Light chain cast nephropathy (LCCN) in multiple myeloma often leads to severe and poorly reversible acute kidney injury. Severe renal impairment influences the allocation of chemotherapy, its tolerability, and affects patient survival. Whether renal biopsy findings add to the clinical assessment in predicting renal and patient outcomes in LCCN is uncertain. We retrospectively reviewed clinical presentation, chemotherapy regimens, hematologic response, renal and patient outcomes in 178 patients with biopsy-proven LCCN from 10 centers in Europe and North America. A detailed pathology review, including assessment of the extent of cast formation, was performed to study correlations with initial presentation and outcomes. Patients presented with mean eGFR of 13±11 mL/min/1.73m2, and 82% had stage 3 acute kidney injury. The mean number of casts was 3.2/mm2 in the cortex. Tubulointerstitial lesions were frequent: acute tubular injury (94%), tubulitis (82%), tubular rupture (62%), giant cell reaction (60%), cortical and medullary inflammation (95 and 75%). Medullary inflammation, giant cell reaction and the extent of cast formation correlated with eGFR value at LCCN diagnosis. During a median follow-up of 22 months, mean eGFR increased to 43±30 mL/min/1.73m2. Age, β2-microglobulin, best hematologic response, number of cortical casts/mm2 and degree of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IFTA) were independently associated with a higher eGFR during follow-up. This eGFR value correlated with overall survival, independently of the hematologic response. This study shows that extent of cast formation and IFTA in LCCN predicts the quality of renal response which, in turn, is associated with overall survival.


Excess fluoride in drinking water causes several adverse effects on human health
and is therefore a great concern from past few decades. As groundwater is a primary
source, its de-fluoridation is therefore essential to make it suitable for drinking.
Although several adsorbent materials have been tested towards the removal of
fluoride in the past few decades, there still is a need to improve the performance of
the adsorbents by changing their physicochemical properties. The current
dissertation focuses on developing novel and efficient carbon and polymer based
adsorbent materials of different morphological and surface functional properties.
This includes jamun seed derived activated carbon which is explored for the first
time as an adsorbent whereas coconut shell charcoal is modified with multi-walled
carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to yield hierarchical carbon adsorbent material.
Further electrospun polymer nanofibers have been amine functionalized to enable
their use as an adsorbent. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the defluoridation
efficiency of these novel carbon and polymer based adsorbents. Before synthesizing
the carbon based adsorbents, pyrolysis of two different polymer precursors were
performed in the presence of catalyst aiming towards the reduction of pyrolysis
temperature. We have added different weight ratios of nickel acetate tetrahydrate
(NiAc) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as catalysts into two
different precursors, Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF)
separately. To examine the effect of pyrolysis temperature and catalyst
concentration, PAN and RF derived carbons were characterized by various
physiochemical characterization techniques. The results revealed that the addition of
NiAc facilitated the similar carbon yield at much lower temperature than what was
obtained without a catalyst. The addition of MWCNT enhanced the crystallinity of
carbon samples which is otherwise possible only by higher heat treatment. Once the
catalytic carbonization was studied in detail, jamun seed derived activated carbon
was prepared by KOH activation of jamun seed powder and the subsequent
pyrolysis at 1173 K. Carbon/CNT composite was prepared by synthesizing the
CNTs over coconut shell charcoal pyrolyzed at 1173 K, by utilizing the mineral

vii

content present in the precursor material as catalysts for CNT growth. Plasma

enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) technique was used for the low-
temperature synthesis of CNTs at 723 K. Thus PECVD processed charcoal samples

were ball milled and then used for the removal of fluoride from aqueous medium.
Amine functionalized cellulose nanofibers were prepared by the deacetylation of
electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibrous mat followed by ethylenediamine
treatment. In each of these three cases, fluoride adsorption studies were carried out
under batch mode to study the influence of various parameters such as agitation
time, amount of carbon dosage, initial fluoride concentration, initial pH and
temperature on adsorption process. The linear forms of various isotherm and kinetic
models were applied to the adsorption data to determine the best fit for equilibrium
expression. Further, thermodynamic parameters were also estimated to understand
the adsorption mechanism in detail. To validate the performance further, as-prepared
adsorbents were successfully used to treat the fluoride contaminated groundwater
samples collected from Nalgonda district, Telangana, India, which is one of the
worst affected area with excess fluoride. The field test results revealed that all the
three proposed adsorbent materials are suitable for practical application as they
could reduce the fluoride concentration of the real water samples to WHO limit at
the optimized adsorption conditions.


This paper aims at identifying the labour share (wage-productivity gap) as a major factor in the evolution of inequality and employment. To this end, we use annual data for the US, UK and Sweden over the past forty years and estimate country-specific systems of labour demand and Gini coefficient equations. Further to the statistical significance of our models, we validate their economic significance through counterfactual simulations. In particular, we evaluate the contributions of the labour share to the trajectories of inequality and employment during specific time intervals in the post-1990 years. We find that during the nineties the cost of a one percent increase in employment was in the range of 0.7%-0.9% higher inequality in all three countries. However, in the 2000s, whereas the inequality-employment sensitivity ratio slightly fell in the US, it exceeded unity in the countries on the other side of the Atlantic. It obtained its highest value in the UK, where a 1% growth in employment was achieved at the expense of 1.3% worsening in income inequality. In the light of the significant influence of the time-varying labour share on the inequality and employment time paths documented in our sample, the evolution of the wage-productivity gap deserves the attention of policy makers.


Advertising is an attempt to increase sales. Along with the growth of mobile telecommunications technology, advertising paradigm has changed from the conventional media to mobile advertising,  because the ads can be accessed anytime and anywhere. In the present advertising SMS sent in the form of broadcast to the user. The user interface is text-based applications, user profiling obtained at random and relatively expensive cost by the recipient of advertising. This is exactly what makes advertising less attractive to the user so that the ads have not been appropriate to the target. Weaknesses of mobile advertising application system caused the system to accommodate the application is not the principle of good advertising, among others, the ability to display compelling ads, ads with a two-way communication, user interface according to the principle of HCI, the cost is affordable to the community and the ability to detect the behavior of consumers. With the development of programming technologies on mobile devices are increasingly sophisticated, the capacity of GSM networks that adds greater reliability, increase computing capabilities on mobile devices, the ability of the application which is expected to be realized. Detection of user behavior and interactivity capabilities have an important role in generating targeted ads. Behavior of the user who performed at the time of receiving advertising will form a pattern that can be translated in the index of consumer behavior. The pattern was the subject of analysis to determine targets for advertising of a product to prospective customers need, so ads will be more effective and efficient. Keywords : mobile advertising , content providers , GUIs, mobile operators , Animation.


Accepted neon standards cover the region 6929–5852A. We have observed the first spectrum of neon throughout the region 8919–3126A in order to assist in establishing secondary standards in that part of this range where none exist.The first spectrum of natural mercury was observed from 7020 to 2200A in order to discover in what part of this range standards of suitable intensity will be available when lines emitted by Hg198 have been measured; and to find out which lines (if any) of the natural element may serve as standards when mercury is accidently or unavoidably present in a low pressure source. It is shown that some lines of natural mercury are suitable for secondary standards, and nearly all may be useful when an accuracy of no more than a part per million is required.


Have you ever wondered why some places seem built for automobiles as opposed to humans? In a recent study, J. Alexander Maxwell and fellow researchers from the University of Strathclyde's Urban Design Studies Unit find evidence that before the rise of the automobile, cities developed on a walkable "human" scale, with main streets that rarely exceeded 400 meters (a little more than 437 yards). Along with Charles R. Wolfe, they argue that this uniformity reveals an underlying pattern to pedestrian city settings, which should be considered in contemporary urban design and policies.


Learning to ask the right questions and being empowered to dream is essential to 21st century education. In an effort to create innovative citizens who are able to compete in our increasingly diverse and competitive world, youth can be taught how to discover and build on successful aspects of the past, dream creatively about the future, ask positive questions to design plans, and deliver action. These four components, discovering, dreaming, designing, and delivering, are the mainstays of Appreciative Inquiry (AI), a positive approach to organizational development. In recent years, AI has been increasingly utilized with youth. Teaching AI facilitates the potential to unlock youth's capacity to identify strengths, build creativity, and ask the right questions to incite action. This positive educational tool stimulates the well-being of youth through an increase in positive emotion, engagement, relationship-building, meaning, and achievement. This author's capstone suggests that AI principles can be taught to youth in order to improve innovation and well-being. Further, this capstone recommends that literature is one meaningful method to instill and teach AI principles prompting wide scale change. As a result, an AI children's picture story book is proposed to accomplish this goal.


Positve Feedback The uncertain effect of feedback between climate and clouds is one of the largest obstacles to producing more confident projections of global climate. Clement et al. (p. 460) examined how clouds, sea surface temperature, and large-scale atmospheric circulation vary in the Northeast Pacific region. Change in cloud coverage was the primary cause of sea surface temperature variations, and clouds provided a positive feedback to temperature variations. Furthermore, regional atmospheric circulation patterns were linked to patterns of cloudiness. One model produced realistic covariability between cloud cover, sea surface temperatures, and atmospheric circulation for the 20th century. Decreased low-level cloud cover in the Northeast Pacific region amplifies increases in sea surface temperatures. Feedbacks involving low-level clouds remain a primary cause of uncertainty in global climate model projections. This issue was addressed by examining changes in low-level clouds over the Northeast Pacific in observations and climate models. Decadal fluctuations were identified in multiple, independent cloud data sets, and changes in cloud cover appeared to be linked to changes in both local temperature structure and large-scale circulation. This observational analysis further indicated that clouds act as a positive feedback in this region on decadal time scales. The observed relationships between cloud cover and regional meteorological conditions provide a more complete way of testing the realism of the cloud simulation in current-generation climate models. The only model that passed this test simulated a reduction in cloud cover over much of the Pacific when greenhouse gases were increased, providing modeling evidence for a positive low-level cloud feedback.


ISGC 2010, The International Symposium on Grid Computing was held at Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, March, 2010. The 2010 symposium brought together prestigious scientists and engineers worldwide to exchange ideas, present challenges/solutions and to discuss new topics in the field of Grid Computing. Data Driven e-Science: Use Cases and Successful Applications of Distributed Computing Infrastructures (ISGC 2010), an edited volume, introduces the latest achievements in grid technology for Biomedicine Life Sciences, Middleware, Security, Networking, Digital Library, Cloud Computing and more. This book provides Grid developers and end users with invaluable information for developing grid technology and applications. The last section of this book presents future development in the field of Grid Computing. This book is designed for a professional audience composed of grid users, developers and researchers working in the field of grid computing. Advanced-level students focused on computer science and engineering will also find this book valuable as a reference or secondary text book.


The liability of credit rating agencies has been subject to critical debate since the global financial crisis of 2008. It has been well documented, and argued, by various scholars and authors that the rules governing such impositions have been traditionally framed by reactionary, post-crisis driven reforms which do not necessarily reflect, or capture, in economic terms, the consequentialist aspects of whether they are beneficial to the welfare of wider market participants. This paper attempts to highlight, through economic analysis, some of these wider market repercussions, and will aim to do so by providing an analysis of liability rules from a Kaldor-Hicks efficiency perspective, largely from a qualitative viewpoint. It is hoped that this analysis will add further insight with regards to the question of liability and regulation, chiefly in the hopes of aiding our ability in determining whether current regulatory reforms on credit rating agencies, principally within the European Union, are sufficiently robust in addressing the problem of poor regulatory incentives. For full text, please click  here


Figure 1: Diffusion curves (left), and the corresponding color image (right). Note the complex shading on the folds and blur on the face. Abstract We describe a new vector-based primitive for creating smooth-shaded images, called the diffusion curve. A diffusion curve partitions the space through which it is drawn, defining different colors on either side. These colors may vary smoothly along the curve. In addition, the sharpness of the color transition from one side of the curve to the other can be controlled. Given a set of diffusion curves, the final image is constructed by solving a Poisson equation whose constraints are specified by the set of gradients across all diffusion curves. Like all vector-based primitives, diffusion curves conveniently support a variety of operations, including geometry-based editing, keyframe animation, and ready stylization. Moreover, their representation is compact and inherently resolution-independent. We describe a GPU-based implementation for rendering images defined by a set of diffusion curves in realtime. We then demonstrate an interactive drawing system for allowing artists to create artworks using diffusion curves, either by drawing the curves in a freehand style, or by tracing existing imagery. The system is simple and intuitive: we show results created by artists after just a few minutes of instruction. Furthermore, we describe a completely automatic conversion process for taking an image and turning it into a set of diffusion curves that closely approximate the original image content.


Loss of coastal wetlands is occurring at an increasingly rapid rate due to drainage of these wetlands for alternative land-uses, which also threatens carbon (C) storage in these C-rich ecosystems. Wetland drainage results in water table drawdown and increased peat aeration, which enhances decomposition of previously stabilized peat and changes stable C isotope profiles with soil depth. The effect of water table drawdown on the pool size and δ13C signature of plant C, soil organic C (SOC) and microbial biomass C (MBC) across a range of organic and mineral soils has not previously been reported in coastal freshwater forested wetlands. To this end, litter, roots, and soils were collected from organic and mineral soil horizons in two coastal freshwater forested wetlands in North Carolina with different hydrological regimes: 1) a natural bottomland hardwood forest (natural); and 2) a ditched and drained, intensively-managed wetland for loblolly pine silviculture (managed). We found that hydrology and soil horizon, and to a lesser degree micro-topography, was important in shaping observed differences in size and 13C signature of soil and microbial pools between the natural and managed wetland. The natural wetland had higher SOC and MBC concentrations in the litter, surface organic, and mineral horizons compared to the managed wetland. In the managed wetland, 13C of SOC was enriched across most of the soil profile (Oa and mineral soil horizons) compared to the natural wetland, suggesting enhanced decomposition and incorporation of microbially-derived inputs to soils. Root C concentration decreased with soil depth, while root 13C signature became enriched with soil depth. In the litter and Oe horizon of the natural wetland, MBC was higher and 13C of MBC and SOC was enriched in hummocks compared to hollows. The 13C of MBC and SOC tended to be enriched in upper soil horizons and depleted in lower soil horizons, particularly in the managed wetland. We conclude that drainage of these coastal wetlands has enhanced the breakdown of previously stabilized C and has the potential to alter regional C storage, feedbacks to climate warming, and ecosystem responses to changing environmental conditions.


Abstract This article draws on data collected as part of a two-year funded study concerning the making of modern heterosexuality in the East Yorkshire region of England. The starting point for our family-based empirical project has been to problematise feminist theorising that has conceptualised heterosexuality as a monolithic and static category in which women (and men) are denied agency. Via participants' nuanced accounts of being and becoming heterosexual, we identify the existence of a multiplicity of heterosexualities and begin to appreciate differences in meaning and experiences, acknowledging the creative capacity of some of our women participants to subvert the structural conditions they are assumed to be subordinated to. Sexuality and sexual practice have long been argued to be the cornerstone of women's subordination, and our data are laden with examples of mothers, daughters and grand-daughters 'giving in' to male sexual desires. But these were not the only stories. This paper focuses on the experiences of women, now aged 50+, who spoke of sex not only as pleasurable but also as something they actively pursued, both as young women and in their later years. In recognising a diversity of heterosexual experiences, this allows for a more inclusive feminist politics which might speak to a wider group of women than previously.


The challenge of employment in the Indian economy, especially after it growth acceleration since the mid-1980s, relates to its quality rather than its quantity. While employment growth has kept pace with the labour force over the long run, what has grown is informal employment. The coexistence of rapid capital accumulation, robust output growth and lack of growth of formal employment can be understood using the well-known Harris-Todaro model of a dual economy. This framework highlights the key role of the wage gap between the modern and traditional sectors as a determinant of urban informal employment. Hence, one of the most effective and egalitarian ways to address the employment problem is to adopt policies to increase agricultural productivity and income, which can reduce the wage gap. Since crop yields in India are far lower than many other countries in the world, including China, Brazil, and Bangladesh, there is ample scope for land-augmenting and labour-absorbing technological change in Indian agriculture. Efforts to ramp up industrialization should be taken up in earnest only after the wage gap has been narrowed significantly.


Abstract A regional coupled ocean–atmosphere model is introduced. It is designed to admit the air–sea feedbacks arising in the presence of an oceanic mesoscale eddy field. It consists of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) and the Regional Spectral Model (RSM). Large-scale forcing is provided by NCEP/DOE reanalysis fields, which have physics consistent with the RSM. Coupling allows the sea surface temperature (SST) to influence the stability of the atmospheric boundary layer and, hence, the surface wind stress and heat flux fields. The system is denominated the Scripps Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Regional (SCOAR) Model. The model is tested in three scenarios in the eastern Pacific Ocean sector: tropical instability waves of the eastern tropical Pacific, mesoscale eddies and fronts of the California Current System, and gap winds of the Central American coast. Recent observational evidence suggests air–sea interactions involving the oceanic mesoscale in these three regions. Evolving SST fronts are shown ...


This thesis is based on 9 papers dealing with the synthesis, physicochemical and biochemical properties of two types of chemically modified oligonucleotides which have the potential to down-regulate gene expression: (i) The first set is comprised of antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) conjugated with different chromophores of varying size, charge and π-electron density. Conjugation of the chromophores at the 3'- or 5'-end enhanced the target RNA binding affinity and RNase H recruitment capabilities compared to the native counterpart without changing the global helical conformation of their AON/RNA hybrid duplexes. The 3'-dipyridophenazine (DPPZ) has emerged as the most promising non-toxic chromophore in this series. (ii) The second set encompasses a new class of AONs containing North-East conformationally constrained 1',2'-oxetane-nucleosides. The introduction of oxetane-T and -C units imparts lowering of the Tm by ~ 6o and ~ 3 oC/modification, respectively, of the AON/RNA hybrids, whereas the incorporation of the corresponding oxetane-A and-G units into AONs did not alter the thermostability in comparison with that of the native hybrid duplex. The oxetane-modified AONs have been found to possess enhanced serum stability compared to that of the native, whereas oxetane-T and -C containing AONs were more endonuclease-resistant than oxetane-A and-G modified AONs. All oxetane-modified mixmer AON/ RNA hybrid duplexes were, however, found to be excellent substrates for RNase H cleavage, which has been analyzed by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The oxetane-modified mixmer AONs have shown effective down-regulation of the proto-oncogene c-myb mRNA in the K562 human leukemia cells, which was analyzed by QRT-PCR and Western Blot. Based on the amount of AON uptake after delivery, determined by slot blot, it was apparent that the oxetane-modified AONs are 5-6 times more effective antisense agents than the corresponding isosequential phosphorothioate analogues. The electrochemical assay based on sensitive nucleic acid mediated charge transport (CT) has revealed that the presence of oxetane-T unit causes more stacking perturbations in a DNA/DNA duplex than in a DNA/RNA duplex.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the choices made in manufacturing decision categories by subcontractor small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) and determines if subcontractor SMEs make homogenous manufacturing choices.
Design/methodology/approach – A literature review was used to develop theoretical propositions. A multiple case study with 19 subcontractor SMEs was conducted.
Findings – Factors that might lead to homogenous choices in the manufacturing strategy decision categories were formalised into four theoretical propositions. The propositions were based on new institutionalism factors as well as SME factors. The findings reveal that there is considerable heterogeneity across the subcontractor SMEs in the various manufacturing decision categories. However, there are similarities between some manufacturing choices. This can partly be explained by the proposed factors and partly by other factors, such as SME characteristics and process choices. Research limitations/implications – The study reinforces the need for more research that is focused on manufacturing decisions and choices in SMEs. All cases were of Swedish SMEs belonging to three different industries, potentially limiting the generalisability of findings to other industries or countries.
Practical implications – This study highlights the importance of the different choices made considering manufacturing and the factors influencing those choices. This provides guidance for managers when they make manufacturing choices in various decision categories. Originality/value – By addressing new institutionalism, SME characteristics and decision categories in the same study, the author provides new insights into the categories of manufacturing decisions.


Piles passing through sloping liquefiable deposits are prone to lateral loading if these deposits liquefy and flow during earthquakes. These lateral loads caused by the relative soil-pile movement will induce bending in the piles and may result in failure of the piles or excessive pile-head displacement. Whilst the weak nature of the flowing liquefied soil would suggest that only small loads would be exerted on the piles, it is known from case histories that piles do fail owing to the influence of laterally spreading soils. It will be shown, based on dynamic centrifuge test data, that dilatant behaviour of soil close to the pile is the major cause of these considerable transient lateral loads which are transferred to the pile. This paper reports the results of geotechnical centrifuge tests in which models of gently sloping liquefiable sand with pile foundations passing through them were subjected to earthquake excitation. The soil close to the pile was instrumented with pore-pressure transducers and contact stress cells in order to monitor the interaction between soil and pile and to track the soil stress state both upslope and downslope of the pile. The presence of instrumentation measuring pore-pressure and lateral stress close to the pile in the research described in this paper gives the opportunity to better study the soil stress state close to the pile and to compare the loads measured as being applied to the piles by the laterally spreading soils with those suggested by the JRA design code. This test data shows that lateral stresses much greater than one might expect from calculations based on the residual strength of liquefied soil may be applied to piles in flowing liquefied slopes owing to the dilative behaviour of the liquefied soil. It is shown at least for the particular geometry studied that the current JRA design code can be un-conservative by a factor of three for these dilation-affected transient lateral loads.


This paper focuses on the analyses and evaluation of resilience anchored in an economic perspective. Resilience, as well as most of the benefits provided by ecosystems, is not priced on current markets. However, this does not mean that resilience is of no value for humans. On the contrary, the interest of using an economic perspective, and the respective scientific methodology, will be put forward in terms of resilience relevance for ecosystems' life and functioning, and its impact on human welfare. The economic perspective is anchored in an anthropocentric analysis meaning that resilience is evaluated in terms of provision of natural capital benefits. These, in turn, are interpreted as an insurance against the risk of ecosystem malfunctioning and the consequent interruption of the provision of goods and services to humans. For this analysis, we make use of a conceptual framework so as to identify and describe the different value components of resilience. Finally, we present an illustration that tackles the economic analysis and discussion of resilience benefits in the context of the Venice Lagoon.


Forests are experiencing an environment that changes much faster than during the past several hundred years. In addition, the abiotic factors determining forest dynamics vary depending on its location. Forest modeling thus faces the new challenge of supporting forest management in the context of environmental change. This review focuses on three types of models that are used in forest management: empirical (EM), process-based (PBM) and hybrid models. Recent approaches may lead to the applicability of empirical models under changing environmental conditions, such as (i) the dynamic state-space approach, or (ii) the development of productivity-environment relationships. Twenty-five process-based models in use in Europe were analyzed in terms of their structure, inputs and outputs having in mind a forest management perspective. Two paths for hybrid modeling were distinguished: (i) coupling of EMs and PBMs by developing signal-transfer environment-productivity functions; (ii) hybrid models with causal structure including both empirical and mechanistic components. Several gaps of knowledge were identified for the three types of models reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of the three model types differ and all are likely to remain in use. There is a trade-off between how little data the models need for calibration and simulation purposes, and the variety of input-output relationships that they can quantify. PBMs are the most versatile, with a wide range of environmental conditions and output variables they can account for. However, PBMs require more data making them less applicable whenever data for calibration are scarce. EMs, on the other hand, are easier to run as they require much less prior information, but the aggregated representation of environmental effects makes them less reliable in the context of environmental changes. The different disadvantages of PBMs and EMs suggest that hybrid models may be a good compromise, but a more extensive testing of these models in practice is required.


PurposeThis study advances our knowledge about the effectiveness of body-worn cameras (BWCs) through exploring the perceptions of English police officers in three principal areas: positive perceptions, negative perceptions and evidence-focussed perceptions. In doing so, the purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the democratising process in the habitus of policing.Design/methodology/approachThis study presents a novel data set that evaluates the introduction of BWC to police officers in the East Midlands area of England. The authors conducted an extensive survey to explore the perceptions of 162 police officers about the BWCs. The authors examined the empirical data using Stata within the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu concerning the concept of habitus.FindingsThe authors have found that most police officers perceive that BWCs have a positive impact on policing practices and evidence collection. The positive perceptions and evidence-focussed perceptions increase the importance of BWCs; however, there are also negative perceptions regarding effective policing, administrative functionality and establishing a better relationship with the community. The authors argued that all three areas: positive perceptions, negative perceptions and evidence-focussed perceptions play a stimulating role to democratise the habitus of policing. On the other hand, BWCs do not guarantee the consolidation of democratic principles in the habitus of policing because of the authority of police to decide when, where and how to use BWCs.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is limited to the perceptions of 162 police officers in East Midlands before they actually started using it. A future study to analyse their real-life experiences after using the BWCs may help us to compare their perceptions before using it with real-life experiences after BWCs are used. In addition, a comparative approach between countries in future research will help to explain the role of technological applications in different social geographies and legal systems.Originality/valueThis study offers new insights about the perceptions of police on BWCs before they started using them. The authors introduce the democratic habitus of policing as an innovative concept and explored power dynamics in the habitus of policing through BWCs. The findings provide a strong empirical contribution to determine the conditions of democratic habitus of policing. In doing so, this study develops our theoretical knowledge about the habitus concept in sociology by employing BWCs in policing activities.


In this work we describe a method to identify document pairwise relevance in the context of a typical legal document collection: limited resources, long queries and long documents. We review the usage of generalized language models, including supervised and unsupervised learning. We observe how our method, while using text summaries, overperforms existing baselines based on full text, and motivate potential improvement directions for future work.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text ABSTRACT Objectives: Clinical features of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have been well-described in the literature, however, characterization of features experienced by patients with other eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs) is lacking. Using data collected from a patient contact registry, we sought to characterize and contrast patient-reported gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal symptoms and comorbidities in non-EoE EGIDs, including eosinophilic gastritis, gastroenteritis and colitis, relative to EoE. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of contact registry data collected from 2015 to 2018. Statistical comparisons were made using chi-square (categorical measures) and the Mann-Whitney U test (continuous measures). Multivariable analyses were used to evaluate associations between treatment and feelings of isolation. Results: Of the 715 reporting an EGID diagnosis (n = 525 EoE; n = 190 non-EoE EGID), a higher proportion of those with a non-EoE EGID reported more frequent specific and nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating (P < 0.01 for all). Participants with a non-EoE EGID were more likely to report higher frequency of fatigue, isolation, and deep muscle or joint pain (P < 0.01 for all). Specific food elimination and elemental formula treatments were associated with increased odds of more frequent (at least weekly) feelings of isolation for participants with EoE (adjusted odds rtaio [aOR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5--4.1 for specific food elimination and adjusted OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.2--3.3 for elemental formula). Conclusions: Significant differences exist in the symptoms and comorbidities experienced between those with EoE versus non-EoE EGIDs. Additional investigation is needed to elucidate the factors that may contribute to the high disease burden of these poorly understood conditions.


At university level, many modern language courses continue to use translation in their training and testing program of writing proficiency.In this article we report on an empirical investigation intended to trace differences between translations and short essays of third year students of French.Two groups of about 30 students translated a text of 300 words and wrote an essay of the same length; the topics of both texts were somewhat controversial: a-the relative value of the study of Latin .and Greek; b-the moral problem of the transplantation of the heart of a monkey in a human baby. Group I translated the text on topic a and wrote an essay on topic b; group II did the reverse.The products of each group were rated on one aspect, correctness of language, by three raters who worked independently. First, they rated the texts according to the impressionistic method as is usually done for essays; in order to improve reliability, they divided each writing product in four paragraphs of approxi-mately equal length, and scored each paragraph separately. A month later, they rated the same texts; this time, they marked and counted errors: this corresponds to the usual way of rating translations.The mean scores for the translations were somewhat lower than the mean scores for the essays: quality of language thus seems to be superior in the latter.Correlations between translation and essay scores of the same rater were about .64; this does not seem to differ much from what is known about correlations between the scores for two essays of one student on different topics.Correlations between the impression scores and the error-count scores of the same raters were about .75 : it is evident that the two rating methods didn't yield very different scores. Counting errors with or without the comparison of the translations with the original text resulted almost in the same scores: correlations were about .90.The error-count method yielded a higher rater reliability (of about .80) than the impressionistic method, but this rating too was relatively reliable (about .70).The analysis of a small number of translations and essays didn't show any remarkable and systematic differences between three stylistic characteristics of these two kinds of written products; the characteristics we analysed were: type/token ratio, mean T-unit length, syntactic complexity.No systematic relation between these characteristics and quality of language, i.e. the two kinds of correction scores, was found.


Implementation of projects aimed at harnessing information and communication technologies (ICTs) for socio-economic development in Africa are inevitably affected by the state of basic infrastructure. This explains the mixed results of ICT adoption as emerging evaluative research indicates. However, through recurrent practices, users of ICTs in many places have devised coping mechanisms to navigate through existing infrastructural constraints. These processes have significantly altered the nature and functionalities of some ICTs in ways that differ from the initial conceptualization and design. The outcomes produce new ways of thinking and practice. This paper adopts an integrated model of contextualist and structurational analyses to show how the unintended outcomes represent interesting new sites for research and analysis. It suggests the need to examine the nature of the reconstituted products and functionalities and how they evolve into distinct ontological realities. The analysis is demonstrated by a case study of the patterns of usage and conceptions of some ICTs and processes in Nigeria.


Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet structures are among the most promising electrolytes for all-solid state Li-ion-batteries. The synthesis and processing of garnet-type fast Li-ion conductors depend on conventional sol–gel and solid state syntheses and sintering that are usually done at temperatures above 1050 °C to reach the high Li-ion conducting cubic phase. This process results in micron-sized particles and potential Li-loss, which are unfavorable for further processing and electrode–electrolyte assembly. Here, we tackle this problem and report a novel low temperature synthesis-processing route to stabilize the cubic phase of Li7La3Zr2O12, while keeping the nanocrystallites at ∼200–300 nm. Li7La3Zr2O12 phases are obtained at temperatures as low as 600 °C by a modified sol–gel combustion method utilizing mainly nitrate precursors, and the sintering temperature is lowered by ∼200 °C compared to the state-of-art. Through a new model experiment, we also shed light on the conditions influencing the tetragonal to cubic phase transformation via homogeneous Ga-diffusion and incorporation occurring at a surprisingly low temperature of ∼100 °C for a post-annealing step. The sintered pellets of the newly obtained Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 deliver high bulk Li-ion conductivities in the range of ∼4.0 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 20 °C, and a wide thermal operation window is accessible through its characteristic activation energy of ∼0.32 eV. We report that there is an optimum in sintering-processing conditions for the cubic c-Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 solid state electrolytes and their Li-ionic conductivity and the (Raman) near order characteristics that can be tracked through changes in Li–O vibrational modes. Based on this alternative route, low-temperature synthesized powders can be sintered to relatively dense pellets at around only 950 °C. At higher sintering temperatures (e.g. 1100 °C), Li-losses progress as confirmed by structural studies and a reduction of both ceramic pellet density and ionic conductivity, as well as distortions in the Li-sublattice, are found. Through this work, an alternative low temperature processing route for Ga-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet type electrolytes for all-solid state batteries is suggested. The new synthesis method and the use of c-Li6.4Ga0.2La3Zr2O12 nanoparticles could open pathways in terms of preventing Li-loss during the process and advancing future solid electrolyte–electrode assembly options for all-solid state Li-ion batteries.


The Shannon Estuary is home to Ireland's only known resident population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and is designated as a candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC) for this species. Proper conservation management of these dolphins requires an understanding of the social structure of this population. Four years of photoidentification data (2005 to 2009, excluding 2007) were used to construct sociograms that complement a cluster analysis of individually marked dolphins and their associates. The results found little evidence of social stability or group fidelity for this study's dolphin population. Analysis of dolphins observed in consecutive years showed that the probability of group members encountering an individual dolphin in the second year did not depart from a random model. The social parameters for this resident population seem to be typical for this species. Bottlenose dolphins are found to exhibit a highly fluid, dynamic social structure within which individuals change their composition and associates regularly. These dolphins in the Shannon Estuary appear to live in a fission-fusion based society.


The angular dependence of filtering properties for a novel narrowband reflection-and-transmission filter made of an ultrathin metallic film in front of a planar Fabry-Perot resonator is theoretically investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous peaks in reflection and transmission are strongly dependent on the polarization of the incident wave. The peak positions of the reflection and transmission are shifted to shorter wavelengths as the angle of incidence increases in both TM and TE polarization. Additionally, the reflection peak height is increased in TE polarization, whereas it is decreased in TM polarization. Two effective Brewster angles can be defined through the angle-dependent reflectance at the resonant wavelength for both polarizations. The first, for TE polarization, is found at 34°, and the second is 77° for TM polarization. The structure could thus be used as a polarizing device in addition to a filtering one.


The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is growing rapidly across many civil application domains, including real-time monitoring, providing wireless coverage, remote sensing, search and rescue, delivery of goods, security and surveillance, precision agriculture, and civil infrastructure inspection. Smart UAVs are the next big revolution in the UAV technology promising to provide new opportunities in different applications, especially in civil infrastructure in terms of reduced risks and lower cost. Civil infrastructure is expected to dominate more than $45 Billion market value of UAV usage. In this paper, we present UAV civil applications and their challenges. We also discuss the current research trends and provide future insights for potential UAV uses. Furthermore, we present the key challenges for UAV civil applications, including charging challenges, collision avoidance and swarming challenges, and networking and security-related challenges. Based on our review of the recent literature, we discuss open research challenges and draw high-level insights on how these challenges might be approached.


Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has been generally regarded as an ideal network model for group communications because of its specialty of instant establishment. However, the security of MANET is still a challenge issue. Although there are some existing security schemes such as ARAN (Authenticated Routing for Ad hoc Networks) protocol that makes use of cryptographic certificate to provide end-to-end authentication during routing phases, the overhead of security computation is still a serious hurdle for real application. In this paper, we propose a comparatively efficient scheme to perform ARAN protocol, based on AODV, by using one-time signature in place of conventional signature, aiming at achieving the same level of security but improved efficiency. We also provide two approaches to handle the authentication of gratuitous route reply using delegation token and transitive signature schemes.


Neural recording systems have attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years, and researchers have put major efforts into designing and developing devices that can record and monitor neural activity. Understanding the functionality of neurons can be used to develop neuroprosthetics for restoring damages in the nervous system. An analog front-end block is one of the main components in such systems, by which the neuron signals are amplified and processed for further analysis. In this work, our goal is to design and implement a field-programmable 16-channel analog front-end block, where its programmability is used to deal with process variation in the chip. Each channel consists of a two-stage amplifier as well as a band-pass filter with digitally tunable low corner frequency. The 16 recording channels are designed using four different architectures. The first group of recording channels employs one low-noise amplifier (LNA) as the first-stage amplifier and a fully differential amplifier for the second stage along with an NMOS transistor in the feedback loop. In the second group of architectures, we use an LNA as the first stage and a single-ended amplifier for implementing the second stage. Groups three and four have the same design as groups one and two; however the NMOS transistor in the feedback loop is replaced by two PMOS transistors. In our design, the circuits are optimized for low noise and low power consumption. Simulations result in input-referred noise of 6.9 μVrms over 0.1 Hz to 1 GHz. Our experiments show the recording channel has a gain of 77.5 dB. The chip is fabricated in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology for a total die area of 3 mm×3 mm and consumes 2.7 mW power from a 3.3 V supply. Moreover, the chip is tested on a PCB board that can be employed for in-vivo recording.


Tectonites from ~2.7-Ga-old Platberg (mid-Ventersdorp) rift-related fault zones in H.J. Joel and Harmony gold mines (southern Free State Goldfield) were dated by the 40Ar-39Ar step-heating technique. A mylonite from a bedding-parallel thrust zone at H.J. Joel Gold Mine yielded an age plateau with ages between ~2.08 Ga and ~2.07 Ga (interpreted age 2076 ± 5 Ma). A cataclasite from a north-striking shear zone yielded a partial (60%) age plateau with ~2.095 to ~2.065 Ga ages, resulting in an interpreted age of 2088 ± 7 Ma. Both partially recrystallised tectonites exhibited 39Ar-loss at, or more recent than, ~1.83 to ~1.75 Ga. A completely recrystallised ultracataclasite from a major northeast-striking fault zone yielded only ages <~1.75 Ga. Seemingly two phases of low-temperature resetting at ~1.83 to ~1.75 Ga and ~1.35 to ~1.20 Ga affected this sample.

The argon age systematics of mylonitic fault rocks from Harmony Gold Mine that are crosscut by younger ultracataclastic-pseudotachylitic breccias and that are developed along individual shear planes of the Merriespruit Thrust and De Bron Fault zones are disturbed. Only one mylonite yielded a plateau age of 2019 ± 8 Ma, which is within errors of the age of breccia development due to the Vredefort impact event. Most of these mylonites record ~1.83 to ~1.75 Ga ages. Several other ultracataclastic-pseudotachylitic breccias could not be precisely dated, as the samples do not contain sufficient potassium. The spectra of these samples are saddle-shaped with strong indications of significant excess argon. Saddle ages of 2841 ± 15 Ma and 2020 ± 20 Ma were obtained for one sample each from the De Bron and Merriespruit fault zones.

Ages in the interval ~2.095 to ~2.065 Ga document a thermal overprinting event of pre-Bushveld-age, which led to complete resetting of the isotope system of older cataclasites and mylonites. This thermo-metamorphic event is believed to represent the initial phase of the Palaeoproterozoic Magondi (Ubendian) Orogeny at ~2.1 to 2.06 Ga along the western margin of the Zimbabwe Craton, which resulted in intense magmatic activity throughout the northern and central Kaapvaal Craton. Pre- to early orogenic magmatism in the Kaapvaal Craton culminated in the structurally controlled emplacement of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, which caused regionally persistent greenschist facies metamorphism (~2 to 3 kbar; 350°C) and the formation of peak-metamorphic mineral assemblages in West and Central Rand Group lithologies in the northern and central Witwatersrand Basin at ~2.06 to ~2.05 Ga, but appears not to have thermo-metamorphically effected the southern portion of the basin.

Besides geological evidence for Vredefort-related generation of ultracataclastic-pseudotachylitic breccias along some of the major fault zones in the Free State Goldfield, ages that could be related to the Vredefort impact event at ~2.02 Ga were obtained from ultracataclastic-pseudotachylitic breccias cutting across earlier developed cataclasites and mylonites along the De Bron Fault and Merriespruit Thrust Zone. Ages <~2 Ga represent post-Vredefort tectono-thermal or hydrothermal events that have previously also been documented from breccias in the north-central Witwatersrand Basin. Expected Platberg formation ages of ~2.71 Ga were not obtained from any of the analysed cataclastic and mylonitic fault rock specimens, due to the intense and almost complete resetting of their isotopic systems during later (pre-Bushveld, Bushveld, Vredefort, post-Vredefort) tectono-thermal events. These results clearly indicate that post-2 Ga tectono-hydrothermal activity affected the central part of the Kaapvaal Craton. This activity is interpreted as a manifestation of orogenic activity in the Proterozoic mobile belts around the craton margins during the Eburnean (Kheis) and Kibaran/Grenville (Namaqua-Natal) orogenies.


Video technology coupled with datalogging exposure monitors have been used to evaluate worker exposure to different types of contaminants. However, previous application of this technology used a stationary video camera to record the worker's activity while the worker wore some type of contaminant monitor. These techniques are not applicable to mobile workers in the mining industry because of their need to move around the operation while performing their duties. The Helmet-Cam is a recently developed exposure assessment tool that integrates a person-wearable video recorder with a datalogging dust monitor. These are worn by the miner in a backpack, safety belt or safety vest to identify areas or job tasks of elevated exposure. After a miner performs his or her job while wearing the unit, the video and dust exposure data files are downloaded to a computer and then merged together through a NIOSH-developed computer software program called Enhanced Video Analysis of Dust Exposure (EVADE). By providing synchronized playback of the merged video footage and dust exposure data, the EVADE software allows for the assessment and identification of key work areas and processes, as well as work tasks that significantly impact a worker's personal respirable dust exposure. The Helmet-Cam technology has been tested at a number of metal/nonmetal mining operations and has proven to be a valuable assessment tool. Mining companies wishing to use this technique can purchase a commercially available video camera and an instantaneous dust monitor to obtain the necessary data, and the NIOSH-developed EVADE software will be available for download at no cost on the NIOSH website.


An artificial neural network that self-organizes to recognize various images presented as a training set is described. One application of the network uses multiple functionally disjoint stages to provide pattern recognition that is invariant to translations of the object in the image plane. The general form of the network uses three stages that perform the functionally disjoint tasks of preprocessing, invariance, and recognition. The preprocessing stage is a single layer of processing elements that performs dynamic thresholding and intensity scaling. The invariance stage is a multilayered connectionist implementation of a modified Walsh-Hadamard transform used for generating an invariant representation of the image. The recognition stage is a multilayered self-organizing neural network that learns to recognize the representation of the input image generated by the invariance stage. The network can successfully self-organize to recognize objects without regard to the location of the object in the image field and has some resistance to noise and distortions. >


Using pulsed near infrared laser radiation for selective laser sintering bears several advantages compared to cw sintering such as low requried average power, less residual heat and improved lateral precision. By adapting the pulse length (and thus the heat diffusion length during the pulse) to the grain size of the used metal powder, the laser pulse energy can mainly by deposited in the skin of the powder particles where heating and melting is obtained, whereas the centers of the grains remain at much lower temperature and act as heat sinks after consolidation. The model described here was numerically implemented and experimentally tested with a pulsed Nd:YAG laser on titanium powder. The results of the model predictions and the performed experiments are in good agreement.


Atmel is inventing a new microcontroller that is capable of running Java pro- grams through an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine. Compared to industry standard PCs the microcontroller has limited processing power and main memory. When running interactive programs on this microcontroller it is important that the program interruption time is kept to a minimum. In a Java Virtual machine the garbage collector is responsible for reclaiming unused main memory and making it available for the Java program again. This process creates a program interruption where the Java program is halted and the garbage collector is working. At the project start the Atmel Virtual Machine was using the mark-sweep garbage collector. This garbage collector could produce a program interruption greater than one second and was not suitable for interactive programs. The Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm is a new garbage collection algorithm that is incremental and therefore only collects a little bit of main memory at a time compared to the implemented mark-sweep garbage collector. A theoretical comparison of the mark sweep algorithm and the Memory- Constrained Copying algorithm was performed. This comparison showed that the mark-sweep algorithm would have a much longer program interruption than the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm. The two algorithms should in the- ory also produce equal throughput. The penalty for the short program interrup- tion time in the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm is its high algorithmic complexity. After a few modfications to the Virtual Machine, the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm was implemented and tested functionally. To test the pro- gram interruption and throughput of the garbage collection algorithms a set of benchmarks were chosen. The EDN Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium Java benchmark suite was selected as the most accurate benchmarks available. The practical comparison of the two garbage collection algorithms showed that the theoretical comparison was correct. The mark-sweep algorithm pro- duced in the worst case an interruption of 3 seconds, while the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm's maximum program interruption was 44 milliseconds. The results of the benchmarking confirms the results that the inventors of the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm achieved in their test. Their test was not performed on a microcontroller, but on a standard desktop computer. This implementation has also confirmed that it is possible to implement the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm in a microcontroller. During the implementation of the Memory-Constrained Copying algorithm a hardware bug was found in the microcontroller. This bug was identified and reported so the hardware could be modified.


CRMA-II (Cyclic Reservation Multiple Access, Version II) is a media access control protocol for local and metropolitan area networks working in the Gbit/s range. The access scheme is based on direct access to a slotted medium combined with a reservation scheme guaranteeing both high utilization of network capacity and global fairness. The performance of CRMA-II is improved in comparison with the forerunner CRMA protocol by installing insertion buffers at each station. Network throughput is pushed to values far beyond the transmission capacity by spatial reuse of slots while buffer-insertion technique reduces media access time but increases round-trip delay. In this paper a new media access scheme for constant bitrate (CBR) traffic is proposed. For acknowledged CBR connections CBR slots have immediate access to the transmission media. While there is one insertion buffer for each priority of data traffic, CBR traffic is allowed to bypass insertion buffers to ensure minimum delay for constant bitrate services. In this paper a performance evaluation of the CRMA-II media access scheme and the new access mechanism for CBR traffic are presented. The evaluation was done using discrete event driven simulations.


Background Nanopore sequencing is a third generation genomic sequencing method that offers real time sequencing of DNA samples. Nanopore sequencing is an excellent tool for teaching because it involves cutting-edge sequencing methods and also helps students to develop a research mindset, where students can learn to identify and resolve problems that arise during an experiment. Results We, as a group of undergraduate biology students, were able to use nanopore sequencing to analyze a sample of pupfish DNA. We were able to accomplish this without computer science backgrounds and only some basic DNA extraction training. Although there were issues, such as inconsistent results across runs, we found it useful as a research learning experience and an application of the skills we learned. Conclusions As students, it was exciting to be able to experience this technology first hand and apply what we learned in the classroom. Nanopore sequencing holds potential for DNA sequencing of large fragments in real time. It allows students to be acquainted with novel technologies and the theories behind them. However, as with all new techniques, it does not have the same established support, and when students run into difficulties while using nanopore sequencing, it is often difficult to identify what went wrong.


The aim of the present investigation is to study the static and dynamic behaviour of a tension leg platform in the intact condition and after partial or total loss of tether at any corner. The exercise involves formulating the statics and dynamics of column stabilised structures with taut moorings and implementing the same in appropriate computer softwares. Formulations are also made to calculate the equilibrium tensions after a loss of tether. -- The computer program for hydrostatics is capable of generating the standard hydrostatic information as well as locating the equilibrium configuration of the floating body under a given set of external static loads. This is used to assess the statical stability of the tension leg platform in damaged cases and compare the same with its various other configurations. -- Under the category of hydrodynamic analysis, two major types of approaches, namely 'frequency domain' and 'time domain' are employed. In the frequency domain approach, wave amplitudes and all displacements are assumed to be small. Also, integration of the hydrodynamic forces is carried out over the mean wetted surface of the body. The wave excitation forces are calculated via a 'Morison type' formula and an iterative scheme is adopted to handle the nonlinear drag term. This analysis is used to compute the 'response amplitude operators' (RAOs) in intact and damaged conditions. Significant responses are also computed using these RAOs and Pierson-Moskowitz wave spectra for chosen wind speeds. In the time domain analysis, though assumptions similar to frequency domain analysis are made regarding the incident wave. However, no restriction is put on the motion of the body. The excitation and the reactive forces are calculated over the instantaneous wetted surface and at the displaced position. Nonlinear equations of motion are integrated using Adam's method. This analysis is used to obtain time-series data of motion and tension responses in order to study the variation of steady state amplitudes in intact and damaged conditions as well as transients following a loss of tether. -- A special study of the occurrence of Mathieu type dynamic instability in tension leg platforms is also undertaken. A formulation to calculate unstable combinations of wave height and frequency is developed based on Floquet theory for periodic systems. The effect of various pertinent parameters including loss of tether on instability is also investigated. -- Furthermore, a 1:100 scale model of a representative tension leg platform is designed and fabricated. Experiments are conducted in regular and irregular waves in both intact and damaged configurations and the experimental observations are compared with those predicted by the theoretical models. -- It is seen that a complete loss of tether at any corner can reduce the statical stability of a tension leg platform drastically. A loss of tether, in general, is found to increase the platform motions in vertical planes as well as the static and dynamic tensions in the remaining intact tethers. Total loss of tether at one corner induces snap loads in one or more corners. Depending on the wave height and frequency, these snap loads could be high enough to trigger further tether failures. With regard to Mathieu type dynamic instability, even a 25% loss of total axial stiffness of the tethers is seen to have insignificant effect on the occurrence of such instability.


The effect of asbestos exposure and asbestos-associated fibrosis on the lobe of origin of lung cancer was studied among 108 lung cancer patients. The asbestos-exposed patients had significantly more lower lobe tumors than the unexposed patients. Similar results were obtained when occupational history or lung fiber concentration was used as an indicator of past occupational exposure to asbestos. The predominance of lower lobe tumors occurred even among exposed patients with no histological signs of asbestosis in their lung specimens. Both bronchial and peripheral cancers showed a lower lobe predominance among the exposed patients. Smoking history did not affect the lobar distribution of the tumors. No significant differences occurred for the histological cell types of the tumors between the exposed and unexposed patients. Patients with asbestosis had, however, more adenocarcinomas than the unexposed patients. The results indicate that asbestos may increase the risk of lung cancer even in the absence of asbestosis.


INTRODUCTION
Virtual laboratories have been  used for several decades as a tool to help in the educational process. However, it is not always clear the purpose and correct way to use this tool. Educators need to improve their work so that the teaching process is more efficient. A wide range of virtual resources is available in different languages. Most of the resources are in English and some in Latvian, therefore the use of virtual laboratories is made very simple.
Hypothesis: The efficient use of a virtual laboratory depends on multiple circumstances.
The concept of the virtual laboratory is understood and used differently by many authors and researchers because that depends on the purpose of use. In the most general terms, a virtual laboratory is a computer-based activity where students interact with an experimental apparatus or other activity via a computer interface. Typical examples is a simulation of an experiment, whereby a student interacts with programmed-in behaviours, and a remote-controlled experiment where a student interacts with real apparatus via a computer link.
This kind of process allows students to explore a topic by comparing and contrasting different scenarios, to pause and restart an application for reflection and note taking, to get practical experimentation experience over the Internet.
The most recognizable are computer simulations that allow us to examine basic concepts in physics. These simulations are broadly used in the teaching and learning process in different ways.
The purpose of this research is to study through virtual laboratories that are broadly used in educational institutions and to examine the usefulness and impact of using such laboratories.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
To find out the circumstances for the efficient use of a virtual laboratory, research has been made to understand the key factors.
A criterion for effectiveness of the virtual laboratory is made depending on other experiences over the past ten years.
Mostly through literature studies and depending on experience, all the assumptions are justified.
RESULTS
What people mean by a virtual laboratory, to understand what value it can bring, and importantly what it cannot and must not do. A virtual laboratory must bring as close a connection to reality as possible, to as many students as possible.
The key areas of benefit are accessibility, training and augmentation.
Nothing can replace the experience of working hands-on with laboratory equipment, the virtual laboratory should not be used to provide a full experience.
In some cases, learning a new environment or software for simulations can be difficult and time consuming.
In the context of geographical location or mobility issues, the use of a virtual laboratory may provide a substitution for a real experiment. A substitution is also necessary due to lack of equipment.
DISCUSSION
In recent years, researchers do not try to prove that virtual experiments are better than experiments in real life because such researches were made and the results in most cases do not prove that virtual experiments bring better results in students' exams.
Different researchers try to prove that using virtual environment in some cases changes the attitude towards physics and science.
In future authors will make and use virtual laboratory not only as computer simulations but also as a whole environment for learning and teaching physics and science.
CONCLUSION
The results are theoretical. However, this research is significant for future work because it helps to prevent failures and focus on things that have not been done before.
There exist some limitations due to a lack of students. Therefore, the authors can also focus on different stages of education.


We examine the problem of scalable file system directories, motivated by data-intensive applications requiring millions to billions of small files to be ingested in a single directory at rates of hundreds of thousands of file creates every second. We introduce a POSIX-compliant scalable directory design, GIGA+, that distributes directory entries over a cluster of server nodes. For scalability, each server makes only local, independent decisions about migration for load balancing. GIGA+ uses two internal implementation tenets, asynchrony and eventual consistency, to: (1) partition an index among all servers without synchronization or serialization, and (2) gracefully tolerate stale index state at the clients. Applications, however, are provided traditional strong synchronous consistency semantics. We have built and demonstrated that the GIGA+ approach scales better than existing distributed directory implementations, delivers a sustained throughput of more than 98,000 file creates per second on a 32-server cluster, and balances load more efficiently than consistent hashing.


We have identified an S. cerevisiae integral peroxisomal membrane protein of M of 42,705 (Pex13p) that is a component of the peroxisomal protein import apparatus. Pex13p's most striking feature is an src homology 3 (SH3) domain that interacts directly with yeast Pex5p (former Pas10p), the recognition factor for the COOH-terminal tripeptide signal sequence (PTS1), but not with Pex7p (former Pas7p), the recognition factor for the NH2-terminal nonapeptide signal (PTS2) of peroxisomal matrix proteins. Hence, Pex13p serves as peroxisomal membrane receptor for at least one of the two peroxisomal signal recognition factors. Cells deficient in Pex13p are unable to import peroxisomal matrix proteins containing PTS1 and, surprisingly, also those containing PTS2. Pex13p deficient cells retain membranes containing the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex11p (former Pmp27p), consistent with the existence of independent pathways for the integration of peroxisomal membrane proteins and for the translocation of peroxisomal matrix proteins.


Recently, a novel cluster-based medium access control (CB-MAC) protocol has been proposed for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Though performance of CB-MAC protocol is affected by cluster size, no mechanism is provided to manage cluster size efficiently. In this paper, the performance of CB-MAC protocol is optimized for VANETs by optimizing transmission probability with cluster size. Each vehicle should adopt the optimum transmission probability in the cluster which can be obtained by tuning the number of clusters in VANET. Therefore, optimum number of clusters is defined based on the number of vehicles in VANETs. An analytical study based on Markov chain model is provided. Optimum transmission probability, and optimum number of clusters expressions are derived. The microscopic mobility model is generated in SUMO for practical scenario. Simulation results are presented which verify analytical (theoretical) analysis and show that the performance of CB-MAC protocol is maximized in terms of throughput, packet dropping rate (PDR), and delay. Throughput is remarkably increased, whereas PDR and delay are decreased.


Context. In the previous papers of this series, we decomposed all the H i 21-cm line profiles of the Leiden-Argentina-Bonn (LAB) database into Gaussian components (GCs), and studied the statistical distributions of the obtained GCs. Aims. Now we are interested in separating the "clouds" of similar closely spaced GCs from the general database of the components. In this paper we examine the most complicated case for our new cloud-finding algorithm – the clouds of very narrow GCs. Methods. To separate the clouds of similar GCs, we started with the single-link hierarchical clustering procedure in five-dimensional (longitude, latitude, velocity, GC width, and height) space, but made some modifications to accommodate it to the large number of components. We also used the requirement that each cloud may be represented at any observed sky position by only one GC and take the similarity of global properties of the merging clouds into account. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm enables us to find the features in gas distribution, which are described by similar GCs. As a test, we applied the algorithm for finding the clouds of the narrowest H i 21-cm line components. Results. Using the full sky search for cold clouds, we easily detected the coldest known H i clouds and demonstrate that actually they are a part of a long narrow ribbon of cold clouds. We modeled these clouds as a part of a planar gas ring, then deduce their spatial placement and discuss their relation to supernova shells in the solar neighborhood. Many other narrow-lined H i structures are also found. We conclude that the proposed algorithm satisfactorily solves the posed task. In testing the algorithm, we found a long ribbon of very cold H i clouds and demonstrated that all the observed properties of this band of clouds are described very well by the planar ring model. Conclusions. We also guess that the study of the narrowest H i 21-cm line components may be a useful tool for finding the structure of neutral gas in solar neighborhood.


Background: Elevation of cerebral cholesterol turnover in mice due to increased CYP46A1 expression has palliative effects on hallmarks of Alzheimer disease. Results: CYP46A1 could also be activated post-translationally by drugs in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: CYP46A1 is a viable therapeutic target. Significance: Pharmacologic stimulation of CYP46A1 and cerebral cholesterol turnover may lead to new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain disorders. Cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1) is a brain-specific cholesterol 24-hydroxylase responsible for the majority of cholesterol elimination from the brain. Genetically increased CYP46A1 expression in mice leads to improved cognition and decreases manifestations of Alzheimer disease. We found that four pharmaceuticals (efavirenz (EFV), acetaminophen, mirtazapine, and galantamine) prescribed for indications unrelated to cholesterol maintenance increased CYP46A1 activity in vitro. We then evaluated the anti-HIV medication EFV for the mode of interaction with CYP46A1 and the effect on mice. We propose a model for CYP46A1 activation by EFV and show that EFV enhanced CYP46A1 activity and cerebral cholesterol turnover in animals with no effect on the levels of brain cholesterol. The doses of EFV administered to mice and required for the stimulation of their cerebral cholesterol turnover are a hundred times lower than those prescribed to HIV patients. At such small doses, EFV may be devoid of adverse effects elicited by high drug concentrations. CYP46A1 could be a novel therapeutic target and a tool to further investigate the physiological and medical significance of cerebral cholesterol turnover.


This paper illustrates a novel approach to the estimation of generalization error of decision tree classifiers. We set out the study of decision tree errors in the context of consistency analysis theory, which proved that the Bayes error can be achieved only if when the number of data samples thrown into each leaf node goes to infinity. For the more challenging and practical case where the sample size is finite or small, a novel sampling error term is introduced in this paper to cope with the small sample problem effectively and efficiently. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed error estimate is superior to the well-known K-fold cross validation methods in terms of robustness and accuracy. Moreover it is orders of magnitudes more efficient than cross validation methods.


Despite its ever-increasing impact, security is not considered as a design objective in commercial electronic design automation (EDA) tools. This results in vulnerabilities being overlooked during the software-hardware design process. Specifically, vulnerabilities that allow leakage of sensitive data might stay unnoticed by standard testing, as the leakage itself might not result in evident functional changes. Therefore, EDA tools are needed to elaborate the confidentiality of sensitive data during the design process. However, state-of-the-art implementations either solely consider the hardware or restrict the expressiveness of the security properties that must be proven. Consequently, more proficient tools are required to assist in the software and hardware design. To address this issue, we propose SoftFlow, an EDA tool that allows determining whether a given software exploits existing leakage paths in hardware. Based on our analysis, the leakage paths can be retained if proven not to be exploited by software. This is desirable if the removal significantly impacts the design's performance or functionality, or if the path cannot be removed as the chip is already manufactured. We demonstrate the feasibility of SoftFlow by identifying vulnerabilities in OpenSSL cryptographic C programs, and redesigning them to avoid leakage of cryptographic keys in a RISC-V architecture.


ABSTRACT Aim: Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) control a wide range of biological functions, and are implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse tumour types including gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OGA). AZD4547 is a potent, selective, small molecule inhibitor of FGFR 1, 2, & 3 tyrosine kinases. The aims of the phase I component of this study were to determine the safety, MTD, & PK profile of AZD4547 when administered with cisplatin (C) and capecitabine (X). Methods: Eligible patients (pts) with refractory advanced solid tumors, adequate performance status (PS), haematologic, renal, hepatic function received 1 of 3 escalating doses of AZD4547 in a "rolling six" dose escalation design. AZD4547 was administered orally (po) bid days 1-14 in combination with C (80 mg/m2 i/v) and X (1000 mg/m2 po bid days 1–14) in 3-weekly cycles. DLTs were based on cycle 1 toxicities which were assessed weekly (clinical, haematologic, biochemical) with ophthalmic assessment and echocardiogram at 4 weeks. Plasma AZD4547 was measured in blood over 24 hrs (day 1). Disease (CT scan) was assessed 9-weekly. Results: 19 pts (11 M, 8F), median age 57 (range: 40-78) were enrolled; 16 with PS 0 (9) or 1 (7) were evaluable for toxicity at 40mg BD (4 pts), 60mg BD (6), or 80mg BD (6) dose levels. Median duration of treatment was 3 cycles (range: 1-6). 4 DLTs occurred in 3 pts: 3 DLTs at 80mg BD (grade 3/4 neutropenia with fever; & > 2 week dose interruption for cardiac toxicity; - 1 pt; grade 3 LFT elevation – 1 pt); 1 DLT at 60mg BD (grade 3 oral mucositis). Cumulative (worst grade, all cycles) grade 3/4 toxicities (excluding DLTs) included hypomagnesaemia (5 pts), electrolyte disturbance (4) neutropenia (3), pulmonary embolism (3), elevated AST / ALT (3), nausea (2), febrile neutropenia (1). 1 partial response (basaloid cervical cancer) was observed at 40mg BD. Stable disease was observed in 7 pts at 9 weeks and in 3 pts at 18 weeks. Conclusions: The recommended dose of AZD4547 is 60mg BD when combined with CX. A randomised phase IIa study of CX + AZD4547 or placebo is on-going in patients with advanced OGA and polysomy or amplification of FGFRs. Disclosure: D. Landers: Employee of AstraZeneca UK Limited, involved in development of the reported drug. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


A new quality map for quality-guided phase unwrapping is presented. The quality map is derived from the wrapped phase map directly and can reflect phase quality accurately. It is demonstrated that the proposed quality map is a good phase-quality indicator, with which the quality-guided unwrapping algorithm can retrieve a reliable phase profile.


Poorly damped electromechanical modes detection in a power system and corresponding stability margins prediction are very important in power system planning and operation, and can provide significant help to power system operators with preventing stability problems. Stochastic subspace identification is proposed in this thesis as a technique to extract the critical mode(s) from the measured ambient noise without requiring artificial disturbances (e.g. a line outage), allowing these critical modes to be used as an on-line index, which is referred here to as System Identification Stability Indices (SISI) to predict the closest oscillatory instability. The SISI is not only independent of system models and truly representative of the actual system, but also computationally efficient. In addition, readily available signals in a power system and several identification methods are categorized, and merits and pitfalls of each one are addressed in this work. The damping torque of linearized models of power systems is studied in this thesis as another possible on-line security index. This index is estimated by means of proper system identification techniques applied to both power system transient response and ambient noise. The damping torque index is shown to address some of drawbacks of the SISI. This thesis also demonstrates the connection between the second order statistical properties, including confidence intervals, of the estimated electromechanical modes and the variance of model parameters. These analyses show that Monte-Carlo type of experiments or simulations can be avoided, hence resulting in a significant reduction in the number of samples. In these types of studies, the models available in simulation packages are exiii tremely important due to their unquestionable impact on modal analysis results. Hence, in this thesis, the validity of generator subtransient model and a typical STATCOM transient stability (TS) model are also investigated by means of system identification, illustrating that under certain conditions the STATCOM TS model can yield results that are too optimistic, which can lead to errors in power system planning and operation. In addition to several small test systems used throughout this thesis, the feasibility of the proposed indices are tested on a realistic system with 14,000 buses, demonstrating their usefulness in practice.


In this article, the authors propose a risk estimation model that addresses both smoothness and idiosyncratic risk dynamics of narrow private equity portfolio returns. The authors subsequently apply the model to a broad set of private equity return streams with tightly controlled diversification properties. They show that increased model complexity is detrimental to the model's forecasting power and that idiosyncratic risks increase as one goes between hypothetical investment in a broad (albeit noninvestable) private equity index and a real-life, narrowly diversified portfolio of private equity funds. The authors also find that private equity returns have demonstrated a level of exposure to public equity markets that may be considered surprisingly low and offer a possible qualitative justification for this phenomenon. Finally, the authors incorporate the newly obtained private equity risk model into a general portfolio construction framework and demonstrate how to study the inevitable trade-offs between the costs and benefits of increased portfolio diversification. TOPICS: Portfolio theory, portfolio construction, equity portfolio management Key Findings • By applying a somewhat novel econometric technique to a proprietary dataset, we offer a way to separately estimate systematic and idiosyncratic risks of private equity (PE) programs. Our methodology controls for data overfitting and program concentration. • Observed volatility and equity beta of PE are much lower than that of public equity. We believe this is not an aberration but instead a fundamental consequence of PE being less exposed to the excess volatility of public equity markets. • With the exception of the tumultuous period of the global financial crisis (GFC), risk properties of private equity have been surprisingly persistent; if anything, systematic risks of private equities decreased slightly after the GFC.


We propose a novel scheme of optical confinement for atoms by using a concave grating reflector. The two-dimension grating structure with a concave surface shape exhibits strong focusing ability under radially polarized illumination. Especially, the light intensity at the focal point is about 100 times higher than that of the incident light. Such a focusing optical field reflected from the curved grating structure can provide a deep potential to trap cold atoms. We discuss the feasibility of the structure serving as an optical dipole trap. Our results are as follows. (i) Van der Waals attraction potential to the surface of the structure has a low effect on trapped atoms. (ii) The maximum trapping potential is ∼ 1.14 mK in the optical trap, which is high enough to trap cold 87Rb atoms from a standard magneto-optical trap with a temperature of 120 μK, and the maximum photon scattering rate is lower than 1/s. (iii) Such a microtrap array can also manipulate and control cold molecules, or microscopic particles.


A detailed look at how object-oriented VBA should be used to model complex financial structures This guide helps readers overcome the difficult task of modeling complex financial structures and bridges the gap between professional C++/Java programmers writing production models and front-office analysts building Excel spreadsheet models. It reveals how to model financial structures using object-oriented VBA in an Excel environment, allowing desk-based analysts to quickly produce flexible and robust models. Filled with in-depth insight and expert advice, it skillfully illustrates the art of object-oriented programming for the explicit purpose of modeling structured products. Residential mortgage securitization is used as a unifying example throughout the text.


Recognition and classification of human actions for annotation of unconstrained video sequences has proven to be challenging because of the variations in the environment, appearance of actors, modalities in which the same action is performed by different persons, speed and duration, and points of view from which the event is observed. This variability reflects in the difficulty of defining effective descriptors and deriving appropriate and effective codebooks for action categorization. In this paper, we propose a novel and effective solution to classify human actions in unconstrained videos. It improves on previous contributions through the definition of a novel local descriptor that uses image gradient and optic flow to respectively model the appearance and motion of human actions at interest point regions. In the formation of the codebook, we employ radius-based clustering with soft assignment in order to create a rich vocabulary that may account for the high variability of human actions. We show that our solution scores very good performance with no need of parameter tuning. We also show that a strong reduction of computation time can be obtained by applying codebook size reduction with Deep Belief Networks with little loss of accuracy.


This thesis deals with struggles for relevance of university researchers, their efforts to make their work correspond with ruling standards of relevance and to influence these standards. Its general research question is: How to understand changes in the struggle for relevance of Dutch academic researchers in chemistry, biology and agricultural science, in the period 1975-2005? With this study of the relevance of science I aim to contribute to the understanding of transformations in the knowledge infrastructure, as discussed in a large and expanding literature using concepts like Mode 2 knowledge production, post-academic science and the Triple Helix of university-government-industry relationships. A state-of-the-art of this literature is provided in Chapter 2. My theoretical starting point is a distinction between the agency of scientists and the structures patterning their behavior. In this thesis I develop and use three central concepts to analyze struggles for relevance: the credibility cycle, the science-society contract, and the research system. This research follows a case study approach and deals with chemistry, biology and agricultural science in the Netherlands. Within each case I focus in particular on two or three fields representing the breadth of the discipline in terms of possible stakeholders. Data have been drawn from in-depth interviews with 47 academic researchers, and with a number scholarly experts and representatives of various organizations in the research system. Moreover I have analyzed a selection of governmental policy documents, reports and strategic plans of research councils, foresight studies, evaluations and other important publications about the disciplines. In the period 1975-2005, three general trends were visible in the struggles for relevance of Dutch academic researchers in chemistry, biology and agricultural science: the intensification of the struggle for relevance during the collection of data, the decreasing value of practical applications as a source of recognition, and the intensification of the struggle for relevance in the context of funding acquisition. However, the changes also varied across scientific fields, regarding the intensity of stakeholder interactions during data collection, the precise value of practical applications as a source of recognition, the actual influence of stakeholders on the research agenda, and the relationship between practical applications and scientific productivity. The changes observed can be understood as effects of structural changes, in particular the diversification of funding, the rise of performance evaluations, and changing views on the societal position of the university, in combination with characteristics of scientific fields and their stakeholders. My findings have two implications for the debate about changing science systems. First, this study shows that the increasing pressure for productivity, as measured in bibliometric terms, can counteract the pressure for practical utility. Second, my work indicates that the debate deserves a further differentiation, as the dynamics of science vary much more across scientific fields than most literature suggests.


Black-foot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon obtusisporum (Cook & Harkn.) Wollenweb., impacts young table and wine grape (Vitis vinifera) plantings throughout California. Two- to 5-year-old grapevines showed reduced vigor with small-sized trunks, shortened internodes, uneven wood maturity, sparse foliage, and small leaves with interveinal chlorosis and necrosis. In cross-section, trunks showed dark brown to black streaking in a few to most of the vascular elements. Symptoms included a reduction in root biomass and root hairs with sunken, necrotic root lesions. Pith of affected vines was compacted and discolored. Isolations made from roots, vascular elements, and pith tissue consistently yielded colonies of C. obtusisporum as verified by descriptions in standard texts. Koch's postulates were completed by dipping the roots of cv. Carignane seedlings in a 108 spore per ml suspension for 30 min. Plants were repotted in an artificial soil mix and held in a controlled environment facility at 24°C. Typical black-foot symptoms developed on 92% of the plants within 8 weeks. Control plants dipped in distilled water remained healthy. Cylindrocarpon destructans, a species closely related to C. obtusisporum, was first reported to cause "black-foot disease" on young vines in 1961 (2). In 1975, C. obtusisporum was reported to produce similar "black-foot" symptoms (1). We propose the common name Cylindrocarpon black-foot disease be used with both species. References: (1) S. Grasso et al. Vitis 14:36, 1975. (2) D. R. Maluta and P. Larignon. Viticulture 11:71, 1991.


Cyanogenic glycosides are a group of nitrile-contanining, plant secondary compounds that yields cyanide (cyanogenesis) following their enzymatic breakdown. Although there are many natural sources of cyanide, including the plants, bacteria and fungi that synthesize and secrete it, the most significant sources of cyanide in the environment are industrial wastes. Soil as a weathered system does not contain cyanides nor does it generate cyanides, except indirectly in supporting the growth of microorganisms, plants and other intimate soil life and of course through anthropogenic activities. The loading rate in soil is the paramount factor determining toxicity to microorganisms or hazard for movement into groundwater and food chain. Cyanide played a primary role in the evolution of life on earth and remains an important form of nitrogen for microorganisms, fungi and plants. The co-evolution between plants, herbivores and pathogens may have afforded some insects and fungi the ability to overcome the defense system based on cyanogenic glycosides, either by their ability to transform the compounds into non-toxic constituents or by sequestration and further use in their own defense. Mobility of cyanide in soils is mostly influenced by volatilization and distribution. However, the rate of volatilization from soils is complex and depends on many factors. The author now reviews the above mentioned factors and with some emphasis on the biological elimination of cyanide.


Acknowledgments Contributors Preface PART ONE: Examining the Dominant Model Chapter 1 Introduction: What's the Problem?, Phyllis R. Silverman and Dennis Klass PART TWO: Setting the Stage Chapter 2 Broken Hearts or Broken Bonds?, Margaret Stroebe, Mary Gergen, Kenneth Gergen and Wolfgang Stroebe Chapter 3 Grief That Does Not End, Paul C. Rosenblatt Chapter 4 Grief in an Eastern Culture: Japanese Ancestor Worship,Dennis Klass PART THREE: Bereaved Child Chapter 5 Children's Construction of Their Dead Parents, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Chapter 6 Bereaved Children's Changing Relationships with the Deceased, Claude L. Normand, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Chapter 7 Remembering a Parent Who Has Died: A Developmental Perspective, Betty C. Buchsbaum Chapter 8 Relationship and Heritage: Manifestations of Ongoing Attachment Following Father Death, Kirsten Tyson-Rawson PART FOUR: Spousal Bereavement Chapter 9 Widowhood and Husband Sanctification, Helena Znaniecka Lopata Chapter 10 Remarriage of Widowed Persons: A Triadic Relationship, Miriam S. Moss and Sidney Z. Moss Chapter 11 Memories of the Death and Life of a Spouse: The Role of Images and Sense of Presence in Grief, Roberta Dew Conant PART FIVE: Parental Bereavement Chapter 12 The Deceased Child in the Psychic and Social Worlds of Bereaved Parents During the Resolution of Grief, Dennis Klass Chapter 13 The Wounded Family: Bereaved Parents and the Impact of Adult Child Loss, Simon Shimshon Rubin PART SIX: Bereaved Siblings Chapter 14 Basic Constructs of a Theory of Adolescent Sibling Bereavement, Nancy Hogan and Lydia DeSantis PART SEVEN: Adoptee Losses Chapter 15 Retroactive Loss in Adopted Persons, Steven Nickman Chapter 16 Grief and the Birth Origin Fantasies of Adopted Women, Susan Miller-Havens PART EIGHT: Meanings and Implications Chapter 17 Grief and the Role of the Inner Representation of the Deceased, Samuel J. Marwit and Dennis Klass Chapter 18 Attachment and the Reactions of Bereaved College Students: A Longitudinal Study, David E. Balk Chapter 19 Dilemmas in Identification for the Post-Nazi Generation: "My Good Father Was a Bad Man?", Lora Heims Tessman PART NINE: Conclusion Chapter 20 Concluding Thoughts, Phyllis R. Silverman and Steven L. Nickman Index