substances from the peripheral circulation to the CNS. TJs are dynamic structures whose intricate arrangement of oligomeric transmembrane and accessory proteins rapidly alters in response to external stressors to produce changes in BBB permeability. In this study, we investigate the constitutive trafficking of the TJ transmembrane proteins occludin and claudin‐5 that are essential for forming the TJ seal between microvascular endothelial cells that inhibits paracellular diffusion. Using a novel, detergent‐free OptiPrep density‐gradient method to fractionate rat cerebral microvessels, we identify a plasma membrane lipid raft domain that contains oligomeric occludin and claudin‐5. Our data suggest that oligomerization of occludin involves disulfide bond formation within transmembrane regions, and that assembly of the TJ oligomeric protein complex is facilitated by an oligomeric caveolin scaffold. This is the first time that distribution of oligomeric TJ transmembrane proteins within plasma membrane lipid rafts at the BBB has been examined in vivo. The findings reported in this study are critical to understand the mechanism of assembly of the TJ multiprotein complex that is essential for maintaining BBB integrity.


In this paper we report evidence on the relationship between trade openness, technology adoption and relative demand for skilled labour in the Turkish manufacturing sector, using firm-level data over the period 1980-2001. In a dynamic panel data setting using a unique database of 17,462 firms, we estimate an augmented cost share equation whereby the wage bill share of skilled workers in a given firm is related to international exposure and technology adoption. Overall, results suggest that trade openness and technology play a key role in shifting the demand for labour towards more skilled workers within each firm. Technology-related variables (domestic R&D expenditures and technological transfer from abroad) are positive and significantly related to skill upgrading, as are the involvement of foreign capital in a firm's ownership and the propensity to export. Moreover, firms belonging to those sectors that most raised their imported inputs also experienced a higher increase in the labour cost share of skilled workers. This finding is consistent with the idea that imports by a middle-income country imply a transfer of new technologies that are more skill-intensive than those previously in use in domestic markets. This idea is reinforced by the finding that only imported inputs from industrialised countries? where the potential for innovation diffusion comes from - enter the estimated regression significantly.


This thesis investigates the effects of aggressive sulfuric acid attack on the concrete mixtures prepared with metakaolin (MK) and limestone filler (LF) at various replacement levels. In addition, rapid chloride permeability (RCPT), water sorptivity, water porosity and rapid freezing and thawing tests were also performed on the concrete samples. Three sulphuric acid solutions with concentrations of 3%, 5% and 7% were used for examining the resistance of concrete specimens for a total exposure period of eight weeks. The performance of the degraded specimens was evaluated by measuring the weight loss, change in strength and visual assessment. The results of the weight loss and visual assessment reveal that the increase in the amount of MK would enhance the performance of concrete, while inclusion of LF into MK concretes has shown positive results in terms of resistance against sulphuric acid attack. The mixtures with ternary binders of OPC, MK and LF experienced the lowest strength loss after exposure to high concentrations of sulphuric acid. Measuring the change of weight was found to be a better way to evaluate the resistance of concrete specimens immersed in sulfuric acid solutions as the results of the load bearing capacity can be affected by several parameters such as the variable geometry of degraded specimens. The rate of the water absorption of concrete with MK and LF was lower than the reference mixture with only Portland cement. The RCPT results also showed that the reference mixture had considerably higher permeability than other concrete mixtures. The results of the water porosity on degraded samples indicate that the inner parts of the concrete (not in contact with sulfuric acid) have remained sound and maintained their original pore structure after different exposure periods.


Local land use controls seek to limit the impact of one neighbor on another sometimes protecting natural resource environmental values. Federal and State programs to protect environmental values cannot do everything. They leave a residual risk of environmental loss that local people may want to address. Land use controls are traditionally zoning, subdivision control, and site plan review. These and other local controls have advantages in reducing risk, particularly when they are a part of an integrated approach that makes full use of the advantages at each level of government. Aspects of partnership approaches are discussed. In 1989, 449 members of the New York Planning Federation were asked to indicate if they used land use controls to reduce environmental risks, particularly risks to water quality. Freshwater wet lands, flood plains, and watershed rules and regulations are used in addition to traditional land use controls. Modifications to land use controls were made by almost half of the jurisdictions to protect natural resource environmental values, 26% to protect water quality. A fifth recognized they have water quality problems but as yet had not adapted their land use controls to this need. One third of the responses indicated they were involved in intergovernmental cooperation in the management of their controls -half the time with the county. The State should debate how and whether it chooses to stimulate changes which would encourage the use of the untapped potential for local land use controls to protect environmental quality.


Distributed collaboration, portable mobile applications, natural user interfaces and comprehensive systems have been identified as future research directions in recent reviews about mixed reality in construction. On the other hand, current research in the mixed reality field addresses movement and anthropometric realism as critical success factors for an immersive virtual environment. Advances in object tracking, online (human) 3D reconstruction and gestural interfaces accompanied by wearable mobile displays provide us with the technological base to contribute to the challenges in both areas. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive immersive environment for a distributed collaborative construction process in a mixed reality setup. Participants on remote sites, solely equipped with smart see-through glasses, are cooperating in the construction of a virtual 3D model combining real (tangibles) and virtual objects. We consider our solution to give most suitable support for a distributed collaborative construction task by increasing the immersion of the environment, i.e.: (1) creating the impression of real collaboration by mirroring the behavior of participants in a common virtual scene; (2) providing more natural interaction through freehand gestures; (3) increasing the physical experience of the user through wearable 3D displays and construction with tangibles. Keywords–Mixed Reality; Computer Supported Collaborative Work; Natural User Interaction.


The embedding method is a powerful theoretical and computational technique that is relevant to a great many technologically and scientifically important problems. This general nature encompasses many important and topical problems in for example surface and interface electronic structure, adsorption, physics of nanostructures, molecular electronics, plasmonics and photonics, and it has become an important tool for researchers in these fields. More recently it has also been extended into the time domain. Supplemented with demonstration programmes, code and examples, this book provides a thorough review of the method and would be an accessible starting point for graduate students or researchers wishing to understand and use the method, or as a single reference source for those already familiar with the subject and applying it in their research. Supplementary materials provided by the author to accompany the book are available within Book information.


Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa, but the contribution for the economic aspect of the country is still lowest and disease can be considered as major constrain. Ticks are the most important ectoparasites of livestock in tropical and subtropical areas. Ethiopia is not exceptional and ticks are responsible for severe economic losses both through the direct effects of blood sucking and indirectly as vectors of pathogens and toxins. Feeding by large numbers of ticks causes reduction in live weight gain and anaemia among domestic animals, while tick bites also reduce the quality of hides. However, the major losses caused by ticks are due to the ability to transmit protozoan, rickettsial and viral diseases of livestock, which are of great economic importance world-wide. This review concerns with general aspects of tick biology, the taxonomy, pathogenic effects and methods for the control of ticks. Ticks belong to the suborder Ixodida, which contains a single super family, the Ixodoidea, which is divided into two major families, Argasidae (soft ticks) and Ixodidae (hard ticks), and the rare family Nuttalliellidae, with a single African species. The main tick genera found in domestic animals of Ethiopia are Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). Various breeds of cattle differ in their response to tick infestations. Bos indicus pure breeds and crossbreeds were reported to be more innately resistant than Bos Taurus breeds. The conventional method of controlling tick infestations in Ethiopia is application of acaricide, either by hand spraying, by hand dressing. Therefore, to minimize tick adverse effect appropriate and timely strategic control measures are crucial


A sensor network is used for distributed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation in a single-time snapshot. Sensors observe a signal embedded in noise, and each observation is phase modulated using a constant-modulus scheme and transmitted over a Gaussian multiple-access channel to a fusion center. At the fusion center, the mean and variance are estimated jointly, using an asymptotically minimum-variance estimator. It is shown that this joint estimator decouples into simple individual estimators of the mean and the variance. The constant-modulus phase modulation scheme ensures a fixed transmit power, robust estimation across several sensing noise distributions, as well as an SNR estimate that requires a single set of transmissions from the sensors to the fusion center. The estimators are evaluated in terms of asymptotic variance, which are then used to evaluate the performance of the SNR estimator with Gaussian and Cauchy sensing noise distributions in the cases of total transmit power constraint as well as a per-sensor power constraint. For each sensing noise distribution, the optimal phase transmission parameters are also determined. The asymptotic relative efficiency of the estimators is evaluated. It is shown that among the noise distributions considered, the estimators are asymptotically efficient only when the noise distribution is Gaussian. Simulation results corroborate analytical results.


This recording forms part of a collection of oral history interviews conducted by the Chao Center for Asian Studies at Rice University. This collection includes audio recordings and transcripts of interviews with Asian Americans native to Houston.


In November 2005 the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) implemented a new form of the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign (NYAMC). The AboveTheInfluence campaign targets 12-17 year olds with a specific focus on ages 14-16 with messages of living above the influence of drugs and alcohol. In this study college students (aged between 18 to 23 years) were surveyed to examine their attitudes and use of drugs and alcohol after their exposure to the AboveTheInfluence campaign. This specific age range was chosen because the subjects were part of the campaign's original target audience during its introduction in 2005. Existing literature on campaign effectiveness drug and alcohol use and youth attitudes was reviewed. Theoretical frameworks of reactance theory wearout effects and the role peer perceptions have on substance use were applied and examined with a survey questionnaire. The current study found that exposure to and recall of the AboveTheInfluence campaign had no significant association with participants' drug and alcohol use behaviors and attitudes towards alcohol. Furthermore participants were found to have a drastically overinflated perception of peer drug and alcohol use. Based on the applied theories of reactance and wearout participants' reactions were found to show no major signs of either. However initial signs of both reactance and wearout were apparent in participants' general lack of interest in the AboveTheInfluence campaign and its messages. Limitations and implications were discussed.


We propose a new algorithm to find the corpus callosum automatically from midsagittal brain MR (magnetic resonance) images using the statistical characteristics and shape information of the corpus callosum. We first extract regions satisfying the statistical characteristics (gray level distributions) of the corpus callosum that have relatively high intensity values. Then we try to find a region matching the shape information of the corpus callosum. In order to match the shape information, we propose a new directed window region growing algorithm instead of using conventional contour matching. An innovative feature of the algorithm is that we adaptively relax the statistical requirement until we find a region matching the shape information. After the initial segmentation, a directed border path pruning algorithm is proposed in order to remove some undesired artifacts, especially on the top of the corpus callosum. The proposed algorithm was applied to over 120 images and provided promising results.


The piezospectroscopic effect, relating a material's stress state and spectral signature, has recently demonstrated tailorable sensitivity when the photo-luminescent alpha alumina is distributed in nanoparticulate form within a matrix. Here, the stress-sensing behavior of an alumina-epoxy nanoparticle coating, applied to a composite substrate in an open hole tension configuration, is validated with the biaxial strain field concurrently determined through digital image correlation. The coating achieved early detection of composite failure initiation at 77% failure load, and subsequently tracked stress distribution in the immediate vicinity of the crack as it progressed, demonstrating non-invasive stress and damage detection with multi-scale spatial resolution.


This article engages an important, but difficult conversation about the erasure of indigeneity in narratives, curriculum, identities, and racial projects that uphold settler colonial logics that fall under the rubric of Hispanic, Latina/o/x, and Chicana/o/x. These settler colonial logics include violence by these groupings against Indigenous people, or indios, that has been part of Mexican and U.S. history in the Southwest. We examine Hispanic, Latina/o/x, and Chicana/o/x settlers' complicity with myths that support white settler futurity, including through social studies curricula and contemporary discourses of the U.S. as a nation of immigrants. The problematics of Hispanidad and Latinidad are also engaged as part of officialized U.S. state regulation and as an expression of mestizaje based on indigenism (indigenismo). Indigenismo worked hand-in-hand with mestizaje and functioned not so much as a celebration of racial mixture, but as state eugenicist programs of Indigenous erasure throughout Latin America, and by extension in Latino communities in the U.S. Finally, we provide diverse examples of how this process works to advance a theory and praxis of Critical Latinx Indigeneities to decolonize Latinidad and mestizaje in order to envision Indigenous futurities within and outside of the Latinized entanglements of the present.


This paper presents an end-to-end system for a personalized presentation of accessibility and immersive contents in multi-screen scenarios, by focusing on an opera use case. In particular, the system allows experiencing the opera event using the classical audiovisual formats, but it additionally supports a seamless integration of 360º video, spatial audio and the use of Head Mounted Displays (HMDs). The availability of multiple 360º cameras allows experiencing the event from the preferred viewpoint, while the presented audio will match the selected camera position and current user's viewpoint, providing a highly immersive and realistic experience. Finally, a personalized and assistive presentation of subtitles also contributes to a higher accessibility.


We report on the peculiar activity of the radio source located at the center of the cooling flow cluster RBS797 ($z=0.35$), the first distant cluster in which two pronounced X-ray cavities have been discovered. Our new multifrequency (1.4, 4.8, and 8.4 GHz) observations obtained with the Very Large Array clearly reveal the presence of radio emission on three different scales showing orientation in different directions, all of which indicates that RBS797 represents a very peculiar case. The lowest resolution images show large-scale radio emission characterized by amorphous morphology and a steep spectrum, extended on a scale of hundreds of kpc. On a scale of tens of kpc, there is evidence of 1.4 GHz radio emission elongated in the northeast-southwest direction exactly towards the holes detected in X-rays. The highest resolution image shows the details of the innermost 4.8 GHz radio jets on a kpc scale; they are remarkably oriented in a direction that is perpendicular to that of the extended structure detected at a lower resolution. We therefore find evidence of a strong interaction between the central radio source and the intra-cluster medium in RBS797. We suggest a scenario in which the 1.4 GHz emission filling the X-ray cavities consists of buoyant bubbles of radio emitting plasma that are created by twin jets in the past and whose expansion has displaced the thermal gas that was formerly in the X-ray holes, whereas the two jets visible at 4.8 GHz are related to the present nuclear activity that has restarted at a different position angle from the original outburst that created the outer radio lobes. The total radio luminosity is ~$10^{42}~ {\rm erg ~ s}^{-1}$, corresponding to a factor of a few thousand times less than the estimated cooling luminosity.


We study boundary value problems for linear elliptic differential operators of order one. The underlying manifold may be noncompact, but the boundary is assumed to be compact. We require a symmetry property of the principal symbol of the operator along the boundary. This is satisfied by Dirac type operators, for instance.
We provide a selfcontained introduction to (nonlocal) elliptic boundary conditions, boundary regularity of solutions, and index theory. In particular, we simplify and generalize the traditional theory of elliptic boundary value problems for Dirac type operators. We also prove a related decomposition theorem, a general version of Gromov and Lawson's relative index theorem and a generalization of the cobordism theorem.


An efficient algorithm for the computation of tr{TR/sup -1/}, where T and R are Toeplitz matrices and R is also symmetric positive definite, is presented. The method exploits the fact that the trace of TR/sup -1/ depends only on the sum of the diagonals of R/sup -1/, and not on the whole matrix R/sup -1/. To obtain this sum, a fast efficient technique, built upon the Trench (1964) algorithm for computing the inverse of a Toeplitz matrix, is developed. The complexity of the algorithm depends on the generation function of matrix R and is O(N ln N) for generic functions and O(p ln p) for AR(p) functions.


A metabolite-sensing riboswitch regulates the splicing of a "selfish" group I self-splicing ribozyme. Short regulatory regions—riboswitches—are found in the messenger RNAs of many bacteria, plants, and fungi. They bind to small-molecule metabolites and, through switching between alternate RNA secondary structures, regulate the expression of the linked RNA. Lee et al. have identified a c-di-GMP (cyclic di-guanosyl-5'-monophosphate)–binding riboswitch in the bacterium Clostridium difficile that regulates the splicing of a group I self-splicing ribozyme. Binding of c-di-GMP to the riboswitch favors a conformation of the ribozyme that promotes splicing in the presence of guanosine triphosphate (as is typical for this class of ribozymes). Concomitantly, splicing promotes the formation of a ribosome binding site, thereby stimulating protein production from the downstream pathogenesis-related gene. This regulatory region may thus constitute a two-input gene-control system that reads the concentration of both GTP and c-di-GMP. Thus, not all group I self-splicing ribozymes represent selfish genetic elements. E. R. Lee, J. L. Baker, Z. Weinberg, N. Sudarsan, R. R. Breaker, An allosteric self-splicing ribozyme triggered by a bacterial second messenger. Science 329, 845–848 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This article revolves around the observation that ethnographic classics like Godfrey Lienhardt's Divinity and experience: The religion of the Dinka are conceived as ethnocentric and colonialist. Arguing against this verdict, the article attempts to rethink (and emancipate) Lienhardt as a Pyrrhonian skeptic. This sets the stage for an exploration of Lienhardt's life-long interest in realigning anthropology as an objective science with literature as a form of art. Poetry, fiction, Lienhardt's ethnography, as well as Pyrrhonian skepticism help us to explore the possibilities of conceptualizing creatively. They accomplish this by declining to offer definite answers about the world's constitution. By way of conclusion, I propose to understand cultural anthropology as a form of "fictive science," one that is primarily interested in solving conceptual puzzles that emerge during specific ethnographic encounters.


The energy calibration and resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the CMS detector have been determined using proton-proton collision data from LHC operation in 2010 and 2011 at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV with integrated luminosities of about 5\fbinv. Crucial aspects of detector operation, such as the environmental stability, alignment, and synchronization, are presented. The in-situ calibration procedures are discussed in detail and include the maintenance of the calibration in the challenging radiation environment inside the CMS detector. The energy resolution for electrons from Z-boson decays is better than 2% in the central region of the ECAL barrel (for pseudorapidity |η| < 0.8) and is 2–5% elsewhere. The derived energy resolution for photons from 125 GeV Higgs boson decays varies across the barrel from 1.1% to 2.6% and from 2.2% to 5% in the endcaps. The calibration of the absolute energy is determined from Z→e+e− decays to a precision of 0.4% in the barrel and 0.8% in the endcaps.


BACKGROUND
Inconstant venous anatomy increases the risk of outflow complications in right hepatic live donor liver transplantation (RH-LDT), but no consensus has emerged guiding optimal reconstruction for venous outflow.

METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed surgical venous reconstruction using a flexible approach to anterior accessory veins in 48 RH-LDTs performed between April, 1998 and July, 2002.

RESULTS
Actuarial recipient graft and patient survival was 79% and 85%, respectively. Single hepatic venous anastomosis was performed in 74% of the patients. Twelve patients underwent reconstruction of 20 accessory veins, including 7 posterior segment veins and 13 anterior segment veins. Anterior vein reconstruction techniques included end-to-end anastomosis to the middle hepatic vein, interposition conduit, venoplasty, or a combination of techniques. Documented complications related to the venous anastomosis occurred in only 1 patient (2%), with no patient having a documented venous thrombosis of either the main RHV or a reconstructed accessory vein. There were no differences in outcome based on single versus multiple venous reconstruction. Anteromedial congestion was noted in 3 patients in the absence of anatomic venous anastomotic complication, but the clinical significance of this finding is unclear.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite variations in segmental venous drainage and a propensity for anteromedial congestion in right hepatic grafts, RH-LDT can be performed without outflow obstruction with close attention to a wide RHV anastomosis. In addition, anterior accessory vein reconstruction can be reserved for grafts of marginal size or quality where early postoperative venous congestion may impair early graft function. Routine extended hepatectomy incorporating the MHV with the graft is unnecessary.


This research evaluated the application of post consumer glass as a cementing agent in underground mine backfills. The underlying theory indicates that glass is pozzolanic and, when used in finely divided form, reacts as an activator to generate binding products, thus contributing to the development of backfill strength. The objective of the research was to evaluate the strength performance of backfills when Normal Portland Cement (NPC) is replaced with various percentages of post consumer glass. The research evaluated the performance of backfills prepared using tailings from three candidate mines, namely Stobie, David Bell and Kidd Creek. Each backfill was prepared using unique recipes, and the strength and other properties were evaluated at cure times of 7, 14, 28, 56, 112 and 224 days. Laboratory work involved visual, physical and chemical material characterization followed by strength evaluations. Results of strength assessment reveal that glass, when incorporated as part of the binder in backfill development is reactive, and can contribute to the strength of backfill. Further analysis of the results also indicated that the reactivity of glass may be affected by the incorporation of slag within the recipe, the availability of lime and the level of hydration of the binders. The research concluded that, at 15 % glass replacement of NPC, backfill prepared with David Bell tailings, NPC and glass can achieve improved or equivalent strength performance compared to backfill prepared with David Bell tailings and NPC. NPC and slag outperformed backfills prepared with NPC, slag and glass at all replacement levels, using tailings from Kidd Creek and Inco-Stobie. However, future work should be designed to maximize the effect of specific pozzolan (for example glass) and material properties (aggregates) on backfill strength performance.


Abstrart Extended short fomis again here same in the key words so please modify according to your journa\'s style the aim of this study was to determine whether or not assessing cell kinetics by argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region counting, and using immunohistochemistry to deted proliferative cell nuclear antigen are valuable methods for predieting the biological behavior of glial tumors. Specimens were obtained from 17patients with glial tumors using stereotactic procedures, and smears of the tissue were made. For each smear, we investigated for antibodies to proliferatiye cell nuclear antigen (PCLO,DAKO) using the streptavidine peroxidase method, and also counted the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region s using a specific staining technique to identify these. Of the 17 tumors, 3 were grade i pilocytic astrocytomas, 3 were grade II fibrillary astrocytomas, 1 was a grade II oligodendroglioma,4 were grade III anaplastic astroeytomas, and 6 were grade IV glioblastomas. We analyzed each case based on independent assessment of the proliferatiye cell nuclear antigen labeling index, argyrophilic nucleolar orga.nizer region count, histological type, and histological grade, and then compared the results statistically. Although the proliferatiye cell nuclear antigen labeling index and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region count both increased in parallel with histological grade, we found that the only statistical difference between low-grade (grades iand i!) and high-grade glial tumors (grades III and IV) was the groups' argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region counts. The findings indicated that the proliferatiye cell nuclear antigen labeling index is not a good prognostic indicator in the preoperative histological evaluation of glial tumors, and that argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region counting can be used to differentiate benign tumors (grades I-I!) from malignant ones (grades III-IV).


The work of early pioneers like Dorothea Dix was instrumental in the establishment of institutions dedicated especially for the care of the mentally ill. Originally from the United States, she became acquainted with the idea of humane treatment of the mentally ill during her visit to England. After her return to the United States, she conducted a statewide investigation of care for the insane poor in Massachusetts and began to extensively lobby for reforms and establishment of more state-funded institutions for the care of mentally ill. Her efforts led to setting up of several mental health institutions, which became the cornerstone of care of psychiatrically ill, and for training of mental health care providers. Though subsequently, the hegemony of the institutions was challenged, and the era of deinstitutionalization was ushered in, the work of Dorothea Dix is important as it vouched for humane care of patients with mental illnesses.


Stackable file systems can provide extensible file system functionality with minimal performance overhead and development cost. However, previous approaches are limited in the functionality they provide. In particular, they do not support size-changing algorithms, which are important and useful for many applications, such as compression and security. We propose fast index files, a technique for efficient support of size-changing algorithms in stackable file systems. Fast index files provide a page mapping between file system layers in a way that can be used with any size-changing algorithm. Index files are designed to be recoverable if lost and add less than 0.1% disk space overhead. We have implemented fast indexing using portable stackable templates, and we have used this system to build several example file systems with size-changing algorithms. We demonstrate that fast index files have very low overhead for typical workloads, only 2.3% over other stacked file systems. Our system can deliver much better performance on size-changing algorithms than user-level applications, as much as five times faster.


Italian philosophical debate has been occupied, in a large part and for a significant period of time, by the elaboration of the theme of "nihilism." Distinguished Italian philosophers have written about it, particularly Emanuele Severine and Gianni Vattimo. Many learned essays have been published in the last twenty years, along with important systematic studies and overviews, two of which have had a significant fortune: Il nichilismo by Franco Volpi, and Introduzione al nichilismo by Federico Vercellone. From time to time, the discussion about nihilism reaches a wider public, and the Italian media systematically show a certain interest in the theme. But what exactly is meant by nihilism, and what justifies its alleged philosophical and cultural relevance? My opinion is that the discussion on the theme should encounter so to speak "a new starting point." The debate, particularly in recent times, has been contaminated by a certain number of misunderstandings, some of them connected to the so-called "culture wars," or the so- called divide between analytic and continental philosophy. Within these discussions, nihilism has been mistaken for antirealism, or relativism, or culturalism. Surely, there are positive connections among these positions and the theory of nihilism as developed by Nietzsche, Heidegger, and their interpreters. But looking at relativism, anti-realism, etc., in the light of the concept of nihilism implies some decisive changes in perspective, which, I think, ought to be taken into account. In my essay I will thus propose a reconstruction of the concept of nihilism in its main aspects, at the same time isolating simple categories which can provide a new standpoint for the evaluation of different perspectives. I will also present an interpretation of nihilism that is partly an alternative to, and partly integrative of, other positions. I specify in advance that my view is based on the idea that nihilism is a kind of "interrupted" or "broken" philosophy, and that this break is generally due to a certain tendency to mistake method for theory. In other words, nihilism is the typical conception of people who start philosophizing, but decide to stop at a certain point; and as to the reasons why this happens, a possible diagnosis is that certain methodological requisites of philosophical practice are mistaken by nihilists as metaphysical ones. So one may say that the cultural flourishing of nihilism coincides with a metaphilosophical misunderstanding. It is worth noting that this does not imply a criticism of nihilism. On the contrary, following Hegel and Adorno it can reasonably be assumed that philosophy is the most "nihilist" among sciences and human activities, and that nihilism, besides being an important challenge to reason, is also a relevant methodological device for philosophical arguing and reasoning. What is Nihilism? Two Requisites A good definition of nihilism can be found in Turgenev's novel Fathers and Sons (1854): "nihilism" is the adhesion to a certain set of reasons that drive people to state the non-existence of any reason at all. By "reasons" is meant givens or elements supporting principles, or values, or criteria, the use of which authorizes a person to state whether a certain thing exists or not, a certain behavior is right or wrong, a sentence is true or false, and so on. From this definition we can draw two interesting consequences. First, that nihilism is not a single thesis, but a cluster of theses, or rather conceptions, concerning the irrelevance of knowledge, good actions, life, and so on. Thus there is an epistemological nihilism, which asserts the non-existence of truth, an ontological nihilism, asserting the non-existence of (objective) reality, an axiological or ethical nihilism, asserting the non-existence or irrelevance of good and other values, a theological nihilism, asserting the non-existence of God, and finally a logical nihilism, asserting the non-existence of rules of argumentation and reasoning. …


Privacy law in the United States is a complicated patchwork of state and federal caselaw and statutes. Harvard Law School's Cyberlaw Clinic, based at the Berkman Center for Internet & Society, prepared this briefing document in advance of the Student Privacy Initiative's April 2013 workshop, "Student Privacy in the Cloud Computing Ecosystem," to provide a high-level overview of two of the major federal legal regimes that govern privacy of children's and students' data in the United States: the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) and the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). This guide aims to offer schools, parents, and students alike a sense of some of the laws that may apply as schools begin to use cloud computing tools to help educate students. Both of the relevant statutes – and particularly FERPA – are complex and are the subjects of large bodies of caselaw and extensive third-party commentary, research, and scholarship. This document is not intended to provide a comprehensive summary of these statutes, nor privacy law in general, and it is not a substitute for specific legal advice. Rather, this guide highlights key provisions in these statutes and maps the legal and regulatory landscape.


The question to what extent workplace conditions experienced by individuals predict health-related outcomes is a central topic in the general population and in the scientific community. Empirical studies have shown that adverse workplace conditions can negatively impact health, for example, in the form of an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases1 or depression.2 In this context, the systematic review by Then et al 3 summarises the evidence on long-term effects of psychosocial workplace conditions on dementia, a highly prevalent and terminal disease in old age. The authors identified 14 studies, and the outcomes considered were cognitive deterioration (ie, not dementia) and dementia. The authors found evidence for protective effects of high job control and high work complexity (with respect to people and data) on the risk of cognitive decline and dementia, and their results indicate a protective effect of cognitively demanding work conditions with respect to cognitive deterioration …


In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of the iterative phase retrieval approach (IPRA) for determining the phase profile of the output microwave beam of a gyrotron from known intensity patterns emphasizing the field propagation techniques which are used to propagate the RF field of the microwave beam between known intensity planes. The propagation method, based on first Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral (RSDI), is solved using fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique and zero padding. It is observed that the use of FFT and, therefore, the discretization of the RSDI propagation kernel introduce aberrations in the propagated field due to the superposition of the original field with its replicated versions. This problem is solved by approximations leading to the Huygens-Fresnel propagation method which further imposes the restrictions on the distances of propagation depending on the size of the transverse plane used to discretize the intensity pattern. This constraint of the distance of propagation causes problem in the iterative phase retrieval approach (IPRA) when more than two intensity planes are used. A method based on interpolation is proposed to overcome this restriction. IPRA is then further discussed to optimize several parameters, such as plane separation, plane dimension, mesh size, and measurement accuracies, which become more of an issue during the measurements of infrared intensity thermograms of the output microwave beam.


Climate change is one of the greatest threats facing humanity, a definitive manifestation of the well-worn links between progress and devastation. This book explores the complex relationship that the corporate world has with climate change and examines the central role of corporations in shaping political and social responses to the climate crisis. The principal message of the book is that despite the need for dramatic economic and political change, corporate capitalism continues to rely on the maintenance of 'business as usual'. The authors explore the different processes through which corporations engage with climate change. Key discussion points include climate change as business risk, corporate climate politics, the role of justification and compromise, and managerial identity and emotional reactions to climate change. Written for researchers and graduate students, this book moves beyond descriptive and normative approaches to provide a sociologically and critically informed theory of corporate responses to climate change.


In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions ( Slobin 2005 ; Cappelle 2012 ), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point – the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.


ABSTRACT Although the need for a better understanding and deconstruction of the barriers that underpin and impede the realisation of inclusive education in many developing countries is acknowledged, few studies focus specifically on exploring how stigma affects the choices that parents in developing countries make on behalf of their children. This paper contributes to the understanding of the stigma experience of mothers of children with special educational needs (SEN) in a Nigerian context. The aim of the study was to explore how parents' interpretation of stigma directed towards their children with SEN affects the educational decision they make on behalf of these children. The study consisted of eight interviews with mothers of children with SEN in Lagos, Nigeria. Specifically, stigmatisation of children with SEN was found to be underpinned by a 'non-materialistic' culture and worldviews that construct disability as 'non-normal'. Findings also uncover a range of coping mechanisms adopted by mothers to deal with courtesy stigma and stigma stress. Theoretical and practical contributions to the literature on stigma and inclusive education are subsequently discussed. Theoretically, we introduce and discuss the import of 'stigma transference' (the different modes that stigma can be transferred from one individual to the other) and practically, we discuss implications of findings for anti-stigma intervention.