This is the first book to examine heritage tourism across the Southeast Asian region and from different disciplinary perspectives. With material that is new and topical, it makes an important contribution to the fields of tourism studies, cultural studies, development and planning studies, and beyond.Set against a backdrop of the demands, motivations and impacts of heritage tourism, the volume focuses on disputes and conflicts over what heritage is, what it means, and how it has been presented, re-presented, developed and protected. It examines the different actors involved in encounters and contestation, drawing in issues of identity construction and negotiation, and requiring the contextualization of heritage in national and global processes of identity formation and transformation. Among the questions touched upon are the ownership of heritage, its appropriate use, access to it versus conservation needs, heritage as a commodity, as entertainment and as an educational medium, and the interpretation and representation of heritage forms.The volume is more than a tourism study and of interest beyond the immediate field of tourism studies, however. It also provides ample data about the various governmental institutions and international agencies, and about how their decisions are made. Moreover, with conclusions based on credible methodologies and data, this is a key resource for both academic researchers and governmental agencies.


Semaphorin binding stimulates the ability of plexin receptors to inhibit the GTPase Rap1, thereby enabling neurite retraction. Plexins are transmembrane receptors for semaphorins that serve as guidance cues for neurite outgrowth. The intracellular region of plexins contains a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)–activating protein (GAP) domain for Ras. New evidence shows that the GAP activity is specific for Rap proteins, small GTPases involved in the regulation of processes that are potentially important for axon guidance, including cell adhesion and migration. Semaphorin-induced dimerization stimulates plexin GAP activity, thereby locally inhibiting Rap1 and enabling neurite retraction. This important finding connects semaphorin signaling to Rap-mediated signaling and is another intriguing example of how small GTPases are used for spatial and temporal control of cell behavior.


Reductive dechlorination is a significant natural attenuation process in chloroethenecontaminated aquifers where organic carbon combined with reducing redox conditions support active dechlorinating microorganisms. At sites where natural organic carbon (NOC) associated with the aquifer matrix provides fermentable organics, the ability to measure the NOC is needed to assess the potential for the long-term sustainability of reductive dechlorination. This study focused on developing a method to measure the potentially bioavailable organic carbon (PBOC) associated with aquifer sediment. To measure NOC and evaluate its biodegradability, liquid extraction techniques on aquifer sediment were investigated. Single extractions with different extracting solutions showed that extractable organic carbon associated with the sediment ranged from 1-38% of the total organic carbon content (TOCs). Bioassay experiments demonstrated that 3060% of the extractable organic carbon can be utilized by a microbial consortium. Alternating between 0.1% pyrophosphate and base solutions over multiple extractions increased the rate of removal efficiency and targeted two organic carbon pools. The result of the investigation was a laboratory method to quantify organic carbon from the aquifer matrix in terms of the PBOC. In the second part, the extractable PBOC was shown to biodegrade under anaerobic conditions, to produce H2 at levels necessary to maintain reductive dechlorination, and to support reductive dechlorination in enrichment cultures. For the third part of the research, the difference in extractable organic carbon inside and outside of a chloroethene-contaminated plume was examined through the combination of PBOC laboratory data and field parameters. Supported by ground-water constituent data, the PBOC extraction and bioassay studies showed that less extractable organic carbon was present inside than outside of the chloroethene plume. The final part of the research investigated the distribution of PBOC extractions across six contaminated sites. PBOC extractions were directly correlated to the TOCs, soft carbon content, and level of reductive dechlorination activity at the sites. Based on these correlations, a range


Despite the fact that many smallholder farming systems in developing countries revolve around the interactions of crop and livestock enterprises, the modelling of these systems using combinations of detailed crop and livestock models is comparatively under-developed. A wide variety of separate crop and livestock models exists, but the nature of crop–livestock interactions, and their importance in smallholder farming systems, makes their integration difficult. Even where there is adequate understanding of the biophysical processes involved, integrated crop–livestock models may be constrained by lack of reliable data for calibration and validation. The construction from scratch of simulation models that meet the needs of one particular case is generally too costly to countenance. As for all modelling activity, the most efficient way to proceed depends on the nature of the systems under study and the precise questions that have to be addressed. We outline a framework for the integration of detailed biophysical crop and livestock simulation models. We highlight the need for minimum calibration and validation data sets, and conclude by listing various research problems that need attention. The application of robust and trustworthy crop–livestock models is critical for furthering the research agenda associated with animal agriculture in the tropics and subtropics. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


This report reviews and investigates current threshold levels with the aim of establishing levels for maintenance investigation. These cannot be viewed in isolation from other procedures that each Highway Authority will have in place. Therefore, the report also examines the overall maintenance system. The objectives of footway maintenance are to provide a safe environment, to prevent deterioration, and to provide a satisfactory surface quality to encourage walking. There are benefits in planned and timely preventative maintenance. However with funds for maintenance limited, many Highway Authorities are not able to carry out inspections for maintenance on a systematic basis, let alone undertake maintenance improvement schemes. A staged process of inspection is proposed which provides the basis for prioritising funds and identifying the need for increased funding. The process consists firstly of the selection of schemes based on information to hand, supplemented where necessary by a coarse type of inspection, secondly the further selection based on a detailed inspection, and thirdly the prioritisation and selection of treatment type. Three different threshold levels are proposed: safety, maintenance and serviceability; provisional thresholds are proposed based on a study of current standards and other available literature. (A)


The present study clarified the taxonomy, phylogeny and historical demography of semicommensal Nile rats (Arvicanthis) from the Nile Valley in Sudan. Nile rats are important crop pests and zoonotic disease reservoirs and are closely associated with agricultural settlements in the Nile Valley. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete cytochrome b gene (1140 bp) of 23 individuals from six localities in Sudan (from two previously recognized species, Arvicanthis niloticus and Arvicanthis testicularis), supported the existence of only a single species, A. niloticus, from the Nile Valley. Historical demography of the Sudanese Nile Valley population inferred from mismatch coefficients indicated that an exponential population expansion event occurred approximately 144 000-288 000 years ago, corresponding in time with early human expansion and colonization from Africa to the Middle East, Europe, and the world. The inferred high level of gene flow and large size of Sudanese Nile populations of A. niloticus is consistent with historically recent (300 years ago) exponential human population growth and intense agricultural activity inferred from archaeological and historical evidence. Two African Arvicanthis clades were well supported by the broader phylogenetic analysis: (1) A. niloticus, Arvicanthis abyssinicus and Arvicanthis neumanni and (2) Arvicanthis rufinus and Arvicanthis ansorgei from western Africa. Within the first clade, divergence between lineages of A. niloticus s.s. from west and north-east Africa (8.9%) suggests specific recognition, but sampling of geographically intermediate localities is required. Based on hypothesized palaeodrainage and palaeoclimatic patterns, we propose a simple model for speciation of Arvicanthis in Africa.


ABSTRACT Mathematically gifted and talented students have unique cognitive and emotional needs. Thus, their schooling should consider their social and emotional development. This study investigated student affect in a science high school in Korea to determine how the specialized school's curriculum and instruction influence student affect. Data were collected through interviews and a survey. Our findings show that gifted and talented students generally demonstrate a positive affect toward mathematics, but high anxiety and low self-concept play a key role in shaping students' negative attitudes toward mathematics. In this paper, we argue that two different goals – gifted education and college preparation – could cause such negative student affect. The dual educational goal manifests itself in fast-paced instruction and memorized problem solving, which can ultimately cause students to lose confidence and interest in mathematics.


The performance of audio source separation from underdetermined convolutive mixture assuming known mixing filters can be significantly improved by using an analysis sparse prior optimized by a reweighting ℓ1 scheme and a wideband data-fidelity term, as demonstrated by a recent article. In this letter, we show that the performance can be improved even more significantly by exploiting a low-rank prior on the source spectrograms. We present a new algorithm to estimate the sources based on i) an analysis sparse prior, ii) a reweighting scheme so as to increase the sparsity, iii) a wideband data-fidelity term in a constrained form, and iv) a low-rank constraint on the source spectrograms. Evaluation on reverberant music mixtures shows that the resulting algorithm improves state-of-the-art methods by more than 2 dB of signal-to-distortion ratio.


Lobed mixers are used in gas turbine engines to enhance mixing between hot and cold streams and to reduce noise. Computational modelling of such systems has previously been carried out on structured meshes, although mesh generation difficulties have encouraged the use of unstructured tetrahedral meshes. However, the ability of numerical schemes to predict the mixing behaviour correctly on tetrahedral meshes has not been studied and is the subject of this work. Three different mesh types for the mixing region resolution have been studied: purely hexahedral, purely tetrahedral, and a mixed mesh combining hexahedra, tetrahedra and pyramids. Results are presented for the evolution of both a planar and a convoluted turbulent shear layer. In regions of high shear, misalignment of control volume faces has a major influence on spurious numerical spreading of the shear layer. For the tetrahedral mesh, there is an initial rapid mixing, followed by a reduction in mixing rate. The smoothing terms present are triggered by the combination of a high gradient across a control volume face and a velocity normal to that face; this occurs on the diagonal edges of tetrahedral meshes. The magnitude of the spurious smoothing is diminished by increasing the aspect ratio of the cells. For lobed mixer predictions, a mixed mesh with aligned high aspect ratio hexahedral elements in the shear layer region and pyramids and tetrahedra linking to the outer domain provides a good compromise between ease of mesh generation and quality of solution.

The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), Grant No. GR/L17863. Financial assistance and technical review monitoring was also provided by Rolls-Royce and DERA; the authors would like to thank in particular Dr Leigh Lapworth (RR), Dr Jens-Dominik Muller (Oxford University) and Prof Mike Giles (Oxford University).


The ability to physically change properties of real objects used in augmented reality (AR) applications is limited. Geometrical properties (shape, size) and appearance (color, texture) of a real object remain unchanged during a single application run. However, an AR system can be used to provide a virtual texture for the real object. The texture can be changed dynamically based on user interactions. The developed AR system includes two components, the "3D Table" and the "Texture Painter." The 3D Table is a table where real objects are placed. The tabletop is used as a projection surface, making it possible to add a context to the real object. The Texture Painter makes it possible to paint on the real object, using a real brush and virtual ink (texture). ARToolkit markers are placed on the 3D Table tabletop to augment the environment with the virtual objects. Markers are either physical (printouts on the tabletop) or virtual (projections). The scene is recorded with a camera and the composed video is projected in real time. The projection shows a virtual environment, real objects painted with virtual ink, and virtual objects positioned where real or virtual ARToolkit markers are placed. The developed system is used in architectural design applications where, due to the different qualities of real architectural models and rendered architectural models, real models are still used. The system was tested at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna where it is used as a support tool for architecture students.


This thesis attempts to analyse the life of Bronowski through his work and his discussions of his personal values, so the reader will gain an understanding of the creative imagination in science and art, as basic to human specificity.

Jacob Bronowski was born in Lodz, Poland, in 1908, the eldest of three sons of Abram Bronowski and Celia Flatto. During WWI, Russia invaded Poland, the family moved to Germany, and in 1920, Abram who had a linen export business with England moved the family to England. Jacob, who spoke no English, went to the Central Foundation School in London, and on to Cambridge University, where he was a student of Jesus College, graduating with a PhD in Mathematics in 1933.

Being in England gave Bronowski a light experience after the dark of Poland. England's civilized minds excited him and he was fascinated with the English language, which he described as boney, meaning the language, and the words, could be understood by topological (geometrical) structure. While at Cambridge, in companionship with another mathematician, William Empson, they edited a literary journal Experiment. This gives a lead to the creative mind which characterises the human species, a feature which Bronowski develops during the course of this thesis.

During a daylight air raid on London in 1941, Bronowski married Rita Colin (Coblitz) sculptor, and they subsequently had four daughters, Lisa, Judith, Beth and Clare. In English schools, it was usual practice for boys to refer to each other by their surnames, and Bronowski, as a school boy and throughout the remainder of his life was known as Bruno, the Polish diminutive of Bronowski.

When he was at Cambridge, Rita realised, that as a Jew, her husband was not going to be accepted as a Fellow of Jesus College, so he left Cambridge and over the years1945-1964 , when he worked for the Government in England, he developed a reputation as a lecturer, broadcaster, public educator, literary critic, mathematician and extensive writer.

In the thesis, Bronowski's works are analysed including: Science and Human Values, The Poet's Defence, William Blake and the Age of Revolution, The Origins of Knowledge and Imagination, and the BBC TV production, The Ascent of Man, a Knowledge and Imagination, and the BBe TV production, The Ascent of Man, a thirteen part series about the development of animal and human life, from the grunion, a fish on the beaches of La Jolla, San Diego up through modem day studies in quantum physics and DNA structures.

There is a seventh chapter which analyses, The Visionary Eye, a series of essays and lectures put together by his wife Rita in 1978 to show the bright ribbon of imagination in her late husband.

I created the thesis title Jacob Bronowski, the Compassionate Scientist to reflect how his values, and activities and ethics reach out to me and touch me. Bronowski's belief that being a Jew meant to me having a profound sense of intellectual values. It meant being tolerant of the thoughts of other minds, not out of indifference, but of respect, above all out of self respect ..... ethical values of Judaism state we are all responsible for each other. (Bronowski, 1968: On Being a Jew).

These values led Bronowski out of the shock of seeing the destruction of Nagasaki from the atomic bomb, through his thoughts on the Spanish civil war, and the propaganda of Nazism, out of the ashes of Auschwitz (part 11 of The Ascent of Man) to become involved in human biology, meeting with Jonas Salk and joining the Salk Institute in 1964.

Writing the thesis has given meaning to my life, about optimism, courage and ethical values, and I do trust it will convey those values to the readers.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-dose inhomogeneous irradiation to small volumes of spinal cord with a new generalized biological effective dose (gBED) analysis for spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). The gBED was applied to spinal cord dosimetric data (contoured per the thecal sac) at specified volumes for a cohort of five patients with radiation-induced myelopathy (RM) and compared to nineteen patients without RM post-SBRT. The spinal cord gBED was calculated and normalized to a conventional 2-Gy equivalent dose fraction scheme (α/β = 2 Gy for late toxicity). Differences between the conventional BED and those gBED calculations by accounting for small-volume dosing within the spinal cord was observed. Statistically significant differences in the mean gBED between the RM group and the non-RM group was observed both at the maximum point volume (gBED of 66 Gy vs. 37 Gy(p = 0.01), respectively) and at the 0.1 cm3 volume (gBED of 53 Gy vs. 28 Gy (p = 0.01), respectively). No significant difference at the 0.1 cm3 volume was observed based on the mean BED comparisons. No significant differences were observed at the larger 1 cm3, 2 cm3 or 5 cm3 volumes for either BED or gBED comparisons. We conclude that differences in dose hot spots characteristics within small inhomogenously irradiated volumes of spinal cord can affect spinal cord tolerance following SBRT treatments.


In January 2002 HR Wallingford published the results of work undertaken on behalf of P&O Ports Limited and the Port of London Authority to investigate the effects of dispersion of fine material arising from dredging and reclamation activities associated with the proposed London Gateway Port (Reference 1). Further plume modelling results, produced for P&O Ports Limited, were published in March 2003 (References 2 and 3). As an aid to understanding the sensitivity of the plume model used for these studies a series of sensitivity tests were undertaken. These sensitivity analysis tests have not been previously published and a selection of test results are presented in this report to provide additional confidence in the results published in References 1, 2 and 3.


In this paper, we estimate a differentiated products demand model to ask three questions regarding the introduction of e-commerce. First, we ask whether the online distribution channel has increased total sales, or only diverted sales from traditional channels. We find that there is some market expansion effect but also a considerable sales diversion. Second, we ask who benefited most from online sales: consumers or firms. We find that consumers benefited more, which is entirely due to the appearance of an additional distribution channel and not due to increased competition. Third, we ask how the online channel has affected European market integration. We find that international price differences for identical products are larger in the traditional channel than online. However, there is still substantial market segmentation in the online channel between the EU countries. The introduction of e-commerce therefore did not influence price levels and price dispersion in the traditional channel.


We review new and published analyses of river waters, bedloads and their constituent minerals from the Dhauli Ganga and Alaknanda, headwaters of the Ganges in Garhwal, and the Marsyandi in Nepal and their tributaries. These data are used to discriminate between the inputs of major cations and Sr from silicate and carbonate sources. Methods of estimating the proportion of the carbonate and silicate inputs to river waters using mixing arrays in Sr-Ca-Mg-Na-K-87Sr/86Sr space are shown to suffer from systematic correlations between the magnitude of the precipitation of secondary calcite and the fraction of the silicate component. This results in factor-of-two overestimates of the fractions of silicate-derived Ca, Mg and Sr. To correct for this the magnitude of secondary calcite precipitated and relative fractions of silicate and carbonate-derived cations are instead calculated by modeling the displacement of water compositions from the compositions of the carbonate and silicate components of the bedload in subsets of Sr-Ca-Mg-Na-K-87Sr/86Sr space. The compositions of the carbonate and silicate end-members in the bedload are determined by sequential leaching. The results of this modeling are compared with modeling of the modal mineral inputs to waters where mineral compositions are derived from electron-microprobe analyses of the minerals in the bedload. In the upper Marsyandi catchment, which drains low-grade Tethyan Sedimentary Series formations, a set of mainstem samples collected over a two-year period define tight correlations in Sr-Ca-Mg-Na-K-87Sr/86Sr space. Modeling of the magnitude of secondary carbonate precipitation and fractions of silicate-derived Ca, Mg and Sr in Sr-Ca-Mg-87Sr/86Sr space gives self-consistent results that are compatible with both the calculations of mineral modes and published Mg-isotopic compositions, if the ratio of chlorite to biotite weathering is high or if there is another silicate source of Mg. These calculations imply that between 12 and 31 percent of the Sr and 44 and 72 percent of the Mg is derived from silicate minerals where the range reflects the seasonal change in the ratio of silicate-derived to carbonate-derived cations. Modeling in Sr-Ca-Na and/or K space is inconsistent with the Sr-isotopic and Mg-isotopic constraints and we conclude that in this catchment dissolution of Na and K are incongruent relative to Sr-Ca-Mg. Potassium is preferentially retained in micas whereas the controls on Na are unclear. Modeling of the catchments underlain by High Himalayan Crystalline and Lesser Himalayan Series in Garhwal is complicated by the presence of dolomite as well as calcite in the carbonate and the results imply that dolomite dissolves faster in the acetic acid leaches than in nature. Up to 60 percent of the Sr in the catchment on High Himalayan Crystalline Series and 20 to 30 percent of Sr in the catchments on Lesser Himalayan Series are estimated to be derived from silicates. However it should be noted that the element budgets are not all self-consistent and the use of bedrock-element ratios to model the sources of chemical inputs to river waters remains subject to uncertainties.


The economic dimension is one of the central perspectives in both sustainable development and education for sustainable development. The role of the economy in sustainable development has been discussed extensively over the years and different views exist about how economic activities affect other sustainability dimensions. How young people view the relationships among economic perspectives and sustainable development seems to be an underemphasized perspective in sustainability education and underexplored in the field of sustainability education research. This study uses cluster analysis, which is an explorative approach, to identify and analyze young peoples' views of the relationships between economic growth, economic development and sustainable development. Six hundred and thirty eight students (age 18–19) from 15 schools across Sweden responded to a questionnaire probing (1) views on these relationships, and (2) their environmental consciousness. Four clusters of students differing in their views on the economy in sustainable development were identified in the analysis: un-differentiating positive, nuanced ambivalent, two-way convinced, and critical. Further analysis indicated that some groups differed in their perception of the environmental dimension of sustainable development. Implications of these findings are discussed from the perspective of education for sustainable development.


The detection of pathogens is critical for clinical diagnosis and public health surveillance. Detection is usually done with nucleic acid-based tests (NATs) and rapid antigen tests (e.g., lateral �ow assays [LFAs]). Although NATs are more sensitive and speci�c, their use is often limited in resource-poor settings due to specialized requirements. To address this limitation, we developed a rapid DNA-RNA Hybrid Capture immunoassay (HC) that speci�cally detects RNA from pathogens. This assay utilizes a unique monoclonal antibody, S9.6, which binds DNA-RNA hybrids. Biotinylated single-stranded DNA probes are hybridized to target RNAs, followed by hybrid capture on streptavidin and detection with S9.6. The HC-ELISA assay can detect as few as 10 4 RNA molecules that are 2.2 kb in length. We also adapted this assay into a LFA format, where captured Bacillus anthracis rpoB RNA of 3.5 kb length was detectable from a bacterial load equivalent to 10 7 CFU per 100 mg of mouse tissue using either HC-ELISA or HC-LFA. Importantly, we also demonstrated the versatility of HC by detecting other pathogens, including SARS-CoV2 and Toxoplasma gondii, showing its potential for broad pathogen detection. Notably, HC does not require ampli�cation of the target nucleic acid and utilizes economical formats like ELISA and LFA, making it suitable for use in sentinel labs for pathogen detection or as a molecular tool in basic research laboratories. Our study highlights the potential of HC as a sensitive and versatile method for RNA-based pathogen detection.


This session at the Australian Software Engineering Conference is concerned with ICT education from the holistic perspective of preparation in high schools, the university experience, transition to the workforce, and the contribution by industry, government, and professional bodies. The project to ascertain the issues and challenges facing the national ICT education sector is supported by the Carrick institute as a discipline-based initiative. Consultations to date with various stakeholders have revealed numerous concerns that include: the dispersed nature of the ICT sector; erroneous perceptions of ICT disciplines; decline in enrolments; gender imbalance; lack of industry involvement; and balancing knowledge with generic skills acquisition. This forum will involve the project team and invited participants to report on findings from consultations and research. Attendees will be invited to respond and to contribute their issues and challenges that are of particular concern to the software engineering community. The seven disciplines that comprise ICT are electrical engineering, computer engineering, telecommunications engineering, software engineering, computer science, information technology, and information systems.


This article presents findings from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with young offenders and Victim Liaison Officers, and observations of youth offender panels. It focuses upon the attitudes of young offenders towards victims and their reactions to the prospect of meeting the victim of their offending face-to-face as part of their referral order. Significant tensions between the aspirations of restorative justice and the reality of present practice in the English system are examined. The article proposes change in relation to justice disposals for incipient young offenders, particularly in relation to the ubiquitous use of restorative justice approaches for this group.


Grain is China's most significant agricultural product, its output being the most watched indicator by government officials, traders and researchers both inside and outside China. This paper looks into China's grain production trends in the recent decade and how the grains industry has responded to the WTO accession. It examines changes in total grain output, grain crop composition, regional distribution of grain production, and also changes in production technologies and costs. The paper concludes by addressing a number of emerging issues that are likely to affect future grain production in China.


Preface. 1. Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction ( V. Mittal ). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Properties. 1.3 Synthesis. References. 2. Overview of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites ( V. Mittal ). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Methods of Nanotube Nanocomposites Synthesis. 2.3 Properties of Polymer Nanotube Nanocomposites. 3. New Microscopy Techniques for a Better Understanding of the Polymer/Nanotube Composite Properties ( K. Masenelli-Varlot, A. Bogner, C. Gauthier, L. Chazeau and J.Y. Cavaille ). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Near Field Microscopy. 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy. 3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy. 3.5 Conclusions. 4. Polymer Nanocomposites with Clay and Carbon Nanotubes ( Qiang Fu, Changyu Tang, Hua Oeng and Qin Zhang ). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Electrical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs. 4.3 Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs. 4.4 Thermal and Flame Properties of Polymer Composites with Clay and CNTs. 4.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook. 5. Polyethylene Nanotube Nanocomposites ( S. Kanagaraj ). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Surface Modification of Carbon Nanotubes. 5.3 Dispersion of Nanotubes in Polyethylene Matrix. 5.4 Method of Preparation of CNT-PE Composites. 5.5 Interfacial Bonding and Load Transfer. 5.6 Material Characterization. 5.7 Conclusions. 6. Properties of Polyurethane/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ( Tianxi Liu and Shuzhong Guo ). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Preparation of CNT-Based Polyurethane Nanocomposites. 6.3 Functionalization, Dispersion Morphology and Micro-/Nano-structures. 6.4 Physical Properties. 6.5 Applications. 6.6 Conclusions. 7. Properties of PMMA/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposites ( R.B. Mathur, Shailaja Pande and B.P. Singh ). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Fabrication/Processing of CNT-PMM A Composites. 7.3 Mechanical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites. 7.4 Electrical Properties of CNT-PMMA Composites. 7.5 Thermal Properties. 7.6 Conclusion. 8. Synthesis of Vinyl Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Prepared by Suspension Polymerization and Their Properties ( P. Slobodian ). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Free Radical Polymerization. 8.3 Suspension and Bulk Polymerization Techniques. 8.4 In-situ Radical Polymerization in Presence of CNT. 8.5 Polymer/CNT Composite Microspheres. 8.6 Electrorheology of Polymer/CNT Nanocomposites Prepared by in-situ Suspension Polymerization. 9. Polylactide-Based Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ( Srikanth Pilla, Shaoqin Gong and Lih-Sheng Turng ). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Synthesis of PLA. 9.3 Carbon Nanotubes. 9.4 Preparation of PLA-CNT Nanocomposites. 9.5 Viscoelastic Properties. 9.6 Thermal Properties. 9.7 Mechanical Properties. 9.8 Thermal Degradation Properties. 9.9 Electrical Conductivity Properties. 9.10 Biodegradability. 9.11 Applications. 9.12 Conclusions. 10. Synthesis and Properties of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ( A.M. Diez-Pascual, J.M. Gonzalez-Dominguez, Y. Marttnez-Rubi, M. Naffakh, A. Anson, M.T. Martinez, B. Simara ana M.A. Gomez ). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Poly(ether ether ketone)s: Structure, Synthesis and Properties. 10.3 Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of the SWCNTs. 10.4 Integration of the Carbon Nanotubes in the PEEK Matrix. 10.5 Characterization of PEEK/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites. 10.6 Concluding Remarks. 11. Synthesis and Properties of PVA/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites (C. Mercader, P. Poulin and C. Zakri ). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Synthesis Methods and Structural Properties of Nanotubes / PVA Composites. 11.3 Mechanical Properties of the Composites. 11.4 Electrical Properties. 11.5 Other Original Properties of PVA/Nanotube Composites. 11.6 Conclusion. 12. Elastomers Filled with Carbon Nanotubes ( Liliane Bokobza ). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Composite Processing. 12.3 Electrical Properties. 12.4 Mechanical Properties. 12.5 Spectroscopic Characterization. 12.6 Thermal Stability. 12.7 Conclusions. 13. Specific Interactions Induced Controlled Dispersion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes in Co-Continuous Polymer Blends ( Suryasarathi Bose, Arup R. Bhattacharyya, Rupesh A. Khare and Ajit R. Kulkarni ). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Experimental. 13.3 Results and Discussion. 13.4 Summary. 14. Effect of Structure and Morphology on the Tensile Properties of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites ( Jtngjing Qiu and Shiren Wang ). 14.1 Background. 14.2 Structure and Morphology Characterization. 14.3 Concluding Remarks. 15. Polymer Nanotube Composites: Promises and Current Challenges ( Atnal M.K. Esawi and Mahmoud M. Farag ). 15.1 Carbon Nanotubes. 15.2 Case Studies. 15.3 Conclusions. References. Index.


Dark matter direct detection experiments need to know the local phase space density of dark matter fdm(r,v,t) in order to derive dark matter particle properties. To date, calculations for fdm(r,v,t) have been based on simulations that model the dark matter alone. Here we include the influence of the baryonic matter. We find that a star/gas disc at high redshift (z∼1) causes merging satellites to be preferentially dragged towards the disc plane. This results in an accreted dark matter disc that contributes ∼0.25–1 times the non‐rotating halo density at the Solar position. We discuss the impact of the dark disc on dark matter direct detection experiments, and how we might be able to detect it in future Galactic surveys.Dark matter direct detection experiments need to know the local phase space density of dark matter fdm(r,v,t) in order to derive dark matter particle properties. To date, calculations for fdm(r,v,t) have been based on simulations that model the dark matter alone. Here we include the influence of the baryonic matter. We find that a star/gas disc at high redshift (z∼1) causes merging satellites to be preferentially dragged towards the disc plane. This results in an accreted dark matter disc that contributes ∼0.25–1 times the non‐rotating halo density at the Solar position. We discuss the impact of the dark disc on dark matter direct detection experiments, and how we might be able to detect it in future Galactic surveys.


Abstract Finite-element analysis of circular septum models indicates that (1) anticlastic fluting weakened the last septa of the same radius of curvature by a factor of about 2.5 relative to the tensile stresses in a sphere of nacre, (2) septa with ammonitic sutures were stronger than those with goniatitic sutures of the same thickness, and (3) septa with more "complex" ammonitic sutures were stronger at the edge between lobes and saddles than "simple" ones. These results contradict recent claims that ammonoid septa became weaker as sutural complexity increased from goniatitic through ammonitic, so that the most complex sutures were limited to the shallowest habitats. The smaller marginal flutes of complex septa were relatively strong, allowing them to be thinner than the central septum and still act as elastic wall supports. Many Mesozoic ammonoids with highly sinuous sutures occurred in deep epeiric and open-ocean habitats, whereas it is those with secondarily reduced, ceratitic sutures that were typically associated with restricted shallow basins.


An internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) sequence between the 5.8S and 28S rRNA genes was used to estimate the phyletic relationships among Ixodes spp. tick vectors of Lyme disease-causing Borrelia spirochetes. Analysis indicates that Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species associated with Lyme disease are found mainly in ticks of the Ixodes ricinus species complex. Other closely related tick species are not known to transmit the Borrelia-that cause Lyme disease in humans, but they appear to have a specific association with other closely related Borrelia species. There is a high degree of concordance in the phylogenetics of Borrelia taxa and the phylogenetic relationships among Ixodes ticks.


In this paper we empirically investigate the time- and state-dependent behavior of aggregate price setting. We implement a testing procedure by means of a nonparametric representation of the structural form New Keynesian Phillips curve. By means of the so-called functional coefficient regression we allow for potential dependence of the Calvo (1983) parameter on inflation and inflation uncertainty. Thus, we can test for state-dependence of the Calvo parameter in a straightforward way. To address residual heteroscedasticity in the inference process regarding functional dependence, we make use of the factor-based bootstrap. We confirm that the Calvo scheme is a rather restrictive model of aggregate price setting. Moreover, it is documented that a number of shortcomings of empirical NKPC model representations in explaining inflation data may be addressed by means of a state-dependent pricing rule. In particular, problems of insignificant or even implausibly negative estimates of the relation between inflation and marginal costs are considerably reduced in the framework of our more general NKPC specification.


Critics have described psychology as a science impaired by disunity. The most recent special issue of Review of General Psychology sought to specifically address this concern, seeking perspectives from a wide range of theorists, each of whom offered their tradition's approach to how psychology as a whole may be integrated into a more unified whole. To continue this discussion, this article draws upon examples from the special issue, the disunity crisis literature, and wider writings in the philosophy of science, to explore the theoretical and conceptual divisions that foster ambiguity, confusion, and apparent irreconcilable differences between the disparate fields of psychology. The authors conclude that the majority of contemporary, scientific psychology is oriented toward a shared physical ontology, which can serve as a common grounding point from which the conceptual and theoretical differences of disparate fields may be meaningfully framed and evaluated. To this end, this article proposes that the various research traditions of psychology can be understood through their positions along a continuum of practical assumptions, which embodies the inherent conflict between two scientific priorities: metaphysical certainty (the safe end of the continuum) and practical experimental predictions (the risky end of the continuum). Three theoretical perspectives offered in the unification special issue are examined under this framework: situational realism (a distinctly safe approach), developmental evolutionary psychology (an intermediate approach), and the Tree of Knowledge unified theory (a relatively risky approach). The authors explore how the recommendations of each approach can be seen as a function of its position on the continuum of practical assumptions, and the implications of this understanding for future integrative efforts is discussed.


Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disorder characterised by increased arrhythmic risk. The causes are still unclear, but potential pro-arrhythmic mechanisms may include increased temporal and spatial variability in action potential duration (APD) as well as repolarisation abnormalities, such as early after-depolarisations (EADs) and APD alternans.We performed investigations of these pro-arrhythmic mechanisms and their modulation by late sodium current (INa!) inhibition, in two populations of healthy (CTRL) and HCM human endocardial action potential (AP) models, calibrated against human experimental recordings of AP and Ca2+ transient (CaT) in single cells. The simulated HCM phenotype was in agreement with the experimental observations, showing prolonged AP and CaT, together with an increase in their variability. In addition, simulation results show that HCM promotes EADs and APD alternans at rapid pacing rates. Their occurrence is counteracted by INaL inhibition, suggesting this as a good therapeutic target in HCM.


This research project utilized a mixed method design to examine the myths and realities which confront male elementary teachers in Oregon public schools. Five research questions were posed which investigated the motivations, career ambitions, hiring experiences, potential issues, working environment, and the benefits of male elementary teachers. The quantitative process utilized a survey of male and female elementary teachers in the Oregon public schools. Potential participants were chosen through a stratified random sample determined by the gender of the teacher. The response rate for both male and female respondents was 51%, which yielded samples of 159 male teachers and 92 female teachers. The qualitative process involved structured interviews with 12 male teachers to provide additional insights into the experiences of male elementary teachers. The key findings of the research can be summ arized in these statements. Male teachers entered the elementary classroom because of their love for their students and the connections they are able to make with the students. Previous experiences with elementary-aged children were major influences in their desire to enter the elementary classroom. Most male and female elementary teachers chose to remain in the classroom and not become administrators. Several realities faced by the male elementary teachers were identified in this research: (a) male elementary teachers do not have an easier time being hired for classroom and administrative positions than female elementary teachers, (b) the threat of false accusations of child abuse is real, (c) male elementary teachers must identify positive ways of establishing relationships and boundaries with their students, (d) male teachers will be in the minority in most elementary schools, (e) there is a perception of a double standard for sexual harassment issues in which their female colleagues can share stories, comments, or jokes which would be perceived as harassment if said by 11 a male teacher, and (f) male teachers are expected to be male role models for their students. School districts and teacher education institutions have the responsibility to prepare their male teachers and candidates for these realities. ill TABLE OF CONTENTS CfiAPTER ONE .............. ........................................................................................................


We previously introduced three different fiducial marker-based correction methods (2D projection shifting, 2D projection warping, and 3D image warping) for patients' involuntary motion in the lower body during weight-bearing Carm CT scanning. The 3D warping method performed better than 2D methods since it could more accurately take into account the lower body motion in 3D. However, as the 3D warping method applies different rotational and translational movement to the reconstructed image for each projection frame, distance-related weightings were slightly twisted and thus result in overlaying background noise over the entire image. In order to suppress background noise and artifacts (e.g. metallic marker-caused streaks), the 3D warping method has been improved by incorporating bilateral filtering and a Landwebertype iteration in one step. A series of projection images of five healthy volunteers standing at various flexion angles were acquired using a C-arm cone-beam CT system with a flat panel. A horizontal scanning trajectory of the C-arm was calibrated to generate projection matrices. Using the projection matrices, the static reference marker coordinates in 3D were estimated and used for the improved 3D warping method. The improved 3D warping method effectively reduced background noise down below the noise level of 2D methods and also eliminated metal-generated streaks. Thus, improved visibility of soft tissue structures (e.g. fat and muscle) was achieved while maintaining sharp edges at bone-tissue interfaces. Any high resolution weight-bearing cone-beam CT system can apply this method for motion compensation.


Our students are learning and growing in a rapidly changing world that is far more globally interconnected and culturally diverse than we had envisioned at the close of the 20th century. As we are now well into the 21st century, research and test scores consistently reveal that U.S. students are not prepared to take their place as the servant-leaders of their time where opportunities for active participation require the ability to compete, cooperate, and communicate cross-culturally. Research shows that language is acquired best when instruction is initiated in early childhood and sustained over an articulated number of years. Since the 1960's pedagogical methods for teaching foreign language to elementary students have been developed and refined. The Sequential FLES, FLEX, and total immersion approaches have especially proven to produce foreign language proficiency in younger students to varying degrees. It is imperative that educators have a forward focus based on a biblical perspective of their calling to prepare students for works of service within the global context in which they live. Therefore, it is important that students are allowed the opportunity to become proficient in at least one other world language in order to equip them to effectively and competently acquire the skills needed in order to engage our world today. Document Type Thesis Degree Name Master of Education (MEd) Department Graduate Education First Advisor Pat Kornelis


Providing feedback is an integral part of teaching. Most open online courses on programming make use of automated grading systems to support programming assignments and give real-time feedback. These systems usually rely on test results to quantify the programs' functional correctness. They return failing tests to the students as feedback. However, students may find it difficult to debug their programs if they receive no hints about where the bug is and how to fix it. In this work, we present NeuralBugLocator, a deep learning based technique, that can localize the bugs in a faulty program with respect to a failing test, without even running the program. At the heart of our technique is a novel tree convolutional neural network which is trained to predict whether a program passes or fails a given test. To localize the bugs, we analyze the trained network using a state-of-the-art neural prediction attribution technique and see which lines of the programs make it predict the test outcomes. Our experiments show that NeuralBugLocator is generally more accurate than two state-of-the-art program-spectrum based and one syntactic difference based bug-localization baselines.


One of the main obstacles that prevents practical applications of antiferromagnets is the dfficulty of manipulating the magnetic order parameter. Recently, following the theoretical prediction [J. Železný et al., PRL 113, 157201 (2014)], the electrical switching of magnetic moments in an antiferromagnet has been demonstrated [P. Wadley et al., Science 351, 587 (2016)]. The switching is due to the so-called spin-orbit torque, which has been extensively studied in ferromagnets. In this phenomena a non-equilibrium spin-polarization exchange coupled to the ordered local moments is induced by current, hence exerting a torque on the order parameter. Here we give a general systematic analysis of the symmetry of the spin-orbit torque in locally and globally non-centrosymmetric crystals. We study when the symmetry allows or a nonzero torque, when is the torque effective, and its dependence on the applied current direction and orientation of magnetic moments. For comparison, we consider both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic orders. In two representative model crystals we perform microscopic calculations of the spin-orbit torque to illustrate its symmetry properties and to highlight conditions under which the spin-orbit torque can be effcient for manipulating antiferromagnetic moments.


This article contributes to a symposium issue on the Philosophical Foundations of Intellectual Property. In a popular Saturday Night Live skit, a famous record producer helps a rock band record a rock anthem by demanding maniacally that the band put more cowbell on the recording. This article reviews Justifying Intellectual Property (2011), by Robert Merges, in a similar spirit.Justifying Intellectual Property challenges contemporary IP scholarly sensibilities by arguing that IP is better justified on moral, rights-based foundations than on economic or other utilitarian foundations. The book provides an excellent moral defense of property rights in copyright and patent. It provides an excellent account of at least one set of rights-based foundations for IP, i.e. Lockean theory. It also provides an extremely helpful framework for explaining how rights-based foundations get implemented into specific IP doctrines. However, as the record producer could have used a little more cowbell on the rock anthem, so Merges could have used a little more property theory in his account of how IP law implements rights-based foundations in practice. This article illustrates its praises and criticisms using the damages-versus-injunction remedy question considered by the U.S. Supreme Court in eBay v. MercExchange (2006).


Background The incidence of shoulder injury resulting from the tackle in rugby union football is high and the tackle is as well the main cause of injury. Little is known about the magnitude of tackle forces and influencing factors. Objective To measure the force applied to the shoulder in the tackle, the effect of shoulder padding, skill level, side of body, and player size. Design Repeated measures design. In counterbalanced order, participants tackled a 45 kg tackle bag five times in the four conditions: dominant versus non-dominant sides; with and without shoulder pads. Setting Community level rugby football. The selection criteria were: (1) age 18–25 years old, (2) played at least 3 years of rugby, and (3) played at least a season of rugby within the last 3 years. Participants 35 participants were recruited. Interventions IRB approved shoulder pads. Main outcome measurements Maximum impact force was measured with a custom built forceplate incorporated into a 45 kg tackle bag. Results The overall average shoulder force was 1660 N. The average impact force for tackling without shoulder pads was 1684 N compared to 1635 N for wearers. Shoulder pads reduced the peak impact forces by 3% (p>0.05). There was a 6% difference in the average impact force between the dominant (1708 N) and non-dominant sides (1611 N). Tackle repetition was found to be a statistically significant factor as the impact forces reduced from the first tackle (1743 N) to the fifth tackle (1571 N) (p<0.05). No relationship was observed between player skill level and size. Conclusion Shoulder pad performance needs to be improved. Although the shoulder force in the tackle is normally tolerated without injury, its magnitude is within the reported tolerance threshold range for sternoclavicular joint and glenohumeral joint. Fatigue may be an injury risk factor in the tackle.


Economic pressures are leading to the adoption of on-line learning, teaching and assessment. This paper considers the tutors' and students' experience of the Virtual Learning Environment, WebCT, in the context of its use with large courses, meeting in class at De Montfort University. Performance issues, staffing and student assessment are discussed. The authors give thirteen recommendations for those who are considering the use of WebCT.


Invariance is of paramount importance in programming languages and in physics. In programming languages, John Reynolds' theory of relational parametricity demonstrates that parametric polymorphic programs are invariant under change of data representation, a property that yields "free" theorems about programs just from their types. In physics, Emmy Noether showed that if the action of a physical system is invariant under change of coordinates, then the physical system has a conserved quantity: a quantity that remains constant for all time. Knowledge of conserved quantities can reveal deep properties of physical systems. For example, the conservation of energy is by Noether's theorem a consequence of a system's invariance under time-shifting. In this paper, we link Reynolds' relational parametricity with Noether's theorem for deriving conserved quantities. We propose an extension of System F$\omega$ with new kinds, types and term constants for writing programs that describe classical mechanical systems in terms of their Lagrangians. We show, by constructing a relationally parametric model of our extension of F$\omega$, that relational parametricity is enough to satisfy the hypotheses of Noether's theorem, and so to derive conserved quantities for free, directly from the polymorphic types of Lagrangians expressed in our system.


This paper proposed a hybrid method that had been solved both of these issues. We proposed a combination of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Haar Wavelet Transform (HWT) due to achieved imperceptibility and robustness comes from PSNR and NC value. Firstly, HWT applied in host image and then selected subband LL. LL subband will be divided into an 8×8 matrix in which each matrix was applied using DCT. Copyright embedded at the DC coefficient. In this paper we choose PSNR to measure the imperceptibility. Meanwhile, to measure the extracted copyright we used correlation coefficient. The results of this simulation method getting high PSNR value with an average of 43.2392 dB. Experiment results of extraction has tested using image watermarking attacks are JPEG compression, low pass filtering, mid filtering, unsharp filter, gaussian noise, cropingp, blurring, salt and pepper with the average value of the correlation coefficient of 0.8676. Our results proved that HWT-DCT has fulfilled the purpose of image watermarking, namely copyright protection.


The "boy crisis" in education has spurred responses to improve boy's underachievement in schools, and one response has been to increase access to physical activity and sports. The rise in specialized sports academies within schools has created space for young elite male athletes to increase engagement in academics, as well as to meet the potential of athletes. This study, conducted with an elite U18 male hockey team, used photovoice as a means to enquire into male athlete experiences with the curriculum and disengagement in schools. When young male athletes use photography to document their experiences, through a Bourdieusian analysis, they reveal the ways in which an entrenchment of the "boys will be boys" and the "hockey boys" identities in schools perpetuate hypermasculine traits. Complacency by both participants and adults in the field of schooling contributes to elite male youth hockey players becoming both producers and products of these narratives, which are causing young men to be isolated within an exclusive heteronormative community.


The Safety Management Annex (Annex 19), which became applicable in November 2013, consolidates safety management provisions previously contained in six other International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annexes, and will serve as a resource for overarching state safety management responsibilities. Through Annex 19, ICAO has required that its member states develop and implement safety management systems (SMS) to improve safety. This mandate includes an approved training organization that is exposed to aviation safety risks. In 2015, the FAA published AC 120-92B to provide guidance material for certificate holders operating under FAR 121, to implement and maintain an SMS. This AC may also be used by other aviation service providers interested in voluntarily developing an SMS based on the requirements in 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 5 (14 CFR Part 5). There are numerous reasons for SMS implementation going beyond simple compliance with international or national guidelines. The most important of these is safety enhancement, because it is an intrinsic requirement of the aviation system. There is a vast body of literature regarding SMS, but none of it suggests a model to a specific service provider. The implementation of an SMS model tailored to FAR 141 approved flight schools has the strong potential to yield safety enhancement, through a structured management system to control risks in operation. The purpose of this study is to develop a safety management model for FAR 141 operators, based on the ICAO SMS outlined in Annex 19, and current FAA requirements and safety protocols, as outlined in AC 120-92B.


possibilities to get jobs. English help students to ease communication and the relationship. Furthermore many books on science and technology are written in English. In school, many students get difficulties in studying. Some have good achievement and some have unsatisfactory achievement (unsuccessful), whereas they have abilities and are given the some materials. Therefore students should be motivated so that they always love what they learn. Good motivation and achievement can bring them success until they finish their study.
The purpose of this study is describing the student's motivation in studying English and the teacher's technique on the teaching learning process. The method that is considered appropriate in carrying out this study is descriptive research.
The population of this study is the students SDN Kotalama VI and the samples were 45 students at fourth grade. This study used questionnaires that were distributed to the students. In addition, interview with one of English teacher of fourth grade was also conducted.
The result of this study shows that the fourth grade students of SDN Kotalama VI Malang have very positive motivation in studying English on teaching learning process. It is supported by English teacher that used various techniques in teaching and learning process such as giving explanation, games, practicing conversation, songs, telling story, reading aloud and dictation.
Finally, the teacher was suggested to develop the technique to maintain the student's motivation to learn English and join in kind of teacher training service. And for the students studying English not only at the school with the teacher, but also independently at home and joining in English course.


Research on religion can advance understanding of social cognition by building connections to sociology, a field in which much cognitively oriented work has been done. Among the schools of sociological thought that address religious cognition are: structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, conflict theory, phenomenology, and, most recently, exchange theory. The gulf between sociology and cognitive science is an unfortunate historical accident.


The purpose of this research was to determine if there is a correlation between Hunt's (1971) Paragraph Completion Method (PCM) and Buczynski's (1992) Ways of Knowing Inventory (WOKI) and to examine the relationship between intellectual development and collaboration. The sample for the research included student interns in a five-year Master of Education program who were interning to gain their teaching certification. Also in the sample were cooperating teachers and university supervisors. Each of 74 women participants completed the PCM and the WOKI; the results were tabulated, a Pearson r correlation and significance levels were calculated, and a multiple regression was conducted to determine which WOKI subscales, if any, were predictors for the CL score. Results of the statistical analyses showed a weak negative correlation between the CL and the received knowledge subscale on the WOKI, and a moderate negative correlation between the CL and the procedural knowledge subscale on the WOKI. Results showed intercorrelations between the subscales on the WOKI which are different from the original WOKI study. The multiple regression showed that procedural knowledge was a weak inverse predictor of the CL score. To examine the relationship between intellectual development and collaboration, seven student interncooperating teacher pairs were selected for interviews. Each of them were interviewed twice, once in November, 1995 and once in January, 1996. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed for evidence of collaboration and confirmation or contradiction of the scores on the intellectual development measures. The interview results confirmed the scores of the participants on the PCM and WOKI. The collaborative pairs were strongly constructed knowers and had high conceptual level scores corresponding with Stage C. The non-collaborative pairs had more diverse scores on the WOKI, indicating that they shifted from one epistemological position to another. Two of the eight people in this group had CL scores corresponding to Stage A and Stage B, the other six scored in Stage C.


Successful development programs rely on people to behave and choose in certain ways, and behavioral economics helps us understand why people behave and choose as they do. This paper sketches how to design development programs and policies in ways that are cognizant of and informed by the insights behavioral economics provides into human behavior. It distills the key insights of behavioral economics into a parsimonious framework about the constraints under which people make decisions. It then shows how this framework leads to a set of design principles that can be employed to design programs in areas including health, education, productivity, agriculture, finance, and the delivery of public services. Finally, it offers some reflections on the ways in which these insights and design principles can be incorporated into existing and planned programs to improve their reach and effectiveness.


Multidisciplinary complexity and special characteristics of nuclear energy management lead to varied public perception of associated risks. Arguments on how nuclear power plants might contribute to sustainability or threaten it are discussed. Energy produced from nuclear power reactors may contribute to the economic development of the country they are built in by providing electricity with lower prices than that of most other types of energy production sources. However, the construction costs of nuclear power plants are very expensive and their building is usually subsidised by national governments. Moreover, radiation from nuclear power plants might be a potential threat to human health, the environment, and security. Nuclear waste and the uncertainties in best practices for the safe management of nuclear power plants are probably the most severe problems that future generations will have to face unless international cooperation for systematic sustainable solutions are found.


A synchronous concurrent algorithm is an algorithm that is described as a network of intercommunicating processes or modules whose concurrent actions are synchronised with respect to a global clock. Synchronous algorithms include systolic algorithms; these are algorithms that are well-suited to implementation in VLSI technologies.

This thesis provides a mathematical theory for the design and analysis of synchronous algorithms. The theory includes the formal specification of synchronous algorithms; techniques for proving the correctness and performance or time-complexity of synchronous algorithms, and formal accounts of the simulation and top-down design of synchronous algorithms.

The theory is based on the observation that a synchronous algorithm can be specified in a natural way as a simultaneous primitive recursive function over an abstract data type; these functions were first studied by J. V. Tucker and J. I. Zucker. The class of functions is described via a formal syntax and semantics, and this leads to the definition of a functional algorithmic notation called PR. A formal account of synchronous algorithms and their behaviour is achieved by showing that synchronous algorithms can be specified in PR. A formal account of the performance of synchronous algorithms is achieved via a mathematical account of the time taken to evaluate a function defined by simultaneous primitive recursion.

A synchronous algorithm, when specified in PR, can be transformed into a program in a language called FPIT. FPIT is a language based on abstract data types and on the multiple or concurrent assignment statement. The transformation from PR to FPIT is phrased as a compiler that is proved correct; compiling the PR-representation of a synchronous algorithm thus yields a provably correct simulation of the algorithm. It is proved that FPIT is just what is needed to implement PR by defining a second compiler, this time from FPIT back into PR, which is again proved correct, and thus PR and FPIT are formally
computationally equivalent. Furthermore, an autonomous account of the length of computation of FPIT programs is given, and the two compilers are shown to be performance preserving; thus PR and FPIT are computationally equivalent in an especially strong sense.

The theory involves a formal account of the top-down design of synchronous algorithms that is phrased in terms of correctness and performance preserving transformations between synchronous algorithms specified at different levels of data abstraction. A new definition of what it means for one abstract data type to be 'implemented' over another is given. This definition generalises the idea of a computable algebra due to A. I. Mal'cev and M. 0. Rabin. It is proved that if one data type D is implementable over
another data type D', then there exists correctness and performance preserving compiler mapping high level PR-programs over D to low level PR-programs over D'.

The compilers from PR to FPIT and from FPIT to PR are defined explicitly, and our compilerexistence
proof is constructive, and so this work is the basis of theoretically well-founded software tools
for the design and analysis of synchronous algorithms.


A common goal of quantum control is to maximize a physical observable through the application of a tailored field. The observable value as a function of the field constitutes a quantum-control landscape. Previous papers have shown, under specified conditions, that the quantum-control landscape should be free of suboptimal critical points. This favorable landscape topology is one factor contributing to the efficiency of climbing the landscape. An additional complementary factor is the landscape structure, which constitutes all nontopological features. If the landscape's structure is too complex, then climbs may be forced to take inefficient convoluted routes to find optimal controls. This paper provides a foundation for understanding control-landscape structure by examining the linearity of gradient-based optimization trajectories through the space of control fields. For this assessment, a metric $R\ensuremath{\ge}1$ is defined as the ratio of the path length of the optimization trajectory to the Euclidean distance between the initial control field and the resultant optimal control field that takes an observable from the bottom to the top of the landscape. Computational analyses for simple model quantum systems are performed to ascertain the relative abundance of nearly straight control trajectories encountered when optimizing a state-to-state transition probability. The distribution of $R$ values is found to be centered near remarkably low values upon sampling large numbers of randomly chosen initial control fields. Additionally, a stochastic algorithm is used to locate many distinct initial control fields, each of which corresponds to the start of an almost straight control trajectory with $R\ensuremath{\simeq}1.0$. The collected results indicate that quantum-control landscapes have very simple structural features. The favorable topology and the complementary simple structure of the control landscape provide a basis for understanding the generally observed ease of optimizing a state-to-state transition probability.


Irrigation has long occupied an important place in dreams of Australian development. It has also frequently been promoted in evangelical terms. Between the 1880s and 1930s, for example, irrigation was pushed with the zeal of a religious crusade, presented as part of a Biblical tradition tracing back to the Garden of Eden. In this paper, I explore this extraordinary rhetoric within the irrigation movement. I argue that the main reason for irrigation's incendiary appeal was the desire to reconcile two contradictory desires: on the one hand the desire for a 'God-given' world of agrarian community, and on the other the desire for a 'man-made' industrial society. In attempting to harmonise these divergent desires, the notion of the millennium was highly significant, as it suggested that a wonderful new earth could be created in continuity with the old. Throughout this exploration of irrigation rhetoric, I take issue with Ian Tyrrell's True Gardens of the Gods(1999). Tyrrell suggests that irrigationists were primarily concerned with a movement to 'renovate' the Australian environment, expounding the merits of small-scale agriculture and economic organisation. In so doing, however, he overlooks the role played by dreams of environmental mastery in irrigation promotion. Ultimately, irrigationists were concerned with the creation of a new society based on rationality and science, not on the restoration of an 'old world' agrarian environment.


You want to know what it's like Being colored? Well, It's like going to bat With two strikes Already called on you Waring Cuney, quoted in Harold Seymour, Baseball: The People's Game Jackie Robinson lived those lines ten years later, coming to bat with two metaphorical strikes--call them racial prejudice and the weight of tradition--against him. History has testified to his character and endurance in securing a place in Major League Baseball. Yet as Robinson and the black players who followed him into white baseball succeeded, black fans were abandoning the Negro Leagues, which had been a source of pride and a cultural rallying place in black communities. During their struggle to survive in the early 1950s, the Leagues resorted to many types of marketing strategies. Which is how, six years after Robinson's history-making appearance, a skinny second baseman broke the gender line in the Negro Leagues. In 1953, the Indianapolis Clowns signed second baseman Toni--that's Toni with an "i"--Stone for $12,000. (In 1947, Jackie Robinson's first contract in Brooklyn was $5,000, the minimum Major League salary). (1) And when the Kansas City Monarchs signed Stone away for the 1954 season, the Clowns signed two more women: Connie Morgan, who replaced Stone at second base, and a utility fielder/right-handed pitcher of Bobby Shantzian stature (five feet four inches, 120 pounds) named Mamie "Peanut" Johnson. Of this sorority of three, only Johnson survives. I met Johnson during Labor Day weekend 1999 at a women's amateur baseball tournament in Bethesda, Maryland, where she had been invited to coach first base, and I followed up with a lengthier interview at the Negro Leagues Gift Shop in Mitchellville, Maryland, where she then worked. The Biographical Encyclopedia of the Negro Leagues reports that Johnson played one year with the Clowns, compiling a 10-1 record. However, other sources give her a three-year career, with a record of 11-3 in 1953 and 12-4 in 1955. Eric Enders, of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, points out that the Negro Leagues records for these years are incomplete and that it's quite possible she did play three years. Johnson herself claims three years. At any rate, some fans view Mamie "Peanut" Johnson's career as an interesting footnote to the waning years of the Negro Leagues. Yet the stories of such players who fought for a place on the game's margins add richness and texture to baseball history and insights into the culture o f the times. To place Johnson's career in context, some background on black women's baseball is helpful. BLACK WOMEN PLAYED, TOO Nearly a hundred years ago, to aspire as a black female to play the national pastime was akin to trying to enter the game with three strikes against you -- if you could even find such a woman. "There are very few women, especially colored women, who even understand a game of baseball when they see it played, to say nothing of taking part in a game," reported a dispatch in 1908 from Louisville to the black newspaper the Freeman. (2) Thus women such as Mrs. Henry Newboy, who worked as the secretary for her husband's ball club, were a novelty: "Mrs. Newboy is an expert at the game and practices with the club," reported the Freeman with some wonder "[She] understands and can play baseball and enjoys the diamond dust." Some forward thinkers in the black community wanted more Mrs. Newboys. As the Freeman editorialized in the same issue: Our neighbors' wives and daughters (white) take interest in athletics, and why not those of our race? Athletics are not copyrighted; they are at the disposal of each and every one.... Push it along. Take up athletics, girls; take physical exercises; get interested in the games of the field, diamonds, and in other pastimes of the like. Enjoy life as it is; don't make it what it isn't or what it should not be. The year 1908 also saw a black girls' team organized in Springfield, Ohio, with plans under way to play teams from other cities in Ohio and Indiana. …


The major goal of this thesis is to find a way to optimize current automotive headlamps in order to provide safer nighttime driving. While this has already been done in the past with the works by Damasky and Huhn, the current approach combines methods previously not used in one single study. In the first steps, the influence of different headlamp parameters on viewing distance of the driver is evaluated in field tests. In the second step, the current
German traffic space is analysed before in the third step, the gaze behaviour of drivers is recorded and investigated for different situations. The combination of these studies is then
used to propose new light distributions.

In the first part, field tests are conducted in order to investigate detection distances with different lighting conditions. The gained data is used to provide recommended luminous intensity values for certain detection distances. Furthermore, the data is used to extract luminous
intensity recommendations for different angular positions relative to the hot spot. These investigations show, that the current limits set by the ECE for high beam headlamps are sufficient to provide safe detection distances for nearly all situations. However, the data also shows, that low beam should be disregarded for any situation and only be used if high beam cannot be used at all.

The traffic space analysis in the second part of this thesis shows, that there are significant differences between different road categories in terms of object location and frequency. For these situations, optimized segment distributions are proposed, leading to significant benefits over the conventional high beam setup. The difference between the proposed segment partitioning
and the standard setup is, that the segments are not set equal in size. The segments at the centre of the distribution are set to be smaller in order to better mask out traffic that is further away. Furthermore, it is shown, that the benefit of additional segments is limited at around 280 segments, where a performance identical to a 10000 pixel headlamp is achieved.

In the last section, regarding the gaze analysis a large driving test, including 54 test subjects is performed. Here the findings by Diem, Damasky, Bruckmann and Weber are confirmed. New approaches regarding the correlation between the driver's gaze and objects in the traffic space are tested. On a general level, no correlation between the object distribution and the gaze is found. However, a large databank containing object positions as well as driver's gaze, speed, lighting condition and position in the world is set up for further, more detailed information. The data from all presented studies is then used to propose new, optimized light
distributions.


Mr. President and members of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene:
The Walter Reed Medal Committee, composed of Doctor Andrews, Doctor Taliaferro, and myself, is pleased to nominate Doctor Willard H. Wright for the 1958 award. The nomination was unanimously approved by the Council of the Society; and I, as Chairman, have the honor to present the medal to Doctor Wright.
The first Walter Reed Medal was conferred in 1936. Recipients in the past include such names as William B. Castle, Herbert C. Clark, Carlos J. Finlay, Paul F. Russell, James Stevens Simmons, N. H. Swellengrebel, and Rolla E. Dyer. The Committee is most pleased to add Doctor Wright's name to this impressive list.
Willard H. Wright was born in Findlay, Ohio. He received the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine at George Washington University in 1917 and began his career with the United States Department of Agriculture in 1919 as a practicing veterinarian.


One of the most effective ways to cool the combustor liner is through effusion cooling. Effusion cooling (also known as full coverage effusion cooling) involves uniformly spaced holes distributed throughout the combustor liner wall. Effusion cooling configurations are preferred for their high effectiveness, low-pressure penalty, and ease of manufacturing. In this paper, experimental results are presented for effusion cooling configurations for a realistic swirl driven can combustor under reacting (flame) conditions. The can-combustor was equipped with an industrial engine swirler and gaseous fuel (methane), subjecting the liner walls to engine representative flow and combustion conditions. In this study, three different effusion cooling liners with spanwise spacings of r/d = 6, 8, and 10 and streamwise spacing of z/d = 10 were tested for four coolant-to-main airflow ratios. The experiments were carried out at a constant main flow Reynolds number (based on combustor diameter) of 12,500 at a total equivalence ratio of 0.65. Infrared Thermography (IRT) was used to measure the liner outer surface temperature, and detailed overall effectiveness values were determined under steady-state conditions. The results indicate that decreasing the spanwise hole-to-hole spacing (r/d) from 10 to 8 increased the overall cooling effectiveness by 2–5%. It was found that reducing the spanwise hole-to-hole spacing further to r/d = 6 does not affect the cooling effectiveness implying the existence of an optimum spanwise hole-to-hole spacing. Also, the minimum liner cooling effectiveness on the liner wall was found to be downstream of the impingement location, which is not observed in existing literature for experiments done under non-reacting conditions.


We present the first perception-aware model predictive control framework for quadrotors that unifies control and planning with respect to action and perception objectives. Our framework leverages numerical optimization to compute trajectories that satisfy the system dynamics and require control inputs within the limits of the platform. Simultaneously, it optimizes perception objectives for robust and reliable sensing by maximizing the visibility of a point of interest and minimizing its velocity in the image plane. Considering both perception and action objectives for motion planning and control is challenging due to the possible conflicts arising from their respective requirements. For example, for a quadrotor to track a reference trajectory, it needs to rotate to align its thrust with the direction of the desired acceleration. However, the perception objective might require to minimize such rotation to maximize the visibility of a point of interest. A model-based optimization framework, able to consider both perception and action objectives and couple them through the system dynamics, is therefore necessary. Our perception-aware model predictive control framework works in a receding-horizon fashion by iteratively solving a non-linear optimization problem. It is capable of running in real-time, fully onboard our lightweight, small-scale quadrotor using a low-power ARM computer, together with a visual-inertial odometry pipeline. We validate our approach in experiments demonstrating (I) the conflict between perception and action objectives, and (II) improved behavior in extremely challenging lighting conditions.


In this era of technology, fueled by the pervasive usage of the internet, security is a prime concern. The number of new attacks by the so-called "bots", which are automated programs, is increasing at an alarming rate. They are most likely to attack online registration systems. Technology, called "CAPTCHA" (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) do exist, which can differentiate between automated programs and humans and prevent replay attacks. Traditionally CAPTCHA's have been implemented with the challenge involved in recognizing textual images and reproducing the same. We propose an approach where the visual challenge has to be read out from which randomly selected keywords are used to verify the correctness of spoken text and in turn detect the presence of human. This is supplemented with a speaker recognition system which can identify the speaker also. Thus, this framework fulfills both the objectives – it can determine whether the user is a human or not and if it is a human, it can verify its identity. Keywords—CAPTCHA, Automatic Speech Recognition, Keyword Spotting.


Modern, high-throughput methods for the analysis of genetic information, gene and metabolic products and their interactions offer new opportunities to gain comprehensive information on life processes. The data and knowledge generated open diverse application possibilities with enormous innovation potential. To unlock that potential skills in generating but also properly annotating the data for further data integration and analysis are needed. The data need to be made computer readable and interoperable to allow integration with existing knowledge leading to actionable biological insights. To achieve this, we need common standards and standard operating procedures as well as workflows that allow the combination of data across standards. Currently, there is a lack of experts who understand the principles and possess knowledge of the principles and relevant tools. This is a major barrier hindering the implementation of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable) data principles and the actual reusability of data. This is mainly due to insufficient and unequal education of the scientists and other stakeholders involved in producing and handling big data in life science that is inherently varied and complex in nature, and large in volume. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of life science research, education within this field faces numerous hurdles including institutional barriers, lack of local availability of all required expertise, as well as lack of appropriate teaching material and appropriate adaptation of curricula.


Abstract Previous discussions of mass extinction mechanisms generally focused on circumstances unique to each event. However, some have proposed that extensive volcanism combined with bolide impact may offer a general mechanism of mass extinction. To test this hypothesis we compared generic extinction percentages for 73 stages or substages of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. We found that the highest frequency of intervals with elevated extinction occurred when continental flood basalt volcanism and bolide impact co-occurred. In contrast, neither volcanism nor impact alone yielded statistically elevated extinction frequencies. Although the magnitude of extinction was uncorrelated with the size of the associated flood basalt or impact structure, crater diameter did correlate with extinction percentage when volcanism and impact coincided. Despite this result, case-by-case analysis showed that the volcanism-impact hypothesis alone cannot explain all intervals of elevated extinction. Continental flood volcanism and impact share important ecological features with other proposed extinction mechanisms. Impacts, like marine anoxic incursions, are pulse disturbances that are sudden and catastrophic, and cause extensive mortality. Volcanism, like climate and sea level change, is a press disturbance that alters community composition by placing multigenerational stress on ecosystems. We propose that the coincidence of press and pulse events, not merely volcanism and impact, is required to produce the greatest episodes of dying in Phanerozoic history.


With Siad Barre's invasion of Ethiopia in 1977, the military regime of the Derg implement policies aimed at the weakening and destabilization of the Republic of Somalia. This initiative was not entirely novel but was based upon precautionary plans first laid down under the imperial administration of Haile Selassie. The defeat of the Somalia army in the Ogaden would in fact herald the beginnings of the collapse of the power of Siad Barre and the Somali state, but the destabilization of Somalia has also destabilized the entire region of the Horn of Africa. This article charts the Ethiopian response to Somali irredentism at this crucial time, particularly focusing on the clandestine operations by the Derg to permanently eliminate the threat posed by Somalia. Previously untapped archival materials from the Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs are used as the basis for this analysis of Ethiopia's foreign policy.


This research examines the experience of Somali latecomer students with limited or interrupted formal education (SLIFE). SLIFE students are a subset of the larger group of English language learners (ELLs), who come to American schools with unique needs and often face socio-emotional challenges stemming from poverty, war, post-traumatic disorders (PTSD, family separation, language barriers and adapting to a new culture and environment. The participants of this study are Somali males and females who are currently living in the Midwest of the United States. The age of the participants is between 18 and 30 years old and are considered as having limited or interrupted formal education. Many of these SLIFE students experienced interrupted education while fleeing their home country due to instability and conflict. Thus, this study examines and analyzes the academic and non-academic experiences of SLIFE students who enter schools in the United States at a later age. The interviews compare and contrast the education they received in their home country to the one they received in the United States. This research adds valuable insight into the obstacles SLIFE students face as they are adapting to their new home and the factors that contribute to their success or failure in our educational system. For example, SLIFE students need various academic programs to help with their second language acquisition and master content knowledge which they are significantly behind their mainstream peers. They also need newcomer programs that support their social, mental health and economic situations while they are adjusting to their new homes and environment. Moreover, providing ample resources and opportunities would allow SLIFE students to succeed in the classroom and the real world. As a result, these discussions can help teachers, administrators, and policymakers determine how to accommodate best the growing population of SLIFE students in America public schools and how to best improve their education.


We report high-resolution photoelectron spectra of the transition metal suboxide clusters Fe3O(-) and Co3O(-). The combination of slow electron velocity-map imaging and cryogenic cooling yields vibrationally well-resolved spectra, from which we obtain precise values of 1.4408(3) and 1.3951(4) eV for the electron affinities of Fe3O and Co3O. Several vibrational frequencies of the neutral ground state Fe3O and Co3O clusters are assigned for the first time, and a low-lying excited state of Fe3O is observed. The experimental results are compared with density functional electronic structure calculations and Franck-Condon spectral simulations, enabling identification of the structural isomer and electronic states. As has been found in photoelectron spectra of other trimetal oxo species, Fe3O(0/-) and Co3O(0/-) are assigned to a μ2-oxo isomer with planar C(2v) symmetry. We identify the ground states of Fe3O(-) and Co3O(-) as (12)A1 and (9)B2 states, respectively. From these states we observe photodetachment to the (11)B2 ground and (13)A1 excited states of Fe3O, as well as to the (8)A1 ground state of Co3O.


Recently I was talking to a colleague of mine from Hong Kong and he reminded me that Hong Kong had had 28 years of health reform. A period just slightly longer than we had known each other. We are deeply imbued in the management and organisation of health services and health systems and, therefore public health policy. He suggested that there should be a lot of learning for us all from that period and, he was exploring how that might happen. I agreed with the idea and the need to think it through. I also recognised potential for the Journal to play some role in that suggestion. Most national health systems have undergone extensive reform so there should be a lot of learning for all of us from that reform.....


The intent of this thesis project is to thoroughly analyze the effects of the transatlantic transfer of British steam engine machinery to the United States during the Antebellum and Gilded Ages. The American assimilation of British steam engine technology sustained improvements in industrial production, commerce, and transportation. In the process, transforming the work habits of native-born Americans and recent European immigrants by creating the need for a more mobile labor force while leading to the first urban proletariat in American society The transatlantic transfer of textile machine technology disseminated to America from England, during the Republic, had initiated the movement from a predominantly agrarian to and industrial society However, despite this fact, American improvements in the application of British steam engine technology perpetuated urban industrialization and westward expansion during the Antebellum and Gilded Ages. Meeting the needs of developing urban industrial centers meant being able to supply a more mobile and diverse labor force Industrial capitalists would be able to accomplish this task by totally control the means of production through the utilization of steam power in the manufacturing and transportation processes. This newly created labor force would not only include the exploitation of lower class native-born Americans, individuals from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds, but would also include women and children as well . Therefore, the primary focus of this thesis project will be to examine how the incorporation of American steam engine machinery in agriculture, industry, and transportation recreated American society during the Antebellum and Gilded Ages Specifically analyzing the interaction between steam technology, labor, and the social and cultural institutions effected by its various applications. Each of these particular factors, in turn, had a profound effect on members of the labor class, and recent European immigrants, exposed to the utilization of steam machinery on a more frequent basis. The American transformation of British steam technology would not only create a more mobile labor force needed for industrial expansion, but also modify the organizational structure and function of the corporate bureaucracies that controlled labor. This particular organizational feature would be further refined with the advent of the steam locomotive connecting urban industrial and rural regions throughout the United States during the Gilded Age.


The first book to systematically explore the importance of domestic institutions to crisis bargaining, "Crisis Bargaining and the State "argues that the influence of a state's bargaining behavior on its opponents foreign policy depends on the nature of the opposing government--its institutional structures and the strategic beliefs of its leaders. The author shows in three detailed case studies--the Crimean War crisis, the Fashoda crisis, and the Berlin crisis--the significance of domestic factors to questions of war and peace.Peterson offers a comprehensive analysis of the domestic politics of crisis bargaining. She uses differences in state structure to explain variations in foreign policy processes and outcomes. By introducing domestic structure as a crucial intervening variable between the international environment and a state's foreign policy during an acute conflict, Peterson shows how existing cognitive and bureaucratic approaches provide complementary, not competing, explanations of crisis bargaining."Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict" applies recent research in the field of international political economy on the relationship between ideas, institutions, and the international environment to the issue of crisis bargaining. It will appeal to students, scholars, and policymakers interested in crisis bargaining, international security, and international relations.Susan Peterson is Assistant Professor, Department of Government, The College of William & Mary.


For decades before it was selected for closure, the Treasure Island Naval Station in San Francisco Bay overhauled military ships and housed nuclear war academies that used radium, plutonium, and cesium 137 in their training courses. The Navy knew for years that those materials were not always in safe hands. But it did not acknowledge that history publicly, and as a result, workers preparing for civilian redevelopment may have inadvertently spread radioactive material around the island, The Center for Investigative Reporting (CIR) has found in a year-long investigation co-published by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists on its open website, www.thebulletin.org, and here in its subscription journal. With the naval station decommissioned, the city of San Francisco has set its sights on erecting a second downtown on Treasure Island, with plans for apartments for 20,000 residents, commercial development, and open space. But the CIR investigation—based on wide-ranging document reviews and interviews—has confirmed the detection of significant levels of radioactive contamination on the island during preparations for redevelopment. Rather than conduct a more systematic radiation survey, CIR reporters found, the Navy engaged in bureaucratic warfare with health regulators and joined the city of San Francisco in telling 2,000 civilians already living on the island that they need not worry about exposure.


Analysis of a specific signaling molecule in the immune system has shed new light on the evolution of the immune system. The IκB kinase (IKK) complex plays a critical role in inflammation. One of its catalytic subunits, IKKβ, is essential for phosphorylation of the inhibitory IκB protein and consequent activation of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcription factor. The physiological role of the other subunit, IKKα, has been less clear (see Perspective by DiDonato ). Senftleben et al. studied irradiated mice in which the bone marrow was reconstituted from stem cells lacking IKKα or with mutations in that protein. They show that IKKα is required for maturation of B cells, the formation of secondary lymphoid organs, and the normal processing of NF-κB2 (also called p100) into its mature form, p52. IKKα appears to phosphorylate NF-κB2 directly and thus stimulate its processing. This role for IKKα is similar to that of the single IKK expressed in Drosophila; however, the Drosophila protein functions in innate immune responses to bacterial infection, whereas in mammals, the duplicated forms of IKK mediate distinct processes in adaptive immunity. U. Senftleben, Y. Cao, G. Xiao, F. R. Greten, G. Krähn, G. Bonizzi, Y. Chen, Y. Hu, A. Fong, S.-C. Sun, M. Karin. Activation by IKKα of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-κB signaling pathway. Science 293, 1495-1499 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. A. DiDonato, IKKα on center stage. Science's STKE (2001), http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/OC_sigtrans;2001/97/pe1 [Abstract] [Full Text]


Any coeducational postsecondary institution that participates in the Federal student financial assistance programs and has an intercollegiate athletic program is required by section 485(g) of the Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, 20 U.S.C. 1092(g) (also known as the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act or EADA) to participate in the annual EADA data collection. This survey collects athletic program participation rates and financial support data for a 12-month period.